Hey, well, this is a new season or session or series, whatever you would call it, that I'm working on with my Patreon supporters. So what I'll be doing with a few of those on Patreon is free sessions where we will have a coaching session on something that's like business related or life or love, but not too deep. And the purpose of this is to have a real person who is working on something in their life or business, and we have a conversation and other people who are in that same vein can grow from it as well. So not sure how many of these will get because a lot of people, you know, they're very secretive, but we have a few that have a topic that they can discuss and it can be shared with the public. So thank you so much for joining me today and I would love to hear what you are working on right now. Yes, sir. So I am working on building a live coaching business that I would like to see become profitable. So I have live coaching certification through NLP, which is somewhat of focusing on the subconscious mind. And I'm currently going through your Tony Gaskins Academy live coaching certification as well. And so what I'm trying to do is with you today, I'm looking for help on building and growing my life coaching business, specifically identifying the specific areas of coaching I will offer and some tips on building my brand. That's good. Now what draws you to coaching but what was that pool. Just generally I like to to help people and people come to me with with their life issues and as far as my personal experience. I've built myself up from the ground, being a teenage mother and then the death of my child and then moving through sobriety from alcoholism and addiction, as well as losing a substantial amount of weight. And so I feel like my life experience can help people in one or more of those areas. Right, right. So you're pulling from a deep place. You're turning your pain into purpose. You've turned your mistakes into lessons. So that does sound like the ideal coach and I think that sets you up for success as a coach. Now when you think about your client.  So, to me that looks like a woman, maybe between the ages of 30 and 50 give or take who has been through some things in her life and has had to just be out here surviving on her own, and who is looking for some tools to enhance her life and to enlighten her, you know, to just lighten the load. Overall, because life can be really tough for first for some of us out here who out here who have been through so many things. Now, when you look at yourself. What would you say are some of your strengths. So, my independence, my work ethic, survival, turning, turning really hard hard things into life lessons and just helping people with a fresh perspective on on life.  So, organization is top notch 100% creativity is something that I'm praying that will be more cultivated inside of me, and that's an area for growth. And the reason I asked that is just just thinking about having your life experience and then working with clients, being able to create unique programs, unique experiences and kind of give some direction to the conversations that you'll be having with your clients, so that is constructive and now if you're organized that's a huge huge strength because that means you're able to do bullet point list, you're able to take great notes. So that's a huge plus in coaching. Now, what would you say about when it comes to marketing, you have the traditional business card or brochures. Flyers. Then you have YouTube, Instagram, Facebook. When you look at marketing online and marketing offline like grassroots marketing, which fits your personality the best. So fits my personality best would be just word of mouth and like my warm network. But I know that the reach is much further online so that's an area that I'm working on tapping further into. Well, you don't necessarily have to. And so it's good to play to your strength. So if word of mouth and just your warm leads, if you have a co-worker or friend or family member who you can work with or that calls you and you say hey, I want to work with you for eight weeks straight. And if those sessions, if we do 30 minutes to one hour a week, if those sessions help you, the only thing I'm asking is that you tell a friend or family member about my coaching practice. Do we have a deal? And then that friend agrees to it. Then when you've helped them, they won't just tell one person, they're probably going to tell three people to five people to 10 people. It's kind of how multi-level marketing works. It's like these people see an opportunity, they sign up for this company, they get to use this great product, and then they also get to provide the opportunity for other people. Now, in essence, you've created your own multi-level marketing company without that pay structure, but just having a viral word, like pyro marketing, like fanning the flame.  So that is something that if you feel that's your strength, that's something you can focus on. Now, do you, if you had to think of one person, could you think of somebody that you could offer four to eight free sessions to? Yes. I can think of several. Okay. And those people, I would assume work jobs and have coworkers and things? Yes, sir.  So if you help them. And I would say choose one, choose one who has influence, meaning the one who works at a job with the most people. Sometimes we have to be wise with our time like that. And in essence, like I may not be accepting one-on-one calls right now. But if an NBA player reaches out to me, I'll coach him because he has influence, which then will spread my name and my message, and it'll help me reach more people. So I coach him and he has five million Instagram followers and I helped change his life and his mindset. Now the message he puts into the world, now I'm reaching potentially five million people without having to actually do that. So I say that to say when you're building like this organically, you go to the people who you know they may be in sales. If it's somebody in sales that you know that you can help that is struggling with something that you've struggled with and you can be an accountability partner. That would be number one. So what I would say do is write down that list. And essentially we kind of doing the same thing as multi-level marketers do. Think about it, but now you are the product. You are the business. So when you write down that list of three to five people that you've heard from that has reached out to you that you can help, then the next time they reach out to you. So it's kind of awkward if you reach out to them like a cold call. But the next time somebody reaches out to you, make that offer. And create and now your creativity and your organization, what you'll do here tonight is you'll come up with a program. And this may be, we can start with four steps, a four step program. And each step you give it a title. And so when you think about the steps that you want someone to take, you literally can say, talking about the past, that's step one. Step two is writing a letter of forgiveness. Step three is turning your pain into purpose. And step four is finding a mentee. Now I'll just make those up, but just give you an example. So it's very practical steps. Each step is a coaching session where you're asking great questions and your client is answering those questions, and you're just kind of help helping steer the boat, you're not given so much advice, you're not talking nonstop, but you're just asking great questions. Does that sound doable. Yes, that sounds very doable. And I think that's a great start. And so the key to success is one step at a time. And what a lot of people try to do is they just try to break out of their shell right away and say, Hey, I see Tony Gaston on YouTube, I'm going to do YouTube every day like he does it, but not realizing that this is 10 years in the making. Like, I can do a YouTube video every day but I started YouTube in 2011, and I didn't start doing videos every day until 2021. You see what I mean. Yes, sir. I first started with business cards, just putting business cards and people's hand at the mall, when you were allowed to do that, and then in the parking lot, and then friending people on Facebook, adding people on my space. So just like this organic build. Now, how much time. Could you dedicate realistically without being drained to pro bono sessions. A week right now, probably like an hour and a half. So, what I would recommend. That's three clients at 30 minutes each. Right. And now you have three marketers after you help them. Now, what would you say. Are you comfortable with a coaching style of asking questions and letting the clients answer guide them to their solution. Yes, the only thing is, I get hung up on like, exactly what's what type of question to ask. I've heard you know that you don't ask how or what questions that you want to ask more open ended questions. So I get, I kind of overthink that. Right. And that's the wrong thing to do. Do you don't want to overthink it. You really want to be like a conversation. So, a house question is totally fine because if you say, Tony, how did you get to where you are. That's still an open ended question, because it's not yes or no. So if it's yes or no, then it's very but if you say how did I get here. Now, I'm, I'm about to tell you about my mindset my work ethic, and you're going to learn so much about me. And then, and then in listening, you hear your next question. And so it's really more so like a conversation than it is for giving my phone Barbara more so like a conversation than it is a dissertation. The conversation is not with coaching. It's not clinical. So you don't have a treatment plan really like a conversation but the conversation is to lighten the load is to remove the burden by allowing your client to be able to talk. And that talking is so free. And then you can confirm their answer and affirm your client, or you can pose another question that moves your client closer to his or her answer. And so that way you're kind of like a guide, but not a guru. Does that make sense. Yes, it does. And that's the mistake I made in the beginning is coming in when you get this knowledge, I would talk 55 minutes of the one hour. You study NLP. So it's just that's so much brainiac work, and it's so much you learn that it can almost make you just like a, you know, preacher just preaching and applying the whole time so that's something to think about. And you got to relax, because the beauty of coaching is every coach should be different. So we all have different experiences. So the questions that come to me will be different than the questions that come to you. So your client will have a unique experience with you because of how your mind works based on what you've seen and what you've gone through. Right. And so that's something to think about. What would be the minimum you could charge when you are a paid coach and you are regularly paid. If you find three pro bono clients and for their marketing and them telling other people, you essentially are saying hey if you can tell one person about me who hires me for coaching, your coaching is free. So you kind of keep them on can always have some people as like a gift back. Yeah, but when clients come to hire you what would be the minimum you could charge and still have a smile on your face. Probably like $50 an hour. That's smart. And that's that's a great starting point. That's a great starting point. And it's respectable because are you in your 30s or your 40s or 20s. I'm 41 41 so 41 $50 is a great place if you were 21 did I would say $25 31 I may say $35 you know $40 41 $50 is a great starting place because you're mostly going to be dealing with people who are you know professionals and people who can afford it. And that's respectable and a lot of people may just do one session a month so that's affordable for a lot of working professionals. So that's good. Now, how many sessions. Would you feel is necessary for you to do before you can give yourself a raise to $60 an hour. Probably like 10. That's a good number. And that's kind of where I would be at what I used to do. I would say set 10 write that down, because you are your own boss, and then evaluate yourself at 10 at 10 sessions, or 10 clients. Let's do instead of sessions let's say clients, 10 clients at 50 an hour. And then evaluate yourself to see if your clients are having success. If they're having success they're doing the work. Based on your style what you can't be too tied up in their success or failure because they have to do the work but influence matters, and if your style is effective it you'll find that it influences and it encourages people to take action.  