Live from Las Vegas, Nevada, it's theCUBE. Covering AWS re-invent 2016. Brought to you by AWS and its ecosystem partners. Now here's your host, John Furrier. Okay, welcome back everyone. We are here live in Las Vegas for AWS Amazon Web Services re-invent 2016, their annual industry conference. The center of the universe in the tech world, 32,000 attendees, broke all records, grew from 16,000 last year, almost double. I'm John Furrier with theCUBE. We're here getting all the signal from the noise, three days of wall-to-wall coverage. Our next guest is Rumi Sayer, who's the president, CEO of Sumo Logic. Welcome to theCUBE, welcome back. Very well, thank you much dear. When did you move over to Sumo Logic? So interesting enough, it's two years this Friday. Okay, so give us a quick update. Then I want to dive into the relationship with Amazon. You guys clearly doing big data early. Yep. And the wave of the Hadoop is big data, but there's other methodologies, quick history of what you guys are doing now and status of the company. So the company's about seven years old. We were founded, born and actually bred on AWS. We don't have a single server in our place. And interestingly enough, the premise of founding Sumo seven and a half years ago actually was to build a multi-tenant, SaaS-based machine data analytics platform to start to address a lot of the security, but also the operational issues that customers were facing. Our founders actually came from a security background and they realized that rear view mirror technologies and looking at historical aspects wasn't good enough. So lo and behold, they made a big bet at that time, six years, almost seven years ago, to build exclusively on AWS. And today we, on average day, we're ingesting about 70 terabytes of data. We're analyzing over 100 petabytes of data on AWS. So talk about the specific implementations. Obviously using all the services. Are there any particular ones? Obviously storage, glacier, you must be using some glacier, but is it mostly S3, is it elastic, block store? S3, EC2, we use obviously some of the other services, but more importantly, we enable all of the services that AWS provides for their customers to be seamlessly supported by Sumo.  And you guys had a great booth last year. It's a huge booth right in the front with the Sumo wrestlers. I mean, that stole the show in the age of Twitter and Instagram. I mean, the share of voice on that was pretty significant. Yeah, I mean, I think there's an underpinning tone there, which is we want to wrangle your data, right? And no one knows big data more than a Sumo. And we have earned the right now, seven years in with 100 petabytes the data that we're analyzing every single day to be able to be a lot more prescriptive for customers in terms of how to approach the way they build, run and secure these modern apps. We've been following you guys in context of the big data space. I don't know, I don't think we've had a lot of briefings on the analyst side. I think we should get you guys certainly plugged in with George Gilbert, our analyst. But what's interesting is was the predictive marketing and then a lot of the financial service, a lot of certain verticals were really in early on big data and you guys are were there. What's evolved since then? Because now you're seeing with AWS, certainly you got streaming, you got Redshift doing very well. The services that they've added on over the past few years has been pretty significantly in kind of right in your wheelhouse. So what new use cases are popping up now? What are you guys doing for business? What's some of the profile customers? How are they using Sumo and what's the value for them? Great question. So a few things we're seeing. One is with the availability of all these services that Amazon's providing, the cycle time for releasing new code and overall applications have become much less, right? And as a result, there is not just a need to move to continuous integration or continuous deployment, it's about continuous updates. So the challenge that brings for a lot of our customers, they need real time visibility. We refer to that as continuous intelligence. So our platform is predicated on the fact that we have near real time an analytic streaming engine that as data's coming in, you can get visibility for your developers, you can get visibility for your operations teams, and you can't get visibility for your security compliance teams. So let me give you a couple of examples. You asked for customers. Huddle was one of the customers they spoke about today. I mean, Jeff Frick and I love Huddle. We do all the football videos. Football videos, but you know, they support Premier League, they support Aussie rule footballs. I mean, there's a lot of sports, right? And so they're uploading video. And so, you know, there's a great service for not just college or high school athletes, but professional athletes to understand, you know, their game and analyze their game. So underpinning that actually Huddle's using Sumo to run their service and manage their service. Not too distinct from DOMO or Qualtrics or other customers like Salesforce, Adobe. We have customers like Lando Lakes. We do a lot in media and entertainment, gaming, online retailers. So what do they all have in common? They're either migrating to the cloud, one, two, they're doing digital transformation or some sort of digital application initiative. Three, they need some way to get visibility real time into their applications and services from a security perspective, but also an operational perspective. What's a driver for customers right now? Because one of the things that we hear all the time is people are trying to account for their data. So analytics was kind of like this data warehouse with this old mentality, but now smart people started putting it into mainstream, but now there's more of a data accountability aspect, the metadata, really valuable. How are customers doing that with you guys? Because I can see them getting their Toast web with Sumo and then getting up and say, wow, I could just use some prescription analytics or marketing, whatever the use case could be, but now you've got to start thinking, where's the data coming from and where's it accounted for? Is there a data economy? Is there, you know? So what's interesting about that, you mentioned metadata and that's what it's about. I mean, our system, we ingest any type of structured or unstructured data and we actually analyze a lot of the metadata. And in fact, like I mentioned earlier, we're analyzing over 100 petabytes every single day on AWS. And so what we're able to actually help our customers do now is be much more prescriptive and provide insights as to the 1,300 customers that are on Sumo, the 74% of them that run on AWS, about a quarter of them are using things like Lambda, another two thirds are using EC2, but how and what types of queries are they doing and what types of services are they building with Docker containers or Mesosphere or other types of services. So now we've actually entered a position where we're actually the trusted advisor for a lot of these companies are moving to the cloud, building new modern apps because we've been doing it for seven and a half years. And so the metadata starts to become important because we actually put out a recent survey we call the state of the modern app. And that whole report was premised on the 100 plus petabytes every single day over a six month period. How are customers using AWS? What services are they using and not using and what should you consider? The number one thing we found in that report was only half of the 1,300, sorry, only half of the customers of which 74% of the 1,300 run on AWS were actually doing anything with CloudTrail with respect to security. That means the other half are potentially vulnerable to breach. Yeah. What was the percentage on CloudTrail? CloudTrail. What percentage? 50%. So half were exposed. Half were exposed. But no audit at all. No audit at all. So now we're actually proactively notifying them saying, hey listen, for your type of deployment you're using these common services, others similar to you should use the following. That brings up a good point. Let's unpack that because what that brings up is a lot of people get into data and they hear all this stuff in the news. Oh, be data-driven and they can drink the Kool-Aid and go okay, I buy that vision. But there's some pretty urgent issues on the table that people got to deal with in the enterprise and or if they're a cloud native and that is security, you mentioned it. I mean that has become such the low hanging fruit for data analytics. So Splunk being very successful with that. Cyber, Dr. Teresa Carlson earlier, their public sector business is exploding certainly with the CIA and others. I'm sure you guys got some of those clients. But that highlights that, yeah that's all fine and dandy to do some nice stuff over here to figure out recommendation engine for this or that when you got security holes out there. Are you seeing that in your end too? Well interesting enough, that's how we started, right? We started with the goal of providing analytics and more importantly we wanted to democratize analytics initially for security in the cloud. And so we actually before Amazon Web Services really built things like PKI or public key encryption or things around encrypting data transfer. We had built that into our system and service. So what we actually were able to do now is not only show how we can encrypt the data and do all the services but show them how they should actually start to use CloudTrail and how they should architect these modern apps and what things that they should be concerned about from a vulnerability and risk point of view. One of the newest products that we just announced is in early accesses around threat vulnerability and threat intelligence because now we're getting a 360 degree view for a lot of our customers because you saw today the hybrid announcement, right? That's going to be there for a while. What Sumo allows a lot of our customers to do is from their on-premise data center to their CDNs to all their SaaS applications like Salesforce or Workday or Dropbox or Box to all those things running on Azure, Amazon, the like we provide a whole 360 view. And we can actually now give you- So you get real-time as well on that? Real-time. So our system and service is predicated on a real-time data streaming engine. Yeah, so you guys can coexist in multi-Cloud world. Absolutely, we do that. That's your premise. No pun intended, right? All right, let's talk about contextual data and what companies should do and why