Welcome back to another video. As you can tell, I'm in a hotel room in Miami. I mean, you can see that I'm in Miami, but I am in Miami and I thought I'm going to shoot a video right now. Today's topic is alcohol. How alcohol interferes with your performance at the gym, how it affects your body, and what's so bad about it. The reason I want to shoot this video is because we went to Jamaica to celebrate Amanda's birthday. And of course everybody, you know, had some drinks and then one night we talked about alcohol and how bad it is for your body and how it affects your body composition. There are so many facts about alcohol, but I really want to focus on the ones that are really close to fitness when it comes to, you know, performance. And if you want to lose body weight or if you want to gain muscle mass, like so basically everything around fitness. Number one, dehydration. Alcohol dehydrates you, which means it forces your kidney to produce more urine and you get rid of all of your water. And that leads to dehydration. On top of that, you don't usually drink enough water when you go out, right? You have like the drink of your choice and you just keep drinking that over and over and over again. So we consume a lot of alcohol and no water. So our body wants to get rid of that immediately because we don't know how to process that. And we cannot store alcohol in our bodies. So the immediate reaction of our body is get rid of it. So after that, when you hungover, a lot of people swear on, you know, you should just do some, some cardio to sweat it out. Here's the problem with that. If you do not drink enough water, you can dehydrate yourself even more. Because if you start working out, you sweat, you get rid of even more water. And yeah, well, the end result, dehydration. Besides many other reasons, why is dehydration so bad when you work out? Because you need water in your system to keep the blood flow going, to just do the entire excess, do the movements and be energetic enough to just, you know, don't hurt yourself. On top of that, hydration helps with adjusting your body temperature throughout workouts, like even when I'm just sitting right here. When I'm starting, when I started sweating, it's going to help me cool down. But especially when you work out, you want to be hydrated to sweat, cool down your body, keep the temperature low. Alcohol will force your body to stop burning fat. Did you hear that? It will force your body to stop burning fat. So if your goal is to lose weight, why would you drink alcohol? Here are some things you need to know. I explained it in another video where I talked about protein, carbs and fats. How many calories one gram of protein, carbs and fats has. One gram of protein has four calories. Same with carbs. Fat has nine calories per gram. And now guess what? Alcohol has seven calories per gram. This is an empty calorie. Like I mentioned earlier, you cannot store alcohol in your body. Therefore, your body wants to expel that alcohol as soon as possible. When you drink alcohol, your body's main objective is to get rid of alcohol, which subsequently leads to slowing down other processes in your body. Like burning fat or building muscle. Yep, if you want to gain muscle mass or if you want to lose body fat, do not drink alcohol. That's just as simple as that. If you want to lose weight or gain muscle mass, don't drink alcohol because you ruin your entire work.  And then you go out and drink for the next three days. You can poison your muscle fibers with alcohol and those muscle fibers won't adapt as they would normally do. Alcohol will also affect your sleep, which means you probably feel like, oh yeah, when I'm drunk, I sleep better. Actually, you don't. Because your body is still working on getting rid of that alcohol so you cannot focus on building muscle mass or reducing body fat. Instead, all your body does, all the five, six, seven, eight hours that you sleep is just trying to get rid of the poison in your body. Let's just call this topic the hungry drunk. Everybody has been there when you drunk, when you go out, what happens? You celebrate the entire night and you feel happy. You have a lot of calories and some drinks, but for you mentally, it's not, you know, you haven't eaten anything. All you had is five or six drinks each, like 200, 300 calories because it's like whatever, coke in there or like some sugary drinks. So you end up consuming 1500 calories just by drinking alcohol. After that, you leave the club. What happens? Let's just postmate something. What kind of food do you order? You don't order salad or like avocado toast or whatever it is, right?  You want that milkshake, whatever it is, just in your face. So now you have between a thousand and 1500 calories just by drinking empty calories. And now you add another 1500 calories by eating some burgers and fries and a coke.  By the end of the night, within a couple hours, four to five hours, you consume 3000 calories. Sounds bad, right? Yeah, I think it's worse. Like I mentioned earlier, we cannot store alcohol in our bodies. So your body's main purpose, main goal is get rid of that alcohol. So all the glucose that you have in your body right now from the food and from like all the sugar earlier is just in your bloodstream. But your body won't burn it. Why? Because priority number one is get rid of alcohol. So you have all that alcohol in your system and you have to get rid of that. And guess what happens with all the glucose and like everything else that you just consumed? Yes, body fat, your body stores it. Let's, it can't get any worse, right? Wrong. So empty calories, just the drinks 1500 calories, fast food 1500 calories. Let's just go hardcore 1500. And then we cannot burn those carbs and fats because we all, we have to burn the alcohol first. So this store is fat. And then the next part, the last part, we cannot properly digest the food because the alcohol interferes with our digestive system. All impairs your digestion, which means you had consumed so much food and you cannot take any nutrients out of it. Which greatly affects the metabolism of some organs in your body.  I don't know.  But hear me out.  Not saying that. I just want to make you aware of like what it actually does to your body so you can choose and be like, you know what? It's my girlfriend's birthday. I want to celebrate. It's whatever. I got this. I achieved this. It's whatever. It's a wedding. Whatever it is, go for it. Go for it. But make that conscious decision where you know this is what happens to my body. So I have to take care of my body afterwards. Consume a lot of water. Get some PDLA. Get a lot of minerals. Get a lot of electrolytes in my system after a night out.  All those things matter. This is a short little video because it actually happened and we talked about it and I was like, you know what? I want to share this because most people don't know that or they're like, yeah, it can't be that bad. Or they just see one negative thing within that whole, you know, circle. Where it's like, yeah, it has a lot of calories, but that's not all. Well, I hope this video helped you out a little bit.  And then like I said, you decide for yourself, is it worth it or not? Alright guys, that's it for today. I hope you enjoyed this video. If you're new to the channel, hello, please hit the subscribe button and the notification button. And I'll see you next time.


Hey, what's up guys, welcome to our trending reviews. So today I'm gonna be reviewing these. These are not the AirPod Pros. These are the TWS i500 Pros. They're an exact replica and clone of the Apple AirPod Pros. I'm not doing a comparison with this against the original AirPod Pros today. I'm just gonna give you an overview of seeing how closely matched this is and the features that this comes with compared to the originals. So let's just get straight into it. All right, so just going ahead and taking a look inside the box. You see, you get a user guide. Now this is the one that's designed by the Chinese company. It gives you some instructions on how to set this and connect it to your phones. It is primarily made for iPhones, but you can also use this for androids. And as you can see, it comes with the actual headphones. They look exactly like the AirPods. Inside you get the charging cable. Now this is a USB-C to Apple Lightning Cable charging cable. So if you have a USB-C power brick, you can connect this to that. Or you can use this through a USB-C power bank or anything like that to charge the headphones. Much like the original Apple AirPods as well, it does come with four extra ear tips. This isn't connected very well inside the case. As you can see, it just falls out, but you can put this back in and use this to adjust for any type of ear size that you might have. So if you do lose any of the earbuds or you want to replace them, then it does come with four additional ones there. So that's everything that comes in the box. If you have a look at the actual headphones, you can see from everything from color-wise, design-wise, size-wise, it is an exact one-to-one replica. Now, if you have the Apple AirPods Pro and then you want to put this side by side, I guarantee people will not be able to tell the difference. Now the main thing about this is that it does come at a third of the price. So you get this for just under $90. Now that is a huge saving compared to the actual prices of the original AirPods Pros. Now, one thing to note is that this doesn't really have the active noise cancellation or the transparency modes in there, but they are working on updating this to include those. So that is probably the only difference that you're going to get with the i500 Pros compared to the AirPods Pros. Now, in terms of the actual battery life, it has four hours of playback time. With the charging case, you get 15 hours additional to that. And if you charge for just 45 minutes, then you'll get a complete four hours of playback time just from the actual AirPods. Now, in addition to this, this case is a wireless charging case as well. So you can put this on any QI wireless charger and it will charge up the case and the headphones as well. Okay, now let's go ahead and put this in and see how they sound. So this is ultimately what you're going to be using it for. So I'll put in the right ear pod. It's got the usual connection noise that