So give yourself a raise is if your smile is turning into a frown, if you're getting too drained. And this means you're giving too much, but receiving too little. So it's something about. Okay. Now, you'll do in person marketing. Yes, and word of mouth. When it's time to get online, when you look at all the social media networks, which network speaks your language. I am hung up on Facebook. And why is that what are the pros. What are the things that make you like Facebook. It's just where I have been for the past, however many years. That's where I have my fault. It's not really a following but that's where I have people who know me. And that's just where I have always posted and communicated and talked about things. It's a comfort zone. Yes, it is. Right. And that's good, because you want to find a network that speaks your language. And so the next thing would be creating like a Facebook marketing plan, which is marketing without being marketing or without calling it marketing. So, do you. Do you write quotes or do you write your thoughts or do you read quotes and thoughts and share them. Both. Which one would be so I would like to be able to articulate my thoughts more frequently than I do, because people take to what I say, and it's relatable. Have an issue with needing to be perfect. And so I spend a lot of time on my grammar and my punctuation and my specific words. I see, I see. And that's the thing too is when you go out to the to the market, you want to find your strength. And so one of the things you could do is be a curator of conversation of good information. And so you can share quotes and share written thoughts and that kind of teaches you how to do it you learn grammar punctuation from sharing excerpts from books. And you kind of see and you and you're googling, you know, how to place a comma, you're googling this or that, and, you know, use this word or that word, and now you're learning this as you go, and you're looking at examples. And yet, even though this comes from Socrates, because you shared it, you just enlightened your follower, your supporter, because they had never saw that quote. They're going to give you credit for stretching their mind. And that could be equally as powerful as you writing your own thoughts, and it also could benefit you more because if you write your own thoughts and the grammar is off, or the thought isn't well thought out. Now it hurts you instead of helping you see what I mean. Yes. And so play to your strengths. And then yourself look good, and then learn as you go. So as an example when I started on Facebook, like, like you, every day, I had a motivational quote app, and I would open the app, and I would go in, I would look at the quote. And if I didn't like it, I would just click to I found a quote, and then I would copy, and then open Facebook, I would paste it, and then share it. And the quotes were Albert Einstein, Muhammad Ali, Martin Luther King, Jr. It was none of me. But yet it was inspiring and motivating people and people started writing me wow thank you for posting that quote, Mother Teresa Helen Keller. And then after posting the quotes for so long, maybe a month to three months I can't remember how long I said you know what I can do this, I can write quotes. I can write my quote so take that approach. We'll call it a training wheel approach. And that helps you get your footing. It helps you build a rapport.  But when you have something you can just pull from. Now it allows you to create consistency. And then when you start posting your own, you can sprinkle it. When you have a brain freeze, you can now grab someone else's post theirs post their quote, and your audience is already used to. That's brilliant Tony thank you so much. And then what you want to do is think about the next social media, because some social media can be used the same. So if you have Facebook, and you create a posting strategy on Facebook, that same posting strategy can be shared to Instagram, it can be shared to Twitter, and it also could be shared to LinkedIn. And it doesn't take you any time because you're just opening posting, logging out, opening posting, logging out, opening posting, logging out. You're letting the algorithm do what it does because you're giving it content every day given it a quota day. And then because it's consistent you hit the algorithm. Somebody with a following finds you they share it.  And then from there you're fielding clients. Yes. Sound good. That sounds wonderful. Thank you so much. Any questions come to mind any just glaring questions. No sir not at this time. This is great I have taken three pages of notes. Wow wow great organizational skills. So I would say, sit down, replay this I'm going to post it on YouTube to help some other coaches, and is always tweaks that could be made, and write out your plan.  Don't fear failure there is no such thing, because if you're making progress you're succeeding. Don't look at it as success or failure if you're making progress, or if you're taking action, you're succeeding, and that's how you have to see it. Thank you so much for, you know, giving us this opportunity and allowing me who isn't doing one on one sessions right now to be able to help a lot of people with one session I really appreciate it. Yes, sir, thank you for taking the time to work with me today. I'm going to hold some no problem. And to those of you who, if you're on my Patreon, I believe this young lady she is at the $50 a month. And that's who I made this offer to. So if you're in there, look through the post and you'll see the link where you can schedule a light helpful session that we can post on YouTube and help many others at the same time. So look forward to working with you. Thank you so much. Take care. We'll talk soon.


Energy and the future. Renewable. When something is renewable, it means that it can be used again and again. Wind and solar power are examples of renewable energy sources. Non-renewable. If something is non-renewable, it means that it cannot be used again. Fuel, oil, and gasoline are examples of non-renewable resources. Energy. Energy is a source of power from natural or chemical resources. Conserving energy and fuel are ways that we can save the Earth's natural resources. Efficient. When something is efficient, it does not waste energy or resources. Energy-efficient appliances and electronic devices help save electricity. Appliance. Appliances are machines used in the home. Examples of appliances are refrigerators, ovens, washing machines, and coffee pots. Thermostat. A thermostat is the device that controls the temperature in your home or office. Turning your thermostat down when you leave your house can help you save energy. Window covering. Window coverings are materials that are used to cover windows. Window coverings include things like blinds, curtains, and shutters. Laundry. Clothes, sheets, or other things that you wash are called laundry. Using cold water and washing similar things together can help you save electricity. Insulation. Insulation is material that is placed between walls. Well-insulated buildings stay cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter. This helps save energy. Draft. A draft is cold air that comes through a space like a door or window. Drafts are common in older homes. Window treatments can help prevent cold drafts. The end.


The recovery efforts from the October Northern California wildfires has been a monumental task. The wildfires destroyed or damaged thousands of residences, leaving many without a place to call home. The magnitude of the housing needs of the communities was met with an equal response. Local, state and federal agencies made housing solutions a top priority. California is a big state, but this is by and large the largest loss of homes collectively than any other fire event in history of California. Agencies went to work to find resources to help thousands across multiple counties in need of a place to stay while evacuated and also those that would not have a home to return to. Our job immediately after the disaster was to focus on the evacuation centers and setting up mass care and shelter sites. But pretty quickly, we recognized that we were going to need transitional housing for people after when we moved from the response phase into the recovery phase. Once the Northern California wildfires were out, the aftermath was clear. To further complicate matters, many of the areas already had a low inventory of homes and rentals before the wildfires. Our mission was how do we find apartments, how do we find corporate lodging, how do we find places to put mobile homes, travel trailers in a very short time frame. The recovery operations taking place has been of epic proportions and housing has been one of the items at the top of the list. Many found their own housing solution, but for those that needed help, agencies worked tirelessly to secure temporary housing. We looked at whether a recreational vehicle was appropriate, whether a mobile modular home would be appropriate. We looked at tiny houses, we looked at connex, you know, the big shipping containers, and we looked to see how many of those different types of units we could fit appropriately on the sites that we identified. And ultimately, we ended up with the site here at the fairgrounds. Survivors now call a new place home while they work on their long-term plans. Aside from temporary and transitional housing, many are well into the rebuilding process to build a new where their home once stood. To further help with the recovery, officials looked at ways to make the recovery process more efficient for those that plan to rebuild. We're getting people into temporary housing and we are working with people. We're relaxing some of the regulations so that we can help people rebuild. It's not just homes, it's entire communities that are recovering and rebuilding together. The county, state and federal are not going to leave you as you continue to recover from this tragedy. At a recent town hall meeting in Mendocino County, officials talked about the future of the community. Really, we want to be able to look forward and say we'll be a stronger, more resilient community five years from now after going through the pain and suffering that the last five months have been. As the wildfire survivors continue moving forward working through the process, they are not alone. We can do this. We're there with them. We're going to be with them every step of the way and we are going to get them back in their home. The road to recovery is often a long one, but for many in this community, that road is leading back home. Visit our online newsroom at OESNews.com to learn more about this program and get the latest news and information from our team. Don't miss our next video on your Facebook timeline, like our page and you'll get the latest posts as they happen. If you're an Instagram user, you can see the latest snapshots by following our Cal OES Instagram account. And Twitter users can get instant access to our tweets from across the state by following Cal OES.


