Hey everyone, Chad here from the Electric Academy and this week we're going to start our discussions on the electrical code and Specifically this week. We're talking about conductor and passities. So let's get started Hey, everyone Chad here from the Electric Academy and welcome to our first in a series that I'm going to be doing on code I'm teaching an electrical course right now at BCIT and we're in right deep into code So I thought I'd build a couple of Code videos as I go along here something been meaning to do for a very long time and I just haven't gotten around to it And so we actually have a snow day here today in Vancouver. We we got hit with like a I don't I think I had like eight inches of snow I had to shovel off the driveway which I know for you people back east You're not gonna be feeling too sorry for us, but for us here in the West Coast man It's we're not used to that so just as a little disclaimer When I go over this today, we're gonna be talking about conductor and passity and I'm gonna be using the Canadian electrical code because I'm from Canada So all of you Americans are gonna be watching this There is a counterpart in the NEC and I'm not sure what it is, but it's the basic same idea So if you want to just watch along to see how we calculate conductor and passity The code rules be different But I think the ideas are the same and I know that our tables are very similar to the NEC tables So similar ideas as we go here. So let's get that digging in here I like to keep these things short and sweet as you know, so conductor and passity. How do we figure out what current? We're allowed to put on what conductors so the first off There's some factors that affect your opacity and factors that we have to consider There's the type of material that you're using and what I mean by that is are we using a copper conductor? Or are you gonna be planning on using an aluminum conductor? The next thing that we have to consider is the method of installation Is it gonna be enclosed and what I mean by that is it gonna be running some sort of raceway? Typically a conduit or maybe even the cable tray or is it gonna be run out in free air? So in my experience, so I haven't done a lot of free air and from what I can see and talking around and talking to people Freer seems to be a little bit rare freer. I thought would be like if it was inside MCC and kind of in the panduit there, but that's not for you That's still within an enclosed space. So again, that's something else Maybe if you have an idea maybe put that down in the comment section below here That'd be great if you can give me an example of what free air looks like or even add a picture or send me a Link there something I can look at but for the most part We're gonna be dealing with stuff that's enclosed because it's going to be in some sort of cable assembly or a conduit Next we have to do is we have to figure out what kind of insulation we're dealing with We have insulation around the wire for a reason it protects the actual conductor And it also prevents it from short-circuiting so we don't want the insulation burning off So we have to take into consideration the temperature rating of the insulation We also have to worry about the ambient temperature in the room So typically according to our code here, and that's what let me show you here this Canadian electrical code 2018 Typically anything below 30 degrees C we can go ahead and use our tables as we will but then anything over 30 degrees C We have to derate and we'll talk about that later on as we get going here So anything that's 30 degrees or higher or higher than 30 degrees is going to be have to be derated because again What happens here is we know that the conductors themselves when they have current running through it It creates heat and heat does stuff to the insulation So we have to worry about the current running through the conductors as well as the heat around the room If we have a room that's very hot Well, then we might have to derate the cable based on the opacity based on the temperature rating of that insulation Now as I mentioned We're going to be going a little bit through the Canadian electrical code If you can tell me put in the link in the description below story or the comments below Give me a comment on the NEC version like where do you guys down in the States?   I'll be addressing that in later videos But so we're going to be using specifically when we're talking about Empacity of wires and cable we're going to be using rule four dash zero zero four So the opacity for copper wire if you would turn with me if you've got your code book open You would go to four dash zero zero four and I'm just opening it up here just so Know that I'm actually looking at this stuff That's our rule there and for copper wire we have sub rule one I'm not going to read through sub rule one. I'm just going to hit on the major points here But that's where we're finding all our rules, but opacity for copper wires So it tells us in four zero zero one that if we're dealing with single conductor and free air We get our starting capacities from table one, which we'll go to in a second. I've got some examples So don't worry about that But if we're dealing with one two or three conductors in a raceway or cable assembly We're going to table two and this is only for copper. This is not for aluminum So table two is where we're going to be going and honestly I spend probably 95 of my time starting in table two when I'm talking to my students And when I was out in the field because I'm dealing with conductors that are going into a conduit Or into some sort of cable assembly like a tech cable Multiconductor tech that sort of thing. So that's the opacity for copper wire is in four dash zero zero four sub rule one Ampacity for the aluminum wire is same ideas It's found in four dash zero zero four sub rule two Because in that area, we're they're very similar rules because all we're dealing with is different material and aluminum Is got can handle a little bit different opacity. So we'll talk about that. So your tables are going to be different So instead of using tables one and two For a single conductor in free air, we're going to use table three So it's got its own for aluminum and then we've got table four For one two three conductors in a raceway or cable assembly for aluminum. So again The important part is realizing are you dealing with aluminum wire or are you dealing with copper wire because your tables are totally different Now we also have some correction factors Because we're going to have to de-rate at some points So that takes us to some other tables here now in these rules in four dash zero zero four sub rule one and sub rule Two they refer you to this table here and I think I've got that this down first Yes, I do table five C and it says correction factor for four or more conductors in a raceways for table two and four So tables two would be your copper conductors up to three and tables four is your aluminum conductors up to three But if you have more conductors then you're going to have to de-rate because if you have more conductors carrying current It's going to create more heat and that heat is going to create problems for the insulation So we need to de-rate it. We need to bring the heat back a little bit So that's table five C five a That rule and I I've mentioned this later on in the presentation, but that Table it's referred to in sub rule seven four dash zero zero four sub rule seven item b item i And it says the correction factor specified in this rule shall apply only to power and lighting circuit conductors as follow The opacity correction factors of table five a where conductors are installed in an ambient temperature exceeding Or anticipated to exceed 30 degrees celsius. So again, we're up in canada. We're using metric So you go ahead you americans and make go to uh, you would be dealing with fahrenheit Five b is correction factors for tables one and three where single conductors are in free air and in contact with each other So I don't go over those in the examples because I have rarely used that actually in real life And again, if you have used that in real life, please go ahead and leave a comment below I would love to hear it and see where we're using this thing because honestly I yeah, I teach this stuff, but there's things that I don't know yet too So that's what I love about having this channel Is that I learned just as much from you guys is that hopefully that you're learning from me So here we go. We're going to go over some examples of how this stuff works Example number one So what we're going to do is we're going to calculate for one number three r90 copper conductor in free air So the first step here is we're going to go to table one And our tables in the 2018 code book. Let me just Open it up here I find them on Starting to could do Starting on page 417 for the tables and that's in the 2018 code book But they're all around the same area if you're if you're using the 2015 I think the tables are very similar. I don't know if there's any impassive changes to the tables I should know that I should go over and do a video on the code rule changes From the 2015 to 2018, but that's another video for another time. So anyways, we're starting with table one And it's important here if we go to table one, you're going to see that you have down the sides here You've got and let me hold this up so you can see it You've got your Size your awg size your american wire gauge size. So you've got that going down that side But then along the top here, we have different temperature ratings So we have to take that into consideration in this one. We're using r90 So we're going to use the 90 degree column, which is this column here and then work our way down So that's important So our 90 degree column we go to number one and we should end up starting with If we're using table one For one number three conductor I've got 165 amps And that's it. I only wanted to know what one was so there you go table one done example number two Calculate for three number three tw copper conductors run and conduit So we know that