Well to start with the top five was a strategy that I had been using for about a decade That there's a tool so that there was a foundation upon which to have a discussion with the organization and at first it was Destroyer Squadron, so I was an 06 By the time I got to be the CNO. I frankly wasn't sure That the top five would work at that level with an organization that's got several hundred thousand people involved but We worked through it in a transition team Transition team was so incredibly helpful to me. So the number one priority was people Some people call it manpower. That's kind of a programming term to me. It was people Number two was current readiness Number three was future readiness all the investments in the future new ships new airplanes new submarines new combat systems that kind of thing number four was quality of service and This we could not talk about this without also linking it with priority number one winning the battle for people Alignment could be all about the organizational chart and who works for who and there was some of that that We had to work on that wasn't the real thing the most important thing was communications alignment and It gave me an opportunity to talk about these things that We needed to all be in sync about Serving the nation giving options to the president around the world around the clock anywhere anytime options for the president To take credible combat power to the four corners of the world and Because we could use the high seas we could do it without a permission slip So those were the top five Winning the battle for people current readiness future readiness power quality of service and Alignment the biggest issues. I thought facing us was first this people thing We had in my career I've been in the Navy 32 years we had made our reenlistment goals once once We we had to do something about that the most satisfying thing to me that first year was that we broke all the records for Retention in year one. We set a stretch goal not of 38% of 57% We didn't make it. We only made 56.7% and we did it having this conversation about service quality of service thing and serving and Our discussion Was straightforward and direct. Hey, we do hard things But in the Navy we do them as a team and we're here to serve the nation and try to make a difference for the nation And so by the time 9-11 happened we were already winning that in a big way Second and at least as important both of these are critically important When we put the transition team together We said we were going to invest big time in current readiness and I had been a sink Commander-in-chief of the Atlantic fleet Before I got to be the CNO What would happen is readiness would be up like this and then after the deployment It would go way down like this and then when it's time to deploy again They pull poor all the money in it and the readiness would go up like this Well, you know what that proved to us sailors don't want to be in the Navy like that and I said we were going to throw up all the resources We had at the current readiness problem because I didn't believe that we could do the things that we're called upon to do We had a contract with the citizens of the United States of America who invested hundreds of billions in our Navy And that bathtub made it so that a lot of our stuff wasn't ready to go in crisis And I had before on my duty on the joint staff I was the director for operations as a three-star and I had a good site picture of how Challenging the world was and I believe that our readiness posture was totally unsatisfactory And that's what I told the Secretary of Defense when he interviewed me. Well, so what happened here? The president new president came into office and gave us a billion eight and we had program part of the transition We were going to reprogram About close to ten billion dollars the number was actually nine something and and actually in that Day and age that was almost 10% of our budget We poured money into readiness like it was going out of style and so when 9-11 happened our force was more ready than it had been in ages I Remember then After that as Intentions were mounting we were going to go conduct operations in the Middle East. I remember one day. I Was in the tank never forget this and our Our standard requirement was to have one carrier group deployed in the Pacific and one in the Atlantic, right? We were also supposed to have another one ready to go within 96 hours on each coast The truth was we didn't have the resources to do it. We didn't have the ordinance We did not have the spare parts and I could go on and on but the point is the readiness posture that had existed with this bathtub of Readiness we couldn't mess it. We couldn't muster that second and that third and fourth carrier We and so what we started doing is that we would pause in the middle of the ocean in the Atlantic and swap ordinance and all kinds of things After 9-11 and it was in November December before we started conflict In Iraq, I'll never forget it the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff turned to me and he said Vern Can I have four carriers and I said? Yes, you can you can have eight if you want it we had eight battle groups totally in the green ready to go and We built a current readiness posture that was unlike anything we had had and I did I had experience in my entire career well, I believe that the coal was a Shocking wake-up call for everybody For us, you know, I'd only been the C&O for a couple months for us. It was this Gave us an immediate clear understanding of the nature of the new threat the asymmetric threat but also We had to ask ourselves hard questions about had we done enough them for the men and women that were serving on the USS Cole and I believe in addition to everybody having this Sudden awareness of the new threat that we were facing Not a threat. We're you know some task forces steaming over the horizon, but where they're looking to exploit any Situation that they can to their advantage It changed the way we did everything huge focus renewed focus on force protection From every single day every kind of an event event that is occurring wherever you are in the world Including at home and so now they're major major increases in The protection forces that have to be around even sitting in home port Everybody became Immediately much more attuned to a bigger and wider spread threat than we really had focused on before in addition to that it prepared us for the Con to it prepared us thinking about confronting enemies This isn't something that in the older days. I would tell you we thought about it when we're getting ready to deploy. We're you know, we're going Always we were going to places around the world where the tension level was a lot higher than it was at home Because the United States of America was an island nation and we really Accounted that as part of our part of our own defense everybody had to have You know had to really give serious consideration to the way we were thinking about them the challenge in the problem in addition to that It called on every sailor Every sailor to Think about their own personal commitment to the United States Navy into the United States of America So I'll never forget October the 12th Right after I took over as CNO in the year 2000 At five minutes till six in the morning my hotline rang. It's the commander of the fifth fleet and He tells me that the coals been attacked and I said, what do we know about it? He said that's why I'm calling you I have no communications with the ship. I do not know if the circumstances down there yet. They're in Aden, Yemen and I'm working to get that information but all the information I'm getting is coming from the embassy They're in Yemen Wow, this was a shock. So we didn't know how bad it was, but we knew they couldn't communicate Over the course of the next few days, you know, we began to understand exactly what had happened How did sailors react that I believe that all of us reacted With a sense of determination they killed 17 of our sailors and I'll never forget it at the end of the week I believe that the 12th was on a Tuesday. It was Thursday or Friday. We were having a memorial for them The and a number of the sailors had been flown back to the United States and a number of injured sailors We're also flown back and that morning the President of the United States and the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary the Navy and myself I Were part of the memorial service on the pier in Norfolk, Virginia I'll never forget it as long as I live Because before we went to that ceremony. We met each of the families And I'll tell you that was a sobering day for one guy named Vernon Clark and there we were the president went in first and wanted to be with the families privately