Mae'r ddweud hyn yn fawr, bydd'n Chysylltu Gweithio, ddweud y dyfodol yn ei ddweud. Fe wnaeth i chi'n gwneud am y diolch, a mae'n ddweud i'r ysgol yma. Mae'n ddweud i ni'n ddweud i'r ysgol o'r ffôr i'r ystodol yma yma. Mae'n ddweud i ni'n ddweud i ni'n ddweud i'r ddweud i'r ddweud i'r rechordau o'r tawd, o'r pardigallau, a'r llwyddoch yn ddechrau. Mae'n meddwl i'r cwmemorau o'r 1915. Mae'n meddwl i ddweud y ddweud y ddweud y 600 ddweud y cwmemorau yn meddwl i ddweud ddweud ddweud ddweud o'r ddweud o'r sorgio Bryddoch i ddweud o'r 25 o'r boll yn ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r cwmemorau o'r 600 o ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r 15 o'r 500 o ddweud o'r brifwyr a'r ddweud o'r brifwyr a'r ddweud o'r 1915. First, I want to thank our professor Anne Curie and the Society of particularly Soviet Invitation and one more time thank you to Professor Curie for the translation of my presentation. I apologise for my English, which is pretty average, and my terrible French accent. We commemorate this year, the 600th anniversary of the famous Battle of Agincourt. My research on the battle and its historiography to my surprise showed that we are not the only ones to commemorate the Battle of Agincourt. In fact, there are almost 100 years during the First World War, French and English forgot the old wars of war to commemorate an important event on to share my history, the Battle of Agincourt. This commemoration was made by the passion of an infantry commander Paul Pinot, but also by the presence of numerous British troops on the soil of Pat Cally. Through this paper, I will try to explain what were the commemoration of October 1915 and try to present to you the presence, the English presence around Agincourt during the First World War. But first, let's start with a quick overview of the First World War in Pat Cally. So, the commemoration of the Pat Cally were all affected, ever directly or indirectly, by the First World War. The front covered more than 2,000 settlements of which ones, such as Lans or Bethune, were almost completely razed to the ground. And there were not a single town or village in the department which did not grieve for its death. You can see here a plan which presents the land of fire in Pat Cally, so Agincourt is around here. Here you have a city of Lans, which was very important for the coal mines, which represented a great important energy for the French of the Germans during the First World War. And you have here the famous city of Levera, and one more time, very important for the coal mines. And finally, you can see here, we are around in fact close to Arras, Arras is somebody here, Arras which was in fact the refuge of Pat Cally. Today, the traces of the war are particularly obvious in the department. The frontier zone around 30 km wide was the most seriously affected, especially around Papon and Arras, where, called 1918, there was virtually nothing left, not a single sweep or a church. In the Pat Cally, we can identify three main phases of the war. And these phases appear with these lines that you can see here on this card. From August to December 1914, the department wore the tether of which experienced mobile war, as the Germans had answered towards Paris through Belgium. After the outcome of the Battle of the Marn, at the beginning of September, the German offensive, known as to the sea, was launched. Each of the protagonists who were faced with the same problem, loss of life and materials, was substantial, but it had proved impossible to make any meaningful breakthrough in the lines. There was there before only one option, to take the enemy from the rear in order to surround them. The high command of both sides withdrew men all along the land in order to ensure adequate food supplies for Jews during this action. During this phase of the war, the front moved very rapidly. After being localised between 20 and 30 September at the Somme, 15 missions of the Harrier of Sample by the beginning of December 1914. For several weeks later, conflict broke out so that the front could not stabilise. The first Battle of Kip, October, December 1914, was a victory for the Harrier and stopped the German advance. As a result, the front was frozen and the protagonists dug in, creating a stand of weaving a system of trench, which ran from the North Sea to the Swiss frontier. This was the beginning of the war of positions. Between January 1915 and March 1918, there was next to no change in the front. Incapable of gaining advantage over each other, the protagonists focused on consolidating their positions by managing the network of trench, so that any advance by the enemy was made impossible. We also see new ways of fighting such as gas flamethrowers. This was the beginning of the war of attrition. In this period, the front cross-ed the Pate-Calais from the north to the south, passing through Lans, Levant, Arras and Bapol. In 1915, the war in Pate-Calais was the state of state-made. 1916 was committed by the Harrival of a new army from other Harrier countries to repress the French troops mobilised for a terrible battle of Verdun, which light us from February to June and cost a million line. The front in the Pate-Calais was no help by British, Canadian and Australians, along with a few Germans of French differentry territories. The following year, 1917, was marked by the battle of Vimy, Ridge and Harras, places of real carnage. In that year, the Russian Revolution and the deposition of Tsar Nicholas II liberated the Germans from the Eastern Front. Further advancements were brought back from that, from following the peace-seined with the Soviets at the beginning of 1918. The battle of the river Lys, won at the end of the day by the Harrier, provided a good illustration of the phenomenon. How to the superior numbers of the Germans seriously damaged their positions, the later did not collapse. From August 1918, the front was driven eastward. The end of the year, the final attack conducted by the Harrier, with in particular the second battle of Harras, and the capture of the Canal to North in September-October 1918, forced the German Harrier to retreat, and the Kaiser's regime to surrender, putting a hand to four long years of war. Here you have an idea of what we are looking like, like the main cities of Pate-Calais at the end of 1918. You can see here the city of Launce, which was famous for the coal mines, normally a rich city, which was destroyed at 98%. Small villages around Harras, you can see that the small villages were destroyed too. This is a picture from a private collection in 1915. Here you can see a lot of English injured by gas experimentants in Belgium for the first time. One of the pictures of the city of Launce in 1918. This one is coming from the Imperial War Museum. There is a lot of pictures and photographs in this museum. Harras 1917 and the hours of war. Like what you can discover in 1918, it was very common in Pate-Calais, especially in the hours of Launce. In Pate-Calais, the first world war had a devastating effect on the first and half of the department, which from closing north west to south, east to Glossongoëlle, the area between Lorette and Uimi, circling Harras on the east and continuing towards the Somme and Laupole. For all this time, the village of Azencourt in English lay in a French zone about 40 km from the front. Therefore, the village and his neighbourhood were a separate district. However, the positions of the area between the western front and the sea guaranteeing that the area of the Seven Valley Ternoir was always a zone of intense activity. So, you can see here the Seven Valley Ternoir. You can see the trap closed to the coast and closed to the front, which was relatively here. 40 km from the front, the villages of Azencourt, Maison Sèl, Trampour, Blange sur Ternoir and the Hamlet of Bucan were on many occasions places to rise for the French and British troops who had passed up to six months at the front. The French soldiers of 1914-1919, lucky for him, did not spend all his time in the trenches. Generally, an infantry regiment containing around 1,300 men was at the front for about six months. The regiment was divided into several battalions which rotated passing on average 12 days actually on the front line. So, other battalions equipped the trench of the second line and the overstood the other back in reserve. Hyperarchangerons from the front to the rear were organized. As a result, the soldier was almost in constant movement. He marched, he dug, he fought, marched again, rested. Then came Lee, which the common soldier came to Niquet in France recorded in Niquet. The soldiers waited for him patiently since it offered them the rest, the rest they so much disabled. The troops at the front left in order, it in order to be billeted in village while away from the front lines. Onts in these rear positions, the first day of rest were given up to sleeping and using the shores which freed the soldiers from fleas and scabbies. They took the opportunity to disinfect the uniforms, have a good look at the recruitment and to carry out any repairs. In order to keep discipline and morale much of the rest period was given up to training. Drill, parade, practising discipline and morale, shooting, training with new weapons. Opportunity was also taken to reward the followers by giving them decoration and also to integrate any new recruitment rules to cope ourselves for roses. So you can see here at a picture which has been taken in, I think, in 1918 at Blange Surter, who was at two kilometres from Hage Encote, you can see an English canteen. We never found the... probably the house where the canteen was. Probably the house was destroyed after the first war.  English soldiers gathered in between Hage Encote at Blange Surter on the battlefield, so in 1918. Here you can see English and French soldiers discussing close to a aircraft gun. So this was took to between Frug and Hazencourt. 1913 saw the first battalion of Chasseur Rapier, remember? From the 13th of September to the 22nd of October 1915 the third battalion of Chasseur Rapier, so the Chasseur Rapier are elite soldiers. So the third battalion of Chasseur Rapier commanded by the captain in 1915 commander, Paul Pinot, found the German into the woods of Ersan Coupini, from Bruella Prisier. Artur Hasseur in this zone, the German invaders has been driven back from June 1915 onward. Life in the frontline trenches was not less challenging for the soldiers of the battalion who had held the positions for three weeks. You can see here the plan who has been made by the commander, Paul Pinot himself. So in the official diary of the third battalion regiment you can see the organization of the French trenches so close to Ersan Coupini. Ersan Coupini which is very famous in the battalion because this is probably one of the most debt-fully places in the department. So you can see the commander Paul Pinot who was the commander of the third battalion of Chasseur Rapier. So Paul Pinot is a very interesting man. He is the commander of the third battalion but it's him who organized in 1915 the Agincourt commemoration. He was born in a family in Brotad in fact and his father was a history teacher. So it may be that he explained what he made in 1915. Paul Pinot understood in October 1893 because of his studies and quickly became an important official. So he finished his military career in 1921 as a Lyodnon colonel. Paul Pinot is a very famous soldier because he was a knight of the legion donor which is a very important French medal. He was a knighted official of the legion donor in 1920. He was an official of the public school. He was an official of different orders in Japan, Belgium and Tunisia. The 22 of October the battalion left Ersan Pinot at half part 5 a helm and arrived at half part 6 