Welcome back to the breakfast on Place TV Africa. We head straight to our second conversation as we look at the state of the nation. We have a guest in the studio. Here's the founder, one love family, Sat Guru Maharaj. It's good to have you join us this morning in studio. Blessings to everyone. Alright let's look at the state of Nigeria. Top on the list is the fact that if you look around in the northeast you find the issue of this militant groups terrorizing and you know disturbing. You come to the southeast you have the issues of separatists and all of the threats that around.  How does that make you feel? Well it's like maybe people are trying their own things but then the problem is the leadership right from the beginning. Man was told to know himself first, seek the kingdom of heaven first. He looked for a kingdom of stomach infrastructure. So gradually we cut away from nature and you cannot satisfy yourself with the things outside. You can only satisfy yourself with the energy that is propelling you for it to be satisfied. So generally it's everywhere all over the world where people are trying to see you know if we build plenty houses we are going to be okay. Whereas what is important is the peace within that we touch the other person. So whatever is happening is not news and the fact is that we are disconnected from our true selves. What would you say is your relationship with the current administration? My relationship has been cordial I've been talking shouting and screaming hey you cannot just present living players from Nigeria to be beaten by a country like Ghana then there's something wrong. So what is happening we need to change our mindset. If you cannot do well stay outside unless somebody else who can do it come up. Yeah but why do you think that's not happening and why do you think they're not listening to your advice? Because you know Nigeria for example is more or less like a green giant and if you go into history they say civilization evolved from Africa Nigeria particularly Southwest who today are facing the bombing fighting from all over the world to hide the idea that civilization started here. Black is nothing. And so when you look at the situation like that people are being induced with money which all kind of juicy things for them to forget that look. Sixth oil producing I mean the sixth oil producing country in the world. We have the raw materials but we our export to the world is not even point one percent of hundred million things that are winner. So it's like our priorities are not there and these priorities cannot be faced except we go back to culture. In the culture of the old Ibu man can touch this flower and turn into what a snake. They are using it to make money all over we go there. Ibu man can do at least and then there's a frog coming out. Why is it not happening now? Because we are chasing the wind, our ghosts. So this is what I'm saying here. We need to go but if we cannot go, how do we save the man? And then we have come to turn the tide against poverty, illness, sickness. Once you know the power inside you be like the bee. The bee is working through nature. The critter gave the bee that one. You have your own, I have my own, here's this one. I happen to be the man, the engineer that will give the knowledge. Once it is there and that's why I've said no war. Doesn't matter whatever it is, it could be shouting. If there's war there, it means that we have not sat down to think whether this life is real. If life is real, you don't need to use any weapon to fight.  Because what are we looking for, dissatisfaction? Let's do trade by battle if we can do that. All right, so you mentioned leadership has always been the problem. That's why we're here now. So how would you describe the body language of the president in handling insecurity in the country? I mean, you see that there's so much might. Some would say federal might in the South East as compared to prescribing bandits as terrorists. The black man should not follow the white man's way. Yeah, because it is there. That shall not kill. Whether good, right with cow. In the days of old, what we use is to, to be hospitable, to care. And in doing so, nature does demand any laziness, laziness, misadventure. We give everybody the right to do the best. So whatever is going on now, it's wrong to carry a bomb. We are not at work. Why are you bombing? I was against the Musa Yadua when they started bombing the young men, the militants, right? They were not killing. They were touching the equipment here and there. So you don't need to bomb them. All you do is bring them together. Look, where do we go? I'm a father. If my children are not happy, I don't need to bomb them. And I'm not a correct father. I'm crazy. Oh, yes. So we need to bring them up. Except there's a motive behind. And the motive, my friends, I'm telling you, is to eliminate the black race. Let us wake up now. The host motives? Yes, they have been doing it. Who? The Europeans.   No, we're talking in this context. Oh, yeah, it's the same. Of course, it's from here. It's part of it. Because here you are, whatever you are using is European. We cannot produce anything. What have we done? You are building the air. So my coming in now is to set the whole thing straight.  If you have it, you will never fight anybody again. Because what is needed is an economy that is buoyant. Everybody working hard. Do we have to go abroad? Like even the East, we are talking about. If all he goes here and there, go to the East and begin to work produce, they will find them come like the man on the road is talking. That's what is missing. We have not got to the point of understanding that love is the key.  Where everything what is coming on road, they will detect what you do. And that's what they're saying to get us. So people must go back to know that look, that have come and gone. Many of them big and small. We are not going to follow the same thing anymore. So are you saying that the whites or some persons outside of our space, Nigeria, probably be giving the president some direction or telling the president what to do? Is that why he's not even the Southwestern? Imagine the Obama and Karen Bible. What is he going to get from there? It's a paper tiger. Is God inside the Bible? Is he inside the Quran? It's not there.  What we have to do is know so they are driving everybody. The Obama is receiving money. You're Obama checkery. How's everybody to make sure that they sub everybody here. So that's just what I'm saying. Let us go back. If the fraud is not working. Oh yes, we don't have to because just look at nations of the world who went through whatever Nigeria is going through now. One percent of it. Yeah. Nigeria is modern and Nigeria is breathing, moving. Why? Because I am here. I'm saying God is within you. Let's find that God. You're going to be okay. So people say no, what is he saying about? He's not talking about and you know, going abroad. No, we don't need to go abroad to be alive, to walk during the war. We made what we call Odini way or something like that. Where are they now? You have to go ahead. We have to go ahead. We don't have to say Nigerian project must work to work. We have to respect each other. Even the Flanders in the Victoria land in a bad non-Kalaba. They are living but we are talking about the full animal that will go to my farm, kill, destroy the farm, kill everybody there and then when it's taken to the police against me and that's the end. No. Nigeria of that nature is not going to work. We have to clear all of them aside. Well, we have about a year plus before the next elections. Yeah. How do you see that turned in out and what would your advice be to for those who are going to be taken part in the election? We just have to talk to everybody. It is we who have to make the change. The ordinary man on the road, the ordinary man on the street in the offices, leadership starts from there. Accountability. You don't see something wrong and you keep quiet. You don't see what is not to be done. Imagine you are coming on the road and there's another way to facing you.  He's running away. So we have to work together. The police must be there. The army must be there. Each and every one of us. If you want 2023 to be credible and I'm saying this that the INA commissioner must sit up like what is even the elections in a number. How can you hold elections in a place like that? Why are we hurrying up? Let us make peace first. You cannot be there. Me conduct election where people are killing. This one dies today. Just imagine how they killed Chief Akun Yili. Such a man that has been brought up to that level. So elections or no election. I am saying let's Nigerians sit down and think about where we are now and where we are going. Elections will be there forever. Our peace is very important. We need to respect each other. The constitution must be respected. The institutions must work. And the staff from UNI you go to an office. You want a file. You tell the organ. Your file is there. It's in the next building and now later he tells the organ it's not there. It's at home. I need to go and meet him. He's lobbying for something. Why? Because the management of the economy or the leaders managing it are not straightforward. Six way producing country. Today there are people who retire it. I mean retire benefits are not paid. This is where I want the TV, the radio made to focus on. We don't leave them. Evans is a kidnapper. His case is taking 10 years. What for? There's evidence that he has done something. Yeah. Okay. Kanu is there. Detained. The reason I was asking about the elections. We can get back to Namdee Kanu in a bit. The reason I'm asking about the elections is just to judge your or to get your views on what you think Nigerians should have mentally before the elections. There's going to be candidates. There's people who have already started to show themselves as likely to run for the elections in 2023. There are political parties, you know, of course, that you yourself may say, okay, well, this party has done well enough or has completely gotten it wrong. So what is your mindset like in the beautiful day elections? I'm not a category party man. And I've been involved in the last 20 years or so in molding the minds of the people. To know that elections or no elections, we are human beings and we have to respect each other. For me to give you my vote, for you to come and protect me, you must be somebody straightforward. And so the leaders need to check themselves, talk to themselves to realize that they cannot receive Nigeria anymore. I believe in fair and credible elections, but who are those around there? Is the INEC man correct? We need to change him because it's raising a situation where you leave me to go for the election only to say that all my documents were not okay. He doesn't apply to Jam. And our professor, INEC chairman, should see today's kind of little, little, you know, lacuna, they might call it. So that at the end of the day, we sit and feel proud.  