Welcome to Toffey TV, it is the Everton News daily. The Marey Gray has left Everton for Saudi Arabian team al-Atifat for an undisclosed fee, apparently it's in the region of £8 million. The Marey Gray has put a message on his Instagram. Let's just see what he had to say. He said, after two years with Everton, it's time to say goodbye. I wish everyone at the club the very best and will forever be proud to have played for the great club. To the fans, you are always incredible. Thank you for your support. You made it a privilege to wear the shirt. There has been a lot of speculation about my situation all summer. The truth is I give it my all to this club on and off the pitch through good and bad. I was ready to play as much football as possible this season but it felt like this was not going to happen. It's time for the next chapter. I am match fit and excited to get playing. Thank you, the Marey. So, the Marey Gray is sort of having a little swipe at Sean Daish with the match fit thing. The manager has said recently that Sean Daish, that the Marey Gray was injured and not ready to play.  Sean Daish said on Tuesday in a club video that he wouldn't be sold. Here we are. He has been sold. Everton have lost a player after the transfer window shut. Yes, they've got £8 million for him but can't replace the players. It's as simple as that. It feels slightly off that Everton have done this. The manager said that they would need four wingers. They have four wingers if you include Lewis Dobbin, but the Marey Gray is gone. It is good money and for the money Everton have got for Alex Owowe, £30 million for those two players. Both were a year left on their contracts even though the Marey Gray could be extended. Seems good money but Everton have left themselves massively short. But the manager has removed the headache. It wasn't like he wanted to really play him anyway. He wanted him out of the club. They took his squad number off him and give it to Jack Harrison as well. I'm not sure you can say anyone is a real winner in this but the Marey Gray has got his move. Sean Daish has seen the players sold but not replaced them. There you go. We'll move on. The regulator for English football will now not recommend sporting sanctions for clubs. Ruling out points deductions for breaching regulations on finances and respecting the desires of fans the government has outlined. This has gone on Sky News saying they have compared the plans in an update of framework and model for the football regulator with the white paper published in February that had called for sanctions to ensure non-compliance has met with genuine consequences. The government is backing away from removing the licence of a club to compete in a competition unless they try and join a breakaway competition such as another Super League Rebellion. This could mean that Evan, of course, when they go in front of the independent regulator the idea of being deducted points might be completely removed from the situation and might end up with just a fine or maybe possibly stopping us from getting or possibly stopping us from signing players. This is not a definite yet but this is just being outlined in a white paper so we'll have to wait and see whether this goes through and whether it goes through in time. There's been a lot of fear about Evan losing points due to the FFP situation but hopefully looking at this that might be taken off the table but we'll have to wait and see. Tom Higgins from Lango Rock, the construction company who are obviously making the evidence new stadium has spoken today about the media input that's being pulled out about Bramley Mordoch. He said they are not interested in good news stories. He said the fact is the evidence stadium is on plan and budget and when it's finished it'll be one of the best in Europe. He was speaking at the business of sports conference held today in Manchester. Bass and John were both in attendance for this, Richard Kenyon spoke as well but he was basically hard out in all these bad stories that have been pulled out there about the stadium are basically nonsense and it's on track, it's on budget. Obviously we don't know what that budget is and whether Evan have actually got the budget but it's on track and it's on budget and a lot of people have been making up stories. We've seen stuff in the Daily Mail from other outlets when Evan have given them access, showed that everything is going to plan and then he makes stories up about it. You know Richard Keasing, it's an empty bowl. There's work going on every single day. Every single day there's work going on and that will continue for the time being. Obviously we don't know what the next step of the finances is but you'd presume that would get sorted or you'd surely hope it would anyway so he was speaking today alongside Richard Kenyon. Jordan Pickford has been nominated for Save of the Month for August. He's saving against Walls Fingertip Save to push it wide at the park end. I imagine Jordan Pickford's going to get nominated for a lot of saves of the month. I'm sure he's saved or double saved from the weekend against Sheffield tonight. There'll be in the September one as well. This is something that we'll have to get used to even though. It's great for him and he's obviously on England duty so it's a highlight how good the goalkeeper he is. I'd rather be nominated for the goal of the month or whatever. There you go, not a lot of news round today. We're going into the international weekend now. Some of our players will start playing some of the games. There you go. Make sure to give this video a like, subscribe if you haven't already. If you want more great videos, exclusive daily live videos. Join us on Toffy TV Premier, the link is in the description and the QR code that's coming off on the screen now. See you later.


So me as well as many other content creators have probably tried Uploading a reaction to the GTA 6 trailer because it was a late Rockstar decided to just drop the trailer for everybody to witness now I myself I tried to record well Actually recorded a live reaction to it Uploaded the video the music got hit straight away I thought you know what I just upload it muted because hey, you can still see what we're gonna get with a game Uploaded that a video got hit straight away. I looked for what the hell's going on here That's your video footage for the trailer is copyrighted So if you're wondering why there's no trailer reactions here on YouTube, it's because of this very Resonate to Rockstar. They seemingly don't want people reacting to this trailer Unless this is a misunderstanding, but hey people want to share this game with their communities I mean I myself personally I haven't covered GTA in many years now I mean I covered GTA 5 heavily upon its release didn't really play much a multiplayer couldn't really get into it So I moved on I know many many content creators out there have been super super excited For this gameplay trailer. I mean, yes, it was originally coming tomorrow But they released it early again due to leaks now many of these content creators will not be able to upload Any footage from this trailer, which is a massive massive Letdown and let's take to a rock star. So there she's out You're probably gonna see this trailer anywhere else on YouTube besides the main channels represented by Rockstar or take 2 but I'll give my initial thoughts on the trailer either or guys I can show screenshots from it. I'm pretty sure I can either or I mean it looks Incredible, I'm not gonna hate a rock star for this ridiculous decision of not allowing content creators to share their games trailer I mean they gotta do what they gotta do if they think it's right fair play to them I do not care really does it really affect me that much either way But even all guys to trailer in my opinion looked absolutely Incredible what we saw. I mean it was just snippets for what seemingly a massively active world I mean we saw feeds from like an Instagram type like social media platform Playing which I thought looked like it was something that's gonna be playing off live inside of the game I mean, I wouldn't be surprised if this game was somehow live service and this was a part of all of that Not my words guys. I would not be surprised with this whatsoever But the game play itself the city looked absolutely Fully looked ram for the streets the cars the amount of people it looked very very Populated it also looked incredible in regards to the graphics I mean it's next-gen PC only no doubt about this this thing yet run on the ps4 in the Xbox one this thing will blow them consoles up For sure. This is next-gen guaranteed And with the release date of 2025 to confirm that the end of the trailer I mean it's gonna be quite a wait I think it's probably gonna be Christmas 2025 as well But yeah, this thing ain't running low gender's no two which way is about that This is next-gen only and it looks like a proper Next-gen game now the last rock star game I played was Red Dead Redemption 2 and that was so ahead of its time It's still right now one of the best single-player games. I have ever played This surprised me in a way that although I was optimistic I knew rock star had something to back up the work that we've been doing over the past how many years They've been working on this game, but I didn't think it would look this good I really didn't know what surprised me even more is some fans are actually upset about what we saw today Some fans are disappointed in this minute and a half trailer I mean, how can you grasp enough from this trailer to be even slightly disappointed? I mean, what's disappointing about this? What can you be disappointed about from within this trailer? I mean, I just don't get it, but you know what they say there is always One that's hard for me to actually react and speak about certain things within this trailer about showing your footage It's a bit of a pain in my ass, but all I can say is the world looks massively populated and active Which is what we all like to see. I mean, like I said, it's only a short trailer I mean in the half there's not much to grasp on it in regards to what story could be hidden here I mean, we see two main characters. I believe we see him later on together in the trailer I'm guessing the female is the main role character. You will play I don't think you'll be able to pick between a male and female if you can I probably think that one of these two will be the choices we get but watching the trailer I do think the woman will play that main role and you will play as her now I did watch a bit of the leaked trailers with elite gameplay that came ages ago And it seems as though you were playing as a woman back then I don't know if it was confirmed that would play as a woman But either or I'm happy guys I mean, she looks like a total badass no to which way is about it But what we got today from this minute and a half trailer is what I fully expected Not too much of anything not too much given away All we see is what seemingly a very populated and depthy city within Miami I mean, it looks incredible to and the way rockstar play off these things I know it's going to be a direct replica of what Miami is or as close to as they can get While adding in their own sultan sauce no doubt about it But it is still real early days until the next trailer comes guys I mean what we're seeing here unless some information is dropped from rockstar themselves What we are seeing here and what you will be hearing about from content creators is mainly going to be all guess work Exactly what I've been doing throughout this whole video But either or guys tell me your thoughts on this trailer if you haven't seen it I'll link it down below. I mean if you haven't seen this go watch this thing guys. It looks absolutely awesome Guys, you've enjoyed the video leaving a like really helps out. I'm super sorry I couldn't bring you a live reaction, which is I've actually got recorded. I'm disappointed that I couldn't upload it But hey, ho rockstar got to do what they got it do people But yes, let know your thoughts down below in that comment section. Did you enjoy it? Are you unhappy about it? How did it look to you guys? If you've enjoyed the video leaving a like really helps out. Do you feel like what you see? I want to see more be sure to subscribe and hopefully guys. I will see you on that next one