and Pretty soon the national security advisor Sandy Berger came and said Vern you got to come in here right away There's a mother in here who's having a real hard time And I went in and there was the family collected together her two of her sons a couple of cousins and maybe it was grandma was there and she looked at me and she said where's my son because we hadn't brought him home yet and and She and I you know I just wrapped my arms around her and began to tell her how thankful that we were that she had Decided to share her son with the United States Navy and with the United States of America How sorry we were for the loss of life that he was greatly respected and His service was so important and his example was so important and I want to tell you I Had this incredible sense of loss for those families and I think all sailors really felt that that day and that Week and that month and that year and then of course 9-11 occurs and we have more things to focus on but the Navy went through that crisis before 9-11 and I want to tell you on that particular day I turned to the director of the Navy staff vice admiral Patricia Tracy and I said Pat find our people When when the USS Cole occurred finding our people was an issue. We didn't have communications Who was it? Who had we lost and all of those pieces? I want to tell you when 9-11 occurred She called me at 1 o'clock in the morning and said Admiral we've found them all we lost 42 We had learned that from the experience with USS Cole we had an obligation to families get the information to them as soon as possible and It further than sharpened Focus that we had on all Aspects of the top five that we had to be successful in all of these areas for us to have the kind of Navy That was as needed in the challenging days that we were living in so we had no headquarters We lost our command center, but we lost 80 plus percent of our spaces I'll never forget that morning I didn't have a place to have a meeting with them and the staff had arranged and the Marine Corps had agreed to Let us use their spaces Up at Navy annex where the Marines also had Part of their component headquarters was located up there. They were also in the Pentagon. They were in both places And so they offered their large conference room to us and I remember walking in that morning and I had to ask invited direct reports and some key people including SES civilians and Flag officers so it was all that abrol level people and when I went in that morning The first thing I did was just listen. I said, okay Let's go around the room. Tell me where you stand Let's focus on what we need what you have been working on since yesterday morning fundamentally it was 24 hours after the After they hit the hit the building And so we went around one at a time and I listened to each of them tell me what they had done Where what their posture was and so forth? and then I Began my comments and I said Okay, first of all What's the most important thing we have to do we have to come to grips with the fact that we are at war War has not been declared. I want to make sure every single person in this room understands. We are at war Number two We do not have a Navy headquarters in Washington, DC where it's supposed to be it's gone Your calling today is this each of you. There's no new building space waiting for us We won't be able to put our whole staff together Tomorrow is going to be different and for months. It's going to be different than it's ever been We won't be able to walk down the hallway to one of our cohorts and talk over a challenge or a problem or a solution That's not going to happen that way, but by tomorrow You need to have a headquarters. I don't know how you're going to do it, but I'm giving you full authority to act and Don't ask for for permission Just go build a headquarters Because we have four hundred thousand sailors out there They deserve a headquarters. This isn't for us. This is for them and Then we're going to be able to provide the support that they need and that our nation needs so that we can keep our Navy moving forward and so And you know we started and then I said now look We have identified the 42 people that have lost their lives and We are going to take better care of those families than anybody ever dreamed But I want to make sure we understand the vision of responsibilities The people in this room aren't going to do that job because you have another job to do and that is to lead The United States Navy in your areas of responsibility So my charge to you today is find the best men and women in our Organizations globally find the very best people we have that we believe will be the most expert at Helping every family through this season as we go through 42 families that have lost their loved ones That's their your responsibility to get the right people to do that That's not your responsibility to personally do that I have other things in mind for you and what I have in mind for you is to provide the kind of leadership that is required when we are and in an all-out war in Against terrorists who are trying to destroy our way of life and destroy our this institution called the United States Navy Now I do want to tell you something else that happened on the 12th at 6 p.m. The president came to the Pentagon. I Don't know if you remember but he was out of town that day in fact in Florida when the Towers were hit late in the day on the 12th president comes to the Pentagon He walks in it's a small room no hangar on I Believe that I'm trying to remember in my it there were eight people seated at the table or 10 That's how small it was and it was a very small conference room He walked in and sat down at the head of the table secretary Rumsfeld was sitting to his immediate right He turned to the secretary. There was no happy-to-glads. No. How are you union of that stuff? That's not what was going on that Afternoon he turned to Rumsfeld and said you have an update for me And Rumsfeld gave him an update and I could tell by the way the nature of the update that they had been talking Regularly and had talked within the last couple of hours because of the timing and the things that the secretary mentioned This is very brief and then the secretary Then the president turned to the secretary and he said finger out like this Don't you ever forget yesterday? And then to the next person Don't you ever forget yesterday morning? And one at a time to each of us at the table Don't you let the tyranny the urgent and the busyness of the day cause you to forget what happened yesterday and Went all the way around the room And when he finished he said I promise you I Will not forget there's one other thing I want to share with you about The communications with the president I Don't know if you remember but The attack occurs on the 11th and on September the 20th there was called a Session of joint session of Congress where both the Senate and the House come together and the president was addressing the nation and addressing the Congress and this was an incredible evening for us and Again, you know the sense of tension globally was Just incredible it was palpable you could feel it everywhere and everybody still has a remembrance of where they were on 9-11 on the 20th the president gave what I believe with the greatest speech he ever gave in his life and It was such a wonderful environment because there was such a sense of unity I mean you remember right after the attacks on the evening of the 11th of the 12th I I'm not sure now if it was the first day or the second day Members of Congress are standing on the steps of the Capitol singing God bless America I mean, you know, it was such a moving time on the 20th He's giving this speech before the speech The Joint Chiefs are always over there for the state of the Union address And we're always sitting on the front row or the front two rows all the way over on the left that night and The Supreme Court sits in the center and the cabinet is right behind them that night. There was only one member of the Supreme Court there We weren't all the way over on the left. We were right in the middle next to the Supreme Court Halfway through the speech the president There was a pause in his presentation and then he said I Have a message for our military and there we are each of us members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff sitting on the front row I have a message for our military Your time will come and You will make us proud Be ready. I told that story to sailors All over the world. The president gave us direction Be ready and we're more ready than we've been in years and years and we are going to answer the call Then I want to tell you this story about They asked me to come to the Arizona to do the commemoration for the 60th anniversary of the attack on