pi helm the same evening. The commanders installed themselves in the Chateau de Tramcourt where the pioneers, machine guns and legion officials were built. The third, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth companies were built in Miseau Sel along with the tank and supply column. The 23 and 24 of October were given up to rest and training. The French troops were trained by British instructors from the first training in the operation of the French catapult of the French catapult, sorry, which enabled Hangulans to be sent over a longer distance. On 25th of October the commanding official has planned a ceremony in honour of the fifth anniversary of the Battle of Agincourt. But rain prevented it going ahead and it was postponed to the next day. On 26th of October officers of the third battalion of Chasseur Rapier welcomed the British general who commanded the first Dragon Cavalry Division station at Frug and his chief officer on the battlefield in order to honour all who felt in their engagement on 25th of October 1415. The symbol of peace and fraternity of two people who had been bitter enemies in 1415 but who were not united against a common enemy attracted the attention of the French and British journalists. They have left us a witness account of the commemoration on 26th of October 1915 and we can also draw up on the detailed journal of the third battalion itself. So you can see here an extract from the newspaper Lillustration dated for the 37th of November 1915. You can see here the Chateau de Trancourt. The Chateau de Trancourt is a early 18th century castle but at two kilometres from Agincourt. So it's one of the most important castles in the Terneuma set valley. The owners of the castle are the family de Chateau de Trancourt which still exist today. We can see here in the garden of the castle the third battalion presenting house to the British officers from the first regular. Here on this newspaper you can see in the pictures the commandant Paul Pino explaining the battle to the English officer and to the troops because you can see that the soldiers got paper too. It's very interesting to compare in fact with the newspaper because you have here a very big article from Lillustration. This big article has been written by the commandant Pino where in this article he presents the importance for the French and the English to commemorate the battle of Agincourt. This event of common history insist on the fact that there is nothing to see between the wars between French and English and between French and Germans because he said in this article that the Germans are not fighting with order and are rude etc. Here you have the English newspaper Lillustration in 1980 that Professor Curidd sent to me the picture you can see that the article is shorter but the essentially the title in fact, helpful brothers in arms so the journalists insist on the fact that these two these two armies these two cultures are no friends. And here you have an extract from the diary of Paul Pino where he explained what he explained to the soldiers of the British official so he explained what were the enjoyers war you can see here we have the sometimes of course but but it's also interesting to see that in this document he explained the importance of the stakes of mood the day of the battle and he's making a a comparison between the stakes that you have in front of the trench so it's very interesting to read 1916 the British relief for for the 155 brigade of infantry territorial Agincourt became the final place of rest before the battle of Ferdinand so a territorial regiment was made up of men still capable of fighting but it meant to be too hope to fight in the front line in august 1914 this flight for hold was born between 1875 and 1880 none of the less because of big roses in the trenches the lookings the lookings of this group nickel made with paper paper to translate it like godfathers were sent to the lands of fire in order to compensate for the enormous roses of the first month of the conflict territorial soldiers were in theory given to more static activities which were less exposed to danger the sort of activities were for veterinary work requisitions, administrations interpreters, highway service health corps, gendarmerie gathering of material arranging burials, maintaining trenches matching gunners installed at a gynchord the brigade territorial was soon joined by the first battalion of the 81st regiment of infantry and the first battalion of the 92nd regiment of infantry they were attitude as follow the central command the company of Rhan the company of Rhan the flag bearers and musicians of the regiment the company of machine gunners were at a gynchord the horse and bassmish at a gynchord the train of combat it's for the train of combat it's people in fact who are assures that you have a munitions in the harlot the second battalion had been in court and the tenangement of Croatia had been built on tenures the two weeks had been built at a gynchord who are divided by the exercises Meda Ceremonies On 17 February 1916, General Sebertin Zandair was tied across of the commander of the legion donner of the battlefield at a gynchord I looked at the ministry of war and left a gynchord for Paris on 20 February being replaced by Colonel Gouchard so you can see on this photographs taken in 1916 the general Gzardel and the Colonel Goucher standing on the a gynchord battlefield not far from the cavalry another time you can see the general Gzardel, Colonel Goucher Colonel Goucher the captain of the harlot and the photographer here in front of of the in front of the today's Presbytery it's the home of the Paris here in front of the church in fact and here a group of soldiers having their photo taken in front of the church in February 1916 so it's very interesting to see that for people who went to a gynchord very very known in fact this location today this is the place in fact of a village where you can park your cars and from the Middle Ages to 1960 this was what we called in French very interesting because in front of the church the map was in front of the church and between the old castle which was not a castle but only a fortified tower we have a representation of 1664 which represents just a a stock tower no more so the Saint Valentin wall was a base for the English behind the lines ever from 1914 and the first action of the war British forces were rapidly straightened by fresh troops coming from the wall of the British Empire the Papkeli and especially the territory of the Saint Valentin wall became a huge open-air barracks through which thousands of men English, Welsh, Scottish alongside Canadians Chinese, Indians, Australians New Zealanders, Gurkirk Sikh, Kafir or even Chinese scholars all men had a single goal the victory on the Hali after a regular perfectory training because the needs were so great the soldiers departed from the front in Artois and Husson commercial port we have taken over for middle river course every day, thousands of tons of merchandise supplies and arms were landed on the UK of Boulain of Calais and strong transport via Hegna before being distributed across the wall of O'Haraea a complex road river and rail network took all the materials towards the combat zone in order to cope with the sheer volumes the highway between Hegda and Ita was doubled from October 1916 the Heavy Branch Machine Gun course had its main base at the Chateau of Benucourt 1,202 cross 27 officers and 500 Chinese laborers were divided between the neighboring villages Blange sur Tenoise, Tilly Capell Umiere, Echlyme, Sothricour Pierrefour, Ernigour, Rolancour and Monchicallure and finally, Ehran where a factory of tanks Mark IV was established to cater for the needs of the tank corps, the valley of the Tenoise was covered by temporary tent workshops all supplied by more than a dozen highways lines the Pad Calais and particularly the 7 valley Tenoise became the lungs of the British Army Wounded men taken from the comparsion where initially looked after and the Pad Calais, for instance at Blange sur Tenoise where the horse piece was established in Saint Bertha's Abbey transformed men into a hospital in that location where I treated the North Elim Wounded who were also taken to Edam in the British Military Hospital and Saint Paul Sur Tenoise so those who could not be taken by ship to England through the hospital or along the channel to restrate this to a 20 or 20 or so hospitals were established in the Etab sector where 20,000 men to be carried forward many soldiers died there two days the sacrifice is recorded by the Etab military cemetery which has announced in 11,500 or which 658 of four Germans this is the largest common life war grave in France so here you can see a very interesting picture in fact of Ehran factory so Ehran is at 5 km from Agincourt and you can see here British and Chinese laborer working on the Tank Markets motors the Tank Markets here resucing at Ehran here at Edam so you can see French and British soldiers talking together here you can see the Royal Engineers so building highways close to Edam here of the English material hospital of Edam in 1917 and now we will talk about the first Chateau Trencourt Trencourt or Chateau for Engage to Stinguish Visitors always keen to support and encourage the soldiers Kyrgyl, George V who was also of India, did not hesitate to go to the front in person even getting quite close to the actual fighting in 1915 he decided his troops engage in the second battle of Arthoat Ahas in 1916 he inspected British troops engage in the battle of the Sond in 1917 he and his wife Prune Marie, within the former of his official visit to the western front spent 11 days in France and Belgium meeting soldiers at the front but also in VH behind the land more than simply reviving the memorial of the troops said that he tested during the carnage of Rimi and Haras this visit also had a strong political significance only a few weeks earlier George V cousin of the Kaiser Wilhelm II had faced an exclamation of anti-German feeling in England looking at to change his family name abandoning Saxcobour and Gota for the name of Windsor it was there before important for him to show his break with German and his full personal engagement to struggle against his cousin at a time where mutinies of Allied soldiers were becoming more numerous so here you can see another view of Chateau de Trois you have for example some English Marine official at Tramco in 1917 so there are most of these distinguished visitors who are coming to see and to visit the Hera Tank Factory which was very very very new for them here you can see the Duke Arthur and his son so at Tramco so at Tramco which was initially repositioned by the French army and later by the British the Chateau de Trois was occupied from the first world war from 1916 when the British took responsibility for the defence of the wall of the western front in the department the Chateau became a place where many soldiers and politicians stayed in fact the Chateau de Trois was considered as the second headquarters the main headquarters was at Montreux-sur-Mer from the third to the 14th of July 1917 George V and Queen Mary undertook an official visit to the western front visiting several locations in Belgium and all on the south hospital as well the Tank Factory at Hera the Monarch, accompanied by Albert I King of Belgium and his wife Queen Elizabeth who stayed at the Chateau de Tramco for one night there are no doubt appreciated opportunities of work in the back as well as a visit to the museum of the souvenir of the war Museum of the War which has been placed out there the Chateau seems to have been particularly likened by the war and by the Royals on 20 September during a visit to the Canadian troops Prince Arthur Duke of Connaught and St. Peter's Trotsderm of Canada uncle of George V spent some more time at the Chateau de Tramco with some Arthur Junior you can see the picture here and here you can see the picture of the George V Queen Mary and Vincent Edward of Roy the Tramco in 1917 here walking in the gardens with the Queen and the King of Belgium Albert I Anthony and Elizabeth and here a picture of the Museum of War Memorials at Tramco which is amazing yes it's interesting to see that in the Imperial War collection you have an English helmet which was presented at Tramco which is now in the Imperial War Museum collection here you can see soldiers from the Fiji Highland so saluting the King of England the 13th of August 1816 so one day before the tentative of assassination of the King George V at Tramco in effect in fact one wanting to be present at the last push against the Germans George V came to the front and chose the Chateau de Tramco as his base Informant to this, not doubt by the spy the Germans launched a dozen aircraft to bomb down the Chateau de Tramco whilst the King was there only evening of 14th of August 1918 the inhabitants of Tramco saw an iron battle Germans pilot looked at the target and then let loose their bones but military aviation was still in its fancy and the pilot misad their target the Chateau de Tramco was paired with that village of Ombrigu about 1 km away suffered of a attack a dozen bombs hit it by the miracle there were no casualties or skin-efficient damage since the bomb landed in an area of pasture of our fields this misfortune handed the village royal owners and a special thanksgiving ffet de la croco-dissence in French was organized on 15th of August 1919 to thank God for having saved the village thank you


