Reason is the capacity for cognition, understanding and the formation of judgments based upon logic or simply as the ability to think logically. Reasoning is the capacity or function of a conceptual system to process information and ideas according to an objectively consistent set of instructions. A central characteristic of reasoning as opposed to other forms of thinking is that it is based upon a coherent set of objective rules that govern the processing of information or ideas. Reasoning can be contrasted with cognitive processes governed by a subjective set of rules. Subjective sets of rules are based upon or influenced by personal feelings, tastes or opinions. Subjective rules are dependent upon the specific experience of the subject. A subject is a person or circumstance giving rise to a specific feeling, response or action. Thus it is specific to that instance. In contrary, objectivity means not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts or not dependent upon the specific subject for existence or actuality. Whereas the term reasoning refers to a purely conceptual process, the term rationality is the embodiment of this process within some phenomena. Rational means based on or in accordance with reason. Rationality implies the conformity of one's beliefs with one's reasons for believing, of one's actions with one's reasons for action or the design of something according to an objective set of instructions. To illustrate how reason and rationality relate, one might think about the so-called age of reason. An age in European history that developed during the mid-1600s, largely as a product of newfound knowledge deriving from the scientific revolution. This knowledge was based upon a relatively objective set of rules, those of mathematics and scientific inquiry, that can be tested by anyone. Based upon this new knowledge, European countries developed a whole new set of what we call rational institutions, institutions that are based upon an objective set of instructions such as a constitution or modern legal code. These rules are publicly available for everyone to question and they are thought to derive from a coherent and objective body of knowledge. This may be contrasted with the previous political regime that was based upon a more subjective set of rules. Previous institutions of the Middle Ages were based largely upon the rules of an absolute monarch and aristocracy, which are largely subjective interpretations. Again, this could be contrasted to a moral code based upon reason, which was developed during the Enlightenment such as utilitarianism, that provides a set of rules that are designed to enable the maximum utility for the maximum number of people, which is a logical reason for their foundation and thus makes them rational institutions. Faith and reason are both sources of authority upon which beliefs may be founded. Reason commonly is understood as the product of a methodological inquiry, that is to say it involves some kind of algorithmic process whereby the end product is generated. This process can then be demonstrated and questioned by others. Once demonstrated, a proposition or claim is understood to be justified as true or authoritative based upon the process or method that created it. Faith and belief, on the other hand, involves a belief in some claim that is not demonstrable by reason. Thus faith is a kind of attitude of trust or assent. As such, it is typically understood to involve an act of will or a commitment on the behalf of the believer. Religious faith involves a belief that makes some kind of implicit or explicit reference to a transcendental source and that source provides the validity and authority to the statement rather than with reason where it is validated through the consistency of the process that creates them. Equally, one can contrast reasoning with knowledge or thinking based upon intuition and tradition. Trying to validate a concept based on intuition is largely a closed self-referential process. If we ask why do you believe such and such? Because I feel it's right. Why do you feel it's right? Because it feels right. With intuition, the insight is subjective and not generalizable in a way that a conclusion drawn through a process of logical reasoning is. The same is true for tradition, with tradition as a foundation for knowledge and practice. Something is true or justified because it has stood the test of time. However, this conservative logic is a self-reinforcing loop because as long as people are conservative, whatever existed in the past will be perpetuated and become more valid without any reason for being so to accept people's belief in tradition. This logic is not referring to anything outside of itself for its validity and thus it is subjective. Truth cannot be its own validation. Subjective concepts are relative only to a particular context or environment. For example, the knowledge of many traditional cultures around the world is specific to those cultures. Their knowledge of how to catch fish or why the sky is blue is only applicable or maintainable within their physical or socio-cultural environment while other cultures have other technical and spiritual beliefs that differ due to their development within a different context. To gain greater insight that is relevant within a broader environment it is necessary to bring disparate ideas, opinions or perspectives together in some way resolve their contradictions and differences to reach a deeper understanding. The process of doing this is called an argument. An argument is a process whereby diversion ideas or opinions are brought into contact and interact with the intent of inferring a conclusive single global outcome. Arguments can take two basic forms, fights or debates on whether they're based on force or the process of reasoning. Fighting is a form of argumentation that involves the use of physical force. The use of force can remove all opposition to some kind of subjective concept or opinion through a variety of forms such as physically destroying the dissenters, repression or some form of exclusion so that one side of the argument is not able to be developed or heard. However, this will only temporarily resolve the issue. It has not been overcome by creating a synthesis. The same flaws in one side's argument remain. The result of this is that we essentially go round in a circle using fear, intimidation and violence to remove dissent and perpetuating the limits in one side's logic. Everyone has feelings and opinions. However, reasoned arguments, what are called debates, expose these to a process for finding common ground and consensus without resorting to violence. This illustrates the linkage between reason and democracy. Democracy is designed to create the space for debate without resorting to violence in order to find resolutions to disparate opinions. This is in contrast to authoritarian systems that use the former method of fear, intimidation and violence for removing dissent. Just as reason is a delicate and fragile balancing act, true democracy is likewise. Debates involve members with divergent opinions or perspectives communicating a reason or set of reasons for their opinion with the implication or explicit aim of persuading others that an action or idea is valid. This form of collective reasoning may also be called a dialectic. The dialectic method is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments. The term dialect is not synonymous with the term debate. While in theory, debaters are not necessarily emotionally invested in their point of view. In practice, debaters frequently display an emotional commitment that may cloud rational judgment. Debates are one through a combination of persuading the opponents, proving one's argument correct or proving the opponent's argument incorrect. Debates do not necessarily require promptly identifying a clear winner or loser. However, clear winners are frequently determined by either a judge, jury, or by group consensus. The term dialectics is also not synonymous with the term rhetoric, a method or art of discourse that speaks to persuade, inform, or motivate an audience. With reason, we're trying to take what is unknown or has a number of possible explanations and create a consensus on what is known, what we then call knowledge. In this way, trying to develop an integrated picture or explanation for events and in order to do that, we have to reconcile disparate knowledge, opinions, and information. Dialectic discourse is one process for doing this as it tries to develop knowledge by synthesizing divergent perspectives so that we can try to reach an agreement on what we consider knowledge. The development of the process of reason requires an open space. Within an individual, this is essentially an acceptance of not knowing, the possibility of a number of plausible explanations and a process of balanced inquiry. Within an organization or society, this requires some form of open public space for communications where divergent opinions and perspectives are encouraged or at least tolerated, the Greek forum being a classical example of this for the rise of public spaces that came about in the modern era and particularly in the age of enlightenment. Reasoning essentially means letting go of what we know and developing a system for generating knowledge based on a coherent and objective set of rules. As such, uncertainty plays an important part in this process. In fact, it has to be the initial condition. If we already know everything, there is no point in reasoning. In knowledge, we have to be open to uncertainty and not knowing. One has to suspend judgment and knowing until we have performed this process of inquiry. As the American philosopher Charles Sanders Pierce stated it, upon this first, and in one sense this sole rule of reason, that in order to learn, you must desire to learn and in so desiring, not be satisfied with what you already inclined to think. Because one corollary, which itself deserves to be inscribed upon every wall of the city of philosophy, do not block the way of inquiry. Because reason is a process that gives some form of objective validation to a statement or way of being, people often desire the end product that is the objective validation of reason without conducting the process properly or fully. Reasoning is a process. Reasons create, transform or change things in some way. Thus we cannot know or should not know what the outcome to the process of reasoning will be beforehand. If we already know the answer, then the process of reasoning is simply a process of looking for validation to the answer that we already know. If we want to use reasoning to create new knowledge, then we cannot already know what it is we're looking for. Reason is an open and dynamic form of conceptual system. To reason is to be open to a number of outcomes. It is to conduct an inquiry without knowing what the end result will be. A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise false reasoning in the construction of an argument. A fallacious argument may be deceptive by appearing to be better than it really is. Some fallacies are committed intentionally to manipulate or persuade by deception while others are committed unintentionally due to carelessness or ignorance. Most of what we think we know is a product of our local environments. People typically adopt the information and knowledge presented to them by their culture with little questioning. People's opinions typically fit in with their environment and this has many advantages regarding reduction in cognitive workload and reducing social friction. Thus there is always a tension between this open-ended process of reasoning and the existing status quo of what already exists within our environment. The desire to not diverge from pre-existing establishment, the desire for conformity is a primary way that we manipulate the process of reasoning. We limit the set of possible outcomes to those that we desire before engaging in the process. Confirmation bias is a good example of this. We're simply using the process of reasoning to confirm a certain class of outcomes that we already know and thus simply endorse our preconceptions. People often use data to support a particular argument by only selecting the particular data or particular aspects of it that will lead to the desired outcome. The use of data to simply confirm one's preconceptions is a very common act. This is particularly attractive because it looks highly objective. Both the data and the process of reasoning may be valid but still the process has been manipulated to create a certain result due to the constraints and limitations on the input to the process. Knowledge cannot be established by incorporating it as part of the question. This is called begging the question. In such a case, we're simply engaged in a process of maintaining the status quo and using the process of reasoning to do this. This is a highly prevalent phenomena in our world, particularly in domains where there are deep vested interests, such as politics, business and many areas of everyday life. Reason displaces our subjective intuition of ourselves as being at the centre of the world and replaces it with some objective rules by just displacing the subject as the central point of reference and in so doing becoming part of a larger system of organisation. This is most clearly illustrated with the Copernican Revolution at the beginning of the modern era which through observation rather than dogma displaced humans and planet earth from the centre of the universe through careful observation of our broader environments and the rules that govern it that we're not at the centre of the universe. We displaced our subjective interpretation with one that is more objective as it is aligned with a broader logic of how the universe works and because of that more objective knowledge we're now able to do things like send people to the moon or go to other parts of the solar system. Reasoning is a commitment to creating justifiable knowledge. True reasoning is a delicate and sensitive balancing process it requires that one as an individual community or society adhere to some objective set of rules. The rise of reason during the modern era has made everything open to inquiry through thinking. Within modern rational societies everything is seen to be subject to reason. A society or individual governed by reason is one that continuously challenges and tests its most firmly held assumptions. To test their foundations to see how valid they actually are. To think and reason is to be on an open-ended journey where anything is open to question proven or disproven and if it is disproven it has to be let go. That's the idea of reason and rationality. This dynamic open-ended journey is one of the characteristics of the modern era being one of the hallmarks that distinguishes it from previous more traditional societies based upon subjective insight. Relative to traditional societies modern societies are highly dynamic. Like science modern societies are an open-ended journey and part of being a modern society is to leave behind the comforts of certainty based upon tradition.


