So, to recapitulate what I said the last time, we have a situation where you have a system with a Hamiltonian which is this, the function of time which we took to be H naught minus some A f of t, the prescribed function here. And then the question was what happens to thermal averages or average values observables, arbitrary observables. And we found that if you took any observable B and asked what its average was, it is B with respect to the equilibrium ensemble in the canonical ensemble, for example, plus delta B of t and we got a formula for delta B of t which read average is equal to an integral from minus infinity to t d t prime, the force integrated over the entire history of this force times a response function phi A B of t minus t prime. This response function is a certain correlation function in equilibrium. So we discovered that phi A B of tau for instance, we put t minus t prime equal to tau. This quantity, the response function was equal to an intake, was equal to the equilibrium expectation value of A of 0 with B of tau, either the commutator or the Poisson bracket, part from some numerical factor and that is what this was in equilibrium. So this average means something different. This is the average in the presence of the external force and if I write an equilibrium here it means it is in the absence of the external force like this case here. We could also write this in several ways. We could write this as A of minus tau B of 0 in equilibrium or if you like you could also write it as equal to the trace. By the cyclic property of the trace, we could write it in a number of ways. One of them is rho equilibrium with A of 0 B of tau just by the cyclic property of the trace or if you like rho equilibrium with A of minus tau B of 0 and so on. Or this B could also come here because by the cyclic invariance of the trace. So we have a number of ways of writing or computing this quantity depending on what is convenient. Now let us ask what does it imply? What does this thing imply for us? Well if you took a general, we already saw, we interpreted this to mean that the response is causal, linear, cost order in this force, causal because of this and retarded because the time argument depends on in the elapsed time since the effect, since the force acted at whatever time T prime. So given this closed formula, this formal expression here, we can now proceed to analyze this in a little more depth. The first thing you notice is that while this is true for an arbitrary f of t, an arbitrary force history because it is a linear response, the response to a sum of two forces is the sum of the responses, individual responses because of the superposition principle. Now we know that any arbitrary force, any time dependent force can be resolved into its Fourier components, into frequency components and then you find the response to a given frequency component and you can add up all those responses to get the full response. This is the whole point of Fourier analysis. So it is very convenient to do that and let us see what happens. You did that because it will give us a handle on what the system does for an arbitrary f of t in terms of what it does for various harmonics. We need a Fourier transform convention and I am going to stick to one because it is very easy to make numerical mistakes otherwise. So let me write down a Fourier transform convention here on this side. It does not matter which one you choose but we need a consistent one. So if I have a function f of t, I resolve it into Fourier components, then the Fourier components are resolved as minus infinity to infinity d omega e to the minus i omega t f tilde of omega and this implies that f tilde of omega equal to an integral minus infinity to infinity d t e to the i omega t f of t. So this is my Fourier transform convention. Once and for all, we will stick to this and if I make a mistake please point it out because we have to be careful with these signs. One of one appears with a minus, one with a plus, the 2 pi appears here rather than here and so on. Now of course there are many other conventions. Any one of them is just as good as the other. Very often they use 1 over square root of 2 pi here, 1 over square root of 2 pi here to make it symmetric. This could be a plus and that could be a minus and so on but we will stick to this convention. So when I go from a function, when I Fourier transform a function of time, it is 1 over 2 pi d omega is a measure and f tilde of omega is just d t. So we will try, I will try my best to stick to that convention. Then let us do the following. Let us ask what happens if I take a single harmonic and apply the force. So the force that I am going to apply is f of t equal to some amplitude f naught. Later I will do this with different amplitudes and that will be my f tilde of omega times e to the minus i omega t, some fixed omega for some given. So let this be so and then we ask what the response is. The corresponding response is delta B of t equal to an integral minus infinity to infinity. This is an f naught which comes out of the integral times d t prime e to the minus i omega t prime phi AB of t minus t prime and now let us set t minus t prime equal to tau. That is the obvious thing to do. So this becomes equal to f naught integral d t prime is minus d tau but this will run from infinity to zero here. So I will switch that zero to infinity d tau e to the minus i omega t prime is t minus tau phi AB of tau which is equal to an integral from zero to infinity d tau e to the i omega tau at term phi AB of tau. This whole thing multiplied by f naught e to the minus i. So this immediately says that if I apply the force f naught e to the minus i omega t in practice of course I apply a real force but technically we could have this as a complex number f naught I do not have to say I do not impose a reality on f naught it could be complex. So this is of the form cos plus sin or something like that. We will take real imaginary parts later but if I write a force of this kind then the response is the same force multiplied by a function of just one variable and what is that? This depends on omega because tau is integrated over it is a dummy variable. So this is a function of omega it of course depends on what say what is b but it is a function of omega. So this says this implies that the response delta B of t given this force the response this is equal to some function chi AB of omega times the force. In other words the response is just the same is a force multiplied by some function of omega depends on omega alone some attenuating factor where chi AB of omega is this integral zero to infinity d tau e to the i omega tau phi AB of tau. Is this the Fourier transform of the response function? No it is not it is an integral from zero to infinity it is the one sided you see we have not even defined this quantity for negative tau formally we can do so but right now we are not interested in it because this integral is cut off at t it is because it got cut off at t that when I change variables the lower limit became zero. So this zero here is a direct consequence of causality this quantity here is because of causality the force at a later time cannot affect the effect in earlier time. So it is like the one sided Fourier transform if this had been minus infinity then I have argued that by analogy with this formula I have said it is the Fourier transform but this fellow is just the one sided Fourier transform the integral is running from zero upwards here. This thing here just as this is called the response function this is called the generalized susceptibility corresponding to a cause A and an effect B in other words you put up the system through A and you measure some other quantity B which could be A itself in some cases. So common examples are you apply a magnetic field you measure the magnetization you apply an electric field you measure the polarization you apply a stress you measure the strain and so on. So this is a very very general framework we will look at many examples but it is a very very general framework and this quantity here carries all the information that is carried in this response function. Once you give me this chi of omega and I know what it does for a particular frequency it looks like this this is the response for a general force all I have to do is to sum all these fellows with this weight factor as a function of frequency times an f tilde of omega as the amplitude for frequency omega and I integrate over all frequencies and that is the general response in principle. So the susceptibility carries all the information but it is crucial to note that it is a one sided Fourier transform it is going to have important consequences very crucial consequences. Now the question is can we write this in terms of a Fourier transform itself can we write this chi in some fashion as a Fourier transform itself. So let me do that but before that there is one more thing I want to point out which is that the real there is no reason why this quantity is real at all. In general it is complex and we will see shortly that it cannot be either purely real or purely complex purely imaginary it has to be complex in general because we will attach physical meaning to the real part in the imaginary part. Now if you take the real part of this it is the real part of e to the i omega tau provided this fellow is real and this chi here is in terms of physical quantities. So these are all observable quantities all the operators are Hermitian then phi AB of tau is actually a real quantity. So the real part of this has a cosine and the imaginary part has a sine function here and therefore the real part of this chi is a symmetric function of omega. So real chi of omega equal to real chi minus symmetric function on the other hand the imaginary part chi of omega equal to minus imaginary part for real omega and so far our frequency is real just like time the frequency is real. Very soon we are going to make an excursion into the complex plane we are going to go to complex frequencies and then come back for physical quantities to real frequencies but for real values of omega or real which are the in fact physical frequencies are not only real but positive non-negative we will come to that but at the moment as a mathematical exercise for real values of omega you see that the real part of chi is symmetric function the imaginary part is an anti-symmetric function you can combine both by saying chi star of omega equal to chi of minus omega because if I take the complex conjugate here this is real this becomes minus that is the same as chi of minus omega that is a useful symmetric property we will make use of it. Now could I possibly write this in terms of this response could I write it in terms of Fourier transform itself the answer is yes because you see you can always write this as minus infinity to infinity dt prime f of