This is the CBS News Special Report. I'm Weija Jang in Washington, a major new escalation in the Middle East. Tonight, Iran launched an unprecedented attack on Israel. It involves dozens of drones launched from Iranian territory. At first, this is in retaliation for Israel's bombing of Iran's consulate in Syria. Anytime something happens with Israel, people tend to want to wonder, especially those with a biblical point of view, want to know, is this any way related to some sort of biblical prophecy? Is this something relating to the end time? Well, the simple and easy answer is yes, to some degree, but to what extent? We don't really know. Is it to say that here comes the end of times? No, it's not to say that. Is this something that's specifically taking place that the Bible is saying? No, not necessarily. Now, I didn't preclude that, but I don't think that what's happening lately with Iran striking at Israel, I think they sent what, some three to 400 missiles in various ways, crews, ballistic missiles, drones and so forth. I think about six or seven actually made it there, which is pretty good in terms of Israel's defense. But the bigger point, the bigger question is, does this relate to anything happening in the Bible? What is Israel's response going to be? How is that going to draw the world in? What's the world's response going to be? There are other players, obviously, other than just Iran. Remember, there's Syria, who also has the backing of Russia. What about China? What about other countries? What about America? Well, we're not totally sure. At the end, as things move closer and closer, things will become clearer and clearer, different pieces will move together. But I want to look at what the Bible says about this and how we can see that, one, these are things that have been spoken of in the Bible. Two, it gives us comfort to know because they're spoken of in the Bible, it lets us know who's ultimately in control and we should put our faith and comfort in that. But it also is going to tell us to do something else. All of this could have been prevented had Israel been obedient. However, easier said than done because we're not that obedient, truth be told. But look what he says in Joshua 23, 13. This is as they're going in to take the land. God, it was God, it was specific. God was clear. God was careful in telling them do these things. One of the things was to drive out the people who God wanted it gone or unless they became followers of God. But unless it happened, they are to be driven out. And so does he say, no, no with certainty.  Wish the Lord your God has given. So he's telling them, if you're not going to remove them, if you're not going to drive them out, then no, this is what's going to happen. Well, as we go to Judges chapter one and chapter two, specifically judges one, round verse 20 on, you'll see that as they take their possession land, each different tribe, they are not removing the people there. The folks that are there, the tribes of nations that are already there, they leave them there. As a matter of fact, they end up kind of mingling with them and taking part in their customs and so forth. And they ended up becoming what he says to Joshua, a thorn or prick in the side or in their eyes and so forth. So we go to Judges chapter two. So look at verse 20. He says, after they didn't do so, after each tribe, after tribe, after tribe failed to do what they were supposed to do, God says, so the anger of the Lord burned against Israel. It's important. And he said, because this nation that is Israel has transgressed my covenant, which I commanded their fathers and has not listened to my voice, I also will no longer drive out before them any of the nations which Joshua left when he died in order to test Israel by them, whether they will keep the way of the Lord to walk in as their fathers did or not. So the Lord allowed those nations to remain not driving them out quickly and he did not give them into the hand of Joshua. So what does God say? I'm not going to take them out. So when you wonder why you have groups like Hezbollah and Hamas stealing Israel, why are you going to have people that are non, that are not of Israel, that are not Jewish, that are there? It's because God says, I will no longer drive them out. They will be there and they will be a thorn. They will be something to come against you and antagonist against you as long as you're in this land until one God does something or he drives you off. So we understand why they're there. We might kind of relate this as something political, but it's not necessarily political. This is biblical. This is heaven ordained because you disobeyed God. God is now going to punish you, but he says ultimately to test you. Now it's going to be so that God will bring them ultimately to their knees, which means bringing them that is Israel to him. As he said, you made me jealous with a God that is not a God. So I'll make you jealous with the people that's not a people that is Gentiles. And so one, the gospel is going to be offensive to them. Ultimately, he's going to use that and those very same people to bring Israel to him. But in the meantime, he's going to punish them to test them. Now, speaking specifically about what happened as far as Iran attacking, remember Iran was formerly Persia and Persia has a very important role in the Bible. Remember it was Persia that they came out of captivity from in the end after their 70, 70 year captivity. It was them leaving from Persia and then thoughts thing about this. When Daniel is having this prayer before he's praying about what's going to happen before the 70, I'm sorry, at the end of the 70 years, there's a prayer that comes up and then notice, remember Daniel's request or Daniel's response was hindered for 21 days by who? Go to Daniel 10. Notice what he says, but the prince of the kingdom of Persia was withstanding me for 21 days. It's the angel Michael saying this and so now he's saying that this is something that every nation or maybe the prince of Persia has an angel with him or a demon with him. I'm not necessarily saying that. I don't want to really go into that. But the point is that some sort of governance, some sort of dominion, some sort of demonic force was also in leagues with who? The prince of or the prince of the kingdom of Persia. And if we go to Ezekiel 38, Ezekiel speaks about a war coming against Israel where these nations are going to attack Israel. And he named some names that kingdoms from the north and so forth. And this may be Russia, as some folks say, and it's so kind of makes sense because Syria is there and who has the backing and the presence of Russia there, but also notice who's mentioned there in Ezekiel 38. And if you notice in verse five, he happens to mention Persia as one of those nations that God is going to use, going to cause to attack Israel.  Now think about this. All of this is relating to what Jesus says as well. Again, this is kind of keeping in tune with what God has said that he's going to do with Israel all along. He's going to punish them. He's going to afflict them ultimately to bring them as a nation to him. In the meantime, a lot of Israelites, a lot of Jews will be lost. They have been given a hardened heart. They turned their back on the Messiah, which he said it's going to happen. He's hardened them as well. But then notice what Jesus says. And this is how we can kind of measure the time. He said, don't be deceived. I don't want you to be, I want you to know what's happening here. As he says, you will be hearing of wars and rumors of war. This is Matthew 24. Here in verse six, see that you are not frightened. So we see these things. Don't be frightened for those things must take place, but that is not yet the answer. They're going to be these things that are going to lead up to this. Verse seven, for nation will rise against nation. I think we're seeing that now. We're going to see that even more so. Nation will rise against nation and kingdom against kingdom. And in various places, there will be famines and earthquakes. But all these things are merely the beginning of birth pains.  And he's not speaking individually.  Now he's not speaking about anyone individually. There's no one individually that's going to be hated by all nations, but this nation Israel will be hated by all nations. He says at that time, many will fall away and will betray one another and hate one another. Many false prophets will arise and will mislead many because lawlessness is increased. Most people's level go cold, but the one who endures to the end. And look what he says here. Verse 14 is very important. This gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in the whole world as a testimony to all nations. And then the end will come. So when we see these things happening in Israel, different nations having these skirmishes attacking Israel, Israel responding and so forth, even however America choose to be involved in so forth, understand all of these things have been spoken of in the Bible. So when it happens, I don't want you as Jesus says, I don't want you to not be aware of these things so that you're not surprised, but know these things are happening. And when you see them wrapping up, notice that they are the beginning. But at the end, he says that this gospel must be preached, will be preached to all nations. So at some point in time, we're going to see this happening. Is the gospel being preached? Yes, it is. How much longer will it take for it to be preached to all nations? Have no idea. He's not giving us a stopwatch or a timestamp to say it's going to happen at this point in time. We just simply need to be diligent about preaching the gospel, about serving him. And the best part about it is this, if he said this is going to happen and it's happening like he said, that gives us comfort to know that he is the one that's ultimately in control. He is the one that we can now rest in. So we don't have to be worried. We don't have to be bothered. We don't have to be concerned because we know that God is ultimately in control. Amen.


