From the heart of the jungle comes a savage cry of victory. This is Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle. From the black core of dark Africa, land of enchantment, mystery and violence comes one of the most colorful figures of all time. Transcribed from the immortal pen of Edgar Rice Burroughs. Tarzan, the bronzed white son of the jungle. And now in the very words of Mr. Burroughs, the story of a message to Fort Shabir. Fort Shabir on the fringe of the jungle is the most remote of all of Britain's far-flung military posts. History has recorded many savage massacres at Fort Shabir, for the natives of the district are warlike and the surrounding veiled teens with savage animals. And yet, until that day, the men who were stationed there had never been too concerned with the danger. They had confidence in Major Birdwell, their commanding officer. But now Major Birdwell was dead and they had no confidence in the dandified Major Beekman who would arrive that day to replace him. The feeling of unrest spread through the ranks and had reached the staff room of the Sunwightened Headquarter. I wouldn't be too harsh on them at first men, learn about the Congo in Duke. Good of you to stick up for me, Captain Lawrence. Not at all, Major Beekman. We didn't see you come in, are we? Yes, yes. It's quite obvious that you didn't see me come in, both from your conversation and your attire. I want no further breach of regulations here. Colors fastened, ties drawn up, shoes shined and pants pressed.  We'll endeavor to carry out your orders, Major Beekman. But in this intense heat it's frequently... I want action! I'll excuse us. If I can best the part of an officer and the gentlemen, so can my staff. Yes, sir. Now that you've learned a lesson from me, I should be happy to listen to one from you, Captain Lawrence. Tell me you're quite the expert at diagnosing troubles. Rest of you men, excuse me. Yes, sir. Should get our shoes shined anyway. Now then, Lawrence, I'm told that there's unrest among the men. Is that true? Well, I don't believe it's a personal thing, Major Beekman. But the fact that you failed to approve the regular orders for ammunition has the men worried. Why? Because the order should have been sent to England a month ago. It was a major birdwell's desk when he took ill. Well, I can't see that there's any rush. It hasn't been an uprising here for years. Perhaps it's been because we had plenty of guns and ammunition until now. The natives seem to know they see. Oh, nonsense. I'm afraid it isn't nonsense, sir. There's been a great deal of rumbling among the natives lately, and it could break into warfare at any time. Oh, by the way, are there any military tailors near the post? I'd like to order some lighter-weight uniforms. And there's an Arab in the city of Omdomara, who's quite proficient at handling gold-braid. But I think the matter of the ammunition is a little more important. That's enough, Lawrence. I'll forward the order when and if I see fit. You may be the great expert on Africa, but I'm confident that the natives aren't going to fire on the flag of Britain. They wouldn't dare. But even as Major Beekman waved aside the possibility of an attack from the natives, the warriors of the Kamyuema tribe gathered about their council fire. Huge muscular men, they seemed like giants in their tall headdresses of egret plumes. At their sides, they carried enormous swords and scarlet sheaths, and their war shields of tough and alligator hide stood side by side in the ground, forming a circle in which the tribal dancers whirled and spun in feverish abandon. This was the dance of war. Hundred years our men danced, waved swords through spears, but English still take our land, kill our warriors. But you say we make war now. My dear. But now that dance is over, we put away swords, spears, arrows. This time we use white man's guns. Janokemo, chief of Kamyuema people has many guns, much bullets. White soldiers at Fort Shabir not have much bullets. Janokemo knows. We killed them. Start tonight for Fort Shabir. Not start tonight. This time warriors of Kamyuema have guns and many men to help. Even now warriors of other tribes and way to our village. We wait for them. When we strike will be thousands and thousands of natives.  What's that? He's cry of Tarzan. He come here but we not tell him our plan. If he learn we kill him for he can warn soldiers. For an all white man, death to enemies of Africa. We'll return to our story of Tarzan in just a moment. Tarzan's cry had been heard in the distance. Now the warriors of the Kamyuemas made feverish precautions against his coming. The headdresses that signified war were hurriedly put away. The swords and spears were taken to places of concealment. And the devil dancers quickly removed their war masks and mingled innocently with the women who were preparing food. At the time Tarzan reached the village, it presented a scene of peace. And the war like Jannokemo seemed a benevolent ruler. His only concern was for the tribal meal that was in preparation. Jambore Tarzan, lord of jungle. Jambore Jannokemo, chief of the Kamyuema people. You come in time for a fine tribal dinner. You eat, drink with us. I cannot eat with you until I have cleared my mind of suspicions. The signs point to war and I am told that you were the leader. Jannokemo, leader of war? Someone make joke on you. Who would Jannokemo make war on? You've never attempted to hide your hatred of the British. No, dear. Hate English. Africa for Africans, not for white men. But arrows and spears mean nothing against guns. Jannokemo not lead his warriors to sure death. Your words sound true.  Tonight after eat, Jannokemo prove his words true. We build great hot fire, burn spears, arrows, knob carry, swords. Jannokemo swear on spirit his ancestors, we not use these weapons against white men. Convinced that the rumors of war were false, Tarzan remained to share the tribal dinner of the Kamyuema tribe. The people were most friendly. There were no signs of their traditional hatred of the whites. And yet they made one mistake. They served the roasted haunch of jungle buffalo. And Tarzan remembered that the Kamyuemas considered the buffalo the strongest of all beasts, and that its meat was always saved until the eve of battle. But if Jannokemo had spoken falsely to him once, he would repeat his lie. What Tarzan to do was to warn the men at Fort Shabir. Tarzan reached the military post a few days later, and he was soon discussing the matter with his old friend Captain Lawrence. It's hard to say how many men he might be able to recruit, Captain Lawrence. Many hundred, though, I imagine. Maybe thousands. It's easier to spread war than it is peace. Quite so. Yet the restrictions on the sale of firearms mean that we have little to fear so far as... That's it! No, that's how he managed it. That's how who managed what? He sounded as though he was swearing on his ancestors that he would not start a war, actually. All he was saying was that he wouldn't use arrows and spears and other primitive weapons against you. You mean you think he has guns? Which is the only conclusion that can be drawn. And I hate to think what could happen here if thousands of natives armed with guns started to rampage. Tarzan, I want you to come with me to the next office. I'd like you to tell my superior officer what you've just told me. Well, so far as I'm concerned, no one superior to you, Captain Lawrence, I'm very happy to repeat my story. Good. Captain Lawrence, sir, I'd like to speak with you. Come in. Thank you. Major Beekman, I'd like you to meet Tarzan. I'm very happy to meet you, Major Beekman. Major Beekman, I wanted you to speak with Tarzan because he is born in the jungle. He knows more about the natives and their ways than any other man in the continent. He's just come from the bush and he's convinced that the threat of an attack is very imminent. Oh, I think we could defend ourselves under ordinary circumstances, but without a proper supply of ammunition, we would... I approve the order, and it's in England by this time. Yes, sir, I know that. But it will be at least three weeks until the shipment gets here. Well, if we need ammunition sooner, we'll buy it on the open market. You said there was a fair military tailor and armed mara, and I have been meaning to go there anyway. Can I buy shells there? I'm not sure. Tarzan? Perhaps you can buy ammunition for small arms, not for your big guns. Well, I'll buy what I can. Captain Lowlands, on your way out, ask the company clock to come in. I'll have a draft drawn so that I'll be able to pay for what I purchased. You'll need gold for whatever you buy, and I'm tomorrow. Gold? There's a bank there that will exchange the army requisition for gold, but I think it's pretty dangerous... Tarzan, from what direction do you think this highly advertised war will come? From the southwest. I can't be sure, of course, but I think their forces will mass near the village of the Camuemas. Show me on this map. Well, it's not marked on the map, but the Camuama village lies right about here. And Abdamara? Right over there. Good. Kevlon's best defense is a strong attack. I'll go to Abdamara and secure ammunition. I'll meet you near the Camu... whatever it is, village, right there at the small entrenchment marked on the map. There's nothing at that spot but a crude shelter in the center of a barren clearing. It's almost completely in ruins now. It was built many years ago. You'll meet me there, and while you await my arrival, you'll use what ammunition you have for thrust attacks on the native village. Those are orders. Yes, sir. And how many men shall I take? Oh, you won't need many. I'll go over the details before I leave. You'd better have the mechanized equipment prepared for my trip. I'll need it. I'm to bring the ammunition back. My compliments to walk, I presume. It doesn't look far on the map. It isn't far on the map. That afternoon, Major Beekman left for exotic Abdamara, and that night, by the light of flaming torches, a small company led by Captain Lawrence started its safari to the jungle entrenchment that lay near the Camuema village. His men, although trained soldiers, were unused to such a march through the jungle, and as the days passed, they dropped like flies beneath the heat of the equatorial sun. And only the constant help and guidance of a bronzed, white jungle savage enabled any of them to reach their destination alive. But at last, they were there. They had reached the desolate shambles that had once been an outpost for an early white conqueror. It stood there in the center of a large patch of barren rock, an easy target for natives with guns. Well, it doesn't look like much. I'll have to protect you at all. It will need rebuilding. Yes, I suppose so. And when that's done, we'll just start our thrust attacks. I'm afraid there isn't much thrust left in us. All you can hope to do is to stall for time until you get an adequate supply of ammunition. A little sleep actually seems more important now. Yes, you and your men had better get a night's sleep. I'll stand watch and I'll warn you if any danger approaches. And if you ask me, our greatest danger is in Amdo Mora. I hope he's found the right braid for his uniform by this time. Yes, Major Bigman had found his braid and ordered his new uniforms. He had also converted his bank-draft into gold and had rested snugly in his pocket. Now he was on official business. Well-informed sources had told him he could secure and limit an ammunition through certain channels. The channels began in a certain café Bel-Oriental at the foot of the infamous Street of Feeds. Good evening to you, Affendi. Good evening. I want to see the head man, the boss, the proprietor. I am most sorry, Affendi, but there is nothing I can do for you. A drink, a tasty morsel, or a game at which you may try your luck, perhaps, but I am powerless. I said I wanted to see the boss. Now, drag him out here before I... It is a pleasure to see me, Inglise. Inglise? It is our term for an Englishman. You are an officer of the English, are you not a colonel, perhaps? Well, not yet. I'm Major Bigman. Perhaps you'd be good enough to work... I am Julnar. I am the owner of this establishment. You?  