Hey friends tonight, we are flying to London, England, and I am so excited I have never left the United States before this is my very first time and I figured I'd bring you guys along with me We're gonna be flying out of Orlando, Florida Making our way to Heathrow in London and I figured I'd document the whole experience the in-flight meals the travel planning and Just have a beautiful London kind of day Anyhoo, let's go do this Before I make my way to the airport.  I I'm having a little bit of a Separation anxiety, you know, it's really hard for me to leave her I kind of just want to cancel the trip and lay in bed all day with her That's literally what I've been thinking about all morning. Like I don't need to go to London I could just stay here and cuddle Gracie all day, but I have to go and I'm so sorry. I'm gonna miss you babe. I'll miss you Gracie is actually gonna be staying with some friends and I am so sad I really don't want to leave her like it's breaking my heart. Have you guys do you feel like? Separation anxiety from I know animals can feel separation anxiety But I feel like I'm gonna have separation anxiety from leaving her But I know my friends will take good care of her and they're gonna give me plenty of updates I Normally don't travel with a lot of luggage But since we're actually gonna be going for such a lengthy amount of time I decided to actually bring a full suitcase So I'm gonna have to check that and I could bring a carry-on, but I just decided I'm bringing my Harry Potter backpack So this is all I'm bringing with me and I think that's gonna be good because I think we're gonna be over there for 13 days maybe I Normally always take an Uber to the airport because you can leave your car here if you want to but being gone for such a long time I'd rather just be sitting at my home in a nice little safe spot, but we are here. We made it We're at the Orlando International Airport We've made our way over to Virgin Atlantic. I've never flew with them before so I'm kind of excited One of the main reasons I'm actually going to London is because Star Wars celebration is happening And I'm gonna be there with the Roosevelt's crew So I'm gonna be at the Roosevelt's booth during Star Wars celebration at select times and once I figure out which day is exactly I'll let you guys know I'll be there every day But there's gonna be a certain time that I'll be there But I also want to do other things like around Europe itself Maybe even a trip to Disneyland Paris maybe so there's gonna be a lot more videos not just this travel video So you guys be on the lookout for those Got away the bag here. Oh Yes 16 pounds my suitcase is that leaves me a whole lot of room to buy a bunch of stuff to bring it back with Our flight doesn't depart until 6.55 But I wanted to get here super early so I got here at four o'clock because I've never flew You know to another country before so I don't know if there's gonna be any tangle ups or anything like that Normally I like to stroll in like an hour before the flight use my clear and just walk right on in but you never know You got to be cautious We're about to make our way through security, but I always like pointing out all the theme park gift shops They have here at the airport. You got SeaWorld there The magic of Disney Store over there, and then this is the Hyatt right here It's a hotel inside the airport and there's no wait time it look it. It's 11 to 15 minutes We're gonna be in this airport for three hours now Yeah, wow, I can't even believe that We're gonna be leaving here like I said at 6.55 And I think we're landing in London at like 8 o'clock in the morning, so we're taking the red eyes So we're gonna be sleeping all night and in the meantime we could probably get something to eat now Sure, we're gonna have food on the plane, but I'm kind of curious. I want to show it all I Got my passport just for this trip alone, and now that I got it. I can go anywhere. I can go anywhere My favorite part of the airport is going through security. I take my dogs out got to take the laptop out, you know Got the laptop separate got to take the shoes off Put them in there. There we go. Oh, this one's gotta go over this side We're all clear we literally took it took ten minutes to get through security It wasn't even ten minutes now. I'm gonna I'm literally it's not even it's not even five o'clock yet We have a full like two hours here Oh, we got a hop on the APM. This is a people mover Dustin. You know that it's a people mover Well, there's our flight right here. I think yep virgin Atlantic on time 655 p.m. I Think the reason I love the Orlando International Airport so much is because of these little APMs. I think it's just so nifty Rocky ride Coming in hot This is my first time being in this terminal too, and they've got everything they got a Bahama breeze They've got a Nathan's hot dogs. They got an outback. I think we're gonna get something to eat and just relax for a little bit Like I said, we got a lot of time As you can see they've got Bahama breeze. They've got a duty-free store And then they've got an outback. They got an outback. Wow, maybe we might go to outback and then over on this side We've got Nathan's hot dogs. I Think we're gonna head in the outback set at the bar maybe get an old-fashioned and some shrimp on the Barbie shrimp on the Barbie I Like how they put up all these wood Fixtures kind of makes it feel like you're in an outback and not in an airport. It's got a nice little bar area, too. I Ended up getting an old-fashioned and the bartender that's taking care of us wrote her name on here Coco I thought I'd say Katie at first, but she also wrote my name on here Nate and Dustin look at that Fancy cheers all of them cheers to London to London to London Cheers Here is the shrimp on the Barbie and I don't understand because it looks like it's shrimp on a garlic bread Right yeah, it's a shrimp, but or maybe that's how it's supposed to go shrimp on a ready shrimp on a shrimp on a garlic bread This shrimp looks amazing nicely seasoned and I'm hoping to get some good food in me because you know from my past Experiences with airline food. It's not the best so I'm probably gonna be wanting to eat it later on and Shrimp is one of my favorite foods Now that we've had some delicious shrimp in a little old-fashioned I wanted to come over and see if I need any last-minute purchases before we get on the flight Maybe I'll grab some checks mix and maybe in Orlando, Florida shirt Something I mean there's a lot of Disney stuff inside this little gift shop. Look they even have Mickey Mouse something pepper shakers. You never know if you need to actually have a grab a last-minute souvenir. Oh Look they got nice fancy Orlando hats here You know, I think I might get this because I want everyone in London to know where I'm from so it might as well Just you know sport in Orlando hat Perfect look at that Orlando now everyone in London is gonna know that I'm not from there Another thing I always have to grab before I get on a plane is a bag of bold checks mix. It's so savory Right, it's a tradition now It's a checks mix tradition Well, we definitely killed enough time and now it's time to head down to our gate We're actually a little late like we're rushing over. I think boarding is in one minute But I didn't want to show you a bunch of stuff. You know what I mean You know, I mean an airport is cool But I rather show you things in London and the plane and when we land and stuff like that. So time to get on the plane Gotcha Look at Mickey and Minnie. Oh Mickey and Minnie's there Thank you We late Wow, they're just more like on it.  I know I'm confused I didn't go to the bathroom yet The whole entire plane is almost boarded. It says departure at 655 at 620 How are you Second right Boarding possible This is the biggest plane I've ever been on Holy moly, I've never been in a plane this big before We're right here my friend. Oh nice. Oh look we got a little goodie bag there Okay, we've made it on the plane on time I mean, we're just sitting here waiting any ways and this is the biggest plane I've ever been on like holy moly There's upper-class there's premium and we're in economy and it's two seats And I think I'm gonna be having like these two seats to myself and then a little window I've never been in a plane that has like a middle aisle here like I've never seen this before But we have a little TV in front of us some chargers some analogs We don't know what this does Probably please movies please here Our plane is an Airbus a330 and I think that's the 300 one too because I was looking at the different ones and I think our flight is gonna be 12 hours 12 hour flight time well with the time change. I think it's eight hours, but we'll be in London at 8 a.m They give you these little headphones it looks like a nice little pillow and a nice little blanket and plus I have extra ones, so I think I'm just gonna lay down here We're about to take off and it's true. I have my whole entire road to myself with Dustin Dustin has like six seats to himself Just like college I might put my legs up here We're sitting right on the wing of the plane here look at that They got TVs in the armrest Oh, we're flying out open up the windows here we go I Thank you. Thank you. Oh We're taking off Okay, now that we can take our seatbelts off. I have to use the restroom to go to the bathroom Here is the laboratory itself With this fancy little thing.  