Thank you very much. I'd like to thank Julia For inviting me to come to this meeting. I think Translational research is at the heart of success In terms of solid mental disorders, and that's what many of us are looking at in addition to neurological disorders It's a challenge and what I'd like to present today is the relationship between translational research and What is now being seen as personalized medicine is looking particularly at a person and coming up with an appropriate therapeutic Treatment for that disorder, whatever it may be And I think we have to push ourselves to move in this direction and personalized medicine has been Coming up slowly But I think it's now here and we have to see if we can make it work In translational research. I think I worked at the IH for a number of years And I think we first started talking about it in the late 80s and early 90s And we said people had to do more trade translational research and the answer from the field was what is translational research? and I think I have some definitions that I'll offer up For both translational research and for personalized medicine as we go through this I think I have some thoughts about ways that we may be able to accelerate some of our progress as we move To understand the brain and the disorders. I apologize for the vagueness in this cycle of definition of translational medicine research, but It also is a little vague how you actually do this and the hours should be going in both directions and In particular at this meeting we've heard an awful lot about what I would say good translational research But it's always coming bottom up Into the clinical area. I don't know how much goes back down into the basic area from the clinicians It would be good to think about that But overall the primary goal of translational research have we have we as we have heard is benched the bedside and I think it is as I just said that Direction we need to get more going back to the bench so that basic research scientists can think about enhancing the clinical research efforts And I think integral to all of this our collaboration and data sharing and integration and coming up with standards I think we are as a group of people Unbelievably creative and we all like to do our own thing But I I really believe that if we're going to solve the problems that we're working on we have to start doing more standardization and Keep doing individual efforts of research, but also combine our efforts together That personalized medicine is a medical model That's emphasized in general the customization of health care And we're looking to do this because a lot of our health care is not good enough and we believe that diseases are Variable enough across a disease pattern that we have to look at the individual patient and make our Prevented efforts and treatment unique And I think translational research is core for success in this area now whose personalized medicine critical for Well, obviously at the top of the list it's the patient consumers, but it's also critical for clinicians Diagnostic development drug regulatory system health care delivery and pharmaceutical discovery stakeholders Why why do I feel it's urgent to do this? Why do many people feel it's urgent to have personalized medicine especially for mental illnesses? One of the problems is that the illnesses are increasing The diagnostic methods that we currently use are subjective and Treatments are often based on trial and error So we try one drug and if that doesn't work we try another one if you look at data from the United States for 2008 this represents the number of people suffering from mental illnesses in Millions in in one particular year and the numbers are enormous and if we take this across the world They're staggering the number of people that are impacted by this It's not just individual suffering, but it's suffering within the families and impact on overall life All these diagnostic categories that coming out of DSM and I find it fascinating that the depth of DSM knowledge Grows and grows and the criteria that we use get broader and broader to describe what disorders One of the big problems with DSM is I believe is that we move from More of a Pathological condition into a medical model so we describe symptoms and clusters of symptoms and it's not biologically based And I think we need to move to a biological basis for mental disorders if we're going to try to relate as we've heard here today Our illnesses to genes and biological processes I don't think we can relate them to the medical model. We need another way to look at diagnosis So the problems in diagnosing mental disorders are that it is subjective There's heterogeneity in the categories There's extensive comorbidity in mental illnesses. It's it's interesting today in these two days We've heard about many illnesses being discussed and They all are presented as one illness, but are they really one illness? Are they multiple illnesses? And I think we have to look at this with great clarity There's over-specification of illnesses and Therefore, there's a lot of not otherwise specified categories And the biggest problem is that the bottom line which is following the end is that these diagnostic systems drive our research clinical trials journal publications and FDA approval and I and many others don't believe that they're doing an adequate job This gives you an idea of comorbidity It is enormous across all these disorders and the leader is bipolar one They have the most comorbidity of all illnesses, but when we do studies we talk about one disorder not many The other issue that comes up in treating mental illnesses is who does the treatment? Well, ideally you'd like to seek psychiatrist treating the mentally ill, but in reality More people go to a general medical service to treatment And then you run into problems because they don't do a great job in terms of the treatment and the people who work the Practitioners are who work in the general medical field while they're good They don't have enough time to deal with the subtleties of mental disorders and don't give a thorough diagnosis So we have perfect drugs we think or at least we hope we've been developing perfect drugs And then why does the treatment fail? Well, these are a couple of reasons one is as I mentioned a few times diagnostic accuracy and comorbidities Treatment effects. So you start with one drug add another one maybe without stopping the previous one. So there's polypharmacy Dosage length of treatment are all factors and then there's the environmental interactors Does the patient comply with taking the medications as prescribed? Does he adhere to all the things that are supposed to be going on? And then the fact is we don't know about external factors like trauma. So What is personalized medicine offer for you? Can we be clear what would happen? hopefully With understanding a genomic regulation Disease processes will be able to provide accurate diagnostics appropriate treatment predict risk or onset of illness predict response to therapy Support remission and cure of disorder and define etiology all of these things. We hope we'll come out of looking at the genes that regulate these illnesses But then you have to step back and say the genes really play a role in this and I think we would all agree that genes do play a role, but it's it's two different degrees in the illnesses So major depressive disorders I think there's enough data that says the heritability is about 37 percent schizophrenia 46 and bipolar disorder 40 Although at this meeting we heard a much higher figure talked about but we do have to identify the genes that put us at risk and We need to have objective tests to do this So I like to ask the question about how important is our DNA and obviously our DNA is extremely important in terms Of the way we express ourselves and when we express diseases But I wonder how meaningful the whole genome studies are for the diseases that we're interested in and so far They really haven't had a high yield And I think that part of that reason is that we have the complexity of diagnostics and co-mobility and What may be critical to measure is not whole genome but gene expression in the brain in particular areas at a particular time in the person's development Also, I think that as everyone else does in this room that all mental illnesses are multi-genetic and impacted by epigenetic effects making it even more complex, but We still have to come up with phenotypes. They don't have a choice and They need to be objective accurate and reliable They need to be such that they can be done on a large number of subjects And provide direct evidence of brain gene expression for an individual and Useful to predict treatment response as well as other aspects of disease One of the major problems we have is not only genetics complicated, but I think our brains are exceedingly complex So if you think about your own brain It has a map of the body. It has a map of the outside world and has a map of all of your experiences That is a lot of information that you're integrating using constantly In addition, the brain has a hundred billion nerve cells a million billion connections two million miles of wire And it's very tiny but highly connected and the way it's connected is extremely important to our function And this is what we're trying to understand how it works in a meaningful fashion and how it goes awry in disease And that complexity is huge and We don't really know the connectivity of all the nerve cells. We're starting to try to collect that information We don't know where genes are expressed in the brain at what times again was starting to collect that information so how can we move forward and Solve all the diseases we would like to solve without having all this information We're doing a pretty good job of trying to do that But we need to work harder at it and I think there are some ways we can do that This is a slide I put together a number years ago that reflects humans or animals birth to death cycle that we have and the ways that neuroscience or Anyone doing research on the brain tries to look at brain function And the question that I have for you is you could see here we go from single neurons the whole brain studies as well as from Genetics up to imaging and these all give you different levels of analysis But the question is how can we take all of these level of analysis and take the information from these different levels and Bring it into clinical studies. How many of these methods can we use in clinical studies? Not too many, but we could take the information that we lose use it Learn from these basic levels and move them into clinical types of questions that we could answer With greater efficiency and information. I think we're at a point where we have to think about doing a paradigm shift in the way studies are done and this I'm talking about clinical studies and On the left side, I have the way current studies are done on the right side I have what we what I think we need to do so currently most of the studies that are done are Small to medium one to two sites. We have to do multi-site large global studies We have to be sampling a bigger percentage of patients at different sites We all do our own unique protocols and this is good because it provides new information But to prove a particular disorder at its basis, we need to do standardized protocols. We need to do things the same way We all do our own assays and unique methods that we'd like to have answers to but we need to try to do some studies with standardized assays and assessment methods We have to move from subjective assessments to objective assessments in particular I think the diagnostics that we do is are too subjective and they need to be much more objective For brain disorders, we have to I believe even though we've heard some interesting blood measures these two days We need to go to functional measures of of the brain. So we need to have brain markers to understand what the brain is doing And also we need to move to a system where data data is available for all to look at and re-examine So you have database and we need to be able to do data integration across systems to understand what the interactions are No small task all of this So if we can define the phenotypes in this new paradigm paradigm, we would have objective