So, good. So, what we're going to take today from the slumber to site is. How are we taking in the context of data curation to enrich our corporate data assets in available in the always the data platform. And in fact, this is an exercise that is a result of a word that we have with a customer in Southeast Asia that presented their vision and the business value of the. Work on the OSD, you and you see outbreak on last September on 2021. So they were highlighting the benefits of what we have seen during today's session, the flexibility of the OSD data platform, the schema landing the data as well as on the transformation of that data to reach the standard OSD authority schemas. And the whole enriching capabilities offer in this in this. So, just as a reminder, last year, we will launch, during the mercury release our enterprise data management solution and that it comes to be constituted by 2 big pieces in manage OSD service, which is taken they always do from the community and put in our premium services on top of that. Services that are native to the architecture of OSD you and a data workspace with nothing, but a data management tool that allows us to do a seamless data loading into the OSD data platform plus being able to search, browse and visualize that. What we have been working from there is in the context of data quality and data. And just to put us in context, so 1 of the things that that I'm just going to play this pretty quick in the context of completeness, we see a lot of our customers struggling with the fact that despite the fact that we are bringing data from multiple sources to accommodate these golden record. We still have issues with a completely so we are bringing the data in the original formats transforming it into the standard OSD authority schemas and creating these new composite best data sets or records as we saw it during today. So, multiple companies, including our cell has been dealing with this challenge of creating, not just the master, but the fact that we have to do these deterministic as well as a non deterministic approach to bring data for multiple sources and amalgamated into a single master record or work in record. And if you see on the illustration, we have done and we, we have successes, not just all, but from other companies in bringing the completeness level into the highest level, but still some challenges. So this customer proposes the idea to bring data from on structure data from reports because they say, we know for a fact that we have all these missing information in those our reports and what we are doing is manually completing them. So, can we use some non deterministic automated approach to be able to squeeze these insights from the document and put it in a flavor of structure data. So, in a nutshell, we're trying to do exactly the same thing that we that in the previous illustration, but rather than having structure sources being able to extract or create new record. Out of this document, they can advantage of AI, sorry, enable workflows and instruction to move those them into the OSDU data platform and then leverage the power of the platform, being able to transform those to normalize records into the OSDU schemas, and then passing that to create the master. So, in the context of on structure data, and this is something that we also presented last year, we have been squeezing these documents on so many ways. We have not only leveraged in house technology created by our innovation centers across the world, but also the best of the best of partners that are present in this on this call being able to not only visually detect elements from documents, but being able to extract it like with the tables traction as we did last year in our demonstration, but also now moving forward to even digitize a lot records for images or digital records from those documents into into the OSDU databases are proof of the evolution of these data management. And we are going to talk today about one of them, which is the raw record from on structure data. This isn't a screen of the workflows that we have available last year where you could see, and not only the browsing capability of the platform, the on structure data coming from the OSDU platform, but also the ability to be able to see taxonomy based classification that could be customized to the customer requirements or governance concept tax. Based on some science provided by some of our partners in the business and being able to identify what is there in the document based on the context of the document or based on the context. In this context, we have progress a lot of all the different modules and engines to be able to expose them that information. But how can we use this in a canvas to be able to execute what the customer wants is able to transform these into valuable insights that is going to complete better their assets in OSDU data platform. So, one of the things that we analyze and the challenge is whenever we are reviewing this document, not necessarily the data is coming on a single page. It's coming not only on multiple pages that are in a single sequence, they are scattered all of so we have to be able to analyze what is the relevance whenever we find or found these attribute value pairs that is going to be useful to recreate these are record in the in the OSDU data platform. There is different formats, tables, forms, schematics, there is different nomenclature. So we need to squeeze also natural language processing to be able to accommodate the understanding of what is say, what is mentioned in these documents. So we took a very basic approach on this one. So being able to have the obviously the test expression leveraging the power of OCR technology. And then 3 or 4 big blocks, 1 is to be able to do the relevant page identification and being able to understand where are those attributes value pairs and convert them into a standard format that could then being aggregated to generate the single record that could participate on the, what I call amalgamation of multiple sources. To create these golden. So, as I mentioned, we have the data workspace, but what we did also was to combine the power of our data workspace with other two important workspaces that we have in our offering the analytics workspace to do the analysis. All data sets being able to do dashboarding and analysis of all the data as a whole and contextualizing the chapters that we may want. And also to bring the AI workplace, which is a very important in these elements to be to do what we call the democratization of creation of AI model for everybody to take advantage of that and being able to automate the evergreen inside generation. Taking advantage of in our AI workspace, which is powered by data, so we could easily plug to the always do data platform being able to do our orchestration of the data being able to create our models in a such the data in a way that we could get that inside. And then the results are back into the OSDU in a in a schema that can be standard schemas that we are using for authority, or it could be created on a standard, a customized schema generation that could be mapped them by our well-known schema mapping services into the OSDU authority schema. The good thing is that you could bring your own algorithms or you could take advantage of their party algorithm, open sources, modules, as well as a third party vendors, algorithms into the same canvas. Not only that, you could just work into that canvas to do the full process, but you could also create a composable microservice that then could be consumed by an app. What I'm going to do right now is to show you very quick a flavor of these approach going to be a starting with the dashboard in part. So, in here, I took a decision to do an analysis of an area of our New Zealand data set, and I took a couple of wells to be able to do the analysis. So, some of them, based on the rules that I have set have been to see it properly. And some others have challenges with QC. So, this is very basic. This is, in our case, or in this case, powered by TPUS spot fire, but we could bring here Microsoft Power BI, or any dashboard in a capability. But we are doing right now is jumping into the AI, I have my project that does this, blending of data, and we are going to jump into that particular. So, in here, you could see in the illustration what we are talking about getting the inputs, getting the PDF, generating the artifacts, understanding about the relevant pages, and then get the extraction of the well headed record. So, in here, just showcasing while the process is running, what are the documents that the, the system of access. So, this is reading directly from the OSU data platform, getting identified. What are those relevant pages based on the algorithm to be able to extract those attribute value pairs. And there is a navigation where you could pick what are the documents and in fact, there is a module that we are working to say, oh, we wanted to add a single page that I haven't identified or remove some of the pages to avoid the clunkiness of the system. And last, but not least, being able to see the actual record generated. So, in a nutshell, this is pretty quick, pretty awesome, leveraging the power in the context of the OSU data platform. But that's not all. So what we were also be able to do is, because of the sensibility that we provide in our data workspace, now we could contextualize what is the data that is going to be QC, what is the data that we are going to create directly. So, we could select a group of wells, or we could select a single well. So, in this case, what I did is just took advantage of the power apps and I created a little app hook studio OSU data platform and being able to read the data and hook to that. ML algorithm that I created, created a composable microphone and and I'd embedded into my data workspace. So the only thing that I do it and I intentionally did it. So to leave the, the context that I'm passing to the power apps in this case, to be able to read the information and put it in a context of a single environment. So we have done this, not just with power app, but with a bunch of our partners presence in the call. One of them, I and T leveraging the power of I've got to be able to contextualize what they are looking and take advantage also of the workflows that they provide, like the one that we saw today. So, in this context. So, this is how we show how to unlock the power of your OSU data platform. So we have provided the first fully unified enterprise data management solution, which have always been a platform at the heart, adaptable to connect and reach any existing and future data source, natively built on top of OSU. The other point in here is that we leverage. We don't do things by ourselves. We define how, based on the customer requirement, who are we going to partner to be able to deliver the best of the best to our customers. And now we have demonstrated as well as everybody doing this morning. How do we are generating new data driven and automated workloads that leverage the power of AI and fully unlock the power of our OSU data platform. I wanted to close with an invitation to our slumber jet digital global forum, which is the subject is connecting for the future. So, I really welcome you guys to register. There's no closure for anybody is an open Congress and event forum for all of us to show you what we have, but also what we have been able to do with all our partners. Thank you very much.