Look at this. I like it a lot. I've never seen that before got a little sink. That's a trash can And then the commode Love watching this little world map here because you actually see where you're going where you're at The drink cart is making its way around and I've been on a ginger rill like a ginger rill kick So I think I'm gonna get some ginger rill and then maybe a brew dog They've got the fancy ginger rill I don't even know why I said it that way, but they got the fancy ginger rill here the fever trait and then here's the brew dog brew dog nice little Planet first logger Coming in hot. Oh look how beautiful the sunset is happening right now and look how bright the moon is Holy moly This is beautiful Time to pop open the brew dog It's very warm beer. That's all I have to say it's a good logger though, but it's just very warm Like beer. I don't think they have Like fridges on the cart. They probably they probably keep them cold. But once they get on the cart, they're not cold anymore So I don't know I'm not too sure why but I'm kind of in the mood for a mojito. So we ended up getting mojitos What did you get He's got something over there, but look I don't know if it's gonna fit in here Now that we've gotten our little mojito, which honestly this is like one of the best mojitos I've ever had It's time for the in-flight meal the in-flight meal is included with their ticket But we had to pay extra I think for the cocktails and they had a vegetable pasta and then butter Butter chicken with rice and that's what I ended up getting and this is it right here I'm going to grab a lid here This doesn't look too bad at all Look at that. It smells actually really amazing.  We've got cheese butter chips and a little cucumber salad there It all looks really good. I'm actually really excited to try this. This looks amazing actually I don't think I've ever had butter chicken before Try it today. Do you have butter chicken? I've never had butter chicken before. I don't think you've ever eaten butter chicken Really? This is an excellent little dish right here This is probably the best in-flight meal I've ever had and now I think I'm going to open up my little dinner roll here And make myself a butter chicken sandwich except for it's a little hard It's a little uh, I think they made it kept it refrigerated. I don't know either way. It's really good The butter chicken is also served with spinach and I love it. I don't know if I should be having so much spinach on the plate now Gets me a little gassy I've never heard of cream crackers before though They seem pretty fancy Mine's a little broken up though. I'm still gonna eat them though. Actually, I'm gonna open them now Now it's time for dessert. I got the little brownie here and I'm watching black adam But I want everyone to know I'm team shazam. I just love that movie. I like black adam, too If shazam was on I'd watch that but here's the brownie This is good stuff. You know what? This is good stuff Now that we're finished with dinner, it's time to go to bed I made my little bed here and dinner was great. The butter chicken was amazing The brownie was good and I'm ready to cozy up watch a movie and wake up in london Good night, babe. I love you Good This nice setup I got here. I'm feeling good Dustin bought these really cool little like clamps that we can put our phone on When you put it on the tray table and I like that. I think it's really cool. Look how he has his over there Sleeping little beauty We are two hours away from landing in london and I haven't slept one single bit And I don't know what I'm gonna do because I don't think we check into our hotel until four o'clock tonight So I'm gonna be up all day But I did find this cool restroom that it is like three times the size of the other restroom that was in front of me I've never seen an airplane restroom this big before. Look at this It's huge. Look at us Holy moly Okay, we gotta go back to our seat now.  I just heard the landing gear come out. Look at that. I can see london Easy does it sounds like my car time to deplane the plane to get off the plane Goodbye Now we're making our way through passport control gotta find our baggages Well, we have officially made it to the uk we crossed the border got off the plane. We're in london. We're here We made it. I'm tired. I did not sleep at all I got maybe 15 minutes like and that's like on and off, but the flight was great. I really loved The airline I thought it was amazing and we lucked out because we had the whole tower of road to ourselves So we were able to just like spread out, but it was still very uncomfortable There it is the uk border I have no idea what I have to do here. So I'm kind of shocked It's all gonna be a first time experience looks like there's a very long line now I don't know what that's all about Looks like you walk up scan your passport and they take a picture of you Let's see if I do this right I just bought a new suitcase So I really don't have anything on it to make it stand out like I know it's mine I know it's a black one But uh, I don't know unless they flip it upside down There is my bag trusted little Roosevelt tag that's the only thing I put on there We're definitely gonna be looking at getting some coffee I need it so bad right now because with the whole entire taking the red eye I need to try to stay awake all day today Even though I didn't sleep last night just so I can get myself back on the regular schedule And that's the plan, but I don't know how don't I really could just fall asleep like in a little cozy corner over here Right in the airport. They have cafe nero and also some fresh flowers Oh, this place looks so nice though. It's got couches And look at these look at these nice flowers. So I think we're gonna get ourselves some coffee I wonder what they're making up there Well, we officially made it out of the airport and we decided to just take an uber over to our hotel here in London And it was actually a far drive. I thought the airport was kind of close to London But it was like an hour drive. It was it was a pretty far distance And also I forgot that they drive on the opposite side of the road here like in the vehicle So I had to sit in the front of the uber and it felt like I was driving the car And it definitely took a second to get used to but I kind of appreciated it Like I felt like I was in like one of those cars that drive itself But there's just somebody on the right of me that was driving and now since we're at our hotel Maybe I'll give you a little room tour and then I gotta take a nap. I gotta go to bed I have my kind of delirious at this point Here is my hotel room for the night and uh, I'm gonna give you guys the grand tour So far, I have to tell you there are a lot of things that are different here in the united kingdom Then back in the united states and one of them is the power adapter Well the outlets themselves I hit up by a like a power adapter like a converter I knew about that but also maybe it's just this hotel But I'm like most of all of the outlets have like switches on them So you have to turn on the outlet itself But uh, yeah kind of already got myself settled in and now I'm gonna show you This is an amazing room with an awesome view. I can't wait to actually show you We'll start right here as you walk in the door You have the bathroom right over here Here's the light switch to the bathroom itself. The toilets are different It looks like the shower fixtures are actually really nice. It's got that rain shower I don't know how to turn the lights in here. Oh, maybe this little button Oh, there we go. Yeah, it's a nice little bathroom cozy. Got the door Got a little mirror over here. I don't know how I worked this thermostat though I think that's a thermostat.  Got a big mirror We got a little living room over here The living room looks very nice.  I think that's what it's called a couple of other stuff Maybe a little tea kettle some tea I don't know what these are. Maybe espresso That's what it looks like Or nespresso. I don't know Looks very fancy. I think we got mini fridge down here Got some books down there too. Wow. I don't know. What's in this side? Oh, very nice. Yeah, so this is like the living room and then this is the bedroom Right here The bedroom is really really nice.  I have my laptop set up. This is the power converter that I had at get though. Look at it It's buried in there, but it's down there because these are the outlets and look at it But yeah, I like it a lot. It's a nice little cozy room and oh, let me show you the view You guys know I'm all about the views I love it and this one actually is pretty nice except for I think we're doing a little construction There we go. We opened her up a little bit, but this is the view right there Get a nice little city view of london, but they're doing some construction here It looks very nice though. I want to go on that water. I see lots of boats out there. See I bet you we can do that that'll be another day, but I'm excited I want to go in the shard. There's a lot of touristy things that I actually want to do here in london You know what I mean? I mean I'm a tourist. That's what I am. I'm a tourist right now in london So I want to do the touristy things, but I also want to do like the cool local things So if you guys have any suggestions, let me know like let me know in the comments. Send me a message anything I just want to explore this great city And with that, I think we are done here for today Like I said, I'll be here for star wars celebration. Come to the roosevelt's booth I'll be there on and off. I know saturday I will definitely be there from 12 p.m. To 2 p.m. So if you want to guarantee time come saturday at 12 to 2 And I will definitely be there. I'd love to say hi There was many people as possible, but the rest of the star wars celebration I'll be popping in and out at the booth and just walking around the convention floor having a good time And then and I also plan on doing a lot of london stuff. I mean, this is a big Big deal for me. And I'm so honored to actually be here and be able to do this. Like it's it's it's incredible It's always like I said, I honestly it's a dream come true for me. And I'm just so happy I really am and uh now I gotta get to I'm gonna get to bed because I want to make sure I'm like You know energized and ready to go. I want to experience the most. I don't want to be too jet lagged You know, so uh, yeah, I hope you guys enjoyed the video Stay tuned for a lot more content coming from star wars celebration london Paris a lot of great places. I cannot wait to share it all with you. So, uh, We'll see you next time