So we are all praying for a fair credible elections, but I will give you a condition. Anybody who wants to buy for president's must be cleared by EFCC for 20 good years. A consistency projects that he was involved if you come out as a senator. What did he do with the money here and there before they're allowed to vote come up for elections? He needs to be screened by EFCC. Everybody one by one. All right, so in all of this, what would you say the role of religious leaders should be in, you know, the Nigerian projects that has to work? What should be their role? Religious leaders should turn their religion to farm settlements because they are doping the people. They're telling people to die to go to heaven. They're saying Jesus has done it, Mohammed has done it. I mean, I cannot believe that we have lost Tibi Joshua. With what he has done, can he disappear like that? This is where religion is something that you cannot good enough because it's like. No, we're talking in the context of you have mentioned here that the Nigerian project must work and that's what everybody wants. You have also mentioned here that there's no need to go abroad and we have religious leaders whether or not you know we want to agree. They're different religious leaders. So the question now is what role can they play to move this Nigerian project forward? What can they do to better this country? Right, they should join politics instead of deceiving people that God will help. God has no help. God, Allah, Elohim, Tenet, Tegrammaton, Yahweh is all poo, go for it. Otherwise, hey, the prayer, prayer, prayer, prayer, prayer. What is it? Nothing. People are stealing. Some people go there and throw stones at Satan. Satan becomes stronger again. Nigeria.  They put paper. Some people come and sell you a radio only to find out that they just painted it. The spirits are dead. So religious leaders, I'm not going to go there. The best I can tell them is to what establish farm settlements for their adherents to have something to eat because their jobs have not been done. And there's no way you can blame them. Why? Because hey, you cannot milk a dead cow. Why? One, if we go into history, we spoke Sanskrit at the beginning. In Sanskrit, it was nothing like English, German, French, Yulba. In Sanskrit, the true name of the creator is Muaragi. But then the Europeans brought God, Allah and so on, and wrote books for us to read about them. All I'm saying is that watching plus TV at home cannot give me the interview. I have to be here. Okay? You have to see me here. So if I am following a God that is omnipresent, omnipresent, omnipresent, and I mean we cannot come. What do I do? And that's why I'm introducing a new thing. The religious body should go in a normal way. Now, hey, they are professing Adam, Abraham, and all that. But nothing works. Let us now go, Muaragi. If they are sincere, they should use Muaragi in their prayers. Look, I have something here. Maybe I left at home. Okay, it's here. I cannot be shouting outside. I need this machine called iPhone. The same way, there's something inside you and I. But his name is not God. It's not Allah, no. It's Muaragi. It's within everybody. If you talk, you hear. The Muaragi will answer. Yes, it's derived from Sanskrit, the mother tongue. Muaragi is the one. You don't need to talk. He will listen and guide. Then you talk and give help to the man who is there, a beggar with 20 million in his hand. He's doomed because he doesn't know what to do with it. Rather, he will go and marry and have a house, drink and burn people who are going to go as beggars on the road. The money will disappear because why? He wants to feel fine. He wants to feel good. He doesn't want to know tomorrow. But there's a power inside you and I that knows tomorrow, that can show us the way. So religious leaders today is a diversion. Talking about knowing tomorrow, I remember it was in the news that you had said that the APC will rule Nigeria beyond 2019. It's in a couple of headlines that I had seen. Would you have any such thoughts concerning 2023? Well, what we are seeing now, and I've said it before, even though parties are the maybe the formations of the politicians, but I always believe the individual, yes, individual who can perform. Yeah, I believe that with the experience we had with PDP politicians, now they are crossing carpet here and there. I believe we can still have Nigerians who will do better. If Nigerian leaders can sit down and say we are for Nigeria, we want Nigeria to work, why not? What a mask it is, because you specifically mentioned that the APC will rule further than 2019. But with the way we are seeing now, they need to check them several. So would you say the same beyond 2023 that the APC will still be in law? Well, that one is left for the people with what is going on now. I mean, for example, look at me here saying that you can see God alive. The true name of the creator is Muarajie and they are not listening. Rather, they are using people to give vile propaganda against me. So what is not done in Europe that even we are copying? In Europe, if you can drink beer or even water, and much more than anybody, they will crown you. Why? Because you want to take care of the ordinary person to feel. So today, my thinking is different. I did an elimination on President Muarajie that, yes, this is that, now he's there. But people are crying. The cost of Mechandis is going up. Full stop going up, everything. They need to check up. I do not want to say anything about it. For now, I feel that there's agitation on ground. People are crying. The security is there. So I cannot see whether APC is coming back, except they put on, they correct the situation. So what would now be the solution? Now that you say there's hunger, people are crying, insecurity, there's agitation. We have to continue shouting on the President, writing, we can't keep quiet. Hey, he's carrying the power. We have to continue, because we gave him the power to protect us, not to kill us, not to give us what hunger. Hey, not to give us what unhappiness. So we have to continue. And that is why I'm here, to tell the world that, hey, there's need for us to go beyond what we are practicing, like what we call Africano-crisis. In Africano-crisis, the President must be our 7th. We voted in the governor as our 7th, the commissioner. They have to do it. The money should not be taken abroad. There are many measures being taken to combat crime. Even the banks in all of the places, but Africano-crisis is the best, where the leadership must have knowledge. They have to come for knowledge. If they use MRAI-G, tomorrow we hear that, hey, we have released all detainees. Let us sit down and talk. That is what I am begging for, and I'm working towards. Are you saying that MRAI-G is the solution to Niger's problem? Yes, to the world. How? I mean, I'm the king of kings also, of all hearts. I say you can see the Creator alive. And I'm doing it, find out from many. So they need knowledge. Knowledge. Once they have knowledge, all these arrested, they will stop. They pump money into their corner. The money is there, and it's giving them headache until they understand. They are wasting time. Would you like to still handle the petroleum sector? Petroleum sector? Me? Yes. Maybe what I'm going to do is to pick one of my those who have received knowledge. That's what I'm saying indirectly because, hey, the petroleum is there, but they are messing up with everything, messing up, totally messing up.   You disappear.  What a mess. So if you put me there, maybe, hmm, the first thing I would go is to what? Open up factories for unemployed youths to start working. I would just carry all the students, jobless, high school graduates, technical school graduates, university graduates within one week. They are ready. We even draft them into the police. They are, we are short of policemen. But yes, you pay them every, not just us who do it. But you know, because some of the problems that we're faced with right now is as a result of the fact that we just, you know, just draft people into the police without the necessary training. I mean, it's a very sensitive, it's a very sensitive, you know, part of the country, you know, body of government. And as such, you can't just, you know, chunk anybody or just push anybody in there. Of course, there will be crash programs. 30 days, one month, two, two months, they will be Nigerians. Okay. Nigeria, they are the best. Anywhere you go, I'm telling you this, only that the leaders are very selfish, very greedy, very partial, and they should give way for those who will come up to do it. It could be from those that are there now. If they agree, things will change. What is it? To write your name or plant your name on the sand of time in gold is not ordinary. You know, just imagine the attorney general saying that comparing the people dying by what heads meant to spare pass, not going to the North. You mean that he carried the degree, he doesn't have the wisdom. He doesn't have the feeling of what is going on. We are not against anybody, but we cannot sit down, six oil producing country leading in this world, and we are going to ask for loan. In 1974, we were loaning the IMF money from Nigeria. Nigeria was giving them a life in 1974. Now, this year, now we are asking for loan from abroad. Why? Because Nigerians have lost the vision of the founding fathers. They have lost it completely. Oh, yes, my phone. I bought it for 600. I'm driving with a proof car. Is that all? What about those who are making the cars? In America, you can't mess up and stay in power.  There are many, many, many criminals who are inside the House of Assembly making loans. Their cases are there. What is EFCC doing? Is it trying to say, look, this one is untouchable on that way? So we did the divine government. The divine government were Bwari, Sa'ulu, all the governors, they will receive knowledge because that is what changed America, Europe. They used the masters of the time, the knowledge they were giving. We are talking about peace, universal peace. There's no way you can do it if you are not able to give and give as a leader by listening to all and using them to achieve that goal is a mess, such a leader. The founder, one love family, Satguru Maharaji, it's been very interesting to begin with you and we say thank you for Grace and our studio. It's nothing I've forgotten. We are having Golden Age Festival in Ibadan from the 19th to the 17th of this month. Nine days of prayer year meditation, anybody who comes there enters that village, I cannot show you here. For the next 13 years, nothing can take his life or her life. From the 19th to 17th November in Maharaji village Ibadan, I love the express food. We are asking you to come. 13 years, nothing shall happen to the person. The son of Mahadev is manifested there. All right. I think that's where we will be wrapping up this morning, Satguru Maharaji. Thank you very much once again for joining us and being a part of the breakfast.   All right. And of course, this is where we will be wrapping up the program, generally. If you missed out on any of these, remember where to catch up. It's simply at Plus TV Africa on Facebook, Instagram. Same with our YouTube channel at Plus TV Africa and Plus TV Africa Lifestyle. I am Osau Ghee of Bond. And I am Messi Boko. Do have a great day.