So as president, how would you use your executive power to streamline the process for those who have been in prison far too long and did not deserve to be there in the first place? Well, I think the president made an important step forward. And by the way, the president also did something of great symbolic importance when he visited a federal penitentiary in Oklahoma. So I think what we have to do is to take a hard look case by case of those people who have been arrested in sentence. And if we believe injustice was done, if we believe the sentence is too long, we've got to find as soon as we can, cutting through the red tape, getting those people out of jail. Which raises, by the way, a broader issue. And that is the very high rate of recidivism that we have in this country.  We did a conference, Nina Turner was with me in Iowa, Nina, remember? And we talked to two guys who had spent time in jail. This is what the guy said. He said, I was told the day before I was released that I was going to get out. On the day I was released, they gave me a check for $75. And they said, good luck to you. Well, guess what? He ended up back in jail.  If people are behaving well in jail, they deserve shorter sentences. But most importantly, when people get out, they have got to have the job training and the education they need so they don't go back into the same environment that got them into jail in the first place.


Welcome to this lecture today on nanotechnology. I'd like to thank the Institute of Physics for inviting me to talk to you today about something which is very close to my heart, which is my research. I'm a quantum physicist. I don't have a British accent, I'm actually Australian. And I'm working at the University of York in the very, very exciting area of nanotechnology. And I don't know if you realize it today, but do they tell you that you're all enrolled in my nanotechnology course today? No? Well, what we're going to try to do is I'm going to try to give you a little bit of the understanding of what goes behind the nanotechnologies, a little bit about the very exciting world of quantum physics, and then we're going to try to build some nanotechnology right here in the Faraday Lecture Theatre. Sound good? Woohoo! OK. Let's... We can only try. Let's see how far we go.  I need to set the scene for this.   I'm serious about this. Next to you would be fine. And have a look at this hair. I seriously have a look at this hair, OK? Because all the technology that I'm going to be talking to you about, all of the technology on the nanoscale is within the width of a single hair. Now, how do we do the engineering of these technologies on such a small scale? And that's what this talk's going to be about.  N is for nanotechnology. The study of things less than one one thousandth the width of a human hair. These are the building blocks of nature and they can be rearranged to build some amazing things like a light bulb that never burns out or a car that can think or a cell phone so small an ant could use it or a shirt that can give you directions or a tiny computer that can hold every book ever written or maybe some things we haven't even thought of yet. All in less than the width of a human hair. N is for nanotechnology and it's brought to you by HP, a leader in this science of almost limitless possibilities. Brought to you by the Department of Physics at the University of York and the IOP. But that's just to give you a flavour of what this nanotechnology is all about. It's about quantum physics because when we get down to the scale of the atoms which is where we're really trying to do the engineering for nanotechnology we need to apply the quantum physics in order to come up with all these fantastic new devices that you have. But this is where we actually started. Can you believe it? This was the world's first computer. It was called the ENIAC and you can see its dimensions there. It's absolutely enormous taking up wall space and it was used for very simple arithmetic calculations and we've come a long way since then to this. I mean who doesn't love technology? And technology is getting smaller and smaller. This apparently is the world's smallest optical mouse. You can see the size of it relative to the human hand. This is actually a concept phone which I will show you a little bit about in a video a little bit later. And it's a phone which I'm actually involved in helping to research and to design. This is a Nokia phone. This is an iPod. Who's got an iPod? Who's got iPhones? The hands up. Who loves them? I mean I absolutely love technology. Really this video that we saw where you can get the mobile phone so small that an ant could use it. That's what I want to design basically. So this phone that I was telling about I want to play for you another video which will explain to you just how wonderful this new technology is. And I will talk over it so I can give you some explanation of it as well. Basically this device is extremely thin. And this is the future in terms of our technology. She's able to open it up. You can literally see through this device. It is amazing. So think of your iPad but think of something a million times better than that. She's wearing it on her wrist. So you can open it up and you can fold it. And this is a very new type of technology. It's called flexible electronics. Touch screens. The device is incredible. Multimedia does everything. And this is what I was telling you about. This is the new technology. The so-called stretchable electronics. And you'll see that there was a bit of material system which was bending. And this is called a graphene which is a single atomic layer of carbon atoms. And you can be very proud in the UK. In 2010 the Nobel Prize was awarded to two physicists at Manchester University for their work on this amazing material called graphene. And because it's so thin, it will open up the door to all of this amazing technology. Oh you can even buy your groceries with it. And of course if you want you can watch a movie as well. What actually can't it do? Now who wants one of those? I do. Yeah, okay. So we're in the process of trying to make this technology. Another type of technology that I'd like to introduce at this point here because we're getting, as I said, right down to this nano scale. And our controllability of these nano technologies is amazing. So I want to introduce a type of technology called a quantum dot which is literally a group of atoms, a very very small number of atoms together. And this group of atoms here you can see depending upon the size of this little cluster it will flourish at different colours. Okay now this is an important bit of technology which we can use for making sophisticated new devices. This here is the solid state version of it. This is a quantum dot in a little region of a semiconductor. Is this little space here. And inside that little space there are electrons. And we can tune the energy levels that the electrons have available to them. And in effect what we can actually do is get away with, throw away the periodic table and we can design our very own artificial atoms. So I want to give you a bit of a taste about that now. But we're going to talk also about the physics which makes this possible. So again welcome to my course, Nanotech 101. And we're going to talk a little bit about the quantum physics which is the physics behind these technologies. It's the physics down to the very very small scales, the world of the atoms basically.  But this is another way we can actually appreciate this scale. So if we have the earth here and we have a football, the ratio between the diameter of the earth and the diameter of the football would be the same as the ratio between the diameter of the football and the diameter of a nano object, the so-called bucky ball, which incidentally is made up of carbon atoms. So this is incredible if you think about these scales and trying to engineer on that level. How do we actually go about doing that? Well again we need to have some understanding of the world of the atoms and we need to have understanding of the quantum physics which is driving this world of the atoms. And the quantum world is probabilistic. Okay, so this is a challenge in terms of our engineering of the technologies on the scale. We're dealing with a world which is run on probabilities. So how do we actually work with that? In fact you can see a very famous physicist here, Professor Einstein. He didn't actually like the consequence of quantum physics in that the very small world of the atoms, how can this be possibly run on probabilities? He felt very uncomfortable about that. And he said very famously that God does not play dice. Well actually he does and this is the reality of what we have to deal with when we're designing nanotechnologies on these very small scales. The other thing that we need to have an appreciation for is what's driving the technology. So all the technologies that you have, the most important character, call it character that we need to deal with on the nanoscale to get you those technologies that you so love is the electron which is a negatively charged particle and one of the fundamental particles in the atom. And another property of the electron that we need to understand to build the technologies is what's called a spin, which is its intrinsic angular momentum. And you can think about this in terms of a bar magnet. And there are two types of spin and we have either spin up or spin down. So you can imagine your bar magnet is orientated one way or the other and that gives two flavours of these spins. And all the world of the atoms and the electrons and our understanding of it all goes together in the design process and the quantum physics on top of that. And these electrons are very, very sensitive to their environment.  How can we control their atomic environment to get them to give us the technologies and the designs that we're trying to create? So it's a very complex thing, but we get a little bit of information from the quantum side. So in terms of understanding these electrons, how they relate to their environment is extremely important. So if you have a material system which is made up of, you know, positively charged ions, then the electron which is negatively charged is going to feel that. And because electrons are negatively charged themselves, they will also respond to each other. And in quantum physics, we say that an electron who looks like this is well-dressed. And this is an actual term that we use in quantum physics to describe an electron which feels its environment quite a lot. And if it's not feeling its environment, it's actually looking like this, which is an undressed particle. And of course these electrons, as I said, they're negatively charged and they respond to each other and they do something like this as well on the nanoscale. And this is what's called correlation. So they will move together and all of this understanding is essential if we're going to design new technologies which need the electrons to give us, you know, new nanoscale devices. So if we go back to some of the quantum theory concepts that we have, we go back to this important physicist, a de Broglie. And one of the conjectures that he came up with was this concept of quantum physics called wave particle duality. And so he explained this in 1924 and he was a young physicist at the time. In fact, this was part of his PhD work and after this, he was actually awarded a Nobel Prize. So that's something to aspire to. It's pretty amazing feat for a PhD student. So his proposal was that electrons could behave as waves. And again, this goes into trying to get to the root of our understanding of the nanotechnologies and understanding of the fundamental particle which drives them, namely the electrons. So we can have this link between the wave properties and the particle-like properties which is what de Broglie told us was a fact. And