you get with other AirPods as well. So you can connect this with both Android and iPhones. This is specifically designed to be used with iPhones if you just open up the charging case and put it next to an iPhone. It should automatically pick it up. There is a little button at the back there that you can press to pair with any of your iPhones or your iPads or Apple devices. And it should come up on the screen automatically. You can also go into the settings and change the name of the actual i500 device to maybe AirPods Pros. You can only do this on an iPhone. You can also use this to get the air tip fit test, which you get with the original AirPods Pros as well. So if you wanted to adjust this, you can do that with an iPhone as well. So pretty much every single functionality that the originals have, you can pretty much do with this. Again, this has the same in-ear optical sensors. So if you do take it out, it will pause your music or pause your videos that you're watching on your phone or your laptop. And if you put it back in, it should automatically start playing. And then you can also control this by double tapping, single tapping to control your music to skip to the next track and all the other features that you get on the originals. Now, like I mentioned, it doesn't have the actual active noise cancellation feature. So if you were to long press, then it wouldn't switch between the different transparency and ANC features. So that would be coming up very soon in the i500 Pro model range. So keep an eye out for those ones. Okay, so now I have these connected to my phone. Let me go ahead and play some music and I'll let you know how this sounds. Tapping to pause and play the music. It's actually quite quick. So I'm quite impressed with that. So a single tap will play and pause. Now the audio is just as expected with a lot of these in-ear wireless headphones. I have to say these ones are very loud. So I'm probably on 30% on volume on my phone and it's just as loud as I need it to be. I can just imagine if I go to 100%, it'll be extremely loud. So for me, the quality of the audio, it's very good. I don't think it's quite there to the similarity of the actual Apple AirPods because you do hear a little bit more of the punch in the bass in the actual originals. So this doesn't really have that but with the concealment of the actual ear tips, I can feel that it does cancel the noise a little bit. So from my point of view, I think it does a really good job trying to get the best quality from trying to mimic something like the AirPods Pros. If you are on an absolute budget, I think this is an excellent purchase. $90 is a lot cheaper than the actual AirPods Pros but by all means, it's not the cheapest in-ear headphones out there. But nonetheless, these are how it look. You can see if you do have the AirPods Pros, they're exactly the same. Nobody will be able to tell the difference of what you're wearing if you're just walking out. But of course, that's completely up to you. If you need the active noise cancellation feature to switch between transparency mode as well, and you just prefer having that original Apple design with a bit of warranty with that, then you would obviously need to go for the originals. But if you're on a bit of a budget and you think this is gonna be an amazing purchase for you, then I would definitely recommend you would go for these. Now I'll have a link in the description below of where you can purchase these exact ones. They are just under $90. So let me know what you guys think. If there's anything else you'd like me to review or give you any feedback on these specific headphones, then do drop a comment. Otherwise, I have lots more headphone reviews coming out in the future. So I hope you like this video. I hope you subscribe so you won't miss those ones and I will catch you at the next one. Take care.


So I'm gonna give you some video welcome to another video. So into this video, we are going to talk about Shopify ticket symbol SHOP shop, which is one of the at least e-commerce platform that I love a lot I did a video here in a while back when I talked about Shopify as the next Amazon and That video did really well and we saw tremendous amount of gain And that stock went from at the point I did the video was trading at like $200 all the way to over $1,200 and then they did a stock split and then you know what happened in 2022 when the tech stocks were crashing Shopify, I mean it wasn't immune to it. So it crashed along with all the tech stock, but it has since Start making momentum and moving back to the upside. So we're gonna talk about that in today's video But before we get started guys feel new to the channel We talked about how to earn money how to save money how to invest and build wealth So you have something that interests you go ahead and hit that subscribe button and the notification belt So you don't miss out on new content So when it comes to a Shopify for just a view that I don't know the stock So we're gonna talk a little bit about it. Let's take you guys to their website We just talked a little bit about the business model for Shopify. So Shopify itself. It's a Platform that allows entrepreneurs to be able to create a Marketplace and sell products directly to their customers.  Provide the infrastructure for you to create and customize your own store and make it look like your own Website, but they on the not the underlying infrastructure is controlled by Shopify So they provide you with all the tools From an e-commerce standpoint that you would need to be able to operate your store and the advantage that I see with this Over Amazon or something like Etsy is that with Etsy you sell products and they charge you per product sell So they take a commission for every product that you sell So if somebody is just starting out that would be a good place for you to test the marketplace But the thing with Etsy is that you cannot really customize it and use your own domain name So that it looks like this is solely you whereas Shopify does that so you can customize it and use your domain name Most people use a store that is associated with Shopify without even knowing it so you can go to say a star could be ABC comm the underlying infrastructure is operated by and control by Shopify And then the owner of that store pay Shopify a fee. I think the basic plan is $39 a month and then you can sell as many products as you want a million does with the products They don't I want as long as you pay your monthly fee. That's about it. They don't charge any extra Whereas Etsy if you sell a million products, they're gonna take your commission on a million products So every product you sell they take a commission likewise Amazon every product that you sell they take a commission But Shopify doesn't do that. So that's why I do like this particular platform and I think that with how more and more people are becoming entrepreneurs and Being creative and selling your own product you don't need to go and build a website from scratch and Try to learn how to put into integrate all these different The tools that would allow you to be able to manage your your e-commerce store better Shopify has already done the groundwork for you.  They are based out of Canada I think and so again is that this is one of the ones I really like so How has the stock been performing again? You would ask in my personal opinion the stock is a really good long-term Opportunity stock. So if you're looking for something to diversify your portfolio long term I think Shopify would be an ideal long-term Candidate so again, you can see here all the stock has been performing This is just as of our 2021. This chart doesn't really explain what happened with the stock because initially This stock was trading somewhere at around $1,200 and some change before the went through a split So after the split that's why it in it came you see now the adjusted value Looking like it was trading the high there was $176 but it was actually $1,200 and then when all the stocks The tech stocks were crashing back in 2022 Shopify was not immune to it. So the stock crashed after the split it crashed down to I think a low was about $24 25 and then since then It has slowly started moving and gaining momentum and heading back to the upside so you can see here starting up In 2024 the stock is now somewhere up there And it's only gone up in 2024 about 2% which is not terrible. But again, this is a long-term opportunity. So Again for people that are looking to diversify. I think that To buy Shopify and hold it and just keep DC in your way So dollar cost average away When the stock goes up you buy a little bit when the stock goes down you buy a little bit So again, this would be something that you can decide how much you want to put in On that dollar cost average. So I really do like Shopify From a long-term perspective because it's one of those stocks where It does it allow people Again with the number of entrepreneurs that are entering the market every year This is a great platform and you're going to continue to see growth And that would power them to get back to the highs that they used to be And I think again, this is not me being any sort of politic or anything I think that the marketplace right now is a little bit confused Because they don't know which direction things are going to go If you see there are different Theories about the two administrations that we've had in the last eight years One is supposedly is a business friendly entrepreneurship friendly and then the other one is more so corporate friendly So people are looking like hey most entrepreneurs like hey if you have extra cash Guess what you're going to take a chance to try to start a new business But if you don't have that extra cash if you are strapped of cash, you're not going to take a risk So um, we might see changes in the stock might see a massive run depending on How the election goes again, I'll let you be the judge here and make that call So there you go guys again, like I said, I've done videos here in the past talking about Shopify and again I'm repeating this because this is a long-term play. This is not a quick gain So this is something that you buy and hope and the way I go about looking at these stocks is not just Picking them you can go do like all the the nitty gritty But if you just look at it like Warren Buffett