Welcome everyone to the Ethereum 2.0 client panel discussion the idea with this is to well after this morning's presentations where we saw lots of the work that's been done and and been given insight into to some of the solutions that have come up with to explore more how we move on from here in particular how do we do that together there's a lot of togetherness I think in general in Ethereum 2.0 there's there's many of the the design aspects have been centered around trying to coordinate people be that through the use of technologies that other people are using wasm lab P2P BLS standardization etc to the multi-cliented approach we're taking and I think that's a really powerful a powerful thing as we've seen and so I think a good place to to start off with is something we had quite recently which was the the interop event this this is a great a great opportunity where we locked well some basically locked a bunch of people in a room to see what happened and and the results of this experiment was we got seven clients speaking to each other which is a pretty pretty freaking incredible and yeah so so so now that we've achieved that I think that's that that's allowed us to to to get a lot further along this this route so I think you should have some introductions before we quickly dive into this so if you can start down that side and have everyone just say the name what who they're working on and what was the sort of one thing that they took from from from interop or what's the the the one maybe the the the the main thing that you guys are working on as a result of interop hey I'm Ben I'm just standing in for the great Joe DeLong on this panel I kind of assembled the Artemis team a year ago I'm best better known for what's new in ETH2 these days I was at interop and it was awesome take place I think it's time to press on to production now we've proved the concept it works we can interoperate it's it's very cool but now we're moving into new phase with with Artemis and handing it over to the production team to do all the stuff like writing documentation and and and searching the comments for to do and all that all that good stuff everyone I'm roll from prismatic labs I was unfortunately not at interop but remotely helping out the teams there and figuring out kind of how to get people on board prism one of the biggest takeaways was getting everyone to easily run a beacon chain and a validator made it like we had to make it easy for everyone and it improved a lot of our local development a lot it made it very very easy to launch a beacon chain with n number of deterministic validators so that's sort of standardization that came out of the effort made our lives easier and hopefully others lives easier everyone I'm Alex Stokes I work on Trinity which is the Python implementation of ETH2O yeah interop was great as we'll probably I'll tell you here the biggest thing I think we probably all saw across the board was yeah just having like these sort of coordinated starts and like getting these test nets to actually like I'll go at the same time we have a large number of clients and so we have some extra fun just like wrangling all these cats there's like a bunch of little stuff that we saw sort of specific to Trinity from the interop and the big thing there will probably be focusing on longer term over like the next I don't know let's say three to six months is heavy focus on performance like I said we're a Python client so we kind of have a performance penalty we incur de facto so we'll be doing a lot of a lot of optimization there we are looking at dropping our like really sort of tight loops and things and to rest so we've had some work on like Rust modules and Python which is fun and yeah that's about it hello everyone my name is Paul I work on Lighthouse it's one of the Rust implementations I think one of the great things that came from interop was just a lot of scripts that we can use to to build each other so yes it got built a bunch of scripts which was great so now we have we have a bunch of tools that we can use by ourselves to test with other clients so that really helps reduce the the friction that we can before we can test our client against others what we're working on now after interop we're basically targeting feature completeness we have an RFP for a security review out there so we're we're preparing for that and we're working on trying to take our client into the sort of the tens of thousands of validator ranges and above to make sure that we can run nice and quickly and efficiently with production level numbers of validators I'm Zahari from the Nimbus team a lesson that we learned from interop I guess is the importance of testing and our success was largely due to the very well prepared test suit and where there was bumps along the road but this is places where the tests are kind of missing I would repeat what Paul said that one of the most valuable takeaways was these scripts that allow us now to run multi-client test nets and now I think we should all keep improving on them and regarding the future of Nimbus client we will be planning we will be publishing very shortly our roadmap for getting Nimbus production ready and we hope to do that in the next six months hi I'm Dejun from runtime verification so we develop K kind of client but we are not really just running the client but just formally verifying the clients so but I hope there's some crazy idea or crazy users use our K client as just adding another diversity and yeah but yeah so far we just formal verification purpose hello my name is Mikhail I'm from Harmony team and the interop went very well and I even didn't expect it it was so productive as a follow-ups we are continuing to work on the fork choice tests like a complex tests also we need to finish sync and was thinking about start working on BLS stuff finishing discovery and the main takeaway from interop that we are merging efforts with Artemis so we probably can avoid this production ready stuff so yeah okay that's it I'm way from party so I think I we didn't join the interop on the site but I was doing some similar interop stuff at home trying to get it work put them all nice it mostly works I think the most important license we learn is still testing so we were one or two patch version behind but even even except that we still have like one or two consensus bugs found during the interop that doesn't pick up the test doesn't pick up by the test