they should get you guys involved in the use cases of going forward, planning. A lot of conversation here at Reinvent is this AWS 2.0, they go on the next level, enterprise with more complicated than say cloud-native green field apps. How should they be thinking about their data? You've been doing it for seven years in AWS and you probably have clients that aren't on AWS. Some are, some aren't, that's the makeup. But generally, what's the architecture? What should be the holistic concept for CIO, CXO or down to the practitioner level? What's the guiding principles of you guys? It starts with a fundamental principle of form follows function, right? And, you know, this is a sports analogy but if you're not formed right, you're not going to function right. So a lot has to do with a conscious decision customers need to make in terms of how they're going to structure their teams, right? And whether they're going to move to a true DevOps model where they're pushing hourly, daily, weekly and whether they need to adopt for certain applications versus others. And then it goes into function in terms of how they start to architect their applications, what services they need to use. And we've actually learned that over seven and a half, eight years ourselves, seven which years we're running on AWS, right? And so the advice oftentimes we give to a lot of our customers is, understand what are the mission critical workloads that you need to migrate, categorize those. Second is, which of the green field apps you're building and why? And what type of retention and security policies do you need? And these are the common services you should probably consider with AWS. And then third is, the other set of applications you don't really care about, leave them for now, focus on your expertise here. It's really triaging really the sequence of order of app rollout basically. Well, thanks for coming on theCUBE, really appreciate it. I mean, I want you to take a minute to close this out and talk about for the folks watching, what's new with Sumo Logic? Why should they be working with you? What's the pitch? What's new? What's relevant for you guys? Great, so obviously we're a big data company but more specifically, our service and our strategy was predicated on democratizing analytics. And so we refer to that as continuous intelligence. And so as this digital transformation is taking place and we're seeing it here, we're seeing it across every part of the businesses. You know, we are well suited for every company that's got either a migration effort or an active new project going on AWS. And so we can provide a simple, secure, highly scalable machine data analytics platform as a service. And that's what Sumo is all about. And your business plan for the next year is what, knock down more customers, do more product development, all the above channel, what's the strategy? So good question. So on one hand we're introducing a new product. We've kind of hinted to some of that today with some threat intelligence. Second is we just introduced a new product about a month ago that we're starting to monetize. It's about semi-structured data. And third is we're going to start to really expand our routes to market and channels. One of the things that we participated in recently with Amazon is the new Amazon SaaS Marketplace Program. We're with a handful of companies that participate in design and development there.  Well that'll accelerate the operational nature of your product. Absolutely, but that's the way we sell today. In fact, our whole business model is predicated on land and expand. You're probably familiar with this whole notion of cohorts and net dollar retention. Well, the median, if you look at Pat Gress and Morgan Stanley and other firms, tends to be like 103 to 105. Best-in-class tends to be 110 to 115. We've been well north of 160 for 19 straight quarters of what we're selling. Well, Jasper said that on his keynote today. The bombastic days of hand-waving are over. If you don't see it right there, the value in front of you, don't buy it. Don't buy it. And that's really the marketplace's vision. That's the marketplace vision and that's what we're all about. That's SumoLogic. I mean, sayers, president and CEO of SumoLogic, congratulations on your success. Continue your success. It's theCUBE bringing all the action live in Las Vegas for re-invent 2016. I'm John Furrier. Be right back with more after this short break here, watching theCUBE.


Our next speaker of the morning is Juanita Caizón-Pinzon Caizado, who will speak about satellite operations that are not homomorphisms. Is this working? Okay. Okay. Thank you, Paola, for the introduction, and thank you to the organizers for inviting me. It is a huge honor to be a speaker in Tom's birthday conference. Tom's work has been incredibly influential in my career. Unfortunately, the topic that I chose for today is not one in which I use a lot of his work. So my apologies, Tom. Thank you. So for the people in the Internet, he forgives me. So satellites that are not homomorphisms. So this is joint work with Ty Leedman and Allison Miller. And for details, you can already find the preprint in the archive. Okay. So, you know, I think that the first thing that I am going to do is define satellites and then what do I mean by homomorphisms? And especially for the grad students, you know, this talk, I want you to make the most out of this talk. And so if there's a concept that I talk about that I don't define or that you would like some clarification, this is my invitation for you to just stop me and ask. Okay. So questions are welcome. And there's no question that I am not going to try to answer. Try. So what's a satellite? I think we already saw it a little bit on gen stock, but let me do it again. Let's say I have a knot. Well, this is a funny picture of the knot. But the thing is that here what I want is I want to embed it in a solid torus, in an unknotted solid torus in S3. And then I'm going to take any knot, say the trefoil. The trefoil does have a tubular neighborhood around it. And the tubular neighborhood is homeomorphic to a solid torus. So the satellite operation, so this is going to be the pattern. This is the companion. What it produces is a third knot in which I basically, you know, like I cut this open along this meridional curve. I tied along the knotted companion. And whatever image of my pattern I get in these knotted solid torus, that's the satellite knot. We need some twists here because I want this operation to be untwisted, which means that I want meridian to go to meridian, obviously, but I also want longitude to go to longitude. There's another, so let me call this or a meridian of the unknotted solid torus eta. And the winding number of my satellite operation is the linking number between the pattern, let me call it P, and the meridional, not the meridional disk, the boundary of a meridional disk. This is the definition. So if I have a pattern and its winding number, this is going to give me a lot of information about this function. So here already I am sort of hinting at the homomorphism, but I have to somehow give you a group from the knots. And so the second notion that I need is the notion of concordance. So I have that two knots are concordant. There exists an annulus, smoothly embedded in a cylinder over S3, in such a way that if I restrict to the ends, then I get the knots that I started with. So they co-bound an annulus for dimensionally. So the theorem is this is Fox and Wheeler. If I take the set of all knots in S3 and I'm out by concordance, then this is going to be, well, let me call this quotient space C. But what they tell me is that, well, one, concordance is in fact an equivalence relation. And then this quotient is an abelian group with connected sum as the operation. What do I mean by connected sum? So I say I have again my trefoil, why not? And then I can have any knot, let me be lazy and then just hide it there. The connected sum is remove a little arc from each one of the knots and then identify the ends. Then so just some observations. Class of the un-knot, let me say if K is concordant to the un-knot, this is equivalent to saying that K bounds a slice disk or a disk. And so these are called slice knots. And inverses. So say I have any knot and I want to take the inverse. So what I get is that this is the same as the class as the mirror. What's the mirror? So for the trefoil, here's my right-handed trefoil. And the inverse I'm going to get by changing all of the crossing. Whatever strand was going above now goes below and by servers. And it's in this setting that I have my group. So here I have just an operation that goes from knots to knots. But the thing is that, well, basically a tubular neighborhood of this annulus in this four manifold is basically the same as taking a solid torus cross i. So I can actually do this operation at each level in the concordance. And so what I have is that my pattern induces an operation in concordance. So I want to obstruct these maps from being homomorphisms in concordance. Where does this come from? So this is a conjecture of Matt Heddon. Well, I heard it first from Matt Heddon officially in 2016. But you might correct me if you know more about this. This is when I heard about it, is that if we have a satellite operation, then it is going to be a homomorphism. P is the trivial homomorphism. P is the identity. And P reverses orientation. Or is the map that reverses the orientation of the knots. Okay, I'm going to obstruct these satellite being homomorphisms. So there's one obvious one which I am just going to take for granted, which is I need this knot, meaning when I remove the solid torus, when I forget about this curve eta, I want this knot to be a slice knot. So I'm just going to assume that. And then the next one is I need for any knot. I need the connected sum of its image under P because they match of its inverse under P to B slice. And this is what I am going to use. So this is what we obstruct. And just in case, sometimes I will refer to this as a pseudo-homomorphism. Those who do satisfy this condition, I will call pseudo-homomorphisms. Great. So let me show you as an example that this cable is not a homomorphism. So how am I going to do it? Well, actually, the obstruction is really going to come from obstructing three manifolds from bounding simple four manifolds. So what I am going to do is instead of looking at these knots, I'm going to look at some Q-fold covers of S3 branch along these knots. Why am I allowed to do that? So there's a theorem by Kasun and Gordon that tells me that if I have a knot that is slice and then I have a number Q