So, welcome back after understanding all about the tables and also about the Mollier chart which I explained to you just now. Let us now go into applications of the properties of fluid and basically apply these for using the first law where the direct application of all these things what we have learnt till now can be shown. The first example I will take using a Mollier chart which will not use after that and the first example therefore will show you how to use the Mollier chart, how can a process be seen on the Mollier chart but this will not normally be used for solving various problems and therefore after the first example I will use steam tables all through for getting the properties of water at various pressures and temperatures and that is why the first problem is little special, other problem will be application to the first law using steam tables however. So, let us now come to question number A or the first problem of this tutorial, please understand the problem steam at 10 bar pressure passes through a pipe and expands to 0.1 bar in a throttling device, so the state at 1.1 is going to be 10 bar and state after expansion is going to be 0.1 bar and this process of expansion is by throttling device meaning which it is an isenthalpy process, enthalpy remains constant from 1 to 2. The temperature of steam after expansion is 100 degree centigrade, so we know the pressure P2 and we know the temperature P2, find the state of the fluid before expansion, so I need to know all the things at 0.1 where I only know the pressure. So, temperature T1, dryness fraction if any enthalpy H1, entropy S1 etcetera, the hint is one can use molier chart for this solution, one can solve this problem even using steam tables and if you try using steam table you will find it very very difficult, the problem become very simple if you use molier chart for this alright, so let us solve this problem, tutorial 4 question A, what is given to us, we got state 1 and we got state 2, what we know about state 1 is P1 is equal to 10 bar or 1 MPa and P2 is equal to 0.1 bar is equal to 0.01 MPa, also what has been told is the temperature after expansion which happens from 1 to 2, so T2 is equal to 100 degree centigrade or 373 Kelvin, we know that the process from 1 to 2 is isenthalpic fottling process alright, which means that H1 is equal to H2 alright, so what we can do is using HS diagram or molier chart, we can easily locate the state 2, because we know 2 properties P2 and P2, so locate point 2 on this molier chart and being a isenthalpic process from 1 to 2, from 2 we can get state 1 alright, so let us go to now the molier chart and understand what it shows alright, so from here I will go to the molier chart and this is the molier chart, from here I will locate now the state 2 which is P2 is equal to 0.1 bar or 0.01 MPa and T2 is equal to 100 degree centigrade, so I can highlight the place where I want to go alright, so here I can go here and locate the point of 0.1 bar which is from here we can see this blue line and T is equal to 100 degree centigrade which is 373 Kelvin alright, so somewhere here my state 1 will be, sorry this will be my state 2 because this is after expansion alright, so this is my state 2 and therefore I can locate that state 2 over here alright, so this is state 2 and I know that the state 1 to state 2 process, 1 to 2 process is isenthalpic process and the y axis being enthalpy axis I can just draw a horizontal line passing through this point 2 and on this line somewhere the point 1 would lie that is what I know alright, so what I do just draw a horizontal line and I would like to see now because the state 1 other thing also I know about state 1 is the pressure, the pressure before expansion is 10 bar that is what has been told given in a problem, so I can go now again closer to this and locate the intersection of this isenthalpic line with pressure equal to 10 bar which is this, so you can see that as soon as I start locating I come inside the dome here and therefore it indicates to me that the state will be now here a 2 phase zone or the weight steam while the state 2 is superheated zone which I could see directly the state 1 happens to be the weight steam and the point would lie somewhere over here, so just show the point 1 in this steam now in this diagram, so this is where my state 1 lies and corresponding to the state 1 now I can read other values other properties like X and also the temperature, so what can I see the temperature again, so you can see the temperature being somewhere 423 Kelvin alright somewhere around this point and also I can see that the X could be somewhere in between 90 to 100 let us say around 95 percent etcetera, so I can get all the properties for this from this diagram now, if I just want to draw vertical and the enthalpy is 2700 I get entropy value at state 1 which is around this could be around 6.5 alright and corresponding to 0.2 also I get this value, so I can again come back to calculation I understand from this diagram the data which I got for state 1 now from here which is what the question was is the temperature T 1 is equal to 150 degree centigrade the X 1 from here if I do proper interpolation I can see that it is 0.96 corresponding enthalpy is 2700 which we have seen from the Mollier chart and entropy also we could see that it is 6.2 kilojoule per kg Kelvin, so this is what my state 1 and that is what was asked in the problem, if I go to my slides and write down the answers properly I can get the answers as T 1 equal to 150 degree centigrade X 1 equal to 0.96, H 1 is equal to 2700 kilojoule per kg and S 1 is equal to 6.2 kilojoule per kg Kelvin, one can appreciate from this problem how efficiently we could get these answers from the Mollier chart and that is the purpose that is I could understand that the state 1 lies in two phase region while I could understand state 2 lies in a superheated zone which one could see directly from the Mollier chart I did not have to do any calculations further to understand these aspects, thank you very much.


Welcome to MOOC course on Introduction to Proteogenomics. This is Dr. D. R. Vane's second lecture. In the first lecture, he has discussed about various strategies employed for data normalization. In today's lecture, we are going to continue the discussion about data analysis and especially the batch correction and missing value importation. These two things are very important for any type of omic data analysis. Just because you can generate large amount of data set in a very, very short time using mass spectrometry or NGS platform, that does not mean that the data quality is very high. You have to be very cautious, very clear that what data you are analyzing and make sure that you do the proper ways of normalization, batch correction as well as the missing value importation before you start further data processing. In this way, the batch correction removes the technical differences in the data whereas missing values need to be imputed to get the better outcome. Sometime you do not take a call. If there are many missing values in your data set, then probably that is not a good data. You need to trash the data and it starts all over. Or let us say you know if you have seen only very few places the data points are missing but rest of the data is there, then software can utilize some resources, some you know ways of averaging and imputes the values to fill out those missing values. Again, there is a lot of statistics and considerations required. What should be the way to do the missing value importation? But that is what Dr. Mani is going to talk to you today in his lecture. He will also explain and talk to you about batch correction methods like Lima and combat. On the other hand, he will discuss about the missing value importation which is one of the very important considerations in the big data analysis. So, let us welcome Dr. Mani again for his lecture on batch correction and missing values importation. So, the next topic in this set of slides is batch correction. So, we just talked about normalization where we are trying to make all the samples similar. So, I know how many of you have heard of batch correction? Just a few. So, batch correction is something you apply when you think you have different batches of experiments you did and you think there might be a difference between those batches. So, you have 15 TMT experiments you need to do. You did 5 in January, 5 in May and the remaining 5 in winter and you this is all one project and you had lot of vacation left over. So, you were not there to finish all of them. So, now you want to put all of them together and do an analysis. So, it is likely that the data you get from each set of 5 are going to be very different or significantly different and that is because of technical variation not because of biological differences in the sets of samples you used. So, correcting for that is called batch correction. So, let us say you have a scenario where you are looking at breast cancer, you got you have ER positive ER negative and HER2 positive samples.  And now you have three batches again which have differences and there is big differences between what you did in January and what you did in May. Is it because of the difference between ER and PR or is it because of the batch? Answer? Yes. You cannot tell because the way you designed your experiment we can deconvolve whether it was because of the batch or whether it was because of biological differences. So, that is why statisticians say you always have to run a randomized subset when you are splitting things into batches. So, if you had ER, PR and HER2 positive samples, in January you pick a random subset of ER, PR and HER2 positive samples, you put them in your 5, 10 plexus and run it. You do the same in May and you do the same in December. Now, if there is a big difference between January and May, you know because it is because of your batch because there are ER, PR and HER2 positive samples in both sets and it is not a biological difference.  