What's going on? How are you guys this week? We're down here at Frankie's free-range meat and as usual I'm trying to stay positive through all the nonsense Today it was kind of unusual. I went to the bank and Citibank locked my account for no reason So I can't pay my employees a little bit Worried about that but with with everything that happens to me I guess it's just typical and then I went to Whole Foods and their payment system was down And I had cash on me So I was able to just get something quick to eat before I came into work But before I start complaining too much. We do have some positives today So the more black soap came in last week for Frankie's naturals and long awaited The mastic gum which was held at customs for two weeks. This is actually several thousand dollars worth of mastic gum So the stuff is is very very very expensive with all of the the regulations You know, it only comes from one island in Greece Kios, so we're gonna have this back in stock for you guys, which I'm excited about And the guys have been working as usual since 7 a.m. To fill all the meat orders They did most of the ones that we had already From last week and now they're just going to do the 30 or so orders that we had from Sunday And the post office has been a complete Nightmare lately having to schedule online pickups. They don't come half the time So I've had packages sitting here since Thursday, but what can I do? USPS in the Bronx definitely not known for their reliability So the bad news this week is the garage door broke again, and it's probably broken about three or four times in the past few months and The company actually just serviced it two weeks ago, and then it stopped working and I called them Thankfully they send a guy over quickly to fix it and then he says on the phone Hey, you need a new motor that there's something wrong with it I was like, okay, if I need a new motor Why didn't you tell me something was wrong with it two weeks ago when you serviced it and the guy says new motors gonna be 2000 I think a garage door motors like a thousand dollars. I was like, hey What is it a thousand dollars for the motor a thousand to service and I just I can't get jerked around and the reason I'm bringing that up is because I spoke about it in the in the Q&A Yesterday I'm just like leaning more and more and more to just getting out of this because if You're not mechanically inclined if you don't know how to fix stuff if you're not able to figure things out Every single week you're gonna get fucked for five hundred a thousand fifteen hundred two thousand dollars Just to keep the business running and I really can't deal with it anymore You know I guys I can afford to buy a farm, you know I can get a loan for a hundred or two hundred thousand dollars Alone for that amount very easily lease a farm and start running it. However, if I do that I know I'm gonna go broke within two months. I have no clue how to run a farm paying people to fix it That's I know I can't do that. So being in this type of business the meat stuff not being having that you know engineering capability is It's definitely definitely discouraging and as much as I've tried to focus on the positive stick to what I'm good at the Marketing the creativity it hasn't been enough to overcome that we got the Bolivian rose salt in stock as usual Way proteins here Water kefir, we might have messed up a batch. I'm seeing how it continues to ferment But we might not have some water kefir for a couple weeks or a week or two Flexures of course is in stock We have the Pemicon Available for you guys. I got some eco friendly bags So if you guys haven't tried out the Pemicon, we have a decent amount available now We did sell out of several hundred last week But I had my guys make some and the best bars haven't moving as quickly because we have the Pemicon now But I think overall the sales in general are up So I'm just gonna drink some water kefir have a little bit of something to eat Kind of get a drunk so I don't have to think about the nonsense. I've already dealt with today I'll see you guys in a little bit We'll take a quick look in the freezer see what's going on this week Still have a ton of these 12 ounce New York strip steaks to give away So I got a deal on these originally and I was just planning on selling them as a New York Ship just to try to make a little more profit But you guys weren't too happy with these compared to the regular the thicker one-pound strip steaks Which we have some over here some of these so we're just gonna give away the 12 ounce until we're kind of out of them I'm probably taking a loss on it, but it's for the benefit of the customer Sir line steaks are back in stock. Oh, we got some sirloin stew meat, too Gotta put the stew meat in stock for you guys Low on flank steak Low on pecania steak, I didn't realize that Plenty of beef belly in stock We got the whole short ribs that you guys haven't been buying too much of but we're still moving it Plenty of ground venison the five pound packages Something new we got is veal sweetbreads, which are the pancreas new organ meat, which we haven't had in a while We're blowing through the beef tendons, which is not good because I don't have that many I'm gonna have to increase the price on those the rabbit liver and rabbit kidney are now in one kilogram packages 2.2 pounds right now lamb brains, but we do have some veal brains in stock for you guys Outside of that we're not looking too good. I don't know guys It's freezers looking empty and empty here and my bank accounts getting lower and lower So we'll see what happens over the next week or so. I got to get some stuff back in stock So I forgot to mention earlier that We're still having problems with the electric bill and the rent The hot water stopped working last week. The heat is not working at all. It's getting colder into winter Con Edison was supposed to come by on Friday of last week to take a look at the electric Convenience to see why the bill so high they didn't show up So I was a little irritated because I came in early on Friday to wait for them So I got to go all kind of soon again see what's going on because I cannot afford a $1500 electric bill So the main the main negatives the main problems are looking at this week You know is this garage door going to break can we get the electric bill and the rent sorted out Which has been an ongoing problem for almost a year now and neither my landlord or Con Edison want to help me out on that But let's look downstairs to see what's up Clean up the office a little bit got rid of the garbage just a little more organizing to do Stocked up on some towels and bleach mainly to dump down the drains. We don't use that to clean anything This is the animal feed that I got to bring up to that guy because I'm not using it And I don't know when the hell I'm gonna get a farm Everything on Frankie's naturals and Wi-Fi shielding is just the same as last week Still need to make the deodorant. We did.  Remember? Wi-Fi shielding stuff looking okay Oh, we made the magnesium oil last week so organ supplements everything is looking good and stocked up I have had a problem with the vitamin D settling on the bottom And you guys are saying that you can heat it up and mix it, but I have to see off to see if this needs to be remade as I mentioned earlier The mastic gum is back in stock. They changed the packaging for some reason, but it's the exact same stuff It's the small tears. Oh, we have quite a few now. So And you guys that have been waiting for the mastic gum if you haven't seen my video on it age pylori mastic I'm definitely check it out and the bovine powders as well as enzymes We are slowly stocking back up everything looking good Full spectrum organs immune strength thyroid big brain.  I don't know what the hell happened the Well, if that's any proof that the enzymes I'm selling work I guess I guess they're dissolving both my lungs in my vocal cords So if you do want carnivore digestive enzymes, they will certainly dissolve the steak in your stomach I don't think there's anything else to cover today and since I'm quickly losing my voice I'm gonna wrap up this video. I guess you guys will find out tomorrow if I can still speak So thank you guys for joining me today If you can please jump a like on the video leave a comment down below Share this on any other social media you have access to make sure to subscribe so that YouTube can unsubscribe you next week And check that notification bell so they don't notify you of my videos so That being said you guys can see all my businesses available on Frank desktop on our con and for the sake of my health Maybe you guys can support me so I don't Gravely injure myself down in this warehouse by inhaling different enzyme powders