we passed all the tests before so I think that's the biggest lesson we learned testing is really important also I forgot to say that we tested GVM the P2P as well as our client and he fixed some bugs and it's now compatible at least the stack that used for interop is now compatible with all other implementation like JavaScript Python and Rust and go I just want to use this moment to toss out a PSA we're all using the same BLS library at the moment I believe yeah so if anyone out there wants to write a BLS implementation more implementations is better on the note of the BLS implementations the standardization efforts have been charging forward and we have some more reference implementations from though those efforts so hopefully within the next one month or so we should have what is the final specification for BLS which is really a major step forward and means that basically then that's to me the last hurdle in terms of specification that's left yeah so moving on we've had all these interop events but we need to now to start transitioning to more organic starting up of these events and allowing clients to properly sync with one another with we previously used scripts and files to start up these these test nets but to have more the way we allow validators to join into your network and transitioning into proper test nets so I would be interested to hear comments on well what how we can do this and sort of what are the challenges and what are the next steps in in these regards yeah so I think a huge step forward from what we had at interop would be sort of testing out our eth1 integration I think most the clients have at least some form of it but essentially this would be like having you know some eth1 test net ideally one that we kind of all could easily for example produce eth4 or spin up or spin down as we need and then use that to kind of test okay like you're saying here's a real world setting where it's like there's an eth1 network we then have this eth2 deployment how can we actually have validators join and leave but mainly join yeah I think it's time for specialization I think we're gonna see like all the clients at this point now that we know we can talk and we know like we have a baseline we're gonna see everybody kind of splitting down isolating and like going down basically challenging you know their languages and their respective implementations to whatever it is that like their original goal was set out to be I think that's probably what we'll see like happen the next six months for us as well then the very next milestone is running test nets connected to eth1 and for this so we've been following the lead of Prism and we have been publishing a deposit contract on the goalie network and I expect that we will have some interoperability with around they'll be able to use ours contract and we'll be using able to use theirs and so on and there have been some talks here for the last few days a lot of the clients agree that it would be beneficial if we set up shared organization on github where everybody has commit rights and where we can work on and improve these scripts that allow each developer to launch test nets on their own computer on their own environment so I see two directions one is public-facing test nets running on eth1 and then the ability for everyone to just make quick local setups for quick validation yeah echoing that we really enjoy using gorely I think gorely is becoming a lot more of a defective standard as well for like eth1 devs to test out smart contracts and it's been really nice to try out deposits another big effort is the ARP is like the API standardization effort that will come over the coming months so there's a lot of talk about not having people use a CLI to stake to run validators you know can we have a standardized API that allows people to build things interesting things like wallet explorers other things that allow you to interact with the chain and that will be a really critical effort over the coming months as well so on the note of sharing deposit contracts do you think it's worth then having one centralized deposit contract on gorely or similar well for all of these net net test nets it makes a lot of sense to restart them frequently and then nothing prevents you from having multiple deposit contracts being acted for the same time you're basically the client only needs to specify the address of the deposit contract that you'll be using just in terms of the shared deposit contract I think something would be nice to it would be a common onboarding process for validators I think the EF was maybe considering about jumping on that so yeah it'd be nice if we don't all have to build you know a million different little validator onboarding things than to be superseded by an official one coming out we also probably want to test these become change start for many times because it could be a huge point of failure I mean that kicking off from each one chain to the beacon chain so that's probably worth to focus on as well definitely we don't want to find that out in in production and on that topic I think it also be worth discussing what are the what are valid criteria or how would we decide that we are ready to do this main net launch so I agree one of them should be that we've had launchers based based off each one and the these starts but how do we actually decide that this is the finalized version both in terms of we can specify minimum each deposits and that kind of thing but also more in terms of how what we require of clients to be able to participate in these networks and how do we say that this client should should or shouldn't participate I mean obviously it's not going to be some definitive thing but what what is a good signal for deciding that a client is ready for participating in in a main net launch I mean yeah it's obviously a big question at a high level rate like I would expect we want this to be actually fairly community driven probably like highly directed by the client developers themselves obviously there's things like uptime and performance and stuff right so for example if we end up with like a ton of early validators we all want clients to be able to handle that many validators I know for example Trinity like can't scale to like the theoretical max right now like we just don't have the performance we'll get there but we're not there yet so these types of things are like a really important qualifications you