You are most kind. Is there, uh, somewhere where we can, uh, talk privately? And there is not yet anyone in the gambling room. We can go in there. Come. Oh, fine. Ray-Hon, you will bring us drinks to the gambling room. Now then, Major, I've been told that you can secure guns and ammunition for me. Oh, not Mrs. Julnar, just Julnar. What is your first name, Major? Uh, George, George. Uh, have I been informed correctly about the ammunition? You are all business. Have you no time for the preliminaries? A drink, perhaps a meal? A few extravagant compliments? You British are so, so cold. Oh, well, of course I... I didn't mean to be rude or unfriendly. You have money with you. Gold. Yes. There you are, you'll know. You can count it while I make out a list of the things that I'll require. I think perhaps I could tell you when and where you will require the ammunition. I know a great deal about what goes on in the interior. Oh, then you believe these wild rumors of a native uprising, too? Perhaps, but you needn't bark at me, George. Without my consent, you will be unable to buy a single bullet in Amdumara. And I only sell to those who are friendly to me.  Your drink, Mistress Effendi. Thank you. You brought us such small drinks, Rehan. Perhaps you best return and bring us the bottle. George may be here for a long time. He may succeed in getting what he came for, and then again, he may not. And the ammunition becomes a vital matter as a savage war begins. We'll return to our story in just a moment. Look at our cozy little jungle, please. At least you lost no men in this thrust attack. Because I made no attack. Despite orders, I'd be a poor officer if I tried to lead my handful of men against those hordes of natives. It wouldn't take them an hour to find out how few men we have. And now, sparingly, we're forced to use our scant supply of ammunition. Besides, if you were to strike the blow first, I would no longer be your ally. But they are preparing for war. You can tell that. Yes, and they have guns. I have determined that on the little scouting trips I've taken alone. What are they waiting for, Tarzan? Why don't they throw their weight at us and get it over with? They may be playing the ancient jungle game of patience. Or they may be waiting for some development about which we know nothing. Well, they're not going to toy with us forever. I know what I'm waiting for. Major Beekman. And he'd better get you with the ammunition in a hurry. But Major Beekman was still in Andomara, a victim of the cleverness of Jolnar and of his own weaknesses. He was drinking heavily now. He hadn't slept in days. And he had developed a fondness for the decadent life at the Café Ballorientale and its gambling room. He had lost a small fortune of his own. And now the goal that was to pay for the badly needed ammunition was in the center of the table. Oh, I see. I have to win this hand, Jolnar. I can't keep losing hour after hour. Your luck at cards has not been good, but such is the fate of gamblers. Perhaps this hand will see a change in your fortune. Well, better change. I've lost money that doesn't belong to me.  I'll be stripped of rank and maybe worse. What could be worse than that after buying all those handsome new uniforms? Another card, George? Yes, yes. I will have another card also. There. I think I have you this time, Jolnar. Nineteen. Sorry, George. I have twenty. I say you've got to do something, Jolnar. I'll pay you back. I'll do anything. I've got to save my honor. You told me you doubted the possibility of a native attack, did you not? That's right. Then I tell you what I will do for you. I will have my men load your safari with empty boxes of shells, empty, save for some rocks, which we will put inside. By the time you have occasion to use them, you can claim some unidentifiable Arabs cheated you. There will be no damage done and your honor will be left intact. Oh, my word. That's a tremendous idea. It's capital. Dummies, eh? How did you ever think of it, Jolnar? I have had much experience with dummies. Do not worry, Jean-Oquimau. The Englishman left without a single bullet. Your men can wait until they've exhausted their scanned supply and then you'll be able to destroy them without the loss of a single life. It's good. When white men drive them from Africa, Jolnar made important women. Much land, many jewels, give them her. But I won't wait forever, Jean-Oquimau. When will your warriors stop the attack? Men of other tribes come now. Meet us, village, my people. When Jean-Oquimau return there, he lead attack.  What do you mean, Tarzan? This man stands here to the jungle animal. I'll read that thousands of native warriors are on their way here. The animals are fleeing from their path. There's still not a sign of Beekman. Well, he probably couldn't get here anyway. The stampede is traveling in the direction of which he should be approaching. It's lucky we have this shelter. Flimsy, though it is. And the lectures of the men who are with us here are condemned to death. At least the natives won't attack until the stampede is over. Well, that's something. Now get a little rest if you can, men. It may be difficult with the infernal cries of the animals, but... Someone's outside. Pacing through the door open, it may be... It's Major Beekman. What's left of me? Stampede destroyed all the supplies. All the men killed I. I escaped through some miracle. I need medical attention. You'll have to get me to Fort Shamir. There was to be a doctor among the men, new men who were to arrive during the past week. Well, we can't get you to Fort Shamir. The natives are massing for an attack. And even without that, these men are not jungle-trained. They barely manage to get here. Well, someone has to get me to a doctor or bring one here. I still don't believe that nonsense about the... To your post, men! This is Major Beekman. Yes, sir. Bridges take the pick-up at all sides. Right, sir! Look it. Thousands at all sides of the clearing. Are they within gun range? Just about, sir. Then fire at them. We'll hold out fire. Can't afford to waste ammunition. Our new supply of ammunition has reached Fort Shamir. But now, get someone through their lines. Send a messenger back to Fort Shamir and stuck him to send all available men in equipment. No one could get through their lines, sir. But if so one could, we'd stand a chance, wouldn't we? Well, the natives know little about handling guns, even with their superior numbers, you could control them if you had an unlimited supply of ammunition and additional troops. Well, that's what I thought. Lawrence, you'll have to get one of the men to make a try for it. Getting a message through to Fort Shamir would mean that we'd be safe. Yes, I think it would. But I won't order any of my men to try to run and go to the thousands of angry natives. Well, perhaps one of them will volunteer. I wouldn't ask for volunteers. All right, Major Beekman. Make a try for it myself. No, no, Captain Lawrence. I won't let you. Perhaps no one can get through to Fort Shamir, but if anyone's to the chance, it would be me. Now, if I managed to get across the clearing, I could take to the upper level. Yes, you'd stand the slim chance. Why should you risk your life? If the natives take this position, I'll be among those who are slaughtered anyway. I doubt that. They'll stop short of killing the lord of the jungle. What are you planning for, Lawrence? You have your volunteer? Better get going, Tarzan. Goodbye, Captain Lawrence. I hope we live to see one another again. Tarzan, I... Goodbye. Beekman, you've been hit. Yes, but never mind me for now. What's happened to Tarzan? I can't see him from here. Well, get to the window. Have you got binoculars? Yes, sir. Then tell me, how's he doing? If he can reach Fort Shamir, he can bring a doctor and supplies. I see him, sir. They just ran from the cover of one rack to that of another. They let him have everything they got, but the rain isn't so good. He's made another few feet now. They peppered the Rockies behind him. Maybe... Oh! No! No, he's in the clear again. I think... Yes! Yes, he's almost out of sight now. He can just reach the protection of the trees. We have enough ammunition to hold him up until the others get here, but... I can't see him at all now, sir. Then... then maybe he's failed... perhaps. Well, Major Beekman, if help comes, it'll be too late to do you any. I doubt that he's got through. No man could possibly. And with nothing but jungle between Tarzan and Fort Shamir, it means we'll be saved. In just a moment a preview of our next exciting story of Tarzan. November in the rain belt to the south of the equator, the days of sweltering damp heat, the nights of wet coldness, the constant fear of the jungle wilds and the haunting dread that someone you love has disappeared in the Congo and will never be seen again. Tarzan plays a strange role in a baffling mystery entitled African Thanksgiving. Our next story of the Lord of the Jungle. Tarzan, the transcribed creation of the famous Edgar Rice Burroughs, is produced by Walter White Jr. Prepared for radio by Bud Lesser with original music by Albert Glasser. This is a Commodore production.