If V is an eigenvector, then any multiple of V will also be an eigenvector. But could there be matrices with more than one linearly independent eigenvector for a given eigenvalue? And the answer is yes. And so we introduce the following definition. The geometric multiplicity of an eigenvalue is the number of linearly independent eigenvectors it produces. For example, suppose we know that this matrix has eigenvalue lambda equal to 1, let's find the corresponding eigenvectors. Since lambda is equal to 1 is an eigenvalue, then the eigenvectors V satisfy Av equal to V. And so solving this equation for the components of that unknown vector V, if lambda equals 1, our system of equations will be, and row reducing the coefficient matrix gives us, which gives us the parameterized solution with two free variables S and T. And so we have our eigenvector as a linear combination of two vectors, and so there are two linearly independent eigenvectors. Now suppose we know that lambda equals negative 3 is also an eigenvalue. Since lambda equals negative 3 is an eigenvalue, then the eigenvectors satisfy Av equal negative 3V, and again we can set up our equation, and our system of equations will be, and we can row reduce the coefficient matrix, and now we have a single free variable, and our solution is, and so our eigenvector will be. Now our matrix had two eigenvalues, lambda equals 1, and lambda equals negative 3, which produced three linearly independent eigenvectors for lambda equals 1, 1, 0, 2, and 3, 2, 0, and for lambda equals negative 3, 2, negative 2, 2. And so the question you've got to ask yourself is, could there be more eigenvalues and eigenvectors? So the important observation to make is that A is a 3 by 3 matrix, so it acts on vectors in R3, but R3 is a 3-dimensional vector space, so a set of independent vectors in R3 has at most three vectors. So there are at most three linearly independent eigenvectors, but since each eigenvalue produces an eigenvector, then an n by n matrix has at most n eigenvalues. So suppose we know a matrix has eigenvalues lambda equals negative 2, and lambda equals 1. Let's see if we can find any additional eigenvalues. So for lambda equals negative 2, the eigenvector satisfies the system of equations, row reducing our coefficient matrix gives us two free variables, and so we can parameterize our components, and for lambda equals negative 2, the eigenvectors are a linear combination of two eigenvectors. For lambda equals 1, the eigenvector satisfies the system of equations, row reducing our corresponding coefficient matrix gives us a single free variable, and so our solutions are going to be expressible in terms of a single eigenvector. And this gives us three linearly independent eigenvectors, and since A is a matrix in R3, there can be no additional eigenvalues.


What is up guys? Hope you've had a great week. I'm happy to be back in action with Aaron, one of our improv coaches here at the AOC boot camp. Thank you for having me, AJ. I'm glad to be back because I had an idea for a YouTube video. Oh yeah? Yeah, yeah. I was watching your episode on digital detox and it got me thinking technology has given us so many platforms of which to communicate and we tend to take the easy way out and avoid confrontation that way or just any communication in general. It's so true. I feel like it's not just emailing. I've got all these work related apps that keep me in touch with my team and most of the time I use them not just because they save time but they also allow me to save face. They allow me to quickly respond when I would never do something like that in person often removing the emotional context from the conversation. Yeah, yeah, they let you avoid real conversation because we like to think that makes life easier but it's not always the case especially when it comes to resolving conflicts. Right. That's why you never really hear about a doctor emailing your test results. They always keep it face to face. Yeah, or if you're dating someone for four years and you want to move on, you don't text them. I mean hopefully you don't text them. Yeah, that's not funny. Trust me. Oh, well today we'll give you three reasons to put down that phone and resolve those conflicts and conversation. Tell you why it's bad for you, bad for the other person and finally why communicating in person is so much more effective. So first off, texting removes all nonverbal communication and emotional context from that conversation. Yeah, pro tip. An emoji or a gif does not convey your emotional state. They are fun though. Right. And how do we deal with that confusion? We have to ask more questions and now the person has to explain themselves, increase in the communication but not getting us anywhere. Yeah, absolutely. And for someone I will say I'm very sarcastic and in text, I'll say something sarcastic going, I know that the other person is going to understand this and then I get something back and I'm like, oh no, no, no, no, no. And have to re-explain and re-explain and dig myself out of the sarcasm hole. That's the worst when you forgot the emoji and now you have to explain and that was just a joke. I know but I try to like not have too many like just kidding. Yeah, and gifs. But yeah, when in doubt use a gif because that is the perfect way to explain your emotional state. Like the Michael Scott. No! Jeff, you know that one? No. That brings up our second point which is how texting can affect the person you're contacting just as much as it affects you. Forget just mere confusion. Stop and think about how easily a text can be taken as an insult. When we text, we do it because we're often multitasking and sometimes we even forget to be polite. Oh yeah, it's like people don't have the time to type out thank you or please or hello for every text when you're curts that can really turn the other person off. We're missing so much of the context that phone calls or even better a real-life conversation have. We totally lose the ability to understand the other person's state of mind. So many times I feel like I've sent a text asking for something or wanting to resolve something and the other person is in a bad place. You know maybe they just got some bad news and it's better to just check in first to make sure that you know it's the right time to have that conversation. That brings us to my final point which is that interpersonal communication is just so much more effective in almost every way. Social media and smartphones have made us feel like we're accessible 24 seven and we need to respond immediately. Like what happened to the girl days of just having a phone at home with a voicemail and someone had to leave you a message and they just had to wait until you got home like that that was kind of nice when I get home. We don't have to be accessible 24 seven if an email or text brings a strong emotional reaction put your phone aside take a few beats think things through like why did I react so strongly to this what is bothering me what could I do differently to resolve this and what do I want from this situation. Yeah that's gonna help a lot with handling those emails and texts but it's even better if we can get into a conversation with someone that way we have their full attention and we can easily explain where we stand on things and and understand their slide as well. Right now there's an actual signal we can control not just text code they hope to crack. We can tell them and offer solutions immediately which will help relax people instead of frustrating them. Yeah there's no point in just laying your emotions out get you know go in knowing what you'd like to change or offer solutions this gives you a chance to connect and learn more about the other person and strengthen a relationship in a way you just can't through your computer or a phone. So next time you feel like you're having a conflict with someone put down the phone and try to meet with them in person so you can resolve it. Now comment below ring the bell and let us know if you have any questions about today's episode. Better yet we would love to hear some tips or stories from you guys on how you handle the difficult conversation in this crazy world of technology we live in. And if you want to hear more from Aaron on the podcast we recently had a great discussion about facing your fears through improv with Aaron and fellow coach Suzanne. Yeah thanks AJ I had a good time on the show. Yeah it was a great conversation. Yeah yeah I mean you should probably have me back again on the podcast. We'll see. Okay. Thanks a lot tune in next week.


Governor Darius Ishaku of Tarabah State has challenged leaders at all levels to entrench the true meaning of democracy by providing security for citizens. The governor, while fielding questions from newsmen at the Dambaba Suntar Airport in Jalingo shortly after he arrived at the state capitol at the end of his official visit to Abu Ujah, stated that the sole responsibility of the government is to provide security for citizens to be able to carry out daily activities without fear. Aorj Tarabahans to register and obtain their permanent voters' cards are head of the 2023 Journal of Elections as he wished them the best off the democracy day celebration. Today as democracy day, I will advise all Nigerians to invite the culture of democracy so that we can continue in democracy. So far we can see the benefits of democracy outweighs other systems of governance. I will also advise we that are in leadership that the first rule and the first thing to do for any democratic society is to ensure that security is entrenched. Without security you can really never talk of democracy. It's only when you have democracy in stranging people and you have security on the ground for people that the value of democracy itself comes out.