So, if three people are working on a project, you do not want one person to be working on ER positive samples, another to be working on PR positive samples and so forth. You want each one to work on a random subset of all the samples. So, any distinction that is of importance to you in the biology that has to be randomized, if you do not, if you have batch effects you cannot separate the batch effects from the biology. And if you did your experiment correctly and there is a batch effect then how do you deal with it and that is kind of what I am going to talk about in the next few slides. So, what I say like normalization batch correction attempts to remove technical artifacts in the data, but normalization is usually on a sample by sample basis whereas, batch correction is on a sample subset basis. So, you have a group of samples that you ran at some point that needs that resulted in some technical difference between some other group. So, batch correction can be used to remove systematic technical differences. So, different operators, different time of running it, different machines, different column you used for your LCE things like that. But as long as you have normalized, so you have randomized your data you are in good shape.  And on day 2 and a half your column got clogged and you had to throw it away. So, now all your ER samples were run with the old column and most of your PR samples were run with the second column. There is a difference is it the column or is it biology? So, you can tell, but if you are alternating ER and PR samples and there is a big difference you know it is your column. So, that is the importance of like randomizing your analysis when you are doing sample processing and experimental analysis. So, the thing is if you have an internal if you have a reference that you ran and you try to use that to minimize the difference it would be ok for a pilot project, but if you try to publish it the reviewers will not accept it. So, you have to have normal randomized study and then do some sort of batch correction. You can help the if you have at least a same thing you ran across your study you can maybe try to use it to do better batch correction, but it is not ideal. It is better than nothing, but it is not the ideal approach. If the question is whether the a protein was different between type A and type B. So, like cancer versus normal a protein is different you do it 3 times and you see the same difference. So, in that case you probably do not need batch correction because all you are doing is ratios of cancer to normal in the same batch, but if you are now if you have 3 replicates your statistics will be much more robust. So, you can combine all the 3 replicates to find out which proteins are different. In that case if there is a big difference between the same protein measurement in your different runs then your statistics will fail because there is way too much variation your p values will be very high. So, in that case it will help to have batch correction. So, it depends on how you analyze the data. If you are looking at each replicates separately drawing some conclusion and checking that conclusion across you do not need batch correction, but if you are combining all your replicates and doing a unified statistical analysis then hopefully you would have randomized your replicates, but if you did not you would do batch correction. You have only 10 samples that you can put on a TMT 10plex and then you submitted it and the reviewer came back and said run it 2 more times. So, then you can run it 2 more times you do not need a reference, but if you are doing a study which requires 15 TMT 10plexes just to do one or replicate of the study then you would have a reference because you have to link the different 10plexes. So, if you are I think the rule of thumb is if your experiment will fit in one TMT reaction or one TMT experiment you do not need a reference, but if it is going to span more than one you should think about having a reference. In some cases you if there are like 2 or 3 10plexes depending on the conditions and the experiment maybe you do not need it, but if it is a big discovery study where you have 100 samples and you need to do like biomarker discovery or proteomic analysis of all those samples then you would have a reference. So, what are methods we have for batch correction? I have a couple of methods listed I will not go into too much detail here, but 2 common ones used are a lima is a package that is used for a lot of analysis. You can also use it for like differential marker analysis and so forth. It builds a linear like a 2-way ANOVA model and then uses that to do the batch correction and there is a R package called lima and it has a function called remove batch effect. I will not go into the theory or details here, but you can explore that and I think they have some examples and stuff you want to take a look at it. Another option is called combat. So, this is a empirical Bayes estimation of how to do the batch correction. So, Bayesian analysis usually it tends to be more robust than traditional frequentist analysis. So, it this kind of uses a little more robust method, but this also has mechanisms that make it robust. It uses what is called moderation which is essentially another way of doing empirical Bayesian analysis. So, both these tools are relatively useful and you can you try both they have differences that might make it more appropriate for one project or not. So, suppose you have 2 batches, but one batch is more sacred than the other one. So, in your batch correction you want to take the second batch and make it similar to the first one instead of just putting the 2 together and correcting however. So, if you want to do that I think combat will let you do that, but lima will not let you do that. So, there are differences like that that might dictate which you want to use, but both are reasonable to take a look at. So, I think I have made this point multiple times. So, batch correction can obviously introduce artifacts. So, because of because of that I would not do batch correction unless there is proof that batch correction is necessary. So, you look at something and you say oh this set is very different from that set. If you can show that then you would go and do batch correction otherwise batch correction can introduce artifacts that might look like signal that might get rid of signal. So, you can get lot of false positives and false negatives if you indiscriminately use batch correction. And one example showing here is what I was saying the experiment was not properly randomized. And so, one batch has more of one type of things than the other batch. And when you do batch correction it looks like there is a differential signal because batch correction says oh this batch was one, this batch was a second batch and I need to go correct for both. And when you do that there the differences introduced could look like biological signal. So, here is an example that Carston worked on in our group. So, we had a experiment where there was RNA-seq done from about 105 samples. So, those are the red samples. So, you can see this is plotting the expression value for all the genes measured using RNA-seq. This is a box plot. So, you can see the first batch was all fine there were one sample that was slightly low, but most of them were fine. If you look at the second batch this one was new sets of samples, but it also had replicates from this set. So, things marked with a star underneath are replicates from this batch. So, you take the same sample from this batch and you run it like a year later you can see how different they are. And so, the question is now I want to put these two together and do an analysis because I got new more samples and you have more samples you get more statistical power. And so, how do I do it now? And so, for that this is a case where you show there is a batch effect and without correcting the batch effect you can do the analysis. So, we do go and correct it and once you correct they all look similar. So, here is a example of how that looks similar. So, then the left side shows hierarchical clustering hierarchical clustering groups similar things together. So, when you say here are all my samples show me things that are similar and put them together. You can see all the blue ones which are the new batch group together all the red ones which is the old batch group together and the green things in the middle are the replicates. So, even the replicates do not go together they go with the batch. So, this is a very strong batch effect that overrides any biological signal you might have.  So, now after batch correction a sample and its replicate are the most similar which is the correct place to be not with the things in the same batch. So, we say that the after batch correction the batch effect has been removed and now you can do the analysis. So, that is kind of an example of where we used it. The next topic is missing values this one I have a lot of slides, but I think many of them are technical and probably unnecessary. So, I will just zip through it quickly. So, mass spectrometry is prone to more missing values than RNA seek or most of the genomics methodologies. So, in in like 10-15 years ago if you used an aphymetrics microarray to measure a sample you would get a measurement for every single gene there would basically be no missing values. But in proteomics that there is it is not possible because proteomics is stochastic you are measuring things that fly in a mass spectrometer and what flies once may not fly again what flies in one sample may not fly for another sample. And so, you are you tend to see a lot more missing values in proteomics. To make this worse when you are doing phospho proteomics which is really the interesting part of proteomics because you can look at signaling and kinases and how they work. The phospho sites may be present in one sample and completely absent in another. So, maybe some pathway is activated in a subset of your cancer samples, but is not activated in all your other samples. So, the phospho sites that represent the activation of that pathway will be present in like some small subset of your samples, but not present in all your other samples. And so, you get a lot more missing values in phospho proteomics. When you try to do statistical and machine learning analysis many of the tools need all the data to work if you have missing values the algorithm cannot be applied. And so, the question is how do you deal with missing values? So, in statistical theory there are three types of missing values in increasing order of I guess a worry index. If you are in the first one you do not need to worry about it you can throw away the data