on the macroscopic scale, I mean, this is the thing about the quantum theory, is that we don't actually see evidence of it on our scale. It's only when you get down to these very, very small systems on the atomic scale that these effects become quite pronounced. And just to give you an example of that, if we were to calculate the de Broglie wavelength of a ping pong ball, for example, so we can use this equation here and we can work out that its wavelength is extremely small. So this is to give you evidence that objects on our scale, we don't have to worry about quantum effects, but when things get down to the atomic scale, we do. And in fact, the wavelength for an electron can actually be quite significant with the order of nanometres. And so if electrons have wave-like properties, does it go the other way? Do waves also have particle-like properties? And yes, there is experimental evidence of that. This is Young's Doubleslit experiment. So light of a wavelength, which is of the same order as the slit width here, will give a very nice diffraction pattern, but you can think of, well, what would happen if we had not light, but if we had electrons and electrons were going through two slits here? So we can heat up this little filament and we can eject electrons from it and we can conjecture what would happen. Well, classically, what you think would happen is that an electron would go through either this slit or this slit and you would get this effect building up on your screen. But what was shown by two physicists at Bell Labs, Davidson and Germa, was that what you actually get, if you do that experiment with electrons, is you get a wave-like phenomena. You get the diffraction pattern coming up. And similarly for light. Light is comprised of particles, a fundamental particle being the photon, and Albert Einstein in 1905 conjectured the theory, the so-called photoelectric effect, in which he put forward the idea that light was actually made of particles. And so we have this experimental evidence going both ways. And again, I cannot emphasise, this is a very important property to understand when we're having a look at the technologies. So I want to go back to this. If electrons can behave like waves, then what we could do is we could come up with a rudimentary model for an atom. And that rudimentary model would be this box here. And we could confine our electrons into this box. And so you can imagine that each one of these waves here, which are standing waves in this box, actually represent an electron. An electron in the lowest energy level, the first excited state, and the second excited state. And if you remember the image that I gave you earlier about the quantum dots, you will see that this was also there. So it's important in terms of our creation of the nanotechnologies. And this is driven by a wave equation invented by Schrodinger. But for nanotechnologies and size effects and understanding how size also matters, we can get a very good appreciation from this very simple model of an atom. So if I was to say that the energy is related to this equation here, what is important to understand in terms of the nanotechnology is that there is a size dependence on whether we get atom-like features or something in between, or whether we get something that we can pick up on the ground and have a look at with our own eyes. And so in this example here, if we have a much bigger box, then the distance between these quantised states becomes less. And we move away from this quantum picture to something else. And nanotechnology sits in this scheme here. So basically what we've learnt is that we have quantum effects on the nanoscale, that we need to have a very good understanding of the electrons which is driving the nanotechnology, that we have this wave particle duality that we can play with in terms of our nano-designs, and we have size effects as well. So to give you some appreciation of these size effects, if I have a single lithium atom, then these are the electronic energy levels available for it. As I start to put these atoms together, you can see that these energy levels, they become more of the energy levels, and also the other features that the energy levels become a lot closer together. So this is exactly what I was showing you with the box. And we get to a point where we have a solid and these distinct separations between these energy levels don't really exist anymore. And on the nanoscale, we're looking at this region here. So something which is not strictly an atom, is something which is not strictly a macroscopic solid, and something which can, in fact, be engineered and is very sensitive to what we do to it on these very small scales. And that's just a little bit of a summary in terms of Nanotech 101. But what we're really excited about, I suppose, is the applications of this. And yes, this is definitely a reality in what we have to deal with in being researchers in this field. So we're down to this very small scale design problem. And the question that you might have after learning a little bit more about the quantum side of it and having a look at the hair on your head and realizing that we really do need to be working at that small scale is, in fact, how do we actually design on that level? Well, in order to be able to do that, we need eyes to be able to see down on this nanoscale. And we use very special instruments, one of which is pictured here, which is an electron microscope, which uses the wave property of the electron. So, for example, if I accelerate my electron to 50% of the speed of light, it gives me a wavelength, which I'm able to use to be able to see right down to the nanoscale. In fact, I can get atomic resolution with that. That's why I went through and told you all about the particle wave duality and so forth, because we use that to be able to do the engineering, and in this case, to be able to see down on those very small scales. So this gives us atomic resolution.  And what you're actually seeing there are atoms. So we can use these instruments, these electron microscopes, to do many things, not only to have the eyes to look down on the nanoscale, but we can use them to manipulate the atoms on the atomic scale as well. And some very intelligent researchers at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and this is why I've got this object here. This is a bucky badger, which is their mascot, which they use for their football matches over there. And what they did is they made a nano version of this little bucky badger.  That's how small that is. So that gives you some indication of how we can control things on that sort of level. And these are actually made up of carbon fibres, incidentally. So if we have this level of control on this very small scale, what does that do in terms of leaving open our engineering and how we design with it? And quite a while ago, in 1959, a very important American physicist called Richard Feynman gave a prediction in terms of what he thought this might look like. And of course, they didn't have the ability to do it then. So this is definitely a prediction. And he said, but I'm not afraid to consider the final question as to whether ultimately in the great future we can arrange the atoms, the way we want, the very atoms all the way down. And he said this in a popular lecture that he gave. And in fact, this is what we can do today. This is our level of control that we have. And from there, we've gone to develop all different types of nanotechnologies. This is probably one of the earliest examples. This was in the late 80s IBM researchers using a special type of electron microscope to grab atoms, in this case, xenon atoms, and to move them around on a nickel surface. And they were able to spell out the words IBM with that. We've since moved on from there to various types of nanotech objects going from layered systems, which is shown here. So very thin atomic layers, in this case, cobalt with a copper layer sandwiched between them both.  That is the intrinsic property of the electrons. And in doing this here, we can apply an electric field to this system, and we can turn on and off how the electrons are aligned across the layers. And what we have invented with that is a memory device, which is used, it's called the GMR effect, and it's used in your iPods. So this technology has come to fruition, and it's actually something which is used in your devices now. We can control how atoms grow on different surfaces. So this is literally a picture of cobalt atoms on a platinum terraced material. And as I was saying, we can arrange these atoms as well. We can put them in different types of structures. We can create very, very small atomic scale, atomic clusters. And we can create these devices, which I have alluded to at the beginning of the lecture, which is this quantum dot. And in this quantum dot here, we have this effect. We can literally, by changing the width of this little space here, we can control these energy levels, we can control the distance between the energy levels, and we can literally get rid of our periodic table of elements and create artificial atoms from this. And that's what we have here. So as a function of the size of the system, so as a function of the size of the box, we're changing the difference between the energy levels. And in doing so, if I'm excited and electron from here to here, and it re-emits, and I get this colour, if we change this width of the box, if we change the size of these particles, we then change the difference between these energy levels, and we get out different colours. There are other types of applications of these nanotechnologies, and because I've spoken to you about the atomic clusters, I'd like to play this little video, which will show you some of the really exciting applications of magnetic cluster systems. The centrepiece of the MagForce nanocancre therapy is the nanoparticle, consisting of iron oxide. The particle is covered by a patented coating, which ensures a good stability and division of the iron oxide particles in the tumour tissue. It additionally supports the process by which the particles are absorbed into the cancer cells. The small size of the particle is decisive for the therapy. The diameter measures some 20 nanometers and is thus 500 times smaller than a red blood cell. One milliliter of the particle solution contains nearly 17 trillion single nanoparticles. This high density makes efficient treatment possible. At the beginning of the therapy, the nanoparticles are injected directly into the tumour. The tumour in this particular case is a glioblastoma, a malignant brain tumour characterized by aggressively growing cells. On the microscopic level, the healthy cells can be seen on the left and the tumour cells on the right. After being injected, the nanoparticles spread out in the spaces between the tumour cells. The patient now enters the therapy device in which an alternating magnetic field is produced, which is of no danger to humans. This field affects a 100,000 times alternation of the magnetic poles within the particles per second, creating warmth which is precisely regulated from outside. The warmth forces the particles into the spaces between the tumour cells which makes it easier for them to be absorbed into the cell. This application is repeated and the thermal effect increases visibly. The particles begin to oscillate, causing the cancer cells to die either from active self-destruction or from swelling until they literally burst. Tumour growth is stopped and the destroyed cells, as well as the nanoparticles, are discharged by the body in a natural process. OK, so that gives you again some indication of the applications of the nanotechnology. Nanotechnology these days is not just restricted to physics, it's not just restricted to engineering. It's moving out now across many different disciplines, chemistry, biology, all working together to create something like this, which is an amazing revolution in terms of potential treatments for cancer. This is a bit of research that I'm also actually involved in as well in terms of designing these very small nanoclusters and optimising their properties to be able to give precisely the amount of energy when it's interacting with an external magnetic field to be able to kill the cancer cell tumour. So there's quite a lot involved in terms of the design process of that. But it's not just, as I said, chemistry, physics and engineering. Again, we're starting with the biology and some very interesting ideas are being put forth in terms of how we can use biological systems. For example, viruses in this case to be able to design new technologies. And this sounds very futuristic, but it's something which we're doing at the University of York and I've got a little clip here from somebody who's also doing this at MIT. Imagine a world where car batteries are assembled by biological organisms. They are non-toxic, biodegradable and very powerful. Step into the world of Dr. Angela Belcher. She walked on this beach during her college years at UC Santa Barbara on a few days when she wasn't busy getting degrees in chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology and electrical engineering. This is where she got her inspiration for a radical line of research that could change batteries forever. So we're thinking about how to make new technologies. We're going to look at it from a very new perspective. 