does He doesn't go out and pick stocks and like try to do no that basic stocks What problem is this stock or this company solving in the marketplace are people Needing this product or they want the product. So think about it in Berkshire Hardaway If you look at the composition of the stocks in in the portfolio You have things like coca-cola. They have apple I mean like dosages products that people just buy without even thinking just buy an apple phone Apple watch without even thinking you go to the store coca-cola like people just buy it because people like drinking their soda So they get seeing that people need so in this case. I'm looking like Shopify Solves a problem in the marketplace. Nobody wants to sit there and go learn how to build a website or pay somebody to build a website from scratch Um, and then even when you build that website to start integrating the different, uh, Products or different solutions that would allow you to operate a really good e-commerce store You don't have the time and the money to do that for a low fee of 39 dollars a month With your basic plan you can start doing all this transaction and selling products on online With your own store that is fully customizable to your business colors and In domain name. So I think it's a wonderful opportunity. Again, let me know in the comment section What do you think about Shopify? Is it something that it's on your radar? You just think it's like, oh no amazon owns a space, which I don't think they do but again Let me know in the comment section and as always guys do your homework. Do your due diligence Don't be a greedy savage, and I'll see you in the next one


Oh, it's a pleasure to be with all of you, even if it would be nicer to meet in Bure and have some talk under the trees and around some real blackboard and not only virtual ones, but... Nevertheless, I want to share with you some impressions I have about our relationship with Duke. So, the one who knows me, I'm post-credit data extraordinaire, and I don't really give anything without a deadline to the image show. And in some sense, I hope that having two deadlines, the first one for the first date, and this one would allow me to have some polished and refined talk to present you. But in profession, I just finished the presentation you see a few minutes ago. I think that this comic page image has it all. I've quite worked out the problem just yet. I'm hoping to think around the problem and have epiphany eventually, and to show that it has worked for me. In some sense, to just wait a little more on things suddenly become clearer, and just find it a nice way to present the things I've thought about for a long time. For this talk, I could have spoken about our recent work with Enrico also. But at the time where the conference should have taken place, we were just not ready. I could have switched subjects to talk about this recent development, but somehow I found it nicer to stick to the initial project. Yes, one other thing I could have shown is speak about resurgence and all those things that I learned studying the work at Efectile. I was seeing that they can make tremendous opportunity in field theory to resolve some long-standing problems. But nevertheless, I will try to have some other things. In fact, what impressed me and what Derek has done is that he's been quite all over the world since his stay in Prismaya, which is maybe one of the farthest part of the world. I still can do physics, and myself I began physics in what could be and really thought of another world. When I was thinking about a series subject, it was 1983, but it was quite another world. In France, at this stage, lab, quite a big lab, would only take one student a year because they would like to be able to provide for a kind of opportunity for the guy. And so many people would start physics in a lab and then merge from the place for their entire life. And so, in this year, in 1983, I was just 22, 21, I went into the office of André de Veuil, which was some sort of informal advisor in Ecole Normale d'Iberia. And I said to him that I wanted to do something about non-perternative problems in quantum physics. And he had not quite big things to say for me. And he said, oh, it's a bit early. And then at the end of the year, it was too late, and I was just admitted as an additional student in Ecole Normale in the theoretical physics lab of Ecole Normale. And it just began some wondering on different thematics. I would not bother you with the lift. It's quite long on the way. I've done a number of things. I've been quite happy with it. In some sense, it was just when I found this article of bothersome karma, the possibility to go up to 30 loops in some simple quantum field theory. A problem that I went back to this old ambition I had. Now maybe there is some tool to go beyond the limited things which people have been able to do up to now in quantum physics. I must say that before I was quite intrigued by the relation with notes that is developed in this book. In fact, I must confess that I had the book on my desk in the lab for a few months. And it was just at the moment where the conference was announced to be delayed that I finally decided to open it. Now David will allow me not to speak about what I think about this relation with notes because he said it quite clearly in a way that I would not dare to use. But in some sense, it was the first time I heard about Dieg. In the next installment, I was quite disappointed. Why do we need this hope alzheimer structure? If in fact you can reach the exact same conclusion without using anything more than differential equations. In fact, it's something I would meet again later. In fact, the real meeting with Dieg was when Alan Korn exposed the common words in his course in Collège de France. I followed the course for some years then and I would be two participants up to the end. And it's sure that I missed this yearly encounter in the room 5 of Collège de France with a bunch of people that would become familiar along the years. And it was quite a revelation. I had been quite frustrated during my graduate studies in Paris that much would be said about renormalization but nothing very clear about practicalities. And in fact, nothing really beyond what is one local realization and all these quite important things that a good theory should be renormalizable. And it means renormalizable up to any other in perturbations theory. Nothing was said about how it could be done. And so, with Alan Korn, we learned about how to do begolubal recursions and use the hope alzheimer of craft to solve the difficult combinatorial problems which are there. And at one of his talks there was some person present which we talked with Alan and I learned that it was there. I would not speak with him immediately but at this point he stopped to be some man but a real person with some physical characteristics. And so at this point I was just decided to work on this stream but it wouldn't have to wait some more years. I proposed to a colleague in our lab to plan in the subject but he was not so hot and so we just went to do some numerical work on quantum integrable systems. And so the starting point would have to wait for two things. I don't really know which order. Maybe I said the personal one before. So a conversation with Fidel Scharbovnik encouraged my wife. I decided to pack and go to Argentina. And it had to be for one year and it was two years and it was a good thing because in the first year we could not achieve much. A little because Fidel had a serious health problem. What could have been the benign theoretical integration turned out to give him some nukosome injection which he had some struggle to clear. And so with my Argentinian collaborator we discussed and said what can be done with this hop-fragima. And the idea emerged why not try the passivity. I'm still not sure if there is a good notion of a graded version of the hop-fragima of graphs. I've learned that it could be useful if you want to work with bearer symmetries. In this case you would need some other graphs to describe the non-linear parts in the bearer transformation. To make them into a full-fledged set of data identities. But for me it's still a work to be done. Pierre Clavier has done something about my first student. I've done something about the battle that will go with formalism. And I hope that maybe something along this line could be made but it did not pan out. Finally we had just the idea to look at the simplest symmetrics. In field theory the western model in the fourth dimension. And first we just started the linear licensing equation in the vein of Hordes and Kymer. Which we were quite disappointed that the equation when obtained was simply the one apart from some rescaling that Hordes and Kymer had obtained in the Yukawa case. However when trying to apply these things to the non-linear licensing equation. Something quite interesting with Haven. First with respect to the things which were proposed but not really solved in Dirk and Karl and the article. We would have only one propagator correction to consider. Because Scholar, Fermion and even the auxiliary field would have the exact same correction to their renormalization. Furthermore the well-known renormalization property of this model means that it's not a further approximation to forget about vertex correction. They are just zero. And so we embarked and I did not present the paper which results in 2008. And we were quite happy to be able to present the result up to 200 loops and 200 at this stage. A few more loops were not so difficult to obtain. Then the question surely was, but what to do with all these numbers? It's one thing to have a long list of coefficient for a perturbative series. It's another one to be able to deduce from this truly non-perturbative information. For this I would have worked to wait for some additional information and I will not dwell in it now because it's not really the thing for which words of Dirk have a direct relevance. What has been truly relevant for our most recent works is this quite fine paper by Professor Barron and Dirk Reim. I would not say it's an easy read. I must confess that as a referee to the paper I tried to obtain some clarification. But nevertheless, sometimes later when I needed the ideas I found that there were some pretty nice ideas there. What is the