Assalamu alaikum. Wa-alaikum assalam wa-alaikum warahmatullah wa-alaikum wa-alaikum wa-alaikum wa-alaikum Wa-alaikum wa-alaikum wa-alaikum wa-alaikum Two Sakaqana Khir, Sheikh Osama. The beautiful talk. I was hoping that Imam Zayi would be here so we can just cut out the middle man but as Sheikh Osama said, Sidi Asif is very persistent so I couldn't weasel my way out of tonight. There's a few reflections regarding laidat al-Qadr. There's so many of my teachers here as well, Ustadh Abdullah Ali is here. He should really be speaking as well. Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala says, inna anzalnahu fi laidat al-Qadr. Verily we have sent it down on the night of power. Now the Ulema, and this comes really from Ibn Abbas, radiullah ta'ala anhu, Mufassir al-Quran. He says there's three levels of meaning of Qadr. When we say laidat al-Qadr, the night of power, this is the construct phrase. It says one of the meanings is that this is the night of power, the night of majesty, a night of honor. And interestingly, this is the night when the Ruh, Jibril alayhi salam, descended and came to the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam, and Jabal al-Nur in ghare hira. And interestingly the name Jibril obviously is not an Arabic name in its origin. It's a Hebrew name, Gavriel, which literally means the power of God or the majesty of God or the honor of God. And of course the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam, although he is a student of Jibril alayhi salam, is better than Jibril alayhi salam because the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wasallam is khayr al-khalkillah that when he went beyond Siddharatul-Muntaha in Jibril alayhi salam could not pass because he said, I will combust in the flames. But the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wasallam he did pass. And the Ulama say that he kept his sandals on. Why didn't his sandals combust in the flames? The Ulama say it's because they were attached to the foot, the blessed foot of the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam. Anything attached to the Prophet does not touch fire, it has to have strong attachment, it's strong attisal to the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wasallam.  And on that day, the day of judgment, all relations are cut off except for my progeny and those who are joined to me, those who are connected have a strong attisal, have a strong connection with me sallallahu alaihi wa la alaihi wasallam. So this is one of the meanings, the night of power. Ibn Abbas, he also mentions that one of the meanings is the night of the decree, the night of qadr meaning decree, that all of the affairs of the year are decreed on although we know that Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala decreed everything before he created the universe, pre-eternally. Irada is a pre-eternal attribute or that Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala had decreed this night in previous dispensations and revelations and indeed reread in the previous revelations, for example in the Old Testament that the book is given to one who is an ummi. One of the meanings of Nabi al ummi in addition to being unlettered is a Gentile prophet, the Yahud bani Israel in Medina, they would refer to the Arabs as ummiyun, lesa alayna fi al ummiyun. Nabi al ummi could mean Gentile prophet. The book is given to a Gentile prophet and it shall be said to him in the Hebrew it says qura which is the exact same cognate word as the Arabic iqra. This is in the Bible, Old Testament Isaiah chapter 29 verse 12 and he shall answer lo yadaati seyfar in Hebrew which literally means I don't know letters. This is his response. So this night was decreed in the previous dispensations and they know him like they know one of their own sons. We read in serial literature Ibn Ishaq, Ibn Hisham, they say that the bani Israel in Medina they used to give good news Bushra to the Arabs of Yathrib, the Al-Sunnah khazraj that a prophet is coming here is going to punish you for your idolatry, right? And this is the prophet sallallahu alayhi sallam. One of the other meanings is the night of constriction, constriction or restriction. So the ulamas explain the meaning here and they say that as Abu Huraira said there's so many angels on the earth on lady tul qadr that the earth seems to be constricted. The earth is literally constricted with melaika. In the hadith of the prophet he said adadul melaikati fil ard ka adadi nujumasamaa that the number of angels on the earth is like the number of stars in the heavens. It's a night of constriction. That's why the ulamas say based on hadith literature that you know you've witnessed lady tul qadr if at fudger time the sun rays are faded because of the residual light of the angels the melaika that were on the earth faded out the sun rays right the night of constriction. It's also a night in which he was constricted sallallahu alayhi walayhi sallam that jibril alayhi sallam according to the sound hadith embraced the prophet sallallahu alayhi sallam and he felt the constriction and according to catholic doctrine this is a sign that this is true prophecy this is called the law of discernment of spirits that when a true prophet receives true revelation from an angel from Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala ultimately from Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala immediately he feels a constriction because it's a weighty issue it's taqil like musa alayhi sallam according to the taura and other prophets in the taura they try to get out of the mission pick someone else i'm not eloquent i can't do this they feel a constriction this is a sign that it's from Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala this is according to catholic doctrine law of discernment of spirits where do you see false prophets when shayateen come to them or awliya sheikh abdul qadr jinali jilani rahimahu allah ta'ala it's related that he was walking down the roadway a great wali of Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala and suddenly he saw this vision and this this light and he felt this warmth and this voice came to him ya sheikh al-islam you've transcended the prayer you don't have to pray anymore you're above the prayer you've transcended the prayer and he said the prophet sallallahu alayhi sallam he had to pray six times a day his wajib sallat wa tahajjud and you're telling me i've transcended the prayer and you are rejected you're a person this shaytan trying to play with him but he felt this expansion immediately all this great fuzzy feeling right but that's not how it comes to the prophets the true prophets of Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala so these are the meanings of of laylat al qadr according to the hadith according to uh the ulama now we're coming to the end as ustad sama had said sheikh usama may law preserve him we're coming to the end of the month and we have a lot of intentions to make during this time obviously this is a time of character reformation but it's really important that we get into a mode of studying sacred sciences study sacred sciences i mean just the other day a brother from another community said you know alhamdulillah i fasted most of the days of ramadan so why were you traveling he said no i had to study for a test one day so i decided not to fast and so you have to do kafara what's that well you have to expiate what does that mean isn't it optional i mean this is very basic people don't know basic fith may Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala give us to fix the study very basic fith even the foqaha very very high levels the greatest of foqaha they go back six months every six months every year and they begin reading from the very beginning aqsamun miyah the types of water how to make istinja how to make musul they review these things so may Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala give us to fix to get in some sort of study circle and learn these things and not just depend on our uncles right there's a method of the uncle my uncle says this therefore it's the gospel truth so to speak this is sahi kaka john or sahi how do you say uncle and or do i forget cha cha right or amu john something like that everyone has a weird uncle they say right and if you don't have one that you're the weird uncle right but we need to actually sit with ulama it's very important this is how we transform the internal this is how we achieve korb with Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala nearness to Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala abu hamal al ghazali mentioned sit with the ulama and take from their prescriptions and this will bring you near to Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala and this will endear Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala to your heart just watching ulama not necessarily even understanding them i i attended a dars one time when i first went overseas in arabic dars i didn't understand any arabic during that time and i sat and the teacher was expounding on a sacred text and i didn't understand i got up and left and one of the other students said no just sit down and watch him just watch what he does watch how he speaks watch how he sits watch how he points watch how he smiles and wallahi i learned more from that not understanding anything i didn't understand anything as to what he said but i learned more from that dars than many many other dudus that i have taken just by watching the ulama the prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam is related the hadith of abdullah ibn amr that the prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam marrabi majlisaini fi majlis masjidihi that he walked by two uh gatherings in his masjid faqala killahuma alel khayr both of them are good one of them is better than the other as for one of them they're making dua to Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala and if Allah wills he'll grant them what they're asking for if not he won't give them what they're asking for as for the other one as for the other group they're learning fiqh and in this context fiqh doesn't mean jurisprudential things although that's part of it we've mentioned this many times fiqh here means the essence of the religion the essence of the religion they say the ulama say like the essence what is the essence of a rose is the smell can you imagine a rose without a smell you're missing the essence of the rose the essence they're learning religion at a deep level the hadith says when Allah wishes good for someone you faqihu fideen he gives him fiqh in the deen in this sense you can be a faqih not necessarily in the jurisprudential aspect right but in the sense that you have a deep understanding of the religion there's no order in the quran to memorize the quran but there is a command to have tadafura of the quran afalaya tadafurun al quran and this isn't it there's taqseez there's no specification here yayu al ladina amr this is for everyone to have a deep tadafura of the quran obviously we have to memorize the quran and there's great in that don't get me wrong obviously but we should understand what we're reciting have tadafura tadafura means to penetrate something and to find the end of it penetrate the meanings of the quran so he said one group is learning fiqh or ilma and they're teaching the ignorant for them they are better they are the better group that doesn't mean that okay i'm not going to do any du'a ad du'amukh al ibadah is another hadith that supplication is the essence of worship we talked about essence supplication is the essence of worship we need to be supplicating to Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala some people go weeks and weeks without raising their hands they just do their prayer like a robot they're thinking about other things may Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala save us from that and they don't even remember the last time they actually spoke with Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala from the heart they just recite the quran like a parrot it doesn't go past the throat