t prime phi ab of t minus t prime multiplied by step function theta of t minus t prime but this is the unit step function I presume I is this the notation you use for it or do you use any other notation sometimes people say I write u or h or whatever but this is equal to plus 1 t greater than 0 so that is my definition of the theta function the unit step function I will retain that. So if I put that in then this integral runs all the way to infinity because it gets cut off at t less than t prime and I want to give a name to this so let me call it g ab of t minus g ab is a green function because this is how you write the thing in general you would say I apply a perturbation and I am looking for a response whatever equation it satisfies we do not care some dynamical equation after I take averages the average value of this correction to expectation of b is an integral over the force history over all histories times the green function here we will write a specific model down where you will see what the what g of t looks like this fellow looks like so if you do that then you could also write this formally you could also write this as an integral from minus infinity to infinity d tau e to the i omega tau phi d of tau theta of tau just by putting in a theta function there but this is what I have called the green function so this is equal to integral minus infinity to infinity d tau e to the i omega tau g ab that is a Fourier transform so it immediately says that this quantity is a Fourier transform of this g ab g ab tilde if you like so where does that get us well it actually gives us some information because this is chi Fourier transform of g ab which is the Fourier transform of phi ab of tau times theta of tau by definition but what is the formula for the what theorem tells you how to find the Fourier transform of a product of two functions of t the convolution theorem so it is clear that this must be equal to an integral from minus infinity to infinity d omega prime the Fourier transforms of each of these so phi ab tilde of omega theta tilde of omega sorry of omega prime theta tilde of omega minus this is the convolution theorem where I have to define these quantities where phi tilde ab of omega is the Fourier transform of phi ab now chi is the one-sided Fourier transform but we now want the full-blown Fourier transform so we go to this expression here the Fourier transform is this integral minus infinity to infinity dt e to the i omega t phi ab of t notice this requires now a knowledge of phi ab of t for t less than 0 so we have to find that somehow what we will do is to compute phi ab of t and ask what it does as you reverse time negative t so we will be able to define what phi ab of t is for all t we will do that by and by so this is equal to that and theta tilde of omega equal to an integral from minus infinity to infinity at least formally dt e to the i omega t theta of t now you can write this fellow as 0 to infinity dt e to the i omega t which does not exist which does not converge because e to the i omega t oscillates as t goes to infinity and as a Riemann integral this does not exist but this does not bother us because we know how to define Fourier transforms of distributions theta of t delta of t and so on are not ordinary functions they are distributions right. So what I need is a Fourier transform a Fourier representation for this quantity here what would you do I would like to find a representation as a contour integral of some kind how would you do that there are many representations but we want something which looks like this representation here what would you do well let us start with the statement that delta of t and I want to keep track of that kind of convention e to the minus i omega t so it is 1 over 2 pi integral minus infinity to infinity dt e to the minus i omega t delta of d omega that is the well known representation Fourier representation for a delta function right it also says delta tilde of omega is 1 that is what this is trying to tell us okay. Now given delta of t how is the theta function related to the delta function it is the integral of it right and it is clear that if you got a delta function in t at t equal to 0 if you integrate from minus infinity up to any point less than 0 the answer is 0 you integrate beyond t equal to 0 and the answer is 1 so it is precisely the theta function the integral of the delta function if I differentiate if I integrate this quantity I must integrate this with respect to t so the conjecture is that this quantity theta of t is equal to an integral 1 over 2 pi minus infinity to infinity d omega e to the minus i omega t divided by minus i omega formally it is the integral right so let me write it as i and put a minus sign here over omega but that is not a great idea because this integral does not exist it is singular and it passes through omega equal to 0 and this fellow is singular so it is not yet there we have to fix this problem what would you do you would shift this pole at omega equal to 0 away from the real axis and then you would find out what the boundary value is in the limit right. So we want an answer we want to fix it in such a way that theta of t must be equal to 1 for t greater than 0 and 0 for t less than 0 right so let us look at this contour integral in the omega plane the integration runs from minus infinity to infinity there is a pole at the origin if that pole is displaced downwards by i epsilon instead of 0 then we ask what happens to this integral well so let us ask what is limit epsilon goes to 0 from above integral minus infinity to infinity d omega over omega plus i epsilon so the pole is at minus i epsilon e to the minus i omega t what is this fellow equal to as a contour integral it is perfectly well defined now because there is no singularity on the line region of integration on the contour of integration but now the only way we know how to do contour integrals is using Cauchy's theorem for a closed contour so we need to close the contour we must formally define it as running from minus r to r and take the limit r going to infinity but we could close the contour with a semi circle and if you do that in this fashion here then the contribution if this is r some radius r on this circle this variable omega is r e to the i theta you can see that if I have e to the minus i omega 1 plus i omega 2 t this is equal to e to the minus i omega 1 t if omega is complex like anywhere in this plane and then plus omega 2 t times e to the omega 2 t now if t is bigger than 0 this is a positive number then this contribution vanishes as r goes to infinity provided this term is negative this means omega 2 the imaginary part of omega must be negative which means omega must be in the lower half plane in other words this is the contour to choose right if t is negative you are forced to close it in the upper half plane but there is no singularity enclosing it in the upper half enclosed by the contour in the upper half plane so this is going to give you 2 pi i whatever it is if it is in the lower half plane if t is positive and if t is negative it is going to give you 0 so this is equal to so let us put in the minus 1 over 2 pi i as well minus 1 over 2 pi i this quantity is equal to there is a minus 1 over 2 pi i here and when you close it here you are going in the clockwise direction so it is minus 2 pi i times the residue 2 minuses cancel each other and you get e to the minus i t times omega is minus i epsilon and now take epsilon goes to 0 e to the 0 is 1 and you end up with the theta function so this is precisely equal to a theta function if I want a theta of minus t and I have to put a plus i epsilon move it into the upper half plane so what we have done is to find the Fourier representation for the theta function so theta of t is equal to this in the limit as epsilon goes to 0 from positive values so what is theta tilde of omega we have a formula now therefore theta tilde of omega equal to limit well I do not write this limit it is understood in the sense if you look at the Fourier transform definition its integral theta tilde of omega theta of t if you look at its definition 1 over 2 pi e to the minus i omega t times the Fourier transform and what is the coefficient of 1 over 2 pi e to the minus i omega t so theta tilde of omega is equal to minus 1 over i which is i divided by omega plus that is the Fourier representation of a theta function. Now let us go back and we said that the susceptibility chi AB of omega was equal to a convolution minus infinity to infinity t omega prime phi AB tilde of omega prime theta tilde of omega prime minus omega sorry omega minus omega that was the convolution therefore this is equal to minus infinity to infinity d omega prime phi AB tilde of omega prime divided by there is an i outside omega minus omega prime plus i epsilon wherever omega appears I have to write omega minus omega prime it is convenient to write this in order to do the integral as omega prime minus omega minus i epsilon. So let us write it as equal to limit 1 goes to 0 minus i time so the susceptibility at any frequency omega has this Cauchy kernel out here 1 over omega prime minus omega and the weight factor with which a given frequency omega prime appears is given by the Fourier transform of the response function. So this is like a spectral resolution with different frequencies of this function here so not surprisingly this quantity is defined as the spectral function. So we have introduced three different quantities all related to each other the first is the response function phi AB of t the second is it is one sided Fourier transform which is the generalized susceptibility chi and the third is the Fourier transform of the response function which is the spectral function and a weighted integral over the spectral function with this Cauchy kernel gives you this quantity here. So you see already all we have used is that the theta function has that spectral resolution. So the relation in abstract terms the relation between the Fourier transform of a function and it is one sided Fourier transform is quite complicated it is not an all together trivial relationship at all we will use this fact we will use this in here we will when we write dispersion relations for this generalized susceptibility we will use this relation here okay. So to summarize what is going on so far we have a causal linear retarded response characterized by a certain equilibrium average of a correlation function some commutator expectation value in equilibrium it is Fourier one sided Fourier transform gives you the generalized susceptibility it is two sided ordinary Fourier transform gives you the spectral function and the latter two are related by this thing here. Now let us go further and ask what will this susceptibility actually do in practice well the first thing to do and I will come back to this point is that chi a b of