Welcome back, we saw the purpose of creating a map of corresponding isotherms in the state space. Here we had as an illustration two systems A and B and again as an illustration we had plotted four pairs of isotherms corresponding player of violet or pink isotherm pair of black isotherms, red isotherms and green isotherm. The green isotherm in the state space of A corresponds to the green isotherm in the state space of B and so on and the question which we could answer using this map of isotherms is given some state A star of A and B star of B are A star and B star isotherm and then we saw that if for example A star happens to be on the red isotherm and B star also happens to be on the red isotherm then we will say these two states of the corresponding systems A and B are isotherm however if the two systems one of A and one of B do not lie on corresponding isotherms for example here we have one candidate state of system A which is on the black isotherm but the other system which we are checking is on the red isotherm of B then they are not on the corresponding isotherms and hence the two are not isothermal and the question is if two states are isothermal two systems are in isothermal states then when you bring them in contact with each other across a diothermic wall in spite of that wall being a diothermic wall no heat transfer will take place. So whether a heat transfer process takes place or not is what we can decide using these maps of isotherms. Now remember that here we have created the isotherms using color because I am able to sketch lines in different colors but if I were to use only say paper and pencil then perhaps I would use a thinner line, a thicker line, a dashed line or a dotted line or a chain line and things like that or instead of colors or the design of a line we could simply say that the label of this line is one the label of this line is two the label of this line is C the label of this line is Z and corresponding labels here this would be label one this would be label two this would be label C this could be label Z. What do these labels mean? So here now we will say that A star and B star the same question are isothermal if they have or if they lie on isotherms which have the same color or the same nomenclature here in labels these labels on isotherms is what we call temperature and the requirement is corresponding isotherms in this state space of any system should have the same label this is important. Now more important thing is here we have considered just four different isotherms but isotherms would move continuously for example I am sure between states on isotherm one and states on isotherms two there will be intermediate states which belong neither to isotherm one or nor to isotherm two and it is possible that our candidate state one is here for A and another is here for B what we now need to do is create more intermediate isotherms. So some sort of an interpolation would now be necessary and now when you have a large number of isotherms giving them labels like A, B, C, D or assigning them colors like black, blue, red, green, pink becomes difficult. So we need to have something which is easily manageable and something which is easily interpolated. So a convenient method to assign labels is to use numbers and then this assignment of labels leading to numerical values of temperature leads to what we call thermometric scales. And the process of doing this assigning labels and creating thermometric scales and using that to measure temperature of a given system in a specified state is known as thermometry. We will look at various types of thermometric devices but let us say that the simple system which is used to do this is known as a thermometer, is a system usually rather simple to use often rudimentary that is used for a specific type of thermometer. Let us look at a simple thermometer. This is the type of thermometer which all of us have seen at home in schools in various offices. This is earlier known as the mercury in glass thermometer now better known as the liquid in glass thermometer. And this system has a long capillary I am exaggerating the bore and at one end there is a bulb. It is a closed system usually enclosed in glass and there is a liquid earlier mercury but since mercury is considered not an environmentally friendly fluid some other fluid and the remaining part of the bore is evacuated. Now what type of a system is this? It is solid glass so you cannot twist it, turn it, extend it, compress it. It has no electrical property so you cannot charge it, discharge it. So the whole system as shown by this the outer line itself can be considered as the system boundary is a rudimentary thermodynamic system. Because it is rudimentary thermodynamic system the number of properties which are required to define the state of this system it is simply one. And what would be that property? That would be the length of the liquid thread in the capillary. As you play with this you will find that if you put it in cold water the liquid may be up to here. If you put it in warm water the liquid may be here. If you put it in frozen ice or something it may go right up to here. Let us not do dangerous things like putting it in an oven and see whether it shoots out that is possible. Now using this how do we label isotopes? For the labeling we have to do is prepare a scale. The simplest scale which is still used is Celsius scale. We will take this as an example. And what I will provide you is the historical development of the Celsius scale. What is done is we decide on two reference points which are known as fixed points. One is the ice point in which we have a system of ice and water at one atmospheric pressure. System containing ice and water in equilibrium. This is known as the standard ice point. And what we do is we bring our thermometer in contact with such a system wait till thermal equilibrium is reached. And then we mark on this the location of the liquid length at ice point. This is the T ice point. Then we create another system in which we have what is known as the steam point. Here we boil water and keep it in such a stage such a state that we have water and steam together and the system pressure is again one atmosphere. We bring this thermometer in contact with such a system across a diathermic wall, wait till thermal equilibrium is reached and then again mark let us say this is the length of the thread at steam point. What we have actually measured is length of the thread at the ice point and length of the thread at the steam point. Let us call this as L naught and let us call this as L 100 from some reference location. Now again arbitrarily but for the Celsius scale we define the ice point. First Celsius scale has these two fixed point. The first fixed point ice point, the second fixed point steam point. And then we define that ice point temperature in 0 Celsius or 0 degree Celsius. The steam point temperature is defined to be 100 degree Celsius. So on the Celsius scale the ice point temperature is defined to be 0 degree C. The steam point temperature is defined to be 100 degree C. Using standard diced systems as that of the ice point system and the steam point system. And then suppose you have to measure the temperature of some other system. Say I have to measure my temperature then what shall I do? I will bring this thermometer in contact with myself. If it is not mercury and if I am not going to be very aggressive I can put that bulb in my mouth or put it under my armpit or you know tape it up to my chest. Bring it in thermal contact. Be cool, sit tight till thermal equilibrium is reached. And that means the mercury or the liquid thread which was somewhere in the capillary will finally find a position such that the temperature of the thermometer and temperature of my body would be the same. Thermometer and myself would be a pair of isothermal state. And let us say that I find my state to be in thermal equilibrium with this. Let us say LG for Gaithonding. And then we have an interpolation law which says that temperature of this system G will be, if LG happens to be 0 it will be 0 degree C. If LG happens to be 100 it will be 100 degree C. So this will be something like LG minus L0, simple interpolation law L100 minus L0 multiplied by 100 units of degree Celsius. This would be the interpolation law. So notice that even the simple Celsius scale requires the following things. First thing it requires is the thermometer. We need a simple system known as the thermometer. Then we need at least one fixed point. In this case we have two fixed points. Third we need to define the temperatures of those two fixed points. And finally for readings which are intermediate we need an interpolation law which would finally give us a method to assign the label of the isotherm on which the system which is in equilibrium with the thermometer at its state LG lies. And this is the interpolation law which gives me my body temperature at say 36 degree C or 37 degree C. We will discuss more about thermometry and associated thermodynamic concepts soon after this. Thank you.