that is a prime power, the Q-fold cover of S3 branch along my knot is going to be the boundary of some rational homology for a ball. So if I show that one cover is not the boundary for rational homology for a ball, then I am showing that a knot is not slice. That's what I'm going to do. How am I going to do it? There's this wonderful invariant by Peter. Am I going to get it? Did I get it right? So they define for, let's say that I have why rational homology three sphere, meaning a closed oriented three manifold that has the same rational homology as the three sphere similar for the four ball, then why is the boundary of a rational homology four ball? If this happens, then there's an invariant D with some spincy structure that is going to be zero. Or if you want, if I take, this is maybe the way I'm going to use it. I'm just going to forget about the spincy structures and the way I'm going to be able to do that is instead I'm just going to define the max of y to be the maximum of all of these D invariants for any spincy structure. And if you don't know what a spincy structure is, really they're going to be featured as, because they are required as an input for these correction terms. Can you really see here? Okay. Oh, okay. So this is in one-to-one correspondence with two times the second homology of my rational homology three sphere, which, you know, because it is a rational homology sphere, this is going to be a finite abelian group, so I can in fact take the maximum. And so what I'm saying is, or the way we're going to use this is that if it bounds a rational homology four-ball, then this is going to be bigger than or equal to zero. Okay? This is the way we're going to use it. So if I show that this D max is negative, then I'm showing that these three manifold does not bound a rational homology four-ball and therefore my nut is not going to be sliced. That's the way I'm going to argue. For this particular cable, so this is actually called the two-one cable of a nut. Remember, the winding number is two in this case. It's the linking number between eta and my pattern. And so I'm going to choose q to be two because two divides two. So really I want q to divide double. In this particular case, so let me draw a picture of this rational homology sphere or which homology sphere. So to understand the two-fold cover of the two-one cable of any nut, one way is that given by Abel and Kirby. So notice that here I have a merbius bound and this is going to be true all cables. You see here this is a merbius bound for all two-one cables. And so, again, for any cable, if I am lazy and I draw it like this, if I take the central circle, what Abel and Kirby tell me is that then the two-fold cover is the result of cutting this circle in half and then rotating it to the bottom and changing orientation. So these are here, means reverse orientation. And then I'm going to put a framing number here which is going to be twice or the number of half-twists that I find in my band. So in this case, I have plus one. So with this description, what I have is that this is plus one surgery on K connected some KR. Great, this is wonderful. Because we understand surgeries, especially when it comes to Dean variants, I think that Peter and Sultan, even when they defined the Dean variants, they gave us the following computation. If I have, and by the way, in this case, this is not just a rational homology sphere, but an integer homology sphere. So I really only have one spincy structure. So I don't even have to take the max, but whatever. So for the two-fold cover of the two-one cable of the two K plus one torus knot, this is going to be minus two K if K is bigger than zero or zero if K is less than or equal to zero. And so what do I have again? So I want to obstruct this knot from being sliced. I want to show that this is not sliced. What I am going to do is I'm going to do it in terms of the two-fold cover. But turns out the two-fold covers behave very well with respect to connected sum. And so do the Dean variants. So here, the Dean variant here is going to be the sum is that this is going to be negative two K plus zero. So if I choose K is bigger than or equal to one, then the knot is not sliced. So it's enough to have one. In this particular case, we're giving you infinitely many. It's an overkill. One would have been enough. So the trifle is just enough. But life is not that good and not every cover is going to have this very simple form. It's just not going to happen. For example, I think that if you do the three-one cable, which means you put one more strand and one more crossing between the new strand and the next one, you're not going to get surgery. So what do we do? Well, there's a second description of these three manifold, which must actually generalize to all branch covers, cyclic branch covers over satellites. So notice that here, what I am doing to get my pK, I did was I consider the complement of the tubular neighborhood of my three manifold, and then I replaced this tubular neighborhood with these solitors. So let me call these solitors the complement of this unnotted editor. And so in this case, what I have is that p of K is really going to be in this part. It does leave in this part. So here, let's say H is that identification between these unnotted solitors and these notted solitors. And I have that I can then represent p of K in a much simpler way. I'm just going to redraw this. What I am saying is if I replace this component by the not exterior, let me call this p of K in such a way that the meridian of K goes to the longitude of eta, and the longitude of K goes to the meridian of eta, then in this case, what I see here what used to be just a knot knot, if I replace by a non-trivial knot, then this is precisely my p of K. And I want to branch over that. But to be honest, I only really know how to branch other than Aguilu Kirby that says if you have a cyphered surface, and then they give you an algorithm to construct a surgery presentation for the branch cover, the only other thing that I can do is I can just branch along the knot, because that's just a matter of rotation. Well, I am super lucky that this knot is symmetric, which means that I can just basically change the colors. And now this is my eta, and this is my p of K. Again, I am replacing the two-learned neighborhood of eta by the not exterior. And now I can actually take the two-fold cover. So I have my crossing here, my crossing here. This is my axis. So again, I am going to be gluing a knot exterior to each one of them. That didn't change. But now I have to tell you what the gluing looks like here. And for that, well, this part is going to remain the same. This is fine. That checks. But I have to be careful about this identification. I have to know where the longitude goes. And so a longitude here, it's very easy to see. But a longitude here, well, now I have right. So I have to compensate for that right. And so in this case, I would have to draw a curve that looks like this. And so I need a curve like that in both components, which really is the minus one one curve on each component. So what I am saying here is that in this case, in the two-fold cover, the meridian of my knot is going to go to the minus one one curve, each lift. So now notice that here I am completely describing the branch cover of the satellite by telling you, by giving you two pieces of information, basically, the lifts of this eta curve and the curve, the lifts of this lambda eta, the lifts of those to the cover, which is not the same as the longitude of each one of these eta one and eta two. Great. Okay. So why am I bothering describing all of these and taking a long time to do that? Because in the end, well, one, as I had sort of mentioned, a similar composition is true for all branch covers. So if I have my satellite operation, I have my winding number. So from now on, I'm going to think of my satellite operation in terms, or my pattern, really, as a two-component link. Instead of defining the precise embedding of p into an unnoted solid torus, what I can do is I can give you a two-component link such that one of them is unnoted. So here I have my winding number, and then I want q prime power such that q divides w. And so in this case, I know that the q folk over any satellite is going to be composed of two things. I take the branch cover over the slice notch that I started with, except I remove the tubular neighborhood of all the lifts. And because I'm choosing q to divide the winding number, I am actually going to get q lifts. So in this case, I have two. I'm going to glue in q copies of my node exterior in such a way that each one of these meridians is going to go to the lift, the height lift of the longitude of my error. And so that's just basically the same as what I am doing here. So how is this going to work? Why am I talking about this particular example? Well, because in the end, our theorem, which I'm about to write down, is going to follow from trying to massage any one of these branch covers to that. In what sense? Well, first let me write the theorem, and then I'll tell you how to do it. So let me say the same, well, I have my pattern, I have my winding number, and I have a prime power that divides the winding number. If I have the following two conditions. One, if I look at the linking number in the q-fold cover of p of u, any pair of lifts, I want this to be non-negative and not all zero. I want each one of them to be a null homologous knot. Satellite operation is not a homomorphism. Okay, so a few comments. This linking number, this is a rational linking number. Possibly, you know, I have a rational homology sphere and so if I have a knot, it's not necessarily going to be null homologous, and if it is not, then the linking number between two non-null homologous knots is going to be a rational number. Just as a word of caution, I don't mean the linking form. The linking form collapses all of the integers to the same thing, and I do want to make a difference between, say, negative one and four. So it's not the linking form. It is the actual linking number that is well-defined up to isotopic. Okay, in this case, because I am assuming that they're null homologous, these are actually integers. Questions so far? Any comments? 