omega which is 0 to infinity d tau a to b i omega tau phi a b of tau or let me just write t this quantity here if it exists for real omega then certainly it is going to exist if you multiply it by some function which is a decaying exponential of t because if this integral exists then you multiply it by a number which is less than 1 and you integrate especially if that thing goes to 0 as t tends to infinity it is going to converge even better. Now if omega becomes a complex number in other words you move off the real axis in the omega plane so far we have defined it on the real axis for real omega but if you give an imaginary part to omega if that imaginary part is positive then this is going to have an i omega 2 multiplied by this which is going to be e to the minus omega 2 t and if omega 2 is positive as it is in the upper half plane the integral exists and converges. So this function as an purely mathematical device defines a susceptibility not only for real values of omega but also for all complex values in the upper half plane. So this provides an analytic continuation of this function to the upper half plane definitely and the same representation is valid. On the other hand if omega acquires a negative imaginary part there is no guarantee this integral converges. In fact you will see that in that case you have an increasing exponential and this integral will not converge unless this dies down fast enough. So in general it will not converge here this representation is useless as far as the lower half plane is concerned but it is analytic in the upper half plane that is obvious by inspection. There are some further technical niceties but this heuristic argument is good enough for our purposes. The upper half plane this function is well defined we are going to make an excursion into the upper half plane and derive dispersion relations for this after we do some examples. What can you expect in the lower half plane well you cannot say much from here because this will be a representation that does not even converge anymore. It is like saying I give you the geometric series 1 plus z plus z squared all the way to infinity this is equal to 1 over 1 minus z provided mod z is less than 1 but if mod z is greater than 1 substituting that value of z inside the series will just give you infinity and if mod z is exactly equal to 1 then depending on what value of z you are actually choosing on the unit circle you can get all kinds of values from the infinite series. For instance if you choose z equal to plus 1 you get 1 plus 1 plus 1 which goes to infinity if you choose z is minus 1 you get 1 minus 1 plus 1 minus 1 which oscillates between 0 and 1 so you can get whatever you like depending on what the value of z you substitute it is but for all mod z less than 1 in the interior of the unit circle you can substitute a numerical value of z and you are guaranteed that the series converges to the correct value of the function okay. You may or may not be able to continue it outside the unit circle in this trivial case you can because the function 1 over 1 minus z makes perfect sense for all z except z equal to 1 where it is singular. So we are in that position we have an integral which makes sense everywhere here and therefore defines an analytic function of this omega we do not know what is going to go on downstairs but the point is that you know that if you have an analytic function of a complex variable that is analytic everywhere has no singularities whatsoever including the point at infinity that function has to be a constant there is no function which is analytic everywhere including the point at infinity right. So in general I expect that in physical problems and this is the lesson that you must bear in mind I expect this quantity to have singularities in the lower half plane now you could ask why not the upper half plane and what would you say it is entirely a matter of the Fourier transform convention had I chosen the opposite convention had I put a plus here and a minus here then the generalized susceptibility would have been converging would have been analytic in the lower half plane in omega and the upper half plane would be may have singularities and so on. So this is the reason why we have to be careful we choose a Fourier transform convention and I stick to it okay. So the one I have chosen is the conventional one and in this convention with this plus sign here this is an analytic function in the upper half plane yeah this is now it is entirely possible that for real values of omega also find a die down so slowly at infinity because this follows just an oscillatory function that this will not exist may not exist at all. Now that is a careful case we have to handle carefully I have made the implicit assumption that this exists this integral exists as a Riemann integral for real values of omega but this is an assumption may not be valid and we will give an example to show you that under physical conditions this will always happen. The best way to do this of course there are pathologies there are cases where it is singular at the origin and things like that and then I will use a trick to define this. The trick used is in general that you include a small e to the minus st here and then analytically continue in s to 0. So you find the Laplace transform of this fellow which will converge even if I increases and does not increase does not converge to 0 at infinity and then you make an analytic continuation. So in principle you can do analytic continuation to define the response function but we look at the specific cases to see what happens. Now quickly you can see that if you consider the following problem so let us consider a simple harmonic oscillator in a heat path. So we have a single particle a massive particle an oscillator we already did Langevin dynamics for this for a free particle but we will now assume that it is a simple harmonic oscillator in one dimension and this is immersed in a bath of particles and it drives fluctuations on this particle. So what does one do in this case well either I could write the Langevin equation down as a random equation stochastic equation make some assumptions about the noise or I do not do that I simply say look let us compute what this problem does in terms of thermal averages which is at attitude we have taken here right. So the equation that I write down would be the following m times x double prime of t average value plus m omega naught squared x of t equal to in the absence of an external force this fellow would be equal to some internal force which is provided by the friction in the problem right. But I could add an external force to this whole thing then I need a model for this guy and let us take this approach that the average force on this particle depends on the average velocity of this particle the usual friction term then this term this becomes exactly what the Langevin equation gives it becomes plus m gamma x dot of t plus m omega naught squared x of t is equal to whatever force you apply on the system f external on t. So I am applying an external force and applied force on the system and the system is in this heat bath it is being buffeted around by the particles of the heat bath and because this force is present the system has been disturbed from equilibrium I want to know now what its response function is what is the generalized susceptibility and so on. Now given an equation like this the way you solve it is of course by using green functions so you immediately say x of t equal to an integral from minus infinity to infinity d t prime f external of t prime times a green function you could also write it in terms of a generalized susceptibility and so on we will compute that point. Now the fact that you have t minus t prime here is a reflection of the fact that the system is time translation variant it is the same parameters right from the beginning so there is time translation variance this is g is a function of t minus t prime out here. Now what is the equation obeyed by this g of t minus t prime clearly you must apply the derivative operators twice derivative first derivative etc etc and that must give you on the right hand side f external of t which will happen only if this is a delta function on the right hand side. So it immediately follows that d 2 over d t 2 plus gamma d over d t plus omega naught square on g of t minus t prime equal to 1 over m delta of t minus t prime this immediately follows that is the usual green function. I have used a boundary condition here and that has tacitly assumed that at t equal to minus infinity there was no external force system was in thermal equilibrium that is the condition we have been imposing all the way all the time that is why I have only a particular integral here which depends on the source and no complementary function here because this integral runs from minus infinity I must pull out causal functions out of this this must get cut off at t by causality it must come out of this directly what would one do to solve this equation you do Fourier transform because Fourier transform converts differentiation to multiplication right. So if I define g tilde of omega is equal to by that equation here integral minus infinity to infinity d tau e to the power i omega tau g of tau and use a similar representation for the delta function then you get an equation for g tilde of omega you put that back and do the inverse Fourier transform and you are going to get g. I leave that to you as an exercise we meet again give me the answer and we will start from that point since time is over but the theta function must appear naturally this thing is physical so it is got to cut off at t here. So remember this quantity here is phi of t minus t prime times theta of t minus t prime that must appear when you solve the problem automatically by the way what phi is this what is a and what is b in this problem we are finding the average value of x so b is x that is for sure. Now the equation of motion said it is f external of t so it is clear it would come from a potential which is minus x times f external of t if you differentiate that with respect to x and put a minus sign you are going to get this. So in this problem this is really x x this is g x x I have not written it explicitly but that is what it is. I could have said what is the average velocity then I would get the x v and so on. So now you see how to identify a and b in this simple example it is the displacement we are asking for so this green function will be x x but you can also see intuitively that there is going to be a relation between g a b or phi a b and phi a dot b or phi a dot b dot or phi a b dot depending on what you differentiate etc. So there are going to be relations between these functions as we will see. So compute this quantity and verify that it has singularities only in the lower half plane in omega let me stop here.