So we're talking League of Ireland football once again, I'm delighted to say joining us is Keith Cowan, Keith always good to see you, good to talk to you. Cheers, Ash and good man. Well, big game for Harps to say the least, Keith, away from Finn Park on the road in Dublin, so Patrick's athletic is the opposition. I think you get three points tomorrow night, it will be massive, won't it? Yeah, I think three points, I wouldn't say it's a must, it's definitely a not lose, I don't think you can go there and come away from what you call nothing. It's not a place as those where Harps have done really well over the years, I think the last one there is back in 2017. I think it was maybe a 3-1-1, two goals from Danny Morrissey and a goal from Paqui Milley, got three points on that occasion. But look, it's, you know, Harps have been there early this season and they were beat 4-1. Yes, the last time the two teams come up against each other, it was in Battle of the Fae and it was a brilliant 3-1-1 back in August. Oh, I'll be getting three goals and, you know, we thought this was Harps and the ascendancy and we were going to maybe definitely move away from that relegation playoff. And, you know, maybe there was even signs of maybe looking towards Europe at that stage. But look, 1-1 on the last seven and a couple of draws in there as well. When you think about the last couple of weeks, you had a dairy game, you had to draw a game both at home. You would have been hoping maybe that you come come away with, you know, more than just single points on both of those occasions.  I don't think there's much, they'll need much motivation for this weekend. And yeah, I think it's just definitely come away, come away with something and, you know, definitely keep it alive for next week. Yeah, and they need to get a result on it. I know you disagreed with me about the three points, but they need to get something out of it because you have to flip the pressure back on Waterford. You can play Longford on Saturday, don't you, Keith? Yeah, you do. And that's by no means an easy game. Yes, you know, Longford are then buried and they're relegated, but, you know, there's no pressure on them now. And there's an expectancy, there's a pressure on Waterford is going on that game. You know, when you're playing against the side and the league that's relegated and not from the play for sometimes, you know, there's no pressure on them and they can just go and play freely. And, you know, I'm sure they'll be looking towards next season and the manager will be reminding them who wants to be here and who wants to play for Longford next year. So, you know, they'll be looking to prove themselves. A lot of boys will be looking to earn contracts for next year. And, you know, the pressure very much on Waterford. Longford have beaten Waterford area this year already. So that will be in the back of their minds too. They have to go there to do a professional job. They have to get a win.  You know, this will be the one where they'll be wanting to pick up the three points. Yeah. How crucial is it you don't concede early? Because we've seen what happened in the last trip to Dublin against Shamrock Rovers. You don't really want to go one down very early in the game, particularly against a Pats side that has top quality. Definitely not.     When you think of what Pats have to play for for the rest of the season, they have a cup final in two weeks time.  This is the week where they could maybe let their big guns go and, you know, make sure everyone's playing and everyone's firing. And then next week, when you're a week away from a cup final, you might love to rest a couple of key players. So I can see them going full strength. I can't. And again, they'll be playing for places. There's lots of people want to be, you know, be in the manager's thoughts for the cup final. You know, we know the talent that they have with Benson, Forrester, Coughlin, and, you know, they have a great, you know, a great side there. So they'll all want to be in the mix for the cup final. So this would be, this would be the one that they'd be looking to test themselves and then put the feet up maybe next weekend. Yeah. Do you expect many changes in the harp set up there? I don't. I think they'll go with pretty much what they went with against Derry. They made changes against Raha. A few surprises in there. We don't know the full story, but I was, you know, surprised not to see Seymour in the middle of the field. I thought he's been excellent, especially second half of the season. You know, a lot of stuff that he's done, you know, has, has been of real quality. And, you know, as we've seen, what he brings is energy, his power from the middle of the field. You know, then he played against Derry, you know, did well against Derry, Ryan Redigan, missed out against draw harder two weeks back and then, you know, was in for the Derry game. Maybe didn't have his best game, but here we want to put that right again this week. I think he'll go with us trying to test it. We know that there'll be a couple of suspensions, but I wouldn't expect too many changes for this game. Yeah. So another big weekend obviously coming up and then the final runoff matches next weekend as well. Harps know that if they can stay out on gold difference, that will be enough. But what are you predicting then for that game just before we leave the Harps situation, Keith, for tomorrow night? Tomorrow night, look, I think I'm going to be as optimistic as possible. I think that although the Harps need a result, they need a result.  You know, you're looking at Siddiqui, who's been brilliant the last couple of games. You know, Mark McGinley, who's come back in again, you know, a great game against Sligo, Maddam Ash Performance and really steady the last couple of games after that. You're looking for your big players to control the game, to organise, to give nothing away. And, you know, I think Harps will have enough. I don't think the game will mean as much to Pats. I think, you know, there'll be a certain emotional side to it as well that hopefully Harps will take over and, you know, need, you know, they will need to get something out of the game. Hopefully there'll be a vocal travelling support there as well. So, you know, I think Harps will do it. I don't think it'll be a high scoring game. I think maybe 1-0, maybe 2-0. Okay. And would you expect Waterford then to take all three points against Longford at Bishopsgate on Saturday? Again, again, that's one where the early goal could come into it. You know, if Waterford getting early goal, you could maybe expect them to steamroll and, you know, the quality that they have. They have been scoring other goals, you know, in the last few weeks. But if Longford can, you know, keep it nil-nil the half-time, then theirs are going to creep in. Yes, Waterford have a lot of quality, but they're a young side. You know, bits of experience and through there as well. But, yeah, I think the longer that it remains nil-nil on that one, it could be a tricky night for Waterford. But if they get that early goal, like we said, I expect them to go on on one comfortably. Yeah. Well, let's move on to Derry's city situation. It's nice going into two games remaining that you're still in with the shot of Europe. Yes, they do need a bit of a hand from Pats to one the cup. But Derry's still chasing that fourth spot. And very much all to play for with the Darby against Slago coming up on Friday night. Keith? Yeah, all still up for grabs there. It's an exciting time for Derry, you know, that they have that European football, you know, and their sights. There's a couple of teams there in the mix. We spoke earlier about Bowes and Dundalk, you know, being in that mix as well and not out of it.  They pulled themselves out of it. Obviously, we know the quality that they possess. But, yeah, Derry very much, you know, is working towards this game this weekend as a real opportunity. You know, we spoke about the players already that Ray Higgins will be bringing in for next year. European football, you know, I don't think that they need it for next year. I think it'll be a real bonus for them this year if they do get it. We know that they're in a great position financially as well. And, you know, obviously with the players they're going to be bringing in. We know Duff Faisco and we know Michael Ainees coming next year. We'll talk about Georgie Kelly, you know, with his 20 goals already this year for Bows. Is there a chance that he could end up there? So, yeah, look, a lot of things in the melting pot for Derry at the moment. And then Higgins, obviously, he's going to be thinking about next year, who they're at Derry, you know, kind of depend on for next year. You know, you've got a derby game against Slago. They'll still want to be keeping the pressure on, obviously, and they accumulate as many points as possible to try and pick up that fourth spot if Pats go on to win the cup. He'll be looking very much towards next year, but I'm sure, again, Friday night's massive for them. Yeah, but it would be easier to attract maybe one or two extra players that possibly thought might have been out of your reach if you can secure European football for next year, Keith. If you can get a European game or two. Yeah, I think that can be two-sided, obviously.  So it all depends which type of player that you're looking to attract. But then again, the big players want to play in Europe. You know, it's another place to showcase their talents and, you know, a great experience for any player to have. So, yeah, I think, look, it's something that, again, you know, when Rory's talking to these players, you know, if there's a difference of a couple of clubs maybe wanting your signature and you can offer European football, then, of course, that's going to be massive. That's going to be great for any player to go and test themselves on that stage. Yeah, but you're looking at European football when you went to Glen Torm?  It was getting a game of football and then worrying about European football. So, no, it's not something that I say that I was thinking about, but a great experience nonetheless. Yeah, because not too many players get the chance to do that, Keith, so they don't. No, again, look, you know, there's players that do and there's players that don't. And I suppose, in my case, it's not something that I ever thought was on the cards, but like, it's a great experience to have and to, you know, something that you always look back on. And yeah, to sort of tick that box in your career is a real somebody proud of. Okay, finally, just back to the bottom of the table and two games to go. And I'll ask you the same in a couple of weeks. Well, I'll check to see if you're right in a couple of weeks time. Who's going to stay out of the second bottom position and who's going to be on it? Who's going to go to the playoffs? Look, sure.  Like those teams are split by seven goals at the minute. You know, Harps and Waterford are separated by seven goals. The way that the games are panned out, if I was to put it like that there, if Harps had maybe long for this week and then Pat's next week, then I would say, I think Harps are in the better position. The fact that the cup finals closer for Waterford, for Pat's next week, that's the only thing that I can say. And that's why, unfortunately, I think Waterford, maybe on form as well. They're in slightly better form. Harps aren't in good form at the minute. You know, we look, as I mentioned earlier, one, one and seven. You know, yes, a couple of draws in there, but I just feel that Waterford at the minute seem to be in a better place. Players seem to be in better form. A bit of momentum with them. I just feel that they might scrape out and unfortunately, Harps might be in that relegation playoff. But again, look, I wouldn't worry about Harps in that relegation playoff. I would expect them to win that quite comfortably. I don't think either of the two teams, I think it's Bray and UCD are on the other side of it. And I would expect Harps to beat both of them, either of those over two legs. So even if it is a case where they do find themselves there, I don't think that, I don't think they'll have any trouble. Okay, we'll wait to see what happens. Keith Cowan as always, thanks for joining us. Cheers.