Multiple cropping systems are beneficial for grain yields, and satellite-derived NDVI time series can describe crop metrics and be used to obtain cropping information. A method combining spline interpolation and HANTS algorithms was proposed to reconstruct high-quality NDVI time series, which showed a high degree of consistency with statistical data and field sample data. The results also revealed that land use changes and mixed crop types within a pixel were the main sources of errors in the cropping index. This article was authored by Xiong Liang, WAN Dong Ma, Shui Yang Sway, and others.


Hi Lily, so nice you came to my cocktail party. Feel free to talk to anyone, everyone in here is really nice. You'll get along. How are you? I refuse to answer this pointless question that is not actually wanted through answer. I'm fine.  Congratulations. What is your five year plan? Of course I have thought about it and I don't know really. I have no plan. Five years really? I barely know what I'll do tomorrow. I was thinking of doing nothing or waiting for the inevitable. Maybe go live to a forest as a hermit. Who knows? Isn't the unexpected that gives life flavor? I will probably move to a different city where I can find a job. Are you happy with this decision? What's happened is anyway. Also, I would say yes just because that's what you expect me to do. Yes. Lily, why don't you talk? I'm okay being quiet. You cannot be okay being quiet. Yes, I can. I'm shy. I'm not shy. I'm just pretending. Otherwise I would have to admit that I don't want to talk to anyone. So that's what I told her. Do you agree or not? Did I do the right thing? I don't know. I'm not sure. What is your opinion on the matter? I am tired of this conversation. Whoa, that's rude. I like your presence, okay?  Everything is meaningless. How can you say that? I want to, so I can. Are you into philosophy? I'm very nihilistic. I relate to a lot of pessimistic memes on Instagram. I have decided to rule out philosophy from conversations because it may lead you to depression.  Yes, this is great. What do you have? Why are you so thoughtful? Nothing. Don't complain, don't interrupt me. You have pretty hair. Thank you. Why? Not why you like it. But why would you say such a thing? Don't listen to her. Thank you. I made an effort, actually. Yeah, he passed away last week. Well, we're all gonna die someday. Nobody ever survived their life, right? I hope that he at least had a short and painless death. He's in a better place now, hopefully. Um, anyways. In his funeral, all the ambulances turned on the sirens in a tribute for his services. Oh, que maravilla. That should have been really annoying.  You're not making it any better. Why are cats scared of cucumbers? I don't know. Oh, I know. I'm just too lazy to answer. I come to make you a company. You're so lonely. It is called rest. I just had enough. Thanks. Where I live, the weather is so nice in the morning. Unless there is a natural disaster, I really don't care what the weather is like, especially where you live. Most of the time, I don't even care about how the weather is in my front yard. Nice weather, huh? The bear comes to me and tells me, like, King, can I get the honey you have in your bag? And I was like, no, it's my mission. I'm a spa. And I have to have a meeting. She was already told me this story. And I was like, what? Is this for real? Like, is this the kind of quality I want in my life? And I was like, yes, of course. It's Beyonce. You already told me this story. Oh, really? Young Yelian, daughter of that fob-getter, has her eye on the grocer's son. He gets to see her once a week when the grocer is her delivered. But I hear she's been sneaking out into some less pleasing parts of town to meet him some nights. I tuned out 15 minutes ago and just realized this is that socially appropriate moment to say something other than. That's interesting. That's interesting. We're gonna have such a good time this weekend. So glad you said yes. It would be great if those plans we made got canceled. I feel sad. Be happy then. Why? I am a victim right now. In the grand scheme of things, the whole human civilization is a speck of dust. So you're friends with Nina, right? Yes, we are friends. Did you know there's a planet that shaped like a potato? Oh, really? Yes, homea, same size as Pluto, orbits the sun, beyond Neptune, has rings similar to Jupiter. I know you're going through so much stuff right now. Please tell me, how do you feel? Not so good. I'm actually hungry. So there's a new guy who hangs out a lot at the bar buying people drinks more than himself. He doesn't tip well. I figure he's working undercover looking for someone. We should talk about the insignificance meaning of our lives in the greater context of the universe. Lily, hi. What a coincidence. Good to see you, my friend. Yeah, it's been so long. How are you? Good. I have no idea who you are. Do you have any children? No. Well, but you're married. No. You should be. Having children and a husband is the ultimate fulfillment in life. Really? You did all those things, but you don't look fulfilled. Darren has been cutting his meat with less savory cuts. What's appropriate to say? What's inappropriate? Lacking energy and creativity, brain is working over time. May self-destruct in five, four, three, two... Thank you so much for watching my video. If you liked it, you can give it a thumbs up. But honestly, I don't feel like telling you what to do. You can do whatever you want. I don't care. Well, I kinda care because I need to pay for things. And I also want to thank the people who commented and helped write in the script. Thanks to you, I can talk. You guys are savages. Imagine how fun life would be if we said the truth more often. Alright, exhale, exhale, bye-bye. Having children and a husband is the ultimate fulfillment in life. The things you make me say... Alright, so what I'm doing here is focusing. You know, the microphone is the... I'm too close to the microphone. It's the alternative Lily. So now I go to the camera. Excuse me. And I use this to focus perfectly on the microphone. You see? So now, I just stand where the microphone is. So I mark my position, which is here. Dan, this is easy. This is very simple. And then I just put the microphone in a very strategic way like this. A little lower. I like this outfit. I chose this outfit because it's really cold right now. So this is my excuse. Because it makes no sense that someone at a cocktail party is dressing like this. What do I know? Never mind. Why, I got scared of cucumbers. Cucumbers. Cucumbers. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Let's kill this. I'll go.


In addition to defense and security education, money in banking, scientific research, providing for the poor, space exploration, food and drug safety, roads to transportation, the definition of marriage, immigration and border control, unemployment insurance, health care, all of which have been monopolized, co-opted or corrupted by the state, the state also monopolizes dispute resolution, the court system, the production of law, and both by government courts and primarily by state legislation and rules promulgated by state agencies. And the state's legal system and thus most aspects of economic life is permeated by what is called intellectual property law. Intellectual property law consists primarily of patent, copyright, trade secret and trade mark law, and also other more modern innovations such as semiconductor mass works, databases, moral rights, boat hole designs, and reputation rights even, such as defamation, libel and slander law. To take one example of a modern patent system out of all the patent systems of the roughly 200 countries in the world, consider the United States patent system. U.S. patents are granted by the United States Patent and Trade Mark Agency, Office, or called PTO or USPTO. It's an agency of the Department of Commerce. It has about 10,000 employees, most of them are called patent examiners. In 2008, about 485,000 patents were filed in the United States. About 185,000 were issued or granted or approved. And as at the end of 2008, there were about 1.2 million patent applications pending for examination of patent laws. And there are about 2.5 million live U.S. patents right now, patents that are in force that can be infringed. IBM, for example, one of the largest patent procures, was awarded over 4,000 U.S. patents in 2008, and they hold about 40,000 or 50,000 live patents at present. Patents are classified by class and subclass and group. They're divided into four main groups. Number one is chemical and related items. Two is communications, gradient energy, and so on. There are about 1,000 classes and thousands of sub and sub-sub classes. The PTO grants issued patents after reviewing patent applications filed by individuals and corporations. Corporations have invention disclosure programs. They tell their engineers, file, submit an idea to us, we'll pay you $1,000, $5,000. A patent committee usually reviews these ideas and decides which one's to file. Patent attorney files the application, the cost is $10,000 to $20,000, for example. And the end result is an issued patent, which is issued after a couple of years of what's called prosecution of the patent office, which is the going back and forth by the patent attorney. The end result is called a red ribbon copy. And I brought one with me. I'm holding pure evil in my hands. In fact, I'll pass this around if anyone wants to take a look. I just need it back because it's my employers. So that becomes part of the company's patent portfolio, which can be used to sue or to counter sue or to license for profit. Now, what are the results of the patent system itself? The result is distorted research, protectionism, well-transfers, and enrichment of the patent bar. Large companies such as IBM amass hundreds of giant patent portfolios, and they license them. IBM, for example, makes hundreds of millions of dollars every year off of licensing. It's also used for cross-licensing, larger companies engaging cross-licensing agreements, which makes it difficult for smaller companies to enter. So it sets up barriers. Let me give some examples of some patents. There's Amazon's one-click patent, which is a patent on clicking once to purchase something instead of twice, which they used to sue Barnes & Noble, the dawn of e-commerce. There was a company called Sentence Assertion that Amazon had violated their patent monopoly on recommending books to customers. There was an attempt by Dustin Stamper, who was President Bush's top economist, to get a patent on an application for a system and method for multi-state tax analysis. Apple has filed a patent application for digital karaoke. Facebook was sued by someone who had a patent on a system for creating a community of users with common interests to interrupt in. There was an absurdly broad patent issued to a company called Blackboard for the common use of technology that is employed in education and in online encyclopedias. Carfax has a patent on a method for perusing selected vehicles having a clean, idle history. And then there's the fund patent covering swinging on the swings sideways. That's a method patent. And another result of the patent system is patent lawsuits. Many patents are granted that are ridiculous, such as some of the ones I read. This is true, but that problem with the patent system is not ridiculous patents. It's valid patents. They