and you will be fine. So, that is called missing completely at random. So, randomness is very important. If your data is missing in such a way that the things that are missing are completely random then they are not going to affect your biology. And so, you can say ok fine I do not care I am going to throw it away. I have 200 proteins that are completely missing at random and I can just ignore it. The second part missing at random is that the missing value depends on some part of the observed data. So, for an example here is peptide intensity is missing based on characteristics of the peptide. So, if the peptide has a specific amino acid it is missing. So, here so, if the peptide has a specific amino acid at random times it is missing it is not always missing. So, there you know the characteristic and once you know the characteristic then the missingness is random because which sample it is missing is random. But if the sample has a specific amino acid in that peptide then it is likely that it might be missing, but whether it is actually missing or not is random. So, in that case it is called missing at random. So, these things you have to be a little more careful you can just like throw it away. But the most worrisome part is missing not at random and unfortunately all proteomics data most proteomics data is missing not at random. Missing not at random means the missing value depends on the missing data. In other words it is missing when the value is some specific thing if your intensity is less than some count the data is missing. So, that is missing not at random and so, that is the most worrisome type of data and there you have to be very careful on how you deal with it you can just like casually throw it away. But it is also the hardest to deal with even in with statistical theory. So, I will just go through like a pragmatic approach to how to deal with this I will not go into all the details of what we do we do not need that. So, here are some approaches that people use to deal with missing data. So, one is called complete case analysis. So, this is you throw away any data that is missing and then you do your analysis. So, if a protein was observed in 95 percent of your samples, but missing in the 5 percent you throw it away and then you do your analysis. So, this loses a lot of data and in phosphoproteomics this may not be a good thing because you will lose a lot of your signaling peptides. You may lose a lot of your biomarkers too in in even in the proteomics data. So, you want some other method. So, one way is throwing away things that have a large proportion of missing values. So, that may be reasonable. So, in other words if you have something that is missing in more than 80 percent of your data you can say that is way too much I do not want to deal with it. So, you if a protein is missing in more than 80 percent of your data you do not look at it. That makes sense because statistically there is not much you can derive from looking at a small set and also you do not know how it is different in the others. And so, it may be ok to drop variables that are missing. So, in the analysis we do we have a relatively high threshold I think if the data is missing in more than 70 percent of the samples then we throw that away. So, we take a protein if that protein has not been observed in 70 percent or more of the samples we throw it away. So, if we start with 12000 proteins and we apply that filter about a few hundred the maximum 1000 proteins will get thrown away. So, it is about like 5 to 10 percent of proteins generally fall into that category. If you look at phosphoproteomics the number is larger it is more like 25 30 percent, but still it is not that big a number and it is a reasonable thing to do in most situations. So, the other thing to do is impute the missing data. So, you can say ok I do not want to throw away things that have missing data my analysis method needs the data. So, what can I do? So, one thing you can do is you can say I am going to carefully figure out what the value could have been or should have been and then fill it in. So, that is called imputation. So, you can impute missing data and then complete your data set. For that there are several methods the best ones use some sort of a machine learning model. So, they look at all your data they look at things that have been observed for the thing that is missing and then they kind of predict the missing value should have been this by looking at the entire data set. So, it builds a machine learning model by looking at the entire data set and then comes up with a imputed value for data that is missing. So, we have found that the there is this method called K nearest neighbor imputation that works reasonably well there are couple of other machine learning based methods that also work well. So, if you really have to fill in. So, the way we do our analysis we start with the full table we apply the threshold if it is missing in too many samples we just throw it away and then for the remaining we use a K nearest neighbor imputation to fill it in to do the analysis. There are some analysis methods that can actually deal with missing data in those cases we do not impute, but if you are using a method that cannot deal with the missing data we impute using KNN or some machine learning based method. So, before you do a marker analysis you should not use the information of the classes for making any decision because if you do that then you are biasing your analysis to the groups that you know and you should not do that. So, you would look at the entire data set. Let us say your perfect biomarker is present in your cancer and not in the controls and so your you have 50 percent cancer 50 percent controls. If you set this threshold to be 40 percent you will throw away all your biomarkers. So, you would set the number to be high enough. So, let us say you set it to be 70 or 80 percent. So, then you retain things that are present in only a few of the the cancers, but are missing in all the normals and maybe even a few cancers then you will keep those markers. When you do K nearest neighbor implementation remember it is called K nearest neighbor. So, what it does is it is going to say ok I need to fill in this protein for this sample. I am going to find samples that are similar and find what values they have and then fill it in. So, it is going to look at other control samples and then fill it in, but if there are if it was missing in all the control samples then the the imputed value will not be that that clear, but if some had some small values because of noise or something like that then it will just average the noise and create a value that will fall into the noise. But if it was missing in the tumors then when you look for similar samples it will find more tumors and then it will fill in with the value that is specific to the tumors. But so this algorithm will actually correctly take group into account without knowing about the group. It does not have to be actual technical replicates, but you need biological replicates for the same group yeah yeah yeah. If you had two samples and it was missing in one there is not much you can do to fill it in the other, but if you had hundred samples and it was missing in five you can use the other 95 to fill it in. So, I hope today you have learned about what is batch correction and how to perform this kind of analysis. You also learned the important strategies of batch correction which is lima. The design matrix is used to describe comparisons between the samples for example, the treatment effects which should not be removed. The function in effect fits a linear model to the data which includes both batches and regular treatments then removes the component due to the batch effect. Another method for batch correction is combat which is robust as it can do a model based adjustment to remove the artifacts. The batch correction also need to be done correctly otherwise a wrong strategy may lead you to the artifacts. So, next important thing is the missing value imputation which you have heard. This is you know one of the common facts people see in the various experiments especially the mass spectrometry based data generation whereas some time you know some values you cannot see for every single protein and what should be the considerations to impute these missing values is very important. Again as I mentioned in the beginning that you need to ensure that missing values are not too much in your data set especially not more than 70 to 80 percent otherwise the data is not real you should try to not use the data set at all. If there are only very few missing data points then you can utilize the missing value imputation strategy to try to recover that information. There are different type of missing values like missing not at random m and a r or missing at random m a r as well as missing completely at random or m c a r or which the last one m c a r is commonly used for the proteome data set analysis. You also heard the k nearest neighborhood model based imputation which is a preferred statistical analysis with missing values when compared to the mean or median population. We will continue our discussion about different strategies employed for data analysis and the lecture will be continued by Dr. D. R. Money in the next lecture. Thank you.


Welcome everyone! This is it, right? We've been waiting a long time for tonight. A long 71. We've been waiting for tonight. This is FICON, and we're gonna kill it! You know, my own view on this is like, well pretty much, this has been an amazing conference. Thank you so much for coming. You know, I mean, it's been that good tonight seeing old friends and meeting our free ambassadors and I don't know, doesn't it feel in some way like we're a family, we're a community, you know, right? Doesn't it? I don't know if it's just me, but I don't know. I can't remember. I've been involved in Liberty stuff for a few years, and I've never felt better about what's happening among ourselves and in the Liberty community and in the world. And look, I'm telling you, the people who are here, I mean, this is it! This is it! You know? The minds, the people, the spirits, the creators, the innovators, the enthusiasts, the hangers on. No, everybody's here. We've got it going. And I don't know, to me there's a little bit of a poetry to the very existence of FICON, you know? Because you have to look back at history. You have to think about the world that we came from and what made the world in which we live possible. And by the way, do you understand where you are? I mean, do you understand this is hot lanter? Right? I mean, we're in what the Daily Beast, all right, fake news, but what the Daily Beast called the cultural capital of the United States. This is what's happening in this city. This city is such a tribute to the human spirit.  A general burned down the city, his name was Sherman. This really, this happened, no it happened to us, right? They burned us down. And then a lot of other terrible things happened.  