point? Well, maybe I will try to save some more time. I will show you something on the blackboard. I will not do what I've done in the president conference. I let my chair block the view on the blackboard from my computer. I will stop the tension so that you can hopefully have a nice view of the blackboard. I'm just following you since I said that I will not speak about my recent work with Enrico, but this is all about this work with Enrico. What do we do with Enrico? I will try to go beyond this mathematical model in which I felt quite stuck for many years. Because generalizing equations for general theory models are not so nice. Because you may only remember that when you look to the correction to the propagator, you have this quite symmetric situation where you have one bare vertex and one full vertex. But you must subtract infinity for the parallel vertex, so you cannot use this to do a deficient solution which would require quite a lot of regularization. So we used an old idea of the world. From which I learned through theology that it's more than six years old. You just take a derivative and then everything is fine. But there is still a problem. You survive to a diagram of this kind. But how do you compute this thing? A general vertex has a complicated dependence on this and it. And you cannot just, it's difficult to evaluate such a diagram if you presume that the vertex depends on all the invariants. But it's there that the ideas on a timer would be there. It's maybe older than what they done. But through them that I learned about it and whether I find that there are shortcomings in the exposition. But that is quite clear. You just forget about the situation until you do the bold, bold first thing that you will completely avoid. You have three vertex, five, three point vertex. And so you make the vertex depend only on one scale. And then it's something quite similar to the. And the evaluation of such a diagram is just another form of one of the diagrams. And so you can go with your computation. It's sure that it's not the end of the world because you are doing some approximation by shifting this in some way. But the nice thing is that in fact, you can write the correction to this approximation as some. You just do the difference. And the nice thing is that this difference is more. And so we can go back. We can use all these things to. I will go back to. To share. And you should be. So. Maybe now I can. I will catch the point that whether. Why I go to the maybe the not so. Hidden motive of this. This talk. Why did we cannot and I not go to the next. Yes. This is a part of the work of Derek that I've not used up to now. And maybe I will. You will. Allow me to ramble a little. Why. Why do I think that it's important. It's that you will we. It's not going to. To study. Unitary. Unitary questions in. In contemplation. This is at the level of. Single daggers. And I would like to do this. At the level of. But in terms of. I think that it's not. You that. We. Go back to. To mean koski space. And the. Unitarity and. Analytical problems. Which have been. A little forgotten in past years. It's. Some old story. Maybe. Even old. When. I began. Knowing. A. A theoretical physics. But in. In the 60s, there was. It's big. Excitation. A. A bootstrap program. You. You know that. The. Contemporary. Some. Pretty. Strong. Concerned of. Unitarity. And. Analytical dependence.  And. Even if quite mysterious. And. Crossing symmetry. And. At the time. It must be. It could be sufficient to. To know everything about. Strong integration. In terms. It was. Not so. Not so far fetched. I did. Since. The. The bond. The bond. Unitary. Confections. Due. To. Unitary. Concerned. Is. Pretty much saturated in. Hadron interactions. You. And when you. Look at. Amplitude. Process. With the production of. Many parents. Finally. The. The. The phase space is. Quite. The. The. The most important cycle. In fact. Nevertheless. It. Was too short. In the information. And the. The idea. Would. Would. Be appeared. All the more. So then. The first steps. Into the. Standard model. Say that. Contemporary theory. Had not said is. That's what. Nevertheless. Remarked. One side. Effect of this project. With that. Proposed. An amplitude. With. And. Sometime later. People recognize that it was. Some. Amplitude. For. And the rest is history. Like. When we said. And so. I. And so in some sense. The. In. The usual swing like. Station. The. The. People had burned what they. Worshipped. On. All the more than. And. With an approach to the normalization. Group. And. Good. And.  To the. To the. And. Contemporary theories. With. The. With the ability to be. Subjected. To. Some. Regular. And. Approaches. Of. And. What I would say. Of. Constructive. And. And. Never the less now. I think that it's time to. Go back to. To. Considering. This. Question. And I would. It's my. The. I would like to. To say. Every time I can. That. You. You had. You have to add. Another dimension to the. It's the. In the. With which. You. Can have. The. Door. To. To. Is maybe. Subject for. For the talks. I will. I think that. Will be quite time for me to. To stop. I may. Just show you. A number of. Things. I've done. Recently. Is it. wanted to show you this. So what you see there is the quite huge number which was in the appendix of of the paper by Brogles and Kramer. So it's what you get at order 500 in the when solving the linear synchronization equation for the scalar field in six dimension problem. And so I just tried to, you can see the progress in computers. It took only a few seconds to obtain this number. With my MacBook, which is far from being a top of the event machine. And this is just a first step to a full uh, uh, resolution analysis. But uh, there are some quite difficult points to to have. The other thing I would like is it just what can be done with, with, um, no, in, in, um, um, in the simpler, uh, case, uh, Geralt explained you that in this case you, you can have a quite complete, um, uh, resolution analysis. But this used quite special properties. So I wanted to see what could be done, uh, using, uh, more generally available tools. And so, uh, the idea is that you, you can compute, uh, uh, terms in the, in the, um, the transition equation.  And so I'm fitting the perturbative order. Uh, the, um, uh, the perturbative series up to some perturbative order with the help of one terms, two terms, or three terms, as, uh, uh, the interesting point are these ones. The, the yellow one correspond to, uh, not too well optimized, uh, computations. I'm able to compute, uh, uh, the coefficient which appear in the, in the terms, in the, uh, in, um, in the bridge equation. So the coefficient which will give you the exact island derivatives with better and better precision. Uh, in the vertical, uh, uh, scale, we have the log of the difference between the, uh, the number of, I can compute using, uh, a number of, uh, series coefficients and the limit. So you, you see that using more and more terms, you can have faster and faster convergence. And this may be, uh, a good thing for quantum fields, general quantum field theory where even with the tremendous work of research as we were exposed by Oliver Schmetz, it will be difficult to, to have full computation between, beyond the five, six, seven loops or eight. So thank you for your attention. I just might say that it was, uh, uh, a wonderful thing to be able to, uh, build upon the, the, the nice work of their, his collaborators. And I, and I really hope that it will be possible to, to, to, uh, to have, uh, all this, uh, uh, ideas that I advocated in the last part of my work be fulfilled with cooperation. Thank you very much. So, and, uh, it's really, uh, uh, a good Thursday. All right. Thank you, Mark. Thank you. Are there questions for Mark? I have one, if I may. Um, you mentioned this, um, in the West Sumino model where you replace the vertex correction by just a kind of one scale correction by rerouting the external momentum, right? And, uh, uh, yeah, what did I, what I, what I heard on the, on the, on the, on the word, yes. Yes, exactly. So, so I was just wondering, um, if I remember the, the paper by Francis and, and Doug correctly, the angles and scales. Um, I mean, there's quite some procedure, right? Where you, if you have sub divergences, you have to reroute the, the momentous and the sub divergences and make everything one scale in a recursive way. So I was just wondering if you do this on the generating function level, like you illustrated, um, is, is there a nice way to, to implement this without having to look in, into the individual graphs and so on? Uh, uh, in some sense, the, the point is that, uh, whenever you, uh, when you, you, you look at the, at this kind of corrections, since it's, um, uh, it's behave at, uh, uh, order to primitive graph, it can only contribute to next to leading log, uh, uh, correction to, to the scale behavior. And so you have some, uh, uh, systematic way to, to push, to, uh, uh, higher on, uh, uh, uh, uh, to next to next and next to next to next, uh, uh, exact to have to end to the K log order. And, and it's quite, uh, for me it's quite important because I, I have some, I have not, it's not formally, uh, written, but the, the, in some sense, in, uh, Schwenger-Eisen equation, uh, leading log behaviors of the, of the propagators and, uh, are nearly equivalent to, uh, leading behavior of the, uh, perturbative series. So, thank you. Thank you, Mark. Are there other questions for Mark? All right, let's thank Mark again. Thank you. And I think these


Hi there, I'm Mona. I have a master degree in management, but I'm extremely interested in teaching, especially to kids. So I started to work as an English teacher back to 2015 when we moved to Beijing. After living and working in Beijing for four years, we moved to Shanghai in past July. I've worked for almost four years. It was important for me to enrich my career. So I decided to do a 120-hour ITT TOEFL course. Well, it was one of my best decisions I ever made. Apart from the comprehensive syllabus, as well as opening my eyes towards the issues and dealing with obstacles, I could expand my connections to engage with a larger family of English teachers. I will choose ITT again for my next courses for sure. Besides, I am so grateful to all the staff for their support and help. Love you so much. Bye.