know at a certain point it's hard to say like are you ready you can always defer and like do more testing so a certain point you just have to like you know I'll say well these are all sounding really negative I was gonna say jump off the cliff or something but yeah hopefully we know when we see it and we're like okay we all feel good and here we go yeah I agree sorry that there should be some we should start testing with some the parameters that affect the performance of the network we should start validating that each of the clients is ready for this but our own roadmap is also built around the need for security for performing security audit on our code and this is a pretty complicated thing to plan out because it requires you to freeze a lot of the code so we are currently creating a plan that would allow us to create sort of a pipeline for smaller and smaller components that will go through audit and then bigger and bigger parts until we are ready to launch yeah I was going to comment along the same line so I mean in this network you can't prevent anyone from saying I'm a validator and being part of the network around that's that's the whole point so it requires client teams need to take responsibility on the one hand and so I think exactly right audits are going to be important one of the very striking differences between Ethereum 2 and Ethereum 1 is that in ETH2 we need to do online signing you have to have your key available to sign in real time which is something that all the ETH1 clients and nodes have moved away from over the years because it is really hard to do it securely so that's going to be a critical point where we need to focus audit and security effort on that and on the other hand users need to be kind of wise as well because they have to choose a client in which to to run and to stake and so forth and I think the best thing we can do there is probably to have some joint benchmark suite or you know some make is all about information right and making it consistent and so people can compare and contrast and you understand which is the client that meets their needs but yeah I definitely like to see a diversity I think it would be a shame if the network were dominated by one client more than 50% on one client would be would be a pity I guess another point of point of point is formally verify the safety and liveness of the beacon chain so I mean as you know that I mean the in the paper wise the paper that proved these two properties on that the abstract model of the beacon chain but reality is the implementation has quite a lot of the optimization and also it's slightly different the finalization rules so just make sure that those differences doesn't actually break the safety and liveness so yeah that's our actually goal in our end you wanted to finish the form verification before others are actually ready to release and the the safety of all our clients relies on this assumption that someone's gonna slash bad people I don't know anyone that's got a slasher working they can they can efficiently run they can efficiently cover the distance that we need and it's still in research as to you know how exactly can we how can we store all of the previous votes and efficiently search them so we're really we're definitely gonna need slashes out there and I think they're gonna have to have some degree of review and guarantee that you know they're watching and they'll get you adding on to that quickly you also need like slashing protection right so like in terms of like infrastructure providers or people that are they just don't want some sort of crazy situation with their infra to cost them to double propose or double sign so that's also something I need to be built in and users will be asking for that I totally agree with everything that been said and the one just to add that we might probably need some more qa stuff like fuzzing we want to do cross client fuzzing to find three key consensus breaks that could not be probably fine could not be probably found during the test net runs and also we need to expose a basic interface to chain data to build even primitive block explorers around that and to get some network monitors to understand what is going on so yeah that's that's my point another fun thing leading up to production would be in some device test nets so in a cosmos community they've done some of this with the game of stakes it'd be fun if we do the same thing get together a prize pool and the idea is we have a test net public test net anyone can come and go and then try to keep the test not alive other thing would be like actually talking to validators or potential validators and like getting there and put sort of in like a product feedback type setting I think we were all very focused on like the spec and like the engineering and like making really nice sexy clients but definitely it's like for phase zero who are the users of these things well validators so talking to operators of validating the validation pools and not actually just pools but validators in general and yeah seen seen how that process unfolds sorry one more I think we need some interest from external I guess non-client developer team UI people so I think a lot of the client developers where systems programmers and the idea of choosing a color makes us sweat so it'd be great to have and we don't we don't I think at the moment have maybe a few people that are like you know front-end devs that are interested in building UIs for this and it'd be great to have these things as a common good that lives outside of the client teams that gets to love that they deserve and on top of that I think it's very important for the general validated experiences to not only just help them with the general running of the clients but what happens when validators get slashed how do we notify them of this or when there's this major chain consensus how do you if your clients not updating or there's something there's some fundamental issue how do we notify clients like of these problems and I mean we could triply have some central solution which sends you an email or something but having people register their validators with such a thing as a kind of scary concept from a privacy standpoint so how can we how can we enable these kinds of things which I think are also very important for the community and and to help validators understand a what their clients doing and how they can stay on top of things cool well with