standardized diagnostics and Objective standardized clinical signs and symptoms as Well as the environmental data All this is a very big task For functional brain markers. I can't include too many but right now what I would include in this is brain imaging Neurophysiological measures neuropsychological measures and as we can develop more measures I think we need to add them to this list So it was really pleasing to see how many people here reporting on measures of cognitive function This is a nice measure direct measure of brain activity and this is just a restatement of those in more detail and What I'd like to do now is talk about some recent activities that I and others have been involved in in terms of personalized medicine for the brain and Also translational research so in 2009 held a meeting in Washington To look at and ask the question is do we do we have enough information? From genomics to apply it to mental disorders and we brought together people that represented all of the Aspects of care in Terms of working towards personalized medicine. So we had basic research as clinical researchers health care companies we spent the day talking about this and Basically, we came up with a number of recommendations from the meeting which Say we have to integrate the knowledge that we have we need standardization of methodology Studies need to be done with real-world populations to meet real-world needs and we need large studies So harness the power of numbers The real issue is to take all the specialization and boil it down and focus it and integrate the information We have to come up with what a disorder is and how to treat it best There are some other activities that are going on to look at translational neuroscience and psychiatry One is from the NIMH 2008 strategic plan They are moving to develop research diagnostic criteria and this is looking more at biology Another one is an international study to predict optimized treatment for depression and ADH And I'll give you a little bit more detail on that On both of them. So the strategic plan that NIMH is developing is looking at biology And they want to develop research diagnostic criteria for each of disorders looking at direct measures of brain function That are observable and quantifiable and Hopefully if you do each of these measures across all disorders, we will come up with a way to compare disorders and and Put them into categories That are based on biology and that are not based on signs and symptoms So it's looking at the translation of basic functional dimensions Reflecting circuit level activities and behavioral activities and they're not limiting what measures can be used other than they have to be Generate they have to be different units of analysis that can be independent variables generating Classifications from basic behavioral neuroscience Rather than starting with an illness definition and seeking its neurobiological independence We really want to start with the neurobiology And this is a mock-up of what the research domain criteria would look like And it's a construct of looking at behaviors which are listed on the left going across genes to Circuit cells molecules self-reports and it as this gets filled out one is looking at a Documentation of disorders that can then be looked at more significantly with genes and treated better In the icebox study, they've taken an approach of standardized methodologies and protocols and the study includes a Slightly over 2,000 people at 20 sites around the world in a treatment study with three different drugs for depression and they're sampling genomics and doing magnetic resonance imaging functional magnetic resonance imaging and DTI and Looking at EEG and evoked potentials and autonomic arousal Measuring cognition and other psychological tests and personal history and the study is also incorporating the Regular measures of diagnostics, so you can look at DSM criteria ICD criteria But what we want to see is more like what our doctor is looking at What's the basic biology of these disorders and can you come up with biological? tests that Segregate together to say that an individual will do best on this type of drug Recently did an edited book on integrating neuroscience and personalized medicine And we have about 15 20 chapters in there where we've asked people to focus on what are the genomic and physiological and psychological behaviors that are associated with any disorder and Well, it was Educational to do this book It's also controversial in the sense that some people look strictly at genomics Measures other people try to combine lots of measures to look across disorders But nothing right now is really ready for personalized medicine, but we have to move it in that direction And most of the problems that you see and that are reported here are small studies non reproducibility And we have to get to the point where we can test All of the leads that are there where there are many but they need to be replicated So if we want to move to personalized medicine, there are other issues other than basic understanding of an individual disease We need to establish Electronic health records that are functional and informative to the treating physician We need clinical decision support systems So this means how does the clinician interpret the record of the person's history and new information that we learned about Classifying disorders and what's the best treatment and how do they use my biomarker information? there's other issues that go across the reimbursement and People are suggesting to have perhaps have financial methods that include paying for performance outcomes Not just clinical service delivery. So to summarize I'm a strong proponent of saying that new studies need to include functional brain measures and These could be seen as surrogate gene expression markets And we need real-world samples of patients including those with comorbidities We need standardized objective methods and protocols Databases and data sharing we need more than one therapy to be tested in every situation There has to be a replication design within the within the study a Statistical and analysis plan and we need to report sensitivity and specificity of measures The one would think that all these things are always done But if you look at many publications, they're not there obviously the patient will benefit from all of this and Will inform us about impending disease will have accurate diagnosis Effective treatments treatment responsiveness and also prediction of side effects and we could actually say when we have a disease remission or cure Those are the ultimate goals So is personalized medicine all good? I think there's a lot of issues out there that we have to be careful about and concerned about as we move into this area somebody we know very well who's here made this statement back in 2004 that covers both the area of personalized medicine and translation research Julia put in one of his editorials and molecular psychiatry as the immense progress has been made in basic research The challenge is now translate fundamental discoveries from the area of pure science the reality of health care Leading to better preventive approaches more refined and successful treatments and improved health care I mean he's really saying their Translation of research will lead to personalized medicine Those are not the words that he used So when do we do this? One would have to say that we need to be doing it now. We are starting to do it now and As this graph demonstrates if we do it We can collect the information that we will save an awful lot of Costs in terms of our efforts to treat and cure diseases Interestingly enough this Francis college at the NIH and I think I don't know for sure But when I said that we started talking about translational neuroscience. It was in the late 80s and 90s. We did this at NIH And now this is being Revisited again there where they are going to have a national center for advancing translational sciences He talks about establishing a center for translational medicine So we are revisiting it even though it's been claimed. We should be doing it all along and Hopefully this will add Enough money somehow us 650 million for this effort doesn't seem to be enough, but it's a start But it's a revitalization of looking at translational sciences and lastly I think that you know the couple of books that I published in the past few years deal with Databasing and And personalized medicine and I think the two really into date for interdigitate very well And we do need a database all our information and leave it open for others to look at and That's my message. I hope that I can convince some of you to think about it and that you would Let me know where I'm thinking about it the wrong way and better ways to improve it But how can we come up with solutions to treat people who are Have illnesses of the brain and do it in a better or more efficient way, and I thank you for your attention


Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related death. Cancer kills because cancer spreads. For example, the five-year survival rate for women with localized breast cancer is nearly 99%, but that drops to just 27% in those with metastasized cancer. Yet our ability to effectively treat metastatic disease has not changed significantly in the past few decades. You know things are getting desperate when there are papers like this, targeting metastasis with snake toxins. Now we do have built-in defenses, natural killer cells that roam the body, killing off budding tumors. And I have videos on boosting natural killer cell activity, but as I explained in the last video, there's a fat receptor called CD36 that appears to be essential for cancer cells to spread.  CD36 is upregulated by palmitic acid, as much as a 50-fold increase within 12 hours. Palmitic acid is a saturated fat found in junk food made from palm oil, but it's most concentrated in meat and dairy.    This may explain why intake of high-fat dairy, but not low-fat dairy, was related to a high risk of mortality after a breast cancer diagnosis. If it was the dairy protein like casein that was a problem, the skim milk might be even worse, but no. It was the saturated butterfat, maybe because it triggered the CD36-induced cancer-spreading mechanism. Women who consumed one or more servings per day of high-fat dairy had about a 50% higher risk of dying from breast cancer. We see the same thing with dairy intake in relation to prostate cancer survival. Drinking high-fat milk compared to increase the risk of dying from prostate cancer by as much as 600% in patients with localized prostate cancer. But low-fat milk was not associated with such an increase in risk, so it seems to be the animal fat rather than the animal protein, and this is consistent with what Harvard researchers found in the United States. More evidence that the fat receptor CD36 is involved is that the risk of colorectal cancer from meat consumption increased from just doubling risk to octupling risk, multiplying the odds of getting cancer eightfold for those who carry a specific type of CD36 gene. So is it time to give breast cancer patients, for example, a prescription for a low-fat diet? A cancer diagnosis is a teachable moment, if there ever was one, to motivate people to make changes to their lifestyle. But provision of evidence-based guidelines is essential, and you don't know until you put it to the test.  The dietary intervention group dropped their fat intake from about 30% of calories down to 20% of calories, dropped saturated fat intake about 40%, and maintained that 40% lower intake after one year, three years, five years, and after approximately five years of fallout, the women in the dietary intervention group had a 24% lower risk of relapse, a 24% lower risk of the cancer coming back. That was the women's intervention nutrition study. Then there was the women's health initiative study, where again, women were randomized to drop their fat intake down to about 20% of calories. And again, those in the dietary intervention group experienced increased breast cancer survival, meaning a dietary change may be able to influence breast cancer outcomes. And not only was breast cancer survival significantly greater, the women also experienced a reduction in heart disease and a reduction in diabetes as a little side bonus.