Welcome to Timing Diagrams. In this video, you'll learn how timing diagrams are used in digital electronics to show the operation of various circuits through graphs. In most situations, logic signals applied to the inputs of logic devices are not at stationary levels. Instead, they are voltages that change continuously between two states. To illustrate how logic gates respond to input signals in relation to time, timing diagrams have been developed. A timing diagram is a graphical method of showing the exact output behavior of a logic circuit for every possible set of input conditions. It is often used to describe the operation of digital devices because its visual characteristics are much easier to understand than a wordy explanation. The series circuit is used to show how a timing diagram operates. Two switches represent the inputs, and the light bulb represents the output. An open switch represents a logic zero, and a closed switch represents a logic one. The light bulb represents a logic zero when it is off, and a logic one when it is on. The format of the timing diagram above shows the condition during a given time period of each input switch and the output lamp on the vertical axis and the time on the horizontal axis. The diagram is read from left to right. Look at how the input and output waveforms correspond to the circuit operation for each highlighted time period. As you can see in the first time period, when both switches are open, the light is off. Notice that the bulb is only on during time period four when both switches are closed. Now, let's take a look at how the input and output waveforms for each time period correspond to the truth table and the signals at the logic gate. The series circuit with two switches operates the same way as a two input AND gate. Below is the AND gate, its truth table, and its timing diagram. More specifically, the timing diagram shows waveforms of the inputs A and B and the resulting output X over time. Look carefully. You'll see the same outputs for the AND gate and truth table. The diagram is sliced into five different time periods labeled T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5. In time period T1, inputs A and B are both high. Therefore, the output X is also high. Watch the highlighted time period and how it matches the AND gate and its truth table. Notice how the output X is high only when inputs A and B are both also high. Now that you've learned how timing diagrams operate for a two switch series circuit and its corresponding two input AND gate, select the answers that complete the statement correctly. First, read through the statement and then read through the potential answers. Pause or rewind the video if you need more time to think about your answers. Our first statement deals with how to interpret a timing diagram. The correct answers are output signal and input signals. This statement deals with where time is shown on a timing diagram. The correct answer is D horizontal. And finally, our last statement deals with the direction a timing diagram should read. The correct answer is A, left to right. Congratulations! You have completed the timing diagram video. Thank you for watching. If you liked this video, give us a thumbs up.


The Great Search brought to you by Digikey and Adafruit every single little week. Lady user powered engineer to help you. Yes, you find things that you want at digikey.com. Lady, what is a great search of the week this week? This week we're looking at Zener diodes. So let's go to the computer and I'll show my moment of Zener. So Zener diodes are great for a bazillion things. One of the projects that I've been working on is this protocol interface that is supposed to be five volt compliant and one of the ways I'm doing that is using this Zener clamp to make sure that the inputs coming into these GPIO pins never really get above 3.3, 3.6 volts. And I've realized, you know, people will realize how amazingly wonderful Zener diodes are. They're great. They're wonderful.  Some fun tips can be found in this document. It's just called the three-volt tips and tricks. And the particular technique that I mentioned, there's actually a couple in here. So one is using a Zener as a very low-cost regulator or power supplier, like whenever you need a voltage reference, plus minus 10 volts. It's not precision, but sometimes it's okay. Sometimes you're just like, look, I just need about three volt input to buy us something. You just need a resistor and current going into the Zener diode. And this will kind of sit at whatever, you know, this is rated as the 3.6 volt Zener. This will be around 3.6 volts. So that's a Zener power supply. And there's a couple notes about it. A Zener clamp, that's the voltage protection circuit that I mentioned before. The voltage going into here, as long as this resistor makes the bias into D1 about five milliamps or so, or less. Yeah, we're like five milliamps. I mean, it's not, you depend on the wattage. This V out won't exceed the reverse voltage of the Zener diode. There's also a great tutorial by Evil Mad Scientist. It's over 10 years old, but Zener diode never go out of style. So check it out. Interaction to Zener diodes by EMSL, wonderful scientist over in California. And I tackle all the different tips and tricks that they use Zener's for. Again, like simple voltage regulators, level shifters, making, you know, stacking them up to make multiple reference outputs from a higher voltage supply.  But on the reverse bias, they can have an adjustable drop. And so when you purchase the Zener diode, you'll have to specify what the reverse voltage breakdown voltage you want is. And we'll show that more tips and tricks. Here's a fun one, you know, they use this to drop a 36 volts input into a five volt regulator. They just need to like lose 10, 12 volts, a 12 volt Zener will do it, as long as it's rated for the amount of current. And then the voltage drop across it. So that's something to watch for. Zener diodes, let's go to Digi-Key and check what they've got. First off, you might be wondering, am I at the Digi-Key site? Because the logo looks different. They just did a logo refresh. They're going with a brighter red color, which I like. And they're losing the dash in the Digi-Key. I think they did a post on social media also about their rebranding. I like it's a little bit more modern. I personally think that the D, like the D in the center of the D, like reminds you of the catalog sitting on my shelf for, you know, decades. Maybe that's what the D stands for. So they've got Zener diodes, do they ever? Hundreds of thousands of them almost. So there's Zener kits and there's Zener diode arrays, but we'll just look for the single Zener diodes looking for, you know, active ones in stock, not marketplace. So it gives us down to, you know, 9,000. So the reverse voltage, so there's a couple of standard voltages. There's a few, you know, families that are popular. I tend to use the MM series. It's made by, you know, they're made by multiple different manufacturers, and they come in kind of set voltages, like every 0.3 volts. So it's like 1.8, 2.1, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0, 3.3, 3.6, etc, etc. They go very, very high. But for what I often am using the Unisport, which is again, clamping a signal down from, say, 5 volts down to 3.3 volts, I let you use a 3.6 volt Zener. Now, you might be wondering, why aren't you using a 3.3 volt? Because oftentimes, I'm not biasing with a full 5 milliamps, and most of them are rated, that voltage that they're rated at, the nominal voltage, you only get when you're putting a significant amount of current through. But if I'm caking this up to some other digital signal, I'm not usually getting a full 5 milliamps. In fact, this 1k resistor is limiting me to your 1.5 volts across, 1.5 milliamps through the 1k resistor. So this is going to be, you know, 1.5 milliamps. I've measured it, it never quite gets to 3.6. It's usually like 3.2, 3.3. So let's look at, again, but you can get any voltage you could possibly want, including 3.3.  And basically, you can get, you know, any package you like. And the thing you're going to want to watch for is, oh wait, did I click 3.3? Sorry, I meant 3.6.  That's what we meant. Apply, and then don't forget, you always have to have, you know, Zener diodes, they only work when there is a resistor. You always have to have a resistor to limit the current and the voltage that's going to appear at the, so that this reverse voltage has, there's some, the Zener diode has like a 3.6 volt reverse voltage. If you try to put full five volts directly on it, it doesn't like regulate it, it'll try to pass all that voltage through, it'll draw a lot of current and it'll blow up. So you need to have much like an LED needs a choke resistor, you do need to calculate your choke resistor. How do you calculate it? It depends on the milliwattage of the diode. So you have to figure out with that voltage drop across the reverse biased Zener 3.3, 3.6 and how much current is going through it, you can't go above the milliwattage. So it's a trade-off, right? If you're, if you're trying to drop a huge amount of voltage with a lot of current, you're going to have to go big.  If you're trying to use it in a power supply, like we showed with the Evilman scientist example of using it to drop voltage into a regulator, you're going to need something much, much bigger. You'll need like a one watt or a two watt Zener and they make them in those wattage, but you might have to go through hole to get that physical size. Or you could always, you know, use multiple ones. This one looks like, you know, it's chunky. It's a DO 219AB 800 milliwatts. You can get them in, you know, you can look up here for the PowerMax. You can get them up to like a watt or one and a half. But again, we're doing it for signal. We don't really care. And I do like the sod 323. I want it to be nice and compact. So I'm going to pick that for the size. The rest, the 123s are a little bit bigger. I don't, I want to kind of minimize space.  So I know that they're going to be able to always have them in stock. I'm not going to zoom in. Come and tape in real. And then, you know, look at the datasheet for specification. I will say that they're jelly bean parts. The MM3Z series, you know, they're available from multiple vendors. They'll just have that different 3v6 where the XXX is in the, in the datasheet. You'll get different voltages from 2.4 to 775 volts. But it's still not a bad idea to look, especially if there's an impedance and what current it's expected. Again, 5 milliamps is pretty common. That's a good idea to look. And the variation, you will get variations for the 3v6, like I said, can go as low as 3.4 to 3.8 at 5 milliamps. But I don't usually drive them at that current, usually drive them at a lower one. It looks like once you get to the higher voltages, they're expected to be driven at 2 milliamps instead. So Xeter diodes, they're amazing. Really, they do everything. I love to throw them into my designs for all sorts of like random voltage reference protection circuitry. And they're really cheap, two cents. So check out some of those links. We'll have them in the description so you can read the Evil Mad Scientist Guide, as well as the microchipped Google tips and tricks PDF. For these wonderful Xeter diodes.