that I think as we're heading into the final minutes here I'd like to open the floor to questions for anyone who'd like to talk about anything related to immediate future v3.0 I'm somewhat forwarding this question from Philippe Castingui from Horizon Games and the fairway and Ponzi scheme revelation my name is John Marlin I do security audits so I'm not adaptive but I know a lot of the contracts and his question is about like the migration process and if there will be if there are plans for doing any migration testing for dApps moving to the ETH2 mainnet test night yeah no definitely so the the the migration from ETH1 to ETH2 is clearly something that came up in the discussions yesterday too and and is a very important thing and clearly a pain point for the community I think that's something everyone is nervous about we have this great community within Ethereum 1 how can we transfer that as seamlessly as possible we don't want bugs in any of these scenarios the the the the challenge with answering this question is that right now we have such flexibility in the space that is very hard to answer exactly what this is going to look like so it is some form of moving routes between ETH1 and ETH2 and we will have an execution engine which allows ETH1 to run very similarly to how it does right now and that will be very well tested for for these kinds of purposes but I think the the the challenge here is we're trying with with these execution environments that allow us such flexibilities and so many possibilities we're trying to not lock ourselves down just to committing to saying exactly this is how it's going to work right now because that starts closing down the design space for us and and could ultimately end up in a worse product so the answer to that is yes it will be tested there will be some migration path exactly what that looks like I can't specify right now but we that will definitely exist that is vital for for the continuation of Ethereum 2.0 and just add on to that like concretely there's definitely an intention to essentially move ETH1 into the new ETH2 infrastructure in a way that you wouldn't have to migrate your DAP and it would just continue to run not quite seamlessly there'll be some sort of metadata updates of like a new network new chain that sort of thing but in terms of like you would not like rewrite your DAP or like do these things that being said there will be an opt-in upgrade path to go to perhaps this new type of EVME that Carl was alluding to which you'd get like a lot of honestly like great improvements on top of all we have today so yeah keep an eye out and I think a lot of this ties into what Greg's presentation was on earlier on how do we making connections and building common tooling between these these frameworks and it's very important to have these intermediate tools between the the two chains it's totally having a easy path for upgrades is definitely important and it'll be there something else worth considering too is that you know if you if you've just gone from like this pocket calculated to this like multi-core like thousand times faster machine that perhaps a refactor is is going to be important for a lot of the DAPs like I would not not saying that like you're gonna have to refactor but you got a lot to do like you got a whole new space to play in now so it might be a refactor might be what you end up choose doing because it'll be better for your customers or not customers people that are using your thing opting in without any control from you where where is this conversation happening where do you guys like you know interact with the DAP dev community so they can ask those questions it's hey I can speak on behalf of that a little bit like we're a little bit early still you know that's like phase two and to be quite frankly like the rule a lot of the confusion around this is because like some of the as Karl explains it like the design space is so open but it makes it also super complicated like a lot of people have to like rethink the way this is I mean how long to take most developers to actually understand the EVM like two years like before people like fully understood it so it's gonna take some time to understand these new concepts and once that happens you'll see a lot better I don't think it's immediate to fully discuss with them I think the first priority is just talking with like tooling teams to understand how we can better help them and concurrently going with the DAP developers the quilt team deserves a plug here too they're building a simulator so that you can build EEs or test on top of EEs without needing all the chain infrastructure you can just start a process and start start testing so I think this is something that's gonna really enable DAP developers to get involved because it's a bit a bit low level at the moment I think for them but it's opening up to them hey so we were at interrupt to whose white block and we're very grateful I think we was fun to work with all of you we did a couple changes so that's also an announcement for chainsafe in particular so we support Alpine so we don't need to mess around if you Alpine for Docker images so it would be pretty easy for us to set up a testnet with your stuff I think we just do have a darker image okay cool and wait you have a darker image as well okay all right so if we can help in any way we're here to help right yes give us like credits and funds for that so please involve us we'll be happy to help a couple of you you know probably know like some of the ETH one core core devs but usually a lot of them are kind of like detached so it's like if if there were some things with ETH 2 designs that you would want them to like try to look at like maybe each of you it's like what what is it that you would really like them to look at because there's a lot of brain power there as well thanks sync strategies so we're running out of time so can we use this as like sort of a wrapping up thing as the what yeah data serialization API standardization efforts okay this is not just a single line so working on Trinity we actually have a focus of both ETH one and ETH two so I actually feel like I've been exposed a lot to a lot of the ETH one efforts and ongoings of things and like really from what I've seen like both groups of quote core devs are like starting to really just tackle the same questions like a big one that comes to mind is like state management and things we obviously