What's Pluto got to do with risk? For the team responsible for navigating the New Horizons spacecraft nearly 3 billion miles to a former planet on the outskirts of our solar system, risk has been part of the mission from day one. But Pluto, as it turns out, is also a five-letter shortcut to becoming a risk expert. And here's how. P is for probability. Risk is all about the probability of something happening that you'd rather didn't. It involves phrases like, that's a 50% chance of rain today, or you have a 1 in 100,000 chance of dying from being bitten or struck by a dog. Or there's a 1 in 10,000 chance of the New Horizons spacecraft hitting a small rock and disintegrating in a shower of space dust. Risk doesn't tell you whether something will happen or not, but it does tell you what the chances are of it happening. Next L. L is for latency. Sometimes the consequences of a risk are immediate. If you get struck by lightning, you tend to know straight away. Other times, though, there's a delay between the cause and the effect. Eat a dodgy burger, for instance, and it may be a couple of hours before your best friends with the lavatory. In some cases it can take years for the effects of being exposed to something harmful to appear. Smokings like that. Some people smoke for decades before their lungs finally give up on them. We may still find that something that happened years ago to the New Horizons spacecraft may actually cause problems later on in its mission. This delay between being exposed to something or something happening and it having an effect is called latency. And it's really important for understanding risks that aren't immediately apparent. Next we have U. U is for uncertainty. Sometimes we can predict the probability of something bad happening. Sometimes we can make an educated guess. And sometimes it's anyone's guess what's going to happen next. Uncertainty kicks in when we don't know enough to predict the chances of something bad happening, often though it means putting a boundary around the likelihood of something bad occurring. For instance, I don't know what the risk is of you being attacked by a flock of stir-crazy seagulls while watching this video. That is uncertainty. But I'm pretty sure that the risk is small. That's me putting a boundary around that uncertainty. The New Horizon mission is filled with uncertainty because we've never done this before. But this doesn't mean that anything can happen. It just means that we can't predict everything that might happen. After U comes T and T is for trade-offs. Wouldn't it be great if we could get rid of all risk? Sadly, this will never happen. Apart from this making life rather boring, risk is a byproduct of being alive. You can't have one without the other. This means that at the end of the day risk is all about trade-offs.  And in most cases we're willing to accept a bit of risk if it gets as to where we want to be, like Pluto for instance. And finally, O. O is for opportunity. Risk has a bit of a bad rap, but it's really your best friend. How? Because understanding risk helps you make smart decisions and it helps you take advantage of opportunities you might otherwise miss. And this brings us back to Pluto. When NASA sent the New Horizons spacecraft on its journey on January 19th 2006, it was a risk. There was a probability of mission failure, a probability that was calculated and minimized as far as it could be. There was latency where early mission events could have jeopardized the Pluto fly-by. There was uncertainty. New Horizons was boldly going where no spacecraft has been before. There were trade-offs, risks that had to be weighed against each other and against benefits to achieve the mission goals. And there was opportunity. The chance to navigate through these risks to learn things that no previous person in the history of humanity has known. So yes, this video is about risk and Pluto, the planet or dwarf planet or planetoid or whatever you want to call it, but it's also about a great way of remembering some of the more important aspects of risk. So remember, while you're watching images of Pluto streaming back to Earth, they're only possible because of another Pluto. Probability, latency, uncertainty, trade-offs and opportunity.


Welcome to the Everton News Daily. Frank Lampard is hopeful of having Ben Godfrey and Demari Grey available for Everton's home game with Wolves on Sunday. The Blues boss was speaking after Everton was smashed 5-0 at Tottenham Hotspur last night. Lampard obviously looking for some positives and some different personnel than what the current set of players are serving up. Lampard said he's looking forward to the two home games and he hopes that the players are going to be ready for them too. The next two games are obviously going to be pivotal, Wolves are home and Newcastle are home. Everton really needs six points, they need four points at the absolute minimum but six points would think would give everybody a boost and give everyone the belief that we can stay up because at the moment struggling away from home were awful. Demari Grey is going to have to be brave. He said some stuff last night, some telling words last night, again he's learning more about the players and maybe he's going to have to change a few things up, certainly defensively. Ben Godfrey will make a big difference, I think coming back in at the back, Demari Grey will make a difference in the final third, it's what you do in between at the rest of them. Nathan Patterson wasn't even in on the substitutes bench last night, which is a bit of a mad one. People are calling for him to be playing now, Michael Enco who came on as a second half substitute, people are talking about him getting in. Michael Keam has replaced a halftime, Frank Lampard said he's been unwell for a few weeks so that's the question then why is he playing then. I think he's got a lot of food for thought, I think after last night because it was a terrible performance and like I say those next two home games are huge so if we can get Godfrey and Demari Grey back for them it'll make a big difference. Former Everton manager Gordon Lee has passed away at age 87. Lee was in charge from 1977 to 1981 as the Blues boss. He was in charge for Lee Cup final, took Everton to two FA Cup semifinals as well and had two top four finishes including the third place finish in 77 and 78 before being replaced by Howard Kendall in 1981. Lee had replaced Billy Bingham as the Blues boss so obviously thoughts are with Gordon Lee's family there. Juventus are apparently looking to replace Moise Keane this summer with Andre Crammerich who's at Hoffenheim, he's a player of Leicester of course. Juventus just haven't really settled in on Moise Keane this season, he's not had a great season. PSG want to take him, he's very looking for an experienced striker to play alongside Dusian Flawvic and Keane apparently looks to requirements that's according to a few Italian media outlets today. It's an interesting one because obviously Juventus have got an obligation to buy Keane so it seems like they would sell him to PSG and then settle up with Everton what they owe so Everton could be in line for a windfall earlier than what they thought they were going to get so that's an interesting one to keep your eye on. And finally Everton have been linked with a move for Gus Till who is a player for Spartac Moscow but he's currently on loan at Feyenoord rather. The midfielder 24 years of age has scored 13 times in 25 games for Feyenoord this season and it looks like because of what's going on with Russia, Ukraine, war, his contract may be cancelled. Sparta Moscow, he becomes a free agent. Everton have been linked with a move for him so they can also play up front as well. There you go that's it for the news daily give the video a thumbs up, subscribe if you haven't and if you want more videos join us over on Patreon the link is in the description. See you later.