talk is called Damn GraphQL, Attacking and Defending APIs. I'm extremely excited to be here. My name is Doliv, this is my first time speaking and participating at NorthSec. Extremely excited for the opportunity and I'm excited to also share what I've learned about GraphQL in the last six months or so. So to get things started, I want to kind of talk about the very basics on GraphQL, whether you know what GraphQL is about or you have no idea what this is, this is the right talk for you. I'm going to bring everybody to a point where we all can understand what GraphQL is about, what makes it very unique and also the attack surface of GraphQL. Towards the end, we're going to show a very practical demo of a real-world CDE. And lastly, I will share all the resources that I could possibly gather in order for you to actually learn and practice GraphQL by yourself. So let's start with what is GraphQL? So what GraphQL is a technology by Facebook that was released a few years ago, it's a query language for APIs. You can think of it almost as an alternative to REST API, except it works a little bit differently. It uses three main kind of operations called queries, mutations and subscriptions. For the purpose of this talk, we're going to be focusing on queries and mutations, but just so you have some context on what subscriptions are, it's basically a read operation that's long-lasting, typically used for chat purposes. So you have like a PubSub mechanism to drive applications such as chats that require real-time messaging. The reason why GraphQL was kind of born is to resolve a few pain points that REST API has. And there are two kind of pain points that REST has today. One of them is called overfetching. And what overfetching basically means is that when you call an API, you will typically get more data than you actually need. And underfetching is basically the opposite. Sometimes you may call or make an API request and you don't get enough data back, which basically forces you to follow up with another additional request in order to complete the original intent. So what GraphQL is basically doing is it solves that and it also, the result of it is that it reduces the round trip the client needs to do in order to complete a transaction. So when we talk about GraphQL, we need to start with kind of the data model, the schema. A schema is basically kind of a definition of objects and fields. And for the purpose of this talk and throughout this talk, I'm going to be using the data model of Pastebin a lot. And it will make sense towards the end why I actually took that as an example. So if you don't know what Pastebin is, it's basically a website where you can upload text snippets and so on. And you can share them with people or anonymous people can also read them depending on their permissions. So you can see on the right side we have an object type called Paste and Paste has a bunch of metadata or fields associated with it. So if I upload a code snippet, I'll be the author or the owner of it and a code snippet may have a title or content and maybe there's a permission flag whether it's public or private and you get kind of the idea. You can define a type with its associated fields and this is what basically constructs a GraphQL schema. Once you have a schema, you can then start querying that data. So when we want to read data from a GraphQL endpoint, we would use something called queries. It's primarily for reading operations. So you can see on the right side, we have an example request, a JSON request that basically takes the content and title or asked for the content and title of all the pastes on the website. And you can see that the response is very similar to how the request is constructed. We're getting an array of pastes but we're only getting the title and content which is exactly what we asked for. You'll notice that we haven't received from the server whether the owner name or whether it's a public paste or a private paste, we really got only what we asked for. And this is what GraphQL is kind of all about. So if you wanted to change data as opposed to just reading data, things like deleting something or creating something, you would use an operation called mutation and mutation is basically to alter information on a web application. So you can see on the right side, we have an example how we're actually creating a new paste on the website. This create paste operation has two parameters and we're passing the title and content and the response reflects that exact paste that we just now created. So just a few GraphQL things that you will likely find quite interesting from a security standpoint. Requests are usually carried over post. What I mean by that is whether you delete something or change something or even just read without changing anything, the requests will typically be carried over post. And another interesting thing about GraphQL is that it would typically leave under a single route. So you would typically see slash GraphQL is a very common one, but it obviously can live in other spots as well depending on the implementation. But there is a few predictable locations where GraphQL typically lives. And if you are in a pentest and you wanna try and enumerate or find where GraphQL lives, if GraphQL is configured, you can use an NmapNSE script I put together. It's at the bottom of the slide, which basically attempts to figure out where GraphQL lives. And lastly, one of the interesting things here is that GraphQL would typically return a 200 response. And what I mean by that is let's say that you're asking to get some information about an account that exists on a web application. If the account doesn't exist in the REST API world, you would typically expect like a four or four or something like that. In GraphQL, it's a little bit different. In GraphQL, you would get a 200, but the indication that the account doesn't exist would be reflected in the response. So you might have like a key called errors and the value would be the account doesn't exist, but the status code is still gonna be 200. And the reason I listed all these things, and I think they're interesting from a security standpoint is if you do blue teaming insert response log analysis and you have an application that's backed by GraphQL, you will immediately notice that the investigation is gonna be a little bit more difficult. You will not have like self-describing routes just as such as you would have in REST API. And if you're used to looking for specific status codes to determine if something went wrong or if somebody had access forbidden or unauthorized request or something like that, you will not have this in GraphQL because you would typically see 200s. So quite interesting from blue teaming standpoint, a little bit challenging. It changes the game a little bit. So this is kind of the core things that make GraphQL altogether a little bit different than REST API. So now that we know a little bit about GraphQL just enough, I wanna jump into GraphQL attack surface. So from a pentesting standpoint, when you run into an application that is backed by GraphQL, one of the first thing you wanna do is you wanna figure out how to communicate with it. So if you're lucky, you're gonna run into an implementation that happens to have introspection enabled by default. What introspection is is a mechanism for GraphQL to kind of self-describe what it knows and the data model. And it's a feature that typically could be enabled or disabled obviously depending on the implementations. Some implementations actually have that enabled by default. And it's not a vulnerability per se. It's really a feature that its intention is to make it easy for people to integrate with your API, but obviously it has a security trade-off.  So if you are a pentester and you run into an introspection mechanism that is actually enabled, what you would get in return is you're gonna get this response that describes the data model. And what you wanna do next is you could obviously parse it manually and read through it. It's a little bit overwhelming I would say depending on how big the application is, but you could use something like a GraphQL visualizer so that you will take the JSON response, fit it into the visualizer and it will kind of draw a nice diagram of the relationship between the different fields and objects. So it makes it fairly easy to read. So from a blue team standpoint, if you are protecting the GraphQL application, try to do a self-check whether you have introspection enabled, disable that if you absolutely don't need that, but you could also place it behind some kind of access control. So just so you know GraphQL by default doesn't come with authentication mechanisms. It's something that you have to kind of slap on top of it in addition. So you have to take care of that. And this is one of the problems with GraphQL. There's a lot of things that you need to do in addition after you actually implement that. So really disable it if it doesn't make sense in your own environment.  How are you going to figure out how to communicate with it? One thing that GraphQL has is basically a feature called field suggestions. And what field suggestions are is basically a way for GraphQL to tell you about fields in case you're making some kind of a mistake. So in the example at the bottom, you see I'm requesting for the telephone content of the pastes, but for some reason I had a typo and the paste doesn't have the letter E. So the response that you're going to get from GraphQL is that did you mean paste or paste? So it will try to do this matching or try to find the closest word to what you supplied. So, and you can see how you kind of leverage that. You can build a very comprehensive word list of common English words and just try and send it to GraphQL until you figure out in the fields to basically construct a proper query. What's interesting about this feature is that it's available in all the possible popular GraphQL implementations today without any ability to disable. Again, this is not a feature, this is not a vulnerability, it's a feature but it has a security trade off because you might not want to tell too much about how your data is structured. So from a blue teaming standpoint, this is a little bit tricky because there is no like option to toggle that off. You would have to go into the code and either comment it out or replace it with something else that makes sense in your context. Just so you know, there's a user experience impact here because it helps people to integrate with your GraphQL. So if somebody's integrating with your application and they made a typo, it's very convenient for them to know where they made that mistake so they can move on with their life. So just acknowledge and know that there's a user experience impact. If you don't care about that, you could go ahead and patch it. Let's talk about the denial of service and the denial of service is gonna be a very common thing in GraphQL. In GraphQL, there is the ability to have batching support and what I mean by batching is GraphQL can take a bunch of queries, even the same query multiple times and the client can send all of those in an array and the server will process them one after another. Batching would typically not be available by default. You would have to either install a package or code it yourself. But just so you know that if it's available, there's a few things you have to look out for. So this is a very interesting method to bring down a service and I will show you exactly what I mean by that later on. But one thing that you have to kind of remember, I mentioned that GraphQL lives under a single route slash GraphQL. So if somebody is sending a lot of those expensive requests toward a server from a network control or application control such as like web application firewalls, it's gonna get a little bit tricky to come up with solid rate limiting rules against that. Just keep in mind. So from a blue teaming standpoint, if we have batching in our application, there's a few things you could do to try and protect it. The very first thing you could do is to write some kind of a middleware analyzer and check the array length that you're receiving. This is a very basic check, but if you get an array with 100 elements, maybe you wanna drop that. Alternatively, you could do something a little bit more sophisticated called cost-based analysis. And what cost-based analysis is, think of it as like assigning a value to a field or an operation and let's say a value of 10. And in this example, you see we have an array where we're calling the operation backup system twice. And since we assigned a value of 10, that adds up to be 20. And since the max cost that we have on the backend is 10, we're gonna drop