want to like you know we've seen what has happened on ETH one in terms of the state growing and growing and growing and we want to you know basically find a solution to ETH two where like that's not going to be a problem and yeah like a lot of there's a lot of cool ideas around like stateless clients and things that again have application in both domains might be I think a good thing we can learn is what to and not do with in terms of governance we what we have right now within a third point two is a third 2.0 is the research team I think leads a lot of the decisions and so there's sort of a central shelling point which exists much less in Ethereum 1.0 and the idea is that the research team wants to have less and less of this role but how can we do this in a manner that prevents deadlock and allows for continuous innovation I think there are a lot of lessons to be learned from ETH 1.0 there. I'd be willing to take anything I'll take any advice from any of the people that have been building eth1 or blockchain or people like where anything they've got bring it here keen for it. I think there's a lot of we can learn about light plants how to create light plants from eth1 and on the other hand Ethereum 1.0 will greatly benefit from the fact that the eth2 chain will be finalizing eth1 as well so it would be much easier to create efficient light plants for eth1 but the incentivation schemes the load balancing of the requests these are areas where we can share the solutions and kind of that ground I'm kind of excited about the possibility of eth1 incorporating leap P2P support in some way this is something that's possible in the future. Okay probably I'd like to take advices with network reputation systems connection managers and sync strategy and optimized incremental storage for this state yeah that's it. I'm actually mostly like related to both eth1 and eth2 I'm actually both care like a lot about the back workability issue like the thing is for like currently like probably all of you know that in eth1 we have a breaking change that creates a lot of conflict I hope we can try to avoid the same situation on eth2 by designing the execution engine better like make it forward compatible from the beginning I think that's something quite important it's also really important to consider future changes of WebAssembly because there will be upgrade that version is that's how the vibe works that will be how WebAssembly specification works so how do we incorporate those new features adopted in WebAssembly into our WebAssembly execution engine in eth2 I think that's also something that's quite important to consider. Just quickly before Carl wraps this up I just wanted to just to announce that we're looking for a senior Rust developer if you are Rust developer and you want to work on eth2 come talk to us thank you. Well thanks everyone for attending that thank you to all of the clients represented here and I'm really like excited to see the the work that's going to happen these incentivized test nets this mainnet launch which is like this incredible event and then this time next year I look forward to seeing all of you back here on stage hopefully we can talk about these experiences we've had all in good light and yeah I think it's very exciting to see where it's going thank you.


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Okay, I'm recording I think this in surface mode and you can see there's the phosphorus but it's two anionic oxygens buried and where are they buried? Well you can look underneath it and there they are there and there and you can see the other oxygens that are buried into the water.


Hello everyone, welcome to a video lecture on Improving Coverage and Capacity of Cellular System. I am K. R. Biradar, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Walsh and the Institute of Technology, Sallapur. Let us start with the learning outcomes first. At the end of this video, you will be able to explain different techniques to improve the capacity of cellular system. Introduction As demand for wireless service increases, the number of channels assigned to a cell is not enough to support the required number of users. Solution is to increase channels per unit coverage area. That means system designers have to provide more channels per unit coverage area. The various system expansion techniques are, first one, cell splitting. The cell splitting increases the number of base stations deployed and allows an orderly growth of the cellular system. Second one, sectoring. In sectoring uses directional antennas to further control interference and frequency reuse. Third one, micro cell zone concept, which is relatively new technique, distributes the coverage of a cell and extends the cell boundary to hard to reach places. Cell splitting. Cell splitting is the process of subdividing a congested cell into smaller cells. Each with its own base station, a corresponding reduction in antenna height and a corresponding reduction in transmitter power. Basing the cells reduces the cell size and thus more number of cells. So, these smaller cells within the large cell have a very interesting characteristic. All of them have their own base station, but these base stations are not so high. The antennas are shorter and they also transmit less power. More number of cells leads to more number of clusters, leads to more number of channels. These results into higher capacity. Cell splitting allows a system to grow by replacing large cells by small cells. Cell splitting. So, let us look at an example. Earlier we had these big cells because the demand was not so high. So, large cell in low density areas however, some of the reasons being supported by the cells have experienced an increase in the number of users. So, as a first step we split the cells. Please note we have done the splitting partially. Certain cells are being split into 2 or 3 cells, but these cells can only handle high density. But in the event that more number of users have to be supported per cell may be in the central cell we try to subdivide. The cells further by putting smaller and smaller base stations therefore, these smaller cells would imply greater capacity. Cells are split to add channels with no new spectrum usage. Depending on the tropic pattern the smaller cells may be activated or deactivated in order to efficiently use cell resources. Sectoring the technique for decreasing co-channel interference and thus