Today, we're going to do what might be one of the most important things you ever do in your life, and that is creating a Monero Wallet. Now Monero is the only cryptocurrency that really matters. It's the only one that's actually cryptic and actually usable as a currency. Sorry Bitcoin and everyone else. So I always recommend people to get started in Monero. Now, I'm not going to show you anything fancy about how to, you know, put your life savings into it because, you know, I'm not doing financial advice, but I just want to show you how to start a wallet. And I will say this, if you don't, if you have no intention of putting money in this, okay, I totally understand that. But I recommend everyone to create a wallet and put it on your website. This is, you know, really one of the only cryptocurrencies that's actually used on the Internet as a currency. So I highly recommend people put a wallet out there, put it on your website, put it on your, you know, social media links or something like that. Because if you if you just receive donations, if you just receive gradual tips, that's just a nice nice thing to have. OK, even if you just set it and forget it, look at it years later, or you realize you've gotten a little bit of tips and stuff like that. I recommend people start a good website, have good content and, hey, start a Monero Wallet with it. It's a good way of monetizing that in a non-shell way. So let's get started. GetMonero.org is Monero's official website and you can click on the downloads tab. And that will show you all the different wallets you can use. Now, there are two main ones. There's the command line wallet. We're not going to use this in this video. This is actually what I use in my, you know, in my real life, I guess. But the Monero graphical user interface wallet is what we're going to use. So you can download it. If you're a Windows user, Mac user, you can download it here. If you're a Linux user, I mean, you could you could download it here, but it's in most package repositories in Linux. So I'm on Artix Linux and I can actually search Monero and see that. Oh, there are these two packages. I actually have them both installed already. This is the, you know, basic package that comes with the command line interface. This is the graphical user interface package. Okay. So anyway, on Windows or whatever, you know how to install this kind of stuff.  Now, to run the program, you in Linux, at least it's Monero Wallet GUI. It might appear as something else in different, you know, operating systems or whatever. But I'm going to go ahead and run this.  You do not need an internet connection to create a wallet whatsoever. You're not like creating creating an account somewhere. You're really just generating the mnemonic seed. You're generating the randomness required for you to store money on the blockchain. That's all you're doing. So you don't need an internet connection. But anyway, we're going to start this thing off. It says, do you want to register a Monero GUI wallet entry? And I'm going to say, yeah, why not? It doesn't really matter. Well, I mean, it doesn't for me. It might for you. You can just say yes. So continue here. Now, there are technically, we're just going to use simple mode for this video. We're just going to do it the easy way. But I will say, if you want to do it the right way, that doesn't compromise your IP address. It's no big deal if you compromise your IP address and other things like this. You're not losing your money. But if you want to do it the purest way, you really want to use the advanced mode or simple mode where you download the entire Monero blockchain to your computer. Now, this is going to be huge. It's going to be like 30, 40 gigabytes, even the pruned variety. But we're just going to do the simple mode because, you know, that's all we need. And here's a little thing saying, do you understand that you're using the simple mode? Oh, they could look at your IP or your restore height and stuff like that. Not a big deal for us. We're going to say, OK, all right. So now we're going to say create wallet. And this is going to actually generate our wallet. And here it is. OK. Now, how if you don't know anything about cryptocurrency, I'll briefly explain this. Now you have a couple of things here. You can name the wallet whatever you want and say wallet doesn't matter. You can store it wherever you want. It doesn't really matter, although you might want to make it. I don't know. I'm going to change it to a hidden directory. But you don't have to do anything at all like that. Anyway, so this is the important thing, the pneumonic seed. OK. Basically, when you generate a wallet, your computer generates or this program generates 25 random words, totally random. Don't pick your own words. They generate perfectly random words that can be used to generate to basically access the parts of the blockchain where your money is stored. OK, that I guess is a sort of contorted way of looking at it. But just know that these 25 words are now your money. OK. Don't show them to anyone. Store them. Don't even store them on a computer. Write them down on a piece of paper and put them somewhere where they're not going to get lost. You might want to write it down on multiple sheets of paper and put them in places where they're not going to decay. OK. And if you do store this on a computer, which I don't recommend, definitely don't store it on Gmail. Don't store it on freaking Dropbox. Don't store it in an unencrypted file on your computer. Only store it on your computer. If you really know what you're doing, you know how to encrypt files. And I don't know, even that just put it in real life. Don't don't even have it. Don't even I wouldn't even copy it to your clipboard if you want to be really paranoid. But anyway, and of course, since you are seeing these 25 words that I've generated here, obviously, this wallet that I'm using is unusable because you you now have the access to any money that I put into this wallet. OK. Anyway, the other thing you need to know. So anyway, this is just never show it to anyone. If anyone asks, don't trust them. OK, if anyone asks for this word, these words. And lastly, there's the wallet restore height. You might want to write this down as well. It's just nice as information. It basically makes it so it's quicker to if you add this wallet to another computer. This is basically when your wallet was started, so it knows not to look for transactions before that period. OK, that that's sort of what that is. All right, so anyway, next, it's going to ask for a password. I'm just going to say pass. This is only to encrypt that seed and your wallet on this particular computer. It's not like encrypting it in the blockchain. It's only on this computer and this password is only going to be like if you if you have this wallet on another computer, you could pick another password, right? So anyway, but just pick a password and I'm going to say create wallet. OK, it's going to ask for that password, apparently. All right, so here's the deal. It's going to we're not going to deal with connecting a node or sinking the account or anything. I'm just going to give you the bare minimum of if you want to receive money with Monero, OK? You are going to want to go to the receive tab, of course. Now, this thing here, you can click on it and it will copy it. OK, we'll copy that to the clipboard and let's say I paste that. Let's say I want to see what's in there. That is actually a huge string of text. I mean, you know, letters and numbers and stuff like this. This is your public Monero address. OK. So this is where anyone who has this, you know, here's the deal on your website, just put this thing up, say this is my Monero donation address and people can donate to you. OK, if someone likes what you put on your website, they can donate a little money to you. All right, that's all it is. This QR code here is a QR code that generate like if you scan it, it will give you this donation address, OK? And I will note they have spaces in between things here. You don't need spaces.  That's enough, right? So, yeah, go ahead and save this image. Let's save it as Monero dot PNG. So you can put this on your website. You can put your primary address on your website, and you can now receive donations, right? Additionally, you can create new addresses and these are all going to be tied into that same seed phrase. So let's say I want an alternative address and there are multiple reasons you might want alternative addresses. Let's say you want to, you know, maybe you have multiple websites and you want to have a different donation address on each one. You can, you know, basically have a different one so you can tell who is donating for what when you receive a transaction. It'll say if it's for this one or if it's for that one. OK, so that's one reason you might want to do it. Or, you know, if you put your own, if you put this first one out as a donation address in the public, everyone's going to know that that address is tied to you. So suppose you want to use Monero anonymously.  You might not want to use the address that everyone knows that's yours. You might want to generate a new address. So we'll say, Oh, well, anonymous, OK, right. So in fact, if you want to be super secure, aside from any public donation address, you might actually want to generate a new address for each transaction, right. That that would be a very secure way of doing it. But Monero is not like Bitcoin in that even I mean, only the people are going to see your addresses. It's not like Bitcoin where people can see how much money you have or who you're transacting with. They can't see that. They only know, Oh, well, this is the address I sent money to. That's all they know. So anyway, that's actually about about it, though. This is all you need. You have a donation address. If you have your seed phrase, you can recover all your money from anywhere else later on. You can get the, you know, some other application that runs Monero and you can put in your seed phrase. So long as it's trusted, you can put in your seed phrase and get your money elsewhere. But I recommend everyone who's followed my videos and creating your own website. Go right now and put up a donation address in Monero. It's not going to cost you anything and you might actually make, if someone likes your stuff and you get donations, you get donations, right? So anyway, that's it. And I will see you guys next time.