When I was going over the metric units, I said that there were variations on the metric units, so I said there was a gram, but there were variations of the gram, there were leaders, there were variations on the unit for leader, and we're going to talk about that now. Specifically what we are going to talk about is metric unit prefixes, so prefixes are the way that the units in the metric system are changed or modified, so before we get into what a metric unit prefix is, I just want to make sure that everyone understands what a prefix is, so we're just going to briefly talk about a prefix. A prefix is basically a piece of a word that you tack on to the front end of another word, and no matter what word you tack it on to the front end of, it changes the meaning of the word in the same way. The example that I am showing here uses a prefix that has the letters D and E. DE is a prefix that basically means take away from, and no matter what you stick the letters DE on to under certain circumstances, it basically changes the end part of the word in the same way by adding the meaning take away from. So if you devalue something, you take away value from something, which means you reduce its value. If you deconstruct something, you take construction away from something, which means you break it apart. So that's basically what the prefix D and with the letters DE does. It changes the meaning of many other words in the same way by applying the same sort of change to it, take away from. So the metric system has its own collection of prefixes, and the idea is that the prefixes in the metric system change the meaning of the unit in the same way, no matter what unit you attach the prefix on to. So before I go into what the prefixes are and how you use them, I want to explain why they're used. So the way that I explain why they're used involves actually units that are not metric. So usually what I do is I ask my on-ground students a couple of questions. Since I can't really hear your answers, I'm just going to pretend that I'm talking to myself, which I kind of am. The first question is, how tall are you? Well, I am 71.5 inches tall. And there's my number, there's my unit. Second question is, what's the distance from where I live to the grocery store? And I will say that it's about two miles. Again, I have a number and I have a unit. And what I usually do at this point is I ask the students, how come you didn't tell me how tall you were in miles?  And it is ridiculous, but it could be done. Instead of using units of inches, I could use miles. And I think I looked this up a while ago. I think I am about 0.00114 miles tall. So you can do it. The other question that is also a little bit ridiculous is how come I didn't tell people how far it was to the grocery store in inches? Again, most of the students think that's a little crazy, but it could be done. I think it is about 127,000 inches to the store from where I live. And again, so the question is, why do I use units of inches when I'm talking about how tall I am? I don't have to. I could use miles. And why do I use units of miles when I'm talking about how far it is to the store? And why don't I use inches? There's no definitive answer for this, but I think the answer I'm going to give is probably more or less correct. The reason why I think this is true is that the human mind is pretty good at understanding numbers that are between about, excuse me, between about 1 and 100 or 1 and 1000. We're pretty good at sort of counting in that range. If we go much less than one, it starts to basically hurt your head and make it hard to wrap your mind around what a number less than one means. And if we go much past 1000, it's also hard to understand how big that number is. So as an example, I kind of know what .00114 is, but it's not the easiest thing to wrap your head around. I know more or less what 71 and a half of something is, so this is relatively easy to understand. So the point of changing units, changing from inches to miles or miles to inches, is to switch the number that you get out to a more human understandable one. .00114 miles. I don't really know what that is. I don't have a deep understanding of that. 71 and a half I know what that is. Same thing with distance to the grocery store. 127,000. I know at least in theory what that is, but it's hard to really imagine what 127,000 of something is. Two, I know what that is. I know what a mile is more or less, and I know what two of them are probably going to be roughly. So the punchline here is that we switch units to turn the numbers that we're dealing with into more human understandable ones. Now these are English units or something related to English units, but the same kind of thing happens with the metric system. And so the metric system, however, uses prefixes to modify the units to make the numbers more understandable. And that's what we're going to talk about in the next couple of slides. Let's see. So the metric system, for example, uses a meter. One meter is one meter. That is about the distance from, let's say, your shoulder from here to about the tips of your fingertips.  So this is going to be my meter stick. And you can measure the height of people using a meter stick. So Kobe Bryant here, he's about two meters tall. So it's reasonable to use the unit of meters when I'm talking about how tall people are. However, things get a little bit more problematic if I'm measuring the distance to the store or other places. As an example, if I want to go from Haverhill, Massachusetts to Kingston, New Hampshire, I'm going to pretend that it's 6,500 meters. So here's my meter stick again. And if I laid 6,500 of these end to end next to each other, maybe it tells me the distance between those two towns. However, as I mentioned earlier, 6,500, a little confusing. At least hard to wrap your head around once the numbers get too big. So what the metric system does is it says, look, I want to group a thousand meters end to end as its own special unit. And the way that I'm going to describe it is it's related to a meter. So the end part of the unit is going to be called a meter. But I'm going to modify the front part with a prefix called kilo. So excuse me. The prefix here is kilo. And kilo basically means take this unit meter and use it in groups of a thousand. And each group of 1000 meters is called a kilometer. And so instead of telling people that it's 6,500 meters between the towns, I can say that it's about 6.5 kilometers between the towns. And hopefully that is a little bit easier on the head to understand. You know more or less what six and a half of something is. 6,500 in theory, you know what that is, but it's hard to sort of get a good sense of of how big a distance that is. So that's what the metric system does is it tax these little prefixes on to the end of its standard units and the prefix. In this case, it's kilo, but there are other prefixes that are coming. Kilo basically changes the meaning of the end unit in the same way. Same thing. We can have grams. I told you that gram was a metric unit. We can have kilograms.  So the reason it's called the prefix is I can put kilo in front of any of the metric system. I can put it in front of liter, things like that. And this means a thousand liters. So no matter what I tack kilo on to, it changes the meaning of the unit in the same way. Why it's called the prefix. Here's another example where you might want to go in the other direction. Again, one meter is one meter. And here is our meter stick over here. But pretend that we wanted to actually measure the length of a very tiny thing. So pretend this is B. And there's our B. And if we used a meter as a unit, our B is approximately 0.01 meters long. Again, this number is a little bit hard to deal with for the head. So if we can switch the units so that we end up with a number that's more human understandable, it will help us. And what the metric system does is it says, look, why don't I take the meter and break it into 100 even pieces. So pretend this is me breaking the meter stick into 100 even pieces. And each piece is called a centimeter. And centi is just a different prefix that you can tack on to different metric units. And it means break your unit into 100 even pieces. And then we can instead of saying that our B is 0.01 meters long, we can say that our B is about one centimeter long. And you'll notice that we ended up with a number one that's a little bit more easy for the brain to understand. So again, new prefix, we've gotten kilo, we've gotten centi now. Let's see, there are others. Oh, here's a different example. This is a picture of a bacterial cell. And if you wanted to measure the length of one of those cells, you can use meters and you can say the bacterial cell is 0.0000002 meters long. Again, this is really hard to understand what that number is. One way of dealing with that, let me show you the meter stick, is we could break the meter stick into a million even pieces. So pretend this is me breaking it into a million even pieces. And each of those even pieces is called a micrometer. Micro is the prefix that basically means break your metric unit into one million even pieces. And that's basically how it works. It doesn't just work with meters, it works with liters, it works with grams, works with pretty much any metric unit that I can think of. So let's see, where are we? So again, one meter is one meter. If we need to measure things that are much longer than a meter, we can group the meters into groups of a thousand and then the prefix is kilo. If we're dealing with something that's very small, we can break the unit into a hundred even pieces. The prefix is centi. We didn't cover this one, but if we want to break the unit into a thousand even pieces, the prefix is milli. And you notice that the abbreviations for the modified units are pretty easy to understand. Kilo is km, centimeter is cm, millimetre is mm. We just did micrometer. Micrometer, micro means break your unit into a million even pieces. The problem with the abbreviation for micrometer is that you want to use the letter m, but the letter m is already being used for milli. So because scientists are kind of nerdy and stuffy, they rated the Greek alphabet and found a letter that sounds like the letter m. The letter in the Greek alphabet is called μ. That's, I guess, how we spell it. It's written like this. It looks like the letter u with a little tail here. And so the correct unit for the correct abbreviation for micrometer is the Greek letter μ and then m. However, this is very hard to find on your computer, on your keyboard.   