13 minutes to tell you how to prove this theorem. Proof of the theorem, basically, so let me do the sketch in case I don't finish. So I need three steps. Step one. I start with a three-manifold that is not a homologous sphere. So I am going to do null homologous surgeries or integer surgeries along null homologous knots. Let me say that sigma is of p of u to get acobordism that takes me from this sigma, which is my link at a one through at a q, two s3 with another knot, sorry, with another link, feel a q-component link, and it's that the linking information is the same, including the framings. So whatever I have on one side, I want to have on the other side. And then because, so remember here that I said, for any companion, really the defining piece, you know, like this is constant to all of them. All of them have this piece. So if I have sort of like the idea is if I have a statement about this side, then by just extending it to this other side, I have a statement about all of the covers. And then because I have acobordism, then I am going to get a bound. So then get a bound. Like I said, what I want is to get to this point, to this link over here. Well, I don't know what these linking numbers are in general, but here I do know that the linking matrix, this knot is going to be negative one, one, one negative one. Right, by framing I mean, you know, like there's a way of keeping track of which curve the meridian goes to by just having an integer. So I want to somehow get to that point, except, well, if I start with, if Q is five, then how am I going to go back to these two only two by two? Well, I'm going to allow this matrix to be a little bit bigger.  And I'm going to have some unlinks, or Q minus two unnoted unlink components. So here I do change the crossing. Yeah, surgery alone, unnoted, negative one frame unnot. So this gives me a second co-board design. Now from this L to a new L prime, such that now the linking number of this new one is precisely what I have over there. So it's going to be one for one particular pair, say for the first two components, negative one if I mean framing, and then zero for everything else. So basically I am just changing it so that I get this linking matrix. And so now I have the linking matrix, but I really want to get not just the linking number, but the precise link. And so the third step involves two class per surgeries to transform S3 with this L prime into now the actual, let me call this the HQ. So the two first components are hopefully with negative one framing, and then all of the others are zero framed unnotes that are unlinked. Okay, good. So this is the sketch. Now let me give you a little bit more information. Questions so far? Anything? Okay. Yes. Yes. So, okay. So maybe I'm just going to start third to first because Dani asked a question about the third one. So class per surgery. A class per surgery on a three manifold is the result of replacing this genus three handled body. Let me draw it by. So where are the handles? Let me cheat because I don't want to get it wrong. So, wait, so you just have the handles joining these, the same end points in such a way that they alternate and same thing here. So I have these with these. I have these front and I have these. So there's, I wish I could show you a better picture. This is the same or equivalently, you replace the Borromean links by you do the surgery along this Borromean links. Or equivalently, if pi is the element of the mapping class group of the surface of genus three, such that I have a three handled body union, another three handled body along phi, this gives me a Hagar decomposition for these three torus. Then the class per surgery or Borromean surgery is the result of, you know, so if I start with any three manifold and I have any handled body genus three, I have it with F with my another genus three handled body, then the result is just replacing this by the composition of this new one. So let me just say that I just, I just change it by, in whichever way this element, this self-deferred morphism of the surface tells me. And what's important is that, well, maybe I'm not, maybe it's not clear by this, but if you want more details, I can tell you. Because I only have two more minutes and this is not where I wanted to go. So this is an element of the Torelli group of the genus three surface, meaning the induced map on homology is the identity. And so it really doesn't change the homology at that point. And what we have, so let me say, so part of our results, so I always do, in each step I do topological operation that has a four dimensional counterpart and I use that four dimensional counterpart to get a bound in the D invariance. And so in here, what we have is that if I have an element of the Torelli group of really any surface of genus G and maybe here I can just call it M sub phi instead, if M is any three manifold and M psi is the result, if I have a genus G Hager splitting, then I am just going to get a bound on the D invariant by a constant that it depends on the expression of the factorization of phi in terms of the generators of the Torelli group which has bounding pair maps and dain twists. Okay, so basically what happens in the end is by step one I get that the D invariant of sigma will be max minus the D invariant actually and this is the important part. I have, again, I have these operations that give me a precise way of changing my link and so because I have it with the link then I can say that this is true for any companion. It's not just a statement about the first one of them all. And then on the other side, well, what do I do? I take the complement of my link L and then I take that with the union of Q copies of the nut exterior which is exactly, so I just carry the same gluing that I had and I get bounds in each step officially out of time and I didn't finish the proof but, you know, we get one bound here then I get another bound here and then I get another bound here and all of these are independent. This is the key. They don't depend on the companion so I get to choose and so then what I have is that then I have the difference between this D invariant and the D invariant of my beautiful spaces that I had here that is bounded by some constant so I can just choose this D invariant to be large enough or negative enough to compensate for the existence of the constant and then I can just choose my K so that I get something negative and then therefore I have non-slice this of the connected sum of P of K with P of minus K. Okay, that's it. Sorry. Questions for Juanita? Yes, yes. So we start with a factorization of psi. Okay, so let's say that first, so first let's do it for dame twists. Well, a dame twist plus or minus dame twist, let's say. That's nothing other than surgery. So I already have surgery and then if I have integer surgery, I have the trace co-boardism, the co-boardism that is induced by attaching the two-handle and then I get a bound from that. So that's sort of for free. Then what happens if I have a bounding pair map? Well, in that case, the proof is similar in the sense that what you need to do is just in your four-manifold, you want to find a closed surface that sort of contains all of the second homology and you want to remove it so that the complement is a semi-definite four-manifold because then you have bounds for what happens with semi-definite four-manifolds with bounding. And basically, that's what we do. We just construct the correct surface. If you have a bounding pair map, then you start with... So bounding pair map means... So say I have something like this and you have alpha plus, alpha minus. This is a bounding pair map. So I can construct a surface by taking, say, this side and I take a cypherd surface for these two and then that's the one that I excise and when I excise that, I get a lot of control and that's what allows me to get this. So when I get a tubular neighborhood of this closed surface, I am introducing a three-manifold into the co-boardism or into the new four-manifold which is the circle bundle of the only number N over a genus, whatever surface and then you just have to be careful with the spincy structures over there and they bounce on the D invariance for those manifolds, but those have been computed. Yeah, so there's a theorem. I mean, it's just not clear. A lot of people did work to tell us that if you have an element in the Torelli group of a closed surface, then you're going to be able to factor it in terms of dame twists along non-separating curves. Sorry, separating curves. Yes, the opposite. Separating curves and bounding pairs. That's the theorem. So then from there we can go. Any more questions? Marco. For this? Yes. This one, there are formulas. You know, there's a paper by Cha and Ko that tells you if you give me a presentation of the rational homology sphere as surgery on a link, integer surgery on a link, and I'm going to be able to compute the linking number of that. So that's a formula. But you do have to produce some sort of surgery description. But you can do it using a curved curve. So that one is very computable. In fact, I kind of want... I think Snappy should be able to do these computations, but I don't know enough about Snappy too. I don't know what to tell the computer, so if somebody wants to teach me I'll be so incredibly grateful and happy. And then the second one. Yeah, the second one is a little harder. But then in all honesty, we can replace this one by either we have even winding number or the order of each one of these curves in first homology by W. And in those cases, you also get that it's not a homomorphism. So there's a little bit of a problem. So do I need all of these linking numbers to be non-negative? Is it enough to have a lower bound? I do absolutely need them to be non-negative because here when I am changing the linking numbers, if I want to get to these, I have to start with non-negative.  You can go down a little bit and a little bit until you get to these. So if I start in negative, I'm not going to be able to get there. Yeah, that's a good point. No, absolutely not. So Tom's question is, at first it seems in my proof that all of these co-boardisms are definite co-boardisms and in fact it is not. So this whole project started because I wanted to use to turn Simon's bounds to get this obstruction. But to use turn Simon's or instanton's, you really need definite manifolds and definite for manifolds and in our three steps, the only one that has a definite for manifold is this one. So it's just not enough. That's why we had to go to the invariance because the invariance, you get a lot from semi-definite. So from this co-boardism and from this co-boardism, I can produce a semi-definite for manifold that is going to give me the bound in the D invariant. So, I mean, if you know how to control turn Simon's using semi-definite co-boardisms, I mean, or if anybody knows, I would just love. I would love to understand how instantons behave under non-negative definite formats. Any more questions? If not, then let's thank Juanita again.