Ladies and gentlemen, very good morning to you. Thank you very much for coming on this beautiful morning So a couple of things if I may say to at the outset first of all What are we talking about here? Because as you recall back in December, I think last year we also spoke about numbers and Intellectual property applications. So this the distinction is this once a year in December November we release a survey of Worldwide activity in intellectual property in the preceding year. So the last one was about that, you know What's happening in every single country of the world for which we have data, which is a lot? What's this one about this one is about the systems that the international systems of WIPO runs and in particular the patent cooperation treaty for international patent applications the Madrid system for international trademark applications and the Hague system for international design applications and two things perhaps comments on those You one might expect it's a something of an assumption that the best intellectual property applications pass through the international systems You know one might expect that those who have something that they consider to be eminently commercializable We'll seek protection internationally and so Here we have a very good picture of of activity internationally and the second thing is perhaps Point to make is that the systems are of different levels of maturity So in the case of the patent cooperation treaty we have 152 countries that belong to it and so that gives us a very good picture because it's 95% of the GDP worldwide, you know, it's a it's a huge It's a very good picture. The Madrid system is is slightly less mature It has 97 Contracting parties covering about 113 countries. So it's a good picture, but it's not exactly It's not at the same level as the PCT and the Hague system is the least mature of the three that has some 49 Contracting parties to the latest act and it's very much in growth, but we nevertheless can make some insights about it so comments on what the results were and There is a certain monotony to the comments from the last five or six or seven years, but nevertheless, let's put the Observations out there and the first is that you know in a world in which we are getting messages from the principle, let's say economic bodies that The world economy's performance is rather sluggish and rather disappointing what we see here is in marked contrast to that because the growth rate in the international patent applications is some Seven point three percent the growth rating international trademark applications is seven point two percent and designs It's thirty five percent. So this is I think says something in itself and what it says is of course that the nature of economic activity is more and more You know contains a knowledge component more and more and that these sectors of the economy are tending to outperform Other sectors of the economy. It's a joint generalization, but nevertheless Let's make it I'd say the second Comment which is again a repetition of it of a trend or it is is a trend is that the performance of China is something quite extraordinary so in the in terms of international patent applications the number of applications from China rose by What is it forty four percent? Forty four percent, you know, that's one year forty four point seven percent You know, this is we're used to you know double digit growth from China We used to it climbing very very rapidly, but forty four percent is something Really quite exceptional. So it takes it China in terms of volume of international patent applications emanating from China to a position which is very close to the first two in terms of volume Sources of international patent applications. So if you look at those sources, you have the United States in the first position with Give you round figures 56,000 international patent applications Japan in the second position 45,000 international patent applications China in the third position with 43,000 international patent applications so if double digit of growth Continues from China and there's no reason why we would expect on recent trends for that not to be the case We would expect China to move into second position next year and within two or three years To catch the United States America. So I think that is while it's a story that we have been hearing now for or Relating now for several years It really is quite exceptional So what are the comments can I make to you? Well The third one I suppose is that Asia in general Now accounts for forty seven point four percent of all international patent applications forty seven for most half of international patent applications And if you went back merely ten years 2006 it was 27% now obviously the biggest driver and that is China, you know the Nevertheless 47% and you can compare that with Europe twenty five point six percent and North America twenty five point three percent So here is something that of course we've been discussing for years, but it's very apparent I'm not sure how much I you would like me to bore you about the details because you have the details But so perhaps I won't go into more details But we're happy to talk about Any any of these the features of this Please Sure sure Will you do the latter through the former So by using our systems you have an easier method of filing in United States or Japan or wherever it might be So typically what an applicant in the pattern area or in any other area would do is file a home application their first application and Then within 12 months they would follow it with that so-called international application Which would cover all of the other contracting parties or so many of them as they may wish so instead of filing if you're a German company instead of filing first in Germany and then after within 12 months that's the There's a rule about that called priority and then Filing after 12 within 12 months in United States a separate application in Japan separate application in China separate application India and so on you file one with us and It covers all of those other countries a hundred fifty two other countries So it's much more efficient. There are certain other advantages like postponing the costs until you have more information about the Likely patentability the technical Nature of the application how you're getting your money together for investment and so on so It's it they have a lot of advantages, which explains why They are the preferred filing route Yes, you do have to pay a fee for us, which is extremely modest One off it depends on the system actually, but let's talk about patents. It's one fee And after it's about 1400 Swiss francs One application 152 or so countries and That's if you are going to file only in three countries Then financially it's cheaper to do it directly in those three then pay the 1400 So it becomes economical to do it through our system after four applications basically Not Counting the non-financial benefits that go with it too. So if you're certain fields of technology for example you might have The capacity to make semi-conductors existing only in a limited number of countries and so you may not seek worldwide Protection you need to seek protection only in those likely competitor markets, but other fields of technology such as pharmaceuticals They would typically try to file almost everywhere It doesn't it doesn't it doesn't yeah Always Well, they do and but the if you define an international patent application a certain as an application That is filed in more than one country So to it could be but could be a hundred Then we are we are through our systems come 60 60% of all of those 60% of all applications that filed in more than one country come through our system Yeah, please Yeah, and second question Do you think that protectionist trade policy from the US and the Trump might accelerate So on the first question and we derive 96.5% of our revenue through these systems Through these systems And about 3.5% of the revenue comes from member state contributions So Yeah, at least Swiss francs anyway And what does that translate into in round figures 400 million Swiss francs a year for the total for the total budget and Come down so for the member state contributions are about 380 million Swiss francs a year I Swiss francs per year is our budget Sorry from the application and 380 million from applications so 20 million if you like from Member states, so I'm giving you round figures. We can give you exact if you'd like but those are those are accurate Going where? Keeps going up here Oh second one, sorry. Well, look, I don't see its impact on these systems and Obviously, you know, there is a lot one could say if one knew more about the nature of the policies But on the general tendency that you describe of of perhaps You know protectionist Forces being at work in the world I don't see an immediate I don't see an immediate impact on these systems Because these systems actually are passports into other Territories out there economically. It's it's protecting your intellectual assets in other markets in which you would like to operate Now protectionism might have some impact on your capacity to be able to act in other Markets, but these would be the instruments that you would continue to use because they give you an advantage Frank sorry Basically this whole patent PCT scenario is one of there are four or five or seven tigers Completely monopolize the whole thing then there are this tortoise is very laggard In fact, they're not been growing at all. Does this imbalance asymmetry Sort of Well to comments on that first of all it is if you like a measure a measure of technological capacity so Therefore it's it's You know, it's it's not the only measure it's a measure of technological capacity and it's very interesting Therefore to have a measure of that and to see what is happening, but my second comment would be I just gave you a figure saying that you know in Asia 10 years ago They accounted for 27 percent of international applications Last year it was 47 percent. I mean, that's not exactly stability. Is it? So now admittedly the great driver in that has been China but Also Japan and Korea Republic of Korea those of those have had good performances, too so Yes, in any given year you look and you see that there is a large domination of the of the applications But there first of all there have been changes and secondly, you know When you're dealing with technological capacity You're dealing with something which takes time. It's a long-term game to acquire You know, it's a long-term game and you're you do have Increasing performances so