500 million years ago, when the environment of the ocean changed, organisms that were soft body organisms didn't make hard materials, didn't make shells. But through selection pressure and through changes in the chemistry and the environment, they learned how to make materials like shells. Only a multidisciplinary mind like Angie Belcher's would look at that and think this. And we said, wow, if organisms can make shells, I wouldn't think you could get organisms to make batteries. The idea of teaching organisms to make batteries seems out of this world. But Angie Belcher has found a way. The reason that it's such a special structure is that it's based on nanotechnology. Nanotechnology refers to one of the smallest units of measurement, the nanometer, a billionth of a meter. Like the abalone shell, Angie Belcher wanted her nanobatteries to harness the power and perfection of biological systems. I isolated the proteins that are involved in making the really exquisite structure of the shell. And by looking at the periodic table, I started thinking, well, what about all these other elements? Can these same proteins that work for shells, can they work with other kinds of elements? And in fact, it was pretty amazing they could work on other kinds of elements. So what we had to do was pick an organism that was easy to manipulate and could be propagated on a very short time scale so we picked viruses. The virus, it usually makes you think disease. But in Angie Belcher's lab, it's a hard-working green machine. And then we actually start with about a billion viruses that are all genetically identical to each other. Even though the viruses are identical, they have minute differences the same way identical twins can look and act differently. What Angie Belcher and her students need to know is which of these viruses will bond with a metal oxide material. That's what makes them conduct electricity. Out of a billion, only a tiny handful will succeed. So these are the winners. These are the ones we're gonna keep and test to be able to grow our electrode materials. We take those and we isolate them. These winners are taken for a ride down to Dr. Paula Hammond's lab. Here they'll work 24-7. We can build very, very thin films simply by taking one material which has positive charge along it and another material which has negative charge. The beauty of this virus is that if you put it near a sticky surface, it begins to organize itself in rows. Like bricks and mortar, the viruses stack themselves. Pretty soon, they've built a solid plate. This is the plus side of the virus battery. On the other side, a different virus builds the negative plate. To finish off the battery, tiny wires are attached. And this is the final product, an ultra-thin, ultra-light weight, fully water-based virus battery. This is very exciting. So, I mean, that to me is completely amazing that we can use viruses to build these templates by which we can grow and self-assemble material systems. If you remember what I was talking about, the graphene system, one of the things we'd like to do is we'd like to have control on the nanoscale in terms of the structures that we can make out of that single atomic sheet of carbon. You can imagine that we have nanoscale scissors and we can go to this carbon sheet, which is only one atom thick, and we can cut out some very, very small nanoscale structure. The issue with doing that from going from the top down is that our scissors will not get us a perfect system in terms of how we cut out, in terms of how the edges of that structure is. And nanotechnology is very sensitive to what we have in terms of structure and atoms and what the general environment is like on that scale. So, one alternative is to see if we can get these carbon systems to come together and to self-assemble and to use our understanding of chemistry or biology to get them to assemble into perfect little structures. And so that is really the level of control that we are trying to achieve. This is really the next step in terms of engineering on the nanoscale. As I promised, we've come to a point now where Nanotech 101 should have given you enough information and understanding for us to be able to create some nanotechnology right here. And who believes that this is possible? Do you think that we'll be able to do it? Okay, are you up for it? Okay, good. So, what we're going to need is, we're going to need the quantum mechanic. And so, I thought I would play the role of quantum mechanic. And I've put my overalls here, which I'll just hopefully quickly get into. So, you can see we really do take this seriously almost there. Okay, is that convincing enough? All right, so I'm going to play the role of the quantum mechanic. Oh, the other thing I'm going to need is my spanner. So, I've got the spanner. We're going to need some atoms. Let's see, do I have those available as it stands? I do. So, I have three atoms, which I'm going to put down here. What do you think is the missing bit in this? What was the emphasis on in the talk today? What was driving the nanotechnologies? Oh, electrons, okay. Let's see what we can do about that. That's what we've come so far. We've got the nanosystem, we've got the atoms. Now we have to select the electrons. And I have two electrons here. And I need two volunteers to help me to build the nanotechnology. I've got one person at the back. If you can get out. Hello, Ben, would you like to be, and your name? Amber. So, do you have any preference as to whether you're going to be spin up? So, Ben's going to be spin up, Amber's going to be spin down. Now, as the quantum mechanic, I get to impose on you guys the quantum rules. So, the first thing I'd like you to do, and you've got to remember, you've got to really get into the character of this, because you're negatively charged particles. Okay, so, let's sort of just ask you, start off by asking you a question. How do you feel about being close to each other? Perspective of electron. Repel. Okay. So, do you feel happy or sad? Okay, so we need to show the sad face. Yep, brilliant. But now what I'd like you to do is I'd like to invite you both to come into this nano structure that I've got this three atom system. And I'd like to invite spin down to be here. Thank you, right on the atom. Perfect. And spin up, I'm going to have you here. Okay, and again, like I said, this is serious, this is really exactly what I do in terms of my research, believe it or not. I build these nanostructures, I use quantum theory to do it, and then I get to understand how the electrons feel and try and find ways in which I can manipulate the nanostructure to get the electrons to do what I want. That is to give us the nanotechnologies. So, I'm going to ask you both, how do you feel at this point? You feel all right because you're as far as possible from each other, so we should have our happy face. Excellent, a round of applause for that. Excellent.  So, if you can just position yourself there. And remember I was telling you about the Schrodinger equation. Now, this is exactly what we do in the Schrodinger equation when we tried to model these nanosystems. And I'm going to ask you both, how do you actually feel? Yeah, a little bit uncomfortable. Okay, so somewhere between happy and sad. Now the thing is, in terms of the degrees of freedom, I can actually destroy my spin up here from this atom and recreate my spin up here in this atom. So, if you move across to where Amber is, a little bit squishy on the atom there, how are you both feeling? Really, really sad. Okay, so let's give our electrons a round of applause. And now I'm going to show you how that actually builds nanotechnology and how we've actually created it right here today. So, thank you both very much. I'll take the electrons. Okay, so we had our spin up and spin down electrons and I positioned them inside this nanostructure. So, this is an actual calculation in terms of what I call the percentage happiness for my electrons. So, if we have a look at this here, so even though they said that they were feeling slightly uncomfortable, in terms of the probability of whether we would get them in this particular configuration, the probability is actually highest because it's not only how they are feeling next to each other, it's actually also the degree of freedom that these particles have. So, here we've got our particle and this particle can move from here. So, spin up electron can move from here and it can move there. So, it has some degree of freedom to be able to move within this teeny tiny nanostructure. And because it has this degree of freedom to move, overall, this particular type of configuration ends up being the most probable. Or the electrons tend to be most happy in this configuration here. If they were on the outside, so even though they felt more comfortable being as far apart from each other as possible, if you think about it, we have a little bit of an issue because the next thing in terms of the degree of freedom that they have to move in the nanostructure is that they would end up both being on this center atom. So, that's why in terms of the quantum physics, this particular configuration doesn't weigh as highly as this one here. And this one here, they really didn't like that at all, did they? They didn't like being on the same atom having spin up and spin down. And in fact that costs the nanostructure a lot of energy. So, that's why the measured probability of electron happiness is quite low for that particular configuration. But you might be asking yourself, how do we get nanotechnology from this? Well, if we take what's called a superposition if we have a snapshot which looks at all of these types of configurations and we have one snapshot which takes them all into consideration, we would get something which would look like this. So, a structure which has alternating up, down and up. If we then put a spin up to be a one and a spin down to be a zero, what do you think we have invented? We invented exactly a quantum memory system. So, yes indeed, we did build the technology here today and again, thank you very much to both my electrons for helping out. So, just in summary, I've spoken a lot about nanotechnology. I've spoken a lot about quantum theory which is driving it. And we did meet the aim. I hope you will agree. Of building nanotechnology here today. So, I hope you've all enjoyed the lecture and maybe consider finding the nanotech in you. Thank you very much.