Welcome back to our lecture series Math 1220, Calculus II for students at Southern Utah University. As usual, I'll be your professor today, Dr. Andrew Missildine. In lecture 24 here, we're going to talk about the idea of chance, probability, randomness, and what does this have to do with calculus? Examples in this lecture, most of which are derived from section 8.5 about probability from James Stewart's Calculus textbook. And so when one talks about probability, what does that really even mean? Probability is the mathematics of randomness. For example, in tossing a fair coin, we know that the outcome is either going to be heads or tails. On a particular toss, we can't predict what's going to happen, right? At least we don't know what's going to happen. We can make some guesses, of course. But if we toss the coin many times, we can observe that the number of times that we get heads is approximately the same as the number of times we get tails. We don't expect perfection there, but the number of heads and number of tails should be someone close to each other. And so it's reasonable to assign a probability of one-half to tails and a probability of one-half to heads. So we'd say something like the probability of tails is one-half, one out of two. The probability of heads is likewise one out of two, one-half. So we want to be a little bit more specific about that in terms of our calculus of probability here. So in this lecture, we're going to talk a lot about the idea of a continuous random variable, which to start off with, what is a random variable? Well, a random variable is, as the name suggests, it's a variable whose outcome is determined by chance, by some random experiment. So as an example, if we were to flip a coin, right, that options or heads or tails, let's assign the number zero if we flip a tails, and let's assign the number one if we flip a heads. And so therefore our random variable will assign either zero or one based upon the outcome of the coin flip. And so there are probabilities associated to that. Well, what's the probability that the random variable will be zero? Well, it'll be one-half because that's how often tails comes up. And what's the probability that the random variable will be one? Well, that'd be one-half because, again, probability of heads showing up there. So that's the idea of a random variable. We say that a random variable is continuous if the number of values, if the number of values that X can take on ranges over some interval of real numbers. So we have a continuous random variable right there. So with random variables, we construct what's called a probability density function, like we saw on the previous slide, basically. The flipping the coin is an example of a discrete random variable. Our values don't come from some continuum of points, not from an interval, just from a handful of points. In that case, it was just zero and one. So the probability density function of a continuous random variable X along the interval a to b. So a to b are the values that it can take on there, right? To be a probability density function, we have to have two conditions. First of all, our function f of X can never be negative. For the entire interval a to b, every X value has to output a value greater than, you know, greater than or equal to zero. And the idea here is no event can have a negative probability. It could be zero, right? But it can't be negative.  That's absurd. So our probability density function has to have, it always has to be non-negative. The other thing we want is that the integral from a to b of f of X dx, that is the area under the curve, under the entire domain, has to equal one. And again, the idea here is that if we sum up all of the probabilities, the total sum should equal one. And sometimes we forget this, but this integral is a sum. It's an infinite sum, but it's a sum nonetheless. That's why the integral symbol is this elongated S, S for sum, as opposed to what maybe strong bad things S stands for. So we take an integral from a to b f of X dx that should always equals one. And so this mimics the idea of what we mean by a probability, right? A probability density function is you can't have a negative probability and the sum of all the probabilities needs to equal one. Sometimes people refer to this just as a density function for short. So if you hear me say that, that's what it means. Or if I say pdf, that it doesn't mean like a document, that means a probability density function here. With the probability density function hand, we define the probability of a continuous random variable in the following way. The probability that X will be assigned randomly between the numbers C and D, this will equal the integral from C to D of f of X dx. So let's put this to a very quick example. Show that the function defined by f of X equals 326 X squared is a probability density function on the interval one to three. And let's use that to find the probability that X will take an assignment between one and two. So for the first thing to show that's a probability density function, we have two things to show. So our function f of X we first need to show that it's always positive. And it's not too hard to do that. Notice that for all X, X squared is always non-negative. There's no X squared, it's always positive, right? And so then if you times that by some positive number 326, 3 over 26, this is always going to be positive. So that's a pretty easy thing to check. If you're wondering why in the world we choose 3 over 26, it seems like an interesting choice. We actually see the reasoning in just a second. The next thing we want to show is that the area under the entire curve is equal to 1. So if we apply that to this function, we go from 1 to 3, we get 3 over 26 X squared dx. Well, as this is an integral, I can take out the 3 over 26. I find an antiderivative for X squared, which is going to be X cubed over 3 as we go from 1 to 3. The 3 on top cancels with the 3 on bottom. If we plug in then the 3, we're going to get 3 cubed, which is 27 minus 1 cubed, which is 1. And so then you see it gets 26 over 26, and thus it becomes illuminated. Okay, I see. 326 was the factor chosen so that the area under the curve is equal to 1. This is something that statisticians and people studying probability do all the time. We might have a distribution that models a certain way. Maybe our distribution looks like a parabola. And therefore we kind of crushing, we want to kind of crush the curve so that the area under the curve is 1. So we get a probability model here. So then the third part, if we want to determine what's the probability from 1 to 2, the probability that our random variables, these are always capitalized. The random variable falls between 1 and 2. That's going to equal the integral from 1 to 2 of our density function 3 over 26 X squared dx. And so here, if we take the anti-derivative, which we've already done, we're going to get X cubed over 26 as we go from 1 to 2. We plug in 2, which is going to be 8. We plug in 1, which gives us a 1 over 26. So this would give us 7 over 26, which as this is a probability, we should probably write it as a decimal or something. This would give us 0.269. So approximately a 27% chance of our random variable being assigned the number 1 to 2. Then of course, if we were to take the compliment, right, we'd have a 73% chance that the random variable would be assigned between 2 and 3 if we're interested in that. So we can study probabilities using these probability density functions. One thing I should also mention, sort of important little remark here, that one thing that kind of baffles students when it comes to continuous random variables, if I ask what's the probability that X would equal some specific number C? Well, according to the definition, we've integrated from C to C of f of X dx, which no matter what the function is by properties of integration, this would always equal 0. And so there's a 0% chance that the random variable will be assigned to C. Now that might seem weird because it's like, can't the random variable be C if C sits between A and B, right? Then there should be some chance. And this is, of course, the misconception I'm trying to clarify here. What we are saying is not that X can never be C. What we're saying is that we cannot predict that X will equal C. If there are infinitely many options, there's no way of predicting with any certainty that X will be exactly C, right? Because it's ranging over an interval. The probability of being 0 doesn't mean that it's impossible. The probability of being 0 means it's unpredictable. The problem is when we work at discrete probability, there's no distinction between those two things and so we kind of conflate the issues together. But this is very important for continuous random variables. For a probability to be positive, it is necessary that we take some interval. We can predict that a random variable will fall within a certain margin, but we cannot predict it's going to be an exact value.


It's an invaluable experience. You can sit in a classroom and learn about these things all you want, but to actually get into it and experience it, no amount of studying will replace that. The program in Global Development Studies is relevant for everyone who is interested in global development issues. We discuss inequality, climate change, migration, cultural change, but our students also get insight into how these large issues impact people in different parts of the world. The students have the possibility to come with inputs about how to make the class better and how to improve the whole study program in itself.  There's a lot of involvement and I think that's probably one of my favorite parts. The program enables you to go into the field the first year, the second year and the third year so you can really get your hands dirty and get that feel of what development studies is about and what development work is about. So exhilarating and challenging to be out on UN projects in 30 degree heats and working with Norwegians and then also international students and Sri Lankan locals. We got to meet so many different people and so many different organizations in Sri Lanka. You kind of get to see the world in a new way because you learn different perspectives and you learn to be critical. It's one thing to look at economic development at the global level with a bunch of people that you grew up with or see the world the same way but to get to do it with people who are from Norway or from Russia or Sri Lanka or China and contribute all of those different perspectives I think is really incredible.