Hello and welcome to the Grand Line Review, your source for everything one piece. If you've ever seen one of my videos before, chances are you're aware of how much of a manga purist I am. That's why today's top five list may shock you, because we are going to be doing the unthinkable and examining moments in the series that were actually done better in the anime. What? And look, I know it's a small poll to judge from, but I assure you, they do exist. The criteria for this list is ever so simple. The selected moment in the series must have occurred in both the manga and the anime for comparison, and it quite simply needs to be more effectively conveyed in its animated medium. Easy as. So with that out of the way, let's begin. Welcome to the top five times the anime outperformed the manga. Number 5 Underworld Emperors The Musical Alright, let's commence this list with a collective of cool characters introduced at the business end of Whole Cake Island, more commonly known as Morgan, Stussy and the other dude bros. Now in the manga, these guys had a pretty cool introduction presenting themselves on a wonderfully drawn two-page spread, not a whole lot of room for creativity when it came to the anime adaptation, or so I would have thought. Instead, continuing the musical Disney theme that Whole Cake Island introduced us to, the wonderful people of Toei decided to turn this fairly flat introduction into an entire musical number of its own. Furthermore, the music itself took inspiration from the classical big-band swing style of the early 1930s, which coincided with the era of classical real-world underground figures such as Al Capone. So the instrumental alone managed to evoke a nice period underworld sense that is also reflected in the clothing of some of the characters like Stussy and Dufeld. The one negative thing I will say is that once the dialogue began, it was pretty clear that these were just manga lines inserted into a song they really had no business being in, but who cares? Because this uncharacteristically creative decision from Toei elevated this scene from a fairly bland introduction into a highly memorable and for the most part wonderfully animated scene that certainly outdoes its manga counterpart. Number 4 St. Charles. Alright, this particular scene pops up a lot in relation to my top five lists, whether it be best punches or the most hated characters, but for good reason. It is a fantastically constructed moment in the series that stands out for a wide array of reasons, but in this particular case, the anime absolutely outdid itself. Arguably the greatest advantage the anime medium has over its manga counterpart is sound. Manga does its best to insert sound effects, and they do work quite well, but they do not compare to a well-crafted soundtrack. This scene works so damn well because of the journey the music takes us on, from the somber isolated moment with Hachi to the epic slow walk of Luffy towards Charles. The anime soundtrack deserves almost 100% of the credit for pumping us up for the inevitable punch, and it didn't stop there because in another bold move from Toei for the actual impact of the punch, they decided to remove all colour, creating a very basic bright and stark environment, which when juxtaposed against the detailed dark and dingy auction house created maximum impact for Luffy's strike, and resulted in one of the most memorable scenes in the history of the series. Number 3 Luffy vs the admirals. I think it's fair to say that the marine foot portion of the anime is one of the most disappointing adaptations in the series, suffering extensively from long drawn out reaction shots and other assorted filler. However within that ever extended arc, there were sprinkles of phenomenally animated scenes that not only do the source material justice, but even surpass it in terms of quality, and there is no greater example of this than Luffy vs the admirals. And most of the beauty of this scene comes down to the care put into animating a detailed environment. For example when Luffy arrives having been tossed by Jinbei, the impact of the water onto a hard surface is sublime. And when it eventually dissipates to reveal Luffy, it is a truly epic moment, particularly with the slow down time effect that makes the water linger in the air afterwards. And a very similar animation technique is used when Luffy begins kicking the frozen mast at the admirals, except this time with chunks of ice. It's absolutely beautiful, and it may even be worthy of the number one spot, except that it suffers a bit too much from marine foot syndrome. For example, there is a section in the middle of this that is simply too long and drawn out, which is the time it takes when we see Luffy landing in this position, to him simply raising his head. That takes 17 seconds. 17 seconds to convey a grand total of nothing. Oh and also the scene gets split up over two episodes, which is really sad because we go from beautifully well crafted animation, to whatever the next team could shit out. But let's not dwell on this fact for too long lest we become Toei. For now, I believe the initial portion of this scene absolutely outdoes its manga counterpart. Number two, gear second. When this moment first appeared in the manga, it was mind blowing and as a result, the anticipation for seeing it animated was pretty damn high, and it exceeded my expectations. And just to be clear, what I'm referring to is the advent of gear second, as well as the ensuing fight against Blueno. Firstly, I thought that Luffy's coloring in gear form was very well done by Toei, managing to find this wonderful tint of raw fleshy pink. But they also completely nailed how shiny Luffy's body becomes when using the technique. However, where they managed to exceed all expectations from me is rather simply how they conveyed the speed of gear second. Luffy's attacks came at a pace never before seen in the anime, and with the accompanying sound effects, it really makes you feel like these strikes are landing hard and fast. And the ridiculous thing is, the animation is far more simple than anything I've discussed on the list so far. What Toei managed to master in this scene is the art of pacing. Shots didn't linger, and so hard cuts became frequent, which went a long way to evoking the pure speed and impact of what was happening on screen. It is a near perfect adaptation that takes the source material and elevates it, using all of the unique tools of the animated medium. If all of one piece were adapted with the actual impact of the scene in mind like this, then it would undoubtedly be one of the greatest anime in all of history. But for now, I'll settle on this scene being a rare example of a moment in Toei history where they surpassed the manga. Number 1. The Defeat of Crocodile Now I am more than likely looking at the scene with my nostalgia glasses on, but as a young teenager I watched this episode over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over again. Everything about it had me hooked from the glorious animation of Luffy soaring into the air to the classical music and even tiny tiny details like the gruffness of Crocodile's voice as he yelled his final attack. And once again, I find myself praising the sound design, this time particularly for Luffy's punches as part of the Gomu Gomu no Storm. There's something about the particular sound they use that makes each individual punch feel so heavy, which was sorely needed when we're talking about punching one of the seven wallards of the sea through solid bedrock. And in terms of brilliant visuals, you really can't go past the tracking shot of Luffy's punch, which bursts through the sand and lands ever so satisfactorily on Crocodile's face. To me, reading this scene in the manga is downright disappointing compared to my memory of how it played out in the anime. Both of them, by the way, because when they reanimated this scene in Episode of Alabasta it was still absolutely fantastic, some may even argue better than the original. I wouldn't, but some might. In either case, this scene is the epitome of what an anime adaptation should strive for, to take the structure of the source material and bring it to life. And that is why the defeat of Crocodile stands at the top of this list. But that pretty much does it for the top five times the one-piece anime outperformed the manga. If you enjoyed this video then feel free to like, favorite, or subscribe. And if you are in any way keen on supporting this independent channel then please do check out my Patreon, Discord server, or Twitter, the links to which are in the handy description below. And finally, please do comment with your own chosen moments where the anime outdeared the manga. This has been the Grand Line Review, and I'll see you next time.