Pearl Harbor Now I've been out there a number of times, but I hadn't been on the Arizona Memorial and It was an incredibly moving day and I remember this day like it was yesterday because of the things that happened out there that day First there was this occasion. There was that there's a Navy pier there that Navy only boats can come and go For whatever need but in this case going to the Arizona that morning and they were going to take us out there and then there was the commercial Platform it's not a big pier it's a platform where you could board the boat and there was a big crowd of people over there and You know, I kind of we were waiting for the boat And I kind of wondered what it was and I just it was only a few, you know I don't know maybe 50 or 75 feet apart and I decided to walk over there and introduce myself and I'm in full dress white and And but I walked over there and and I've met this family and and this group there was close to 20 of them and They were there because Grandpa was a survivor of Pearl Harbor and it was really clear that what they wanted to do Grandpa wanted to come back one more time. He was getting up in years and his One of the family members told me he said He wanted to come back one more time and we all know that he doesn't have too many years left And so we all decided to come with him It was such a Powerful example of how much that day meant to a survivor of a previous attack I gave the speech that day, but at that during that speech my closing thought with all of these Pearl Harbor survivors was this that I know every generation Wonders if the next generation has what it takes to defend America, right? As we get older we wonder if the next generation has it One of the greatest thrills of my whole time as the chief of naval operations was that I got to tell this story to them about the incredible greatness of the young men and women of the United States Navy who wore and did wear the cloth of the nation Rhett that whole uniform the cloth of the nation Representing their sense of commitment to and service and sacrifice to the to the United States of America To make a difference, but that day I got to tell them 60 years ago. It was your turn this generation of America knows that it's our turn now and We will fulfill the calling and purpose of the United States Navy Taking the sovereignty of the United States of America to the far corners of the earth to defend the principles of freedom and liberty It's our turn now and Again for four more years after that. I got to go around the world talking to sailors and saying It was their turn then It's our turn now and it's yours and it's yours and it's yours It's our turn now. I think that the very first operations really set the tone for the way this Campaign against global terrorism was going to be performed and I do believe also that there were an awful lot of people that use the Role of the United States Navy as an example of how it was going to have to unfold So how did it unfold? Well, it was going to be a lot of special force kind of activity working in Afghanistan and Afghanistan was an incredibly long ways away from the edge of the ocean Never in history had we conducted Flight operations and strike operations at a distance that was that far away? Oh, you'd make one sortie and a longer distance than that But I'm talking about the tasking we got from the president This was a challenge to respond to the direct orders of the president who made the decision to send small special force units into Afghanistan and Use our stealth advantage that we have with that kind of a kind of force But the president said They will never be in there without having a United States of America Combat airplane on top of them. That was the tasking there will always be somebody there Plus in order for them to execute their mission. They're going to have to have Air vehicles themselves that they can use and so the mission came for us to provide an aircraft carrier That would have the special forces helicopter Helicopters that could go execute a task at a great extended range and The call was to have combat power overhead all the time And so we took the USS Kitty Hawk from home base home base in Yakuza, Japan We cleared the decks except for The F-18s that were going to be part of the challenge We got our fueling from the United States Air Force from Incredibly extended ranges and I won't talk about sites and facilities. That doesn't matter and for the next number of months We conducted these Operations at ranges that we had never in our history Executed and I'll still remember some of the stories that I would get reports back from our fighter pilots that were Yeah, you know on top of these special forces doing these incredible covert missions all over Afghanistan that set the tone for how it was going to be done and I think what it meant to all of us in the Navy was this this is a different kind of a war I Don't think conventional wisdom. I think outside the box when we have to think outside the box But what is our call the commander-in-chief gave us this this to a call be Ready that was our call and we had great examples from the very beginning About how to answer that call and I believe it was a real inspiration to the whole Navy Well, my very first thought and when I got the report that the first airplane went into the towers. I Think I have heard other people say that they had a thought similar to mine. I really thought some poor Soul was in a small airplane and had some sort of a medical emergency and you know it happened and I usually had my Television on in my office I never had the sound on unless there was something going on and we turn the sound on but there was a Plat in the camera and the camera you've seen them where there are four squares There's four different things popping up and I could look at that, you know Just in passing and see kind of what was going on in the world and I didn't spend much time But it was always on the turn on That morning the sound was off because I was having a meeting and and so I didn't and also I had moved away from my desk and I was at the table. I didn't see any of this stuff happening When it went down, but the first plane went in and my executive assistant came in and told me and I thought it was Some tragedy some event with somebody had a problem small plane I didn't think anything about what it really was when the second one went in I knew instantaneously that this was different and I walked over to that big bank of phones I was telling you about and I hit the command center. I can hit the chairman's office I said and the EA answered the phone. I said, where's the chairman? He said he's out of town I didn't even say anything. I just hit the next button the vice chairman and he was not there and And and the EA answered the phone and I said, where is he said he's on Capitol Hill making calls And I said, so here's the question. Have you guys changed Defconn yet? I had been the director for operations I knew all of the various things that were supposed to start happening now At that point in time I picked up the phone. I Called Bob Natter Admiral Robert Natter The commander and chief of the United States Atlantic Fleet I said Bob, what do you got out there? He said I've got a carrier doing carrier calls and I said, do you have any air defense missile shooters? He said, I know I've got two of them that are supposed to be underway. I don't know if they are yet I said get them up off New York. Don't wait for direction go get some Ordinance on that carrier get some qualified fighter pilots on that carrier and get that baby moving north and you know what to do next I Mean it was the time to move out It wasn't the time to cogitate about you know how the world was going to unfold It was time to take action and I want to tell you our people were so fabulous in this moment So my feeling entirely was And I'm a person of faith and my prayer was Lord give me wisdom in this moment Haven't ever experienced anything exactly like this, but quicken our minds all all of us and you know and so this sense of United pursuit of the challenges that we're going to face and then of course You know it was just a few more minutes when we got here And I'll never forget it as long as I live the feeling of that percussion. I mean It was an amazing moment So it was a thrill of a lifetime because for One thing it was a time of such consequence. I mean every day really mattered every kind of capability that we could advance and pursue and then have in on the Grips of our hands to go apply for the nation that was the call and There was this was not about Meeting some task in the past all of this was staged to a future Where we were going to be around the world around the clock ready to go remember The way I said this we've got to