one could cite India One could cite India 1529 applications last year Sorry Previous year was 14 14 hundred and 12 8% growth yeah, and Okay, it's not the same country, but I would expect that and there I'm sticking my head out because you know We don't know but I would expect that you will see India's performance continue to rise Not in the same way as China It's not the same country, but it's we are seeing these signs that it is Using the international patent system more and more Thank you Joan in fact, I think there were years they were much more than 1500 It presents some kind of stagnation Despite all the initiatives So would you really give your actual, you know serious assessment In the sense that Will my serious assessment would be that when you take all of the policy measures that Being implemented in India at the moment. I Would be extremely surprised if we do not see a steadily increasing performance in the use of the international patent system And I think that is coming through so you know take the number that we just said 1500 okay, so There was a time when we you said India files roughly the same amount as Belgium Belgian file 1200 Belgian file 1200 last year If you compared it to Canada 1500 Canada's 2300 okay, so and I would say that You know Canada's not a technologically backward country So I would say the figures are there. We have to wait. Of course you can we can't declare a trend Yet, but I would be highly surprised if we don't see a steadily increasing performance And that would be medium term In the medium term, I would say Certainly in the long term too, you know One country that it listed here is called under Some countries we don't have that information about who that country of that list of the afternoons So we this class and I know once we have more information that will be Yeah Pattern cooperation treaty is invention, so it's basically technology PCT inventions It's basically technology Madrid is trademark, so it is branding and The Hague is designs, so that's the external appearance of products furniture as the as the principal applicant was Falcon from the Netherlands to furniture maker, so it's furniture fashion watches clothing extra and cars shape the external appearance Yeah, so we can't give you an exact figure on that because that no longer concerns us What happens with these systems and they're each slightly different? It's a little bit difficult to generalize is that Certain phases of the processing procedure are internationalized since one application one international search one international preliminary examination, you know so there at the end of the day the title is granted by the The country that's designated Okay, so it's what but that country that is office Receives Information from the system which assists them to take the decision So we don't have that's in their ball court, but a rough figure a rough, you know figure would be and it's you know We're generalizing here because they're different countries different slightly different standards Rough figure would be two-thirds approval rate for patents rough But the one-third doesn't necessarily get rejected in many cases. We're also the applicant voluntarily withdraws withdrawals because the applicant feels No, there's a combination of reasons and another reason to the one that cast and mentioned is the applicant might withdraw Because what it actually wants to do is to publish the technology So that happens we publish it and then they withdraw they didn't go any further Why would they do that because they don't want someone else to pattern it? Publications you know fans anyone else from patent against cool defensive publication No No more first and it was first to file or first to invent not published Tom, what about how many of the trademarks are approved and how many of the I Can't give you that figure but It's much yeah, it's much higher because I mean typically Typically company wouldn't just shoot off an application. I mean branding is a very important investment decision and before you would choose a brand you would search its availability and Make sure that you are well advised about its distinctiveness that nobody else has it Because you're going to be investing a lot of money not Just in the application but in the advertising in the image and how you're going to project this Obviously some mega piece of Registration that's right in place like China and Japan in the US, but it's not a smooth correlation with innovation in China's numbers of ten times out of Switzerland, which are ten times out of Island there's no way that China is a hundred times more innovative Island and you were talking about in years were gradually progressing But presumably in you would have to have a like a step change It's not gonna go up by three percent a year or you know in line with GP. It's just there are some countries Which are totally different from from most countries So I just wonder if you can explain why some countries show these mega numbers And most countries don't and the second question is about China's patterns Is it anyway? I'm sort of looking at the I mean the quantity is obviously big. Is there any way looking at the quality? And is it a difference? You know, do you see a different kind of quality of Well on the first I think and maybe custom can supplement what I say It is as I said a measure of technological capacity. It's not the only one So we also publish a global innovation index, which is a much broader look at you know some 68 or so different elements that we think are important inputs to an innovation ecosystem and Outputs of innovation ecosystem and that would be a better measure We would suggest for overall in innovation capacity and performance of a country than just pattern figures Which are one element. So there's that now why would different countries have You know different Extents of usage of the system Well, I think they're probably of the patent system. They're probably Various explanations for that, but we we can't discount, you know Demography for a start. So Switzerland is 8 million people China is 1.4 billion So one would expect that if there was any similarity in technological capacity that you would get more applications coming out of China So demography is obviously important and we do publish in our Reports and Messiah next to you can refer you to these a measure of applications per GDP and Per population so we can we do have figures on that and they would be sounder ways of looking at the matter But it is obviously complex now The second question was Quality yeah, look, it's a difficult one. It's a very difficult one And there's a lot of urban legend around this and a lot of anecdotes The reality is that we do not have a metric for quality Now you might say well, you know, you're really hopeless. Why don't you? And the I think the answer to that is if we did, you know, you wouldn't need a venture capital industry If you could tell what the commercial capacity and potential of a of an invention at the very first stage then You know, you don't need to be going to No, no, I look it's you know, we are vitally interested in this question as you are And Yeah, well on the first let's deal with the first We can give you areas of technology Where they are most active and that tends to be digital computer technology telecommunications We you can couple it also with looking at the Amount of investment that's going into R&D and the sectors of Investment in R&D in China and we know they have that It's in round figures four hundred billion US dollars in R&D this year as opposed to five hundred and twenty billion US dollars for the United States of America It's more invested in R&D in China than in the European Union. So on that alone And given the general policy of emphasis of the Chinese authorities on innovation Emphasis also on the educational system. I would be very wary of making, you know, comments about quality But You know, if the quality is not there at the moment it will be there and I think that we Will see that translated into commercial applications But you know, there are it is also numbers here that we're dealing with numbers I'd have to look it up, but it is less than I'm going on the Batel Institute figures In there R&D report for this year. We have a question here on the right Yes, a question on the Participation of Japan in the A system if I understand it made the first application in 2014 and We are still increased thousand percent increase between the first and second year and now Between thousand six and fifteen one hundred percent increase. Can you give me details on why this increases? Sure. So this goes back to the comment I made at the outset that the three systems have different levels of maturity and The least mature if you like is the Hague system And Japan only recently joined the Hague system as did the United States America and as did the Republic of Korea Before that it was traditionally had a membership, which was largely European now as a result of those three obviously extremely innovative countries Joining the Hague system. We're seeing these very high growth rates in the design area of 35% this year 40% last year But it's on a small volume You know and it doesn't have the same geography or geographical coverage that the patent System the PCT does So we will see other countries coming into the system and it will give us an increasingly better view of Design activity worldwide. So Japan's I think figures are explained by its recent Joining of the system and they're starting to use it Well, yes, it's a complex question. I mean what is a defense related invention Yeah, for example, yeah for GGSP DPS wasn't a military invention well came out of military Invention so yeah, so You know it's hard to say what is There are civilian uses I Look, I would suspect so because when you look at the If you decompose the research and development figures, you see that a large component is defense research and development and So they're obviously producing something, you know and Most of the time we prefer not to see it. I think you know Deployed but the other thing to note is that a number of countries have what they call Secrecy provisions so This is at least the United States United Kingdom, France, I believe Germany and others where they look at home domestic applications, okay, so applications filed by their own constituents And they have the capacity to pull those from the publication system It's called secret inventions or defense inventions and obviously we don't have figures on that If it's okay with everybody I mean Your comments on quality Patent applications Well, there