they don't understand what they're saying either they do understand what they're saying it's just motion it's just adat it's just habitual custom raise your hands to Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala and make du'a to Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala this will bring you closer to Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala loves when his servants call upon him in no anthropomorphic way so then he said but he said fuhum afdal they're better the ones who are learning sacred knowledge the essence of religion and teaching the ignorant fuhum afdal wa innama burithum wa'alima i was only sent as a teacher and then he sat amongst them sallallahu alaihi wa ala ali wa sallam so when we gain sacred knowledge we should also gain adab right the word adeeb in arabic means an erudite person an intelligent person because intelligence goes hand in hand with adab with comportment having good character right that's why someone who has a lot of knowledge and is not someone who has good character we have to question who are his teachers or what kind of attitude that this person have that's an that's a sign that this person has an ego an ego of course is a greek word that means i right i like Imam Jaffa had a saw that he said the only one who has the right to the haqq to truly say i is Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala because he's non-contingent being he's the only real he's the only one that can say in nani anallah the only one who could say that and it's interesting that it's there's a duplication in this verse when Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala speaks to musa alayhi asalam ana ana he says it twice and this is found in the Torah also i am who i am ana in nani anallah in me anallahu rabu lalameen right like shaytan was asked shaytan was commanded mix sajja to Adam ana khayrum minhu me ananiya egoism right this type of thing so we need to work on our adab our adab with Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala that when something goes wrong on our life we don't breach adab we don't have su al adab with Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala there's going to be tribulations Allah promises us in the Quran with with toki in the grammar that truly we're going you're going to have tribulation in your life loss of wealth and loss of lives and and the the toil of your struggles and these types of things are going to happen we need to increase an adab an adab with the messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi asalam have adab with the messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi asalam there's a story of imam malik ibn anas we told the story last night in a different masjid where he was in the masjid and of course imam malik is a mustahid mutlaka the school of jurisprudence is based on his codification or students codification of sacred law one of the greatest scholars of islamic history he was in the masjid and the abasit caliph was there abu ja'far al mansoor also known as al mansoor and some of these caliphs after obviously after the caliphate rashideen sometimes there's an ego issue may Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala save us from our egos we all have this problem they have the problem as well al mansoor was the man who imprisoned abu hanifa he came to abu hanifa and he said i want you to be the qadi al quda the chief justice abu hanifa said no i'm not the right man for this and he said qadib ta you've lied then abu hanifa was very clever very high acumen he said if i'm a liar then why do you want me to be the judge anyway so al mansoor didn't like this comment so he imprisoned him and some say he died in prison he's an old man 68 69 70 years old at the time radi allah ta'ala anhu anyway so al mansoor is in the masjid and he's having a discussion with imam malik and imam malik did not like to argue his students said that jid al bayna al awam is haram for muslim laity to sit around and argue about ashari maturidi and salafi and and shia and sunni this time he said this is haram this is his the opinion of his students jid al bayna al awam and then he said jid al bayna ulama because they have adab and sometimes it's necessary even that's makru if you're an right so al mansoor begins raising his voice right it's probably losing the discussion or something he's becoming impatient he raises his voice and imam malik was very radi allah ta'ala anhu he's very soft spoken he said that i'd never slept one night without seeing the prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam in my dream every night he saw the prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam and according to the mutawater hadith man rani fil manami fa qad rani whoever has seen me in a dream has truly seen me al haqq in another hadith has seen the truth has seen reality he saw the prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam in every night of sleep he used to when he taught the muwata in the masjid he used to say qala sahibu had al qabar and he used to point to the prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam the occupant of this grave said this is his proximity to the prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam as far as spatially and physicality but also a relational nearness to him sallallahu alaihi wa sallam so alman surah is raising his voice and as salli iman malik says lower your voice he's very stern with him right oh this is the kailah lower your voice how dare you right so then he explains it to him he said haven't you heard allah subhanahu wa ta'ala say inna ladina yehud duna aswatakum nda rasulillahi ulayka ladina imtahanallahu qalubahum littaqwa lahum magfirutun wa ajrun azeem haven't you heard allah subhanahu wa ta'ala said those who lower their voice in the presence of the messenger of allah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam for those are the ones whom allah has tested their hearts with taqwa they have they have forgiveness with their lord and a great reward all right we're in the presence of the messenger of allah this was his point alman surah we have to have adab with the messenger of allah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam who's hayyum tariyun fi qabrihi who's alive in his grave this is our aqidah of ahlul sunnah wal jama'a so then alman surah said when we make dua should we face the kaaba or the prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam you can read this in the asshifa kitabu asshifa qadi iyyad radi allatah anhu which who should we face and he said radi allatah anhu why would you turn your face away from the prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam he is your shafir in other words do you think allah subhanahu wa ta'ala is in the kaaba astaghfirullah there's nowhere with allah children ask the question all the time this is a this is a question of a child where is god there's no answer to the question because the question is faulty in and of itself aina darfu makan a a interrogative particle that denotes space or place or location allah subhanahu wa ta'ala transcends space and place and location and time and direction he transcends all of these things it's like asking where does the one who resides not reside does it make any sense or to give another example wa lillahi al-mathal al-a'la this is just an example and with allah is a high similitude it's like asking where do the fish fly can you answer this question where do the fish fly say no i can't answer it oh you can't answer you don't know there's no answer the very question is faulty right allah subhanahu wa ta'ala transcends these things like it's nothing like allah subhanahu wa ta'ala whatever you could possibly think of allah is not like that al-ajjadu an-nidraqi idraku wa al-baasu and that he kufr wa l-ishraku whatever you can uh your inability to conceive of allah subhanahu wa ta'ala is your conception of allah subhanahu wa ta'ala and whoever has baas whoever talks about the that of allah subhanahu wa ta'ala the essence of god is committed kufr and shirk and this shirk this is as i saying of abu bakr al-siddik radi allah ta'ala anhu so the ka'aba is a created entity it's not literally the house of god not in the literal sense but idhaafa meaning allah subhanahu wa ta'ala owns everything and this is a house dedicated to the worship of allah subhanahu wa ta'ala but children ask this i asked this question i remember when i was seven or eight years old i asked my mother she said i said what is this she said this is the house of god and i literally thought that god is inside the ka'aba this is a question for children this is what children ask right so he said this is created the prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam is created but which one is better who's better the prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam is better he is your shafir so face him and supplicate to allah subhanahu wa ta'ala out of respect for the prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam this was his answer the prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam is sayidu walidi adam some people say don't call him sayid some of the khutabah they get on the minbar and they don't even send blessings a piece upon the prophet they say muhammad muhammad muhammad astaghfirullah it's called like he's like he's their cousin or something who who's muhammad your cousin who works over here at the at the gas station who are you talking about muhammad said this muhammad ibn abdulla said who are you talking about you're talking about rasool Allah saydeh muhammad sallallahu alayhi wa sallam Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala when he speaks to the prophet he doesn't use his first name never said ya muhammad in the Quran never said ya ahmad ya ayyuha nabiyu ya ayyuha rasool ya ayyuha al muddafir this is how Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala addresses the prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam in the first person with a title but you're on the minbar saying this and that and they say don't call him sayyid some of the khutaba i've heard he said this is bid'ah you call him sayyid right imam jaafar sadaq who's imam of ahlul sunnah wal jama'a he's a teacher of malik ibn anas and nu'a man ibn thabit jaafar sadaq great great great grandson of the prophet muhammad sallallahu alayhi wa sallam he said yasin could mean ya sayyid wa allahu alam this is his opinion wa allahu alam huroof al muqaata a'ad no one knows the meaning but this was his opinion possibly maybe allahu alam ya is a vacated protocol sayyid yasin oh master innaka lamil al mursi wa al quran al hakeen innaka right kafa al khitaab second person masking and singular Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala is speaking directly to the prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam this is part of his evidence anas sayyidu wa alayhi a'ad this is hadim i am the master the sayyid of the children of adam we should use a title we don't want to breach adab with the prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam if we breach adab with the prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam then we breach adab with Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala this is how it is this is how it is there are people who mock sunnah they mock Muslims who mock sunnah Muslims who mock the turban i've heard these things coming from people standing on minbars people making fun of turbans and beards and things like that these are these are sunnah these are these are transmorphic trans temporal sunnah of the prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam it's very dangerous to do that so i'm just trying to kill some time here i don't see him coming believe me if i saw him coming i would sit down so Allahumma salli wa sallam alayhi wa sallam so we need to increase our knowledge in our love of the prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam and defend him sallallahu alayhi wa sallam defend him you know there's i mentioned this also somewhere last night i don't remember where it was there's 13 european nations in the western world that