This 2014 Ford F-250 Crew Cab Short Box XLT is stock number 11913Z. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, you're new and used heavy duty truck headquarters. This 2014 Ford F-250 Crew Cab has the 6.2 liter V8 motor. It has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change all the fluid tab been checked and topped off and this truck is 100% ready to go. Tuxedo black metallic is the color we shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet smartphone or television turn them on right now because it is definitely your best way to check out the quality and condition of the truck before seeing it in person as well as seeing all the options that go with this vehicle. And if you like the video and want to check out more of our videos in the lower right hand part of the screen is a subscribe button to our YouTube channel. Click that and then click the bell notifications and you'll get updates every day we do videos of our new and used inventory here at Summit Auto and click that to see all those videos. It comes with the painted alloy 17 inch rims and it has BF Goodrich All Terrain TA KO2 tires these are LT285 70R 17s they've got a really good amount of tread left I'd say 60 to 70% of the tread left on those tires. Frame and underbody is an excellent condition. Front fender is in great shape as well I didn't see any major dents or dings on there headlight lenses are nice and clear as we come around the front bumper here pretty nice condition did want to point out there are just a couple little dings and stuff on the front bumper and a couple little scuffs but other than that nothing too bad and the lower valance is an excellent shape didn't see any scuffs or scrapes on that chrome trimmed grille the hood is in very nice shape and see just how reflective that paint is speaking of that paint tuxedo black's got a lot of metal flake in it so if you can when it gets into the sunlight you can really see it shimmer and sparkle passenger side front fender no dense maybe one little ding on there but pretty nice and clean passenger side front rim is a nice shape and as you go down this side of the truck take note of how clean the body is how reflective and mirror like that paint is we take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down but you're still interested in purchasing the truck you can see the truck here the truck and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here so that when you do get here there's absolutely no surprises and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from the comfort of your own home very nice and clean down that side is back room is in nice shape as well looks like it has brand new brakes on the back here back tires have just as much tread as the front tires and the frame and under body is in really nice shape it does look like it's been under coated we did not undercoat it we can always tell by the box rails you always want to check the corrosion on those those look really good on this truck and it's pretty clean all the way underneath very little to no corrosion which is what you want to see 2014 lower rockers look good and it does come with the factory running boards passenger side box is really nice and clean and as we come around to the back of the vehicle rear bumpers in great shape does have the full towing package which includes the receiver hitch four pin and seven pin wiring tailgate is in nice shape to it is a locking tailgate spray and bed liner that's in nice shape to and that tailgate lifts up really nice and easy as you go down the driver's side just as clean as that passenger side no major imperfections on that box side and this back room is in nice shape as well driver's side doors look good does have the telescopic tow mirrors they're heated built-in directional signals they do telescope out like so they also fold in like that inside the XLT package gives you the gray cloth interior there are no rips or tears on the seats factory floor mats in the front power windows power locks power mirrors will hop inside so you can check out the miles and we'll look at the radio and all the options that this truck has to offer can see that this one has 40,162 miles instrument cluster is very nice and clean you get a compass and outside temperature display on the left side you get the information center controls and cruise controls and on the right side you get your Bluetooth and audio controls this one does have these six speed automatic transmission with the optional tap shift CD player turned out four-wheel-drive factory brake controller and you do get four auxiliary up-fit switches it's coming comes with these sync system Augs in a USB jack and the stability control right there you do get the center console with two cup holders right there and the passenger side seat and floor mat are in excellent condition no rips or tears on there the headliner is in nice shape and you do get map lights up there we'll take a quick look at back seats and then we'll start up and take a look under the hood back seats are just as clean as the front seats no rips or tears back here they look really good you do get a little bit of storage behind these seats like so you do have latch tether anchors back there and then you do get storage underneath the back seats here as well and that locks with the ignition keys so you can lock that seat down to keep valuables and that's your headrest for the center seat in the front factory floor mats back here carpeting is very nice and clean you do get child safety locks on the back doors and the bottoms of the doors all look really good and we'll start it up and take a look under the hood starts right up no check engine lights or anything like that there you go I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this hd video you will have been able to tell just how clean this truck is all the way around for the age and miles on it under the hood we have the 6.2 liter v8 motor engine base very clean runs very smooth once again this truck has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change all the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck is 100% ready to go I would highly recommend this truck from a quality and condition standpoint and to see more pictures of this truck or one or other 450 new and used cars trucks scvs minivans wranglers half tons three quarter tons one tons you name it we got to go to that website right there www.summitauto.com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summit auto.com and if you like to check out more hd videos you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there in fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our youtube channel in the upper left a link to more f250 videos like this one in the upper right a link to this vehicle on our website in the lower left and a link to one of our latest youtube videos in the lower right click those check us out and we're super excited to help you with this ultra clean 2014 Ford f250 crew cab short box XLT in tuxedo black 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Statistics and Excel Bell Curve. Test score example part number two. Get ready, taking a deep breath, holding it in for 10 seconds, looking forward to a smooth soothing. Excel. Here we are in Excel. If you don't have access to this workbook, that's okay because we basically built this from a blank worksheet. However, we started in a prior presentation, so you could go back there and start from the blank worksheet. But if you do have access to this workbook, there's three tabs down below. Example, practice blank. Example in essence answer key. The practice have having pre-formatted cells, so you could get to the heart of the practice problem. The blank tab where we started from a blank worksheet and are continuing on it at this point in time. Let's give a quick recap of what we did in the past. We're thinking about the bell curve or normal distribution using an example quite common to both instructors as well as students that being the test scores. We first generated our test scores using a random generator tool, which is a great tool to understand under the data tab up top and the analysis group. If you don't have the analysis group, we showed you how to turn that on. Once we got our data, we are imagining these are a thousand data points that we got in actual practice in our test scores and then we did our calculations on that actual data picking up the mean, the standard deviation, the median noting that the median was close to the mean. So that could be an indication that a bell curve would be an approximate representation of this data. In order to plot this information in an actual smooth bell curve, we then said we want to go for standard deviations lower and higher to pick up basically all of the data, even though the bell curve in theory goes on forever. And so for standard deviations, here's the lower limit and the upper limit, this X representing our test scores, this giving our every available or possible test scores, this being the probability of those test scores, which is our norm dot dist, our major function that we've been using, we then compared that to our actual data using the frequency distribution to see how many times our actual data fell in the range of say 34 to 35 or 35 to 36. And then we did a percent of the total of the actual data, because this then approximates the bell curve. So now we can compare the data that we got from our norm dot dist to our actual data and look at the difference between the two. Now we plotted this information over here. This is the actual data plotted in the format of a histogram. We did the bell curve in terms of a line charts that gives us the nice curve, but it's not an area graph. And then we did the area graph of the bell curve as well. So now we're going to get a little bit more fancy with our graphs and ask a couple questions with this data. So let's go back on over here and I can say now, now that I have both the P of X in the format of percentages and the total here in the format of percentages, I'm going to go back on over to this graph, which was my line chart and say, is it could I plot those both on the same graph over the top of each other to see how closely the perfect bell graph fits over our percentages of the total? I believe we can. So I'm going to pull this graph back out. I'm going to select it. I'm going to go into the chart design up top and say, let's add another column to it, selecting the data. And I'm going to say we want to add another column if we if we may. And this is going to be the percent of total data set. And here you got to be careful with the second one, delete what's in there and then select your data. We want this data right here control shift down. And then I'm not going to hit control up because it's finicky. So I'm just going to say do that and then okay. And hopefully it picked it up. So I'm going to say okay. And then I'll scroll up this way. And so there's the actual now if I hit the plus button, I might need a legend now. And so I don't need to let I'm already a legend. And I'm already here. Okay, I'm not talking about you as a legend. I need to let to the key the led to tell me the two Oh, okay. Thought you were trying