And again, just to emphasize that these are prefixes, meaning that you can put them on to different units and they change the unit in the same way, kilo means group in groups of a thousand. I told you that a gram is about the weight of one paperclip. If I want to weigh things much more than a paperclip, I can use kilogram, which basically means weigh in groups of a thousand grams or a kilogram is roughly a thousand paperclips, or if I need to weigh something much smaller, I can break my paperclip into a hundred even pieces and each piece is called a centigram, or I can break it into a thousand even pieces. And each little piece of my paperclip is weighs about a milligram, or if possible, I could break my paperclip into a million even pieces and each piece is called a microgram. Again, these units show up over and over again, whether they're tacked onto meters, whether they're tacked onto grams, whether they're tacked onto liters, they do the same thing to the unit. So to summarize, what's the purpose of metric unit prefixes? Nobody wants to think about how many inches it is to the grocery store, even though you could do it. So what you do is you shift units to give you more understandable numbers. Instead of saying it's 127,000 inches to the store, I could say that it's 3,218 meters to the store. However, 3,218 is still a little bit confusing, which is why I'm writing question marks. So you can switch that as well and use kilometers as your unit. And then you can say, well, it's about 3.2 kilometers to the store. As long as you have a sense of what one kilometer is, it's not too hard to understand what 3.2 of them are. So that's basically why metric unit prefixes exist. I will tell you that you shouldn't memorize those prefixes. There are many more prefixes than the ones we went over, but those are the ones that show up the most often. Again, don't memorize these. I will give you that information on a quiz or a test, but you'll have to be able to use it. So for example, I might say there are 1,000 millimeters and 1 meter. So I'll give you that information on a quiz or a test, but you're going to have to be able to use it. So keep that in mind.


But what is a point guard anymore be? I know they Rarely just points out there Hometown hit for Jaylen Brown and a chance at a four-point play Yeah, you can't get I mean the biggest thing I thought was just like you can't get to work in There's a dog down three. He's putting his work in tonight. That's eight points already for Jason Tatum Oh For zingus on the baseline stop round plus Tatum 22 Atlanta 14 Oh and JB picks his pocket show time Another jelly finished the high loop will never hesitate to shoot sent it out Tatum straight away three. That's good And the Boston Celtics have a 20-point lead in the first quarter shock and off The Celtics led by 30 in the first half. It's down to six as Murray gets the deflection gets it back from Creechie Barry's the three And the Hawks are cooking Horford will push the pace finds Pritchard straight line to the cop Tell you what Al Horford had he looked at Quinn Snyder and told Quinn Snyder you need to time out How is a quiet savage? Create some space just a little bit miss the shot got the rebound JB aggressive count it plus the five we started this game earlier you saw Tatum off two feet Shape reset in the game gives it back to Pritchard Tacking the basket again and lays it in with the left After 10 of 23 in the first half Trent for a springer got a piece of that Matthews for the lead Springer boards it and pushes the tempo. No numbers doesn't matter for Jaden Springer at the big-time play. That's making an impact Tatum against Capella as the matchup. He wants isolates drives and throws it down That's how you attack Brown defended by Matthews Goes into his bag in the paint the jumper is good Brown getting to his spot Very ISO is against Horford tough lefty finish with five on the shot clock. Porzinga sets the screen. They got to go Matthews all over and Brown on the step back Murray Dejante pulls up miss the jump shot shoots the three and Buries it to the bull decision to take the shot. He hits it to give his team a two possession lead Celtics highlight are presented by Metro by T-Mobile


In the year 2000 Eminem came out with, in my opinion, probably his best album, The Marshall Mathers LP. And what was on the Marshall Mathers LP? Well, we got Criminal, we got Kill U, we got Tim, we got The Real Slim Shady, Marshall Mathers, and...am I missing something? Oh yeah, Stan. Most of you probably know the story of the song Stan, but in case you don't, here's a quick summary. A dude named Stan is absolutely obsessed with Eminem, and the story is told from his perspective. After following him for years, buying his albums, meeting him a few times at concerts, he's his biggest fan. He has an extended family, a girlfriend, an unborn child. Life's not bad. However, he constantly sends letters to Eminem for validation, as if everything he already has isn't enough. But Eminem, dealing with thousands of fan mail every day, doesn't get around to responding to Stan's fan mail. As Stan continues sending letters and Eminem still doesn't respond, Stan becomes more and more insane and threatens to kill himself, his girlfriend, and his unborn child in a car crash if Eminem doesn't respond. In the final verse, Eminem finally reaches out to Stan, but discovers that it's too late. A car was found driven off of a bridge, occupants dead, with a tape to Eminem in the car. It's pretty dark. If you haven't heard it before or seen the video, I definitely recommend giving it a listen. The theme of the song, obviously, is that it's okay to be a fan, enthusiast, or supporter of someone or something. But when this infatuation makes you disregard other important aspects of life, and especially when you start harming yourself and others, that's taking it too far. It warns against extreme fan adoration. This song is where the term Stan came from. The term, popularized on Twitter, has come to refer to individuals congregated around certain specific interests. I wonder if Eminem is disappointed to see people use that word in the way it's being used today. Ironically, referring to the very thing that he wanted to discourage. Today, you'll find a fandom for pretty much anything on the internet. You got Swifties, Arianators, Potterheads, aka Read Another Book, Doctor Who, Sherlock, Supernatural, and that's all one fandom, by the way. Trekkies, Weabooz, Werebooz, Gleeks, Star Wars fans, Star Wars fans who exclusively like the prequels, and yeah, K-pop fans. Just like any fan base that is obsessed with something, you're bound to have all sorts of fans. But not all fans are created equal. Some fans are just chill. They might listen to K-pop casually, they probably don't have a bias, and they might follow just one or two popular groups. Then there are closeted K-pop fans who mostly keep to themselves and don't let anyone IRL know that they listen to K-pop. They'll listen to K-pop, but only with headphones on, just in case anyone hears them. Then there are normal everyday fans who genuinely love their idols and follow several different groups and listen to K-pop pretty much daily. They tend to own a good bit of merch too. And then there are others. Insane fans. You know the type. They live for K-pop, and nothing else, and they're especially lively on Twitter. You can tell because their profile picture looks like this, or this, or this. Which isn't terrible by itself, it's fine to have a K-pop profile picture. Honestly, it's comparable to seeing someone with an anime profile picture, but these guys say the darnest things. Here we got the creepy obsessive stalker type tweets, like this, this, this, or this. We got people standing, members of literally despotic regimes, and I gotta censor this one. It's a bit much. Don't ask me why it's all BTS, I don't know why. I honestly want to believe that these are jokes, but knowing some people, I feel like they're not. But here's where it becomes a problem. These types of fans are rude to pretty much everyone who is not a fan. Others get strangely hostile to other people for no reason, really. This is crazy.  Like this one where this girl decided not to hire someone because they haven't heard of BTS, or doxing people because they said they didn't like your favorite group, or just generally insulting people because they're fans of other groups. And this guy, his tweet is interesting because it's like he wasn't even trying to start hate. I think he was mostly commending the tenacity of K-pop's stans by saying, if BTS gets coronavirus, the stans are gonna find a cure within 24 hours, to which several people responded. Why are these idols so offended by the very idea that they can get coronavirus? Anyone can get it. We have to realize that idols are people, just like us. Very, very good looking people, of course, but people all the same. And sometimes we forget that. And there's just the creepy worship of Koreans by, not strictly limited to white people, but mostly white people. This one makes me speechless. This one cracks me up because they think that every time someone mentions the word army, that it's a BTS reference. And of course, pretending like you're Korean, or getting surgery to look like a Korean. Guys, don't do this. I'm not even gonna get started on Oli London. Jimin! Oh my god! I'm in Korea. Gangnam Style. To transform into a K-pop star. And then there's this clip where, according to the original tweet, this Asian guy was shopping at a mall and people were randomly hugging him. Because he was Asian. And then there's this one that's just flat out racism? What? I don't get it. One of the most disgusting things in my opinion is the whole posting fancams when a tragedy occurs. For example, in July 2020, Megan Thee Stallion, who recently performed this song with Cardi B, suffered gunshot wounds and had to be rushed to the hospital, to which some K-pop fan replied, I'm. He ended up getting ratioed with this and scolded by another K-pop fan who said, love you but this isn't the time. Talk about embarrassing. And here we are at the classic, if only he stand X, so and so wouldn't have died. Here we have Exhibit A with Juice World, Exhibit B with Cameron Boyce, Exhibit C with George Floyd.  