this isn't single conductor run for year and it's copper So we're either using table one or two Not single conductor run for year. So then we're going to table two. So I turn the page to table two Then we need to go down and we need to figure out What our uh I'm past or not opacity. Sorry temperature rating of the wire is tw just as an fyi is rated at 60 degrees celsius so That columns again. I'm going to be using six. There's the columns across you've got 60 degrees 75 degrees 90 degrees 110 degrees 125 degrees and 200 degrees We're using the 60 degree column in table two So we do that and if we run our fingers down there number three We end up with 85 amps in the 60 degree column So far so basic, right? Let's keep going an example three. Let's kind of mix it up a little bit We're going to calculate the opacity for each of six number 12 r90 copper conductors run and conduit So again our baseline is always going to be table two from this point on because we're using more than We're assuming that they're it says conduit. So we know that we're using table two as opposed to table one So we start there into table two and we work out that Number 12 are 90. So number 12 90 degrees. We start out with 30 amps Then what we need to do is we need to go to table 5c because 4-004 sub rule 1 Tells us that if you have more than three conductors, you have to derate according to table 5c So we kick over to 5c And we see that we've got six so running across there four to six means that we have to derate at 80 percent or 0.8 So we're taking that 30 Actually got 35 amps that should say 30. Sorry Little mistake there should say 30 amps times point eight. I've got the right answer though is 24 amps, right? So that's what we've got at that. So again, what we do is we go to table two Get our our base point, which is 30 amps We go to table 5c and we find that we need to derate that by 80 or 0.8 So then we went 30 not 35 30 times point eight equals 24 amps All right, let's go to example number four Calculate the opacity for each of eight number 10 RW 75 copper conductors run in a conduit at an ambient temperature of 50 degrees c Couple minutes ago. I mentioned this ambient temperature. We are above 30 degrees c that's going to cause some issues We're going to have to derate for that So first thing again table two we go to table two and we figure out that number 10 is good for 35 amps Okay, so that's our starting point Then we notice that we've got eight of these wires. So it's more than three. So we have to go to table 5c From 5c we find that we have to take it at 70 percent We're going to figure out 35 amps times point seven equals 24.5 amps Now here's the kicker What we need to do now is we need to go to table 5a Because it tells us some 4004 sub rule 7 item i to go to table 5a And what we're going to do is find our impasse our ambient temperature is 50 degrees So we're going to run our finger down to 50 degrees and then we're going to go across and now we see that we've got 75 It's rw 75. We're going to be using the 75 degree column. So we're going to be multiplying that by 75 percent Or 0.75 So we're taking 24.5 amps and multiplying it by 0.75 To get 18.375 amps and that's the maximum opacity that we can put on each of these eight Because there's eight conductors. So we need to derate for the fact that there's more than three And then it's going through a very hot room a 50 degree c room Celsius. So again, we have to derate again because of the temperature And we got one final to go here We're going to talk about this one. This is a good one calculate the opacity for each of four number two r 90 Aluminum conductors. I'm trying to trick you up on this one when installed with two number eight tw aluminum in the same conduit So what I'm going to do here is I'm going to kick it back for a second over to four dash zero zero four And I want to read you that rule that talks about the fact where we've got more than we've got two different temperature ratings See we've got over here. We've got r 90, but then we have tw which is rated at 60 degrees So if you look here, our first step here is going to be to go to table four Why table four because of this the aluminum the aluminum conductor. We're not using table two anymore We have to use table four because I said aluminum watch for that So table four is where we're starting Then we go to table or sorry rule four dash zero zero four sub rule 14 And let me read to you from the good book here and it says The opacity of conductors of different temperature ratings installed in the same raceway Shall be determined on the basis of the conductor having the lowest temperature rating We look here. We've got a 90 degree rating. We've got a 60 degree rating What we're going to do is treat everything that's in the same conduit like it's 60 degrees Okay, because we're going to go with the weakest link So even though this installation here is rated for 90 degrees, we're going to treat it like it's 60 degrees So what we're going to do is calculate out our four number twos as they are twos or 60 degree wire So we do that and I'm going to go to table four And I'm figuring out four number two So I go to number two And I run my finger across and I skit 75 amps because I'm in the 60 degree C column because I'm treating everything in that conduit like it's tw or not 60 degree cable Then we go to table five C because I have Four wires plus two hours. I have six current carrying wires in the conduit. So I need to derate for that So I'm going to go four to six gives us a duration factor of 80 or 0.8 So there we go 75 amps times 0.8 gets us 60 amps And that gets us everything we need for this point. I don't have any other ambient temperature We can assume that it's going to be 30 degrees C And away we go One more thing when we're dealing with conductors in the conduit When we're dealing with bonding conductors or a true neutral the neutral that has actually meant to not carry current Or is there to you know, provide a reference point as well as carry the unbalanced current So not much current because you're not meant to be current carrying conductors. You don't count them so if this had say Four number two are nineties and two number eight tw's and a bonding conductor You would still consider it to be six wires. You don't count that bonding conductor or the neutral that's in there Okay, that's all I got for now Do me a favor if you're getting anything out of these videos, please leave a comment down below I'm trying to get way better at responding to them. And if you could just hit that subscribe button that Let you know when the next time I've got a video coming out I'm trying to release at least a video a week in the 2020 year And I'm trying to double down on my code because I really want to get some code videos out there Make sure you hit that bell notification as well. If you have any questions at all I'm leaving some links to some stuff down in the description below So you can get some more information about what's going on with the electric academy And I just want to say thanks for everybody who supported me along the way here And we're just going to keep on keeping on have a fantastic day and we'll see you later


Hi, everyone. Happy Sunday. I'm Joe for jaspyscasebrakes.com coming at you in our new studio setup We just kind of rearranged some things here, but hey, thanks for joining us. Thanks for making this part of your Sunday We've got 2021 gold rush premier player premier Gold Rush premier football players Right here. There it is dual case break random team break number five 12 boxes total I think there's a few few cards a couple cards per per box So a lot of hits here big. Thanks to this group for getting into the action. I appreciate it Thanks for spending part of your Sunday with me Watch some football together a little playoff baseball later tonight. My Dodgers are are playing my Raiders Hopefully going to be getting the win here against the Broncos Let's roll it. Let's randomize it two and a three five times for names and teams one two three four and five After five times we got Jeremy all the way down to Jerry two and a three five times for the teams one two three four and fifth and final time After five we got my Raiders Nice down to the minnesota vikings Ooh and a Raiders interception All right, and apparently that cowboys patreets games looking pretty exciting. I might have to switch to that in a second Um Jerry or check that Jeremy with my Raiders Chris with the Chargers Blaine with the Giants Edwin with the Lions Tyler with the Tennessee Titans Stephen Davidson with the Falcons Adam You got the Cowboys Jerry Jeremy with the Ravens Adam with the Packers Adam B with the Jets Franklin with the bills Kym with the Jaguars Paul with the Chiefs Jared with the Bucks Kym with the Bears Daniel with the Panthers Garrett with the Washington football team Zach with the Bangles Steve with the Broncos Michael with the Rams Blaine with the Texans Stephen with the Steelers Adam with the Seahawks Paul with the Colts Ron with the Browns Brad with the Dolphins Adam Levy with the Patriots Steve Wright with the Niners Zach with the Saints Daniel with the Cardinals Ron with the Eagles and there's Jerry Jerry with the minnesota vikings We're going to sort by alphabetically by team And i'm going to pause the video when we come back we're going to see if there's any trades And then we're going to have that dual case break When we come back B RB All right, welcome back folks There was a lot of trade chatter, but in the end no deals were done So the list remains the same. Thanks everybody for buying into this break Appreciate it. All right. There it is. It's a dual case break. So we're doing all 12 boxes Right here. So here's the first one All right, first one out of the gate is Jared Goff A pristine 10 Jared Goff here that's centering Corner surface is at 10 And then edges are a nine five And that's Ram's edition of Jared Goff and that's going to go to Michael P Now yeah, Goff got to play a lot better We've got wow nine out of 10 master collection John Elway all-time greats Nice silver ink autograph. They're a nice one for