to say I'm not a legend in my own in accounting. But any case. So here we've got the actual curve versus the the the data that are actual data. So you can see they kind of approximate each other. So that's another indication which is useful to say, Okay, how closely might this approximate with a big pictorial representation? Alright, so the next we're going to get also more fancy now with the smooth bell curve. So once we once we think the bell curve has some predictive power, we can get a little bit more fancy with the actual area curve that we created in a prior presentation, I'm going to move the rest of these curves over here. These are taken second fiddle seat, they're not as important at this point in time, put them back stage so that so that the show can go on on the front stage. So then another so one of the questions we might ask, let's go over here and do it this way, we're going to say, Okay, if if we have this data, one of the questions we might ask is, Well, what if x was equal to x is the test scores, you'll remember. And what's the likelihood that I get a test score of 80. Now, I can look over here and say, Well, I graphed this whole thing out. And I can say, Okay, well, down here, I can I can go to my 80 and say there it is. So 3%. If I double click on it, that's the good old norm dot dist of the 80. And they gave me the 3.48 notice that I represented the 80 again, as a whole number. So that in this is represented basically as a percent. So I'm not represented the 80 as an 80 percent here and so on. So you got to be a little bit careful on that. But so there we have it. But usually you're not asking that question, you're probably going to ask what's the likelihood that I get an 80% or above or an 80% or below. Those are kind of the questions that you might ask. And because it's an area under the curve, we might not be able to just kind of sum this whole thing up, you might say, Well, last time, when we did like the poisson and stuff, we were able to sum this up, that might give you an approximation about 70.99, but possibly not the exact number. So we can then do our questions over here to answer those type of questions. So let's say we're going to say, I'll type in the operator, because I'm also going to put some fancy formulas in here, operator. And this is going to be the orange, which will make sense when I get to the graph and say that this is going to be less than or equal to. So if I'm using less than or equal to, I'm going to say this is and I'll make this orange. This will make sense when I make the graph home tab, font group, drop down, I'm going to make this orange. And then I'm going to say, Okay, so so now my question is P, I can represent it this way is equal to x is less than or equal to 80. So P of x is less than or equal to 80, let's say. So now if I want to change these titles, it could be useful to do that, it gets a little confusing. But once you do it a few times, you can make this title dynamic, changing the 80, for example, to tie into this 80. So to do that, I'm going to double click on it, I'm going to go to the front of it, hit equals to make it a formula, I need to put quotes around anything that is text. So I'm going to put a quote. And then I was going to put this cell to put the operator in, but I'm just going to leave all of this all the way past the equal as just text. So I'll keep that as just text. And then that 80, I want to play, I want to replace it with this cell, that's the dynamic part. To do that, though, I need to tie it together with an and. So the and is not an and function, it's just tying together the text, I'm going to select that 80 and then replace it with this, which is G 10. And then I need another and to tie it to the next text, which is just that closing of the brackets quote here, and a quote after the brackets. Now that's tedious to do. But once you do it, it's pretty neat because now you can create these titles that are dynamic. So now I can do this my same norm dot disk, but make it cumulative to get to get this calculation. So this is going to be and we'll see this on the graph as well, because the graph is quite useful. But it's a little bit tricky to understand how to set up a graph and excel so it so it does this automatically, which is great to do for those


So, my name is Zach Galler. I am a software engineer into it and maintainer on the Argo Rollouts project. I'm here to kind of talk about a new feature that I added to Argo Rollouts 1.5 recently, which was plug-in support. I'm pretty excited about this support and I'm kind of hoping to gain from this talk some feedback on both the two plug-in systems that exist in 1.5 as well as a third idea that I'm throwing around that we'll hear about near the end. But first I'll give you just a little bit of insight into kind of Argo Rollouts' usage within Intuit. So currently we have around 1,800 total services at Intuit in production and of those 542 are currently using Rollouts with analysis templates and binary strategy. We have what we call tier one and tier two services. Those are kind of like our highly visible services and a total of 30% of those have been converted over to Argo Rollouts as well. And if you were in Titi's last talk, we're basically striving to get that to, you know, as close to 100% as we can. So as an Argo Rollouts maintainer, there was a handful of things that I kind of noticed about the Argo Rollouts project itself. And it was that our number one feature request always tended to be to add support for various traffic routers themselves. Whether it was Gateway API, Contour, HA Proxy, Google's Load Balancer, there's just a thousand different ways to basically control traffic. And as a maintainer on the project, it basically became this impossible burden for me to become an expert in every single traffic router that existed. For the implementation phase, it's just, it's undoable. Even as a reviewer, if someone contributes a particular traffic router plugin to review that source code itself has a burden of knowledge that I would have to go, you know, learn to make sure that they're doing the right things that is implemented in the most efficient way for that particular traffic router, etc. etc. That just doesn't really scale. The other thing that I have seen happen, there are traffic routers that will get contributed by an end user. And for whatever reason, either they move jobs, all of a sudden you have a traffic router that has no support and it falls back to the original maintainers to create that support. So those are kind of, you know, from the maintainers, the project's perspective, some of the issues that I noticed that was happening. On the flip side of this, in order to have a project that's used, if someone's using a traffic router that you don't support, they can't use the product. You know, we do have basic canary support that doesn't necessarily require a traffic router, but you lose features used, you know, the granularity that you can route traffic to, etc. Traffic routers are also extremely complex. So if we have a small set of traffic routers that we support to kind of force an end user to say use Ithio is almost an unrealistic asks to use Argo Rollouts because Ithio is a really complex piece of software. And so a lot of companies will just, you know, especially smaller startups won't necessarily go down that route because the complexity is just really high for a lot of traffic routers. The other thing is there's, you know, there's companies that have custom internal tooling, right? A traffic router that doesn't exist in the open source into it. We use kind of a fork of admiral to do multi-region traffic routing and things like that. And so to more fully support larger corporations that have internal tooling around traffic routing is kind of another problem that having a fixed set of traffic routers creates. There's, and then upgrade cycles, you know, a particular traffic router will have a bug or something in it and it can't really get fixed into Argo Rollouts makes a release. So those are all kind of issues that I kind of notice come up within the project. So my solution to this was why not, why not have plugins, right? But let the, let's distribute the workload.  They let the people that are in those particular areas that specialize with that particular traffic router to create the plugin. You know, they are the experts, which then in turn is good for the project because it lets the project have a larger user base, makes the project more healthy, etc. One of the selfish reasons, I guess, that I also want plugins is there are kind of larger experiments that I'd like to do with traffic routers that currently exist, some slight refactoring, some more broad feature additions that are maybe a little bit risky to change in core, but would be a little bit more, you know, easier to do in a plugin that you can mark as, you know, alpha and kind of experiment with, have something that you can kind of play around with more freely and not have to worry about breaking a core service. So those are, you know, kind of benefits of abstracting out plugins and traffic routers as plugins, etc. I'll go into just a little bit kind of how, as an Argo rollout administrator, you're able to configure plugins. We basically added a new config map to Argo rollouts that has, you can see it up there on the top right, basically we support metric providers as a plugin and traffic routers as a plugin. Argo rollouts, controller supports downloading from either an HTTPS source or loading a file, if you somehow can get the plugin into a container, you can give it a file path, which will load that up. If you do decide to use web download, I highly suggest also using the SHA256 hash check just to make sure that, you know, nothing's messing with your plugin that you're about to execute in your clusters, etc. And then the general gist of, at a high level, what plugins are, is we use a library from Hashtag Corp called Go Plugins. It basically creates a remote procedure call type setup where the controller will act as the client and the plugins act as servers. The plugins will get spun up as child processes of the controller. And when those processes spin up, they'll basically output a handshake that basically informs the controller how to connect to the plugin. I chose to use, so the plugin library itself supports GRPC and NetRPC, which is a native Golang RPC framework. I kept it as a first pass as a NetRPC service. One of the pros to that is that it allows Golang developers real easy access to creating plugins. You basically have to implement an interface. There's no proto files you have to generate. There's no code generation. It's just a pretty clean, simple process. The downside to that is that we only support Golang as a plugin language. So kind of some trade-offs there. Because these are real programs, right? They're not like a shared library. They're inexecutable. You can have two running modes as well with them, which allows you to basically run it in server mode or CLI mode, which allows you to create a plugin that does that that gives you some flexibility to do easier debugging or other types of out-of-band workflows as well, which is kind of interesting. As an end user of these