can be used for suing. Kodak, for example, pursued Apple for violating their imaging patents. And now Apple sues Kodak before the United States International Trade Commission over digital camera technology. I'm going to put up a slide here in a second. There's some Android-related patent lawsuits going on right now in the smartphone industry. Apple suing HTC suing Kodak suing Nokia. This is just an example. This is the patent nettle in the smartphone industry right now. All these suits going back and forth. This is what these companies deal with and engage in. HTC signed an agreement with Microsoft providing rights to use Microsoft on mobile phones, one of their patents. And what happened was Microsoft got a royalty on every Android phone that's made by HTC. So Microsoft might prefer to make its own phones, but if they can get a royalty from every Android phone sold, that's pretty good too. And this here is called right now the smartphone nuclear war, the patent industry right now. And there's just lawsuits going back and forth. One patent litigator was quoted saying, we've seen this in the tech industry with the LCD industry, and it goes all the way back to semiconductors. Patents aren't a barrier to entry so much as a patent holder wants people to pay. If you can tax your competitors with your royalty, then you set yourself up for profits. In a low-margin business, that's important. Just for an example, some more recent patent suits. In a stent case, Boston Scientific agreed to pay Johnson and Johnson $1.7 billion to settle three patent cases. There was a $1.6 billion patent infringement verdict in favor of Johnson and Johnson against Abbott. A $400 billion settlement paid to Abbott by Metronik, again regarding stents. The company Qualcomm has been enjoined from importing chips into America that help conserve power and cell engines. One New Jersey doctor was awarded $432 million against Boston Scientific as a reasonable royalty for infringing his method in apparatus for managing macro-molecular distribution. Even though the practice of saving seeds after a harvest to plant the next season is as old as farming itself, patents prevent farmers from saving their patented seeds. Abbott was sued over a caller idea idea on the iPhone. Blackberry's manufacturer, RIM, was forced to pay $612 million after the patents of NTP were asserted against him and threatened to shut down the Blackberry. Microsoft was on the receiving end of a $1.5 billion jury verdict for infringing an MP3 patent held by Alcatel Lucent. It's also used in connection with IPOs, initial public offerings of private companies. Quite often, when a competitor will hold on to his patent, wait till their competitor files their S1 to go public, and then they'll hit them with a patent lawsuit because this has to be disclosed in the IPO. And it can damage or scuttle the IPO. For example, the company called Optium went public in late 2006 and the company M4 sued them as soon as they found their S1 for patent infringement. In another very recent case that's ongoing now, a company called Neo Photonics, which has recently filed its S1, they're not public yet, they've been sued along with three other companies, three other defendants by Fennison for patent infringement. Now what's interesting about this is one of the patent claims, I've reviewed these, one of the patent claims that's being asserted covers a system and method for protecting eye safety during operation of a fiber optic transceiver. So in other words, so that the engineers working with lasers don't get their eyes burned, there's an alarm set if you have too much power going into it, which has been used for years. It's a common idea. Patents are supposed to be non-obvious, by the way. This is not. And of course, each of these defendants has countersued Fennison and with their own patents. So now you have literally millions of dollars being spent by these five companies on legal fees because of this patent lawsuit. Now what about copyright? Copyright is also bad. It lasts a lot longer than patents, for example, over a hundred years usually. And they can even lead quite literally to censorship and thought control. So if there's a case where the seminal German silent film Nostraatu was deemed a derivative work of Dracula and the courts ordered all copies destroyed. In addition, shortly after his death, the Arthur J.D. Salinger, author of Catching the Rye, courts banned the publication of a novel called 60 Years Later Coming Through the Rye. Banned it, based upon copyright. Some get lucky, though, and they say that the work is a fair use. There was a parody called The Wind Done Gone, which is an unauthorized rewrite of Gone with the Wind from another character's point of view. And another interesting case, fantasy author Marion Zimmer Bradley, who actually encouraged and allowed her fans to write fan fiction without suing them to copyright infringement, came across an idea that a fan had submitted to her that resembled the one she was using herself in a novel that she was writing. So she wrote to the fan and told her what was going on and even offered to pay her a little bit of money and to acknowledge in the book that they had come up with the same idea. But the fan replied she wanted full co-operation of the book and half the money or she would sue. So Marion Zimmer Bradley scrapped the novel and rather than risked her lawsuit, never written. Sometimes lawyers who send cease and desist letters claim copyright in the letter and threaten to sue you if you republish it on the web. The Australian band Minute Work was recently found guilty of plagiarizing a children's duty Cuckaburra from their 1980s hit Down Under. The judge held that a food rift in Down Under bore an unmistakable resemblance to Cuckaburra sits in the old gum tree. A folk tune talked to Australian school children for 75 million years. I'm 75 years. RIAA wants to impose a law that once a law passed that would impose a penalty $1.5 million per CD copied. Ford Motor Company has attacked Ford enthusiasts claiming that they hold the rights to any image of a Ford vehicle even if it's a picture you took of your own car. The NFL has prohibited churches from holding Super Bowl parties on TV sets larger than 5,500. And of course, there are recent extensions of copyright such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act or DMCA, which criminalize even the mere possession of technology that could be used to circumvent digital protection systems. But I say DVD ripping devices don't steal, people do. Trademark is also bad. Subway has claimed the trademark on the word footlong to describe their sandwiches and they've threatened a hot dog seller who's been selling footlongs for decades. Accord has said that the University of Southern California is the only one who can use USC. Sorry, University of South Carolina. Houdat, American National Football League, has sued over this expression being put on t-shirts. And there are modern extensions of trademark law that are even worse such as rights against trademark dilution, which don't even require consumer confusion, which is required in normal trademark suits and cyber squatting. Even trade secret, which is the least objectionable of the four main types of IP, has been corrupted by the state. For example, when information about the then secret iPad was leaked back in January of this year, Apple's law firm threatened new publications such as Valley Rag and Galker to stop publishing information based upon trade secret law. Even though Valley Rag and Galker have never signed a non-disclosure agreement or contract with Apple. Now, Western IP laws are bad enough, but the US-led Western countries have long tried to extend the reach of their mercantilist IP laws to countries like Russia, India, and China to use the World Trade Organization, WTO, to twist the arms of other countries. And now we have the dreaded ACTA, anti-counterfeiting trade agreement coming down the pike, and I suspect it will be ratified. It is a worldwide treaty which will impose draconian Western-style patent and copyright protection on every country, including DMCA-type anti-circumvention rules. And it will also provide for the legal authority for the surveillance of internet file transfers in search of the personal property. As one science fiction author Corey Dockrow notes, the ACTA is a radical rewriting of the world's internet laws, taking place in secret without public input. Now, these IP laws are quite obviously unlibertarian. They're nothing but grants of privilege by the state, leading to protectionism, market distortion and inefficiencies, wealth transfers from consumers and smaller companies to big media, big pharma, and so on, with the state taking a handsome handling charge. In our state that's war, we have taxation, we have regulation, incarceration for victimless crimes, and war. So the existence of IP law should come as no surprise. The question is not why we have IP law. We have IP law because we have the state. The question is, why in the world would any libertarians support IPs? But some of them do support it. There are, of course, utilitarian arguments that favor IP law, but these are hardly worth mentioning. First of all, there's no evidence at all that IP creates net wealth, and there are incoherent standards in even determining this. It leads to crazy schemes advocated even by some libertarians and people such as Joseph Stiglitz and Forbes, who openly endorse the idea of, say, a $30 billion or $80 billion tax-funded medical innovation prize fund or innovation contracts, either to replace the patent system or to supplement it. On a debate on Kato's website, one Dean Baker argued that copyright and patent should be abolished and replaced with such a tax-funded innovation prize. Kato's Tim Lee opposed this idea. He says, I can't agree with Baker that all copyright and patent protection monopolies are illegitimate. Copyright and patent protections have existed since the beginning of the Republic, and if properly calibrated, they can promote the progress of science and the useful arts. Like any government intervention in the economy, they need to be carefully constrained. But if they are so limited, they can be a positive force in the American economy. Well, that's really a relief. We just need to calibrate. As for purported rights-based offenses of IP, Galambos believed that man hears his defense. He believed man has property rights in his own life, which he called primordial property, and then, thus, in all non-appropriative derivatives of his life. You don't own your children, I guess. The first derivatives of a man's life are his thoughts and ideas, according to Galambos. These are primary property. And since action is based on primary property, you own your actions, too. This is liberty. Second derivatives, such as land, televisions, other tangible goods, are produced by ideas and action. So in other words, in Galambos' hierarchy, primary property is your thoughts, ideas, and actions. Secondary property is lowly things like this. Now, sometimes I start to speak for the joke. I didn't do so today. I couldn't think of a good idea or a joke. But I have one now. I ran incredibly set patents for the hard and poor of property rights. That's a joke. It's so positive to I ran. I suppose we had no property rights in existence until 1790, the First Patent Act, or perhaps in 1623, the England's Statute of Monopolies. And by the way, many patent