are one or two studies on this I think We're still in good one and So maybe it were there are some studies on this My colleagues can comment perhaps on them and You want to say something castle or the side I mean, I don't think there's an obvious conclusion coming out of these studies Because you have both you have, you know Kate so what these studies have done they have looked at these No studies that have been done by academics. They have looked at pattern filings that have been submitted to various offices in the world the same pattern filings and see what happened and You would find both you would find in a cases where a patent was submitted United States and it was not accepted in the United States, but it was accepted in Japan, but you would also find Finding the other way around It's also very difficult to come to firm conclusion there because the timeline is not the same It could be that one office looks at a company that one particular Point of time and another office at another point in time and you know Offices also use the information that is generated by one pattern prosecution and another jurisdiction to inform their own process So it's it's very happy to point you to these studies But they don't necessarily would tell you that office is more permissive than than than another office You know why I'm asking this question is that this comparative assessment has become an essential exercise because you have publications like slamming the Chinese patents as You know quality wise very poor that just in front of you So while the same comment you don't hear about say the patents that are coming for fight by US or Japan So is there any sort of bias towards these kind of systems? I mean does the WIPO come to this conclusion that there is something perhaps to be looked at Look, I think that we can't obviously make a comment on that but to cut to observations first You know where it's not for us to say whether there's bias in the comments You know that are made about the system. We're giving you the figures and we're seeing trends and it's You know you can draw some conclusions from those figures and trends and I would say that one thing that We need to do need to pay attention to however in in the longer term in the future is that In a world in which competition is increasingly based on technological capacity and innovation and in which that the advantages that Derived commercial advantages that are derived from technological capacity and innovation Protected by intellectual property Obviously, I think we would all be interested in ensuring that there's enough transparency About patent granting processes around the world to for us to be able to See if there is any cribbing on or cheating on the on the on the standard on the application of the standards and so I Don't suggest that there is and I don't we don't have any evidence to suggest that there is but I think that This is something that we should Look for in the future You have any statistics on the game he opposes countries the average time Process and because the argument has been made by stalling you hope your domestic industry will reverse engineer and fire application some Sure, no, we do have those some aside has a lot to do with that What's the average I say they think for an application to be Examining a US and what's the average stage in Japan or Brussels or Beijing? Difficult because comparing the offices were difficult the reason for that is sometimes the applicant can delay the process You're looking rough, I'm going to give you a rough figure, right? You're looking at about You're looking it differs. So in Korea. They are processing them in under 20 months, you know under 20 months years in European patent Organization you're looking at more than 36 months And but they would also tell you that their quality of their process is the highest, you know, so we're into You know a different assessments self assessments here And the other thing is that it depends on the field of technology So you'll find that it's much longer in the biotech area than it is in the IT Area It also depends on the average length of pendency depends on the on the Field of technology so it's longer in the area of biotechnology generally


A Glee for Winter by Alfred Dommack, read for LibriVox.org by Caitlyn Cooper, December 23, 2007, in Covington, Louisiana. Hence, rude winter, crabbed old fellow, never married, never mellow. Well, a day, in rain and snow, what will keep one's heart aglow? Groups of kinsmen, old and young, oldest they old friends among. Groups of friends so old and true, that they seem our kinsmen, too. These all marry altogether, charm away chill winter weather.  Dear old songs, for ever new? Some true love and laughter, too. Pleasant wit and harmless fun, and a dance when day is done. Big friends so true and tried, whispered love by warm fireside, mirth at all times altogether, make sweet may of winter weather. End of poem, this recording is in the public domain. A Glee for Winter by Alfred Dommack, read for LibriVox.org by Clarica. Hence, rude weather, crabbed old fellow, never married, never mellow. Well, a day, in rain and snow, what will keep one's heart aglow? Groups of kinsmen, old and young, oldest they old friends among. Groups of friends so old and true, that they seem our kinsmen, too. These all marry altogether, charm away chill winter weather.  Dear old songs, for ever new? Some true love and laughter, too. Pleasant wit and harmless fun, and a dance when day is done. Music friends so true and tried, whispered love by warm fireside, mirth at all times altogether, make sweet may of winter weather. End of poem, this recording is in the public domain. A Glee for Winter by Alfred Dommack, read for LibriVox.org by Corrie Samuel. Hence, rude winter, crabbed old fellow, never married, never mellow. Well, a day, in rain and snow, what will keep one's heart aglow? Groups of kinsmen, old and young, oldest they old friends among. Groups of friends so old and true, that they seem our kinsmen, too. All marry altogether, charm away chill winter weather.  Dear old songs, for ever new? Some true love and laughter, too. Pleasant wit and harmless fun, and a dance when day is done. Music friends so true and tried, whispered love by warm fireside, mirth at all times altogether. Make sweet may of winter weather. End of poem, this recording is in the public domain. A Glee for Winter by Alfred Dommack, read for LibriVox.org by Eric Allen. Hence, rude winter, crabbed old fellow, never married, never mellow. Well, a day, in rain and snow, what will keep one's heart aglow? Groups of kinsmen, old and young, oldest they old friends among. Groups of friends so old and true, that they seem our kinsmen, too. These all marry altogether, charm away chill winter weather.  Dear old songs, for ever new? Some true love and laughter, too. Pleasant wit and harmless fun, and a dance when day is done. Music friends so true and tried, whispered love by warm fireside, mirth at times altogether. Make sweet may of winter weather. End of poem, this recording is in the public domain. A Glee for Winter by Alfred Dommack, read for LibriVox.org by JC Gwon. Hence, rude winter, crabbed old fellow, never married, never mellow. Well, a day, in rain and snow, what will keep one's heart aglow? Groups of kinsmen, old and young, oldest they old friends among. Groups of friends so old and true, that they seem our kinsmen, too. These all marry altogether, charm away chill winter weather.  Dear old songs, for ever new? Some true love and laughter, too. Pleasant wit and harmless fun, and a dance when day is done. Music friends so true and tried, whispered love by warm fireside, mirth at all times altogether. Make sweet may of winter weather. End of poem, this recording is in the public domain. A Glee for Winter by Alfred Dommack, read for LibriVox.org by Leanne Howlett. It's rude winter, crabbed old fellow, never married, never mellow. Well, a day, in rain and snow, what will keep one's heart aglow? Groups of kinsmen, old and young, oldest they old friends among. Groups of friends so old and true, that they seem our kinsmen, too. These all marry altogether, charm away chill winter weather.  Dear old songs, for ever new? Some true love and laughter, too. Pleasant wit and harmless fun, and a dance when day is done. Music friends so true and tried, whispered love by warm fireside, mirth at all times altogether. Make sweet may of winter weather. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. A Glee for Winter by Alfred Dommack, read for LibriVox.org by Mike Rosenloff. Hence, rude winter, crabbed old fellow, never married, never mellow. Well a day, in rain and snow, what will keep one's heart aglow? Groups of kinsmen, old and young, oldest they old friends among. Groups of friends so old and true, that they seem our kinsmen, too. These all marry altogether, charm away chill winter weather.  Dear old songs, for ever new? Some true love and laughter, too. Pleasant wit and harmless fun, and a dance when day is done. Like friends so true and tried, whispered love by warm fireside, mirth at all times altogether. Make sweet may of winter weather. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. A Glee for Winter by Alfred Dommack, read for LibriVox.org by Mike Rosenloff. Hence, rude winter, crabbed old fellow, never married, never mellow. Until a day, in rain and snow, what will keep one's heart aglow? Groups of kinsmen, old and young, oldest they old friends among. Groups of friends so old and true, that they seem our kinsmen, too. These all marry altogether, charm away chill winter weather.  Other old songs, for ever new? Some true love and laughter, too. Pleasant wit and harmless fun, and a dance when day is done. Music friends so true and tried, whispered love by warm fireside. Mirth at all times altogether. Make sweet may of winter weather. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. A Glee for Winter by Alfred Dommack, read for LibriVox.org by Mary Anderson. Hence, rude winter, crabbed old fellow, never married, never mellow. Well a day, in rain and snow, what will keep one's heart aglow? Groups of kinsmen, old and young, oldest they old friends among. Groups of friends so old and true, that they seem our kinsmen, too. These all marry altogether, charm away chill winter weather.  Dear old songs, for ever new? Some true love and laughter, too. Pleasant wit and harmless fun, and a dance when day is done. Music friends so true and tried, whispered love by warm fireside. Mirth at all times altogether. Make sweet may of winter weather. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain.