Patriot Prime Reviews is a channel for adult collectors and may not be suitable for children under 13 years of age. Viewer discretion is advised. Hey, what's going on guys? Patriot Prime here once again with another NECA review. But before I get started, I need you guys to do me a favor. If you're watching this video right here and are not a subscriber of Patriot Prime Reviews, please hit that subscribe button right now. It won't cost you a thing, but will help me and my channel out tremendously. Now, on to the figure. And the figure we're looking at in this video is NECA's ultimate Terminator 2 T-800 or Uncle Bob. Now the Terminator is one of my all-time favorite movies, dare I say, in my top five of all time. And I was just blown away when I first saw the teaser trailer to Terminator 2 back in the day. I mean, this is when teaser trailers came out and they didn't give away anything of the film. And I couldn't wait for this movie. And when Terminator 2 finally hit the silver screen, I must have saw that in theater probably about eight to ten times. That is probably the last movie I saw that many times in the theater. Not to mention all the different copies I bought on home release. I mean, I had the VHS copy, the extended VHS copy, the DVD, the extended DVD, the Blu-ray, the extended Blu-ray. The list goes on and on. And I was thrilled to death to see this figure on the market. Now let's take a quick look at the packaging. You've got Terminator 2 Judgment Day. There's the T-800 Arnold Schwarzenegger holding his minigun side of the package. Same picture, Terminator 2, NECA. This side's the same thing. On the back, you've got some product shots of the figure himself in different action poses. Now once you open the box up, it's got this nice Velcro enclosure. There's another image of the T-800. And right there you see the T-800, two extra heads, and multiple weaponry. So now, without further ado, let's get the T-800 out of this packaging and see how cool he really is. And welcome to Patriot Prime Reviews. Now once you get the T-800 all open and out of the packaging, you get a better look at all the different accessories he comes with. Of course, you get the main figure right here. The two additional heads, you have one battle damaged head and one with sunglasses. You also get the minigun with an attached ammo bag, the lever action shotgun, the M79 grenade launcher, the grenade bandolier, and the pistol. So now let's take a closer look at the T-800 himself. The T-800 is an amazing looking figure, and that is all in thanks to NECA's attention to detail when it comes to the sculpting. Now, you'll notice right off that I've traded out heads. I gave the T-800 the head with the sunglasses because I'm going to do this review of the figure in order of how he appeared in the film. And if you recall, this is how he looked in the first part of the film after he acquired the clothes and sunglasses from the biker bar. Taking a closer look at the figure, this is an amazing head sculpt. This looks just like Arnold Schwarzenegger. Fantastic work, fantastic paint applications, molded detail up there on the hair, the highlights. This looks great. My only complaint is the sunglasses right here, right there on the left lens. It's got a smudge, some kind of sculpting issue right there, and the glasses look broke. So, I'm not sure if this is how all the copies are or I just got a bum one. But I've heard NECA has a pretty good customer service department. I may give them an email and send them this picture, maybe I can get a replacement. Now, aside from the sunglasses, screw up really, really good looking sculpt. Now, moving on to the jacket. The jacket is a very soft, pliable plastic and still lots of great details. You can make out the folds, the creases, the zippers, the buttons, and the bullet holes. And there are a lot of bullet holes in this jacket. It looks really, really cool. I love the looks of this jacket. That almost looks like leather. And the sculpted details continue down on the arms. Now, it's not connected. This is two different sections. You can look right here. You can see the t-shirt through the hole. But still, looks really, really good. Opening the jacket up. You can see the details on the shirt. You can make out Arnold's pecs. That is so awesome. Nice belt right there. Great details as usual. The pants, their leather pants, lots of wrinkles, details. Looks really good. Moving on down to the boots. You got your biker boots with your buckles, your straps. And that's about it. Sculpted details are great. The gloves. You can tell they're leather gloves, but nice. See the holes right there? That is so cool. I love that. I love NECA's sculpting work.  It can do a complete 360. It can look up. It can look down. It can pop off the ball joint if you're not careful. But there you go. Hey, he's a robot. That happened in part three, I think. Yeah, pretty good articulation on the head. The arms. Arms are the same way. The shoulders can do a complete 360 if you wish. They can go up and down, but they are limited due to the sculpting. He does have an elbow bend and an elbow rotation. And the wrists are on a ball joint as well. They can do a complete 360 and move up and down. He does have a waist rotation and legs in and out. Once again, it's got the mobility, but it's hindered by the sculpting. The knees, he does have a knee bend and knee rotation. Same with the feet. Ankle rotation and ankle tilt. So lots of good mobility and posibility for the figure. Now we'll show off his weaponry. This is the Lever Action Shotgun. He's known for throughout the film with that really cool twirling that he does. You can put that in his hand. You have to be very careful with these, kind of work it in around the fingers. The shotgun is kind of tricky to get in his hand because you want to get the fingers, the three fingers here underneath the lever while the trigger finger goes on the outside. But once you get it in, looks really, really good. The other weapon he had while looking like this is the pistol. I'm not sure where he got that in the movie, but he did use this pistol to kneecap the guard at the hospital. So you can put this, let's see if that will fit in his left hand. It doesn't quite fit in his left hand, but can fit in the right, but it kind of goes down at a slight angle. He doesn't really hold it straight, but still not bad looking whatsoever. Now let's switch out heads and take a look at how the T-800 looked in the second half of the movie. The T-800's second head sculpt is just a sunglasses free version. If you recall in the film, he lost his sunglasses when the female guard with the cast punched him in the face, breaking them. The head sculpt once again is a very good likeness of Arnold Schwarzenegger saying great sculpted detail for the hair and it looks really, really good. Even the eyes are painted real nice. So yeah, that's about it for the head sculpt. Just like the other complete 360 looks up and down. Plus I got this one secured a little bit better, so it won't be popping off. During the halfway mark of the film is when the T-800 acquired the rest of the weaponry that I'm going to show off. And the first is the M79 grenade launcher. My dad flipped when he saw this on screen because he said he carried one of these with him when he was in Vietnam. This weapon was also called the blooper because when you fired the grenade out of it, it went boop. So pretty cool. I had the upgraded version on my M16 when I was in Iraq. Put this in the T-800's hand just like the shotgun. You just want to work it around the fingers. But unfortunately, just like the pistol, he can't hold the M79 straight. I mean it kind of is at an angle like that, which I guess looks okay. Or I guess you could bend his arm and have him look like he's just holding it. I also like the strap. That's really cool. Now another feature that goes along with the M79 is the grenade bandolier. And to put that on, you just pop the head off and throw it around. Slide the bandolier over his arm and shoulder and then replace the head. And there you go. Of course you may have to adjust it slightly to get it to look just right. But the bandolier is made out of very soft, pliable plastic and is easy to manipulate. Now the main weapon for this set is the one I'm the most disappointed in. And that would be his minigun. I mean look at that. You can tell right now why I was disappointed. It is so warped. And that's not near as bad as it was when I first took it out of the packaging. I used a blow dryer on low to warm it up enough to straighten it out the best I could.  And I think this is a problem with the way it was packaged. I mean it's in there tight and it just, it got bent over time. And this may be something else I asked Neca about when I emailed him about the sunglasses. If I can get a replacement Gatlin gun. Other than that, I may just try to warm it up and try to straighten it out some more.  Other than that, it looks really good. It looks just like it did on the screen. You got the ammo belt coming down to the ammo bag. And that's made out of that very pliable plastic that the Bandolier was made out of. The bag. It's a bag. You got the strap right there. And to put that on, same thing. Let's see. Let's remove the grenade launcher. And there we go. And that looks so badass. It looks just like he did from the scene in the movie when he's opening fire on all the cop cars. I just wish that minigun was straight. That looks really, really cool. Aside from the warp. Now the left hand, that hand is designed to hold the secondary handle of the minigun. It can't really hold any of the other weaponry. But it works perfect for the minigun, the bag here. You just kind of put over his shoulder. I had it perfect just a second ago. There you go. It's got this indentation right there that kind of matches up against his thigh. But yeah, looks really good. I'm just so disappointed about the warp. The final accessory I'm going to show off is his third head, which is the battle damaged head. This shows the damage that he took fighting the T-1000 when the T-1000 was slamming that girder into his head over and over again. Great details on this. You got the blood, the gore. You got the cybernetic eye right there. Details right there on the skull, including the access port for the chip. The back of the head where it gets slammed into the wall. More details on the endoskeleton skull. I love that. That looks awesome. Now, I wish that he had a damaged arm to attach to. Maybe trade out one of those weapons for a battle damaged arm, but beggars can't be choosers. I still think this looks really, really good with some great paint details. And now for some quick size comparisons. Here is NECA's Ultimate Terminator 2 T-800 with Generation 1 Optimus Prime, NECA's Ultimate T-1000, and the NECA Ultimate Friday the 13th Part 5 Dream Sequence Jason. Wow, I never figured Jason would be bigger than a Terminator. Aside from a couple QC issues, NECA's Ultimate Terminator 2 T-800 figure is a great figure to add to your collection if you're a Terminator fan. There's enough accessories to really change up his look for the display. Plus, I just noticed his left hand can do the thumbs up. That is so cool. I'm really happy with this figure, and I will be contacting NECA customer service about the sunglasses and the minigun. The minigun of course being my biggest disappointment. Other than that, I am really happy with this figure and highly recommending.  So, does the NECA Ultimate Terminator 2 T-800 belong in your collection? Absolutely. If you're a Terminator fan, you have to have this figure. And what's cool is he's starting to become fairly readily available, at least when I've seen in local targets and a few different Walmart's. This is a fantastic figure, a great likeness to Arnold Schwarzenegger, and I really don't have any complaints at all with the figure. I wish the minigun was packed a little different, or whatever they could have done to keep it from being so warped. But I'm pretty much going to pose mine just like this, maybe without the grenade belt attached to him. But all in all, I am very pleased with this figure and couldn't be happier. And guys, if you enjoyed the video, don't forget to like, don't forget to subscribe, and don't forget to hit that bell icon to get notified when I upload new reviews. Once again, this is Patriot Prime. Hasta la vista, baby. Hula!