plugins, you basically get, in your rollouts manifest, you now have a new, under the traffic routing section, you have a plugins field. And then under that, there's basically the ability to have a name, and that name correlates to the config map. So basically it maps which config map to run. And as a plugin author, you can basically configure any structure that you want under that that your plugin might need. And then the same thing goes for analysis template. You basically have this exact same thing where you get your own spot to basically drop your configuration, plugin can find it, and it can do whatever tasks it needs to do. Let's kind of take a quick high level overview of what a plugin consists of. They're pretty simple. You have basically you have your main executable program. And all that's going to do is call a function from the Gohashit corp library that starts it up as a server. And then you'll see that there's two interfaces here, one for metric providers and one for traffic routers. And these interfaces are almost identical to the same interfaces that get implemented as like native traffic routers and native metric providers. There's the minor difference being that there's a net plugin function that gets called when the plugin itself starts up, and that gives you as a plugin author the ability to create your Kubernetes clients create any form of, you know, like your metrics provider client, Prometheus, etc. And that runs once basically a plugin startup. A little bit of a high level just I think somewhat explanatory, but like so in the traffic router, we also have set weight. So when you go through a step and you have, you know, a set weight command, that function will be called and then it's the plugin's job to basically go configure, you know, the it's your virtual service or whatever traffic router you need to control the weight on. And then there's a verify weight function. This functions a little interesting. It generally gets used in the internal routers with the Amazon's ALB. So what happens there is the Argo Rolls control, when it gets a set weight call for an ALB, it'll add an annotation to an ingress object. The ingress object will get picked up by Amazon's ALB controller, which will then go configure the ALB to set the particular weight. Now Argo Rolls itself needs to not continue to the next step until we verify that the weight on the ALB has been set. And that function will have some interesting out of band uses that I'll kind of talk about a little bit later. And metrics providers are pretty simple interfaces. Well, you basically the important functions are run. That's generally what's going to run your query or run your metric collection and return some metric results. So you can do a few interesting things with that as well. These plugins are fairly easy to develop and work with. You have kind of the same tools that you're normally used to as a developer, even, even though that they run as a separate child process of the Rolls controller, you can still in most IDEs attach a debugger to the process, you can still do breakpoints, step through the code, etc. If you if you want to run it within the controller itself, the hatching corp Go library also allows you it basically redirects all the standard air and standard out logs back up to the child process. So your logging looks pretty consistent and feels like a kind of feels like a native implementation still, which is a knife from a plugin author's perspective, not really have to change your your workflows too much from a core, a core service to a plugin service. I had I just kind of went through some general rough ideas, because one of my main goals out of this talk is to kind of get some feedback on plugins and and an upcoming feature. So I kind of want to go through some interesting use cases that are maybe some of them non traditional hacky. One of the ideas would be like a gated rollout. So with the plugin systems that exist today, our go rollouts lets you configure multiple traffic routers at the same time. So you can have your real traffic router like it's yo, and then you can have your plugin one, and it will actually run those both at the exact same time, which allows you to basically use the verify weight function of the plugin to say gate to rollout, hit call some third party API that looks for the OK to continue to the next step, right? That's kind of one idea. One of the things that we plan on looking into it into it is an end to end test to verify that because we have a kind of a complex networking setup where we use a virtual service, but it's kind of does a lot more because of admiral, where we will use log based verification. So we will have, we're playing around with the idea of having a plugin traffic router that will look at log lines from the actual applications. Basically, the plugin will allow you to provide two queries that query for, you know, canary traffic log lines and stable log lines and figure out the real percentage of traffic that's being routed through to validate that we had properly configured the traffic router at the right percentages. So that's one kind of alternative use of a traffic router. And the same goes for metric providers. There's some interesting use cases there that allow you to either create a plugin, basically you could think of as a plugin that can control when our go rollouts will roll back, right? You have a plugin that does, you know, business level logic and specs API calls, you know, complex systems to determine should I roll back or not and you'd be able to have that control there. Log based rollbacks is kind of another idea. So instead of using a metrics provider, you could have a plugin that used, you know, log queries, you know, query splunk query elastic search for a particular, you know, errors or anything along those lines that would then cause rollouts to, yeah, will then cause rollouts to roll back.  What I really want to give you back on step plugins. So this doesn't exist today, but I think they are really fascinating and have a ton of power within our go rollouts.  There's set header, there's set mirror. And that's about it. I want to basically toy around with the idea and get feedback on what being able to add a plugin at a particular step buys you. These are some of my back of a hand five minute thought ideas that I think could be expanded upon. But I gated rollouts. This is the more official way of how I would probably gate to rollout versus piggybacking off of verify weight is I would put it as the first step in the rollout, right?  Some people, some companies have, you know, validation processes that need to happen before something deploys, you know, block periods if it's like during a high peak season, et cetera. So all kinds of ideas there. The other is what I would call a sync rollout. You can think of this as like you have a handful of microservices. You have 10 different rollout objects. And you want to make sure that you roll them all out to the same version continuously, right? So the idea here is that that first step that set canary scale, weight 10, that spins up 10% of the new pod, the canary, but doesn't route any traffic to them yet. Your second step is a plugin that will look at a list of rollout resources there given by rollout name, name space and the container name that within that particular rollout and make sure that all the rollout resources within that list match the shared version before going on to the next step. I think that's a pretty powerful idea for at least start the idea of experimenting with microservice sync rollouts, right? My last kind of example is a chained rollout where there could be a plugin that at the end of the plugin, at the end of the rollout steps, you might be interested in promoting another environment, you know, or deploying another dependent service. So in this particular setup, this plugin would support two modes of operation Kubernetes direct call, which would make calls to Kubernetes API and submit the new image to that particular list of rollouts and update those containers that are there. The other would be to do the more Git Ops-y thing and have the plugin actually commit the update in the Git repo to cause the next train to happen, basically, right? I think there's a handful of different options that can be done there. Yeah, there's other things like chat ops, you know, you can have a step that basically ping and slack and prompted your developers to say, hey, we're at 20%. Do you want to continue to the next percentage, et cetera? And so there's all kinds of interesting ideas there, database migrations, if you're going to have your first step, do some database migrations stuff, check infrastructure validation to make certain things are in place before continuing your rollout, you know, all kinds of, I think, possibilities exist with step plugins that are extremely fascinating. So my ask for people that have ideas is I do have a GitHub issue open, issue 2685. I have a QR code here for those that do want to scan it.  That way, when I do design the feature, I can try to accommodate all the use cases that will really help design and make sure that everything works for all the edge case, you know, I'm one person, I can't think of everything. So, you know, yeah. And then if you do, if anyone does have ideas for plugins, reach out and the Argo rollouts, you know, issue, create an issue. We have we're planning on basically putting all the rollouts plugins under the Argo Proj Labs organization, with kind of some standard naming convention so that they're discoverable and can be in documentation, et cetera. Hi. So I want to make my own plugin. How do I do that? So like I was saying, if you saw that there's two options, I'm in CNCF Slack, reach out in the Argo Rollouts channel and we can talk. I can help you guide you through things, et cetera. As I mentioned, if you do want to do an open source plugin, I do plan on putting them in the Argo Proj Labs org. If they want to be listed on the Argo Rollouts main pages, like there's going to be a list of like, you know, plugins there, right? Yeah, or if you're doing something internal and you want help, just definitely feel free to reach out, you know, create an issue, ping me in Slack, et cetera. And I'm definitely wanting to grow the plugin ecosystem. So willing to offer support wherever needed. Coming in. A couple of use cases which you mentioned requires some of the secret data. So what's the situation right now? Can you inject it securely via secrets? Or you just mentioned config mob there in your examples for the for the stat plugin stuff? Yeah. So one of the ideas to kind of store or give the plugins the ability to have a place to store stuff within Kubernetes. Most resources have the status field. And I was basically going to allow the same idea of having the plugin name for the configuration operative resource. Each plugin would be able to define key in the status that they can basically use the status of the rollout object to store some small state that they need to determine particular whatever they need to determine, right? That's one possible spot. The other is the plugin itself could create its own CRDs and manage state there as well, right? Okay, thanks. Thank you.