Hi everyone, Sean with jaspyscasebreaks.com here doing 2019-2020 Don Russ Fat Pack, random team number five, where we're giving away six spots in titanium random team break. So 30 spots, everyone gets a random team in the NBA, no vet commonship, at the end of the break we'll take all 30 customers names, randomize them, and top six win spots in the titanium eight box case break. This is actually 1920 Don Russ. Got the right box, got the right pack. So here is our list of customers from Monte Stibbock down to Jonathan Liang with LastBot Mojo, and the teams from the Hawks down to the Wizards. So dice roll to randomize both lists and pair them up two into two four times. One, two, three, and fourth and final time from Michael Everly down to Terry Cahill. Four times on the randomizer, four times on the dice, and four times on the teams. Separate dice roll, separate randomizer at the end of the break to give away those spots. That was five. Why did it? Let me pause the video, I gotta go back and look because I just did it five times, like a dummy, so we'll be right back. Okay, we're back. I'm a dumb, as you saw, I clicked it five times as I was explaining the randomizer at the end, so I had to go back to look at what number four was and pull up the video here. So you can see here on the screen is numbers one through 16 or 17 down to the spurs from the Golden State Warriors down to the Dallas Mavericks on the four times on the randomizer. Dumb way of having to do it, but we did it. So here is the list. Now it's on video, so you guys can check that if you'd like. Let's go through this. No trade window. Not going to read through the full list here. No trades on the filler, Joe. We don't do any trades or anything like that. But let's sort this and go through some of the highlights here. So this is 1920. So Kobe White for the Bulls, Ryan Redmond. Grizzlies, John Morant, Aaron Schupke. Pelicans, Zion, Terry Cahill. Wizards, Rui Hachimura, Michael Aberly. So there you go. Here is our pack. Yeah, since the filler pack is like the route just to the thing, we don't do a trade window. We don't read through the full list and stuff. There's our final list. Seku for the Pistons, Tana Zafina. And Torian Prince for the Hawks, Brian Hayes. Betis Thible for the 76ers, Oliver Soria. THT for the Lakers, Seku again for the Pistons. Tana Zafina. Cam Reddish for the Hawks. Luca for the Mavericks, Terry Cahill. So there you go. That's the pack itself. Now let's pop over and give away those six spots. And give away those six spots for Titanium. You can see the box of Titanium right behind us, the case. So back over here to the randomizer. Here's the original list of customers from Monte Stibbock back down to Jonathan Liang. Dice roll and it's the top six after five and a four nine times. Ninth and final time. Barry Roberts, Ryan Redman, Oliver Soria, Terry Cahill, Joe Nungari and Jonathan Liang with last spot mojo. One of the spots, top six, nine times on the randomizer, nine times on the dice. And there are your winners. There you go guys. That was 2019-2020 Don Russ Fat Pack, random team number five from jaspyscasebreaks.com. I'm Sean, jaspyscasebreaks.com. Thanks for hanging out and I'll see you next time.


Hi everyone, Joe for JasperJasperysCaseBreaks.com coming at you with 2016, a Panini Dauners Optic Football Hanger Box Break number 68. Last one we got to do, giving away the final eight spots in the hip-array dual case break coming up in the next video. But first, the break itself, big thanks to this group for making it happen. Appreciate it. Did I grab the right list? It's always good to double-check myself. All right, I think we got the last, yeah. All NFL teams are in. Let's roll it and randomize names in teams three and a five, eight times each. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, and eight. After eight, there is one through 32. Different dice roll for the giveaway part, as always, three and a five, eight times for the teams. One, two, three. All right. No trade windows, but there's the first half of the list right there, second half of the list right over here, and you go run to the other printer and get this printed out. So we're going to pause the video just for a little bit, but trade window is closed. Be right back. All right. Welcome back, everybody. Got the printout hot off the presses. There you go. The list remains the same as the previous screen. Let's pop this open and see what we got. Nice little blast from the past, 2016. Back when Derek Carr was still a raider, and Kenan Reynolds was a raided rookie, Jeff Driscoll, Raxson Miller, Tyler Irvin. All right, nothing too crazy there, but the whole point of this is who's going to get those hit parade spots. So let's gather everybody's names again, one through 32, new dice, new list, and it'll be the top eight after nine, five and a four, nine times. Good luck, everybody. Fingers crossed. And ninth and final time. So from nine on down, sorry, Joe, very close, but just not quite this time. Nine through 32, thanks for giving it a shot. Appreciate you. We'll get them next time. There is a next time. We've got another dual case break with the same box as a filler. Eight, you're happy because you're in the next break. John is happy. So as Jason, Joseph, you got in, John, John, John, Joseph again, and John. All right. So we've got a couple spots for you, Joe and John. And now Jason, you snuck in, right there are a lot of J names here. After nine, there you go. Thanks, everybody. We'll see you in the next video. JaspysCaseRakes.com.


Norwegian police have arrested a former commander of the Wagner mercenary group on suspicion that he tried to illegally cross the border back into Russia after seeking asylum in Norway earlier this year. The man's lawyer said on September 23.Andrey Medvedev, who escaped Russia in January via its Arctic border with Norway, has described running his Russian guards' fired shots at him. He has spoken about his time fighting in Ukraine as part of the Wagner group Medvedev spoke to Reuters in an interview in February in which he said I'm sorry for his role in the Wagner group, police said in a statement late on September 22 that a man in his 20s had been taken into custody for attempting to illegally cross the Russian border but did not name him. An officer with the Finnmark local police declined to give the arrested man's identity. It is clear that I served in Wagner, there are some moments that people do not like, that I served in general, that I went, but we do not have anyone born as scientists.