Hello, and welcome. I am Sachin R. Gengze, Professor and Head, Department of Electronics Engineering at Walchen Institute of Technology, Sulapur. In today's lecture, we will have an introduction to oscillators, which are, we are going to talk about the oscillators which are designed using operational amplifiers. The learning outcomes of this session, after completing this session, you, that is, student will be able to explain the different types of oscillator and explain working of oscillators in general. So, what is an oscillator? An oscillator, a function of the oscillator is to generate alternating current or voltage waveform. So, the output of the oscillator circuit is either a waveform, which is alternating current or alternating voltage. One can define oscillator also as the circuit that generates repetitive waveform of fixed amplitude and fixed frequency without any external input. So, if you look at the output of the oscillator, it is a waveform which is repeated and it has a fixed decided amplitude and the frequency which is also fixed. Now, one may ask a question, how it is possible to generate any output without any external input? Definitely, it is not possible. For the oscillator circuit, we are connecting DC supply as a power supply and then that DC power supply is getting or rather the power from the DC power supply is getting converted into alternating current AC signal. As we know, the oscillators are very much used in various electronic devices ranging from simple clock generator in which we require oscillator to sophisticated digital instrument, maybe instrument like calculators and complex computer in peripherals also we require oscillator. Common example of signal generated by oscillator include signal broadcast by radio and television transmitter. We know that for generating the carrier frequency we require oscillators. Also, the clock signal that regulate computers and cars clock and the sound produced by electronic beepers and video games, all these kind of circuits, all these kind of electronic circuit that requires oscillator insight. If you look at the types of the oscillator, the oscillators can be classified based upon what are the types of the component or what are the components used to design the oscillator or what is the frequency that is generated by the oscillator or what are the type of the waveform generator. See, it is although the oscillators which are generating sinusoidal waveforms are quite common but there can be requirement or there are oscillators which are generating non sinusoidal repeated waveforms, maybe a square wave or triangular wave or a sawtooth wave, all these are we are calling them as an oscillator. So, the oscillator can either be classified based upon component use or what kind of frequency it generates or what is the type of the waveform that is being generated by the oscillator. Based upon the components used by the oscillator there are three type of the oscillator, the oscillators which uses RC that is resistor and capacitor or LC that is inductor and capacitor and then there can be crystal oscillator also. Based on the frequency of the oscillation generated or the frequency of the waveform generated, the oscillators can be classified as a low frequency oscillator or audio frequency oscillator or radio frequency or high frequency oscillator. And as I said there are number of different types of the waveforms which can be generated like there can be sinusoidal which is of course very popular type of oscillator or there can be square wave or triangular wave or sawtooth wave or any other repeated waveform being generated by the oscillators. The low frequency oscillator is an electronic circuit that generates a frequency below approximately 20 hertz. So, it is a very low frequency even below of 20 hertz and these oscillators are used for or they are being used these kind of terms they are typically used in the field of audio synthesizers to separate from an audio frequency oscillator. And then other type of oscillator which is very popular is called as an audio oscillator which is producing the waveforms which are having frequency in the audio range that is from 16 hertz up to 20 kilo hertz. And lastly there are oscillators which are generating high frequency or the radio frequencies and a typical application of that as a carrier waveform in different type of modulation. And then these oscillators are generating RF which are in the range of 100 kilo hertz to 100 kilo hertz all these are coming under oscillators. Then based upon the component one of the very popular type of the oscillators are RC oscillators. In an RC oscillator the filter is a network which is there in an oscillator which is which is designed using resistors and a capacitor. RC oscillators are simple to design and RC oscillators are mostly used to generate low frequencies say for example in the audio range. We have seen that the audio range is something between we have seen that it is between 16 hertz to 20 kilo hertz. So mostly these audio oscillators are generated using R and C. Common type of RC oscillator circuit are phase shift oscillator and wind bridge oscillator. So different types of even in an RC oscillator or a low frequency oscillator there are different methods to design the oscillator. Two of the popular methods of oscillator design are the phase shift oscillator and wind bridge oscillator. So here I leave you with a question that please think and answer what are the types and what are the applications of the oscillators. Okay I think that you must have now ready with the answer what are the types of the oscillator we have seen that there are three types of the oscillator depending on the components used depending on the frequency generated and depending upon the type of waveform generated and then what are the applications of the oscillator we have discussed various applications of the oscillators. Let us move ahead with the concept of oscillators. Now what is an oscillator? Basically oscillator is a amplifier with a feedback where the part of the output of the amplifier is a feedback to input via what is called as the feedback circuit. If the signal which is feedback from output to input through feedback circuit is of proper magnitude and phase then circuit produces oscillations and we know that most of the oscillator uses what is called as the positive feedback. So look at the look at the oscillator how it can be you can see that oscillator has two parts first is an amplifier let us assume that the gain of the amplifier is AV then there is a feedback circuit and the feedback factor for this feedback circuit is B. Now initially I can assume that there is a noise in the circuit which acts as an input for the amplifier so amplifier produces the output the part of the amplifier is feedback and added please see that it's a positive feedback so added again to the input of the amplifier amplifier then produces still more output higher output then again it is feedback and added and likewise initially at t is equal to 0 I can assume that there is some input which is a form of noise but once I that input is given or I assume that that input is given to the oscillator circuit then the oscillators start producing the output which is a sinusoidal waveform without any input but please remember without any input not possible to generate any output there is a DC power supply which is there for the amplifier and then from that we produce the output which is a sinusoidal signal. So when we talk about the oscillator it consists of two part the first one is an amplifier with a feedback as you can see the output of the amplifier is taken let us assume that the output of the amplifier is V0 then it is feedback through a feedback circuit which is having a feedback factor of beta so the output of the feedback output of the feedback circuit is Vf which is a part of the V0 please understand this V0 multiplied by beta will give me Vf then Vf is again feedback and then again some output is being produced. So the oscillator necessarily consists of two part the amplifier with a feedback definitely whose gain is Av greater than 1 and then there is a feedback circuit okay now what are the conditions for oscillations now in this circuit what are the conditions for the oscillation the first condition there are two condition which must be made the first condition is that the magnitude of the loop gain the total gain of this is again of the amplifier Av multiplied by the feedback factor beta so the total loop gain Av B or Av beta must be at least equal to 1 and then the total phase shift of the loop gain Av B must be equal to 0 degree or 360 degree so that indicate that it's a positive feedback where the power supply of the amplifier is switched on initially electronic noise as I say in the circuit provides a non-zero signal and then the oscillation start the type of the waveform generated by the oscillator depend upon the component used and then it may be sinusoidal square or the triangular so with that we come to the end of the lecture introduction to oscillator the references I have used for rather I have used only one reference for this and that is op-amps and linear integrated circuit by Ramakan Kaikwan so with that I leave you today thank you very much for attending the lecture thank you