I can just tell you this, right? But look, you're looking around. You flew in or you drove in. You saw what's happened in the city. Did you see this? This beautiful skylines and three downtown, midtown, Buckhead. It's absolutely glorious. What a tribute to human achievement and to the persistence of creativity and to the drive of the human spirit to create and serve each other. That's what's going on in Atlanta. And I tell you what, you can't even be here for a few days without absolutely adoring the way in which Atlanta is a tribute to the capacity of all people to get along and to get along. And beautifully, right? I read every day online.    And I read all those nonsense, right, on the internet. But Twitter. But you live in Atlanta, you don't believe a word of it. Because every single day, the activity, the energy, the creativity and the life of this city is just such a beautiful living example of the capacity of society to organize itself. And you know, the great thing about the Atlanta, look, I never want to say anything good about government ever. But the Atlanta City government is so negligent and so irrelevant that it makes life awesome. Right? It's, you know, nobody's going to bug you. And for that reason, we all love each other and we've built a beautiful civilization. So welcome to Hot Lanta, the new center of civilization. And more importantly, welcome to, listen, I have to say it. And I do well up with a little bit of emotion about this. We have waited 71 years for, for tonight, for this weekend. So many people who have gone before work so hard. They're whole lives dedicated to the cause that Phi represents, that you believe in. We, all of us here tonight, we are here because of their work and their vision. And who do I mean by they? All right? What? Oh, well, yeah, he's a cool guy, right?  All right, we, we, we, we dealt with a Hitler problem, all right? That was kind of awesome. That was great. But other than that, there was censorship and price controls. Everybody was down in the dumps. There was rationing for groceries. Rationing for groceries. In 1946, everything was terrible. Everybody believed that liberalism, the belief in free society was dead. It was gone. And a handful of people. I mean, by handful, I mean like, not like a mob like we have tonight, but just like four or five people thought there could be a better way. We can inspire an intellectual revolution to recreate the world. The future is not given unto us. It is not dictated to us by the Marxists and the Keynesians and the deep state and the new school of social sciences and all this nonsense that they were preaching back in those days. We, if we believe the right things, can make a new world of freedom. And why? Why do we do it? For ourselves? For our families? For the country? But for the whole of the human race, for the human spirit, it must always and old times be set free from any controls from the center. This is the belief. Okay, you could say, well, that's a, that's a silly idea. No, it's a great idea. It's the thing that built civilization. It's a brilliant idea. And a handful of people rallied around it. Leonard Reid. And, right? Leonard Reid. God bless him. You know, he was an interesting guy because, I don't know if you know this about him, because he's from Michigan. You know this place? There's a place called Michigan. And, yeah, it's kind of boring. But he started a grocery business there. And you know what's amazing about his grocery business? It flopped. It didn't work. And he was so impressed by that. He was like, okay, we have a system in the world called Free Enterprise, in which that tells me I'm doing the wrong thing. And he thought, you know, the whole world needs this idea. You know, some system that tells us to do something better. A system that incentivizes us to find the best of who we are. He learned so much from his failure. He went to the Chamber of Commerce in Los Angeles. And he began to kind of preach Free Enterprise. And nobody cared about it, actually. And he was kind of driven out of Los Angeles. He hooked up with a few, you know, very impressive entrepreneurs. BF Goodrich, you know, the Goodrich Tire Fortune and so on. And they decided to start a think tank. You know, back in those days, nobody had ever heard of a think tank. What is that? Well, it's the center of ideas. What are you going to do? What are you going to do? We're going to publish things. Well, why are you going to publish them? Well, because we believe in the power of ideas. If we can convince people to believe in freedom, then we will get freedom. And a lot of people were incredulous, but not Leonard. He pushed forward with a handful of people. He brought in Ludovameses and Henry Hazwick and Lawrence Fertig. And I don't need to go into the history. What I'm just telling you is this.  And they decided that they were going to take on the thing we call the future and make it theirs. They were going to adjust history. They were going to change it. And how? Not through force, not through power, not even through channels of influence, right? But just, and get this, just by saying true things. That was the whole theory. It's crazy, right? It's nuts. Say what's true and then history will change. And they did. They did. God bless them. 1946. Okay. Look, none of you were born, right?  It's long gone.  This is the investment that was made to make tonight possible. And I, every day, I have to say this. I am so, I feel so, you know, I say honored or blessed to be working for this organization. 71 years later, this institution dedicated to a very simple proposition that people should be free. Society can organize itself, that beautiful things happen when people are permitted to exercise their creativity. So, I don't know.  Because, you know, my friends, you look around the world today. Isn't it interesting? Isn't it fascinating? They've tried everything else, right? The welfare state, the regulatory state, let's have centralized control of medicine. Let's try socialism and fascism and, you know, every kind of system. It's all failed. And yet, the human spirit has pushed through, broken down, smashed the bureaucracies. And, you know, individual human beings have created, in our time, for you and me and for billions of other people, a template that shows the way to the future. And it's all about freedom. It's about freedom. I mean, because of the world we're living in, every kind of pompous intellectual and powerful bureaucrat and status dictator and all the rest of it, today, tonight, they are trembling in fear for what's happening to the world. We're getting the freedom that Leonard only imagined abstractly in his mind. It is here, tonight, and it is growing around the world. And as I stand here tonight, I can tell you this. I can tell you the story of the rest of your life, which is you are an activist, an observer, and a doer in the cause of freedom. You will build and build and build something beautiful for yourself and for every generation that follows. We're done with socialism and with fascism and with statism and central planning and all the nonsense that has destroyed so many people and so many lives. We're done. The rest of your life will be spent dismantling the apparatus of power, deconstructing the bureaucracies, reinventing the structures of institutions and laws. That's our job. We have to. Look what Leonard did for us. Look what he did. He never even saw the results of his efforts. We, on the other hand, have all the tools and we see all the evidence around us. And it's a beautiful thing to be alive. Thank God for it or whomever made this possible. Okay? Welcome to FICON. I see this as the great organizing center of this new world that's being born around the world, here and around the world and you as a central player in this. Thank you for coming. So the cool thing about this conference, I'm so excited about it. You've looked at the app, right? You've been getting notifications constantly. It's fun, right? You know you're doing the thing, right, once you sign up for the app. Nothing else matters.   That's why. So we've got a lot of activities, so many activities, so many things that I think are going to enrich your life. This is not just about one or two speeches, although we have some amazing speakers here tonight. I mean, for this conference, we've got Jimmy Wales. I mean, what can you say? Some incredible thinkers and doers here for you to meet. Never underestimate the value of each other though. I hope that throughout this conference you will take time to meet each other and greet each other and extract ideas from each other, right? This is the real value. I hope you live well at Atlanta, the love of my life, and Fikon, the love of my profession. So tonight, I want to start the conference by introducing to you our first speaker. Yeah, he's over there vibing and going, what the hell is this long speech we're giving? So I've enjoyed him so much through the years. Lou Perez is a creator of great media, a great media, right? If you've watched his videos, you know you understand. It's my pleasure. Welcome, Lou Perez. Every Tucker, everybody.  That's what you do? My God, he just set the bar so high.   Can we do it?  Can you go and change the world? Fantastic.  It's been a lot of alcohol here tonight. Remember, consent, consent, consent. Non-aggression principle, everybody. There you go. Ask and you shall receive. Thank you, my brother. Fantastic. Great. Amazing. I need to test the crowd. I need to test the crowd a little bit. How do you guys feel about the Paris Accord not going through? How do you feel about that? Whoo! Ho!    I got to say one thing. I got to say one thing because I know it's a contentious subject. I know it's a contentious subject, but I got to say one thing. One thing. Whether you agree with the Paris Accord or you disagree with the Paris Accord, the one thing we can all agree on is that none of you read it. Am I right?  That's how I go out in the world. That's how I take the world on all the time. It is scary though. It is scary though. Guys, it's the year 2017, so I'm told. And there are people today in this year, 2017, who believe that the earth is flat. That is scary.   But what's even scarier is that I don't know enough science to prove them wrong. I don't even know how to edit for YouTube, man. Like, these guys are putting together documentaries, documentaries, extra, extra quotes around there. It's nuts. It's crazy. We're in a very weird situation. I've been hearing this a lot that the world doesn't love our president. Like, I heard that. I don't know if you guys are aware of that, but the entire world apparently hates Donald Trump. Like, that's it. And you know what? I really think I chalk it up to a lack of charisma. Because, like, whether you guys like President Obama or not, you cannot fight the fact that that man had charisma, right? That man had so much charisma that he could spend eight years droning countries.  Like, that's so much charisma. I know. I know. That's how much charisma.  