give the president of the United States options and our option And the United States Navy is we don't have to go get permission from another country to go bring our stuff to their country to operate We have this thing called the freedom of the seas and we take our sovereignty with us and we must figure out how to maximize the Effective combat power that is possible to withdrawal from a force like the United States Navy and apply it at the point of attack and that was the It was so exciting to see that and I want to tell you I would get reports from What the fleet was doing on day one on day one the enterprise is on its way home I'll never forget. I'll never forget the message the flash message comes in and says from the enterprise group We are reversing course and heading back to the Middle East. Nobody I told them to do it It was just what we were talking about. This is our calling. This is our moment We have prepared for this all of our lives now. Let's make the nation proud And it was just a wonderful feeling to be leading a group of men and women who were committed to that destiny Well, I think that the most important thing I can say to a sailor serving today is this your service matters and The word service became one of my favorite words and I will tell you I believe when the consequences were the highest It'd be that word became even more important every day it became more important Because none of the things that the Navy can do or it that it's possible for the Navy to do is Is possible at all Without people who will make it come to life and make it work. So I want every person serving today and remember I'm one of those Generations past and so but I had was gifted with the opportunity To watch our young people respond when the chips were down and when the need was the greatest I got to see that firsthand and I want a sailor serving today to know that their service matters more than anything And I want to thank them for being willing to wear the uniform the cloth of the nation and to represent our nation where duty calls and I want to thank them for being the next generation that takes on the challenges of defending democracy and Committing for the United States of America to be the lighthouse of hope and the beacon of liberty around the world Well, I think the most important thing for sailors to understand is that there's no way for anybody to predict what tomorrow brings And so that means that we must be prepared for tomorrow and That means that we must pay the price in these moments of peace before the crisis hits before the Attack occurs we have to pay the price to make sure that we're ready to answer the call and that then requires an incredible amount of Determination and commitment I think that our The value code that we talked about in the United States Navy is a good one Courage honor and commitment examine those words the moral courage to step forward The commitment to honor and doing things right But the word commitment all by itself says so much to us and we can't know what tomorrow is like and Every dawning of a new day when the sun rises Every dawning of a new day gives us another opportunity to be ready for the unexpected and to ensure that we have paid the price So that we will in fact be ready when the time calls And I want to encourage every person serving to remember that every day What does tomorrow bring am I ready are we ready is our team ready is our squadron ready is our total force ready We're committed to making it so and Thank you for what you do the young men and women who are wearing the cloth of the nation Representing the United States Navy in the far corners of the earth Thank you very much


Here we have three Linux machines set up in virtual box a client a router and a server Let's learn a little bit about some Linux network in command starting with I have conflict my virtual network or my Network between those Linux machines inside virtual box is shown in this picture where the client and the router on some virtual LAN net a the router and server on a separate LAN net B and They've been set up and that IP addresses are allocated to different interfaces There's also a net interface on each of those Linux machines so that they have real internet access via virtual box and by my real PC so let's look at the client first and We'll use I have conflict to see information about my interface configuration So my network interface configuration when we run I have config on its own. It shows me the list of Interfaces which are enabled or or turned on or referred to by I have config is up up and running and It shows there are three ENP zero s3 ENP zero s8 and LO loopback interface if we just Change the font to be a little bit larger We can see that in a bit more depth And we can scroll through so For each interface I have config shows us some information about that interface And we'll look at one of those in depth in a moment We can pass in one of the interface names as an option. I Have conflict ENP zero s8. I know that exists and it shows me the details for that interface So what does it tell me? We'll go through some of this information. It tells me this is an ethernet interface It has a hardware address or a MAC address of this particular value and Since we're using virtual box that is actually assigned by virtual box in a real Computer that would be the the address assigned to your Mac or your LAN card We have an IPv4 address an internet address 192 168 1.11 and Associated broadcast address and network mask for that IPv4 address In my case, these were set up when the machine booted from a different location We can also manually set them using I have config and other processes Have an IPv6 address Although it's not a global address. It's a link local address and that's been allocated automatically We're not going to touch IPv6 at this stage. We will add a later stage a Bit of information about the status of the interface. It is up up means it's it's turned on its running It supports broadcast multicast and has a maximum transmission unit of 1500 bytes Some statistics about how many packets have been received and transmitted on this interface Collisions a queue length and the bytes received and transmitted So some basic information about your interface and some statistics can be obtained using I have config When we run I have config it shows all up interfaces In the man page I have config. It's got several options And we can read through one of them will use commonly as minus a so I Have config minus a shows us all interfaces those that are up and also down now in this case it is No different all of my interfaces are actually up But if there were some interfaces which were not up which were down Then they would be shown when we use I have config minus a So we can use I have config to show interface configuration We can also use it to change interface configuration For example, we can turn an interface Up or down just clear that I have config EMP 0s 8 is my one of my interfaces if I want to turn it down. I can type the option come up down Noting that if we want to make changes to the network configuration, we'd need to have administrator rights So I'll proceed that with Sudo and Ask for my password which I have and now I run I have config It lists EMP 0s 3 which is up my loop back interface which is up and it doesn't list EMP 0s 8 It's down if I add the minus a option all it does include EMP 0s 8 And it's not listed as up and running here. Whereas the first one was up here We don't list up so EMP S EMP 0s 8 is down. It's not turned on. We cannot use it We turn it back up As you may guess It's now up and running So we can turn an interface off if we don't need it And turn it back on if it wasn't originally off you can also Make changes to the addresses used by the interface. I'm currently using the address <IP_ADDRESS> We can change the interface configuration of EMP 0s 8 and We can set the address Let's say 1.12 and I should specify the net mask and it's good practice when you change the address to make sure the interface is up It's not needed, but I'll include it at the end to say let's If it was down before let's turn it up. If it was up before then it makes no difference And we know that we've now changed the IP address of that interface So we can change the configuration of the interface using IF config as well as view basic information We will see if we go to our router It's just another quick example I have config on the router Quite simply it shows us that we have three ethernet interfaces the NAT interface and Then it's because it's a router on network A and network B. It has EMP 0s 8 and EMP 0s 9 and different IP addresses and the loopback interface is for testing purposes normally for communicating with yourself to send yourself with the local loopback address of <IP_ADDRESS> So I have config is a quick way to view interface information and to make changes to the IP address for your interface