Denver. That's going to go to Steve Wright Just this angle just a tiny bit here Again, that's an example of what you can get out of here another graded card it is Baker Mayfield in his Oklahoma gear A 2019 prism draft picks football centering Edges Corners all a nine five surface a nine for a total grade of a nine five Cleveland this is for you Rough day for uh the Browns. I don't think they won today My Raiders beat the Broncos Yeah Rams did Rams won today, but Goff's Lions lost today And Cleveland fell to the Cardinals. Cardinals are rolling right now 37 14 Cardinals beat Cleveland I think I Some people were saying Ron Western with the Browns by the way Some people were saying that that this might be a flat spot For Arizona going to Cleveland They're looking pretty good. All right next we have chase clay pool Nice rookie patch and auto from phoenix football. That's pretty sharp Some sort of bowl patch right there Wow one out of four for Pittsburgh That's going to be for Steven Davidson Steven out of fives and under gets the train whistle All aboard the big hit express I think uh Pittsburgh's playing tonight. Who does everyone have in that game? Seattle at Pittsburgh Sunday night football Lux with the stolen base Chad Dawes saying Pittsburgh Yeah, they're starting Gino Smith for like the next six to eight weeks It looks like at least Russell Wilson will be out for six to eight weeks They gotta they gotta use Gino Smith Most of the time I would think and no Chris Carson. All right, we ooh nice Justin Herbert Rated rookie green velocity that looks really sharp that could be great Chris Adams With the bolts rough day at the office for uh for Justin Herbert today, but He's pretty good Oh Oliver sees you Chad Oliver is a Steelers fan Chad Dawes a Seahawks fan Oliver saying I like that Chad, but I think he's just putting the reverse jinx on Chad's countering with your My hawks are shutting it down so the Jets can get a top five. Okay, interesting Adam Comperman a Jets fan would not mind that All right, we've got Two-color jersey and autograph CD lamb for the Cowboys who just scored a touchdown Two CD lamb Deep pass to the right CD lamb 35 yards touchdown I had the Patriots plus three that's done There's 11 everyone who else who had the Cowboys are happy And the person who got this Adam Comperman just got this Right on cue CD lamb. I know you Oliver. You know what though? I think I I would I would I would make that pick again I feel like I was on the right side of that The Patriots were the right play Cowboys were lucky to win this in overtime All right next two feels like another graded card here. Oh, we got Joe burrow. He had a really nice game today Taking care of business 2020 Panini Donner's football Joe burrow PSA 10 Bangles that'll be for Zach There you go Zach It wasn't the right pick, but I took the right steps I took the right steps to arrive to that pig No regards We've got Kenny golliday from honors football So that's hand number three out of three That's lions edition that goes to edwin and detroit Kenny g a saxie hit All aboard the big hit express Woop woop I have Gavin Lux as my captain this game's already started though, but I captain Gavin Lux in this matchup Who has a hit and a stolen or a stolen a walk in a stolen base. How do you get on base? He has a stolen base already And I got I got Gavin Lux nfl. I don't have a pick for the nfl. I'm not watching that game The the Dodgers nlcs game takes priority for me tonight. All right. We got josh rosen From 2018 leaf draft Football josh rosen is he on it? I guess 2018 the checklist would have him as a cardinal, right? He's still in his ucla gear. So that must be cardinals on the checklist. Yeah cardinals in 2018 And that'll be for daniel catz last bomb mojo. I guess it strikes again Still a hit we have here. Oh, look at this. Wow, jerry rice 15 out of 60 From exquisite football That's awesome. What year is that from that's from 2012? What is it? What would the checklist have him at? He's got to be a niner, right? Let's see if group rate checklist has this Otherwise if there's no checklist, it'll go to the team that he played for the longest Which would be the niners. I don't know if it's going to be seahawks jerry rice Yeah, these are all niners Just making sure Steve right with san francisco Yeah, if there's no checklist, then we go by our Our no checklist rules, which means it would go to the team that he played for the longest if retired If he was active he'd go to the team that he's currently on the resource that we use Group rate checklist.com. All right, we've got big ben rotsberg 219 out of 500 It is miami ohio gear Steelers that's going to go to Stephen davidson. We've got another one from honors football and it's a one-of-one mike williams dual relic And on card ottega rookie patches signatures One of one from honors The entire i mean he was neutralized today by the ravens the entire team seemed neutralized by the ravens, but Pretty excellent player right here chris adams with the chargers and All aboard the big hit express Yeah, he's pretty good But wait, there's more it's a dual case break ladies and gentlemen, so we're popping open another Six boxes and taking a look at another 12 cards two next 12 fresh case Now as for tonight's football game If we're going by oppo adam cupperman rules Then adam is saying he Adam would pick pittsburgh So surely you would have to bet it all on seattle Oliver is taking seahawks cover the five and over 43 Adam saying adam playing against alec collins and fantasies, so he's probably going to get two plus touchdowns There's the texans to shone watson one out of five quad relics rookie quads not sure what's going to happen to him but blaine All aboard the big hit express Woop Let's see what happens to his nfl future next It's tvd at the moment is another mike williams. That's a one-of-one nike swoosh an autograph First case had a mike william second case had a mike williams and that's a second train whistle for chris adam's All aboard Adam is for no in his pool so far He's doing all right there We've got team logo That's pretty cool Leonard for net Two out of five jaguars edition a lot of train whistles here Kaim with jacksonville got their first win Today in london god knows how long All aboard Next one is drew lock. Is that another train whistle spectra football two out of five denver That's going to be perceived right All aboard the big hit express Next box good luck everybody. Thanks for getting in We have A 1988 tops viny testiverty authentic autograph a top super rookie For the buccaneers Tampa Bay Jared k A little heisman inscription right there Next we've got lamar jackson. It's a one-of-one two-color jersey In his college gear that's going to go to jeremy agno and the baltimore ravens jeremy All aboard the big hit express A few more to go So adam saying so far adam compliment saying so far this season the jags have not won a game Kicked a field goal or started to drive in the opponents territory while in the u.s. But they did all three in london Maybe they're making the case to be the first nfl team To call london home We have Ooh Nice jersey and autograph from uh 2014 bowman sterling football back when they did bowman sterling It's my guy derrick car Centering surface in 9 5 edges in 9 corners in 8 5 for a total grade of 9 His autograph is a 10 Nice rookie jersey and autograph 74 out of 99 Good game today For derrick car and my raiders they beat the rivals Denver Jeremy agno has the raiders nice Their offensive is solid their defense is Is now probably the lee average average which is a huge improvement So I like the direction We've got three players on here. Wow triple relic triple auto Deshaun watson mike williams wane gallman That's one happy person two sad people. It's a randomizer four out of 30 From phoenix football All right two boxes to go is jimmy garoppolo and his patriots gear That's a ps8 10 Patriots losing in overtime today That'll be for adam levy and the new england pat riots And then it's two-color jersey and autograph deandre swift And is georgia gear From spectra football good-looking stuff spectra football 15 out of 15 That'll be for the detroit lions That'll be for edwin Final two and then the randomizer Yeah, there could be a mike willings trifecta for chris adams He's got a shot at it That's a non graded card first. It's jerry rice 18 out of 20 master collection jerry rice silver ink autograph from 2015 Exquisite this has got to be This is nighters That's another one for steve right and the final hit here before the randomizer Is gonna be nick chubb From 2018 leaf draft nick chubb jen mit 95 cleveland this is for you Ron wester with the browns All right, there you go ladies and gentlemen. All right now time to make one person happy And two people sad Let's go back to Let's go back to the other screen Here's some new dice There's a new list so the teams are deshaun watson houston Mike williams los angeles chargers and wing gulman new york football giants team on top After four one and a three four times Good luck one two three And four After four times. Wow the mike williams trifecta happen chris adams with the chargers. Thanks to mike williams You'll get this triple relic triple auto from phoenix football four out of 30 Congrats you and thanks everybody for getting into the action. I'm joe for jaspy's case breaks.com Is any anything else I have to do for this break? No nice clean break a lot of great stuff I appreciate everybody watching. I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye. Bye


In this paper, the authors discussed the importance of preserving agrobiodiversity through specialty markets. They focus on the example of Ecuadorian cacao producers, who have been able to benefit from specialty markets, by keeping traditional varieties and joining cooperatives. These cooperatives provide farmers with better access to high-value markets, which leads to increased income and improved contracts. Additionally, these cooperatives help preserve the region's unique cacao trees and other species of plants. This article was authored by Jimena Rueda, Romaic Midendorp, and Sergio Puerta.