advocates, libertarian advocates of the patent system, deny that patents are monopolies, even though they're created by the Statute of Monopolies. Libertarians, or statists, used to be much more honest. We used to have the Department of War. In 1949, it was changed to the Department of Defense. Advocates of patents used to call them monopolies. Now, they've denied it, they're monopolies. Recently, I was re-listening to a 1991 lecture by an Objectivist IP attorney, Murray Frank. And I'm going to play a little bit of a hero. In the words of Thothwold Solberg, a former register of copyright, when we come to weigh the rights of the several sorts of property which can be held by man, and in this judgment take into consideration only the absolute question of justice, leaving out the limitations of expediency and prejudice, it will be clearly seen that intellectual property is, after all, the only absolute possession in the world, the man who brings out of the nothingness some child of his voice. His rights therein which cannot belong to any other sort of property. The inventor of a book or other contrivance holds his property as a godhold by right of creation. So this is how the Objectivists look at it. We're gods, and we create things, and we own these things that we create. In fact, Frank recounts that when he met Einran, when she learned he was an IP lawyer, she says, intellectual property is the most important field of law. Now, what about the fact that IP is necessarily based upon legislation? No problem, according to Murray Frank. Just as the common law evolved to recognize trespass by barbecue smoke, it would have evolved to recognize property in intellectual creations. But even if it could be somehow established that common law would never recognize IP rights, this would not be an argument against these rights. The common law often requires legislation to correct it. For example, recognizing the rights of women. Indeed, it is a myth that the common law evolves to reflect in that legislation is always in conflict with the requirements of human nature. The same minds that employ induction and deduction to decide a particular case in these judges making common law can employ those methods to legislate universal law. Some of the arguments for IP made by defenders of the system are so unbelievable they seem like they must be made in jest. For example, on a recent online debate, any patent philosopher and ontologist, if there's such a term, David Kepsel had mentioned in the 19th century and early 20th century, two of the most innovative countries on earth, the Netherlands and Switzerland, had no patent systems at all. In response, a patent attorney who was defending the system says, thank goodness the Swiss did have a patent office. That is where Albert Einstein worked and during his time as a patent examiner came up with a series of relativity. Free market economist William Sugar, a senior fellow with the Independent Institute, recently argued, it is true that other means exist for creative people to profit from their effort. In the case of copyright, authors can charge fees for reading their works to paying audiences. Charles Dickens did this, but his heavy work schedule of public performances in the United States where his works were not protected by copyright all arguably contributing to his untimely death. So in other words, we need IP law because Charles Dickens died early. Support for IP rights even leads some libertarian thinkers, such as Cato's Doug Bandau, Richard Epstein, and Michael Cross, to oppose free trade, in particular to oppose drug re-importation, because this permits consumers to partially date the patent monopoly tax. Now what is the reason these libertarians make this mistake? I think it could be traced to three big causes. Locke, America, and land. Plus legislation in the libertarianism. But John Locke unnecessarily assumed the ownership of labor in his theory of homesteading. You don't need to assume that we own our labor to have the best plan to a homesteaded resource. You have the best plan to a homesteaded resource because you have a better connection to it because you were the first user of it. There is no need to assume the ownership of labor. But this assumption has transformed into the Randian and other libertarian idea that we own our creations because we mix our labor with creations, such as intellectual ideas as well. I believe America also is part of a problem. America instituted a patent system on utilitarian grounds in the beginning. And since the modern libertarian movement arose in America and because early America is naively seen as a total libertarian paradise, state-patented copyright laws get a pass. And this is compounded with the influence of Iran, who in her desire to adopt the values of the superior United States over the communist Russia that she escaped and despised, she became too pro-American. I've even been told that Murray Rothbard's correspondence indicates around 1954 that someone convinced Iran to oppose imminent domains, the state's ability to take property. She had previously favored imminent domain because the Constitution endorses it. So she's taking too much, giving too much preview to the Constitution, the American Constitution. I think two other contributions, there are two other contributing causes related to the others. One is the rise of legislation as a means of lawmaking. Recall, Objectives Murray Frank's approval of legislation as a means of making law. But of course, legislation implies a state. And also the rise of utilitarianism and wealth machinization as justifications for law. Now the founders may be forgiven for their hubris and assumptions, but today's, not today's, econometricians, the evidence is against them. But like the left-lurbal do-gooders of Thomas Solve, the vision of the anointed, the humanitarians of the guillotine, they persevere in claiming IP law generates net wealth without a shred of proof. Some claim that the success of the United States shows that IP law generates wealth. They forget that correlation is not causation. And if they're right, we can also attribute Western prosperity to the income tax, anti-trust law, and war. So I guess we should export these policies to other nations too. Oh wait, at least Jefferson had the decency not to pretend that the temporary, artificial, state-granted, patent and copyright privileges were natural rights, unlike modern pro-IP libertarians. So what's the right way to view this? Let's think about property rights in the context of the nature of human action. There are various ways to explain what's wrong with IP. You can explain IP requires a state and legislation which are both necessarily legitimate. You can point out that there's no proof that IP generates net wealth. You can explain that IP grants rights in non-scarce things, which rights are necessarily enforced with physical force against tangible property. Thus supplanting already existing rights and scarce resources. But another way I believe to see the error in treating information, ideas and patterns as ownable property is to consider IP in the context of the structure of human action. Mises explains in the ultimate foundations of economic science that to act means to strive after ends, to choose a goal and to resort to means in order to attain the goalsaw. Now obviously the means have to be causally efficacious to attain your desired end. So as Mises observes, if there were not causality, men could not contrive any means for the attainment of any ends. Knowledge and information of course play a key role in action as well. It guides action. The actor is guided by his knowledge, information and bad information results in unsuccessful action or loss. As Mises puts it, action is purpose of conduct. It is not simply behavior, but behavior begot by judgments of value, aiming at a definite end and guided by ideas concerning the suitability or unsuitability of definite means. So all action employs means and all action is guided by knowledge and information. And as Mises says, means are necessarily scarce resources. He said, means are necessarily always limited, i.e. scarce with regard to the services for which man wants to use them. So in other words, to have successful action, you have to have knowledge about causal laws to know, which means to employ. And you have to have the ability to employ these means suitable for the goal that you're seeking. So the scarce resources that you need to use as means need to be owned by you. This is why there are property rights in these things. The nature of a scarce resource is that used by one person excludes used by another. But you don't need to own the information to guide your actions to have successful action. So for example, two people can make a cake at the same time, but they have to each have their own ingredients. But they can use the same recipe at the same time. Material progress is made over time in human society because information is not scarce and can be infinitely multiplied, learned, and taught and built on. The more patterned recipes, causal laws that are known add to the stock of knowledge available to all actors and acts as a greater and greater wealth multiplier by allowing actors to engage in ever more efficient and productive actions. It is a good thing that ideas are infinitely reducible, not a bad thing. There is no need to impose artificial scarcity on these things to make them more like scarce resources, which unfortunately are scarce. As Bastiat said, all innovation goes through three stages. One firm possesses unique knowledge and profits from it. Others demotate and share in profits. Finally, the knowledge is widely shared and no longer profitable on its own, which thereby inspires new knowledge. What patents do is artificially cologne the first stage at the expense of the others. As a recent example, a new story reports Acer is the latest PC maker to jump into the tablet PC market, which has been gaining increasing attention since Apple launches iPad in January. With more than one million units sold so far, the iPad's success has sent other PC makers scrambling to come up with similar devices. Now this market competition to make similar devices is not a bad thing, but IP advocates have to have mixed feelings about this imitation. Granting property rights and scarce resources, but not in ideas as to precisely what is needed to have permanent successful action as well as societal progress and prosperity. So we can see that an essential defect of IP is that it seeks to impede learning and to spread and the spread of ideas and knowledge. Honest or naive IP advocates even admit this. Recall above I quoted economist Sugart. He says, to paraphrase the late economist Joan Robinson, patents and copyrights slow down the diffusion of new ideas for a reason, to assure there will be more new ideas to diffuse. So they admit this. By the way, Professor Hopper realized this as far back as 1988. At a panel discussion on ethics with Rothbard, David Gordon and Leland Jaeger, it was there was the following exchange and I'll conclude with this. Question, I have a question for Professor Hopper. Does the idea of personal sovereignty extend to knowledge? Am I a sovereign over my thoughts, ideas and theories? Professor Hopper, in order to have a thought, you must have property rights over your body. That doesn't imply that you own your thoughts. The thoughts can be used by anybody who is capable of understanding them. Thank you.