Hi, my name is Mureya, Dino Mureya and I'm on the digital cover of Entrepreneur. My name is Barn. Thank you, thanks for having me here. Yeah, like you said, there's been ups and downs, right? Fortunately for me, my transition from modeling into the film industry was very easy. My first few films were hugely successful. The fame came really easy. And I also was a model at a time when modeling was sort of blossoming. So we were as big as film stars at that point, just being models. So the transition was really easy. But having said that, I did many films thereafter. I worked for 10 years non-stop. 11 years, from 1909 to 2010 to 2011, I worked literally non-stop. I did about 17 movies then. But there came a point when I realized that some of the stuff I'm doing is not great and it's not being liked and not being enjoyed by audiences, right? So the offers that were coming to me post 2011 were terrible. So it was a conscious decision to say no and not agree to do anything that was mediocre or you know, inconsequential. I don't know if it was good or bad, but in my opinion, I think it was a better decision because if I did some of the movies that came my way, I would have only dug my grave further.  But my relationships were great with people and hence I produced my first film then because I wanted to stay part of the film industry. So 2013 was my first film which I produced just in part two with Pooja Bhatt and Mahesh Bhatt. And that left me wanting to just be in front of the camera again, you know. But I held on to my decisions to say no to anything that was not great. So I needed to keep myself afloat. I had invested in a couple of businesses. I was looking at different avenues and that sort of opened my eyes up to what else was going on besides just the film industry, right? India is moving forward. All industries were moving and going into great spaces. Tech companies with startups were flourishing. So I looked at so many of those avenues at that point and that kept me busy. But my love always was at cinema. Then I produced my second film and OTT happened to us and that blew up during the pandemic that was 2020. But prior to that it was just about beginning. It was 2016, 2017 when it was beginning.  But I was occupied and kept myself occupied and busy doing the other stuff that I was doing with different ventures, which was really interesting. And then in the meantime I was just honing my skills, being prepared that in the event something good comes to me, I'll be ready to shoot the next day. And it started coming then. I started with Ektas, Balaji's show, Metalhood and then Tandav and then Empire, which just sort of gave me a new de-supply, I feel. Yeah, so it's been a great journey, ups, downs all over the place. But I guess you only realize and you learn more if you have those downs because we don't have those downs and you're not going to look elsewhere. And if you're only stuck in waiting for offers from the film industry then sometimes it's going to be really tough and it's going to set in securities within yourself. And if you can battle all that, then great. But for people who can't, then I suggest, you know, this is a tough place. You know, I've always been very ambitious ever since, as far as I can remember. When I was in school in college, I was very ambitious. I was always working, wanting, didn't know what I wanted to do. I had no clarity, even when I was in college, I had no clarity as to what I wanted to do. I just knew I needed to make some money. And modeling made me that money. So it was, I went with the flow. But I also built relationships and looked at opportunities. I read a lot. So when Prep Station was the first sort of venture I was a part of, which was because my brother's in the food industry. And he came back to India and he said, should we do something? I said, okay, great. Not that we had too much money, but we said, let's just try.  And it became quite a rage in Mumbai. And we opened a couple of prep stations and then we sold it. Then we went on to open a bar. And we sold that too. So the whole idea of running a business, investing started over there. But there after because of the relationships and connections, the people I met, like I said, I was always listening. I'd hear friends of mine from different industries talk about certain businesses, startups, so on and so forth. People would come to me and say, Hey, would you be interested in participating, being involved? And I would always understand or try and understand where this would possibly could lead to. In 2009, I started a company with a friend and a partner called Kulvan Merchandising. I think we were a little ahead of our time over there because we wanted to do celebrity merchandise, which no one was really doing. And online hadn't really started. The whole internet space hadn't really taken off then. So we did this. I'd signed two of India's biggest cricketers at that time, MS Dhoni and UV, to do their merchandise. They understood my plan. But unfortunately, I didn't have deep enough pockets to really go out and push those products which we made. We created inventory, which was worth a lot of money. And that's where online would have worked. Because if we'd only transitioned to online at that point, then I wouldn't have to spend so much on inventory. Inventory and distribution is huge, but you need deep pockets for it. So we learned from many of our mistakes. We went to different actors and everyone loved the idea, but by then I was burning so much money, I was like, we hang on. Can't kill myself over here with this one particular company. And we tried to raise money, but everyone was only investing at that point in online and new tech startups. And if we had to transition at that time, it would have been really tough spending there for a lot of money.  But that taught me a lot how to look at businesses and thereafter that we started an tech business called Eye Bhakti, which was quite interesting. We had a fantastic platform where we got people who were devotees of certain temples. If they couldn't reach out to the temple or couldn't be at the temple, how could we send them Prasad? Yeah, a lot of people tried that thereafter. I wanted to be absolutely authentic because we're dealing with religion and people. And so we tried to tie up with many temples to have an association and tell them that whatever people pay for that Prasad, we will give you half the money. It was really tough just getting temples on God. It's really tough to get them to understand what you're trying to do because they're so used to what they're doing and they have thousands of people coming in. My whole idea to them was, it's a service you're giving to people. It's a service. Don't look at it as a business, it is a service for so many Indians all over the world who are, for instance, a devotee of Siddhi Vinayak or whichever, so many of these Mandiris or Tirupati Balaji or whatever, they can't read, they can't cup, but they would love something from the temple. So why can't we send them authentic stuff from the temple? And it started really well. I mean, we were having we were having thousands of orders from all over. But at that point, the burn was far more than the earn again. Right? We were earning, but trying to just maintain those temples or have authentic stuff from the temple, it was really tough because sometimes the temples would come and say, what are you doing? They didn't understand it. Then again, I said, okay, listen, losing too much money, I don't know how to pay, but I can't raise money again. It was tough to raise money because VCs love the idea, but anything that was related to, you know, temples had government involvement and anything that was related to government they really didn't want to get into. So VCs weren't keen on funding anything that could switch instantly because the government changes, they might take your agreements away, which you have at Mandiris. So that was, okay, forget it. Let's stop right now before we, before I lose everything that I've earned so far. So I've lost in a few and I've made in a few, you know, there are different other tech plays which I've invested purely and not really been in part of the execution and they're doing fairly well. I'm part of a pet company and part of right now part of a sexual wellness company, which is, which is health tech, which is really good actually, part of a fruit juice company, which I'm marketing and I'm mentoring, which is doing damn well. We've got these electric carriages, which was just started in Mumbai, to replace the Ghoda Gharis, which they banned. So that started taking off also really well, this fitness, which I do. So I've just got my fingers in many things, but production is my, is what I love. So I'm pitching to movies as we speak to go on and produce. So the other companies I'm not completely in control of, we've got CEOs and founders who are running them really well. I'm just mentoring and seeing where I can help. And yeah, if I see myself fitting in some of those roles, I would, I will act too. You know, I mean, so many producers do it for themselves. So why don't I do it for myself too? You know, I mean, I remember this very cool line from Clint Eastwood, he said, if people can't make the movies that I want, maybe I'll produce and make the movies that I want. So that's exactly what I'm aiming for. Yeah. So I mean, we're working on three scripts at the moment. And hopefully everything will be greenlit by a certain studio we're talking to. This is purely Hindi. This is purely, which I'm producing is purely Hindi. But if all goes well, then I will try and move into, you know, various other language firms. You know, put my mind as to what I would want to do. I mean, I'm so focused on production, but I see so many opportunities coming my way. So many. I see India is just booming away at this point. It's a great time. Next 10 years is going to be fab. If it goes as is, it's going to be great in this country. I mean, every time I read so much that's happening. I mean, after the, for instance, the government banned importing of laptops and stuff. I wish I could put a team together and make laptops immediately.  I just want to put my blinders on, blinkers on, focus on what I know really well, which is production and films. Yet I know many other things. So when people come to me and they're good founders and good at doing what they're doing, then I would back them for sure. Be careful with your money. It's the most important thing. Just be careful.  It's okay to take risk. It's good to take risk, but I mean, we all say calculated risks so on and so forth. You just have to have sort of a gut. You have a gut feeling about something. Go for it. And most often it works. The only thing I can ask everyone to do with the money is invest it wisely. You know, we all get caught up in wanting to have the best car and wanting to look good. And you know, no one, it doesn't really matter what other people think. You know, get something that's going to, especially if you're on the growing stage. If you're the growing stage invest wisely, you know, a lot of people I see living for today, not even thinking about tomorrow. But you got to know that you got to put something aside for that tomorrow because sometimes the tomorrow comes really fast and it could be damn devastating. And if you're not prepared, you could go downhill. Simple example. A lot of these other young kids earning quick money are just spending it so fast. In the event, there's some medical emergency which takes a lot of your mind. What are you going to do? Everyone's young, everyone's healthy, no one expects it. And I've seen this happen to some people. And that just makes you realize that you've got to have something aside. So invest it. There's so many places to invest. Don't go by fancy cars and fancy this and fancy this. Conserve a bit until you've got so much that you can actually go and spend it off. Have fun. I'm not saying don't have fun, but be wise, be a little smart about it. Unstoppable. I am unstoppable.