Chapter 24 of Celtic Fairy Tales This is a LibriVox recording, all LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org, reading by Lars Rolander. Celtic Fairy Tales, selected and edited by Joseph Jacobs. Chapter 24 The Battle of the Birds I will tell you a story about the Wren. There was once a farmer who was seeking a servant, and the Wren met him and said, What are you seeking? I am seeking a servant, said the farmer to the Wren. Will you take me, said the Wren.  Try me, said the Wren. So he engaged him, and the first work he set him to do was threshing in the barn. The Wren threshed. What did he thresh with? Why, a flail to be sure. And he knocked off one grain. A mouse came out, and she eats that. I'll trouble you not to do that again, said the Wren. He struck again, and he struck off two grains. Out came the mouse, and she eats them. So they arranged a contest to see who was strongest, and the Wren brings his twelve birds, and the mouse her tribe.  As well as yourself, said the mouse, and she struck out her leg proudly. But the Wren broke it with his flail, and then there was a pitched battle on a set day. When every creature and bird was gathering to battle, the son of the king of Tethertown said that he would go to see the battle, and that he would bring sure word home to his father the king, who would be king of the creatures this year. The battle was over before he arrived, all but one fight between a great black raven and a snake. The snake was twined about the raven's neck, and the raven held the snake's throat in his beak, and it seemed as if the snake would get the victory over the raven. When the king's son saw this, he held the raven, and with one blow takes the head off the snake. When the raven had taken breath and saw that the snake was dead, he said, For thy kindness to me this day, I will give thee a sight. Come up now on the root of my two wings. The king's son put his hands about the raven before his wings, and before he stopped, he took him over nine bends and nine glens and nine mountain moors. Now, said the raven, see you that house yonder. Go now to it, it is a sister of mine that makes her dwelling in it, and I will go bale that you are welcome. And if she asks you, were you at the battle of the birds, say you were, and if she asks, did you see anyone like me, say you did, but be sure that you meet me tomorrow morning here, in this place. The king's son got good and right good treatment that night. Meat of each meat, drink of each drink, warm water to his feet, and a soft bed for his limbs. On the next day the raven gave him the same sight over six bends and six glens and six mountain moors. They saw Boothy far off, but though far off they were soon there. He got good treatment this night as before, plenty of meat and drink, and warm water to his feet, and a soft bed to his limbs. And on the next day it was the same thing over three bends and three glens and three mountain moors. On the third morning, instead of seeing the raven as at the other times, who should meet him but the handsomest lad he ever saw, with gold rings in his hair, with a bundle in his hand. The king's son asked this lad if he had seen a big black raven, said the lad to him, You will never see the raven again, for I am that raven. I was put under spells by a bad druid. It was meeting you that loosed me, and for that you shall get this bundle. Now, said the lad, you must turn back on the self-same steps and lie at night in each house as before, but you must not loose the bundle which I gave you, till in the place where you would most wish to dwell. The king's son turned his back to the lad and his face to his father's house, and he got lodging from the raven sisters, just as he got it when going forward. When he was nearing his father's house he was going through a close wood. It seemed to him that the bundle was growing heavy, and he thought he would look what was in it. When he loosed the bundle he was astonished. In a twinkling he sees the very grandest place he ever saw. A great castle and an orchard about the castle, in which was every kind of fruit and herb. He stood full of wonder and regret for having loosed the bundle, for it was not in his power to put it back again, and he would have wished this pretty place to be in the pretty little green hollow that was opposite his father's house, but he looked up and saw a great giant coming toward him. Bad's the place where you have built the house, king's son, says the giant. Yes, but it is not here I would wish it to be, though it happens to be here by mishap, says the king's son. What's the reward for putting it back in the bundle as it was before? What's the reward you would ask, says the king's son? That you will give me the first son you have when he is seven years of age, says the giant. If I have a son you shall have him, said the king's son. In a twinkling the giant put each garden an orchard and castle in the bundle as they were before. Now, says the giant, take your own road and I will take mine, but mind your promise, and if you forget I will remember. The king's son took to the road, and at the end of a few days he reached the place he was fondest of. He loosened the bundle, and the castle was just as it was before, and when he opened the castle door, he seized the handsomest maiden he ever cast eye upon. Advance, king's son, said the pretty maiden, everything is in order for you if you will marry me this very day. It's I that am willing, said the king's son, and on the same day they married, but at the end of a day and seven years, who would be seen coming to the castle but the giant. The king's son was reminded of his promise to the giant, until now he had not told his promise to the queen. Leave the matter between me and the giant, says the queen. Turn out your son, says the giant. Mind your promise. You shall have him, says the king, when his mother puts him in order for his journey. The queen dressed up the cook's son, and she gave him to the giant by the hand. The giant went away with him, but he had not gone far when he put a rod in the hand of the little laddie. The giant asked him, if thy father had that rod, what would he do with it? If my father had that rod, he would beat the dogs and the cats so that they shouldn't be going near of the king's meat, said the little laddie. Thard the cook's son, said the giant. He catches him by the two small ankles and knocks him against the stone that was beside him. The giant turned back to the castle in rage and madness, and he said that if they did not send out the king's son to him, the highest stone of the castle would be the lowest. Said the queen to the king, we'll try it yet. The butler's son is of the same age as our son. She dressed up the butler's son, and she gave him to the giant by the hand. The giant had not gone far when he put the rod in his hand. If thy father had that rod, says the giant, what should he do with it? He would beat the dogs and the cats when they would be coming near the king's bottles and glasses. Thou art the son of the butler, says the giant, and dashed his brains out too. The giant returned in a very great rage and anger. The earth shook under the sole of his feet, and the castle shook, and all that was in it. Out here with thy son, says the giant, or in the twinkling the stone that is highest in the dwelling will be the lowest. So they had to give the king's son to the giant. When they were gone a little bit from the earth, the giant showed him the rod that was in his hand and said, What would thy father do with this rod if he had it? The king's son said, My father has a braver rod than that. And the giant asked him, Where is thy father when he has that brave rod? And the king's son said, He will be sitting in his kingly chair. Then the giant understood that he had the right one. The giant took him to his own house, and he reared him as his own son. On a day of days when the giant was from home, the lad heard the sweetest music he ever heard in a room at the top of the giant's house. At a glance he saw the finest face he had ever seen. He beckoned to him to come a bit nearer to her, and she said her name was Auburn Mary, but she told him to go this time, but to be sure to be at the same place about that dead midnight. And as he promised he did, the giant's daughter was at his side in a twinkling, and she said, Tomorrow you will get the choice of my two sisters to marry, but say that you will not take either but me. My father wants me to marry the son of the king of the green city, but I don't like him. On the morrow the giant took out his three daughters, and he said, Now son of the king of Tethertown, thou hast not lost by living with me so long. Thou wilt get a wife one of the two eldest of my daughters, and with her leave to go home with her the day after the wedding. If you will give me this pretty little one, says the king's son, I will take you at your word. The giant's wrath kindled, and he said, Before thou getst her, thou must do the three things that I ask thee to do. Say on, says the king's son, The giant took him to the buyer. Now, says the giant, a hundred cattle are stabled here, and it has not been cleansed for seven years. I am going from home today, and if this buyer is not clean before tonight comes, so clean that a golden apple will run from end to end of it. Not only thou shalt not get my daughter, but is only a drink of thy fresh, goodly beautiful blood that will quench my thirst this night. He begins cleaning the buyer, but he might just as well to keep bailing the great ocean. After me day when sweet was blinding him, the giant's youngest daughter came where he was, and she said to him, You are being punished, king's son. I am, says the king's son. Come over, says Auburn Mary, and lay down your weariness. I will do that, says he. There is but death awaiting me at any rate. He sat down near her. He was so tired that he fell asleep beside her. When he awoke, the giant's daughter was not to be seen, but the buyer was so well clean that a golden apple would run from end to end of it, and raise no stain. In comes the giant, and he said, Has thou cleaned the buyer, king's son? I have cleaned it, says he. Somebody cleaned it, says the giant. You did not clean it at all events, said the king's son. Well, well, says the giant, since thou were so active today, thou wilt get to this time tomorrow to thatch this buyer with birds down, from birds with no two feathers of one color. The king's son was on foot before the sun.  