how are you? I'm fine sir thank you. Was the waiting time was more or you expected this time to happen or did the bureaucratic delay happen? Yeah some kind of a delay actually. I was told I had the interview time was 3.30 but I think there was some kind of difficulty. Okay what is exactly the meaning of Ashik? Ashik actually is derived from an Arabic word which means admirer or lover and it has later adopted into different languages which all means the same meaning. So you're admiring the civil service as trying to get into the civil service? Yes sir. Okay right now you're from Kerala, Anu and all. So during the floods of 18 and 19 where were you? During that time actually I was at Trivandrum sir. You are at Trivandrum? Yes sir. Where you affected or where your living was affected? I was at Trivandrum and Trivandrum was the least affected area in Kerala. Actually my home was affected. My home is near Periyar river so it got flooded actually. Okay what would have been the loss to myself? To your house, to your family and all in terms of if you quantify. Okay if I can quantify in monetary terms it would be below 10,000 rupees actually. My ground floor of the house got flooded actually. That's all. So you're cleaning nothing damaged and all you shifted it and all. We actually got time to shift the things but there was a lot of cleaning to do so that would cost only 10,000 nothing more. It was below 10,000 actually. The problem was I was actually writing my main examination at that time so I was not at my home at that time. But your parents were there no? Yes my parents and my brother sir. Okay so will there be another flood of that magnitude, that magnitude will it come or is it likely or what is your reading? Sir that flood was actually called the flood of a century because it was after a long time but I think there will be there is potential and possibilities for the such kinds of large floods in the near future because of the climate change and variability that we have been seeing in the global climate. No the 18 flood was very specific it's because of the man-made floods it's predominantly of the nature was there but I think we we let open all the dams simultaneously without proper information or even if information nothing would have done that was the major mistake done by the KACB predominantly and irrigation department. Yes sir that was also there sir. That management was a major issue sir. Major because they stored it for water and then water was already filled and they have to combust really this one. Yes sir. Right now now 18 we said rebuild Kerala and all we have studied is it anything has happened in the Alua area after that 18 flood 19 flood now we are in 2020 is it anything infrastructurally visibly has happened in that part of Kerala which was badly affected. Alua was one of the most affected towns in Kerala because of the proximity to Periyar river. Periyar yes. So as part of the rebuilding activities many people were provided homes and houses that kind of infrastructure rebuilding activities have been going on. Now also it is continuing because last year also there was a major flood. Okay. So that is one thing happening. Sir can I continue. Please go ahead. Okay. Apart from that there is on the land use wise stricter enforcement of the land use rules is now being followed so that any kind of new construction activities is not being taken up in the flatland area or closes to the railings. So encroachments are being cleared out and new construction activities are not being permitted. Visibly in the ground it is happening that's what you are saying. Yes sir in the ground level it is happening but it is not entirely changing the picture like the whole infrastructure is not changing but small changes are happening. Okay. So that means the vulnerability is not going to be reduced. Vulnerability is going to be reduced but I think it's in the short term it is not going to be reduced. We have to take actions in the long term sir because already encroachments have happened and there are many go downs and shops that is already present near the near to the river. So it is not easy to have a short term result I guess. Have you seen the district disaster management plant of Ernaklam district? No sir. So you are an aspirant, civil aspirant that is not a love letter book or something of the district collector or the SP you know you have to read it. It is a public document it will be it should be in the website please have a look on that. Sure sir having read a specific document of Ernaklam. You should because that is what where you are leaving and on. Okay sir. Okay. Do we know swimming? Swimming yes sir I have actually taken a coaching in the district. So you can survey for some time in the water you will not drown. No sir. Okay.  No sir. Have your house have been ensured after that flooding? No sir. No I think it's that then what is the lessons we are learning? You can't expect Pinarayu Vijayn to come and ensure our house and safeguard your house. You have to individually do your responsibility. Okay. Now I would ask I think do you drive? Sorry sir. You know two-wheel driving and four-wheel driving? Yes sir. Yes sir. Very good. Okay. So do you know CPR? CPR isn't the activity. No artificial. Can you while you're driving you knock down someone or somebody has fallen and remaining in the in the road. Okay. Do you know practically have you given any artificial respiration to anyone? Actually I have read about it. I know the procedure but I haven't done it personally sir. That theory will not work.  You have to have it.  If you don't know CPR you are not a full citizen. Okay. Over to Sudesh. I'll try to learn it sir. Please quickly. You are basically an engineer, isn't it? Yes sir. Yes sir. I used to work in TCS. Now you're not working? No sir. I resigned after two years. How old are you now? I'm actually my birthday was last week so I'm 28 now sir. 28? Yes.  We left around 21 people left Kerala from Malawa region. They joined the Islamic state. Yes sir. What is it that attracts the people to the the cyber world for all this illegal activities like terrorism and all those things and how can we ensure that our population is not badly affected by such propaganda by the militant outfields or terrorists and all. What do we do? Sir, I think we have to take a multi-pronged approach here. First of all this happened because of the online as the online radicalization or in the cyber way as you said. So we have to strictly regulate our cyber ecosystem so that such kind of messages from the radicalization organization should not come. Then we have to involve the community. We have to engage the community leaders so that this happened this incident happened particularly with reference to the Islamic community. So in Madrasas and other religious institutions such kind of sensitization can be given with the help of community leaders so that people don't stray out of the mainstream. So along with the legal application of the I mean along with the legal enforcement we also need a community engagement. Community engagement, isn't it?  Can you repeat the question? In your place also one professor's hands were chopped off. You know that case? One professor. Yes, yes. Okay, okay. Okay, that was around 10 years or 11 years back. That incident happened because there was a controversy related to the equestrian paper being said by a teacher related to a university exam and some orthodox sections of the religiously motivated sections of the society actually attacked him and chopped his hand off. So that was a really tragic and unfortunate incident that happened. So how is the handling of COVID-19 pandemic by government of Kerala? How is it? COVID-19 pandemic handling by Kerala state? So till, how is the response of the government of Kerala? Sorry sir, your sound is getting disturbed sir. The handling of COVID-19 pandemic by government of Kerala over the last almost three and a half months. So is it effective or successful? Not successful. It was found to be effective sir. Can you elaborate on that? It was found to be effective in the sense that we were, yes show us sir, because it was found to be successful in the sense that we were able to contain the spread to a minimum level and as of today there is no big evidence of community spread in the state but recent developments for like for the last week the IMA and other organizations are warning that community spread is silently happening in Kerala. So I think initially the government did well in the containment but the influx of the expatriates from other countries especially the hotspot regions in India and abroad it has complicated the situation a bit. They are expatriates or Malayalis who are settled abroad non-resident? Yes sir, they are non-resident Keralites. They went for a job in other countries like Gulf region. They are expatriates. They are not here. When we talk to expatriates they are other than citizens, right? No sir, Kerala citizen Malayalis who are working in the Gulf region and other countries like USA they are coming back to Kerala right now because of the pandemic. So we should not use that term, we should call them non-resident Malayalis who are returning home, isn't it? Okay sir, sure. So should the government ban their entry to contain the COVID-19? Why should we allow them to come when the disease is spreading? Why should we allow them? So they have a right to come back to their home state but it should not be done in an unregulated manner. So an outright ban on their income is against human rights and I think humanitarian values. But I think we have to institute a mechanism such that their inflow doesn't result in a huge spike in the corona infections in the states. But the government of Kerala requested government of India that they should be medically examined before they board the flight but that requirement was not enforced. So when you are sitting in an aircraft you don't know who is infected, who is not infected. So many people are contacting in the flight itself. So how do we regulate that? Sir, as you said there was an instance like that but the issue was that the countries from where they are boarding did not have the protocol or did not have the capability to do that. So what the alternative taken was that every passenger who are coming through flights should wear a PPE kit overall so that it would minimize, at least minimize the chance of spreading within the aircraft. Thank you. Over to Mr. Satya. Yes sir. Thank you sir. Actually there is an issue with the video and audio. I'm sorry. So whenever difficult you please come out and tell sir not audible or then I think you shouldn't be. Okay, the audio is fine but the video is not. How is it now? Is it okay? Can you hear me? Actually I can hear you but I can't see you. It's a good video. That's right, I can see you so I think that serves the purpose. Okay, okay, okay. Anyway, so I think your optional physiology I believe. Yes sir.  