Today in African American Studies, I'd like to do a primary source investigation analyzing the concept of racism and the institution of slavery. Racism and slavery? Are they two sides of the same coin? Does one perceive the other? And does that even matter? Well, let's start this investigation by defining those two terms. Racism is the organized system of oppression of one so-called inferior racial group to the benefit of a superior group built into the institutional structure of society. Slavery as an institution is the ownership of one human being by another human being. In this primary source investigation, our central question is this. Is slavery a product of racism or is racism a product of slavery? And does that even matter? If we say that slavery and racism were both bad and that the legacies of those two institutions were negative for our modern society, then this question becomes an issue of reform, an issue of making society better and the approach that we take to making society better. If slavery preceded racism, then the divisions in our society and the problems of our society can be based in economics and class and maybe a class-based approach to or solution will be offered to that issue of division. If racism preceded slavery, then maybe the issue becomes a social issue and a social-based solution to the divisions in society will be taken. So let's take a look at the primary source document now using a parts as a way to analyze the document. The parts again was developed, this was a strategy developed by Dr. Cor Greer of the University of Maine at Machias. A part stands for A author who created the document, P place in time, where and when it was produced, P prior knowledge, so beyond information about author and context, what is the broader context of the time period? The second A is for audience for whom was the source created, R for reason why was the source created, T the main idea, what's the point being conveyed and finally S for significance. So what? Why does this document even matter? Here's the document. It is in a state inventory of James Stone in 1648. Take a few moments to look at this document. What's here? What is included in the list and why do you think it's there? What is an estate inventory? So the first A author, so an estate inventory generally taken if someone is being audited for what they have, the possessions that they have or upon someone's death, a list of things that they're leaving behind, a property that they're leaving behind to give to someone else, a relative or someone as an inheritance. So the author of this document is probably not James Stone. He's removed from it either because he's being audited or very likely because he's deceased. So it is legal counsel for Mr. James Stone or a relative or associate of Mr. James Stone is likely the author here. Place and time? We don't really know. The document doesn't say, but because there are servants involved, we can guess southern colonies but we really don't know, right? What we do know is that it takes place in the year 1648. We also know that this is the United States that we're talking about. Okay? How pee prior knowledge? Well from our U.S. history knowledge, we know that the first settlement, English settlement in the United States was at Jamestown in 1607. We also know that the first Africans arrived off the coast of Virginia in 1619. So again, keeping in mind that this was in 1648 that James Stone likely passed away. So he was alive during all of this. We also know that Africans were in every one of the colonies. Now not all of the 13 colonies had been formally established yet, but Africans were present in all of the colonies by this time. We also know that tobacco was a major cash crop in Virginia. It was also very labor intensive, so you needed a lot of servants to grow and harvest the tobacco. Okay? So that is just some background information that should help us further analyze this primary social document. Looking at the document again, what can we find out? Well one, we notice that this here's a list of people, list of names. And behind the names you see years, and it's years to serve. So Thomas grows four years to serve. And then you see this L-B-T-O-B-O. Because we know that tobacco was a major cash crop, and it was in abundance in Virginia and some of the other southern colonies and Chesapeake colonies, we know that L-B pounds, stands for pounds, and T-O-B-O stands for tobacco. So what this list is, is the list of names, people, the years they have left to serve, and how much they were worth. Tobacco was so abundant in the Chesapeake colonies and southern colonies that it was even used as a form of currency. So this is how much currency they were worth. So Thomas grows four years to serve, was worth 1,300 pounds of tobacco. And the list goes on from there, okay? So who are we writing this to? Who's our audience here? Again, if this is in a state inventory, assuming that James Stone had died, his relatives or associates of James Stone is the audience. They are either receiving this property, the servants that James Stone left behind, or they are going to sell it because they know now the worth of the property that James Stone left behind. So that's the audience. Our reason. Well reason, we want to determine the worth of James Stone's possessions through this estate inventory, either to, as I said before, sell these possessions, or to pass these possessions on to a relative or an associate. So this lets us know, gives us an accounting of what James Stone was worth. Another look at the document. So do we notice any differences here in the list, in people on the list? Well one thing that should stand out is that the numbers here are different. 1,300 for Thomas grows, four years to serve, 1,500 for Francis Bailey for six years to serve. So maybe their determination of worth is based on how many years left they have to serve. Three years, 1,300. Okay? Well, you see four years and three years are both 1,300. Who knows? Maybe John Thackstone was a little bit stronger than Thomas grows. Susan Davis, three years at 1,000, all right?  Emanuel A Negro Man, 2,000. Roger Stone, three years, 1,300. Mingo A Negro Man, 2,000. What do you notice? What's different about this list and how much they're worth? The main idea here is that Mr. James Stone was a wealthy man. To have this many servants means that he was pretty prosperous in what he did. Okay? So he owned several servants, some of the servants worth more pounds of tobacco than others. And we just looked at that and saw evidence of that. And lastly, what's the significance? So going back to our central question, is slavery a product of racism or is racism a product of slavery? To answer this question, I think we have to look at the document again closely and to see if we can find evidence of slavery in the document and then evidence of racism in the document. And after we do that, then see where that leads us in our analysis, in our primary source investigation. So again, evidence of slavery. So from the document, there's no direct evidence of slavery. Nowhere is it mentioned that any of these people are slaves. Indirectly, though, we can say that Emmanuel and Mingo, because they do not have years behind their name, and because they were worth a little more than the rest, that they are servants for life. And a servant for life is ownership of one human being of another, which goes back to our original definition of slavery. So indirectly, we do see evidence of slavery here. Now what about racism? This is a bit tougher, but maybe we can see evidence of racism in this document. What do you notice about the names? Well it seems clear that certain people have two names, a first name and a last name, and some people don't. Generally, when we think about things that only have first names and no last name, we might think of a pet or some other inanimate object or some other object.  And what does the last name do?  So perhaps that is racist. Perhaps it's racist that although they're servants for life, they're only worth just a tad bit more than the other servants who have a term limit to their years of service. So in conclusion, we see some evidence of slavery here, but it's indirect evidence. We also see some indirect evidence of racism in this document. So do we have an answer to our question? The chicken and the egg of the American slavery period in U.S. history? I don't think so. It's not as clear-cut as we like for it to be. I think both whether slavery or racism came first is we can't really get a clear sense of that from this document and I think we see evidence of both here. So thank you for your time.