have laws that are anti holocaust laws that if you question the holocaust they will put you in prison right free countries freedom of speech right but if you question the holocaust they'll put you in prison you'll go to prison which is very interesting right there was a man named david erving from oxford who was is an academic he showed up in austria to give a speech on the holocaust and we don't deny the holocaust it's established through to water this is an issue that is is just pure idiocy for muslims to get into it's established through to water and if we question that then our our way of looking at history is compromised that's the bottom line and this whole thing about this kind of anti jewish sentiment i don't get down with that at all unfortunately some of this is permeated into muslim cultures around the world this is completely haram to have this opinion about human beings okay so i don't i don't agree with david erving whatsoever it's just an example and i'll show you the point of this in a minute inshallah to adam so he stands up at the podium gets an academic speech about the holocaust and immediately he's taking to prison immediately for one year he's taken to prison right yet if you go to a bookstore here barns and noble or i guess there's no more uh borders but you'll find two or three books there's a whole genre now anti muhammad in literature sallallahu alaihi wasallam just books dedicated to denigrating and insulting him and as soon as a muslim raises his voice they say oh we have freedom of speech this is freedom of speech not one person that i know of and i researched the issue not one human being on earth came to the defense of david erving and said freedom of speech what he wants everyone to uptight jail that's his opinion right not one person when it comes to us when people slander the prophet sallallahu alaihi wasallam oh wow you guys are angry freedom of speech we're not looking for laws to be passed right we're looking for cultural sensitivity there are certain things in certain cultures that are just taboo to talk about it's taboo you go to 1950s and you listen to politicians they're dropping the n word left and right dropping it left and right and it's all good back then nobody cares that's how it was but try to do that now that person's ostracized completely fired from his job disgraced right it's a cultural taboo you can't do that anymore there's a cultural sensitivity so that's what all we're asking we're not trying to get you know you read some of these profligates these muslims want to change the constitution and they want to change freedom of speech and they're trying to get these anti blasphemy laws passed not on my watch don't tread on me right no we're not we're asking for cultural sensitivity that's all we're saying the prophet sallallahu alaihi wasallam is more beloved to us than anything in creation anything in creation sallallahu alaihi wa la ali wasallam so we defend him not because he needs a defense he doesn't need anything from us but because people are being indoctrinated people that can potentially be guided i have these false notions of who he was sallallahu alaihi wasallam and in turn there's a backlash against muslims and our children and this is very very dangerous am i supposed to talk now so no i'm saying it's false so i've spoken too much already that's not what he said but but that's my opinion that's my assessment um so forgive me for speaking out of turn i know feridun is here and abdulla ali is here so we want to make some thicker inshallah ta'ala i've uh i've requested that another speaker come and speak but i guess we're going to make some thicker with qari amr inshallah ta'ala so sallallahu alaihi wa sallam sallam


Greetings from Bagram Airfield, Afghanistan.  We want you to know that while we can't be with you there in person, we are with you in spirit. Go Army!


Ukraine's Foreign Minister describes how a group of 31 soldiers made Robatine Offensive possible. Ukraine's Foreign Minister Dmitry Koleiba, while on a visit in France, has recounted the story of Ukrainian defenders' successful counter-offensive in the village of Robatine in Zaporizhya Oblast. The Foreign Minister said that for several months, one Ukrainian unit had been conducting continuous assaults in this area of the front, and due to exhaustion and losses, at some point, this unit lost the ability to continue the offensive. And then radical decisions were made, the unit's leadership was changed. The Minister said that the new commander asked to assemble soldiers who were motivated and ready to perform combat missions. A consolidated group of 31 soldiers was created, a third of whom had no combat experience, but all of whom had the knowledge and will to win. Koleiba added that thanks to the leadership of the commanders and sergeants, this group established horizontal links with neighboring units and started working on the contact line. For 18 hours, they crawled literally on their stomachs through kilometers of minefields, where the Russians had placed six mines per square meter. Finally, the unit reached a strip of trees dividing farmers' fields. Everyone in Ukraine knows this word a tree plantation. It's in these plantations, invisible on maps, that the greatest tragedies and heroism of the war take place. So, our unit drove the Russians out of there and held the position for two days until reinforcements arrived. Subsequently, this group walked another 10 kilometers with backpacks weighing 35 to 40 kilograms through minefields. They only had time to catch their breath briefly and immediately stormed the fortified Russian positions, drove the enemy out and held out until the main forces arrived. In total, this unit conducted six assaults and two reconnaissance missions in 40 days. Group of 31 men did the work of an entire battalion, which should have consisted of about 400 men. The losses amounted to seven wounded, including only one seriously injured after stepping on a mine. In fact, the work of this group made it possible for an entire brigade to attack Robatine and liberate it after weeks of assaults. After securing its flanks, we opened the way to Tokmak and, ultimately, Melotopol and the border with Crimea, Koleiba said.


All right, everybody, how you doing? Has everyone had lunch? We're feeling nice and tired on the third day of a conference. All right, so hopefully I'll just take a few minutes of your time on what I'm going to show you what RightScale is and what it's all about and what we do. So the first piece of it that's really kind of important about what RightScale does, we're very focused on automating for your application.  We sit on top of those infrastructures that are automated. We provide that same sort of automation and monitoring and tooling for your applications running on top of public and private clouds. So what that looks like in our dashboard is what you see here. On the right hand side, we have a list of essentially applications that we're running in this RightScale account. We've got a number that are running both in the Rackspace public cloud as well as on OpenStack private clouds in this particular account. What I want to show you is a couple of deployments here. So the first one is this PHP three tier production. So what this effectively is, and I'm going to change my view a little bit here so it accommodates our resolution a little bit better, is a three tier application that is in this case a PHP application. This is going to be your production app running on your private cloud in OpenStack in your data center. And this is where you're usually going to run your capacity from. This is where your developers have access, where your ops team has access. This is where you want to run your workload. And what you'll see is it's based on two load balancers here. So we've got an N plus 1 configuration for high availability. And then we've got a database server. In this case, we've only got one. And I'll get to why in just a second. And this is MySQL 5.5. The load balancers are based on HA proxy and Apache for load balancing. And then down at the bottom, we have what we call a right scale server array. And that has two application servers running in it right now.  And they're talking to the database and so forth. So one of the keys about what we do is that we provide you the automation to very easily stand up these sorts of environments. So what I mean by that is, if you look at this load balancer, for instance, I'll click into it, there's a definition for what a load balancer is. I told you that it's HA proxy and Apache. So the way that we are actually able to stand this up is with what we call this server template. I'll click into that. What it's based on is an image that we actually maintain that is, for all intents and purposes, identical in all the clouds that we support. In this case, we've got a list of the operating systems here. We've got SenoS 6.3. We've got Red Hat 6.3. We've got Ubuntu 1204. There's some additional ones down there. And you can see the list of the different clouds that we support for each one of those images. That's a list of the public clouds and the private clouds that we support with that. Now, the underlying image is actually different. You can't run a KVM image on Zen server. You can't run the public cloud image from Rackspace that's a customized version of Zen in your private cloud. They're different images. But we create a base image that has the same configuration of the OS, the same patch level, and then an agent that we use for the automation that we call Right Link. So what you're seeing here is a list of all of those available images. So when we go to launch, in this case, a load balancer with HA proxy, and we say that we actually want to put that into your private cloud running on OpenStack or in a public cloud like Google or Rackspace, we know to pick the correct image that's stored actually in that cloud, make the correct API provisioning call to that cloud, and you end up with a new VM that's running that base image. Of course, that's not all, because we have to make this actually be a load balancer. It's got to actually fulfill that role. We employ configuration management to actually get you to that point. So we start out with that base image, and then when that machine comes up, that virtual machine comes up, it actually calls back to RightScale and says, hey, I'm that new machine that you provisioned. What is it that I should run? What role should I assume? And that's when we actually start kicking off these boot scripts that you see listed here.  Then we start to do things that are more specific to a load balancer. We actually set up HAProxy. We make sure that Apache is installed and configured properly. We go ahead and down towards the end here, we actually make sure that Apache has a V host that's listening for your particular fully qualified domain name. All the stuff that you need to do to make sure that you've got a working running load balancer. The other thing that we're doing here, and this is where it gets very interesting in terms of automation with RightScale, is the script that I have highlighted is LB do attach all. What this is doing is actually querying the deployment. I showed you that deployment that's got the two load balancers, it's got the database server, and it's got the application servers running in an array. When new servers are added and they're running these scripts, these scripts can query that deployment and discover the services and the servers that are running in it. So when this script runs, it actually goes and looks and sees if there's any existing load, or I'm sorry, any existing application servers already running in that deployment. If there are, they actually go and discover the private IP addresses of all of those application servers and add them to the load balance pool that this load balancer is setting up. We do this throughout our server templates. We actually interrogate the environment and make sure that those servers know about one another. It makes it very easy to have automatically adding and removing servers. It makes it easy to set up the same kinds of deployments in any one of the clouds that we support, regardless of its network topology, the underlying cloud provider, all those things are abstracted for you. We also define what we call operational scripts.  