increasing system capacity by using directional antenna is called sectoring. This is the co-channel interference and keep the cell radius are unchanged by replacing the single omnidirectional antenna by several directional antennas. Radiating within a specified sector cell is normally partitioned into sector. These sectors could be 120 degree sectors. In that case we will only have 3 sectors per cell or you can divide into 490 degree sectors or you can divide it into 660 degree sectors cell sectoring. Let us look at some typical geometries of cell sectoring. So, one is our standard omnidirectional. We have not done by any sectoring. We have one base station is free to radiate at all portions of the cell, but what you can do additionally is to take that hexagon and first subdivide into 3 sectors on the same tower which earlier supported my base station. Now we have 3 antennas and not 1 antenna 1 could be radiating in sector A, antenna 2 could be radiating in sector B and antenna 3 could be radiating in sector C. There would be slight overlap between the sectors. The sector boundaries will not have a very clear distinction between A, B and C. There have to be some overlap otherwise I cannot carry on successful hand ups, but in this case we have used a sector of angle 120 degrees. The other possibility of using the same 120 degrees sector is to subdivide my cell in other passion. So, different geometries would require you to see whether you are most distant base station and an average is what distance from serving base station antenna. Yet another method to sectorize the cell is to use 90 degree sector antennas. Here I have A, B, C and D at 90 degrees. Another method is to have a 60 degree sector. So, I divide the original cell into 6 sectors of 60 degrees each. Normally anything below this is not preferred because too many sectors would require too many hand ups and too many antennas. What are the problems with cell sectoring? Past the video think and try to answer from the cellular structure basics. I think you might have written the answer. Thank you. Let us discuss now. The first problem is the increase in number of antennas at each base station. They are expensive. They have to be maintained. They consume power. There is a degree in the truncating efficiency due to sectoring. Clearly when you subdivide a cell into sectors and we are not asking for extra bandwidth, we are cutting the full into smaller subsections and each sector is using a part of the pie. So, individual truncating efficiency goes down. Then we have the additional problem of increased number of hand ups. Each sector is being treated separately and then you move from one sector to another. You have to be handed out. But the good news is many modern base station support sectoring and the related hand up without the help of mobile switching center. Therefore, we are sectoring provides an alternative to the cell splitting, micro cell zone concept. Large control base station is replaced by several low power transmitters on the edge of the cell. The mobile retains the same channel and the base station simply switches the channel to a different zone site and the mobile moves from one zone to another zone. Since a given channel is active only in a particular zone in which mobile is travelling, base station radiation is localized and interference is reduced. The channels are distributed in time and space by all three zones are reused by co-channel cells. Advantage is that while the cell maintains a particular coverage radius, co-channel interference is reduced due to zone transmissions on the edge of the cell. The figure shows each of the three zone sites are connected to a single base station and share the same radio equipment. The zones are connected by coaxial cable, fiber optic cable or micro link to the base station. Multiple zones and a single make up a call as a mobile travels within the cell it is served by the zone with the strongest signal. This approach is superior to sectoring since antennas are placed at outer edge of the cell and any base station channel may be assigned by the base station. As a mobile travels from one zone to another within the cell it retains the same channel. Thus unlike in sectoring a hand up is not required at the MSC and the MSC or when the mobile travels between zones within the cell. The base station simply switches the channel to a different zone site. In this way a given channel is active only in the particular zone in which the mobile is travelling and hence the base station radiation is localized and interference is reduced. The channels are distributed in time and space by all three zones and are also reused in co-channel cells in the normal fashion. This technique is particularly useful along highways or in along urban traffic corridors. These are the references I referred to prepare the above presentation. Thank you.


Now, the question is plot it on this PQ plane and see what happens. So, depending upon whether I am doing drain analysis or a drain analysis, where is the KF line? If I am working with let us say NC material or sands, what is going to happen? The friction angle is this is going to be the K line, this is part okay. Everything just below this is going to be K a line and this K a corresponds to active earth pressure. Now, somewhere here, now tell me one thing, where would be K equal to 1 line? If this term becomes K equal to 1, tan beta becomes 0. What happens to the beta line? Beta value 0, correct? So, what is the meaning of this? This becomes K equal to 1 line and what is K equal to 1? Isotropic compression, fine. The question is, where would be K greater than 1? So, this is the KF line, the same material can fail under active state of stress. What you are realizing is under K equal to 1, the material is never going to fail because of pure compression. Here here, this will be K greater than 1 and this is what is known as passive earth pressure line. So, you have to transform the state of stress from first quadrant to the fourth quadrant. Now, we will analyze these situations, clear, is this part clear? Each one of them is a failure line, this except for this because this happens to be the isotropic compression where the failure is not going to take place, okay, is this concept clear? This failure line corresponds to the situation that this is the material, clear? This is a situation where you have sigma v is greater than sigma h. This is a situation