So as one interesting example of how we can apply the particle in a box model to some real world molecules, let's consider the example of dye molecules or molecules that take on very distinctive colors. So we've seen that not just linear hydrocarbons, but also conjugated molecules that can be thought of as two dimensional boxes can be treated with a particle in a box model. So a benzene molecule for example, we can treat fairly well with the two dimensional where we say the electron, the pi electrons anyway are confined to a box that approximates the size of this benzene molecule. So just like we saw for the small 1D particle in a box molecules for when the box is relatively small just a few carbon atoms on a side, the energy levels for excitations of this molecule turn out to be in the ultraviolet. They're higher energy than the visible portion of the spectrum and if I were to make that molecule bigger by adding more benzene molecules, benzene rings onto the molecule, I can increase the wavelength of light that that molecule absorbs and by making it large enough I can move it into the visible portion of the spectrum and then by changing the size of the molecule I can affect what colors of light it absorbs and what colors it doesn't absorb and therefore what color the molecule appears to be. So as one particularly interesting example of that, I'll bring up a molecule in a picture over here that you're likely familiar with from previous chemistry courses. If you've done acid-base titrations it's very likely you've used phenolphthalein as an indicator and this is a molecule that in its acidic form with the two protons here takes on this form and then if we remove those protons as you typically do, remove two protons as you do if you titrate with hydroxide for example, you can form this more basic form of the molecule and so the molecules are distinct and distinct structure in their acidic and basic forms and what's interesting about them from the point of view of the particle in a box is here we see for example a conjugated portion of the molecule, a benzene ring not conjugated with the rest of the molecule, so this molecule is going to absorb in the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum just like benzene does, absorbs light in the ultraviolet, the boxes are not large enough for those pi conjugated electrons to absorb light in the visible portion of the spectrum, so a solution containing this molecule is clear, it's colorless because it doesn't absorb any visible light. On the other hand when you titrate with hydroxide, when you consume some of these protons and generate the more basic form of this molecule then we can see if I draw a box around this portion of the molecule, this portion is now all conjugated because we have alternating double single double single double bonds and it's planar, so the two dimensional box in which these pi conjugated electrons are confined within is larger than it used to be and it's pushed just large enough now that absorbs in the highest energy portion of the visible spectrum, so it absorbs a little bit of the violet portion of the spectrum and as a result the color of this molecule ends up looking pink or the color that it reflects is a little bit tinged toward the red side of the spectrum because it absorbs a little bit on the violet side of the spectrum, so the reason phenolphthalein is such a good acid-base indicator is because it undergoes a color change when it changes from acidic to its basic form and the reason for that is essentially because the size of the box that the conjugated electrons are confined to changes and as we've seen from the energy levels of those particle in a box energy levels, changing the size of the box changes the energy levels and changes the wavelength of the light that gets absorbed, so here's a great example of how a chemical reaction can change the way a molecule behaves as a particle in a box. As a different example, I can clear this picture away and bring up another picture with a list of molecules, so let me take away these decorations. We can talk about this collection of molecules over on the right hand side and these are all dye molecules, these are molecules that could be used to dye clothes for example and the particular details of the molecules are not important other than the fact that the molecules have different colors as are indicated by their names and you can see that each of these molecules behaves a lot like a two-dimensional particle in a box. I have a large conjugated section of the molecule, within this portion of the molecule there's pi-conjugated electrons that can move freely within the molecule and then that shape of this box determines the wavelengths of light that are absorbed and consequently the wavelengths of light that are not absorbed and why this molecule looks blue. Other molecules with different sized boxes absorb different frequencies of light and molecules like this, that black 29 for example we have a mix of some small conjugated sections of the molecule, some larger sections here and some more moderate sections here so this molecule absorbs light via electrons in several different sized boxes so it absorbs lots of different colors of light by absorbing almost all the light that's shined on it it ends up with a relatively black color. So here's again another example of how chemistry can be used by changing the size of the box that these planar conjugated electrons are confined to. We can change the energy levels directly and therefore change the color of the molecules so that's a big part of what for example a dichemist does is adjusts the properties, synthesizes different molecules in order to make them different colors. That's not to say that you need to constantly be thinking about quantum mechanics if you do the organic chemistry of preparing these molecules as a materials chemist or a dichemist but it is helpful to be able to think about what should happen as you increase the size of a molecule, you should redshift the color of the light that gets absorbed or equivalently if you change the substituents on these molecules if you add electron withdrawing substituents or electron donating substituents you can change the number of molecules that occupy these energy levels and consequently also change those energy levels. So at a qualitative level at least it's useful to be able to think about the particle in a box model when you're thinking about what color these molecules are. So it also illustrates that even a qualitative understanding is good enough if we were to try to quantitatively predict exactly what color this molecule would be. It's not exactly a rectangular box, it's not quite true that the electrons feel no difference in energy anywhere they go in this molecule. They might have a different energy near this carbonyl group than far away from it on a carbon atom or in the middle of one of these six member rings and so on. Particle in a box model is not an exact representation of this molecule but it's certainly good enough to give us some qualitative idea of how these molecules behave.