There is not one person in Yemen who wants Donald Trump to bomb their wedding. Like... But Barack Obama... Shit, it's almost like he was a guest. The worst wedding guest ever just came through. But it's a little nuts though with, you know, like presidential power. Because one thing that a lot of people don't realize is that all the powers you gave to the old president, the new guy gets.  Aw, that's not good. What just happened?   Right? Now that means that Donald Trump has a kill list. I'm going to go out on a limb and I'm just going to say it.  Like if you went through like Barack Obama's kill list, right? When it comes to terrorists, he has like the Beyonce's and Jay-Z's of terrorists. I bet Donald Trump literally has Beyonce and Jay-Z on his kill list.  We're going to have to change the world in some way, in some manner, in some form. Yeah, I don't know how many of you guys have seen videos that I produced. I produced videos for We The Internet TV. Have you got any fans? A lot of people are like, not anymore. They're after the joke about death. I'm not with you at all. I understand that. I appreciate that. But we have like a booth set up and stuff with swag. I was told that I was supposed to like promote this to you. I probably picked the worst time. I was doing pretty well and then I just broke protocol. That was a little nuts. I hope you guys appreciate that I got dressed up for you today. I heard it was hot, Lana. That was it. I'm doing a little something on my beard. This beard's a little intense right now. I think it's getting a little too long. See, I have to be really careful with my beard, guys, because if I let it grow too long, I start to look like the creepy guy who's too old to be hanging out at the skate park.  Or teach you how to kiss? I started looking like that guy. That guy's the worst. I don't want to look like that guy. I'm the same. We don't want to be two of those guys in the skate park. Guys like, oh, I'm getting away from the one and then boom, right into your arms. It's crazy. But I'm from New York originally. Anybody here from New York? Anyone make the trek down? Look at that. Where in New York are you from? Look at that. You were born in New York City. Fantastic. And then you just ran away from something. You've been running ever since. Yeah, it's all good. I'm glad you're here, man. I love your army. That's fantastic. It's awesome. So I'm from New York originally. I went out to Los Angeles a few years ago because I wanted to be in a commercial. No, it didn't work, man. It did not work. It did not work. But I went out there and I got a commercial agent, which is like a big thing. It's a big step.  And so that's where I got there. And lately they were sending me out for the role of Hispanic dad. Which, is it the vibe I'm giving you guys right now? Like Hispanic dad vibe? Not really, but I kind of get it. What's that? That's right. He's not even Hispanic. He's culturally appropriating millions of dollars like that. No, no, it's all good. No, it's all good. No, I kind of get it. But the thing is I kind of get it, right? Because my last name is Perez, right? But I like to describe myself as conveniently Latino.  Yeah, give them to me. Yeah. Someone didn't get into NYU because Luis took your spot. That's my full name, Luis Perez. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you very much. I get extra laughs. So every one laugh is worth actually two laughs because it's like a quota system. It's cool. It's all good. No, it's all good. It's all good. But part of me like I wonder that commercial they're sending me out for the Hispanic dad commercial. Like what does that sound like in their head that they're sending me out for, you know? Am I in like an open field?  For decades we have suffered injustice. My son, Manuelito, was with us the first hand. My shirt is stained with the blood of my comrades. But we are united tonight. And the tide is turning thanks to tide, ultra-stain release. Mas Gris, si se puede. Si se puede. That's what I was thinking. But yeah, I went out to LA too because I really wanted to be in movies too. I'm available if anybody is shooting any movies and stuff. I wanted to be in movies. And I don't know about you guys, but my favorite movie and kind of movie, and it's a little corny. But I love like body-switching movies. Do you guys know what I'm talking about? What? Face-off? Face-off wasn't a literal body-switching movie, sir. They just switch faces.   Never talk face-off to me, to my face. No, no, no. You're wrong. But the body-switching movies, my favorite ones, are the ones where the mom and daughter switch bodies. Yeah, Freaky Friday or the father and son, Vice Versa, if any of you were born in the 80s. So I had this one idea for a movie. I was going to pitch about a grandfather and a grandson who switch bodies, right? And if you're cool with it, I want to read you the first part of the script. Thanks. It's narrated by the grandfather. I'm just going to need you guys to shut up in front. Just for this part. Just for this part. Just for this part. Just for this part, okay? So it's narrated by the grandfather. And it starts out like this. The best part about switching bodies with my grandson was getting to play Little League Baseball again. The worst part about switching bodies with my grandson was having to watch him die in my body. Do we got a hit or what? I have a Kickstarter for it if anybody wants to be cool. Hold on. Thank you. Thank you. I feel like I gained some of your love and affection, and then I quickly wipe it out. All that. It's all good. Like I said, I'm from New York, and it's very lonely to be living in New York as a libertarian because I am the only libertarian in New York who I want to hang out with. Yeah, you guys know who you are. You're weird. I was told that midnight we were going to try to raise money and ran from the dead. What's going on at midnight? Freaks. Yay. She's still living in our hearts? No. But it's really tough because I try to make friends a lot in New York, and I try to make friends with liberals all the time, and I go to them and I'm like, oh, come on, guys. We agree on all the fun stuff. Drugs and prostitution. I just want you to pay for your drugs and buy your prostitutes with Bitcoin. And get a gun. It makes everything a little bit more fun if you just do that. But what I found is definitely the portion of the population that's real hardcore are libertarians, and I don't know if there's a competition between libertarian states and all that, but I found some of the hardest core libertarians in New Hampshire. Anybody been in New Hampshire? Man, every week there's a vote to secede. Man, you guys are hardcore. I went to this festival. It's called Porkfest. I don't know if anybody heard about that. I went to that like seven years ago. I was uninitiated, right? This was like hardcore into the libertarian, you know, the center of the storm. And I went to this one, and there was a panel discussion on school choice. How do we feel about school choice? You guys are so excited about that. Awesome. So at the end of it, there's a Q&A session, right? And in the back, this big burly guy gets up and his beard is like the size of me, right? And even his beard is open carrying. Like he's got two pistols. This dude is ready to roll. And he picks up the mic and he goes, Like that's him. I think that's his name. And he gets to the mic and he says, Don't you think it's about time that we water the tree of liberty with the blood of our tyrants?  That's where the revolution starts. And I don't know about this tree of liberty, man. Couldn't we at least smoke it? Like, I don't know if I can fight that hard for just like, I don't know, like a rose bush. I'm trying to think of, I don't know many things about bushes and all that. I don't know much time to be up here.  Isn't that great? That's an amazing kind of depression. I accept that. I don't need any Zoloft.  But what I hate so much about politics is that it's so divisive, but also what I find is, I have friends of mine who are Republicans, I have friends of mine who are Democrats, and I find that politics make them complete hypocrites. What I found is that my friends end up defending their guy for stuff they would never defend anybody for. It's completely unprincipled stuff, and it really hit like the apex of it years ago. I don't know if you guys have heard of this man. He was a governor of New York named Elliott Spitzer. Anybody, Elliott Spitzer fans? Well, you might know him as client number nine. For those of you who know that, right? So a friend of mine, Elliott Spitzer got some trouble, and a friend of mine was defending him.  And my friend looked me dead in the eye and went, they weren't the same prostitutes. You cannot argue with that kind of logic. But I'm sure sometime this weekend there will be a panel on how to argue against that kind of logic. Thank you so much for helping me kick off FECON with you. We got a great improv group coming up. I don't know who's introducing them. Hopefully somebody is. I will. What's that? I will introduce them. You will introduce them. Thank you, God. Thank you. Thank you, sir. Now, ladies and gentlemen, please welcome from Atlanta's premier improv theater, Dad's Garage. How are you guys doing? Excellent. As you heard, we are Dad's Garage Theater Company. We are an improv and comedy theater here in Atlanta. And I'm Matt with me. I have Tara and I'm Mark. And this is Dave on the keys. Give it up for Dave on the keys.  Round of applause. How many of you have ever seen any improv before? All right. All right. Who's never seen any improv before? There's still like 10 people left. Great. Well, if you haven't seen it before, the thing to know is that we don't know what we're doing. Mostly, we're going to be making stuff up. We don't really know what's going to happen. We're just going to make stuff up up here. You guys are going to provide some vital information to us through ideas and suggestions that we get from you and use in our scenes. Or we may even bring some of you up on stage here with us. Don't worry. We'll put you back in your chairs in the same condition you were in before we got you. So you guys will be playing a big part of this show as well. So I said earlier, we might get ideas and suggestions from you guys. We'll do that most of the time just by throwing out some questions to the group at large. We want you just to hear the question, think of something, and shout an answer to us, the first thing that comes to mind. And we'll take something that we hear, and we'll use it up on stage. So if I ask you what your favorite show on television is right now, you'd think about that, and you'd all yell. Awesome. A lot of great answers. All Netflix. All Netflix. Yeah. I heard Westworld from over here. Oh, I get it. Or if I asked you what your most hated vegetable is, you'd all yell. Great. You're all correct.  