What's up everyone? It's your girl Kenzie here from Layton Sports Cards and I'm ripping 21-22, top 28 for Champions League, Chrome, Soccer, Hobby, 4 box, break number 8, Random Teams. Here's a look at the random results. Again, the results are always on the website at all times, in the links also in chat for you to scroll up a bit. All right, thank you everybody. Let's see what we can get hit out of here. Good luck. We got another one of these running back. Same format, 4 boxes, Random Team Style right after this. 5 to go on the next one. Good luck. We got Aqua Wave of Giovanni Rainia for Adortment, a 118 of 199 for Rashidort. Fracture of Sanchez. Got Speckle of Greg Peque for Barcelona. We've got Aqua of Edison Cavani for Man U, 31 of 199. We've got some big autos here. Fracture of Manuel Norr, Fire Mutant. Got Speckle of Rhys James for Chelsea. We've got Rattich for Sevilla, 27 of 225. Love this parallel. Very sharp. Got Blue Auto Raphael Léo for AC Milan. Liao, 65 of 150. AC Milan with the first auto. Going to Chia El. Nice blue. Fracture Future Stars Kenneth Taylor for IS. Well, Erling Holland for Rashidort. Nice. Fracture of Luka Modric. Hell yeah. We've got Hazard Refractor. Refractor of Pepe for Porto. Everyone got the same break running back next. Same format. 42.99 a spot. Chasing Glory of Locatelli, the Aventus. Still 5 to go. Let's get that one filled up. Breaking next. Future Stars of Ferran Torres, Man City. Down to 2. 2 to go. Oh, Vinny Jr. And we've got the Purple and Gold Harvey Elliott for Liverpool. Nice hit there. Not numbered on that one. Parallel there. Refractor of Rookie of Aster, Ronsik Wolfsburg. Last pack. Box 1. Refractor Jude Bellingham Future Stars. See some big names here. Box 2. About a numbered Messy. Numbred Ronaldo. That would be sick. Chasing Glory of DePay. Future Stars Ferran Torres. Yeah, that blue looks really nice. I always love blue on the chrome. It's Brendan Aaronson for Salzburg on the Lava. Magworthy Forest for Homage. Refractor of Jalphelix Madrid. Purple Rookie of Marco de Graça for Aventus. 145 of 250. Refractor for Portugal of Ugarte. Speckle Rookie of Tyler Morton for Liverpool. Agba got Mini Diamond Purple Rookie of Martin Satrino. Satriano for Milano. 152 of 250. And get it yet. Refractor of Theo Hernandez, AC Milan. Yeah, didn't you pre-order that for us? Future Stars Jude Bellingham Refractor. Yes, you do, Daniel. Yes, you do. Refractor Rookie Auto of Hannibal for Man U. Man U is Jared M. There you go, Jared. Nice Rookie Refractor Auto there. Refractor Alfonso Davies. Full of Musiala. Man U. Or sorry, Byron Munich, not Man U. We've got Pink Mini Diamond of Locatelli for Aventus. 145 of 175. Griezmann. Refractor kind of Taylor Future Stars. Galazzo on Sufatti. We'll see how, uh, Refractor of Tony Cruz, Madrid. Last fact, box two. We've got, how about a Refractor Messy to end that box? There you go. Nice one there, PSG. Messy Refractor. Not numbered. That's what I was thinking, Mark. All right, box three. Box three. Again, just a couple spots remaining for daytime breaks. We've got all the remaining teams for Mosaic on sale. All remaining teams for Mosaic on sale. So, two left in the next one. Sold out. Sold out. So, just spots for Mosaic remaining. We've got Mini Diamond Rookie Person for Club Bruges. 261 of 275. More group breaks going tonight with four starting at five. Baseball, basketball, and football breaks. Array M.B. for Byron Munich Refractor. Rookie. Seven teams left on the first basketball break. We've got Moriba Refractor, sorry, Speckle Rookie, Leipzig. Ramos, Chasing Glory of Martinez for Milano. We're in our future star, Sandro Tonali, for AC Milan. My name, we've got Purple and Gold of Theo Hernandez, AC Milan. Not numbered on that. We've got Bastoni for Milano on the Refractor. Name are Purple Mini Diamond Rookie Miguel Gutierrez for Real Madrid, 213 of 250. Gutierrez. Okay, Havertz. We've got Lecroy on the Speckle for Wolfsburg. Galazzo of Zabosli, Leipzig, Zabosli on sale. Another usage of Van Dyke Refractor, Liverpool. So, we've got Hennebaal on the Refractor Rookie 90 out of 225 to go with the autograph there we pulled earlier. Rucoco, Future Stars Refractor. Paul Palmer. Harvey Elliot, Future Stars. Refractor Rookie of Braggansa for Portugal. Griezmann. We've got Otto of Lucas Hernandez for Byron Munich. Lucas Hernandez on the Refractor Otto. That one's going to Morgan L with Byron Munich. Refractor of Cunde, Sevilla. Last pack, Glock 3. And Refractor of... No, for Dortmund. All right, box number four. Box number four. Again, next break is sold out. And then we've got one baseball break after that. And then we're going to get into basketball. Again, Dylan said seven teams remaining on that. All the teams remaining for Mosaic basketball are on sale. Refractor of Quadro Juventus. Yeah, Green Wave Rookie of Vanderbrempt for Club Bruges, 11 of 99 on that one. Lehovic Juventus. Speckle of Danny Olmo, Leipzig. This is something crazy. We've got a mini diamond of Weckhorst for Wolfsburg, 142 of 