In our last two videos, we showed you a taste of how to find free camping on both BLM and National Forest land. We went from perfect weather to 8 inches of snow to blazing heat. Today, we'll show you how we beat that heat by going subterranean, met two angels, and took a heavenly fall. It's nuts. It's this hot because we were just camping high up in the California mountains, just off the Pacific Crest Trail where we got 8 inches of snow. Let's go run around in the snow. Yes. The Pacific Crest Trail is huge. It goes all the way from Mexico to Canada through California, Oregon, and Washington. And we camped right next to it in the Hat Creek Forest. We saw hikers going by all the time and with the crazy weather, we hope they were doing okay. Luckily, there are people dedicated to helping them on their journey. Yesterday, one of our neighbors stopped by to say hello and it turns out he's a trail angel, so we're going to head down to his camper to give him some donations. I'm Michael Dwyer and welcome to the Trail Angel Cafe. A trail angel basically sets out on the side of the trail, primarily the most important thing is water, but also first aid items, food items, just items to help hikers get through the Pacific Crest Trail and other trails. I was just kind of looking for a spot to camp up north here and right now we're in Old Station, California, or near Old Station, California. And I just stumbled upon it and all of a sudden, all kinds of synchronicity, people started telling me about it. I got really, I think we all need some kindness and caring in our lives. It just felt really good. It's something I really wanted to do for the rest of summer. Have happy travels and be free. If you're headed out to camp in California, heads up. You now need to have a free permit to have a campfire on all public land. On our way to the Hat Creek and Lassen Forest area, we were stunned by all the fire damage. Two major fires hit this area in the last 10 years and the devastation is everywhere. The area is beautiful and the Forest Service is working hard to bring it back, but we can all help by getting this permit. Like I said, it's free and easy to get the permit. You can get it online right here, like I did. You just have to read a few tips on fire safety and sign up. It's that easy. It's a good thing we got that permit because right after all that snow melted in Hat Creek, a ranger rolled up. Doug was hysterical. This was his first visit from a ranger and you would have thought the SWAT team was outside, but the first camping in the forest is just fine. It's not like we're Yogi Bear running from the ranger. I chatted this guy up for a while. He stopped by to remind us there was the 14-day limit because we'd been there about a week and he said he rarely sees full-timers in the forest disperse camping. He usually just gets the weekend campers or the occasional squatter. And we have this whole area to ourselves. We didn't see another camper in sight. For everyone out there that says boondocking is getting too crowded. Now sure, this ranger reminded us of the 14-day limit, but his big job is fire prevention and firefighting, and that makes him our second angel. When the sun came out, the temps were climbing, so we decided to go subterranean. I knew you were watching me! Right underneath our campsite was a lava tube called the Subway Cave.  It's a one-of-a-kind experience. It's not tight if you're claustrophobic.  So do be sure to bring a good flashlight. That cave stays 46 degrees almost all the time, which sounds pretty good right about now. After that cave, we headed back to the 80s, and I don't mean degrees, and went to visit the Stambeimi Bridge. Doug had never seen the movie, so that night, we filled that gap in his childhood. Then we checked out some really cool art made out of old propane tanks and cement trucks, and headed for a heavenly fall. And here's where we discovered our new favorite place in the world. It's called Bernie Falls. President Theodore Roosevelt once called Bernie Falls the eighth wonder of the world, because showers of spring-fed water burst out from the top and front of the falls, creating an endless cascade of water and mist. The falls were super easy to get to by car, but we decided to take a local trail in and walk the Bernie Falls Loop, which is right off the Pacific Crest Trail. It was absolutely one of the best days of our lives. Seriously, if anybody out there is headed towards Lassen National Park or Crater Lake or Klamath Falls, try and make a side trip to see Bernie Falls. It is not the tallest waterfall in California, but to me, so far, it's the most beautiful. We actually considered moving to Bernie Falls so we could walk that loop every day, but no sticks and bricks for us. There's just too much left for us to see. Here's a sneak peek of our next travel episode, where we'll show you three great overnight spots you won't find on any camping or RV app. We'll see you all next Sunday. Until then, everybody have happy travels and be free.


On the 23rd of June, the people of Britain opined that another Europe is not possible. Aided and abetted by the official Remain campaign that was disrespectful of voters, of the truth, even of arithmetic. Brexit won. To a people craving instant immediate change and a drubbing of the state's score, we offered a worthy policy in and against the EU. A policy which nonetheless, we would need to be in government to implement it on the 24th of June. And yet, we were nowhere near government. So if Remain had won on the 23rd of June, is it not true that we wouldn't be in Tendining Street to implement what we were proposing, which is another Europe, a confrontation with Brussels from within? So, from where I'm standing, the Remain victory would be grist to the mill of the David Cameron's, the Tony Blair's, the IMF, the Bank of England, the Bilderberg crowd, and would be interpreted by the establishment as a license to do business as usual. The one thing that voters opposed more than anything. Now, does this mean that we were wrong to oppose Brexit? Of course it doesn't. Of course we were right to oppose Brexit. But what it does mean is that it was not foolish of voters to vote for Brexit. Voters, at least, who were hunkering change, had reasons to turn their back on us, they just didn't believe us. The lesson here is very simple. Unless we back up our views on Europe, on Britain, on Scotland, on England, on Wales, with a surge throughout the country that will see these views being implemented from the commanding heights of Tendining Street, the people will turn to those who offer them realistic change now, even if it is their own kind of change. Our defeat is fragrant of the overarching progressive forces' failure to harness the anti-establishment rage caused by two simple facts. That for 40 years now, 80% of the people, 95% of the time, are taken to the cleaners by the top 20% of the privileged ones. That for 30 years now, 30% of the people are being discarded persons, treated as men and women whose opinions do not matter, squeezed out of the sphere of influence by the tyranny of the shifting median voter. You want to really know why Brexit won? Look at the official statistics of this nation. For the last 13 years, the median voter continuously lost real purchasing power if you take into consideration housing costs. This is the first time it has happened for 13 years since 1819. This is, well, to paraphrase, let me paraphrase, Bill Clinton.  Our first task should be to reconfirm in our hearts and minds that we will ride to oppose Brexit. Already this becoming obvious that my favorite line of how the California's final verse is proving accurate. We showed that you can check out any time, but that leaving is an utter mess. The paradoxes mount. Do free marketeer Brexiteers. Truly believe that it is logically coherent to address Europeans on the continent and say to them, Britain is open for business, but we don't want you here. Our second task should be to prevent a major error. We must not turn against those who turn their backs on us, those who voted for leave. The balance was tipped in favor of Brexit by those who yearned for change, for the change that we failed to convince them that we could deliver. So instead of talking down upon them, we should accept the responsibility for our failure and convince them that we can gain power to implement in the House of Commons, on intent down in the state through Whitehall to implement a progressive internationalist economic and political agenda within a Europe that we are confronting while staying within it. Our third task should be to put forward a roadmap for Brexit that respects our democratic agenda and our progressive internationalism. Now I understand why some of you on the 24th of June began dreaming of a second referendum. It was a mistake. Let me remind you of what happened in 2008, next door from here, in Ireland. The Irish voted in a referendum against the Lisbon Treaty. And what happened? Brussels asked them to have the referendum again until they delivered the right outcome. And they were threatened that they would have it again every Sunday, they would have a referendum. Now is this what we want to do? Especially in an environment where there are no remainers left except for those in here. Everybody else is going to ground. I believe not. So here is a proposal, three-part proposal. First, demand that Theresa May triggers Article 50 yesterday. This is in accordance with the Brexit outcome. This gives us two years from the moment it's activated. Conservatives, small secret conservatives, should want to conserve what needs to be conserved and to avoid uncertainty and chaos. So we should demand that the government announces that at the end of this two-year period it will have settled for a Norway-off-the-shelf EEA-like agreement so that it should last at least a full parliamentary term after that two-year period is finished. So that the British Parliament has an opportunity fully and openly to debate and to include the British public through participatory means in this debate what kind of future it wants. Thirdly, commit to having this parliament or the parliament after that decide amongst the different varieties of potential arrangements. This way we shall have a seven-year period of certainty for business and of people whose lives struggle the United Kingdom and the continent. At least one full parliament after the two-year period is finished that has the time and the space to debate the kind of links Britain wants with the rest of Europe. Thirdly, simultaneous respect for voters who opted out of the European Union who voted for Brexit by triggering Article 50 and for voters aghast at the thought that a small circle of inane insiders are going to negotiate behind closed doors on the future of Britain. Now this proposal offers progressives in this country a lengthy period, a seven-year period during which we can succeed in doing that which we failed to do on the 23rd of June to show to the good people of Britain that they do not need to settle for bad change overseen by their own regressive isolationist type of government that good government in the United Kingdom is a realistic prospect opening up the road towards strong links with a better Europe.