Goodbye, my friend. I'm sad to say This is your very last day I've loved you so very much Your autumn leaves have been a thrill Orange and yellow Bright red You've given me so much joy For so many long years my maple tree. I love you Goodbye, my friend. I'm sad to say The tree guy and his crew are on their way Professional luggers. Yes, they are They've determined you're a risk You could fall into the street Goodbye, my friend. I love you so I hope the woodpecker Doesn't go. I hope he just moves to another tree so I can enjoy Seeing him even though we'll be missing you


Good morning, guys. It is September 7th and we are in San Antonio, Texas. We did our first Texas road trip technically yesterday. There were a few road trips that we did like on the way to Texas like moving here, but I didn't count those because we don't really like do too many touristy things. So last night we went to the river walk and it literally felt like a Disney, like Disney ride. We went with my friend from Katie. She graduated a year before me. Her name is Jess Landry. Shout out to Jessica and Derek because I know they watch my vlogs, but yeah. So we went to the river walk with them and met up with them because they're here for like his conference for work. I was so freaking excited to see her. Like this whole week I was like, oh my god, I'm seeing Jess Landry. Like, I don't know. She was just like one of my favorite people in Katie. We are about to go get some breakfast and then I like did not create an itinerary for the first time in my life, which is so unlike me because usually my itineraries are like minute to minute itineraries from like 8 a.m. to like sleep pretty much. But this time like, I don't know, it was just weird. I didn't feel like I was going on a trip or like vacation. So I don't know. I just didn't really do my research, but people have been telling us to go to the Pearl and we need to see river walk in the daytime. What else? Can you think of anything else, Rai? Hotel Emma, I heard that too. And then tonight, Rai, tell them what's tonight. Tonight is John Mayer. He made my whole life. Then I don't know what time we're leaving tomorrow, but I don't like, I feel like there's not that much to explore here. I mean, I may be wrong, but it seems like kind of just like a two day kind of thing. So I feel like this will be the perfect amount of time to explore everything. So right now we are going to go head to breakfast because my stomach is rumbling to the Pearl and we found out that it's a farmer's market today. So hopefully they have like snack foods because I'm still hungry. A coffee shop just got something really quick. We are actually getting real food and I think the restaurant that I picked is on the river walk, which I hope it is because that'd be perfect. Because we wanted to see it in the daytime and kind of just walk around. It is so freaking hot outside, but we're trying to just like, Rai doesn't know what restaurant I picked out. I think he's going to be a very happy. After lunch, I fell into a post-acoma and so we went home and took a nap. But now it is 5.22 and we are going to go get some ice cream. Then we're just going to go to the liquor store, pick something up really quick, and then probably pre-game for John Mayer. I'm super excited about my outfit. I don't know if I should wear my cowboy boots. I still have yet to put them on since I moved to Texas. And Ryan says John Mayer wears cowboy boots, but I don't know. Like I feel like it's not a thing. Do you want to famous wears cowboy boots? I guess so. I feel like there are so many other things that we could have done in San Antonio. We actually drove by the Alamo and saw that really quick, but the thing is it's just so hot here right now that it's just like, Oh, do we really want to like do that in the heat? So I don't know, we're just kind of chilling on this trip. So I'm missing the big games for you, John Mayer. Things I do for you. Who are you playing? I'm just playing Murray State. We're only like 42 to 7. I think UCF is playing FAU. Yeah, so that's the OK game for you. I'm in LSU, Texas. And college game day is at UT. It's in Austin, we were leaving as they were coming in. Which is probably good honestly, I don't know. It's kind of crazy. Yeah. I literally have all of like the UGA games, UCF games, and UT's games on my calendar where they're playing what time. Because especially for UT, like what if we don't want to like watch the game like participate in game day activities and then like we're stuck in traffic, you know? So it's always good to be like in the know what's happening around the city. So we actually ended up back at the Pearl because we want to try this place called Lake Ice Cream. I've definitely heard of it before, but it kind of looks similar to like a Jenny's. So we'll see and we'll update you guys on how we like it. Yeah. I got caramel, caramel something. And then I also got the fresh mint with chocolate. And like I was not expecting it to be like actual mint herbs. But it's interesting, you know? I would definitely say that Jenny's is a little bit better. But I'm happy we got to try this because this is actually the ice cream shop that's right next to Orange Theory.  Yeah, yeah, yeah. It's in that little hausa. We have arrived to the John Mayer concert. We're not in yet, but... Pretty long time to... Where? I should start something up here. I usually get to concerts super early, but today was not our day. We were like rushing. Who's excited to see their favorite? What's your favorite? I know. I was gonna say like when I said that was like, wait, I literally bought you tickets to future because you love them so much. Not John Mayer, huh? What? Except for not John Mayer. Nah, this was yours. This was your turn. What's your angle? My best friend. Don't mess with us. Now there were Texans. You know what that means? Someone's on stage. Could it be John Mayer?


Okay, so this is Veronica Howard. We're going to switch gears now. We're going to talk a little bit about timeout as a negative punishment procedure. Timeout is kind of an interesting variant on negative punishment because we're talking about the temporary removal. We're talking about the removal of some stimulus or some environment of reinforcing value. And timeout is actually super well known in everyday culture, but here's another example of a situation where we think that we know what's going on with this particular procedure, but what we actually know from our experience, learning about the second hand, learning about it from other people in our culture, it's actually really poor science. I'm going to talk to you a little bit about that, but there's also some optional reading material for this week that talks about timeout. And if you're interested in this and in how we change behavior or how we do kind of progressive behavior change or discipline for young kids, I would encourage you to check it out. Okay, just one second. Okay, pardon me there. So when we're talking about timeout, this is actually kind of an interesting variant because it's a procedure, a punishment procedure in which the person, rather than a stimulus, so the person themselves is removed from a reinforcing environment, contingent on behavior. And the examples I was giving you before, it was like the example of a stimulus being removed from the person. And in timeout, we switch it the other way, we say instead that we're going to take the person out of the environment. Now, what are the big myths that we have about timeout is what that means. The part that I find as a practitioner, the most frustrating and the most disheartening is that timeout is actually part of a larger expression, which is this. Timeout is timeout from reinforcement. It means that the person contingent on a specific target response is going to be temporarily removed from their environment. And that environment had to be incredibly reinforcing such that the removal of that person from the environment decreases the problem behavior because they're losing access to all these amazing reinforcers. In fact, one of the earliest examples of the use of a timeout procedure was in this Wolf-Risley and me study from 1964. This is one of my favorite studies about a kid named Dickie. Dickie was about three and a half. He had autism and he had a really severe cataract. So the lenses of his eyes were so, so thick. And the difficulty was that they were going to have surgery for this kid. But doctors said that if Dickie didn't wear his glasses regularly, that the surgery would actually not be effective. It would be very difficult at keeping the lenses of his eyes in the proper position. And if he wasn't actually wearing his glasses, he would go blind within about six months. So you see here, when we're talking about potential harm to the client because of a behavior or lack of behavior, this is one of those situations where it's kind of, it's high stakes. You have to get the behavior to occur because otherwise, this particular child who might otherwise be cited for the rest of their life and have maybe a little bit easier go of it because of their ability to see, they would lose that if they're not wearing their glasses. So this was also particularly challenging because whenever parents would try to get Dickie to wear his glasses, he would just lose it. He would have very aggressive tantrums so much so that he would try to hurt himself. He would hurt his caregivers. Like this was aggressive behavior plus a lack of a behavior wearing the glasses that we really need to see to make sure that Dickie was being safe and healthy. So you can see we kind of two target behaviors here. We have one, tantrums, which they themselves, they're very aggressive. They're dangerous to the client. They're dangerous to people around the clients. The parents, which we'll talk about, can send to this clinical procedure. And you see we have a very short time span. So while we might like to look through and find lots of less invasive procedures in the 1960s, they were not as worried about the humane hierarchy. So they just went ahead with this form of treatment that combined differential reinforcement and shaping. Those are two procedures that we're going to learn coming up. And essentially what it means is Dickie would earn some treats whenever he would approach the glasses and then when he would touch the glasses and then when he would wear the glasses. They were essentially trying to desensitize Dickie because he had this really bad learning history around those glasses. And if they had just started with, okay, we're going to make you wear them for a little bit, he would have flipped out. So we're doing kind of an approach procedure where we're reinforcing the value of the glasses or we're pairing the glasses with a reinforcer. But here's the negative punishment part. Dickie would earn a 10 minute exclusionary timeout whenever he had a tantrum or engaged in self-injurious behavior or aggressive behavior. So an exclusionary timeout is one where the client themselves are removed from the environment and placed in another, more restrictive in this case, it was a hospital setting, so a hospital environment. And he would stay there for the duration of the tantrum or 10 minutes, whichever occurred longer. So we see that we have a combination of reinforcement and punishment being used here. But the most important part here is this 10 minute exclusionary timeout. And I am of course very happy to report that these researchers were very effective that not only decreasing the self-injurious behavior, because remember the self-injurious behavior in the tantrums were probably paying off by keeping Dickie from having to wear these really awful glasses. When that didn't work anymore, and when the glasses became less awful, we see that the rate of the problem behavior decreased dramatically, and Dickie went on to wear the glasses and keep his eyesight. There's also some important ethical considerations to be made here for Dickie's situation. Remember that I made a couple references a moment ago to this idea of the humane hierarchy. And so remember that the humane hierarchy