175. Weckhorst. Got Rookie Otto, Liam DeLap for Man City. Rookie Refractor Otto. Man City. Man City is Kelman to Eye. Refractor Luis Suarez, Madrid. Luca Modric on the Speckle for Real Madrid. Messi base. We've got Timber for Ajax, 120 of 250 on the purple mini diamond. Future Stars of Kattelari, Club Bruges. Second half here. Come on. Future Stars Cunde. Golazo of Phil Foda, Man City. Rodrigo, Sadio Mane Refractor, Liverpool. Ronaldo base. Got Rookie Chasing Glory Refractor of Sydney Raiberser. Nice one there, Leipzig. Bape base. Cole Palmer, Future Stars Rookie Refractor, Man City. Nice amount. Golazo of Drogba. And Blue Lava of Muhammad Saleh for Liverpool. Nice one there. Packs left. Got Ben Chihuahua, Chelsea. Last pack here. We'll do a quick recap. And ending with a Refractor and Donorama for PSG.  I'm going to do a recap of some lower numbered. We had the Green Wave Rookie of Vanderbremt for Club Bruges. Rookie Refractor Otto, Liam Dillat for Man City. Lucas Hernandez Refractor Otto, Otto Bayermunek. The Rookie Refractor Otto Hannibal for Man U. And then the Blue Raphael Lael for AC Milan. That one is 65 out of 150. Now we'll do it for the first box, first break here. We've got another one of these running right back. Thank you, everybody.


So, today is a very exciting day in vegan history. No, actually, oh my god. Would it be wrong to try vegan KFC because it's still KFC? No, I'm going to go try it and I'm going to go promote it. Do you think the chickens... Do people think the chickens are upset that there's a vegan burger on it at KFC? How would the chickens feel? If vegans boycotted that burger and they took it off the menu and then there wasn't a vegan option at KFC, they've got one of the biggest reach out of any corporation on earth. That would be smart advocacy, wouldn't it? That would be clever. No, I'm going there and I'm eating it. And I'm promoting it because it's a vegan option and it doesn't matter who sells it. It's vegan. It's vegan. Birds weren't tortured and killed for it, okay? If you want to say, well, the company tortures and kills birds. Well, you know, the Sainsbury's in the supermarket where you buy your milk from.  If we don't buy that vegan burger, they take it off the menu. Simple as that. Chickens lose, animals lose. Alright, so here we are, KFC Gloucester Road in London. Kentucky Fried Cruelty. We've heard they've got a vegan option on. We're going to go buy a few and hand them out to the public and see what they think. I was just wondering, is there vegan burger here? No. No patties at all? No wraps or anything? No, people come on second July. Have lots of people been coming and asking for it? Yeah. Oh my God. So much customers with here. Okay. And we've been waiting too long. No, waiting too long. They need more facilities. So basically what it is, they're doing vegan options. They only did a certain amount of cash. Yeah. So now they're just trying to increase that again because we were so popular. I was so busy, everyone was trying to fry it. Wow. We had to stop it and then restart. Oh my God. Do you fry it in separate oil? No. We don't fry it at all. You don't fry it at all, it's just baked. Oh wow. So basically we just have to increase our capacity. Wow. Can't believe that. Yeah, so they're completely sold out to the second of July. And they actually need more bigger facilities in here so they can deal with the demand because apparently we're just packed out in here, which is crazy. So that's amazing. That's really good. It's really good that people are wanting more compassionate options but it's not really good for the video because we need vegan burgers to hand out to the public. So... Are you guys waiting for the imposter burger? Are you all vegan? Or just, you are. Just to be temporary. Ah, you're trying it out. They reckon that they had that many people in here that they couldn't keep up with the demand so they're going to get a bigger facility to meet the demand. Yeah, they were huge queues. It's going to be more money for Greg's. Greg's. Another Greg's sausage roll scenario. So what are we supposed to do? What Greg's are we going to go to? If all the vegan sausage rolls are sold out they can't make enough vegan sausage rolls for the vegan population here in England. That's how much we are kicking goals. Do you think there's better options though for people that don't want to eat the chickens and the... Yeah, so we tried the Beyond the Beef burger a few weeks ago, that was great. That's crazy. I was hoping to try this one, it's good but yeah, so far I don't know. It's been kind of convenient. You know Iceland? Iceland actually got them. They're called no-ball burgers. They're pretty good, they're about... That's a great name. Yeah, they're like a third of the price so a no-ball burger is pretty good. I would recommend us to eat them. And she wouldn't eat them because they are too similar. Yeah, she was like... girlfriend's vegan? Oh wow, it made a growing movement. Especially here in the UK, it's gone crazy, isn't it? Yeah. Peace.