He took to the moors, but if he did, the birds were not so easy to take. He was running after them till the sweet was blinding him. About midday, who should come, but Auburn marrying. You are exhausting yourself, king's son, says she. I am, said he. There fell but these two blackbirds, and both of one color. Come over and lay down your weariness on this pretty hillock, says the giant's daughter. It's I am willing, said he. He thought she would aid him this time too, and he sat down near her, and he was not long there till he fell asleep. When he awoke, Auburn married was gone. He thought he would go back to the house, and his sees the buyer thatched with feathers. When the giant came home, he said, As thou fetched the buyer, king's son. I thatched it, says he. Somebody thatched it, says the giant. You did not thatch it, says the king's son. Yes, yes, says the giant. Now, says the giant, There is a fir tree beside that lock down there, and there is a magpie's nest in its top. The eggs thou wilt find in the nest. I must have them for my first meal. Not one must be burst or broken, and there are five in the nest. Early in the morning the king's son went where the tree was, and that tree was not hard to hit upon. Its match was not in the whole wood. From the foot to the first branch was five hundred feet. The king's son was going all round the tree. She came, who was always bringing help to him.  Ah, I am, says he. I'm no sooner up than down. This is no time for stopping, says the giant's daughter. Now you must kill me, take the flesh from my bones, take all those bones apart, and use them as steps for climbing the tree. When you are climbing the tree, they will stick to the glass as if they had grown out of it.  Be sure and stand on each bone. Leave none untouched. If you do, I will stay behind. Put all my flesh into this clean cloth by the side of the spring at the roots of the tree. When you come to the earth, arrange my bones together, put the flesh over them, sprinkle it with water from the spring, and I shall be alive before you. But don't forget a bone of me on the tree. How could I kill you? Ask the king's son. After what you have done for me. If you won't obey you and I are done for, said Auburn Mary, you must climb the tree or we are lost. And to climb the tree you must do as I say. The king's son obeyed. He killed Auburn Mary, cut the flesh from her body, and unjointed the bones as she had told him. When she went up the king's son put the bones of Auburn Mary's body against the side of the tree, using them as steps, till he came under the nest and stood on the last bone. Then he took the eggs and coming down put his foot on every bone, then took it with him till he came to the last bone, which was so near the ground that he failed to touch it with his foot. Now placed all the bones of Auburn Mary in order again at the side of the spring, put the flesh on them, sprinkled it with water from the spring. She rose up before him and said, didn't I tell you not to leave a bone of my body without stepping on it? Now I am lame for life. You left my little finger on the tree without touching it and I have but nine fingers. Now, says she, go home with the eggs quickly and you will get me to marry tonight. If you can know me, I and my two sisters will be arrayed in the same garments and made like each other. But look at me when my father says, go to thy wife, king son, and you will see a hand without a little finger. He gave the eggs to the giant. Yes, yes, says the giant, be making ready for your marriage. Then indeed there was a wedding and it was a wedding. Giants and gentlemen and the son of the king of the green city was in the midst of them. They were married and the dancing began. That was a dance. The giant's house was shaking from top to bottom. But bedtime came and the giant said, it is time for thee to go to rest. Son of the king of Tethertown chose thy bride to take with thee from amidst those.  Thou hast aimed well this time too. But there is no knowing, but we may meet thee another way, said the giant. But to rest they went.   Out they went and on the blue gray filly in the stable they mounted. Stop a while, says she, and I will play a trick to the old hero. She jumped in and cut an apple into nine shares and she put two shares at the head of the bed and two shares at the door of the kitchen and two shares at the big door and one outside the house. The giant awoke and called, are you asleep? Not yet, said the apple that was at the head of the bed. At the end of a while he called again. Not yet, said the apple that was at the foot of the bed. While after this he called again, are you asleep? Not yet, said the apple at the kitchen door. The giant called again, the apple that was at the big door answered. You are now going far from me, says the giant. Not yet, says the apple that was outside the house. You are flying, says the giant. The giant jumped on his feet and to the bed he went, but it was cold, empty. My own daughter's trick are trying me, said the giant. Here's after them, says he.  Put your hand quick, said she, in the air of the gray filly and whatever you find in it throw it behind us. There is a twig of slow tree, said he. Throw it behind us, said she. No sooner did he that than there were twenty miles of black thorn wood so thick that scarce a weasel could go through it. The giant came headlong and there he is fleecing his head and neck in the thorns. My own daughter's trick are here as before, said the giant. But if I had my own big axe and wood knife here, I would not be long making a way through this. He went home for the big axe and the wood knife, and sure he was not long on his journey, and he was the boy behind the big axe. He was not long making a way through the black thorn. I will leave the axe and the wood knife here till I return, says he. If you leave him, leave him, said the hoodie that was in a tree, will steal him, steal him. If you will do that, says the giant, I must take them home. He returned home and left them at the house. At the heat of the day the giant's daughter felt her father's breath burning her back. Put your finger in the filly's ear and throw behind whatever you find in it. He got a splinter of grey stone, and at winkling there were twenty miles by breath and height of great grey rock behind them. The giant came full pelt but past the rock he could not go. The tricks of my own daughter are the hardest things that ever met me, says the giant. If I had my lever and my mighty mattock I would not be long in making my way through this rock also. There was no help for it but a turn the chase for them, and he was the boy to split the stones. He was not long in making a road through the rock. I will leave the tools here and I will return no more. If you leave them, leave them, says the hoodie, we will steal them, steal them. Do that if you will, there is no time to go back. At the time of breaking the watch the giant's daughter said that she felt her father's breath burning her back. Look in the filly's ear, King-son, for else we are lost. He did so, and it was a bladder of water that was in her ear this time. He threw it behind him, and there was a fresh water-loch twenty miles in length and breadth behind them. The giant came on, but with the speed he had on him he was in the middle of the loch and he went under, and he rose no more. On the next day the giant companions were come in sight of his father's house. Now, says she, my father is drowned, and he won't trouble us anymore.   Everyone he met gave him welcome and luck, and he charged his father and mother not to kiss him. But as mishap was to be, an old greyhound was indoors, and she knew him and jumped up to his mouth, and after that he did not remember the giant's daughter. She was sitting at the well-side as he left her, but the king's son was not coming. In the mouth of night she climbed up into a tree of oak that was beside the well, and she lay in the fork of that tree all night. A shoemaker had a house near the well, and about midday on the morrow the shoemaker asked his wife to go for a drink for him out of the well. When the shoemaker's wife reached the well, and when she saw the shadow of her that was in the tree, thinking it was her own shadow, and she never thought till now that she was so handsome, she gave a cast to the dish that was in her hand, and it was broken on the ground, and she took herself to the house without vessel or water. Where is the water, wife, said the shoemaker? You shambling, contemptible old carl, without grace, I have stayed too long your water and wood-thrull. I think, wife, that you have turned crazy. Go, you daughter, quickly, and fetch drink for your father. His daughter went and in the same way so it happened to her. She never thought till now that she was so lovable, and she took herself home. Up with the drink, said her father.  The poor shoemaker thought that I had taken a turn in their understandings, and he went himself to the well. He saw the shadow of the maiden in the well, and he looked up to the tree, and he sees the finest woman he ever saw.  