Welcome to Mavic Analysis for Hedgehogs. Today's topic is Peckers from the perspective of a Mavic Analyst. So I already made a few videos about this topic right when I started my YouTube channel. But those videos are low quality, which is natural when you just started creating videos for the first time. So also in the meantime, I have trained some Mavic Analysts at work. And by now I know more precisely what are common misconceptions about Peckers. So what is actually preventing you from understanding them correctly. And I would like to pinpoint those misconceptions and make clear what is true and what is not working. So today's topic is, I explained to you how Peckers work in general, how they are used to defeat antivirus products, and why we even care about Peckers. Yeah, why do we care? Because most malware that is mass targeted, that's not APT malware, is pecked. So it's a very useful skill for a malware analyst to recognize that a file is pecked and also in the long run to know how to unpack it. But that's not the topic today. So yeah. What is the purpose of pecking? I am using a Pecker taxonomy from an academic paper here. Originally Peckers were used to compress executable files. That means shrinking their size to save space on disk. UPX is probably the most famous example. This type of Peckers also called a compressor. Peckers that encrypt files are called cryptos because they do not compress but encrypt the target file. These are for instance used by threat actors to evade antivirus detection. But they might also be used to prevent reverse engineering. In academic papers, protectors have been defined as Peckers that do both compression and encryption. The paper reference is in the video description below. But how does pecking actually work? Firstly, we have a program called the Pecker. That is for instance, UPX. The Pecker takes a file as input as well as a stub. Some Peckers take the stub as separate input as shown here, but the stub might also be part of the Pecker or generated by the Pecker. So this is just one example of several possibilities. The output of the Pecker is the pecked file. The process of producing a pecked file is called pecking. The pecked file is the stub with the target file inside which is now compressed or encrypted. The stub is also called software envelope because if you look at the file contents, you first see only the stub. The strings and headers of the target file inside are not visible without further steps because it's encrypted. By the way, those terms Pecker and pecked file are often confused. The Pecker is always the program that does the actual pecking. Think of UPX and generally, it's not the program that we see when analyzing malware. We mostly just see the pecked file. Another common misconception probably appeared because it makes sense for people who know how old viruses work. It is the idea that during pecking, the stub is injected into the target file and that only parts of the target file are encrypted. While this is possible to do, it is overly complicated for the purposes of Peckers. Injection into certain file formats like PE files isn't as easy as just compressing or encrypting the whole file because it requires detailed knowledge of the internal structures and corner cases involved in changing a compiled binary like that. Furthermore, threat actors want to make their malware undetected by antivirus products and leaving parts of the target file in plain like the headers means that the antivirus products have more opportunity to detect the file. So while it would be possible to pull this off, I have never seen any sample pecked like this except when dealing with viruses which inject themselves into a host file and may modify parts of the host file. For the goals of pecking, it also seems to have no advantages really. Let's make sure that this is a misconception by using thick lines here. Now we know how pecking works but how does the pecked file work? How does the encrypted part get executed? The stub is also called decompression or decryption stub because its purpose is to decompress or decrypt the encrypted part in the pecked file and then execute it in memory. There are two main ways used by pecked malware files to run the target file in memory. It can be done in the current process of the pecked file or it creates a child process of itself and injects the decrypt portion into it using a process injection technique. Process injection is very unusual for clean files. Using the own process to execute is usually done by reserving a section that has enough empty space in memory to put the decrypted or decompressed data inside. Such sections have a small or zero raw size but a big virtual size. So that's why this is a common sign of pecked files. UPX falls into this category as well as many other legit packers. Are there legit and malicious packers? In a sense, yes, when I say legit packers, I mean those that are used by clean programs and sometimes also by malware. Such packers are often easy to identify because their steps often contain the packer's name and tools like Detected Easy will tell you the packer's name. Maliciously used packers are those that are only used to pack malware and whose main purpose is antivirus evasion. Such packers mostly do not identify themselves. If they do, we malware analysts have an easy way to detect all the malware samples packed with them. So in such cases, packers make our lives for finding new malware and detecting it easier. Let's talk about another misconception that may arise if you are familiar with marketing campaigns of malware packers. The people who sell their packing services or packers want them to sound pretty cool. So they invented something called ScanTimeCryptor. And opposing to the RuntimeCryptor, according to the marketing campaign, the ScanTimeCryptor uses a decryption step that writes the target file to disk. For instance, into the temp folder and then it executes the target file. So there is no direct execution in memory when it comes to ScanTimeCryptors. But from the viewpoint of the malware analysts, ScanTimeCryptors are not packers. They are builders for malware droppers. A file that is built in such a way is called a dropper and it's not a packed file. So with that misconception out of the way, let's continue. I would like to add some more useful details about packed files here. How does a stub know where the encrypted content is located? A very common thing that you may encounter is the use of start and end markers. Such markers can be very useful for detection patterns. Because the encrypted part must be decrypted, you will also find the decryption keys somewhere inside the binary or key generation function. Both might be useful for writing static unpackers. But not all packed files work like that. Oftentimes the encrypted part is placed in well-known structures of the file. For instance, it could be placed at a fixed offset or directly at the end of the file. Another common location is the last section of the file. Why the last? Because the size of it can be easily expanded without affecting other sections that follow after it. The PE resources are also a common location as well as the .NET resources. What I also see often is a huge base 64 string that contains the encrypted data. An important term in connection with packers and packing is binary padding. Binary padding means that the packet changes a small portion of the file randomly. For instance, it might add random data to the packed file. This method changes the hash value of every packed file, even if the step in the input file are the same. This method is also able to circumvent block listing by antivirus products. But it does not evade any other detection mechanisms. However, this is not the same as polymorphism. If you have seen my video about polymorphic and metamorphic viruses, you will already know why this is false advertising. Actually, I find it even difficult to apply the term polymorphism to packers in the first place. But it has been established by now. So let's talk about what polymorphism means when it is used to describe packers. In packers, it refers to the ability to create unique decryption steps. Another term for that is unique step generation or short USG. That means the packer has a raw step or step pieces that it modifies into millions of possible variants to create a unique step for every packed file. Such modification can, for instance, be achieved by carrying the raw step source shuffling instructions where the order does not matter, including junk instructions and random places and compiling the step. The main difference to binary padding is that USG evades antivirus pattern detection. What is also no polymorphism is carrying like 20, 100, or even 1000 steps to choose from and picking one randomly. That would be called oligomorphism. 1000 is a small number when it comes to that. When malware reports say that a malware server delivers a new malware variant every minute, what they actually refer to is files packed by a polymorphic crypto at the malware server. If such a crypto had only 1000 steps, it would not even last one day before they are used repeatedly. The difference between polymorphic and oligomorphic cryptos is that polymorphic cryptos have so many possible step variants that in practical application, they will not create the same step twice. So what is the purpose of polymorphic packing? It is the evasion of antivirus pattern detection. Patterns are sequences of bytes that the antivirus scanner is looking for in a malware. Antivirus signatures may contain patterns among others to determine maliciousness. If that byte sequence is found and all other requirements of the signature are met, then the antivirus program detects a file as malicious. To detect malware packed by malware cryptos, the most obvious choice is a pattern over the decryption or execution code in the stub. A pattern in an encrypted portion of the file and the target file does not make sense because a small change in the target file or in the encryption key will already change entirely how the encrypted part looks like. So the stub is here, the part that will usually be detected by the antivirus program. Non-unique stubs make our lives as malware analysis easier that say someone creates a malware that is not yet detected by antivirus programs but packs it with a malware cryptor just to be sure. If that cryptor now applies the same stub that was used for other malware before, the resulting packed file will be detected as malicious although the original malware was not detected. A unique stub, however, has never been seen before. So the antivirus scanner will not be able to detect the malware by using a pattern signature on the stub. While automatic signature creation may still create a pattern for the unique stub, it will not work on the next one that was generated by the packer. Now compare this to binary padding and you will realize why it is fake advertising from both sides, the antivirus media and the marketing of cryptos. I will not go into metamorphism here because that's not a term I would apply to packers at all. If you are interested in metamorphism, watch my video about viruses. In the next video, I will cover the question how to actually know if a file is packed. So thanks for watching. Please ask remaining questions below and see you in the next video.