Breast milk is the ideal food for all the babies. It has nutritionally everything. It provides the baby good immunity, therefore protect the baby from childhood illnesses. It makes the baby smarter. It has certain factors which help the baby's brain grow. It has equal advantages to mother. These mothers are at low risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer. These mothers have low risk of postpartum depression. They have low risk of postpartum haemorrhage. They have stronger bones later in life and lower risk of end efficiency anemia. Yes breastfeeding makes you lose weight. You burn 500 calories a day when you are breastfeeding and this is the best way this is the ideal way to lose weight without exercise. So you can enjoy yourself. You can come back to your pre-pregnancy way within 69 months post-delivery if you are breastfeeding your baby. If you're pumping out milk you can give it within four hours if you're storing it at room temperature. If you're using a refrigerator around four to six degrees you can use it up to four days but you will need to thaw it before giving and if you're using a freezer you can go up to a month. You cannot reheat breast milk but by thawing you can either thaw it in the refrigerator or you can thaw it in a warm water bath meaning you put the milk in its with its container in a warm bath check the temperature of the milk before you feed. Common causes why breast milk is insufficient is usually stress in the mother. So if you the most important thing to understand is breast milk is natural and hence if you're not stressed it will come naturally. If it is not coming then we have doctors and lactation consultants who will help you by guiding you what medications you can take what natural foods will help you. Commonly ginger, garlic and there are some medications available but I think the most important is a relaxed environment. There is no one particular food that increases breast milk or well balanced diet should be consumed by the lactating mothers but there are certain food items provided to the lactating moms for generations. These items are human seeds fennel seeds, garlic, dry fruits and green leafy vegetables. These items can be consumed in moderation but we don't have studies to prove that they increase the breast milk. Yes you can donate breast milk provided there is surplus milk. By surplus milk I mean that your baby should be well fed and should be growing and if there is still extra milk then it can be donated to the back. Before you become a donor you will undergo medical examination and certain tests to rule out any infection or chronic illness. The breast milk will also be examined and if everything is all right you can become a donor. Smoking and alcohol intake regularly can cause impaired cognition in the baby in a later life and better avoidance. You want to grow very quickly and they tell you empty very fast and they need to be fed frequently and regularly to it even if it takes to wake them up. A whole lot of benefits she tends to born well with the baby she loses the fight gained due to pregnancy very rapidly her uterus shrinks rapidly her risk of getting breast and ovarian cancer is very low in her later years because of breastfeeding and those women who have gestational diabetes malitis tend to progress very slowly to type 2 diabetes in their later years. Well all the respiratory infections of the mother whether can wear a mask and feed the baby safely. The only absolute contradiction is HIV. Hepatitis B virus is a relative contraindication because interpret this B virus infection to the mother. The baby is actively and passively immunized with immunoglobulins and so it's a relative contraindication she can mothers who are hepatitis B positive can safely improve the babies. There are very few conditions where a mother should strictly avoid breastfeeding her baby. Firstly if the mother is consuming certain drugs which are known to cause harm to the baby like anti-cancer drugs or immunosuppressants. Secondly if the baby is suffering from a disorder like inborn errors of petabolism but the baby is unable to digest breast milk is when it should be avoided. The breast milk overflows basically because of overproduction. This overproduction can be if the women inherently has a tendency to produce more milk. Secondly it could be because the woman is consuming certain drugs which can enhance the production. Lactating mothers should concentrate to exclusively breastfeed and avoid bodily feeds of their newborns. The feeding should always happen in a sitting at position avoid lying down position and feeding the baby. Avoid taking any medications without prior consultation of the obstetrician or the pediatrician. The humid breast milk immediately contains water followed by mixing composition with carbohydrates then fats and proteins. They contain many bioactive ingredients which are very important to protect the baby from infection and inflammation for the mutilation of the immune system of the newborn and to encourage colonization with a good bacteria in the newborn. Yeah this is also called as wet nursing or cross feeding when some other mother feeds the baby. So definitely you can do it. Provided the mother who is giving the breast milk is screened for all the infectious diseases like HIV, AIDS, AGMCV and always it is better to give the pumped breast milk in a safe container then feed the baby instead of directly putting the baby on the breast because it prevents the oral thrush. Definitely you can continue but before continuing always consult your healthcare worker. There are few contractifications where you cannot continue like meeting or when you are carrying multiple pregnancies or when you have abdominal pain. So there are some special special conditions for better to consult your doctor and then you can continue. Maintaining a good posture while feeding having a proper breast support especially while exercising and targeting a good healthy weight in the post pregnancy phase though not going for drastic weight reduction will help in a long way. Also one should be in the baby slowly and not drastically at one point one go. There are times and women have to store their breast milk for the reason of going to work or you know the baby being in an ICU and the milk has to be reached to the baby so they need to pump the milk out either with a breast pump or manually. So best way to put it is in a stainless steel container sometimes even a perfect jar can work but preferably a clean stainless steel container. Typically the breast milk can be kept at room temperature for four to six hours and if you need it needed to be used after later time you can keep it in the fridge for 12 to 24 hours as well. Once you want you to feed the baby and you can take the milk out of the fridge and you can keep it close to your body for about half an hour and let the milk temperature come down to the room temperature or the body temperature and if you're in a hurry you can put it in a bowl full of warm water and put the stainless steel container in it so that the milk comes down to room temperature sooner.  Paracetamol, some vitamin supplements, tetrazine and maybe Domstil can be safely taken during breast milk. For all other medications please check with your doctor. There is no good breastfeeding schedule per se but in the first few weeks of breastfeeding it should be usually on demand that is whenever your baby is hungry the baby should be fed. For the first one month usually it is about one, two, three hours and as the newborns get older dinners less often and may have more predictable schedule. Some may take even now once in 19 minutes some babies may take once in two to three hours but most of the time we should ensure that the newborns are not left unfit for more than four hours even if it is overnight. The newborn babies should be breastfed at least eight to twelve hours for the first month but once your baby is about one to two months old seven to nine times of breastfeeding per day should be sufficient enough. If it or not the milk starts producing in the bombs by about the second trimester usually about with pregnancies 16 to 22 weeks onwards. The first milk that gets produced is called Cholestrum which is really very high in carbohydrates, proteins and a lot of antibodies also develop to fight many diseases. Some moms to be usually have breast milk production even in the second and third trimester of the pregnancy and sometimes they tend to stain their bras which is yellow or orange stain and also have some small leak from the nipple and once the baby is born your body is spread up for breast milk production and the first feed that the baby takes in is called Cholestrum as I said and it's a harm-eval process.