Hello oscillators and gear a few days ago. I posted this jam So all of the sounds that you're hearing in this jam are coming from these two volks as the volk kick and the volk keys But rather than using their internal sequences instead. We're making use of the digga tones midi tracks So as you may know the digga tones are really wonderful FM synth, which is paired with a really great Sequencer the electron sequences have a very particular way of working if you get on with it Then you really really love it and for my part. I really really love the electron way of doing things But on the digga tone as well as having a sequencer to sequence the internal FM synth voices There are also four tracks of sequencer, which are dedicated to sequencing external midi devices Each of those tracks has eight note polyphony and has all of the great electron goodness like conditional trigs and P-locks so you can apply the electron workflow to other synths So in this video, I want to walk you through the setup for this jam How everything is rooted how you set up the volkers to work with the digga tone How you set up the digga tone to work with the volkers and although we're going to be talking about the volkers actually about 90% Of everything that we talk about in this video is going to apply to whatever you want to sequence with the digga tone and You will want to sequence stuff with a digga tone because it's awesome Okay, so let's just quickly talk about the the physical setup here So we've got the midi out coming out of the digga tone That's going into this midi splitter here. So the digga tone comes in here and it splits it out Here and those two cables are going into my volkers Midi ends here. My volkers have been powered by my new my vaults power supply one power supply to power order my volkers All at once. It's really really neat They're not sponsoring or anything but I'll pop a link to the power supply in The description because it's very keenly priced and seems to be working very well indeed The output my kick is going straight into my audio interface the output of the keys however, it's going into the left and right input of the digga tone and That allows me to run the keys through the master reverb on the digga tone off And then the output of the digga tone is going into the interface as well Okay, so just one volker specific thing just quickly The volkers can be set up to receive midi in one of two different ways in one mode All it receives is the clock So kind of your start stop messages and the tempo and that means that if you're in that mode And you try and send note information to the volkers They won't do anything the other mode accepts clock and notes values So the way that you can check this is if you turn off the volkers and then turn it back on when you're holding down funk You go into the global settings and this is the same on all the volkers and The light that you're looking to be lit up is the light on seven again I think this is the same on all of the volkers and this is the receive midi short message Setting if this is turned on then it's going to Get note information if it's turned off then all it's going to do is take clock information And you're going to get really confused as to why nothing is working Once you have got the stuff set up properly Make sure you hit the record button and that will save the settings and restart the unit So the other thing that you'll need to know is what midi channel the volkers are set up to be receiving midi on Again, so to do that turn the volker off And this time you want to turn it on when holding down the memory button instead and the lights across the bottom here tell you what Channel it's set to receive on so at the moment my kick is set up to receive on channel 13 as it happens My keys is set up to receive on channel one. I think Again, once you've set the channel that you want make sure you hit record so that that setting actually gets saved So one final Volker specific thing, although this might apply to other synths that have built-in sequencers Make sure you have a completely empty Pattern when you start if you're going to try and sequence it using well anything else Digitonal or anything else really and that includes making sure that you have an empty Motion sequence as well. So on most of the Volkers you can program the motion sequence That will still apply to the sequences and things can get really really weird I had a motion sequence on an otherwise empty Sequence on the keys and it was confusing the hell out of me as to why the sound was suddenly changed in partway through and The reason was that I had a motion sequence set up. So make sure that that is also clear Okay, let's move on to talk about the digitone. So the first thing you need to make sure is that you're actually in the midi mode So if this midi light isn't lit, then you're not in midi mode if it is then you are When you're in mini mode you have access to these Four midi tracks here. So I'm just going to go to an empty pattern Quickly so that we can see what's what sort of from an empty patch So the first thing you're going to want to do when you've got your midi track set up So I'll just go to track one here if you head into the Sin one page here. You've got this is your midi source set up. So this gives you access to various controls at the moment all of those controls are Turned off now the main one that I'm interested in is the channel this first one here So to enable any of these settings you need to hold funk and punch the knob basically So once you've done that you can select what channel this track is going to be applied to now Sadly the channel isn't parameter lockable And I kind of wish it was so but if I set up channel one then I can Control the keys easy enough and if I go to channel 13 which is my kick That's my kick Like that stick with the keys to begin with So once you've set your channel, you're kind of good to go for like basic sequencing You can either go into step mode and start programming that way or we can go into live recording mode and And we can play stuff in like that And the nice thing here even with this really simple setup here you have already got Access to things like conditional tricks. So if you go into the trick page here We can hold down this one here and we can set it to Should we say every second bar like that Play this time Not this time and so on so you immediately get access to that kind of electron sequencer way of working So what's really amazing about the digitone MIDI tracks is that if your synths that you're controlling respond to MIDI DCC messages as the valkers do you can actually set it up to parameter lock The MIDI CC messages, which means that in the case of the keys and the kick you can control the filters You control the envelopes the LFOs Pretty much any of the knobs on the valkers that you could control via motion sequencing You can now parameter lock and that's really really cool So in order to set this up you're going to need to take a look at the MIDI Implementation chart the mini implementation chart for your synths You can usually find either in the manual if it's a big thick manual or often as is the case for the valkers as a separate download it will list various things that the synth will respond to in terms of its MIDI whether it will respond to a note information and velocity and expression And all that kind of stuff and it will also hopefully list all of the parameters which are controllable By MIDI CC so on the MIDI tracks on the digitone you can control up to eight different MIDI CC numbers Per track and the way that you set this up as you go into the amp page here Which is now that the CC select page as far as the MIDI tracks go And you can select on each of these eight knobs which CC number you want that knob to control So if we look at the MIDI implementation chart for the valker keys We can see that MIDI CC number 44 can be used to control the filter cutoff So when our amp page if we go to this first knob here, and we go to CC44 we select that If we then head on to our filter page here We've got all of those values mapped out Again you need to do a funk and punch on the knob that you want to control but once you've done that We now have control of That CC number from within the digitone and once you've set that up This knob can now be parameter locked. So if we head into our step sequence so we can start setting different filter amounts For these different steps and now now you can hear that we've got different filter settings for each of those notes Which is pretty cool, and you can carry on setting different Parameters up here to be controlled if we wanted to give each of our notes a different release characteristic We can go to CC number 50 and then again head into here It's the funk and the knob and we can start putting different release characteristics on each of these notes as well This one can be nice and long and this one can be moderately short And now we've got different release characteristics on each of their notes as well So just one more extra awesome trick that we've got here on the MIDI tracks If you had the opportunity to dive into the sound design on the digitone You will know that the LFOs are something very very special Indeed and the cool thing here is that we can actually apply. It's any one LFO not two like on the synth But we've got one LFO here which we can apply To the CC values So here if we set this to CC value one, which was our filter cutoff we can now Also have an LFO controlling that parameter Which is really really cool and you've got all of the same sort of controls that you have in the main synth with different Modes like the hold mode here or the half and that all your different Wave forms here as well Okay, so to finish off. Let's actually dive into that original jam and see how everything is set up. So in this case Tracks one two and three are all addressing the folk keys So on this first track we meet all the other ones We've got this main kind of riff here and you can kind of hear that the the sounds are changing Over time. That's because we are applying parameter lock to a couple of different things. I've actually got quite a lot of stuff set up here I've got various bits of filtering and envelope stuff all mapped across these knobs here and I'm making use of So that's affecting the filter there If you go into these different steps, you should find some locks mostly filter And we've also then got some conditional tricks on some of this stuff as well If we bring the second one actually I'll just meet the first one again You can hear this got this higher thing here, but we can send both to the synth at once So the third key track is probably the most interesting of the lot phone just mute the other two Because it's this one which has got our Sort of snare sound on it as well as a couple of nice little planks But it's the snare that's particularly interesting because Obviously between the keys and the kick we don't have a dedicated way of doing a snare So the way that I'm achieving this is again by using parameter locks if we go into the cc setup here, we'll see that we have 46 47 and 48 set up here as our midi cc Numbers and if we look at the midi implementation chart on the Volcker keys We'll see that those relate to the LFO the rate the LFO pitch intensity and the LFO cutoff intensity and what I'm essentially doing on the Hits that would be the snare is I'm cranking those values to kind of get a sort of an FM kind of weirdness going on at the other trick that I'm having to do there instantly is on these steps that come directly after that is I've put in a Parameter, but not a note step so that it jumps back down to having none of those things turned up to full And when you bring in the other keys tracks together you get them all kind of interacting together Including having that kind of snare happening there as well The final track that I've got here is the kick track and This is kind of made up of both of sort of kick patterns, but also some little sort of plinkety-plonkety bits and pieces so the main thing that I'm controlling here is the drive control and also the Decay of the sound so you hear some of these hits are Boomie and long and some of them much shorter some of them more distorted and heavy and some of them a bit more mellow The other thing that I'm doing is that on those more pitched sounds the higher ones I'm also turning down the amount of bend on the kick So it sounds less like a kick and a bit more like a little synth sound basically And then you kind of bring all the stuff together And you get quite a lot of mileage with just the four notes of polyphony That are between the keys and the kick three notes on the keys and one on the kick You can get quite a lot of stuff going on there by using the parameter locks and layering up the different Sequencer elements One final trick that I have is on the first track here I've also got the LFO setup to affect the filter so I can So you can get some of that going on as well pretty neat So that's how I set up the jam I hope that was interesting and informative if you did enjoy the video Then please do give it the old thumbs up and make sure you subscribed so you don't miss out on any upcoming videos I'd be really interested to know in the comments if there are any other synths that are in my collection If you look through my other videos that you'd like to see me have a go Sequencing with the electron There are a couple that I think might be really really fun But I'd love to hear your thoughts as well other than that. Thank you so much for joining me today I hope you enjoyed it until next time.