Why do people do this? How did this get 213 likes? Now I'm sure you've heard this saying when someone says a dark joke about a tragic event and then another person responds too soon. Well some Twitter K-pop fans don't understand this concept because if you think they wouldn't pull this kind of stuff on Chadwick Boseman's Twitter, you're lying to yourself. Only one hour after Boseman's family confirmed Chadwick's death, we get this mysterious reply from a dude named Mango in fancy letters, posting what I can only assume is a fan cam of BTS Dancing or some other group I guess we'll never know because the dude deleted his whole account afterwards. And then there's this one where some people use the hashtag dedicated for emergency earthquake alerts and posted any guesses? Yep, fan cams. What's the deal with fan cams? By the way, I am aware and acknowledge that some of these Twitter accounts are purposefully making these posts for the sole purpose of making K-pop fans look bad, such as this one, but a lot of these posts are unfortunately made by real accounts. And what's worse than simply insulting people on Twitter? That's right, actively getting involved in other people's personal lives because you're desperate for attention. One example is CLC's Sunghyun, whose footage was captured in a backstage video at the 2019 Soryabada Best K Music Awards. And she walks away from the camera, bumps into this dude, almost off camera, and then walks back. The theories immediately started, many surmising that she was probably attacked or pushed or mistreated, worrying about her safety, asking for the identity of the man, and even having him punished. Turns out, nope, none of that was true. And as always, the internet started a crusade, a witch hunt for nothing, because she came out on Instagram to say that it was just her friend and his reaction was just them messing around and she tickled him or something like that. Or another example, when fans demanded that Chen from EXO leave the group because he got engaged. Or when Korean rapper Zico had one of his tweets photoshopped to make it look like he said something racist, all because he held the number one spot on Mellon instead of BTS. And when the person who originally started the rumor was called out, she replied. Thank you all for your cooperation. This was a social experiment. And then there's a story of Minami Minagishi of AKB48, who was harassed on Twitter, which she describes as abusive language that really hurt her. Why? Because she was wearing purple nail polish. The same color as BTS. Guys, you can't make this up.  Why? Jealousy, maybe? Because she's friends with them? There's one last type of fan that I've been meaning to talk about, and they're known as Sasang. They are the worst of the worst. Sometime around New Year's 2020, during TWICE's flight from Japan to Korea, Nayeon was approached by a German man in order to deliver love letters to her. This man, only known as Josh, had discovered TWICE's flight plans and boarded their plane. Thankfully, two managers present were able to stop him and kept him away from Nayeon. He was reported to have visited the place as Nayeon was known to frequent, and even asked shopkeepers to hand over his letters to her if they see her. In response to the event, Nayeon clearly traumatized, posted on Instagram, Please go back home. Please stop. I beg you. JYP Entertainment also filed their straining order and made criminal complaints against Josh. From then on, TWICE got extra police protection, and Josh was then banned from visiting Korea. Turns out, Josh was planning this for a while, and he'd earlier made a trip to Korea to visit her. Of course, not without letting her know beforehand. He claimed that he was visiting his girlfriend and asked around for the location of their dorm. He even said that she knew he was coming and expected him and was, I quote, 100% happy to see him. He made plans to visit the JYP building and even visit JY Park's house himself. But apparently that never happened. He posted several videos on YouTube when he was in Korea, and you can still see this dude's videos here. They're still up there and he's still posting. This dude is clearly not right in the head, going so far as to say that if she dates anyone besides him, he will kill her, saying that any sane person would kill her. It's insane that fans like this exist, but it's even crazier that Nion is not the only one to have these kinds of crazy encounters with fans. Members of Super Junior, Big Bang, and GOT7, to name a few, sustained several injuries in car accidents because of fans who were following their car too closely. There have been a ton of incidents of idols who have had their houses broken into, including Seo Taiji, who after calling the cops on the person who broke in, they just sat there on the singer's car until the police arrived. Members of TVXQ have had their phones tapped, apartments broken into, tracked with GPS devices, and even poisoned, yeah, poisoned, by their fans. It's really apparent that these idols don't enjoy any of these incidents with obsessive fans. It's a traumatizing experience. Several idols have even commented on it. In fact, Taehyung of BTS recently spoke about how difficult it is with fans who know every detail about your plans. It's so bad that BTS doesn't ride commercial flights anymore because fans would just find out their flight plans and book all the seats around them. It has gotten absolutely out of control. So if you're ever wondering if the members of BTS could possibly be on one of your flights, the chances are probably close to zero, and it's all because of these guys. It's ironic in a way because so many BTS songs send such a positive message. But some of their fans are some of the worst offenders of this behavior. That being said, despite everything, a majority of fans are regular fans who know perfectly well that we should be respectful to others, fans or not, and definitely respect the idols and their privacy. In fact, K-pop fans have come together to do some amazing things. Yes, each fan base does great things for their respective groups, such as ARMY and BLINKS going the extra mile to watch BTS and BLACKPINK music videos over and over to the point where their songs have become the most watched YouTube videos in their first 24 hours, pretty much back to back to back. Or when Loona's hash album came out in February of 2020 when they smashed the iTunes record for K-pop girl groups when they hit number one in 56 different countries. But soon after, another girl group broke that record with 57 countries. Orbit shot back by encouraging fellow fans who lived in countries where the album had not gone number one to purchase the album. And it worked, eventually charting at number one in a grand total of 60 countries. Now, this is all great, but what's even more amazing is what the fans have done for the general public. For example, when BTS had to cancel their shows in Seoul due to COVID, they refunded the money for the tickets back to the fans, who decided to turn around and donate to COVID relief efforts inspired by Suga's prior donation of $83,000 to the cause. ARMY ended up donating a total of $330,000 to the Korean Disaster Relief Association. When the wildfires in Australia broke out, multiple fandoms, particularly those for groups that had Australian members, did massive fundraisers for relief organizations that helped people and wildlife affected by the wildfires. G-Dragon of Big Bang and his fans from all over the world donated over 5,000 pounds of rice to the needy. UNICEF, Black Lives Matter, NGOs, and countless other organizations and charities have benefited from the selfless donations of K-pop fans. There's power in numbers. And we, as the fans, have to decide if we use that power to do great things for others or be edgy on Twitter. Eminem came out with Stan in 2000, only four years after his first album. He was just starting out. He had no idea how big he would be, yet that song proved to be prophetic. And even so early in his career, he knew the negative effects that overly obsessive celebrity worship would bring for both the fan and the celebrity. Yeah, I get crazy letters like that. That's what I was saying. You know, I don't understand.  I never knew that I was gonna have any of this.   Question one, when someone says something slightly negative, but still respectful about your group, do you A, do nothing? Because everyone is entitled to their own opinion? Or B, send them death threats and try to get them canceled? Question two, when someone makes a post that is clearly highlighting the behind the scenes of an activity or a photo shoot that uses the hashtag BTS, do you A, do nothing because BTS is a terminology that has been used for 100 years? Or B, send them death threats and accuse them of using BTS for clout? Question three, when your favorite idol dates someone, do you A, do nothing and let the idol enjoy their private life because their private life is none of your business? Or B, send them death threats and petition them to get kicked out of their group? Now, if you've answered B to any of these questions, you may be a toxic K-pop fan. Thanks for watching.