What makes a person like him come in suicide? So I don't know the exact value but exact reason but if I can guess there were certain mental issues that was that he suffered because there were reports that he has been undergoing treatment for clinical depression. So that might be a reason. Also another social reason that I would see in this scenario is the lockdown the isolation instituted by the lockdown might have affected him because the WHO itself has warned that the social isolation and the isolation from the loud ones as well as from the larger society has created larger chances of mental depression. So that might be another reason that has triggered this. No, no, no. How can that be a trigger? See, it's like if you want to meet someone you still you can just go after 10 days and meet anybody. So I don't think lockdown is the reason why it has actually pushed him to the level of committing suicide. So as a sociological student, so what can you how can you pin down as the reason for a man who's successful committing suicide? So I mentioned that because I recently read a WHO warning which said that the risk of suicides is egressive. Depression, I understand that but see you cannot explain it like a layman. You have read suicide by a man. Okay, okay. Based on sociology. Okay, okay. If I can if I have to explain based on sociology, ML Durkheim actually explained it on the basis of entropy which says that the integration with related to society affects the suicidal tendencies of a person. So if a person feels that he is not integrated with the society, there is a chance of him committing suicide. So that could be a reason which so that could be a situation which could be accelerated by a lockdown situation. So was he not integrated with the society? He seemed to be most wanted person in the society all the time. So how can you say he is not actually integrated? He might have felt alone because of the apparent it was a leak that because of the high nepotism of the industry he was being isolated from all the parties and occasions. We cannot talk about hearsays and rumors. Okay, anyway, let me just go to the next question. Since you have electronics is your graduation. Have you used it? No, sir. You have not even downloaded it. So because the government has given an app for the citizens for well-being during COVID situation and you have not even bothered to know what it is all about. No, sir, because I didn't download it because it was I was told that it is mandatory for persons who are going out and since the lockdown started actually I haven't left it. All right, all right. But as a civil service aspirant, if you know that something is usually coming from the government, I was just curious enough to know whether you are curious to know what was all about or not. Anyway, no sir, I haven't downloaded it. Okay, okay. So this is the next question is with respect to COVID testing. Kerala has been doing a very good job in handling COVID. That is the national news out here. So can you tell me the difference between PCR testing and antibody testing? Tell me the difference between PCR test and antibody test. Sorry, sir, I still didn't hear the question. Can you tell me the difference between PCR testing and antibody testing? Okay, sir. Okay, sir. The RT-PCR testing which is known as the golden standard of testing is actually looking for the genetic materials of the virus that is present in the body, sir. And the antibody testing actually looks for the presence of antibodies that was created in response to this genetic material of the virus in our bodies. So which has highest specificity among the two tests? The RT-PCR is the golden standard which has got around 70% of reliability, sir, and accuracy. My question is specificity. Why are you using a new term reliability? I asked you which has highest specificity, right? Sir, I think RT-PCR, sir. So do you know what specificity means? Not exactly, sir. But if I can take a guess, it refers to the ability of the test to specifically conclude a positive case. Okay. So my last question is, see, with respect to polis and violence associated with it, on one hand, if there is a huge crime rate in the society, you see, we are a group of, we are a society who cherishes extrajudicial killing in terms of, in the case of Hyderabad encounter. At the same time, we seem to condemn the polis' brutality when it comes to the Tudukodi incident, right? How do you actually view this dichotomy? Sir, I think instead of a dichotomy, there is a clear link between these situations because the extrajudicial killings performed by the policemen as well as this custodial killings is outside the bounds of law. So... My question is, society seems to cherish, if at all it happens to be an extrajudicial encounter. We are not sure whether it is one or not. But if at all it is an extrajudicial encounter, what happened in Hyderabad, society seems to be cherishing it. At the same time, we seem to condemn this extrajudicial killing which happens here. So how do you see society as a sociology student? How do you view this dichotomy in the behavior of the society? Okay, okay. So basically, the difference between the response of the society is, I think it is because of the pent-up grievances that is in the society against the judicial system in the country. So the society believed that in the extrajudicial killings, those persons who were accused were actually convicts and they deserve the punishment. And in this case, the society believes that these were innocent people who got murdered by the police. So the outlook of the society towards the judicial system that is actually notorious for its delays and issues might be the reason why the society... This is not the answer. I will just get to the answer once the interview concludes. Yes, I am done with Rishnakam. Yes, Rishnakam. Yes, sir. I would like to ask about how globalization and corona are interrelated in present context. So corona, as we all know, is a respiratory disease which has got high infection potential. And because of globalization, the movement of people across the world is higher than ever. So the chance of spreading of the disease is much higher. And that is the reason why it became a pandemic in the first place. So do you think that globalization has in one way or other has given more big negative impact on the world compared to the positive impacts? Sir, I don't think it has got more negative impacts compared to the positive impacts it has. But I think the globalization facilitated the spread of the pandemic. We cannot blame globalization for all the negative effects. Because one of the reasons the pandemic spread in the first place was the lax response in the part of China when it hit the data about the virus or the spreading of the pandemic in the first place. So I don't think we can blame globalization for the spreading of the pandemic, sir. Then there is any pattern with respect to spread of this infectious disease specific to continent and countries? Yes, sir. The initial spread of the virus was in China. And after that, it was the European countries and Western countries that got affected. And when the peak of the virus started declining in European countries, the Latin American countries and the South Asian countries like India and Pakistan started seeing the peaking of the disease. So there is a pattern in the sense that there are multiple peaks happening in the global, I mean in the world at different times. Okay. Since your dad has worked in commercial tax offices, you might have seen the taxation very closely. Okay. Yes, sir. If you see compared to direct tax and indirect taxes, how do you see the burden of taxation lies with whom? Indirect and indirect taxes. So the basic difference in the direct and indirect taxation is the burden because in direct taxes, the persons who are taxed directly bears the burden. And in indirect taxes, people indirectly pay taxes for the goods and services they are buying from the retailer also. So the burden shifts from the person who is paying the tax. What is the contribution of direct and indirect taxes to the overall taxation percentage wise? To Indian budget, sir. Yeah. I can't recollect the exact percentage. Okay. And what about ease of doing business? Which country is a fairing better and who releases this index? Sir, the ease of doing business is an index released by the World Bank. What are the parameters for it? So there are different parameters. I think there are nine parameters which includes the ease of starting a business like enforcing contracts, getting permits for constriction, then getting the credit for the business and ultimately the insolvency laws which helps the exit of a business. But I can't remember all the parameters exactly sir. Ranking of India. Sorry, sir. Indian ranking. Ranking. Ranking. Okay. Sorry. Sir, I think it's 75 right now sir. I'm not exactly sure. It is in the 70s. How has taxation regime changed in indirect taxes in what way it has helped in water negatives? The change of indirect taxation in India. Yes. After GST. Yes. Sir, GST was a revolutionary change in the sense, in the arena of indirect taxation in the sense that it codified and consolidated all the, most of the indirect taxes that is present in India and it actually helped, it should have helped the customers in the sense that it reduces double taxation. But the issue was that many people have found loopholes in this new system. So it has got peatting troubles and the government is actually facing a reduction in the estimated amount of taxes. Okay. What do you mean by strategy games? So strategy games are those games which gives the player a level of independence and autonomy so that he can make decisions which directly influences the outcome of the game. For example, the chess is a strategy game sir. Because we involve different strategies, we exhibit different strategies which actually determines the outcome of the game. And I usually play video strategy games, which are real-time strategy games. Okay. Being a software employee, what is the way forward? What do you think this in the phase of unlock should software industry be opened up or should it continue as work from home? And what are the protocols ahead in the COVID situation? So I think the software industry is one of the industries that where the work from home concept can really work easily. So given the COVID situation and the guidelines regarding to physical distancing, it is better if you don't open up software industries and stick to work from home because software industries, the use of air conditioners is necessary to keep the system school. So air conditioned rooms are one of the, in the enclosed spaces are one of the places where the chance of instruction is high. So I think we should stick to the work from home concept at least for now sir. So what change has come in terms of contribution to economy? How much loss are we incurring