Come down, for there is need of you for a short while at my house. The shoemaker understood that this was the shadow that had driven his people mad. The shoemaker took her to his house, and he said that he had but a poor boothy, but that she should get a share of all that was in it. One day the shoemaker had shoes ready, for on that very day the king's son was to be married. The shoemaker was going to the castle with the shoes of the young people, and the girl said to the shoemaker, I would like to get a sight to the king's son before he marries. Come with me, says the shoemaker, I am well acquainted with the servants at the castle, and you shall get a sight of the king's son and all the company. And when the gentle saw the pretty woman that was here, they took her to the wedding room, and they filled for her a glass of wine. When she was going to drink what was in it, a flame went up out of the glass, and a golden pigeon and a silver pigeon sprang out of it. They were flying about when three grains of barley fell on the floor. The silver pigeon sprang and ate that up. Said the golden pigeon to him, If you remembered when I cleared the bire, you would not eat that without giving me a share. Again there fell three other grains of barley, and the silver pigeon sprang and ate that up as before. If you remembered when I thatched the bire, you would not eat that without giving me my share, says the golden pigeon. Three other grains fall, and the silver pigeon sprang and ate that up. If you remembered when I harried the magpie's nest, you would not eat that without giving me my share, says the golden pigeon. I lost my little finger bringing it down, and I wanted still. The king's son minded, and he knew who it was that was before him. Well, said the king's son to the guests at the feast, When I was a little junger than I am now, I lost the key of a casket that I had. I had a new key made, but after it was brought to me, I found the old one. Now I leave it up to anyone here to tell me what I am to do. Which of the keys should I keep? My advice to you, said one of the guests, Is to keep the old key, for it fits the lock better and you're more used to it. Then the king's son stood up and said, I thank you for wise advice and an honest word. This is my bride, the daughter of the giant who saved my life at the risk of her own. I'll have her and no other woman. So the king's son married Auburn Mary, and the wedding lasted long and all were happy. But all I got was butter on a live coal, porridge in a basket, And they sent me for water to the stream, and the paper shoes came to an end. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Celtic fairytales, selected and edited by Joseph Jacobs. CHAPTER XXV. Brewery of Egg-shells. In Trenogluis there is a certain shepherd's cot known by the name of Tent Iconris, because of the strange strife that occurred there. There once lived a man and his wife, and they had twins whom the woman nursed tenderly. One day she was called away to the house of a neighbor at some distance. She did not much like going and leaving her little ones all alone in a solitary house, especially as she had heard tell of the good folk haunting the neighborhood. Well, she went and came back as soon as she could, but on her way back she was frightened to see some old elves of the blue petticoat crossing her path, though it was mid-day. She rushed home but found her two little ones in the cradle and everything seemed as it was before. But after a time the good people began to suspect that something was wrong, for the twins didn't grow at all. The man said, they're not ours. The woman said, whose else should they be? And so arose the great strife so that the neighbors named the cottage after it. It made the woman very sad, so one evening she made up her mind to go and see the wise men of Leonard Lowe's, for he knew everything and would advise her what to do. So she went to Leonard Lowe's and told the case to the old wise man. Now there was soon to be a harvest of rye and oats, so the wise man said to her, when you are getting dinner for the reapers, clear out the shell of a hen's egg and boil some potage in it, and then take it to the door as if you meant it as a dinner for the reapers. Then listen if the twins say anything. If you hear them speaking of things beyond the understanding of children, go back and take them up and throw them into the waters of Lake Elven. But if you don't hear anything remarkable, do them no injury. So when the day of the reap came the woman did all that the wise man ordered and put the eggshell on the fire and took it off and carried it to the door, and there she stood and listened. Then she heard one of the children say to the other, acorn before oak I knew, and egg before a hen, but I never heard of an eggshell brew, a dinner for harvest men. So she went back into the house, seized the children, and threw them into the lynn, and the goblins and their blue trousers came and saved their dwarfs, and the mother had her own children back, and so the great strife ended. Long ago a poor widowman lived down near the iron forge by Ennis Cawth, and she was so poor she had no clothes to put on her son, so she used to fix him in the ash hole near the fire, and pile the war wreaths on the fire. So she went back into the house and put on her son's clothes, so she used to fix him in the ash hole near the fire, and pile the warm ashes around about him, and according, as he grew up, she sunk the pit deeper. At last, by hook or by crook, she got a goatskin, and fastened it around his waist, and he felt quite grand, and took a walk down the street, so says she to him next morning.  Never say it twice, mother, says Tom. Here goes. When he had gathered and tied, what should come up but a big giant nine foot high, and made a lick of a club at him? Well, become Tom.  If you air a prayer, says Tom, now's the time to say it, before I make fragments of you. I have no prayers, says the giant, but if you spare my life, I'll give you that club, and as long as you keep from sin, you'll win every battle you ever fight with it. Tom made no bones about letting him off, and as soon as he got the club in his hands, he sat down on the Bresna, and gave it a tap with the kipeen, and says, faggot, I had great trouble gathering you, and run the risk of my life for you, the least you can do is to carry me home. And sure enough, the wind of the word was all it wanted, and it went off through the wood, groaning and crackling, till it came to the window's door. Well, when the sticks were all burned, Tom was sent off again to pick more, and this time he had to fight with a giant that had two heads on him. Tom had a little more trouble with him, that's all, and the prayers he said was to give Tom a fife that nobody could help dancing when he was playing it.  The next giant was a beautiful boy with three heads on him. He had neither prayers nor catechism, no more nor the others. And so he gave Tom a bottle of green ointment that wouldn't let you be burned, nor scalded, nor wounded. And now, says he, there's no more of us.  Well now, Tom was prouder, nor ten paycocks, and used to take a walk down street in the heel of the evening. But some of the little boys had no more manners than if they were doubling jack-eens and put out their tongues at Tom's club and Tom's goat skin. He didn't like that at all, and it would be mean to give one of them a clout. At last, what should come through the town but a kind of a bell-man? Only it's a big bugle he had and huntsman's cap on his head and a kind of a painted shirt.  That's the very thing for me to try, says Tom, and so without burning any more daylight he kissed his mother, curled his club at the little boys, and hoff he set along the Yalla High Road to the town of Dublin. At last Tom came to one of the city gates and the guards laughed and cursed at him instead of letting him in. Tom stood it all for a little time, but at last one of them, out of fun as he said, drove his bayonet half an inch or so into his side. Tom done nothing but take the fellow by the scrap of the neck and the waistband of his cord-roy's and fling him into the canal. Some run to pull the fellow out and others to let manners into the vulgarian with their swords and daggers. But a tap from his club sent them headlong into the moat or down on the stones and they were soon begging him to stay his hands. So at least one of them was guide enough to show Tom the way to the palace-yard and there was the king and the queen and the princess in a gallery, looking at all sorts of wrestling and sword-playing and long-lan-dances and mumming all to please the princess, but not a smile came over her handsome face. Well, they all stopped when they seen the young giant with his boy's face and long black hair and his short, curly beard for his poor mother couldn't afford to buy razors and his great strong arms and bare legs and no covering but the goat-skin that reached from his waist to his knees. But an envious whizzen bit of a fellow with a red head that wished to be married to the princess and didn't like how she opened her eyes at Tom came forward and asked his business very snappishly. My business, says Tom, says he, is to make the beautiful princess, God bless her, laugh three times. Do you see all their merry fellows and skillful swordsmen, says the other, that could eat you up with a grain of salt and not a mother's soul of them ever got to laugh from her these seven years? So the great fellows gathered round Tom and the bad man aggravated him till he told them he didn't care a pinch of snuff for the whole billion of them. Let them come on six at a time and try what they could do. The king, who was too far off to hear what they were saying, asked what did the stranger want? He wants, said the red-headed fellow, to make hairs of your best men. Oh, says the king, if that's the way, let one of them turn out and try his metal. So one stood forward with sword and potlid and made a cut at Tom. He struck the fellow's elbow with the club and up over their heads flew the sword and down went the owner of it on the gravel from a thump he got on the helmet. Another took his place and another and another and then half a dozen at once and Tom sent swords, helmets, shields and bodies rolling over and over and themselves bawling out that they were killed and disabled and damaged and robbing their poor elbows and hips and limping away.  