Llyrgrifon i'i gael y gallwn gwirionedd yma y dyma i wych i wneud i chi. Rwy'n dweud iddyn ni'n dweud i'ch ei ddweud yma i ymgyrch yn ymgyrch o Eucliffe, ond mae'r ddechrau yn 10 ymgyrch yn 10 ymgyrch. Felly, rwy'n dweud i chi'n dweud i chi'n dweud i'ch ymgyrch mewn gwirionedd tyfu, mae'n dweud i chi'n dweud i chi'n dweud i chi'n dweud i chi. Well 10-year today is actually very special because we are so pleased to see what Ecliff has become after 10 years. It is very fulfilling and rewarding to see that it is evolving to become exactly what we had hoped for. Ond ydy'r ysgol y gallwn ymddangos, sy'n ymdyn nhw'n ffordd. Yn ymddangos, mae'n cael ei wneud 13 ysgol yw Gwbner. Yn ymddangos, mae'n gweithio'r 14 yma. Yn ymddangos, mae'n cael ei wneud. Mae'n gweithio'r Gwbner yw yma yw 2000, yma y 1 yma. Ychydig i chi'n i. Mae'n gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio sy'n i, mae'n gweld sydd fathio'r gweithio. mae'r ystyried yn gweld ar ganhwyngau, ym mwych arno i wahanol ac mae'r teulu newydd drwy gynyddiadau yn mynd i gyd yn gweithio. Diolch, mae yna yn gyfrannu cyfnodau. Mae'n amlwg ystod ar y cyfnodriaeth yw'r wahabiadfa yw rhai. Mae'n amlwg yma yn deimlo, mae'n gwirionedd sydd allanogau a'r unir datblygiadol, y bwysig, y cyfnodol, y cyfnodol, y cyfnodol, y cyfnodol. Mae'r bwysig yn ymdweud, mae'r CEO'n ymdweud, a'r bwysig yn ymdweud. Mae'r bwysig yn ymdweud yn ymdweud yn y 1990, ond y byd y cyfrifysgau rhaid. Mae'r bwysig yn ymdweud yn ymdweud yn ymdweud yn y mdweud ymdweud, a'r ymdweud yn ymdweud yn ymdweud yn neud mewn cyfnodolol. Ac maen nhw'n ei chyfnodol i'r llun ymraddagau? maen nhw'n ei chyfnodol ymdweud yn mewn cyfnodol i'r ymdweud yn ei chyfnodol. Mae'n bod gyda diogel yn cael ei gyfnodydd, i'w hynod o'ch cynnigau yw'n gweld ddechrau, sy'n gofynu'r ydydd arall, ac yn rhan o ddweud bod hynny'n gofyn nhw'n gweithio. Gweithio'r ydych chi'n gweithio yma, cyd-af ychydig yn y cyfnogi'r ysgrifennu ymddangos How do you unlock the potential of your organisation to be high performing in this more demanding and high-pressure environment? How as leaders do you deal with the tremendous demands that are placed on you and tremendous pressures confronting you? How essentially do you develop your capabilities gyda'r gondol yn ysgolwyddiant, a dyweddig yn ymddangos y duach, mae'n gwneud mewn adegau, mwy ddim yn ddweud ar gyfer y lleol, a'r lleol yn ddweud ar gyfer y lleol. Yr ysgrifennu wneud yw'n gweithio? Yw'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio neu'n gweithio'n gweithio? Mae gynylltu heddiw i gydagallwyru i'ch ciffur dwydding. Yr ystod wrth i'w ddiddordeb sydd yn gallu gydag llwythau, amser, a oedd chi'n gweld â'r llyfr. Felly, mewn meddwl o bobl, i'r yn choreography ar gyfer y maen nhw, that determine the lives of people around you. Well, in my journey, leadership journey, I have experienced many challenging circumstances and probably what everyone always has such great interest on is the Asian financial crisis because it made all the difference. We could have become or we could have been totally devastated. We could have gone under an IMF programme and become even more devastated and damaged, which happened in our neighbouring countries.  And the sad part is that when they implement or recommend and ask you to implement the wrong policies, they can walk away when it's gone all wrong. But for us, we have what is called accountability. You cannot walk away. Well, during my term, 13 years term as governor, I have done organisational transformation in the bank three times. And each time was highly challenging. And the reason and the motivation for this was to ensure that our central bank remained effective in a continually changing environment. And many of I see some alumni members here and they've attended your programme, but they would have experienced these changes. And the starting point for me was already there. The organisation was already well run and a solid organisation with high standards of excellence. But we were ambitious. We wanted to be there. And we were extremely ambitious and we wanted to be a leading central bank. When we said that, there were many who had scepticism. We going to be a leading central bank in the world. Well, what is going to stand in our way? Nothing except ourselves. We had a board that was very supportive if we could justify what we wanted to do. And I'd like to just talk very briefly about six things that helped me in leading the bank. The first is having great clarity and sense of purpose on what outcomes we wanted to achieve. And this is important not only for generating the outcomes and aligning everyone in the organisation to know what is it that we wanted to achieve. It is also so that you're not going to be distracted. You're not going to be distracted, especially during times of crises. There's so much noise around you. There's so many people telling you what you should be doing from the IMF, from the politicians, from the financial markets. They're all telling you you have to raise interest rates so that you get capital inflows. But you know if you raise interest rates and global investment banks with their chairmen who are coming in and telling us Cam Desu, the managing director of the IMF, was making public announcements that we should raise interest rates and when we didn't there was more tax on our currencies, it was actually like going to a war because you have your reserves, that is your bullets being drained by when you try to defend the currency.  And therefore we saw like the Thai currency collapse at that time and we saw then the Indonesian Rupiah and then even the Korean Won and the Philippine Peso all one after another. And then of course we had a prime minister at that time who was so angry with that and so there was a lot of rhetoric about the speculators who were speculating against us and as that rhetoric escalated because emotions run high at that time, there was more attack and we saw right up saying that we want to see blood, especially when we were the last one still standing and at one point in time we actually drew a graph every time that rhetoric went out, the currency went down and so we drew a graph. Of course we did highlight some other events that affected the currency and he said, what are you trying to tell me? Are you trying to tell me that I mustn't speak? And so these were the kind of things that were happening at that time and this actually lasted for one and a half years. It started in about May of 97 and it continued wave after wave of attack and it was very frightening, many people were frightened. The private sector came to us and said, tell us where the currency is going to settle and we couldn't of course because sometimes events happened that were far beyond our control in another part of the world and the last one actually was the collapse of the Russian ruble. At that time we had hardly any economic relations with Russia but when the Russian ruble collapsed our currency moved from 360 to 420 and so it was extremely frightening. Now as a leader I was asked once, did you ever show, were you frightened? And I said of course it was very frightening and did you ever, did yourself ever know how you felt? And I said never because you must never even show that flicker in your eye of fear because you will cause panic and that is the last thing that you want to do. So having clarity on what outcomes is to achieve having an ability to envision, to have a vision and I was told also in learning about leadership that leaders are those who are able to envision to see further into the future and the further into the future that you can envision shows an important quality of a leader. Well, it also allows you to have the whole organisation aligned to that outcome and in managing the crises when Dr. Mahadeir, Tun Mahadeir asked me to become the acting central bank governor at that time and he had been discussing these control measures for about three months already in the National Economic Action Council. It was openly discussed. In fact one member of the council wrote 33 reasons why he shouldn't implement these measures because it would cause the country to be devastated and damaged and nobody would ever want to come and do any business with us and there were 33 reasons. But of course there were two developments that happened at that time that really made us look at it very, very seriously and one is, well I already mentioned, the Russian ruble collapsed and it went to 420. Originally before the crisis it was at 250 and we saw the rupture was at 2500 and it went to uncharted territory at 17,000 and what about us? And I had written a paper, a note for the government and I said that if it breached five ringgit to the US dollar it would go to 10 or 15 as well. That was the risk. Of course there are many untold stories of what contingencies that we took but of course it led us to think more seriously about these controls but when he asked me and this is a very interesting relationship which I've told to very few people he asked me when he first called me to tell me that he wanted me to be the acting governor at that time at the height of the crisis that was a turning point. It was to me a moment in history for our country that I said to him that I didn't have, I wasn't brought up with about controls. In fact on the contrary, my experience and learning was all on deregulation, liberalisation and greater market orientation and he said to me that I was the right person to take charge of this because I knew how the system worked and people also held me in high regard. The upshot is I did accept his decision and he said we are all in it together. He announced it to the Economic Council and we would work together. I took all his controls and what we did was we recommended to him to do just a subset of the measures, a very small subset of the measures that he had originally thought of. Now how did we reach that? It was all