where you have sigma h greater than sigma v. Now, when I am dealing with earth pressure theories, it is always beneficial to assume that KF condition is corresponding to K0 line and this is the elastic equilibrium, we call this as earth pressure at rest. So, in nature what is happening, the rivers are bringing these loads of sediments, they are getting deposited in the ocean bed, clear, all right, natural synergy between the particles. So, that means this is the ocean bed particle, first layer of the particle gets deposited, second layer and there is no impact of next coming mass of the particles on the previous layers because this is all sedimentation going on. So, you have studied critical velocity, Stokes law, no energy is getting imparted from the next batch of the particles on to the previous deposited particles, K0 condition, elastic condition, at rest condition, system is at rest. Now, if you come and shake it earthquake, the at rest condition gets disturbed and then the chances are that there will be a transformation from K0 line to Ka line is starting from here I can achieve the failure like this, I can achieve the failure like this also and that is all governed by the combination of sigma H and sigma V. So, with this preface and with this information in mind, let us do some mathematics. So, suppose if I ask you plot hydrostatic condition on a, where is the hydrostatic condition? Now all of you know that hydrostatic condition is going to be at this point, so this is the point A which corresponds to sigma H equal to sigma V, is this okay? From this point if I start shearing it, the sample, there are several ways, where is my failure line? This is the KF line and the mirror image of this line would be somewhere here because the Mohr's circle is a circle, clear? What we did is for the sake of convenience, we took only half of it, so we took only the positive portion of the Mohr's column envelope, truly speaking this is going to be a mirror image, both sides you have an envelope, fine? Suppose if I put a condition that stresses are changed in such a manner that delta sigma V is equal to delta sigma H, try to understand what is the significance of this. Starting from the hydrostatic condition, if I start increasing sigma H and sigma V in such a manner that both sigma H and sigma V are same all the time, the increment has to be depicted in the form of a stress path which is going to show whether the sample is going to fail or not, so can you draw it, draw it now. I have written something over here, so you can get the increments of Q and P and plot in terms of beta, like you take this box okay, triaxial sample and I am keeping all sigma as sigma V increment same, isotropic compression, hope you will realize that this is how you will move, this is a stress path, are you going to achieve the failure? This line is not going to cut failure line anywhere, so what should I do to fail the sample? Now suppose if I change the situation, now if I say stress path number 2 is minus delta sigma V equal to minus delta sigma H, please for God's sake do not cancel the negative signs, because negative sign indicates something, it is not mathematics, pulling apart system from both the sides, so how do you break something by tearing it apart, is it not? So suppose if I pull it from both the sides and from these 2 sides also, the chances of the system is going to fail, why, look at this, it is okay and this is definitely going to cut the failure envelope at somewhere and what is going to give me, is going to give me the tensile strength of the material, fine. So I have shown you now 2 states of material, the way you wanted to utilize them by following the 2 paths, now let us mix slightly more complicated situations, there is no fun having these type of situations in engineering practice, now suppose if I say this point A was for the case when sigma V equal to sigma H, now suppose if I say sigma H is not equal to sigma V, what is going to happen, you are violating the hydro study condition, clear, so point A is going to jump to point B somewhere over here, I can create a situation where I would say these are the linear relationship, material is non-linear, clear, I will put a condition sigma H is a function of let us say delta sigma V and this function could be non-linear, so all these lines which I am drawing at the straight line, they will become non-linear curves, so what it indicates is if I put a condition sigma H is not equal to sigma V, this becomes my starting point and then can I superimpose this condition or not, yes you can, so starting from this point is going to be easier for me to fail the sample as compared to this point, how different ways, this is one of the ways, this is one of the ways, this is one of the ways, this is one of the ways, this is one of the ways, this is one of the ways, so on, so what I have done, I have created different types of stress paths, if I follow the state of stress along them, I can fail the sample, now impact is what do we want to do, we do not want to fail the sample, so it is a reverse process, if I understand under what type of loading combination the material is going to fail, I can be conservative while designing it, longer the path, the longer efforts are required to fail it and the probability of the failure is going to be lesser as compared to situation where the path is going to be shorter, so look at this situation, it is very easy for me to fail the sample like this, mathematically you can obtain from here, you have delta Q by delta P equal to tan beta, so the slope of these lines is nothing but the beta angle, clear and then you can compute the beta, if the K is known, number 1, if sigma 1, sigma 3 is known, again you can compute the beta value by substituting delta sigma 1, delta sigma 3 and you can simply compute this, this is fine, good, that is what I want to hear, now the last part of the triaxial testing would be, suppose if I give you the P, P prime plane and Q plane and this is the KF line and this is the KF line, yes, so I will now elaborate upon your this concept, this concept and the combination of these two, fine, so starting from the hydrostatic condition, if I draw a line like this, tell me what this will correspond to, it is understood that the betas are different alright, so that you can compute, do not bother about that, stress path itself indicates the slope of the combination of delta sigma and delta sigma