King Adublin, says Tom, I've caught a your daughter. And the king didn't know whether he was glad or sorry and all the blood in the princess's heart run into her cheeks so there was no more fighting that day and Tom was invited to dine with the royal family. Next day Redhead told Tom of a wolf the size of a yearling heifer that used to be serenading about the walls and eating people in cattle and said what a pleasure it would give the king to have it killed. With all my heart, says Tom, send a jacking to show me where he lives and we'll see how he becaves to a stranger. The princess was not well pleased but Tom looked a different person with fine clothes and nice green beard over his long curly hair and besides he'd got one laugh out of her however the king gave his consent and in an hour and a half the horrible wolf was walking into the palace yard and Tom a step or two behind with his club on his shoulder just as a shepherd will be walking after a pet lamb. The king and queen and princess were safe up in their gallery but the officers and people of the court that were padrolling around the green borne when they saw the big base coming in gave themselves up and began to make the doors and gates and the wolf licked his chops if he was saying wouldn't I enjoy a breakfast of a couple of years. The king shouted out oh Tom with the goat skin take away that terrible wolf and you must have all my daughter but Tom didn't mind him a bit he pulled out his flute and began to play like vengeance and dickens a man or boy in the yard but began shoveling away healing tow and the wolf himself was obliged to get on his hind legs and dance tattered Jack Walsh along with the rest a good deal of the people got inside and shut the doors the way the hairy fellow wouldn't pin him but Tom kept playing and the outsiders kept dancing and shouting and the wolf kept dancing and roaring with the pain in his legs were giving him and all the time he had his eyes on red head who were shot out along with the rest wherever red head went the wolf followed and kept one eye on him and the other on Tom to see if he would give him leave to eat him but Tom shook his head and never stopped the tune and red head never stopped dancing and bawling and the wolf dancing and roaring one leg up and the other down and he ready to drop out of his standing from fair tiresomeness when the princess seen that there was no fear of anyone being killed she was so divided by the stew that red head was in that she gave another great laugh and well become Tom out he cried king of Dublin I have two halves of your daughter oh halves or alls says the king put away that devil of a wolf and we'll see about it so Tom put his flute in his pocket and says he to the base that was sitting on his carabingo ready to faint walk off to your mountain my fine fellow and live like a respectable base and if ever I find you come within seven miles of any town well he said no more but spit at his fist and gave a flourish of his club it was all the poor devil of a wolf wanted he put his tail between his legs and took to his pumps without looking at man or mortal and neither sun, moon or stars ever saw him inside to Dublin again at dinner everyone laughed but the foxy fellow and sure enough he was laying out how he'd settle poured on the next day well to be sure says he king of Dublin you are in luck there's the Danes moitering us to no end deuce run to Lusk with him and if anyone can save us from him if this gentleman with the goat skin there is a flail hanging on the collar beam in our and neither day nor devil can stand before it so says Tom's the king will you let me have the other half of the princess if I bring you the flail no no says the princess I'd rather never be your wife than see you in that danger but redhead whispered and nudged Tom about how shabby would look to near the adventure so he asked which way he was to go and redhead directed him well he travelled and travelled till he came inside of the walls of hell and bedad before he knocked at the gate he rubbed himself over with the green assointment when he knocked a hundred little imps popped their heads up through the bars and axed him what he wanted I want to speak to the big devil of all says Tom open the gate it wasn't till long till the gate was thrown open and the old boy received Tom with bows and scrapes and axed his business my business isn't much says Tom I only came for the loan of that flail that I see hanging on the collar beam for the king of Dublin to give a thrashing to the Danes well says the other the Danes is much better customers to me but since you walked so far I won't refuse hand that flail says he to a young imp and he winked the fire of fire at the same time so while some were barring the gates the young devil climbed up and took down the flail that had the hand stuff and both made out a red hot iron the little vagabond was grilling to think how it would burn the hands of Tom but the dickens a burn it made on him no more nor if it was a good oak sapling thank you says Tom now would you open the gate for a body and I'll give you no more trouble oh Tramp says old Nick is that the way is it easier getting inside them gates and getting out again take that tool from him and give him a dose of the oil of stirrup so one fellow put out his claws to seize on the flail but Tom gave him such a wealth of it on the side of the head that he broke off one of his horns and made him roar like a devil as he was well they rushed at Tom but he gave them little and big such a thrashing as they didn't forget for a while at last says the old thief of all rubbing his elbow let the fool out and woe to whoever lets him in again great or small so out marched Tom and away with him without minding the shouting and cursing they kept up at him from the tops of the walls and when he got home to the big born of the palace there never was such running and racing as to see himself and the flail when he had his story told he laid down the flail on the stone steps and bid no one for their life to touch it if the king and queen and princess made much of him before they made ten times more of him now but redhead the mean scruffhound stole over and thought to catch hold of the flail to make an end of him his fingers hardly touched it when he let a roar out of him as if heaven and earth were coming together and kept flinging his arms about and dancing and it was pitiful to look at him Tom run at him as soon as he could rise and caught his hands in his two and rubbed them this way and that and the burning pain left them before he could reckon one well the poor fellow between the pain that was only just gone and the comforts he was in had the comicalist face that you ever see it was such a mix-the-room-gather-um of laughing and crying everyone burst out laughing the princess could not stop no more than the rest and then says Tom now ma'am if there were fifty halves of you I hope you'll give me them all well the princess looked at her father and by my word she came over to Tom and put her two delicate hands into his two rough ones and I wish it was myself in his shoes that day Tom would not bring the flail into the palace you may be sure no other body went near it and when the early risers were passing next morning they found two long clefts in the stone where it was after burning itself and opening downwards nobody could tell how far but a messenger came in at noon and said that the Danes were so frightened when they heard of the flail coming into Dublin that they got into their ships and sailed away well I suppose before they were married Tom got some man like Pat Mara of Tomenin to learn him the principles of politeness fluxion, gunnery and fortification decimal fractions, practice and the rule of three direct the way he'd be able to keep up a conversation with the royal family whether he ever lost his time learning them sciences I'm not sure but is a surest fate that his mother never more saw any want till the end of her days End of Chapter 26 Recording by Karen Yamada a.k.a. Teru Joan End of Celtic Fairy Tales by Joseph Jacobs


Do you want to hear me in the back? All right, good. All right, so this is my first CSM-DMS meeting. So I've actually been studying in the last couple of days, and I learned a lot, and I think everything just amazing. So I'm grateful to have this opportunity to share my work on the post-racial landscape evolution. So my advisor, Alison Anders, has talked about the bigger picture problem of this study yesterday. So I want to just remind some key points here. So first of all, Illinois and other parts of the Midwest, northern Midwest are flat, so very flat. So here in Colorado, you have a lot of mountains. But I think one thing we can share in common in Illinois is just we can skin in Illinois. So I think this is probably the steepest, slow thing, champagne abandoned area. As you can see, it's still very flat. And this is Cecilia Collins back. So she's the person behind all the groundwater models I just showed you yesterday. All right, so a consequence of this flat surface is that a large area of the upland is dominated by closed depressions that are not connected to the fluvial drainage networks.  Another thing that this glaciation did is during the declassation, the meltwater from the ice sheet can carve some deep valleys. So here, so basically the two important components for post-glacier landscapes are, first, the meltwater valleys, and second, the load relief uplands. So here, this is the DM of the Upper Sangamon River in Illinois. You can see that the river valley here is about 30 meters deep. Then figure on the right, this is the soil drainage data of the same area. Dark blue means the soil is polygrain. As you can see, a lot of places on the uplands is very polygrain. And the consequence of the polygrain soil is that here, this is the area photo of the cornfields. A lot of the crops are dead here because there are too much water out there. So Alison talked about how the water in the depressions can connect to the drainage network through groundwater. But here, I want to explore another possibility so how the water can route to the drainage network through the overland flow, so surface flow. So let's think about two and number scenarios. So first, disconnect case. So in this one, we assume all the closed depressions are disconnected from the drainage networks. So as you can see, these three depressions are disconnected. Then on the other end, we can imagine that all the depressions are filled with water up to their spillover point. So the depressions are connected to the drainage networks all the time. So my question in this study is so I want you to know whether the disconnect case versus the disconnect case, they can give us a very different path of the landscape evolution. So to do that, I build a numerical model using the LandLab platform. So this is my model domain. The evolution of the topography is dominated by a three-power urban law and linear diffuser for the geosolope process. So my model domain on the left boundary, this