Today we have our festival edition with Martin d'Espagne and Simon Bussier. This is the festival edition of Human Humane Architecture and the festival is going to be the festival that you organized and curated together with many others and two of the others we just had in the previous show, which is Carol Mon Lee's Education Matters with Carla and Kathy. So we're going to do volume 2 and we called the show here pretty much Voice Yourself 2 and we mean 2 both ways, right? So why don't we start off with picture 1 and we can probably, as we said, we can go through the first couple of pictures pretty fast. But I want to say that we arranged how we called you in the show here and I suggested to call you the landscape architect because you just joined us a while ago. We're really happy to have you as the other colleagues and we're great to have you guys on board. And so obviously this show is not going to duplicate the previous show, it's going to complement it and whereas the previous show naturally because of the personalities has been a little building centric because they're great architects. That's true. This one is going to be a little landscape centric, Brian. I won't disagree. So thanks for that. You'll see my bias pretty quickly in my students work and in my tone about the way we talk about this place. Very good. Thank you very much. And you wanted to talk, think the sponsors, I think, and if we can have number 2. Absolutely. It's really important to thank our partners that are involved in this and I won't be able to take any credit as a co-chair. Kathy Hoshar and Kara Sieralta and Brian Straughn have really done the yeoman's job and the bulk of the work I've done really just a fraction of that. And we have to thank our School of Architecture and the Office of the Dean and the folks that are behind us paying the bills and so honestly our professional community here in Hawaii is really phenomenal. I've never felt more welcomed by a professional community than I do here. So that includes the local AIA chapter and ASLA and APA, USGBC and the Office of Sustainability at UH. Among some of the other partners there have been just really great, robust conversations around possible relationships and future problems that might emerge that we might tackle together. Because as we know there's nothing really happening that one building can solve or nothing really needs really robust sets of challenges that any one of those offices or entities within their silos can really emerge and be as heroic as they may have previously claimed to have been. So it's really an effort to bring a lot of these voices together. And last but not at all least to thank the next picture. Our wonderful and brilliant and inspirational students here, Chris and Khan and Mason and the very vivid landscapes of Hawaii contrasting their bright smiling future thinking faces. This is just a screen grab from our Instagram feed for the design festival that I would encourage everybody to check out. There's a team of social media savvy young people who are grabbing different interviews off the street and also commenting on some of the pressing challenges that our colleagues Kathy and Carla mentioned in the previous session. And they're obviously most obviously representative for many others. We just can't show them all at the same time. That's right. That's right.  Sorry. And we also have amazing female emerging colleagues, right? We also want to mention that. Yeah. Khan, you know, looks has long hair but he's not. He's a dude too, right? I have no comment. Just be gender correct, right? And the next image here is basically putting illustrating what Carla and Kathy had been talking about. This is the schedule, right? This is the program. It's just written out. And if we can get the website again brought, then you guys can go online. There it is. That's right. And basically, you know, pick the schedule and see what's all going on. Please take a look there. This, you know, first rule of PowerPoint slides is put as many words as you can on one slide, right? So we're breaking that rule. But the schedule is stacked. I'll just say that there's over 40 speakers coming from all around the world bringing their voice to the party. And that's complimented really beautifully by a really wonderful roster of local decision makers and thought leaders from a whole diverse range of backgrounds coming together around the same table in a very public venue, which is the state capital building on Earth Day, which is maybe the last Earth Day. It's a very auspicious celebration. Yeah, sorry to put it to rain on the parade. No, no, no. I appreciate the critical approach. We're excited about the party and the after party and the following up discussions. That would be the next slide that illustrates that one line. Yeah, thanks for adding this as well. And you'll be on this roster speaking about your work, your stratosphere work with your students. And we have some other colleagues that will be here as well. And I appreciate you wrapping it up. I mean, this is like usually these events. You know, there's this moment when the last speaker and then everyone runs away and it leaves a sort of void, this kind of gap. Oh, I would have left to talk and talk and chat about it. So voice yourself. This is a very important sort of phasing out, right? In a non sort of conformist style, right? This is casual, right? It's very purposeful, but it's also a party. And I think that you're right. Sometimes these events are so formal and stuffy and esoteric and it can be anti-climactic at the end. So we really wanted to host an event. And we have to thank our great colleagues at Art at Mark's Garage. And in partnership with Sustainable Coastlines and Artists for Social Justice, among others who are really engaged in just being in and of our time and doing just really beautiful, good work that's thought provoking. And so there'll be a DJ and a bar and a bit of a party vibe to kind of cap the evening. And we hope that some of the conversations that just got started in the festival during the day can hopefully bear some fruit out and some context can be made. So again, it does have an agenda to it, but ultimately we I think deserve a little moment of relaxation at the end of a long day. And I think this will be the opportunity to do that at Mark's Garage. And I wanted, since you mentioned, I'm going to be part of that after-show party performance. I want to thank Kathy who never gives up on me and my non-conventional ways and said that's the right format. And I also want to thank Bundit to be on the stage and I consider the two of them in the offices as collaborative practices from an international perspective, having the most critically creative voice. And maybe that's the way the conference is set up. The day is inspiring, but it's certainly a little bit more mainstream over the day. And then as it should be, it becomes a little bit more avant-garde, becomes a little bit more edgy at the evening. And again, I thank you guys for putting me in the edgy part, which I guess I might be long. So that's great. Let's go to the next picture, which is actually the picture we have behind us all the time, right? Because I want to use the chance here to also get a little bit more to use since Kathy and Carla have done a great job and sort of very selflessly talked about everything. But I want you to talk about yourself a little bit, not so much about your ego, which you don't have, but about what you believe in. And you just came here with just chit-chatting before the show. We're both Waikikians, right? And we both go into the water every day. So we'd love to be here at this place. But at the same time, I know we share the worries.  Do you also go after the rain, right? So it's always bittersweet, right? Or a sweet bitter, right? Depending on how you want to look at it. So talk about this sort of very intriguing collage here that the audience sees in the background all the time. What's behind that? I have to say, some of our students, Jay, Malise and Ruben, put together a really beautiful competition entry for the Aloy competition, or student design challenge. I think it's called Make the Aloy Awesome, I think. Talking dirty waters, right? Talking dirty waters. So, and this triptych is just, I think, a beautiful image that really encapsulates a kind of three-sided situation that we face here in Hawaii. I really appreciate this image because it speaks to the landscape in a really powerful way. I think we're, as designers, always interested in finding patterns, finding meaning. And as a landscape architect, I tend to think of those things in cultural lenses as well as ecological lenses. So we're beautifully nested between Maoka and Makai, and we are really, really lucky to be a part of this vivid and spectacular landscape. But we're not separate from the nature. It's the same in many ways. So I think that's what this image is speaking to. And the other next picture, it reminds me of that you being an East Coast boy and Harvard educated. Whoops. I think you bring this sort of very, very skilled, obviously, talent and experience and expertise to the students here in analyzing things and diagramming things. And that's refreshingly provocative to, critically speaking, a commodification of culture here, a commercialization of culture, where you force yourself and your emerging architects to peel off these sort of superficially symbolic layers and look deeper into things. 100%. There's definitely a sort of mythology of the things we believe are on the surface. But what our work, I think, what my studios are really interested in doing is peeling back the surface and looking deeper at more of the substantive patterns and searching for meaning, in particular in that last image with the circle diagrams. This is a diagram by Mellisse and Jay and Ruben again, who were just given an honorable mention for the Building Voices Design Competition. I'm happy to say. This was an early set of diagrams from some experiments they were doing. First, tracing just literally the growth patterns of a series of different plants, actually weeds, around the urban environment. Weeds tend to pop up where they're most resilient and they can teach us a lot about being resilient to chronic and episodic disturbances in the environment. The second column are yeast experiments. They're basically like unbaked dough experiments that bubble up in these really weird ways, and we can almost use that to simulate how the land takes shape and changes dramatically over time. And then the third column are a series of different images tracing water, learning how to read patterns in water. And there's some really wonderful sort of emergent forms that occur that teach us a lot about a whole series of things. I can explain that more. And the last column are the actual representations of a composite of those things. So these are some of Mellisse's models, Mellisse Nicoba, who's a really brilliant young designer. We're very fortunate to have the kinds of students we have who are just hyper switched on to the problems of the day. I think by the time they ultimately retire from their careers, it's like 2075, 2070 or something crazy. So this whole time they're figuring out how is the world changing, and then they're trying to figure out how to anticipate the change. So that while their school now involves some vocational skill building, it's really important that they can develop the skills necessary to adapt to new challenges and to shifts, cultural or environmental or ecological or whatever. And so I appreciate that opportunity to say a few things about their work. Yeah. And going to the next two pictures, you had sort of had a micro methodology here, right? And then what you learned from that, you basically, it results in a macro scenario, just like nature works, right? Sure. So whereas maybe, again, complimenting the last show where there were very sort of immediate interactions and applications of immediate solutions, problem solving, right? This here might be more a question asking and saying what if, and saying let's do it because what choice do we have and then learning by doing, right? I think absolutely. There's a set of environmental concerns that's really thick. There's a lot of layers and what I think this project, hopefully what this project represents, and I think there's some evidence that it's a successful one. It was just given an honorable mention by an international peer reviewed Jerry, which includes a lot of really wonderful people. But this project is primarily interested in the impacts in daily life. And so we have to oscillate between the large scale and the small scale so that some things make sense and are legible. And yet we also have to be kind of, let's say, alert to consequences of our good intentions and be receptive to the possibility that our ideas may fail. And that was a really vague response to your question, which is a really good one. But I would just say that there's a lot of tensions and there's