Insulin secretion into the blood, that's only part of the story. So now you know how glucose concentrations stimulate this. So let's look at, okay, so we've got glucose in the blood. That's cool. What are we going to do with it? Well, I'm going to draw you two different cells and show you two different mechanisms because one of them is the insulin-dependent cell and most of your cells are insulin-dependent. Brain cells are not, but most of your other cells are. The other cell that I want to look at is a liver cell and the liver has a different mechanism that we're going to examine because the liver has a different function when it comes to glucose. In fact, glucose is stored in the liver in the form of glycogen. So we have to figure out how that's going to happen. First, what is going to be present on any insulin-dependent cell? What do you think this thing is that I'm just drawing here? It's an insulin receptor. So you have to have a receptor in order for insulin to have its effect. So the insulin receptor, the cells must be sensitive to insulin indicated by the presence of a receptor. Okay, so you assume that insulin comes in. Let's do the insulin-dependent normal cell first. Insulin comes in, insulin comes in, and let's just call it good. We are just going to have a second messenger cascade that will take place and this is a common, insulin is a peptide hormone. This is a common mechanism for a peptide hormone. So the second messenger cascade culminates in something that, again, we've seen this before. Inside your cells are, I can't remember what color I made it last time, vesicles that contain transporters, and in this case the transporters are glut. You've seen this before. There are vesicles inside a cell that contain transporters. Remember when we talked about ADH? That had water pores, aquaporins inside the vesicles inside your collecting duct cells. Well, guess what this second messenger cascade is going to cause? It's going to cause the exocytosis of these vesicles, which inserts glut into the cell membrane. Glut doesn't just hang out there. Glut is there so that then a glucose molecule, that says glucose, can come and diffuse in. The cell, down its concentration gradient because we just inserted a glut molecule. Once glucose is in the cell, the cell can go ahead and metabolize it or do whatever it needs to do. Once the insulin goes away, the glucose concentrations go back down, the gluts are going to be endocytosed and removed from the cell membrane. And if you think about that, that's probably good because we certainly don't want to lose glucose from the cell. We don't want it to go the other way. And glut transporters will allow glucose to go down any concentration gradient. It doesn't matter which direction. The liver is different because the liver requires us to store the glucose. So glut transporters are chronically in liver cells, always. They're always there. Here, the glut transporters are temporary. In the liver, they're always there. Insulin comes in and binds and it stimulates a... I guess we're going to keep this color. We're going to show that glucose is going to come in. Insulin binding allows glucose to be turned into something different. It turns into glucose-6-phosphate. Glucose-6-phosphate, I don't... The important thing is that it turns into something else. This maintains a concentration gradient. No matter what is going on in the blood, you're going to have glut transporters in the liver cells that are available to absorb glucose no matter what and we can continue to absorb it because we turn it into glucose-6-phosphate and we store it in the form of glycogen. And glycogen is where we can just gather up as much glucose as we can and keep it for as long as possible. Now, hopefully, you're thinking, that's awesome, we got glucose out of the blood. What happens when you like your blood glucose levels drop? How does your body deal with that? Obviously, insulin is going to decrease blood glucose concentrations. So there's got to be someone else coming into the mix, low and behold, someone else is. We're talking about them next.


Speed limits are basically just to make sure that everyone's safe on the roads because the faster you're travelling the longer it takes to stop. Different areas obviously like residential areas, businesses, they all require slower speed limits. You've got pedestrians, school zones, if something were to happen where a pedestrian comes out onto the roadway or another vehicle comes out of a side street, you need to be travelling at a speed where you're able to take evasive action if required and avoid a collision. The speed limit is the limit so it's driving below that speed limit and that's dependent on many different factors, whether traffic conditions, weather conditions, it's all about being able to have safe stopping distances. Just because the speed limit is 100 doesn't mean you have to do 100. If the conditions don't allow it you can sit underneath that speed limit. If you exceed that speed limit even by 10 kilometres an hour, 5 kilometres an hour, it still affects how well you can react to different situations and can result in crashes. Queensland Road Safety Week, speak up for road safety.


Today we will discuss switching techniques which are usually in a communication networks. Learning outcome, at the end of this session students will be able to describe what is circuit switching contents. In the following slides we will discuss the contents, all these are related with the communication network and the switching. Let us have a look at figure one which is of a communication network. We have these nodes, node A, B total 5 nodes are there, C, D and E. A wants to communicate with remaining 4, also B may want to communicate with remaining 4, so this way any terminal wants to communicate with any other terminal, so that is also called as an end station, so these are end station and these wants to communicate with each other. But to facilitate this what we require is a communication network shown in this circle, 6 different nodes are there which are interconnected and by which the message from say A end station can be transmitted to E through different nodes in the communication network. So this is the basic model of the switched communication network and various switching techniques are used. For example if A wants to communicate with C as we can see here, A wants to communicate with C using this communication network then which nodes are involved in that we can find out, then there are multiple paths available. So the data can be transferred in different ways or different paths, so one of the path just I will let you know from station A to node 1 then node 2 then node 6 then node 5 and then finally to C, so this is one of the path. Another path is node 1 to 3 to 5 and finally to C, so there are different paths available so with which path is chosen that depends upon the switching technique used. Let us again the purpose of this network is to provide a switching facility that will move data from node to node until it reaches the destination that is our aim is again node to node links are of higher bandwidth that means the inside the communication network each node is connected to every other node that is why these links are of higher bandwidth and to make maximal use of the bandwidth we use FDM that is frequency division multiplexing or TDM time division multiplexing techniques to improve the performance of a channel. Now let us see what are the different switching techniques. There are main three switching techniques that is circuit switching, message switching and packet switching. So in this lecture we will discuss more on this circuit switching and in the next lecture we will see the other techniques. Circuit switching consists of a dedicated path between two stations that means link is there between source station and destination station in circuit switch network before actual transfer of data. These network nodes are connected in such a way that it forms a path between source and destination and each physical line can have many logical channels and dedicated logical channel is associated with a particular communication. Now let us see the how circuit switching works. Circuit switching involves three phases first that is circuit establishment, second data transfer and third circuit disconnect are the three steps required for circuit switching to transfer data from source to destination. There are multiple paths from source station to destination and this allows us to improve the reliability of the network. So circuit establishment is done before actual data transfer is done and after circuit is established then data transfer occurs. What type of network it is whether it is handling analog signals or digital signals depends upon that but the circuit switching concept remains same for analog data as well as digital data. The connection between the two DTs which are communicating with each other through this communication network is generally a full duplex one. Then the last phase of circuit switching is circuit disconnect. So this is also necessary for the purpose that the link which was used for transferring data should be released for the new DTs. So in this terminate connection at the end of the data transfer and also the signals must be propagated to deallocate all the resources those are dedicated for this connection. Now let us have a question. The data transfer from source to destination is full duplex or half duplex. You pause the video and answer the question. You might have answered the question and the answer is in circuit switch network the data transfer takes place between source and destination in full duplex form. Now to connect each DTE for example here we have taken 8 terminals 8 terminals. So we require a matrix of 8 by 8 8 rows are there and 8 columns are there. So the connection is established between every input and every other output physically separate paths are provided for each of the each of these links by a crossbar matrix this is called crossbar matrix in space division technique. So in space division technique this is called a crossbar matrix. What happens here is a connection can be established between a vertical line and a horizontal line as we saw here. For example if row 3 for example this row 3 and column 8 this switch must be closed so that there can be a connection between 3 and 8. As the number of crosspoints grows with the square of the number of attached stations the complexity of the switching network increases and the solution to the problem is multi stage space division total 40 crosspoints are there in this network. But if you implement in a single stage then we would require 64 crosspoints advantages of circuit switching in end to end link bandwidth is fixed and it does not decrease. So with the fixed bandwidth we get data communication. In dedicated link delay is constant and so there is no congestion occurs. So congestion occurs only when there is a huge traffic but here since delay does not vary the bandwidth remains same and that is why the congestion does not occur. These advantages circuit establishment and circuit disconnect adds extra overhead and delay. So we know there are three steps so the first step is circuit establishment so that adds extra overhead and it causes a delay. Also it has got constant data rate which does not allow bursty data and third is channel capacity is dedicated for the duration of the connection even though no data is being communicated. So dedicated channel is goes west if you do not transfer the data. So these are my references data communication by professor A. Pal NPTEL lecture number 19 and the chapter is switching techniques thank you very much.