That's great. Super. So yeah, so we just take something that we hear, and we use it up on stage. Great. So I think, unless you guys have anything you want to address, I think we're ready to get... No, I think everything's been addressed well before we got here. Yeah, exactly. Exactly. So the first thing we're going to do for you guys is just tell you a simple story.  But at any point during the story, any of the other performers can jump up and tag the monologist out and pick up where they left off. Pick up in mid-word, mid-sense. Mid-phrase. We'll keep telling the story. Add nauseam until we get enough laughs or we're ready to go home. So we'll go faster and faster until the story turns into an unrecognizable mess. So, yeah, that's what you're here for. What is something that would be big news in a small town? A lot of people yelling incest here.  So we're going to go with murder, I think. Murder is good. Yeah. Slightly safer space. Yeah, just a less stomach-turning crime. I mean, we are in the south, so... All right, so this will be about murder in a small town. I think that's all we need. So help us count down. We'll see this in five. Four. Four. Three. Two. One. Johnson, I've lived in this town my whole... 78 years on planet Earth. I've seen a lot of things in my time. I've seen a chicken walk backwards. But let me... Let me tell you about one thing I've seen that no one has believed since. It was a couple years ago. A warm summer day with rain. Kind of like... Probably said rain. Not real clear. But rain-like bullets. I was sitting on my porch. Just rocking back and forth in my favorite rocking chair when I seen that little Wentworth kid come and skip... Straight down the street. He was riding a bicycle with three wheels. A three-wheel bike. A tricycle if you will. He was...   He proceeded to ride right into my yard and ride over my bed of petunias. Why he... Why he had no regard for my petunias. Little... He was covered in blood. Part of the story that's interesting. He was covered in blood. And I rushed to him. No longer upset about the petunias worried for the little Wentworth boy. He grasped his head and shook it. And he was dead. Perhaps I shook it a little too hard. So I had to figure out Why how? I snapped it. Oh no, what have I done? Petunias. And those suckers are growing like... They're growing so fast. They're huge. But to when you tree I had never seen such a tree before. So then I realized I needed to get more bodies. Stop there. Stop there. See? Story of a sweet old lady that... Oh that was a lady? What? She was myrtle or something. Myrtle. So great. We started off with a cold blooded murder of a small child. So we're just... It's up from here. Hey, you know what? There was no incest in that story. That's true. We don't know why he was covered in blood when he came into the story. Oh lord. That's true. Well, now we have it. Now we've all had that image. So we're going to need... Actually we're going to need some help for this. Yeah. So Mark and Tara, we guys actually go... Yes, please. Get a couple of unwilling volunteers. I'm going to put that on you. Oh my gosh. You guys want to play? Come on up. What's your name? Okay, Corey. I'm just going to grab one.  Join me. Sir, would you be willing to join us up on stage? Yeah. Would you be willing to join us? Oh, let's give it up. Fantastic. Come on up, Corey. We'll tell you in a second. It's really easy. This is Corey. Hey, Corey. Excellent. Corey, come over here if you would. Right this way, sir. Well, I don't know what it's on. All right. We got Corey. What's your name, sir? Corey and Mark. Who do we have? Tom. Corey and Tom. Big round of applause. Hey, Tom, hi, Tom. Tom, if I could... Oh! We've got a reunion of the old country. This is awesome. Corey, if I could put you right over here. Now, Corey and Tom, you two are going to be very important in this next scene. We're going to be doing a scene as we go through these times where we're at a loss for words. We're not going to know what we want to say next. And we're going to look to you. We're going to make eye contact with you when that happens. All right. And what we want you to do at that point is provide the next word, sentence, phrase. But here's the easy part. You don't actually say it.  And we're going to try and lip-read what you say. Right? So it could be something very simple. Like, Mark. I'm so thirsty I could use a glass of coke. Great. Great. Super. You just silently mouth the words and we'll try to make it make sense. Or it could be a little more complex, like. The quickest way to make a ton of money is Mark Schuster's pants. I don't know who Mark Schuster is, but thanks for the information. Great. Okay. So you get the hang of it. Just silently mouth the words and we'll try and read your lips. You two, thank you. Great. So for our scene to get started, what's something that you're looking forward to doing with a friend soon? A music festival. I heard a music festival. All right. Great. Music festival. I'm glad people are excited about voting, but that's just separate. Like, just a feel good moment for me. Good. Good. Okay. So gentlemen, Tom and Cora, you guys stay where you're at and this will be a scene somehow involving you. I'm so excited to see the next band up. The next band is called Matters Math, man. Matters Math. It's a song that's playing on the radio. It's called It's like a book. I guess you pay her a dollar for taking such good care of you. That's why I like Math Matters. Cause it's like there's so many potential meanings of all their songs. Exactly. Oh man, they're starting up a new set here. You know, Victoria, I just got to say it's so cool with me. It means so much. This is easily like the highlight of my freshman year of college. Lenny, I brought you here for a reason. What? Yeah. And I thought it'd be a really good place, like a loud, noisy place where you can barely hear people to tell you the truth about how I feel about you. What? Yeah. Can you, yeah, I'll just be really loud about it. Yeah. No, I got it. Here's the thing, Lenny. I feel like, let's try it again. Now, okay, you're, you're whole perfect. Oh my gosh, that means so much to me. Like, before I thought like certain parts of me were perfect, but not the whole human being. Yeah. And so it's just like the fact that you appreciate my whole body or my whole being, rather, makes me feel, you know, just like, like I could go on a journey with you. Oh, so we totally feel the same way. Yeah, totally. Like, you know what, when I first saw you, I thought, life. Crazy, because the other night, I was writing a poem about you. What? And it, it, it went like this. Violets are blue and you're really cute like a Sarlacc. Oh my gosh. I'm into Star Wars. I, I feel, but I mispronounce it. You know, I feel so inspired, like, is it okay if I just give you a poem as well? I was loved to hear a poem. Here's one I have for you. Yeah. In fact, I'll start with your opening and then do a new closing. Okay. So like, roses are red, violets are blue. Violets are blue. You are fantastic and at least cute too. You know, I've been, I've been lying. This isn't, this isn't Coca-Cola. I mean it is. There is Coke and ice in here, but at the bottom, I have my mother's ring. Oh my gosh. This is moving really fast. Look, I know, but it's just like, math matters, set is going to be over real soon. And I figured the perfect moment to propose is during one of their concerts. You know? Oh my gosh. I aged somewhere exotic. Like, I just got so much bigger when I met you. Oh my gosh. This means so much to me. It's like my dreams are coming through. Listen, or coming true rather. They're also coming through. They're coming through. Like literally, man, because we took that like about a half an hour ago. It's totally coming through. Victoria, would you be willing to be with me forever? Would you be willing to be my wife? Love to you already. That's what I'm basing this decision on. Oh my gosh. That's what happened this morning. Oh my goodness. See, it was out there. Big round of applause. Were we doing the interview? Great. Yeah, absolutely so. Okay guys, I'll set this one up. Guys, we have a special treat for you. Expert with us. And the great, and I'm going to do an interview with this expert. But the interesting thing about this expert is, is that this expert speaks in one voice. Two heads, one voice. So we just need a suggestion from you for something that this expert is an expert on. And let's make it something that you wouldn't normally be an expert on. You know, something unusual, like in a bubble gum or Wednesdays or, yeah, you're really excited. You've got a great idea. Everybody be real quiet. The Neolithic Patriarchy. Raydriarchy. Raydriarchy. Raydriarchy. Matriarchy. Someone here, someone here yelled raisins. Yes, I want to appreciate that you have like, you had locked and loaded Neolithic Matriarchy. And you're like, at some point this is going to be the ideal suggestion. Guys, We want raisins. Got you. Fine. We'll find a way to fit it in. We will see this expert interview about raisins 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. It's Ellen DeGeneres and I just don't sound like me today. So, I'm an expert on raisins. Why don't you introduce yourself? Hi, my name is Dr. Roar Forthin. Dr. Roar Forthin. And I'm an expert on raisins. Thanks for having me on your show. Very in the guest department. Dr. Why don't we go ahead and dive right in. What is it about raisins that just drives me nuts when I find them in pudding? Oh, well, everybody loves raisins, especially in pudding. Raisins are great in saryolts, salads, cereal, witches, and sins. Raisins. Five S's of raisins. Actually, the title of your new book. Oh, yeah. The five S's of raisins. The book has all kinds of things. And it's special tips and frequently asked questions. And also a do not do section. I think that's what we want to dive right into. The do not do section. Oh, yes. There are three things to never do with raisins. Number one, give them to your grandma. Bait. Snake bait.  So don't use them as a snake bait. Or you won't catch any. Fascinating. Absolutely fascinating. But I want to keep it here because there was a time when you tried to give. Oh, yes. Poor Nana. Rest in soul. Rest in soul. Rest in soul. And I thought it would be a good idea to give her some raisins. But what I didn't know was that Nana had a heart attack. And I tried to give her raisins. It made it worse. She died from a heart attack and a speciation on raisins. I should have called the ambulance. I lived with that every day. So I made a vow to never give raisins to a grandma again. In fact, any time I see a raisin, I eat it so a grandma can't have it. Ellen, are you a grandma? Give me that raisin. Save your life. Knocking on my door. He's the king. Got any raisins? Yeah, I do. I give them to him.  