Live from Austin, Texas, it's theCUBE, covering KubeCon and CloudNativeCon 2017. Brought to you by Red Hat, the Linux Foundation, and theCUBE's ecosystem partners. Welcome back, I'm Stu Miniman, and you're watching SiliconANGLE Media's flagship production of theCUBE. We're here at CloudNativeCon and KubeCon here in Austin, Texas. Happy to welcome back to the program a many time alum, Tom Joyce, who is now the CEO of PENSA. Tom, great to see you. Great to see you too. All right, so Tom, we've had you on so many different ecosystems, so many different waves of technology. Talk about PENSA, how it fits into this whole CloudNative space that we're looking at at this show. Okay, great, yeah, like you said, you and I, we've known each other a long time. We've seen a lot of revolutions in technology, and we're in the middle of a number of them right now, and at this event you've got the CloudNative folks and you've got the folks that are tackling containers and Kubernetes orchestration, and it's interesting, this crowd here is so young and so creative, and the last few days I was at the Gartner Data Center Infrastructure show and- Not so young there? Not so young, but the same problems, right? Two different communities trying to solve the same problems, which are how do we deal with insane complexity, how do we deal with an environment that's now not just three public clouds and some hybrid clouds, but a growing list of specialty clouds, how do we manage all of that? And what PENSA is trying to do is be a part of solving that problem using intelligent automation technology, especially in managing the underlay complexity, the infrastructure layer. And it's kind of funny, we've gone through a period of time when the whole discussion has been, hey, containers are going to be at Panacea and infrastructure doesn't matter and infrastructure's going away, and I think there's some truth to how that is evolving, but it still matters, especially when you get down to having to deliver services to customers, right? Tom, first of all, I mean, Dan Cohen got on stage from the CNCF and he said, it is exciting times for boring infrastructure that may be too exciting. I love that line because every wave comes out, it was like, Tom, you remember, virtualization? Oh, I'm not going to have to worry about things like networking and storage.  Containers came out, oh, once again, we're going to abstract it away and going to take that. So what do you see is that role between the infrastructure layer and that cloud native? What are the big challenges? What are your customers seeing and how is Panacea actually helping to fix? Well, I think what we're seeing, in my opinion, is we're going from operations running everything to dev ops, to now they're starting to talk about no ops, how do we get to a point where? We might argue over the terminology because we need ops, obviously. Here's what I think. I think it's going to be less ops and more architecture. I think the challenge becomes around how do you do the design? How do you architect these systems so that they will work and not fail? And it's a lot like, you know, one metaphor I would heard somebody use that I'm going to steal is we went from in drafting, we went from drafting on a sketch pad, using CAD technology to using 3D CAD technology to automated CAD technology to now service providing it, right? And what happened? Everybody got smarter about architecture being the important part, not the actual physical plugging together. I think the role of the architect in a cloud native environment, in a Kubernetes environment, in a VM environment is frankly more important than ever. Somebody needs to know how the tools work to make sure that the service level is actually delivered. You know, I have sat in a lot of these meetings where people say, look, just put your old app in a container and you don't have to, you can run it anywhere, it'll be fine. And it's just, somebody needs to think about the architecture and we want to provide intelligent technology that helps them do that. Like AutoCAD and like some of these things that came along in that ecosystem. Yeah, one of the things I've been poking at, you know, most of this year and coming into this show especially, is people say, oh, it's too complicated. And the response really is, well, apologies. It's never going to get simple. Yeah. What we need is, I need proper tooling, things like automation to be able to help because humans alone will not be able to fix that. I really need to have the combination of the tooling, proper architecture, as you said, what are you seeing? How's that playing out in customer environments? Well, I think what we're seeing is folks figuring out that, number one, it's cross domain and cross cloud. So whatever you design needs to work in multiple different environments that are going to end up having different capabilities. And nobody really has deep expertise in everything about networking, everything about containers, everything about compute and storage, but all those things still matter. So what folks are asking for is a layer of technology that kind of arbitrates between the underlying infrastructure and the upper level applications that they're actually trying to deliver. And that's where this automation layer that's emerging comes in. And part of that's orchestration and part of it's what we do. And what we're focusing on is design, validate, complex designs, build them and deploy them using tools that help people do that a lot faster and get it right every time. So mistakes don't transpire. Yeah, Tom, I want you to help explain to our audience this whole SDN wave, kind of it played out. And sure, VMware NSX and Cisco ACI, they're doing okay, but for a lot of the industry, SDN equals equals still does nothing, yet networking, critically important, heavily involved in kind of both the container and all this cloud native discussion. Why now is, how are we fixing networking? How is it being set up for this type of environments versus what we were trying to do with SDN? Yeah, I think it's a good point. I think you've got SDN in the enterprise and you also have network functions, virtualization in the service providers and often overlooked that in the enterprise, you're going through cloud native and DevOps transitions and service providers going through a revolution of their own from becoming, going from being telcos, becoming digital service providers. And the problems are similar. The technologies are different. You know, I think what my observation is this is the hype cycle is real. You know, we've gone through five years of talking about SDN, talking about OpenStack, talking about network functions, virtualization and all of a sudden now what I've seen in this job is that there's real money getting spent and the technology's being used. NSX is being used in a whole variety of ways that people didn't anticipate. And we're seeing in every one of these service providers whether they're a classic telcos, they're wired or they're wireless or they're a cloud, they're investing in technologies to revolutionize how the core of that network works and how the edge network works. Like the first signs of that are really NSX and SD-WAN. SD-WAN has now gone mainstream because customers have seen that there's a real use case for it. That's kind of your first broadly applicable network function. And I think though in the next couple of years there will be one after another those problems are going to get knocked down. And so frankly in our business we started focusing on a lot of these enterprise problems with NSX and VSAN and Software Defined Data Center technologies around VMware. We're working on containers. But frankly the biggest area of growth for us is probably going to be these large service providers. It's like a trillion dollar business and it's going to be revolutionized over five years. So we're getting involved in a lot of these network functions virtualization conversations. And so yeah, I wouldn't say does nothing. It does a lot, but getting there it's been a really hard technology to figure out. Yeah, right. It's kind of, it took a little bit wild and mature. The other thing you've got some strong background on. Look at kind of the management monitoring in this type of environment. What's new? How does that change in the networking space when we have it's all microservices and all these various pieces there. What are you seeing there? Yeah, the short answer is I have a little bit of a rebel controversial view on that. It's not unique, but I think not- John Furrier would say we love controversy here on theCUBE. I think monitoring goes away. Monitoring the way it's been done for the last 30 years goes away. And I think when we had mainframes, we had client server, we had internet and now we have the set of technologies we're working with in virtualization. Every time that transition has happened there's been a whole bunch of monitoring companies. But I think classic monitoring is eventually going to go away. Ultimately, there is a lot of complexity and the machine needs to manage it, right? The machine's going to need to manage it. So the eyeballs watching the problem and remediating it to a greater and greater extent are going to be automation technologies versus throwing up more and more alerts in front of a human that says, I'm just going to turn them off because I don't know what this means. So I think automation technologies are going to replace classic monitoring.  They're not going to tolerate that. They just want to deliver an application service. They don't want to deal with operations. They don't want to deal with monitoring. They don't want to deal with problems. They want the problems to take care of themselves. That's hard, but I think that's coming. Tom, the end users, whether it be enterprise, service providers, there's a lot of technology out there. There's a lot of things happening out there. When do they know to call Pensa? Give us some of the big value prop that they should be knowing that say, oh, hey, yes, that makes sense to me. I need to give you guys a call. I can boil it down very simply. We deal with two kinds of people and they're really the architects. So you think about that CAD analogy. We're dealing with people that are doing complex designs in two areas. One is typically software-defined data center. So people that are bringing all of these technologies together and need to deliver a working system, maybe a really complex proof of concept or big systems where they're using VMware as an example. So we help them get that job done and do it fast. That's what the automation systems we provide do. The other is and large-scale service providers, folks that are dealing with onboarding VNFs, building complex networks, and have been grappling with that with OpenStack and some of these early technologies for a number of years, we have a revolutionary way to onboard those VNFs, validate designs, deliver designs, and do it in a way that integrates with all the open-source technologies people are using.  