If there was a topical jail that may people believe that ghosts exist, would it be an anti-skeptic? Richard Feynman was a brilliant and charming physicist who was one of my heroes. He was a fantastically eloquent public speaker and teacher.  He played bongos, he was a safecracker, the list goes on and on.  According to Feynman, the first principle is that you must not fool yourself, and that you are the easiest person to fool. Now, don't get offended, he's not talking about you personally. But when Feynman said you're the easiest person to fool, he was talking about how it's very easy for human beings to convince themselves of things. This is partially due to a pretty well-established principle in psychology called confirmation bias. Basically, when we get an idea in our heads, our brains tend to pay very close attention to stuff that supports that idea and sort of snooze through the things that don't. That means that our brains are wired to believe things, and to believe them with greater and greater certainty over time, even if there's evidence that they're not true.   I mean, just check your Facebook feed. Oh my god, the radiation from Fukushima is mutating fish in California. Hashtag apocalypse, hashtag moving to Kansas. A lot of these are just funny hoaxes and things for the Mythbusters to explode in their very special way, but they're far from harmless. The way that viral media spreads without anybody checking to see if it's true, that's a precedent. By reposting headlines without thinking about them, we're basically saying that it's better to be first than it is to be right. That has far-reaching implications. Like, people will put their children at risk for fatal diseases because a friend of a friend has a cousin whose daughter supposedly became autistic the day she was vaccinated. That's probably not as good a reason as the hundreds of independently verified scientific studies demonstrating that there is no correlation whatsoever, but it is more exciting and dramatic. So people pay attention when they hear it, and confirmation bias allows them to ignore all that research. So how are we supposed to not fool ourselves? I mean, our brains are apparently wired to hold on to even the most unreasonable ideas, and we're swimming in more of those ideas than anyone ever has before. One potential answer is skepticism, a very old philosophy concerning what you should believe. Skeptics kind of have a reputation as being buzz kills, but when the buzz is anti-vax, they're nice to have around. When I say that skepticism is old, I could be talking about any number of philosophers from ancient China, India, or Greece, but I'm actually talking about this guy, Piro. Piro started off his life as a painter, then he became interested in philosophy, traveled the world with Alexander the Great writing poetry, studied with ascetic yogis in India and Magi in Persia, and got honorary citizenship to two countries that thought that he was an awesome guy. I don't always think clearly, but when I do, I prefer Piro of Greece. In his travels, Piro heard a bunch of really different answers for big philosophical questions like, why are we here? What's the purpose of life? Coke or Pepsi? The yogi said the purpose of life was inner peace. The Magi said that it was to do good deeds to get into heaven, and the Greeks said it was to achieve excellence. Piro recognized that there isn't a really great way of telling which of those answers is right, or if any of them are right. So, instead of choosing one and convincing himself that the other ones didn't make any sense, he decided instead that it would be better to suspend his judgment. He suggested that it was better to simply embrace the fact that we don't and can't know the answer to those questions, and just not worry about them. A state that he called epikei. If you asked Piro what the meaning of life was, he would just shrug and say, no, that might sound lazy, but it actually takes a lot of effort to maintain that sort of suspension of judgment. Remember, our brains are wired to believe stuff. Skepticism can insulate us from the barrage of random ideas that are trying to find their way into our confirmation bias engine. But what about the ones that are already there? How are we supposed to know if we are fooling ourselves? Piro never actually wrote any of his philosophy down, but this guy did. Sextus empiricus, a physician and a philosopher with a pretty good answer to that question. Sextus advocated empiricism, the idea that experience and evidence should be the primary sources of knowledge. This actually flew in the face of a lot of existing philosophy at the time, most notably the works of Plato who thought that you could figure out how the universe works just by sitting around and thinking hard and taking his word for things. We already know why that's a bad plan. Confirmation bias means that the first bad idea that we have is going to skew the rest of our thinking. In contrast, empiricism is one of the foundations of science and partially why science is such a robust system. You can't just publish a paper titled, hey guys, I really think that subatomic particles are made of jam. You have to publish some sort of experimental subatomic jam data for other people to look at and hopefully replicate. But you don't have to be a scientist to practice empiricism. You do it right now to some extent. If you wouldn't buy a Ferrari off of Craigslist without actually seeing the car and driving it around, then you're an empiricist, at least about Ferraris. It's really just about demanding objective proof of ideas before accepting them, and keeping an eye on the world around you to make sure that there's no evidence that conflicts with those ideas. That goes very well with pure and skepticism which says if you don't have any good reason to believe something, just don't. Skepticism and empiricism might be less dramatic than the exciting media blitz that we're used to, but they do help to combat confirmation bias and can keep us from fooling ourselves or others. Feynman would approve or play some bongos. If you've got any interesting suggestions for future show topics or thoughts on skepticism, empiricism, or my terrible accent, please leave a comment and keep thunking, my friends. Thank you very much for watching. Don't forget to blah, blah, subscribe, blah, share, and I'll see you next week.


Hello, my name is Carlos. I am an ITTT 120-hour TEFL course graduate and basically if you are someone who's looking to get certified and wants to get the foundations of the English teaching world This course is for you Something that I want to highlight about the course is that the material that you are giving throughout the course will be useful at the time of teaching English in a class and You will surely get back to the material because it's so encompassing and so useful that I Actually always get back to it before a lesson. So I Recommend you take the course and thank you for hearing me. Thanks so much for watching We are ITTT the leading provider for TEFL and TSOL training courses If you like this video, please subscribe by clicking the button down here and click on any of the videos here on the left For more interesting teaching tips for getting certified to teach English abroad and online


Good morning, good afternoon, and good evening. Thank you for tuning in and welcome to Mentor Talks. Mentor Talks is a Facebook live series for exchange program alumni and anyone interested in improving themselves and their communities. Every month we bring you mentors who share their stories and offer tips and advice. My name is Asha Bay, and I'm joining you from Washington, DC and the Office of Alumni Affairs at the U.S. Department of State. Our office opens the door to alumni networking, professional development, and grant opportunities. Today, we're excited to welcome two exchange alumni who are doing great things for their communities in the face of COVID-19. Dr. Collins Sananthu Dasami, a community solutions program and YCLE alumnus from Malaysia, and Dr. Yemen Hatet, a Hubert H. Humphrey alumnus from Myanmar. Both are part of the recently launched U.S. ASEAN Health Futures Alumni Network, which connects medical and public health alumni in ASEAN countries with U.S. experts. Dr.  The first one distributes aid to family in need, families in need. The second one tracks how breast cancer patients have been affected by COVID. Dr.  Before we get into conversation with Dr. Collins and Dr. Yemen, we want to hear from you, our online viewers. Send us your comments and questions right here on Facebook. Now let's turn to Dr. Yemen. Thank you so much for joining us today from Myanmar. Can you tell us more about your project? Yeah, sure. Yeah. Hello, everybody. Yeah, this is Dr. Yemen speaking from Rangun, Myanmar, and my pleasure to be part of the talk. And yeah, I would like to share a project which aims to improve care and mental health and social development during the time of COVID-19 crisis. Yeah, COVID-19 crisis has an impact on children, which cannot be neglected. And we all have to remember this, you know, in all countries around the world, and some children will have an impact for life long. And many of these children living in the poor countries will have the most impact. Yeah, so these children in the poorest neighborhoods, and they will have the most impact. Some of these children will have the life-long impact, and, you know, the most impact will be among the most vulnerable children. So I launched a project called improving mental health of these children during the COVID-19 crisis. Let me give you the brief of the project in a summarized way. So the project is called Wutao Yangji, and it started in 2017, and which aims to improve the lifespan of the vulnerable children living at the orphanage centers in Myanmar. And it's led by the local youth. And many of these children come from the complete area, and these children usually suffered a variety of, you know, the psychological aspects, and this lead to, you know, and the development in their life. So through this project, what we do there is we actively try to find the libraries and donate books and form these small groups, and they learn their life space, they discuss, they talk to their peers, and they share what they think, and they express themselves. So the important point is in the time of COVID-19 crisis, they need an opportunity to express themselves and, you know, to be able to share their thoughts and their self in a way that how they cope, and in a way that they talk to their peers. They are in discussion with their teachers, and they are in discussion with adults. And what we do there is, you know, they pick up the book, they read, they talk to their peers, they learn, and they share. And in that way, they are coping their mental stress, and they are expressing themselves in a way that they reflect who they are, and in a way that they build their confidence. And in a way, they become the person who are able to, you know, build self-esteem within themselves. So, and we really have seen input through that project, and a lot of them become able to strongly express who they are, and what they feel, and how they cope in the type of very difficult situations like COVID-19 crisis. And we were so proud that the project led by the youth, and then the project is very much participated by the chairmen, and the chairmen are getting benefit out of it. So, thank you. Sure, that's great. And I believe you mentioned that, for example, they read books about Nelson Mandela. And other, like, leaders that inspire them, and it helps, and it just helps them realize that there's a bigger world, and there's more going on. Yeah, exactly. You know, one of, they are engaged in the very much different topics, which includes, you know, about the leaders around the world, and also different social topics.   