opposition. There's this sort of apparent chaos and I think that it's not chaos. I think just because we can't put nature into a little neat box and understand it, I don't think that that means that it's chaotic. I think that that means that ideas of determinacy or preconceived solutions are often going to meet resistance. Static objects in the face of climate change and sea level rise, for instance, sea walls that are overcome or communities built out of sort of inflexible grids. Like we see at the result of Hurricane Sandy, we see communities sort of ravaged by waving inundation from water. We kind of think we can use that and actually use those patterns, use the FEMA predictions and make some determinations about better placement or optimum placement. And a good illustration how this sort of chaotic, creative curiosity can play out is number 10, right? Sure, I think we just zoom in maybe on that plan. If we can get number 10, yeah, there we go. Sure, here's a couple of opportunities that the students identified along. The top is along the Manoa stream corridor and their intervention is one that adopts the low E principles of passive irrigation along a sort of sequence of descending terraces. So water is not just a thing you get into a pipe and get rid of, but water is wealth and water is life. And it's sort of rather than looking at it like a problem, you look at it in terms of its abundance. And it used to be, by the way, right? Not such a crazy idea. There's just an enormous amount of knowledge embodied in the landscape here. And this is not an appropriation, rather it's a very humble and respectful re-centering, reinterpretation for a contemporary Honolulu. And the bottom image, which I think complements the top really well, is taken from the Alawai Canal where my wife and my dog and I live. And this waterways almost annually recognizes one of the most polluted. And it has a whole series of possibilities. So the students are being highly aspirational. This image shows the possibility for new beds of plants, fighter-remediatory plants or plants to clean water. And possibilities for doing some soil recharge and soil regeneration. So it'll take a while to see these kinds of things rebound or these kinds of places that have suffered for so long. It was easy to pollute it, but it's not as easy, equally easy to fix it, right? Sure. And yet I think there's a good likelihood that it's an all-hands-on-deck approach to solving the problems. And it shouldn't be necessarily just left to the Army Corps of Engineers to determine what's best moving forward. But maybe the community can see that as a place where they come together. And I ultimately think that's a really important aspect of what landscape architecture does, which is to say that despite all the growth pressure and development pressure, cities around the world are competing with each other, but also neighborhoods are competing with each other for households and for new forms of life. And with that I think there's a really acute need for big open spaces that people can come together in. And the programming can encompass ecological solutions. The programming doesn't have to just be open green lawns or beaches made out of sand that we import from somewhere else. They can be really powerful, humane, accessible, contemporary, vibrant spaces that come together through a process of collaboration and people coming together. It fits right into the theme of the show. And before we run out of time, because time goes so fast, we want to spend the rest of the show basically on a project that you're dealing with in studio right now, with your emerging colleagues, and which once again shows that whereas the other why, there's also a competition has been launched by the university, So these are very prominent topics that seem sort of catchy, right, and kind of trendy almost, although it's probably not the right word. But you choose something that's rather sort of unspectacular, right? That's an area which is usually not on anyone's radar or hardly unless the people don't live there, right? Which part is that? And that's number 11. Yeah, I would just like to give Waipahu a plug and talk about this really incredible community. This satellite image shows the just diversity of landscape patterns. You can see two shield volcanoes draining into Pearl Harbor. You can see the most turquoise water in the world just below that. You can see the agricultural fields. You can see rich jungle. You can see sort of this incredible amalgam of different cultures settling in post-plantation era. And in many ways, this is a really important place in the history of Waipahu as previously with the capital. As it name suggests, it's about water bubbling up and coming to the surface, and it's about a meeting place. It's about a gathering place, which is what you see today in the people. However, if you look at this, again, the satellite image shows really clearly this kind of interruption that the urban settlement pattern is. Imposed sort of superficially on that otherwise beautiful set of interconnected and accruing and sort of self-modifying, self-regulating landscape patterns. At the window of the airplane, we call that mapping, which is the form of diagramming. Because you don't perceive this in its potential and its sort of genetic code when you drive there first. My very first time driving west, I was like, oh my God, a multi-lane highway interstate which isn't an interstate because it doesn't connect another state. So this was also real to me. I thought this was in LA. I couldn't believe it, right? So you need to look at it in an analytical way and saying if you peel off all these layers, if you make sort of changes in individual ways, and that gets us to the number 12, we're just simply here through a very radical kind of color coding. You basically uncover, unveil a restoration of a tradition, right? Yeah, so the rail project that is aligned with the Farrington Highway that has a series of different stations along the way is really the catalyst for the project that we started earlier this year with the state and the city. And we're in cahoots with those guys because I think we're really interested in having a conversation about what these transit-oriented developments will be. And what's really striking when you're there is you can't even perceive the fact that you're in this place that has this water richness. And you can't really even see Pearl Harbor from there. You can't see your waterfront. And I think it's striking. It's striking how hot it is, and it's also striking that you're so disconnected from nature. And so any efforts to conceive of sort of urban cooling, as it were, should involve a threading through of water systems, blue and green belts. But they should also, I think, correspond with those existing cultural layers as well. So as a station emerges, it's one that's a consequence of a process of studying those layers and really understanding what the possibilities are for that, rather than sort of an imposition of an object that's like levitating. This is interesting because there is like the architect and the landscape architect that you say, hey guys, you know, rather than throwing a chunk of something down there, why do you let it emerge? Why didn't let it grow as maybe a too oversimplified way? But if we can get the pictures 13 and then 14 and 15, this is a really interesting approach. How you said it should basically emerge and grow out of the natural and cultural and multitudal landscapes. Here's just a series of different hillshade diagrams that are looking at a series of different specific analytical readings. And we can talk more about each one if it's useful. But suffice to say there are specific temperatures and specific wind speeds and specific sounds extremely loud right under the highway. And what that really enormous piece of infrastructure will do is reflect a lot of the sound. It will in many ways intensify a lot of these things. And so that's something that we're interested in trying to understand through the mapping exercises and analytical stage of the process. When you're there, as this image shows, you're really looking at a very low scale, low density automobile centric environment with now this rather imposing piece of heavy infrastructure that looks like it's sort of ominous and it's sort of reflecting almost like a different time. We're going back in time to some degree and there's like myriad benefits to mobility and that's not something that we can necessarily unpack in this short amount of time we have. But let's say that this thing is happening and what can we do about it? There will be the next picture. Again, we have this kind of steadfast optimism about it. So then there's a superimposition in some ways of these layers of data. This is looking at light so you see the underside of the bridge is going to be quite shaded. And so, you know, taking together there's multiple layers that we stack and we start to look for opportunities to create a structure that is reflecting the existing cultural and ecological patterns including all these things from water to light and sound to human access. Which the next picture shows in plan how this new rail station emerges from the specificity of the place. And as you indicated we're running out of time here on the show so I want to spend the last two minutes about chit chatting about sort of our obligation and mission as educators and what we do, right? And I want to sort of put a sort of a disclaimer at the end of the show in saying while the whole symposium doesn't basically reflect sort of the values and virtues of this program here in Think Tech Hawaii your specific work certainly does it. And if things don't we need to confront these, right? So we're like some people might look at your work and my work is being weird and we take this as a compliment because we believe that if we encourage our emerging colleagues to be these provocateurs they're going to elevate the profession, I mean they're going to run the show pretty soon, right? So I really appreciate you being that provocateur, that rebel in shaking things up and, you know, being on the search rather than saying I have a solution, right? Absolutely. Let me just say I really want to, I should give a shout out to our colleague Judith Stilgambar who's really been quarterbacking this new MLA, Master of Landscape Architecture Program which will be the first of its kind, which is really site dependent. I talked about site specificity, I want to talk about site dependency because here we can study how the land is created. We can see some of the most interesting kind of Pan-Asian, Pan-Everything fusion of cultures in urban contexts that's, you know, some of the most hyper-urban anywhere in the world. We can also see some of the most incredible conservation efforts and things on our archipelago in different sort of unique geographies. And the program that she started that some of us are going to be involved with is really a profound leap ahead for the state of Hawaii. The fact that we're here in this time I think is wonderful. We can spend more time sort of dwelling on all the different challenges, the substantial complex challenges. But I think it's also really, it's really wonderful to think of our students who will be the principals of the next generation of design firms. Absolutely. They don't exist yet. We don't know what their names will be and we don't know what kind of projects will emerge that they'll make a name for themselves through. But let's just say that there's a lot of really wildly aspirational people who are coming up through the School of Architecture program and through SOEST and through Sea Grant and through Tropical Plant Soil Science and through Sustainability and through Urban Planning and all these different offices. And I think they're wildly optimistic and they're also pretty disruptive and I think that they end up through this kind of series of provocative projects as students develop a vocabulary for themselves rather than mini-mes. So when they get to practice they can be disruptive agents for change which is as we know a key demand for design. You can't continue to do the same stuff that your parents gave you. So I take your rather than mini-mes as a closing note pretty much of your message which is great. Thank you. We didn't get to a lot of things. And particularly not that you took on this conference as the other ones. It was presented to you and you put a lot of other things on the side that you actually do which we wanted to talk about. Thank you for that. But you also take advantage of this here and let it sort of feed into your research and into your work. Thank you. Again hopefully we get the chance to talk about that another time and thank you for pulling all this and thanks for putting it all together. And again we see you guys all on Saturday at the Capitol for the various events. Go to the website again and it will be awesome. It sure will. Thanks Martin. Alright thank you very much everybody.