refers to this kind of level or order of intervention. When we're doing behavioral interventions, we always want to start with the least restrictive procedure possible. The first one here being determining whether there even really is a behavioral problem to be addressed or whether it's medical or something else that might be better accomplished by a different kind of practitioner. So in this case, we saw that Dickie did have a legitimate medical problem, but the difficulty with the cataracts was that if he wasn't engaging in the eyeglass wearing behavior, that he would have been blind again. So we've addressed the wellness or nutritional issues there. And to see an arrangement just looks at whether or not you can change the environment to promote behavior and sometimes intervening before the behavior happens is helpful. So you're like putting up a hand washing sign in restaurants at restaurants. And then we go through the more restrictive procedures. So in the scenario that I described for you for Dickie, what we had was differential reinforcement, which we'll come back to and we'll talk about in a little bit, where Dickie was earning reinforcement for approaching the glasses and wearing the glasses. But there was also negative punishment in that he was removed from the environment every time he was wearing or every time he would engage in self-endurious behavior or aggression or have a tantrum. So it might be more ethical to say that perhaps there could have been some ways to intervene up here, but ethics are always very squishy. The difficulty is that remember there was a very limited timeframe that's six months. And so this is a tough situation. Was it appropriate to jump to negative punishment for the self-endurious behavior and timeouts? What I think a modern behavior analyst would tell you is that we have other more effective tools in our arsenal now. And we'll talk about how do we figure out what's maintaining a behavior? How do we make sure that we're intervening in the right way when we talk about functional analyses coming up in just a couple weeks? But for now, I think that this was a study from 1964. This was one of our earliest studies. So giving it just a little bit of slat, giving it just a little bit of patience there and recognizing that we have advanced quite a bit from that. All right. So let's finish up by talking about some of the most critical mistakes that I hear about when consulting on the behavior of clients. First of all, remember timeout is part of a larger expression, part of a larger statement. The longer version of this is timeout from reinforcement. So if you have a problem with the client, you have to first, before you even consider the use of timeout, is ask the question, okay, is time in reinforcing? If your time in environment, if the environment where the client finds themselves is not reinforcing, it's definitely not going to be punishing to be removed from that environment. A good example of this would be, for instance, sending a kid to the principal's office. If the person in school is going from say, like a really difficult history lesson, and they dislike history and they have a bad history with history, no pun intended, and you say, all right, enough goofing off, Julie, you're going to go down to the principal's office. And that allows them to go from an environment where it's aversive to one where they have to do maybe a little bit less, or maybe the principal's fun to talk to, or maybe the secretary who or the administrative assistant who's waiting outside the principal's office will talk to Julie about her day and try to be very comforting and figure out what's wrong. Well, what you've done is you've taken the client from a less reinforcing environment where they engage in a problem behavior and you move them into more reinforcing environments contingent on problem behavior. And that's a pretty common mistake that I see. Another example of this could be sending a sassy kid from the dinner table to their room where their Xbox is. Well, you've just moved them from a time in environment that's not reinforcing to a time out environment that's incredibly reinforcing. So I would expect to see an increase in problem behavior. Another problem that I see here is what if the behavior is maintained by escape? So going back to Julie from a moment ago, remember, she hated history. And so if we send her out of the room, whenever history is going on and she's engaging in problem behavior, we can actually be reinforcing that behavior just because we're giving her another way of getting out from having to do history. So even just the process like ignore the administrative assistant who talks to her, just getting away from something unpleasant can be reinforcing.  And then finally, another problem is that this is a really dangerous procedure in a lot of settings because the child, especially if you're using like an exclusionary timeout, the child could be unsupervised. So there are difficulties with that. First, it could be that they're accessing unauthorized sources of reinforcement, which means that time out could be more reinforcing than time in. But more importantly, if the child is unsupervised and something happens to them, there's the safety of the child to be considered. There's also liability to be considered, which is to say that in order to protect an agency from the legal liability of a child being hurt, you have to have a staff member specifically dedicated to literally sitting and watching the client when they're in timeout. So you've taken the client away from a learning environment. You've also secluded one staff and now you have a one to one staffing ratio just to use a punishment procedure, which I'm going to tell you right now is not a very effective punishment procedure. There's also a variety of other myths that come along with timeout. So among these other myths that I've heard before are things like you should use a certain amount of time per years of life of the child, so 30 seconds for every year of life. If the child is five, then time out time should be two and a half minutes, which is just there's no evidence to support that. I've heard and read in different child care blogs that you want to make sure that whenever you're doing a timeout procedure that you spend some time talking with the child and explaining to the child why it is that they're in timeout so that they better understand the relationship between their behavior and what's happened. And again, there's very little evidence to support that any kind of attempting to reason with the child or help them to cognitively understand what's happening in the situation is going to make timeout more effective. In fact, if you're providing high quality one-on-one attention for the child during that period of timeout, it could actually backfire insofar as you're giving really high quality attention, which then itself may function as a reinforcer. So there's a lot of myths related to timeout. It's so difficult to implement properly. You've got emotional responding. You've got the child potentially being excluded. You've got there's so many difficulties with it that I would argue that the better way to go is a time and alternative called the time in ribbon. This is where we're going to end today. So the time in ribbon works. It flips all of this on its head. We have a culture where we say, if you've been bad, get out. And it's a terrible misguided way of trying to treat behavior. Instead, what the time in ribbon says is, when you're doing the right thing, you keep access to the reinforcing environment. So remember what I'm showing you on the right hand of the screen here is the client, the learner is going to have some sort of token item. It can be like a wristband, like one of those lift strong bracelets, like a rubber bracelet, or it can be a slap bracelet, or it can be literally anything. It could be a name tag that the person is wearing. But essentially they have the token item. And when they have the token item, when they're wearing a token item, they qualify for all sorts of reinforcement in the time and environment. When they do something inappropriate or they engage in a target behavior that is marked for decretion or deceleration, then they lose that target item. And they are no longer eligible for a brief period of time to earn that reinforcer. Now, this is a much better approach because one, it's super easy to use. You don't have to have a staff member specifically dedicated to managing the behavior of the client when they're in timeout. You can keep the learner in the environment where they are. So not only are they staying supervised and you're not splitting your staff and you're not creating all these problems, but they're in the environment, they're being supervised and they're seeing other peers engaging in the behavior that they should have presumably been engaging in, which means they see models of appropriate behavior. We also mentioned that removing the client from the environment can sometimes reinforce escape maintain behavior or can reinforce behaviors that lead to removing an aversive environment. So in this case, we're preventing that from happening because the client's always going to be in the environment. They're not actually leaving, they're just losing available reinforcer in that environment. The time in ribbon itself or in this case a wrist or a name tag or whatever it is the token is, that becomes a conditioned reinforcer. People will want to work to earn it. It's really portable. It's really flexible. And I think perhaps the most important one that's not listed here is that it really focuses on us remembering that the most important part of timeout, what makes timeout most effective, is when time in is reinforcing and it doubles down on it, reiterates that idea that when you have reinforcement available in the environment, a lot of other problem behaviors don't exist. And if you still have problem behavior, you have to make time in reinforcing so that timeout will be punitive. All right, so that's finishing up with timeout and timeout alternatives. Let me know if you have any questions and check out the optional materials for this topic.


Audio test, testing one, two, five, six, seven, eight. To see if reindeer and my dear win, but as long as you love me so. One, two, one, audio test, testing one, two, three, four, five, four, three, two, one. Audio test from the Rose Garden, testing one, two, three, four, five, five, four, three, two, one. Time for us some of his favorite Christmas songs. To start off our evening, we have with us the Tudor Singers, just a wonderful, wonderful gentleman. Ladies and gentlemen, will you thank and go with me to welcome Mr. Andy Williams. Thank you, Mr. Riley. Thank you very much. Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. At Christmas time, everyone remembers a special gift they've either given or a special gift that they've received. And to be here in President's Park at the White House is a gift for me. And I hope you'll accept this song as a gift to each of you. Christmas, just like the ones I used to know, where the tree tops glisten and children listen. To hear sleigh bells in the snow. Dreaming of a white Christmas, with every Christmas card I write. Lay your days, be merry and bright. So sincerely, but for many of us it's also a holy day. The birthday of the Prince of Peace. A day when God so loved the world that he sent us his only begotten son to assure forgiveness of our sins. The Yuletide season is characterized in our country by the giving of gifts, a spirit of charity, and yes, goodwill more so than at any other time of the year. Already traditional programs are underway, drives the national Christmas tree. And you should know that they are the United States Army Band under the direction of currently Eugene W. Alden. Pershing's own has thrilled audiences throughout the world. And they're going to play for us a Christmas melody. And I hope that... It's beginning to look a lot like listening once again. It's beginning to look a lot like restore. But the prettiest sight to see is the holiday that will be on...