You might need to rediscover all of the servers, all of the application servers. You might run this operational script. You might need to do some maintenance and stop and start Apache. You have those tools available to you. This is not quite our newest latest, oh it is our newest, latest, greatest server template that actually does have the two scripts that allow you to actually throw up a maintenance page if you're doing some work on the load balancer or your application, your updating or something of that nature. These are all things that you can automate and do from within the dashboard. So what I wanna do is actually take you to another deployment. I'm gonna highlight another reason why that ability to stand up the same kind of workloads in any one of the clouds that we support is actually very, very powerful. A use case of exactly how that comes in. So this is another view of the list of applications in this deployment. I've already shown you the production one down here. I'm gonna show you the disaster recovery PHP 3 tier deployment. And what you'll notice is this looks very much the same. I have a database server. I have two load balancers and I have an array of application servers, PHP application servers. These are all based on the same server template. So if I launch any one of these and actually instantiate a VM and do configuration management, I'm gonna end up with a server that's identical to the one that I have in production. What you'll also notice here is that again, I've only got one database server. But you'll notice the difference between this database server and the other servers in the deployment. This one's running, it's operational. It's got an IP address. This one's rocking and rolling. We don't have the load balancers running. We don't have the application server running. And you'll notice that this is also running in the racks based public cloud. So what this is, is this is your disaster recovery plan. You have a configuration that's identical to the one that you have in production. But what we're doing here is we're running a second database that's replicating to your production environment, making sure that you have that data so that if something does happen, if the configuration in your data center becomes unavailable, there's a network problem, there's a natural disaster, whatever the case may be, you can actually immediately go over to this deployment and actually launch the other services around it. In this case, the load balancers and the application servers. And in a matter of minutes, you'll have those servers up and running. Your data's already over there because it's been replicating. And you now have the ability to then move your DNS records over. And I think I clicked okay there. And you end up with that disaster recovery plan actually operated and set up and you've got your new deployment running over there and you have it up and running in a matter of minutes. And the best part of this is that because it's cloud and because you pay as you go, you can actually test your disaster recovery plan. How often do you have that plan and it's actually just a bunch of run books and you dare not actually try it because what if it doesn't work? When you're using the cloud model, you don't pay anything or hardly anything to actually do that failover and try it out to launch those machines. Right skill, make sure that you're getting exactly the same image, exactly the same instance every time with the same configuration. It goes beyond that though. I'm gonna switch back to the deployment that's our three tier production and show you some of the visibility that we have into what's running and how we can automate even further on top of that. So I'm gonna click back into the load balancer again and we actually configure an open source agent called CollectD to pull back information from each of the VMs that are under right scale management. And we use that to show these nice pretty graphs that are great health check. It pulls back obvious things you would expect, CPU use, disk use, network IO, those sorts of things. This is a load balancer. We know it's running Apache so we've also installed the Apache plugin for CollectD so we can pull back things like request per second, the number of denied requests, all those sorts of things. But not only can we of course show them in graphs which is great and looks great for a demo but we can also configure alerts. So if any one of those monitoring metrics that you saw reaches a certain threshold and stays at that or beyond that for a certain period of time, we can make a decision about what to do in that deployment. In this case, you'll notice that actually almost all of these alerts are actually predefined at the server template level. We know that a load balancer running HAProxy and Apache is going to actually need to have HAProxy running. We need to make sure that Apache is actually running. So we have pre-built alerts that are part of that server template that define what that thing's role is and then has a health check to make sure that it's performing that role. We can do all sorts of really novel things from these alerts. Of course, sending emails, sending alerts, that's pretty standard stuff. We can also, though, do things like running a script on the server that has the issue, that has the alert criteria. We can run a script on any other server that's in the same deployment or the same application. You might have a server that's in distress. It has too much CPU use, too much memory use. You can't run a script on that server because it's not going to run. It doesn't have the spare capacity CPU, whatever, to run, so you can actually run it on a different server in the same deployment. This is the full list of options. You can also reboot the server, or you can completely relaunch it, which, since we're using those server templates that allow you to bring that thing up from essentially scratch just that base image and get the same configuration, you can actually throw away the old VM, bring up a new one, and know that you'll end up with the same configuration. And then, of course, last but not least, is also how we drive our automation engine for autoscaling. If, for instance, we know that Apache requests per second are reaching a certain threshold, that indicates that we have a spike in our traffic and we can only handle so many requests per second per node in our application server, we can use that as a metric to add additional capacity to the deployment, and then when that peak in traffic goes away, we can actually remove those servers as well. And then if you recall, I had those list of scripts that were part of the server template. There was actually a category of scripts I didn't talk about, which were decommissioned scripts. So when you pull that application server out of the deployment, it actually goes and tells the load balancer, hey, I'm leaving the deployment now, you can remove my IP address from the pool, we can close up IP tables firewalls, we can make sure that it gracefully exits. And that's actually all I've got. I've got about a minute 40 left, so I think I've consumed just about all my time. Thank you.


This module will introduce you to this process of conversation. Meaning of sequences. Sequences are order terms we have already defined. What are their meanings? It depends on sequence meaning dependent on utterance meaning. Meaning of an utterance is indicated by words or the gestures which accompany the words. For example, I am talking but I am also moving my hands. I have my facial expressions which accompany my speech. So all these things determine the meaning of utterances and meaning of utterances determine the meaning of sequences. Part of an utterance meaning lies in the prior utterances. First we talked about meaning that comes from inside utterances and now we are talking about that part of meaning of utterance that lies in prior utterances. When we talk, we move forward in talk, we are leaving behind utterances. These preceding, these foregoing utterances which forego what? Are current utterances. They also contribute to the meaning of our current utterances. They become its background, its context. So when we try to understand its meaning, we related which utterances went before and which possible utterances will follow it. So every utterance is in this way interwoven, interconnected with preceding and following utterances. So in this way utterance meaning is localized. What do we mean by this? The meaning of the utterance comes from inside the utterances with which it is related. This meaning does not come outside the conversation. When we talk about context in conversation analysis, we talk about internal context. We never talk about external context that lies outside the conversation. Now to understand it further, we see how conversation moves on, how it proceeds. That is the topic of our module. The first step is that the next speaker understand what is conveyed by the preceding speaker. Otherwise, conversation would flop. It won't move. If the next speaker, the listener, I mean, if that person doesn't understand what you have talked about, what you have said, the conversation would break. Number two, the next speaker shows virtually through gestures or through verbal means like absolutely, surely, etc. Or eye-raising or sometimes we react through our facial expressions to show our disapprover, to show surprise, etc. So all these we have called them back channels. These back channels give feedback to the speaker that the next speaker understands what you have said. So if this happens, they are involved, they give feedback, then conversation will move on. If they are not back channeling, it means they don't understand or they are not interested, your talk is meaningless for them. The third thing is that the current speaker clarifies wrong interpretation of the next speaker. There is also space for clarification. In conversation, definitely what you are talking about, that may be something new for the listener. Your language may be difficult, your topic may be difficult. You may belong to some foreign culture. So all these things make something difficult to understand by the listener or next speaker. So you allow the speaker, next speaker, I mean listener to ask question for clarification. If you allow this, your conversation will move on. Any utterance can have multiple interpretations. Now what we have been calling so far, meaning of sequences, meaning of utterances or interpretations. From now onwards, we will use a more technical term for this. We would call them conversational actions or functions. And in coming modules, we will be calling them speech acts. The acts we perform through speech, but wait for that. So the interpretations may be multiple. For example, what you utter, it may be taken as request, it may be taken as threat, it may be taken as promise. So these are conversational functions. CA, what conversation analysis does? Conversational analysis gathers evidence from your conversation to support which interpretation, which conversational function is conveyed to you. You means the listener, the next speaker. For example, see here, speaker A says, can I just grab, just grab, therefore repetition is allowed in spoken language, you know. B says sorry about that. Now this following utterance shows that the previous utterance is a request. And the previous utterance shows that the following utterance is refusal to that request. And that is polite refusal, sorry about that. And then speaker A says that's okay. It means the refusal, polite refusal is accepted. So in this way you see how conversational functions are understood with the help of proceeding in following utterances in a conversation. We conclude then that conversation moves on if social functions of utterances are conveyed successfully and are understood by the speakers. The functions depend on the internal context, the preceding utterances and the following utterances.