Then no, you can't have one. The California raisins brought me on a tour. I got some open, the Heart Score and the original raisin song. You want to hear it? Give me that raisin. Oh, yeah. We've got to make raisins hot again with millennials. Millennials end of 2020. It should have on this page for four years. I'm really excited about it. And I hope you are. It's already here. Thinking about trying raisins just then. I think we need to stretch out. Should we do a little moving body? Yeah, absolutely. Let's get one person. Mark, Mark, would you get us one? Yeah, of course. Yes, someone with a... This is our friend that offered us turkey... That's true. Would you be willing to join us? She wants to play. Excellent. All right. Hi, what's your name? What's your name one more time? Sandra. Sandra. All right. Great. Sandra, come on, advisors. In this next scene are going to be unable to move their own bodies. They're going to be puppets in your hands. So you will be making them do all the movements. We're going to practice just a little bit to make sure that you're not a psycho-violent killer person and have a general understanding of how this is going to work. So, for example, if you wanted to get Mark to wave hello, how would you do that? Yep, there it is. Good. And wherever you... Yep, there you go. You manipulate that. And wherever you leave them, that's where their hand will stay. They're just like a little putty. And you can get him to... Yes, you can get him to hold his boob. You can... That's a good point. It was a little lower. So you can get him to look around by gently turning his head. You want to give that a try? There you go. You got him another. Great, good, good. You might also want to make them walk. So the way to do that is... We'll test with Matt here. You'll tap the back of his knee and he'll step forward with that leg. Yeah, great. Try the other one. See if it works. Yep, that works. Okay, good.  Actually, that's a good point. Let's go ahead and pause right there. Rip. Good. So that's actually a good point. We want to make sure that whatever you do, please don't make them bend in ways that their bodies are not intended to do. Keep in mind that they are older. So they can do less than they used to be able to. And maybe don't poke any sharp parts in soft parts. You know what I mean? Got it. We'll do that later. Okay, great. Let's go ahead and get a suggestion. It's going to suggestion for this scene and let's make it something of physical activity. What's a fun physical activity you might do on the weekend? Baseball. Baseball. Baseball. You like baseball? Great. It is baseball season so we'll take baseball. Sandra, do you feel comfortable moving these guys around? Let's go ahead and give them baseball themed positions. There we go. Okay, that looks good. Yeah? Yeah? Uh-huh. Oh, that's right. Like a catcher. Good, good. Catcher. Yeah. This is fun. It's like Pictionary. I don't know what he's holding. But okay. Great. Sandra, come over here and move Mark for me real quick. And while she's doing that, we will start the scene off and see it in five, four, three, two, one. All right, son. Throw that old fastball in here to your dad. Oh boy, dad. I can't wait to throw the ball to you. Real heater. Yeah, thanks, Ed. You fired it in there. Dad, I'm so excited that you came to play catch with me. I really appreciate it. Well, son, I know I've been busy. I know the law firm's been keeping me away for a long time and I don't get to do. Thank you for your service, son. I know I enrolled you in the Marine babies. You've been overseas. I've been busy and you've been overseas, setting countries free with you and your other baby Marines. Dad, I want to thank you for your service. My service? My service? What are you talking about? You, everything that you've done for me, putting me into the service, without you, none of it would have been possible. You just lowered my dreams and come true. You made my son a young man to be proud of.  Get over here and give your dad a hug. Dad, surprise, I'm Jesus. You've done good. You've done good. Get to be true. I fathered the Messiah. It's true. It's true you did. You did such great things. You did such great things and I'm proud of you. That must be how you made that baseball flow in the air for like five seconds earlier. I'm saying. I'm so thankful. I'm touched, literally touched. Who wants the bell for this next thing? I'd love to do the bell. The bell, okay. Great. Keep going for Sandra, everybody. That was fantastic. Baseball, bringing people together. All right, so guys for this next thing we're going to do, we've given Mark a bell. And what he's going to do for the next scene is Tare and I will be doing a scene like we normally do. But any time Mark hears the line of dialogue that he's not a fan of, He might ring that bell, and we're gonna have to change what we did, what we just said, to what we should have said. Which is why we call this game, should have said, right? So it might be something like, oh, I'm just gonna go grab my coat. The dog. A shotgun. Great. Such a quick thinker. Yeah, Mark gets what he wants using the bell. So, a scene for Tara and I. Where is a place that two friends might meet? The beach? The beach, sure. The beach? I also heard an abandoned warehouse. Let's meet at an abandoned warehouse. Abandoned warehouse. Abandoned warehouse, okay. We'll see this scene at an abandoned warehouse in five, four, three, two, one. Turn off the lights. Shelly? Wanda? Miranda? It's me, Miranda. Turn off the lights. Turn them off. Asked you to meet me in this abandoned warehouse for a reason, Doug. What could possibly be the reason?  I need my nails done. The damn GPS just gets me lost every time. So it's just I've put in publics for God's sake, this is where we ended up. Abandoned warehouse in Portland. I don't know. Why'd I have to turn off the lights then? Because I don't want you to see me in my shame. Oh, Miranda. Oh, Miranda, come on. Plenty of people get lost using a GPS. I don't understand technology. Different position. Hold on, let me turn on the lights so I can get a click. Yeah, it's like a nice click. Why do we have to pretend like there isn't something between us? Like this chair? Doug? Doug. That's part of the problem, Doug. You're not memorable.  I can't take it anymore. Oh my God. Good Lord, Miranda.  Oh, no. It's true. You know who the enemy is. Yeah. The green grocer down the street. The Teamsters Union. My ENT. Damn it.  My sweet mom? That's right. She felt like, you know, it was kind of a mistake having you and she's just finally made a decision about it. Because I haven't given her any grandbabies yet. That's right. Because that time that I clogged the toilet and then left the house. Because I ate all her yo-play. Because I made dad leave. Because I burned all her hair off. Yes. She's hideous now. It won't grow back.  Look, Miranda.  Just hates them. Like really angry. Miranda, I don't believe you could pull that trigger. I don't think you can do it. I don't think you can do it. Holy shit, you can do it. I thought the bell was going to ring. Essie! I think we've got time for, I think, one more here. Yeah. That's just lines for a phone? Yeah. We need help from one more person, but we need a specific kind of help. We need your smart phone. And we need your smart phone that has a lot of texts on it. We've got Neolithic Matriarchy. Yes, this gentleman is very eager. Yes. Give it to her. What's your name? Thank you so much, David. All right, so in this next scene, we can talk as we normally would, except for Mark. Mark has David's cell phone, and he can only speak lines of dialogue. There are texts from David's phone. So David is very brave. He's given us his phone. So Mark can only read lines of dialogue. There are texts in the phone. The rest of us are just going to have to figure out what's going on here. Yeah. So what's a part of this convention that you're looking forward to, maybe one of the happenings or something going on a little later? The toddler fight club. The toddler fight club. That's a thing? Okay. Is that a metaphor, or is that literal? What was that? They're going to summon Einran from the dead. Gotcha, okay. They call it the summoning. Okay, also like a thing that's actually happening. The what? Taking a class. We're just going to distill it down to taking a class. Taking a class. Thank you very much. All right. Taking a class. We'll see this in five, four, three, two, one. I'm hearing a lot of good things about this class. I know. I'm really excited to be here. The professor is supposed to be amazing. You want a digital camera that takes pictures, correct? Oh. Oh, wow. Yes, yes. Yes, of course. Totally. We have to take pictures of your lecture, because you know, you don't let us take notes. Ah, got it. We're really excited to learn. No. I see you have to have the final project by five, two, or five, nine. Let's go for the later date. Five, nine? Five, nine? That would be great. May nine. Yes. It's a big project. We're honored that you chose us to have the project, though, professor. We're ready to deliver. I mean, we really want this. I found the Sony XDHD PDW F800 camcorder.  You just found that? Someone left it? It does. Thank you. Wow. Did you? I don't really feel, I feel like this is a little illegal, just like. Did you give it to the lost and found? It could be that a former student, like one of the previous classes left it. Right. I just thought, well, you need a slate to sync picture to sound. I guess that's a good enough reason. Yeah. And you do need a slate. To sync picture to sound. Well, I mean, that's why we're here. You're the best at it. Yes. We're here to learn from you. Yes. I downloaded the sound card. Jesus, is that even possible? To download a sound card? This guy is light years ahead of the industry. Listen, if you're able to produce matter from nothing, we actually have a request. There's this author, Ein Rand. We'd like for her to come back to life. And we heard you could do that. Back to back, like before? Yes. All right. Right. All right. Tell us what we need to do. Super uncomfortable position for me. FYI is usually a young man who comes. Oh no. She's a woman. He's really nice. But please don't leave your money laying out. Oh, wow. Maybe it'll still work. Okay. Three things. Okay. One. Yes. I met someone last night from Kset who says they hire interns all the time. Oh. Two. She's going to need a job when she comes back. Yeah. That's great. Maybe she could start there. Two. I saw. And three. Yes. Really cryptic. Did it. Did it work? I mean. Is she back? Is she back? I saw. Where is she? I? I? I? I? I? I? Got it. Oh God. Oh. Wow. She is a lot shorter than I thought she would be. I'll be fine. You got a message. She says only every man for himself. She's leaving. That's it? That's the whole message? Yeah. I guess we're on our own. You're right. Like he always said. Made a reservation with the daily grill for 130. Spoke to Susan, who said she will be there. Hopefully, they will have it this time. Thank you so much. Again, we are Dad's Garage. We're here in Atlanta. We're over in Old Fourth Ward. Yeah. We're just a couple miles down. Always go to dadsgarage.com and find out what we got going on. We're there every week. So come on by, poke your head through the door and see what we do. But you guys have a great night. Thank you so much for listening to us. Ladies and gentlemen, let's head for Dad's Garage.