that request because it's just too expensive to complete. But overall batching is a feature you can disable. So really only use it where it makes sense and just be aware of the trouble that it can bring along with it. So if your appendixer and batching is disabled, there's a way you can try to break down the service in an alternative way. There's a concept called query aliasing. What query aliasing is, is you basically supply some alias name and you can then call the same query multiple times by supplying different alias names. So this is a, it's not similar to batching in that sense, but it can definitely act the same from a denial of service out of things. You can call a very expensive query 100 times in a single query and the server will have to process those. So just keep in mind that again, just like of the batching queries, it can evade or make it difficult to mitigate from a networking standpoint because it's all going to be under the same GraphQL route. From a booting standpoint, again, to mitigate against that, you would have to build some kind of an analyzer or use what I mentioned before, cost-based analysis. You could write some kind of a middleware that will try to do a count on the number of aliases that you receive and drop it if it's a number that doesn't make sense. But again, there's a significant lift that you have to do yourself in order to protect your own GraphQL implementation. And this is almost like a, I would say that GraphQL is a little bit vulnerable by default and you will see what I mean by that throughout this talk. Another avenue for the denial of service is circular queries. And what circular queries are is basically if you have a schema where you have two types referencing one to another, for example, in the pasting example, you have paste and the paste has an owner, but the other, the vice versa is also like apply. So an owner may have a paste. So if you have a data model where two objects can reference one to another, somebody can then create a query where they just reference these objects to another, one to another. And then they can really build a very complex and deeply nested query and bring down the server or at least cause a significant resource consumption. And if you take that and you chain it with what we learned earlier about batching queries or aliases, then you can really amplify this attack by just abusing features really. So from a boot-keeping standpoint, the fix is relatively trivial in this case. So some implementations, for example, in Ruby, they would allow you to set a maximum depth limit. And so for example, you could set a max depth of 10. And if you receive a query that's nested 99 levels deep, you're gonna drop that query altogether. So again, that value that you set for yourself is what makes sense in your own environment. You need to have some knowledge on the types of queries that you have in your own environment in order to not cause trouble or downtime or drop requests that are benign. Operation name in GraphQL is interesting. Operation name is this optional text field that you can supply along with a query or a mutation, which basically describes what the query and mutation is doing. This is a, I would say, a free text field. You could supply anything and it doesn't have to match anything. So for example, you can see on the right side we're calling getUsers, but we're supplying getPaste as an operation name. The way you can kind of leverage that from a pentesting standpoint is if the site operator is using the operation names as a way to figure out which operations are more common and they're doing some analytics on it. Maybe they're logging it somewhere. Maybe they're naive enough to do some kind of decision-making based on that. Just keep in mind that this is a value that you control as a pentester and some implementations actually allow you to supply special characters as well. So this can become an injection opportunity as well as spoofing. So if you're supplying an operation name that's very benign, but you're actually calling a query that's, I don't know, maybe something that could cause problems, you're effectively masking what you're doing. If the logging on the backend is naive. So on the blue team side of things, to defend against this, it's pretty trivial. You need to have a list of acceptable operation names. And if you receive an operation name that's not on that list, treat it as any other untrusted input, drop that and log it in a safe way so that you at least know that you had some kind of a tampering attempt in the specifically in the operation name. So fairly trivial way to mitigate against this. This is a field of duplication. It's probably one of my favorite and less known graphical things. Some of the implementations today, what they do is they don't really care if you supply the same field multiple times. What I mean by that is you can see on the left side, we're creating a query where we get the name of the owner of all the paste on my website. But we only specified once. And that would what a proper valid trusted quotes would look like. And let's say that you're doing some kind of a timing analysis to see what the response looks like and how fast it is. Let's say that the server took 100 milliseconds to respond. If you tick name, the field name and duplicate that 100 times or 10 times or whatever, and you see that the server takes longer to respond, you will know that they don't really do any kind of deduplication or any kind of intelligent query analysis. And you will soon see in this talk how you can leverage that to really cause a significant resource consumption. So if you want to protect against this, one thing you could do is you can write again, kind of an analyzer that we did dedupe the fields. It's a little bit error prone, so keep in mind. Or you could use call space analysis like I talked before. Another thing you could try to leverage is something called persistent queries. And persistent queries is an interesting mechanism because it's basically allows the client to supply a hash that represents the actual query. So the GraphQL server on the backend will have a list of trusted hashes. And if the client is supplying a hash that's not recognized, you're gonna drop that request. So you can at least have some assurance that the query structure itself wasn't tampered with. But one thing you should know is that you can still pass variables alongside that hash which would get interpreted by the server. So there are still injection opportunities, even when you use this kind of mechanism. So in summary, just so you know, GraphQL is not that different from REST API when it comes to the vulnerabilities themselves. So OS top 10 still very much applies to GraphQL. There are security tools out there both from like a testing from like a red team standpoint but also from blue teaming standpoint, but there's not a whole lot, there's a few. So a few things you should know, OSP's app has an add-on that you could install, which basically will try and test your GraphQL and Fuzzit and so on and so forth. There's also a Burp extension for this that will basically help you construct proper queries and you can then use Burp Suite to test GraphQL setups in a more convenient way. But in overall, GraphQL is fairly young and what I noticed from looking at the various implementations across the different languages is that notice that there is a misalignment between the security features that are offered by the various languages. So for example, PHP may have persistent queries available but Python may not. So there's no consensus around like which features should be available to everybody and there's some gaps between the maturity of different languages. So if you do choose to implement that, make sure that you have all the proper mitigations in place to protect yourself against everything that I just mentioned, which basically come by default when you use GraphQL. So with that, I wanna jump into the attack demo. And what I'm gonna show today is a CVE that I disclosed just a few weeks ago related to a GraphQL plugin in WordPress. So in WordPress, you have this plugin marketplace and one of the plugins is a called WP GraphQL, which basically only does it gives you a out-of-the-box-ready GraphQL interface for your own blog. So pretty popular 100,000 downloads, 10,000 active installations, and it's very easy to download it and it's ready without doing anything special. One thing you should know about this plugin is that once you install it, or at least that was true until a few weeks ago, the batching was enabled by default and there's no way to turn that off. So you install it and there is no way you can mitigate it against some of the attacks that I just demonstrated. If you receive, the plugin is not intelligent enough to drop or reject certain requests that look bizarre or are malformed or constructed in what seems to be malicious kind of construction. And it's partially authenticated. What I mean by that is, WordPress should allow anonymous users to view blog posts and comments and stuff. So the GraphQL API follows that. All of these were resolved in 138, I believe, version 138, but I do wanna show how it looked like a few weeks ago. So let's talk about the exploit. So what we're gonna do is we're gonna get all the comments from, so we're gonna read this diagram kind of bottom up. We're gonna get the comments and posts from GraphQL backed WordPress and then we're gonna duplicate the field comments 10,000 times. And then what we're gonna do is we're gonna utilize the fact that batching is enabled by default and we're gonna take these complex queries, put them together in an array and send them to the WordPress instance. And we're gonna do that using 300 threads. So you can see how complex this query is going to be for the server to actually complete. So with that, I do wanna show a demo and I hope that this works. And if it doesn't work, I have a recording, but let's cross our fingers. So when you install the plugin, you're gonna get this shortcut to basically interact like this interface that you can interact with GraphQL. So this is like the admin view of WordPress. So we can start writing a query here, which will basically grab the content of the posts on the website.  So what we're gonna do is I'm going to utilize all these weaknesses in order to try and bring down WordPress altogether. So I'm going to kind of tail the logs on the server and see what's happening when we're actually executing this query. So fingers crossed, the server will try to process those because there are no mitigations in place against this. And there's no way for the site operator to actually handle this unless they're putting this behind some kind of web application firewall. So you can already see that we're running out of memory. So my SQL process actually died and it's not able to recover at this point. And if you look at the WordPress instance, you can see that it's down. And this took less than 10 seconds and you can think about the opportunity if you have a lot of nodes sending this kind of traffic towards a server if you haven't protected your graphical implementations. So just so you have some context and how easy it is to bring down a server back by GraphQL without the right mitigations in place. So with that, I wanna jump into a how you can actually go and learn GraphQL yourself. I want to equip you with enough tools and resources so that you can learn yourself. So when I started with GraphQL just a few months ago, the first thing that I looked up was, I want to practice GraphQL by hacking it. And there was no one solid and mature platform to do that. There are a few labs here and there, but I wanted something else. So what I did was I came up with them vulnerable GraphQL application. And if you're familiar with DVWA, it's very similar except it's focused on GraphQL. So everything that I talked about is actually in that web application right now. I put a lot of emphasis on the education part. So there's a lot of resources and things like that for you to leverage.  So there's two modes you can kind of switch between to harden and unhardened server depending on that, I guess, that your knowledge with GraphQL. And the link to the GitHub repo is at the bottom of the slide. So when you install it, you're gonna get this dashboard. There's a lot of resources and tools and blog posts and things that I kind of threw in there so that you can actually learn as you go about GraphQL and how it looks like when you install GraphQL without any protections in place. And with that, I want to thank everybody for listening and I hope you enjoyed this talk and learn just a little bit about GraphQL and how we can as a security community make it better. Thank you.