about looking at what outcome we wanted to achieve and this is what I put to him. I said is the outcome about dealing with households and we knew that there were some households taking out a few million here and there and the answer is no. Is it about affecting businesses who are transferring funds a few million or hundreds million here and there and the answer then is no. What is it about then? It's about affecting the speculators. They were dealing in billions and so we should just focus on those measures that would affect the speculators and this was how the decision was made. There were a few people who were very skeptical that he would listen to this kind of reason but he did, he did. I think because he also wanted the outcome of restoring stability in our financial markets especially in the foreign exchange market. So I come back to the point is knowing where you want to go, what outcome you want to achieve for the whole organisation, for a specific policy, for a specific decision. That is very, very vital and I can give you a few other examples. For example, an outcome that we want to achieve in our bank is to increase access to financing whether it's a multi-conglomerate or a micro enterprise. We want that access because that is the machinery or that would facilitate economic growth and that is the final outcome that we want to achieve and when the whole organisation becomes aligned whether you're in the payment system or when you're in regulation or financial institutions or your economics department is all aligned to that and I would, I'm so pleased and all my staff look every year at this doing business index I think it's for 155 countries in the category of access to financing Malaysia has been ranked number one for five consecutive years so we have produced the institutional arrangements that produce the desired result that we want to achieve. In Islamic finance, I told Mahadeir at that time as well we want every part of government to be aligned to making Malaysia an international Islamic financial centre. We know that for countries that are already financial centres they just have to add the Islamic component. We are not having an aspiration to be an international financial centre where you open up for all international players to come in. That is not our objective but we want to become an international Islamic financial centre and that again we are evolving into one because every part of government is part of an executive committee that we meet two or three times a year so that the whole country will be aligned to making Malaysia that centre. Having strategic focus is important then the other thing which is very very important is to be able to manage in a highly interconnected environment knowing what the relations are how do you connect the dots and when you look at the European crisis look at how nobody anticipated a small country like Greece or so much disruption in Europe look at how Cyprus an even smaller country and when the subprime crisis happened in the US they all said it was confined just to that subprime market to the housing sector who would have thought that it would brought down the whole financial system of the largest country in the world economy in the world it is so important to see what are the relationships that exist are you able to connect the dots and I call it having a capability of doing integrated thinking that is so very important and one tool that I introduced in the bank was mind mapping because it teaches you how to connect the dots that's how your brain works talking about energy and the brain your brain doesn't work linearly you don't write headings and subheadings because your brain doesn't work that way your brain works in associations and linkages and now I'm looking at a mind map I have hundreds and thousands of mind maps now I met Tony Bouzan who developed it by chance in London and ever since then I have been using mind maps to prepare strategies for decision making for making speeches and so on and of course my staff don't draw them they use the software and they don't prepare notes from me they prepare these mind maps in these softwares so that is one of the tools of course and the other one is to be comprehensive the third thing is to expect the worst and this I learnt from the people at the Bank of Thailand when their currency collapsed when their currency collapsed in I think about July of 1997 the IMF came in in early August and they thought their very entry would cause confidence to be restored markets to be stabilized and the economy to start recovering they didn't anticipate the worst is about to happen and that is why in the European crisis and even in the US they do not anticipate the worst it happens and then after a long while they react to what's happened and then the next thing happens so the Bank of Thailand told us when the IMF came in they always expected that everything would get better but things got worse so this is what you have to do really anticipate what is the worst scenario what is the worst things that can happen down the road so when we set up Dana Harta and Dana Model were we experiencing a banking crisis the answer is no we didn't have a banking crisis then why did we set up an asset management corporation well in the early part of 1998 we saw that banks were taking all their credit officers and putting them into recoveries nobody they were all trying to recover their loans that were going bad and nobody was extending new loans and of course this is the first thing that makes a financial crisis translate into an economic crisis and therefore we knew then that we had to do something we had to take away all these bad loans from the banking balance sheets and allow them to refocus again on lending and that is the motivation for setting up Dana Harta and then of course as we took away the bad loans their capital got eroded and they had to be recapitalised and that was the role of Dana Model and when we invited the people in Sweden who had done something like this and they came they were so excited they said gosh you're doing this before you enter a banking crisis we did it when we were in a full-fledged crisis and so if we look at the track record the cost of the crisis to our country is something like 3 or 4% of GDP the cost of the crisis of course the IMF and the World Bank made the cost of the crisis to Indonesia, Thailand they're so bitter about it and Korea Korea future generations are paying for their crisis we paid for it, we issued bonds after 10 years we provided for it and after 10 years we repaid the cost for the cost of the crisis whereas in Korea they have to roll over the bonds that means future generations are going to pay for the crisis because the cost of it was so massive for us it's the lowest that we know in history lowest fiscal cost, lowest cost to the central bank lowest cost in labour dislocation and so on and in terms of economic growth so being prepared for the worst and look at what are the possible mitigating areas and then of course building your organisational capability that is so important investing in every aspect of organisational capability and then what Rajiv mentioned having that unwavering perseverance it is so important where does that energy come from to have that unwavering perseverance and I was told in Jim Collins' book the latest book, his book Good to Great making your organisations not just good but great organisations that is one of the fifth level of leadership to have an unwavering professional perseverance and of course this comes from in a crisis that you want to survive the crisis and for us, for our country of course we want to not be devastated and that is what makes us but in the other of having this enthusiasm and energy and passion is all about making breakthroughs going into uncharted territory you find that excitement and it is exhilarating for you to be involved in this great outcomes for the whole organisation to feel but to do all this you have to be able to be standing on solid ground I was once asked we have a meeting once a year in Basel where all the central bank governors meet about 180 of us and once I was participating in a panel and there was a question from the audience how do you deal with political interference and the first speaker who is actually a good friend of mine the governor from South Africa at that time his name is Tito Mondueni he said of course you have to stand your ground and then when it came to me I said of course you have to stand your ground but you have to be sure that you're standing on solid ground therefore you must know your business you must really know and have a solid foundation on the basis of how you make your decisions then finally sustaining the energy levels this is so vital if your organisation is going to have the energy to strive forward and deliver you need the energy as leaders and you need to so how do you have to search into yourself at how that energy is derived and of course for us it's breaking you ground delivering results that these are the very exciting outcomes that generate energy and this energy really is mutually reinforcing because there are times that I have to admit that I was down really down and that is the time the staff will know it and they will generate the energy for you and there are times when they are worn out and you generate the energy and then it becomes mutually reinforcing and that is how one of the ways also of moving forward on this seeking new frontiers so the energy is derived from this excitement so in conclusion I hope that the alumni stay connected with Ecliff and that Ecliff will support you in your leadership journey we are also looking at breaking new ground in how we can support you so we can work together as well and be mutually reinforcing to make this organisation what we had envisioned it to be to generate future leaders for not only Malaysia but our Asian region thank you very much