And that is very grateful to see what come up from their thoughts. And then, you know, they are really inspired by such great leaders, and I'm really proud of it. That's great. You should be proud. So thank you, Dr. Yemen. Dr. Collins, thank you for joining us from Malaysia. Can you tell us about how you're helping your community with emergency aid during this pandemic? Thanks a lot for having me here. I'm really happy to be here to be sharing two stories, actually, that I think would be very interesting for the general crowd. So these two sort of projects are not my initiative. I'm just very privileged to be involved in the whole process. It's very community based, ground up sort of solutions for problems that are very specific to local communities. And so the first sort of project that I would like to share with everyone is an aid distribution project that actually happened in Bangladesh. I had some experience in Bangladesh. My alma mater was there. I did medical school in Chittagong. And so in Chittagong, we had two groups of youth, one group that was based out of a rural sort of setting in the Chittagong Hilltracks, and another group of youth that actually established a school in a railway slum, which has about 120 students currently studying there. And so when the COVID sort of outbreak happened in Bangladesh, there was a lot of concern in terms of food security and safety within these two communities, which are low income communities, but very different. One on the one hand is, you know, in a rural area, and another is in an urban slum. So the approach that had to be sort of addressed was kind of different in both cases because we initially first started off with the rural area because transport was cut off and many of the farmers couldn't find ways to sell their produce. And so the youth in that area actually identified 84 families across 15 villages in this hill track area that needed help. And they actually worked to raise funds to collect money to purchase emergency aid that was actually distributed to 84 families. So the issue at that time was, you know, we didn't want to do more harm than good because at the time in a lot was not known about the virus. And so we wanted to develop sort of approach and a solution whereby we could feel safe that instead of us giving out aid and, you know, possibly transmitting the virus to these rural communities that have remained isolated so long. We wanted to make sure that in the process of doing the distribution, we don't, you know, sort of, you know, transmit the virus to these communities. And so the youth actually came up with their own sort of protocols, and I was very lucky to be involved in the process. And so I was giving my feedback and coming up with ideas of how we could sort of reduce the risk or mitigate the risk so that, you know, we wouldn't have any unwanted incidents. And everything went smoothly. So some of the solutions that they developed, for example, were, you know, going to the market and purchasing the rise in bulk and then bringing it to a sorting centre and then using a different set of volunteers to actually repackage these relief aid into individual packets and then having a different set of volunteers to go out to the community so that these volunteers actually weren't in direct connection with each other. And so maybe that would help to sort of, you know, reduce the risk of the transmission of the virus. And of course protocols like, you know, using a bleach solution to sanitize disinfect things. These are very sort of ground up solutions that came up from this community. In the second community, the one that was in the urban slum, they also did the same thing. And what we sort of did for that particular area was we used contactless delivery. So volunteers would go to the houses and they would traditionally it would be, you know, hand over and take a picture shake a hand or something like that. But now we would go to the houses and we would leave the bags of aid on the doorstep without actually coming in direct contact with the family. And we hope that that would help to reduce the risk as well. So all in all, over three tons of aid was distributed to these families in both these sort of areas. And it was very sort of heartwarming to see because the youth were actually leading this movement and they came up and they said, you know, we are the youth. We see the problem in this community and we want to do something for our community. And I was very, very sort of happy to be part of it and to see the energy that comes out of the US, which is really, really inspiring. The second project that I would like to talk a little bit about is what we are doing with cancer research Malaysia here. So during the MCO we understood that there may be some sort of shortcomings or difficulties that breast cancer patients in Malaysia may actually be facing. And so the objective we conducted a survey and the objective of the survey was actually just to see what were the how would breast cancer patients sort of coping with the virus and the lockdown which is called the movement control order in Malaysia where movement was restricted, businesses were shut and things like that. And so the PNP study, the patient navigation program is actually a program that was developed by cancer research Malaysia. And it works in four hospitals across Malaysia and four different states. And it's a navigation program where nurses walk together with breast cancer patients to ensure that the success rate goes up. So previously one out of seven patients would drop out of treatment at some point of time because the journey is quite long from diagnosis to treatment and follow up. And then all the sessions you have to keep all the appointments on top of that you know the financial impact on the family, emotional impact on the family as well. And so with the patient navigation program, we now have over 95% of patients completing the treatment course. And of course that contributes to a very good prognosis for the cancer patients. So the survey actually found that one out of four cancer patients, breast cancer patients in Malaysia are actually in crisis. And when we say in crisis, it means that they are experiencing financial crisis emotional crisis. And the study even found that, you know, households which earn less than 3000 ring it a month are three times more likely to be in crisis, as compared to a family that is a carer. So if a patient were to have a family member who was there to be able to help them and care for them. And they were actually five times less likely to be in crisis. So these are some interesting sort of facts that have come out of the study. I think more details is there's a lot to talk about in that on that particular sort of survey that was done during the MCO, the movement control order the lockdown in Malaysia. And the entire sort of report and the stories can be found on cancer research dot my slash stories. If you're really interested in if you want to read more about it, you can go into cancer research dot my slash stories. And you can look at the reports and some of the stories and some of the testimonials from patients who have actually gone through the whole process. That's great. And so have you been able to share that with the health alumni network. Yeah, so I think maybe I would have posted it on the health futures alumni network as well. I'm not too sure I got to go back and check. Okay, it's okay. So thank you so much Dr Collins and thank you Dr Yemen. It's been great to hear about the positive impact you're both making in your communities during the COVID-19 crisis viewers, along with posting your questions don't forget to share your stories in the comments. Hopefully you can connect with each other and maybe even collaborate on a project together. Thanks for your time. So let's get some questions. Our first one is, what's your advice for launching a project from taking it from idea to action, especially during a crisis. And how has your alumni network supported you. Dr Yemen, would you like to start. You know, they are great ideas that has to become actualized. But at the time of crisis or difficult situation is hard to do it. But I think, you know, we really have to go from the process. For me, I have noticed, you know, several problems on my chair in my community. One of them is, you know, these children are very low as things, especially they come from the very disadvantage social background. So I needed to do something. And then in the time of crisis, they need something, they need somebody who will talk to them, who will listen to them and who could, who could able to reassure their psychological and their mental well being, their emotional well being. So I just, you know, think of, okay, what can I do, I talk to teachers, I talk to, you know, the, the principal, I talk to, to the responsible person at the orphanage school, and then, okay, let's do what we can do. And then this is the first step, we can do a lot of great things. That is my advice. Great. And Dr Collins, how about you. What would your advice be. I think, you know, we are always looking to create sustainable solutions, the solutions that last for a long period of time and not just a one hit wonder or feel good thing. And I think that in