is an open boundary that represents Mount Water Valley and the elevation, the depth of the valley is 40 meters deep. And the major part of the model domain is flat surface with some random noise. So representing the low relief upland. Then on the other three boundaries, the top bottom and red are closed. So all the water can only flow out to the domain from the left boundary, so the Mount Water Valley. So that's how we calculate the topography. But how do we differentiate the disconnect case versus connect case? So for the disconnect case, I use the standard B8 algorithm in LandLab. I use the flow router module. So the flow direction is determined by the direction of the steepest down slope. So in this way, all the closed depressions will remain disconnected from the drainage network. So then for the connect case, I implemented two additional modules in LandLab. The first is paid filler, that can fill all the depressions up to the spillover points. So you can imagine that this algorithm will flood all the hold on main inward from the Mount Water Valley from the open boundaries. Then this algorithm use a priority queue to guarantee that all the depressions is filled up to their spillover point. Then again, I implemented another algorithm that described by Barnes et al. This is a flow router over flat surface. So this algorithm will calculate gradient away from the higher edges of the depressions and also a gradient towards lower edges. So by adding these two gradients, you can have a convergent flow field. So this paper Barnes et al actually have a detailed proof why this algorithm works. So I just skip that part in this talk. So I want to mention one thing here is that these two modules actually don't change the topography. They actually create additional mask that only use to determine the flow direction. So the other topography, the depressions is still depressions in the model. Then another thing I want to mention that these two algorithm actually equivalent to the depression funder and the router module in LandLab. The reason I have to implement these two algorithm is that when I start to work on this project, this module is still in development. So I can use that. All right, so now let's look some results. So first, this is the model topography after 50,000 years evolution. So I presenting four cases here. So the C base is soft and connected and the C hard are connected. So C represent connected. And the D base here is disconnected case. Hard, soft and base just representing the different irritability coefficient in the stream power urinal. So as we can see in this figure, so first the disconnected case, you basically cannot see any channels. The channels are very short, just getting 100 meters long here. So most of the upland still remain unchanged after 50,000 years evolution. But for the connected case, as you can see, there are several long channels that have cut into the uplands. Even though the C hard case, the irritability is one other magnitude lower than the disconnected case. You can still have some longer channels than the disconnected case. So a very basic finding from this data is that the hydraulic connection, so the disconnected versus connected can have a huge impact on the landscapes. But we want to quantify this stuff by calculate this person's integrated. So this is a person of the domain that is connected through a down slope path to the pre-existing meltwater valley. So even though in the connected case, I force all the water in the depressions connect to the drainage network valley. But when I calculate the person integrated, I still use the D8 algorithm, the closer depressions is not considered integrated. All right, so that's a person integrated. So the increase in person integrated is basically equivalent to the decrease of NCA. I'm sorry, I forgot to mention the NCA, NCA representing the non-contributing area. So that means the water in the depressions are usually considered not contributing to the river networks. Although in this model, I'm exploring whether the non-contributing area is non-contributing. All right, so let's look at how the person integrated evolves over time. So in this figure, I plot the person integrated as a function of time. The green line here is the disconnected case. Then all the three black lines are the connected case with different aerobility. So as you can see, all the four cases predicted the increase of integration. So the non-contributing area becomes integrated over time. Oh, that's not so surprising. But what's the difference here is that the rate of the evolution. So in the disconnected case, the integration happens in much slower rate, especially if we want to compare this disconnect case with the C hard case. So the aerobility in this case is one auto of magnitude lower than the disconnected case. We still have higher integration rate compared to the disconnected case. So for the integration, the hydrological connection is primary control on the integration. And the other thing in this lower panel, I'm plotting how the net erosion, how that erosion involves at the function of the person integrated. So in this figure, the x-axis here is now person integrated not the time. So a very interesting finding in this figure is that if we want to have the same degree of integration, let's say 10%, the disconnected case, this green line actually requires more erosion. All the connected case need less amount of erosion compared to the disconnected case to achieve the same amount of integration. So I think that's a very interesting finding. So they have different amount of erosion. How does that reflect in the landscape? So in this slide, I figure I'm plotting the model of the landscape when 15% of the model domain is integrated. So let's go back to a couple of slides. So as you can see, for the connected case, even after 200,000 years integration, the person integrated is still less than 10%. So it actually takes over 500,000 years for the disconnected case. To get this 15% integrated. So as you can see, there's a big difference between them. So for the connected case, we have several long channels that cut into the domain, but for the disconnected case, there are many, there are more channels compared to the connected case, but most of them are very short. So then I also plot the histogram of the channel length. So again, as you can see in the disconnected case, in the disconnected case, most of the channels are shorter than one kilometer. But for in the connected case, we have some long channels that over that even, almost four kilometers or five kilometers. All right, so that's all my model renounce. Then next we want to compare these renounce with some real landscapes. This is a upper sangman river basin in Illinois. We identified some channels in this basin and plot that histogram of the channel length. So this is the histogram in this figure. The blue color is the channels from this bigger box here. Then the orange colors are the channel length from this smaller. Oh, I can't even see that. This one, yes, the smaller box. So the size of this smaller box is roughly same as my model domain, so five kilometer by five kilometer. So as you can see in the channel in this histogram, we have some short channels, but we also have several long channels. That's very similar to what the disconnected or the connected case predicted. So now let's just have a direct comparison between them. So as you can see in the disconnected case, we don't have long channels, but in the connected case, we have some channels. So the figure on the left, the real landscapes is more similar to the connected case than the disconnected case. Then the other thing I want to point out here is that I said earlier, the disconnected case requires over 500,000 years to get 15% of the model domain integrated. But for the connected case, the time usually, I think the time request on order is on order of tens of thousands of years. This time scale is actually similar to the time since the deglazation in the NOE area. So the last time, the Laurentiad attitude covered the northern part of Illinois was about 20 to 25,000 years ago. The time scale also suggests that the connected case might be a possible scenario here. Okay, so then that's all my model results. So in conclusion, I have kind of three bigger, or three big findings in my research. So first, my model results suggest that the connected case can have faster and the faster rates of Euroran integration and also the morphology different, the channels are longer and more seniors. Then secondly, that the connected case requires less amount of Euroran to accomplish the same degree of integration compared to the disconnected case. And the third point is that a simple comparison with the upper San Maria basin in the NOE suggests that a hydraulic connection between the depressions and the mouthwater valleys could have had a very important impact on the landscape evolution. All right, so that's all my talk. So I have my contact information over here. If you want to use my module instead of the depression fund and router in land lab, you can contact me and it's on my GitHub page. All right, so that's it. Thank you. Thanks, Ting-Tang. Yay for open source. Questions for Jing-Tang? Yeah, so the question was, the model results suggest that in the real landscapes, the channels looks more like the connected case, but if you brought the flow over the real landscapes, whether the channel would be connected. So the answer I think is no. I think yesterday she had a poster shows how use the basic the same DEM I used in yesterday that you show to try to route flow over the landscape. Yeah, basically I think her results so that show that they're not connected. Yeah, so the question was, do I have a potential? I'm sorry, did you say explanation or experiment? Oh, yeah, yeah, right. So yes, actually the talk I just gave yesterday is talking about how the groundwater may be a connection between the closed depressions and multiple valleys. And that work is still going on. I think, but I'm not currently involved in this project anymore. I'm moving to glacial landscape evolution. So I don't know whether they have a plan to move this part forward. Yeah, so I guess Alison can answer that question better than sorry.