Yeah, Tom, you've been CEO at a couple of companies now. Want to get your viewpoint, just being a CEO for a startup in today's landscape, what's it like? What advice do you give your peers? You know, when you guys are grabbing a drink at the bar, you know, what are some of the kind of biggest challenges and biggest things that occur to you? We're too tired to grab a drink at the bar. I'll tell you that I love this. It is a great mental challenge because, again, I've been like you, I've been doing this for over 30 years and it forces you to learn and learn and question what you know. And that's why I really like the opportunity to engage with the leading edge of technology. Frankly, all the folks here are young and creative and it's forced me to become better at what I do. There are a lot more unknowns than working for a big company. With a big company, a lot of what you have to do is laid out before you. In this job, I have to constantly force myself to question what I know, to listen to the customer, to learn new things. And you know, it can be tiring, but it's a good kind of tiring. All right, last question I have for you. What are you most proud of, what you've done since you've joined Pensa, and give us a little bit of outlook, 2018, for those that are watching, what should we be looking for, kind of milestones, deliverables, or other items?  I didn't do anything, right? I don't write the code.  I think we've been really fortunate to keep all those people and get them focused on some big problems. You know, I'm proud of delivering Pencilab to market. I'm proud of the customers we've signed up since we launched that just at the beginning of October. I'm proud of what we're doing with Nokia on large scale networking in the NFB area. And frankly, I'm proud of the ability of this team to constantly engage and learn and try new things and take risks and screw up and try again. So, you know, it's that whole experience. It's good to work with good people that you like. All right, in 2018? Yeah, 2018 I think is going to be surprising for the people in terms of kind of the reemergence of OpenStack. I think OpenStack is coming back. Don't let them hear that, Tom. I know. The wolves will come out. Why? Well, because I think it's reaching at a point where the economics of certain kinds of cloud models and frankly, the economics of VMware are forcing people to reconsider, but it's especially around digital service providers. You know, these large companies have been grappling with how do we revolutionize our core networks for five years dealing with OpenStack? And they kind of got a lot of the stuff to work now. I think that is another sort of controversial statement. You know, when I got into this job, I was like, you know, OpenStack is dead. I was involved with Healy and at Hewlett Packard. And I was like, that's never coming back. Well, guess what? It's coming back. I think the other thing is we're going to see a lot more money being spent on revolutionizing the core networks in these telcos and digital service providers. That's what I think the big thing is. Yeah, well, absolutely. We've been at the OpenStack show for many years. The networking component, especially for the telco and service providers, absolutely a strong area of focus. You know, your average enterprise, they might not be looking for OpenStack. There might be pockets. Yeah, but internationally there's some pockets, but absolutely. Tom Joyce, always a pleasure to catch up with you. We look forward to seeing you in the next time. And we'll be back with lots more coverage here from theCUBE at KubeCon in Austin, Texas. You're watching theCUBE.


Thank you for the presentations. It's very impressive what's happening and very ambitious. I had a question for the two mares. How do you think you will spend the money that you're receiving from these payments? What types will they be going to individual farmers, more projects, or are these things that you are still determining? So we'll have a bit of translation. That's what's going on if you can't hear it. Okay. This is our government budget. First of all, according to the law, it will be passed through the People's Representative Assembly. This is a process. Secondly, the government budget for ecological civilization is relatively specific. On the one hand, it's about ecological protection. Its budget may be for some groups and some production units. On the other hand, it will be for the people, for the people. For example, we have set up a protective mechanism for ecological construction. It is based on the forest and forest areas of the farmers. It is based on the budget of each unit. In addition, the development of ecological industries for the people is a policy-based service. So in China, the government budget has to be approved by the People's Congress. So there is a very strict procedure to this. And for the ecological civilization, we have specific budgets as well. But broadly speaking, they can be developed into two categories. The first category involves the funding for compensation to specific entities. The second aspect of the budget deals with the people's livelihoods. For example, for the farmers who have ownership of a certain acreage of ecological forests, the compensation from the government's budget will be decided on the acreage of those forests. I am from Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province. Fuzhou is a very sensitive city with a very deep cultural foundation. It has a population of only 4 million. Fuzhou has a population of about 5.2 million. The budget of Fuzhou is mainly used for its own purposes. The third category involves the restoration of ecological forests. For example, the third category involves the destruction of crops and crops. The government has already set up a restoration process for the ecological forest. The second category involves the restoration of ecological forests. Fuzhou has a population of 4 million. Fuzhou has a population of 1,945 million. Since the beginning of last year, Fuzhou has been a big city with a population of 30 million. The third category involves the restoration of ecological forests. For example, the restoration of the water resources, and the restoration of the ecological forests. The government has set up a restoration process for the national forests. At the same time, the government has set up a restoration process for the forests. I will return to the topic. I am from Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province. In terms of the budget for ecological civilization, it can be divided into three aspects. For Fuzhou City, it is a fairly modest city. It has only a population of 520,000 people. In terms of government spending in support of ecological rehabilitation and conservation, the first category of our ecological spending relates to ecological rehabilitation. For example, for some mining projects, we have specific designated budgets for restoring the natural environment after the discontinuation of the mining activities. The second category deals with conservation. For example, in our jurisdiction, we have implemented a natural forest conservation program, and we have a ban on logging for most of our natural forests. We have a certain budget in support of this effort. The third category of our government spending related to environmental protection or ecological protection deals with the people's livelihood. For our local residents and also for the ecological forests, for those people who have ownership or tenure over those natural resources, they will be compensated in addition to the compensation, monetary compensation from the state budget, national government budget. We also have local government budget in support of this effort. And also, we take care of poverty alleviation as well. We try to take measures to absorb certain labor from the poverty-stricken areas. So this is also one of the ways for us to improve the livelihoods of the local communities. Thank you so much for the good question and those very insightful answers. I want to invite two more questions, ideally for Miss Jiang from Shenzhen and for Ouyang. And while you might be coming to or raising your hand for a microphone, I just want to say we have videos that have come from both Fuzhou and Lishui cities. So they will be shown during some of the breaks, and you'll be able to get a better sense of what is going on today in those places that are being developed really as pilots for testing out all the financial mechanisms and policies that we think of and share together as possibly working to achieve the vision. And I also want to say tomorrow night, we've heard from Mary and Anne and Henry, there's this wonderful evening planned in the Bing Concert Hall. Please come at 7.15, the doors will open. In the main concert hall we'll have a performance both from Fuzhou and from Lishui city with different performers kind of bringing to us another form of expressing what we're all reaching for in this transformation to an ecological civilization. So that's tomorrow evening. But let's have a couple of questions. Thank you. This is a question for the first speaker. I think the work that's going on in China sounds fantastic. My