based on the software industry alone, software sector alone? So I don't know the exact amount, but the contraction is happening. The figures given out by various rating agencies show that the contribution by every sector has reduced except the investment in the digital or internet technology sectors because that is the only sector that has not been affected really by the pandemic. Okay, I am done with my questions. Okay, thank you. Ashik, just before you leave, Kerala has always said this God's one country. Where is the oldest mosque in Kerala? And it's said that in the even the first century, there are seven churches were constructed in India much before in many other parts of the world. Where are they? Any idea? Sir, the first oldest mosque, the Charaman Masjid is in Kodinalur. Why that name? Why that name like that? Sir, it is called the Charaman Masjid because it is believed to be constructed by Charaman Perumal who converted to Islam in the 7th century. Okay, about the other churches? Sir, I do not know about the exact places where these churches were constructed, but I think it is related to the arrival of Christ this century. So what is the biggest impressive lessons or messages you take from Hinduism? As a person, possibly you may be practicing Islam. Is it anything you have taken from Hinduism while you are living? Sir, one of the concepts I am attracted to is the concept of Advaita. That is primarily because I studied in Kaladi which is the birthplace of Shankaracharya. And Advaita philosophy actually propounds the idea of Aham Brahma. That is the individual soul is the same with the Brahman and everything else is Maya. So I think it is an idea which helps us to relieve stress when stressful conditions arise. Because if we think that these stressful conditions are nothing permanent and this is transient, it is easier for us to move. Thank you, Ashik. I think we will call you back in a few minutes. Thank you. Just to leave for a few minutes, you will call you back. Okay, sir. Okay, okay. Thank you, sir. I think we are trying to, I think adhere to that time but still maybe five minutes that's it or so. Okay. Okay, okay, okay.  You can leave for, again you can rejoin. Possibly not able to, yeah, audibility. Yes, sir. Okay, sir. Right. I think overall what is the other panel view? Good. I think we will start from Krishna Kamji, I think fresh this right from that. Sir, I think the questions we are framing but time limit we are not able to manage. I know. I think that everyone is covering every sector. We can cover specific sectors like that also if it is done, we can cover in time. No, no, no problem. What I'm telling, time we will try to go here and there, we will maybe five plus ten is okay, no more. Because the voice should also benefit, we have got little liberal time. Okay. I feel, sir, he is very little bit casual in approach, more serious and more methodical answer he should present. Okay, okay, okay. Then what we will do, we will call him and then make an observations and that's better. It's right taking done again, that's better. Then Chandru, you can call him. Yes, sir. One more answer. I think without tea time, I think we can pass through I suppose I am having my tea. I think hope all have enough access to the tea and all. But I think also Sudesh. Sir, this thing is that little illogical time when he gives the answer on that train of thought is not there. Okay. It doesn't go sequentially in that what is the issue, how to solve it. That approach is not very serious and all. Okay, okay. And the way he answers become very casual, like I can't recall call. Okay. That he uses almost in every question, many answers and all. So basically I just say, I don't know. But I'm not able to recollect. I can't make that you were not able to. Okay, okay. He has to change the language also. Okay, okay. Every word he speaks in that 20 minutes or 25-30 minutes, this matters a lot. So, right. We will give that feedback and all that. Yes, sir. I think you understand Tamil? No, a little. Online interview is very good. enthusiasm, that energy that impresses the board and all, that will certainly improve the panel and all. But in terms of little, subject matter, your answering, I think you have to be little more because within the 20-25 minutes you have to impress your service commission, the members. So, that matters a lot. So, I think the panelists will just give an observation. Just keep it in mind. Otherwise, it's okay. Yes, Kangji. Sir, what I feel that the interview process should be engaging. So, you should be very keenly involved in giving the answers and making the other person engaged. So, your appearance and overall get up should be very disciplined. It should appear and you should give answers very carefully, little bit of thinking and then giving the answer and arranging in a sequence. So, that way it will appear more seriousness on your part. So, your face is pleasant, smiling. It is there but at the same time, your seriousness should come out in your answers and thoughts. Yes, everything is good. The main issue was I couldn't see your faces. So, that limitations. But we want to give you a feedback because we have been observing that these inputs just take it. When is the interview? When is your interview? 21st, sir. 21st. So, there is enough time? Try to, I mean, get up and all that. Over to Mr. Sathya Krishnan. All the best. Ashik, somehow I got an impression that you were a bit very casual. I think that is because of your smile throughout the interview along with probably your hairstyle, I believe. Is it the same hairstyle you're going to go for the interview or you're going to go? No, sir. No, sir. Actually, I was not able to convey her because right now I'm in a containment zone. So, I will take care of the grooming. And added to that, what has happened is whenever there are a lot of areas, in fact, I have even written it down. So, when you were asked a question, are you working, then with a smile, you said, sir, I used to work. So, that is instead of saying that, you could have said that I was working earlier, sir, but right now I have resigned. So, that is a more formal way of saying rather than your communication was as if you're talking to a group of friends or you're going to talk to a leader in your office. No, don't ever make it informal that way. That was something which I noticed. Another issue that I noticed was when you were asked a question, the last point can be a very general answer like we have to have a multi-pronged approach. The first point, you should not use a jargon like, sir, we have to have a multi-pronged approach. So, it should be more specific. And as time goes on at the last point, it can be more generalized. So, this actually can put a negative impression in the minds of the panelists that maybe he's not knowing it and he's just trying to somehow cover it. So, see, the kind of phase that you have right now is what I actually expect you to have throughout the interview. Actually, the thing is, I had go to a comment or feedback in the previous interviews that I should smile more. So, again, with respect to the questions also, I find the answers were a bit, you can still think, you can see what I would say is spend some more time thinking about the answer and probably they should start answering it. Even when I asked you about the dichotomy in the perception of society. So, as a sociological student, you should have said that with respect to criminals, the society does not feel any kind of a connect. But these are middle-class citizens, normal common men. So, a society feels a connect with them. So, a violence against them is perceived to be a violence against a society itself. So, hence, a society feels threatened in this case. So, this connection I was actually expecting from you in your answer. So, these are the suggestions from my end and do definitely understand about the app because you're going to install it. Yes, I am going to install it definitely. Yeah, quickly as quickly as possible. Over to Sudesh. Ashik, the one thing I was asking about that handling in Kerala, please go to the website of Health Department. You get a lot of material, you can just write down what we have done and what we are doing now, isn't it? Okay. So, then second question I was asking that asking what the boys who were left for the Islamic State. So, they were indoctrinated from a particular institution. Actually, they were working there because I was handling that case. It's not that we don't take care of them. So, we have done a program Kerala Police. I think that operation was done. So, you can just refer to that and find out that. And after that, we didn't have a very serious case and we are monitoring very closely, isn't it? Okay. Okay. Okay. So, that's one and second one. I think that arrival of Islam, who was the person who converted that particular king? So, you should know that historical, the first boss came up in that particular place, isn't it? Then from there, it travelled to Kanur, it travelled to that particular Femme Tanishiri, then all. Yes, it was Malik Bidin Dinar who converted. Yes, Malik Dinar, Kasivot and all. And that king, when he went for Hajj, actually he died on the way in Salalah, Oman. So, his bazaar is still there. People still visit that. So, that is literally historical, this thing is there. Otherwise, I think regarding the rebuild Kerala, you can see the document, what Sars yesterday did, the district disaster management that planned. So, that you can refer and rebuild Kerala document after the floods, for your area was most, not most affected, there are different areas which are most affected. Chalakudi was also another area. So, what was the response that time, why it was caused, and what action we have taken after the floods, isn't it? Okay. So, you can just go through that because then there was a demolition of the apartments in Ernakulam. So, that is, that CRZ 1, 2, 3 and all those things, what zone they were following and all. So, how we can prevent that, something like that you can expect, isn't it? Okay. So, I think this is the main end, then of course you can ask about that Kerala diaspora outside, what are their contributions and all, isn't it? So, those issues like Norka and you can go to the Norka website and all, little bit too much you keep and you can smile. There's no ban on smiling, but it should be within that context also to be smiling. So, context also, if serious, you talk serious and all, if a little bit this thing, but only you don't try to immediate something, you be natural, that's all. Yes, I was being natural only, but I was trying to be more relaxed actually. No artificial laughing, nothing or smiling at all, but always natural, natural, that's all. And put in your hair, beard and all, look very short and you're very young and you do very well, all the best. Thank you sir. Thank you. Okay, all the best. Okay. Thank you. Good day. Good day.