a time of a crisis, this is really difficult because we don't have the time or the sort of the usual methodology to come and sit down and have a conversation to talk about and plan about how we're going to implement things. So that is definitely a challenge. But I think like in the case of these particular projects that I've seen a lot of the sort of work was done by the local resource so the grassroots. And I think it's very important that we build capacity within the grassroots community so that when sort of a pandemic like this sort of strikes. The community is able to mobilize very quickly and contribute to such a project. And I think that is the key towards sort of developing a solution, especially in terms of prices like this. But from medical side, I can say that one of the things that we are very, very concerned about in times of crisis is the question of whether we are actually doing good or harm. You know, when we go in, sometimes we have all the best intentions, but we end up actually causing more problems than good. And it's very important that we think about different aspects of what we're doing before we actually do it. So we have to make sure that we don't actually cause damage. And the best way to actually prevent something like that from happening is to consult with, you know, a lot of experts out there and a lot of resources that we can tap into our networks and get their advice, get your questions. What do you think about this? What do you think we should do? How do you think we can mitigate the risk? And especially local solutions for local problems, very specific. Something that's feasible, something that can be done. I think those are some key important points that we need to keep in mind when we're responding in an emergency situation such as this. Okay. And I'm just curious, what, can you give like an example of what like a problem that might be caused by going in like without fully considering all the different options? So for example, maybe not related to coronavirus, so maybe I can talk about in times of floods, for example. So when a flood has hit a community, we go in and we say, oh, you know, the community, they need these medications, they need water purifying tablets, for example. When we go in, we come in with buckets and we come in with water purification tablets. But when we don't teach the community properly because they've never used water purification tablets before. So we go out and distribute, okay, we distribute 10,000 water purification tablets, great job. But then the community trading is not there for that particular device or that particular tablet, you see. So in the end, they use the tablet in an incorrect way. And then that ends up causing more damage to the health than actually good. So that's just one kind of an example of how we need to sort of think about other things that we, you know, sometimes may miss. Okay. All right, so we have some more questions. We have Osmo from Facebook who's asking about self quarantining. What precautions should people take to protect at risk members of their communities after quarantining? One of you like to take this? Okay. Okay. Let me take that question. But I will respond, you know, from the perspective of the children.  One of the things is, you know, they might be separated from their parents because their parents might be in the quarantine. In the project that I am working, the parents are mostly orphanage. So they don't have parents. So although themselves are at risk, like sort of, you know, they live at the orphanage standards. They are something like already in the quarantine stage, sort of detached from their communities or, you know, from their society a bit. So the takeaway from me is, you know, it is very important that we really allow children to express their feelings, their thoughts, especially in the difficult times. Also, it applies the same. It is very important that we need to listen from the people who are under quarantine or from the people who are detached from society or who are marginalized. So in all these situations, and then let them be allowed to express themselves in a way that, you know, we understand, we connect, because we might be doing physical distancing, but we should be socially connected. We should be socially mutually more connected than the time ever. So that is my takeaway. That is my message. Okay. Sounds like good advice. And so let me go on to the next question. This one's from Naisha Vandesan who's watching the program now. Hello, Naisha. She thinks your study was very good, Dr. Collins, and she writes that much more such research needs to be done for those with non-communicable diseases. Do you have plans to continue your research with breast cancer patients and how they are being affected by COVID-19? Yeah, so definitely. Thank you so much for the comment. Yeah. Yes, definitely, non-communicable diseases and mental health will be the next thing that we really, really focus on, because right now with the pandemic, it's like a fire. And now they're fighting this big fire that's burning. But in the meantime, we must not forget that non-communicable disease patients are still there. And it's, you know, growing, it's a growing problem in Southeast Asia. And we must not forget about these patients. So the Cancer Research Malaysia, the patient navigation program that works together with the Ministry of Health, it's ongoing. It's a program that has been running for quite some time and will continue to run. And definitely, there will be a lot more focus given to it's not just breast cancer patients, but cancer patients in Malaysia as well. All different types of cancers. I think the focus really, really needs to continue for sustainable solutions, representing Asians, you know, in the cancer genomic sort of profile across the world and things like that. That's good advice. So let's go to our next question. In times of crisis such as these, it can be hard to stay motivated and energized. Where do you draw your inspiration from? Do you have any resources that you'd be willing to share for others to draw inspiration from? Let me take it. I think, you know, we really need to find our stuff. What can we do in the time of crisis, in the time of those difficult situations?  We do have to provide additional care. We do have to show some love. So I find it like, okay, what can I do in the time of crisis for them in addition to what I have been doing in the past? So I do think that, okay, this is the time they learn how to cope. They learn how to build their confidence in a way that, you know, not just COVID-19, it costs them a lot of anxiety, a lot of stress and a lot of difficulties, additionally important. And so they find some stuff, like in a way, they cope for a better life. They find life skills. And I would say that, you know, the motivation comes from you and also the motivation comes from your communities. The motivation comes when you start looking at what you can do for your communities. Yes, it reminds me of a quote from Kennedy about, ask not what you can do for yourself, but for your country. I'm mangling that quote a little bit, but basically it's about community service. Anyway, let's get on to the next question. Have you collaborated with fellow exchange alumni on projects, or are you looking to collaborate with them in the future? Yeah, so maybe I can share a little bit about that. So actually I was in the States during my 2018 program with the Community Solutions Program. And it was in, I was actually there in Nashville, I found not mistaken, when the earthquake hit in Lombok, Indonesia, there was a tsunami and there was an earthquake, and there was quite a lot of devastation in Lombok. And I was very sort of lucky to be introduced to a CSP alumni who was actually from Lombok and he actually had a project that was running there. And so at the time when I heard about him and his project and the impact of the earthquake and the tsunami in Lombok, I wanted to be able to help as much as I can. And so I reached out to the Magical Light Foundation, which is based out of Singapore. I'm serving as the country director for Bangladesh, and the founder Ben Chong, who is a great mentor to me. He was interested to respond to the emergency that had happened in Indonesia.  And maybe we can work together with him to do something. And so the team, the Magical Light team from Singapore actually went down to Lombok, and they actually worked with Ahmad Junaidi and they built I think if I'm not mistaken somewhere between 30 to 40 temporary schools, because what had happened was during the earthquake, the schools had collapsed, and children were not able to go to school and study. They needed some temporary safe shelters to have classes in. The Magical Light went in. I mean, I think the approach was great. It was them going into the community and asking them, you know, what do you need? How can we help you? The community said, oh, you know, we need tools, we need wheelbarrows, we need shovels, we need wood, we need things like that. And so Ben and the team were able to sort of supplement and help them, you know, get these resources that they needed. And with the community support, they were able to, you know, do this project, which I think was a great impact. That's great. Yeah, it sounds like it really helped the community a lot. Okay, so we have one last question. What are your plans for future health projects? What's next? Yeah, for me, we are in discussion with other country fellows and, you know, to work on collaborative projects around the finding the global solutions on some of the problems that we can contribute for the finding solutions. Like, you know, for the country program, we do have different backgrounds and different A's parties, you know, and then now we are in a conversation to work on a journal that, you know, that provides, you know, our A's parties to be able to share with other fellow colleagues and also to be able to share with our communities. And that would be, you know, very interesting conversation and to be continued very soon. Okay, great. Thank you. So it looks like we're just about out of time. Thank you very much Dr. Yemen and Dr. Collins for being here and for joining us during your spare time. And a big thank you to you or online viewers for participating today. If you're interested in learning about more opportunities for exchange alumni, you can visit our website at alumni.state.gov and follow us on Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn. Thanks for watching and see you all for our next mentor talks.