question is the other big influence of China is the development around the world in other countries. And I'm wondering whether there are any plans to work with the companies that are going out and bring them up to the same level with the things that you're doing in China? Oh, yeah. That's a really good question. Actually, when we are kind of like in printing, I give the presentation, that's the same question. Actually, recently you'll know China will have one bank, one road, road program, some strategy, something like that. Actually, our center works with Sri Lanka and, how to say, Cambodia. And also work with the other Asian countries together to do the same thing. They launch a new project from China Commissar to identify the crucial area for water, for biodiversity and to say, where we can use for development, where we must protect together. So let's go. Basically, I hope we can do something. There's also, if you look in Nature magazine maybe three or four weeks ago, a write-up on the digital Silk Road, which is a new initiative through the Chinese Academy of Sciences to develop the kind of data we have on the natural capital platform across the Belt and Road Initiative countries, so about 66 countries, an open data platform on natural capital that kind of in the dream will track change in real time. So there is that, plus many other efforts you can ask Ouyang about, that extend across China's footprint. And maybe one final question. Here's a hand up. Oh, I see. Thank you. Please stand in the back. And then we'll have more over the break. Thank you. Good afternoon. Good morning. Yeah, my name is Lukman Issa. I'm a graduate research student at Brandeburg University of Technology in Germany. Originally, I'm from Nigeria. I'm from a coastal city called Lagos in Nigeria. I got quite fascinated with what is happening. Genssen municipality. And I'm trying to make a correlation with my own city in Lagos. We've got problem of rapid urbanization presently. And I want to know more about the ecological control line. How we've been able to achieve 50% of the land and save it for natural conservation purposes against the development. In our case, that's what the policy makers are trying to struggle with and would not be able to get the right balance. With this, I hope I can learn from you. Thank you very much. Would you get a photo of your friend, Chef? No, I don't have one. I don't have one. You see, you made a comment. He is from Nigeria. He is from Nigeria. He is only 20 years old. He wants to learn from you. He wants to learn from you. Thank you very much. Thank you for your concern to our city. Let me introduce our work. I would like to speak in my native language. Please translate. I've just introduced it. Because Shenzhen is a coastal city. So our main job now is to combine marine protection and land protection. What we're doing now is to protect the most important part of marine protection and land protection. That is, the ecological red line we just talked about and put it together to make a unified consideration. This is a job to protect the space. I've just introduced it. What we want to do now is a very important thing. How to use our scientific methods and calculations to evaluate the city from a small village to a big city now. What is the ecological change in the process? Has it changed or has it gone bad? If it hasn't caused a big damage or impact, what have we done wrong? If some aspects have started to change, what should we pay attention to? So I think this evaluation work is very important. During this evaluation process, we need to build a network to do this. In addition, we also need a more objective, more reasonable and scientific evaluation of some indicators and methods and tools. So this is also a very important idea that we and Mr. Dilley and Mr. Ouyang have worked together. In these aspects, I hope that Mr. Dilley and Mr. Ouyang can provide some inspiration and help. Thank you. Just now, I give everybody a very brief introduction to the city of Shenzhen. Now, as a matter of fact, our current focus is to integrate marine conservation with the terrestrial conservation. This has everything to do with the red-line policy. I just described very briefly a couple of minutes ago. And this holistic and integrated approach to conservation by combining marine conservation and terrestrial conservation through spatial analysis is something we are currently focused on. And another aspect of work is our science-based approach to inform all our work and efforts. For example, over the last couple of decades, Shenzhen has evolved from a small fishing village to a well-known metropolis internationally. And in this process, naturally, great ecological changes have occurred and we need to take a look at those changes. What are the improvements and what are the degradations? And if there are damages, ecological damages and degradations, what are the lessons we need to draw from those banned examples? In terms of good examples and improvements, what kind of experience we can distill from those good cases? And another aspect of our work is to establish comprehensive and inconclusive monitoring system. And of course, this will require scientific-based approaches as well. We need to understand better what metrics will work and what measures need to be applied to those monitoring projects and work and what kind of tools will be at our disposal. And then this is what motivated us to partner with Professor Ouyang's team and Professor Daley's team.


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I think there's a lot of stuff in religion that has been sort of booted out in the secular age because we all know the complications with religious life, the violence, the bigotry. In religion there are stories that are about the human psyche and the human condition that are indispensable. Like well look at the myth of the Egyptian sun god Ra who nightly wrestles with the serpent of darkness so that the dawn may come knowing that the next day he will undertake the same battle again. Sisypheus who daily pushes the rocks to the top of the mountain knowing that tomorrow he does it again Prometheus who has his guts pecked out by the eagle for stealing fire and giving light to mankind knows that the next day his stomach's gonna heal and the eagle's gonna peck out again. This is it. Accept it. Life is, there is suffering in life.


us. Luke Voight had some comments after the game yesterday saying he deserves to play just as as much as Rizzo. What did you think of those comments? Well, Luke and I have talked. You know, the bottom line is hopefully we were we continue to to get guys back and we remain, you know, healthy. The bottom line is Luke's going to play a big role on this team moving forward. And I think you can all kind of look at it and envision him in the lineup a lot, you know, where as you're moving guys around, giving a guy a day here or there and Luke factors into that a ton. So, you know, this is this is about, you know, us. We got 40 something games left. And, you know, we understand how important these days are and where we are in the season. And, you know, this this is all about us as a team right now and trying to trying to get as many wins as we can. And I feel like Luke's going to play a big role in that. How was the conversation, Aaron? I was the mood on Luke's end. Good. We're ready to roll. I think we're in a position to where, you know, we have a lot of good players. I think a lot of good players are going to get a lot of opportunities to impact us in a positive way. And I'm excited about, you know, more and more guys, more and more impactful guys continuing to return to our team and and hopefully that shows itself up with more wins on the field.  But I'd also say let this thing play out a little bit and see how it does play out. And hopefully it works out to where we're able to keep guys fresh. We're able to keep guys contributing in a high level and putting them in the best positions to impact our club on a nightly basis. And and like I said with Luke, I think there's going to be a lot of playing time. And I think he's going to play a big role in on our team down this stretch. One way to get Luke Voight in the lineup that you are going to see is they're going to play John Cardillo Stanton in the outfield a couple days a week. Now I spoke to Stanton about playing in the outfield after the game last night and he said he actually feels better than he thought he would.  He was also asked about Luke Voight and John Cardillo Stanton said we are dangerous. We are even more dangerous when he's in the lineup as well. Stanton understands the flexibility that he playing in the outfield provides for this team. The Yankees also got a boost to their bullpen. Aroldis Chapman is back tonight. He was added to the roster and Aaron Boone said he is indeed the Yankees' closer. We know they've had some issues late in games as of late. So to get Rizzo and Chapman on the roster, Nick Nelson and Jonathan Davis were both optioned to AAA. Also noteworthy, Domingo Hermann threw a bullpen earlier today at the stadium at about three o'clock. Aaron Boone said he's not exactly sure when they are going to slot Hermann back in the rotation but he came through the bullpen okay and he has been feeling well so that is good news as far as the pitching staff is concerned. And Luis Severino still no news on that second opinion. Aaron Boone said possibly tomorrow for that and Corey Kluber threw yesterday in a rehab start 56 pitches. Aaron Boone said that Kluber came through it okay. The next step for him will be yet another rehab start and the Yankees will reevaluate thereafter. Boone said his pitches looks great. He felt as though he bounced back okay and that's really the main thing with Kluber right now making sure that he's healthy after those starts. All right