v, so suppose if I plot a line like this, what is the interpretation, this is what is known as compression, how the element will look like, overchap, if initially it was like this, when you are doing pure compression, clear, what is going to happen, sample is going to get deformed, so this is how it will look like, volume might remain constant as long as you are doing a CU testing, undrained testing, clear, the moment you do drain, it is not possible, I hope you understood this part, then your a1 v1 equal to a2 v2 plus delta of volume of water which comes out of the sample, the equation which I wrote, is this fine, now this is being done under sigma v, sigma h is constant, what we call this as a one dimensional compression or loading, so this is a typical loading curve, loading stress path, sorry, what is the reverse of this, suppose if I project it on this side, what is going to be, what is the reverse of loading, unloading, under what circumstances, delta sigma h is equal to 0, delta sigma v, sorry, I mean you cannot put both the things, so you have to say that under the constant loading or whatever, so I will assume this as delta sigma v is equal to 0 and delta sigma h we will keep as it is, so here delta sigma v will be less than this and let us say delta sigma h vary, now this becomes the unloading or excavation, now if k is greater than 1, what we have done is we have created 2 more situations, so if I draw a line like this and the reverse of this would be, this is what is defined as active earth pressure and this becomes the passive earth pressure, if I look at the sample at this point, this is the initial sample because delta sigma h is more than delta sigma v, what is going to happen, the sample is going to get squeezed in the lateral direction and it will expand in the vertical direction, good, so this visualization is important, sometimes this is also known as axial expansion, these concepts you are going to use from next chapter onwards or a better word is dilation, if you remember, clear, we talked about dilation also, the state of stress is like this that the delta sigma h is higher, delta sigma v is 0 under constant vertical stress because the location of the point remains same, the horizontal stresses are much more than the vertical stresses, so what is going to happen, the system is defying the axial confinement alright and this is how the dilation process would be, in this case delta sigma v is equal to 0 and what about delta sigma h, here delta sigma h was greater than 0, this will be less than 0, so these are the four mechanisms which we are going to use quite frequently in the whole geomechanics henceforth, we will get rid of now the material also, I do not want to talk about c phi and all those things, why, because I am using q p, clear, so material is being depicted now p q, state of stress is being depicted now by the stress vector and I know starting from this point how much amount of stresses are required to achieve the failure under this type of loading, how much amount of stresses are required under this type of loading and the combination of the two, this and this and of course this also, that is always valid because this is the relationship between sigma h and sigma v, what you have to understand is what is the state of k, so in other words if k is greater than 1 or k is less than 1 or k is equal to 1 what really happens, exactly, so that is what is getting balanced by this ratio, so I need not to bother about all sigma 1 sigma 3 now, so look at this, this becomes my k p and this becomes my k a, that is it, I have further simplified everything, I need not to worry about delta sigma i sigma delta sigma v sigma 1 sigma 3, nothing because k takes care of the relationship between sigma h and sigma v, the way it is getting balanced this is what the important thing is because this shows the formation, this shows the OCR, this shows the rate of shearing, this shows the type of material, this shows the type of drainage conditions, this shows the type of whatever, keeping sigma h constant, you are sitting in a fluid, so only vertical stresses are being changed, not the horizontal stresses, so I have to study pressure, this is all what I wanted to discuss about the triaxial testing and the shear strength theory of the soils, henceforth what we will be doing is, we will be utilizing these concepts of shear strength theory to deal with the stability of different types of walls, what we call them as retaining walls, sheet piles, bracing, skirts and so on, the basic concepts I have clear, now rest is all application of these concepts, the second part of the course which I will be discussing quite in details would be the stability of slopes, so there again we will be utilizing the shear strength parameters, the concept of shear strength theory to prove whether the slopes are stable or not, so in short geotechnical engineering 2 deals with 3 major components of the discussion, one discussion was on determination of shear strength and second is application of shear strength parameters and when we talk about application of shear strength parameters, we will be talking about the stability of retention schemes and slopes. Next module of this goes into the foundation engineering, so foundation engineering is nothing but application of shear strength theory to deal with the stability of the foundations, so this is how the whole scheme of discussion is fine.


Today we got fresco crumbling cheese. I've never made a dip with it So today we're gonna see if it dips one pound of ground beef. Get your danos hot chipotle I'm gonna use a generous amount. The beautiful thing about danos is it's not full of salt It's gonna be real flavor y'all that was some super lean meat as you can tell there's not much grease on that So we're going straight into our little pan spread it out Get you a couple fresh jalapenos get them diced up and lay them over top of your beef Take your fresco and just crumble it right over the top. We go into our 400 degree oven and see how it melts All right, it's been 23 minutes. It's tortilla chip now before we do this We're gonna add a little something special. You know what that is Wait for it it might be a while, but it's gonna happen It's absolutely perfect that cheese is amazing and anything like that yum-yum get you some


Good day, fellow investors. We constantly hear news about Tesla, about how they are going to disrupt the automotive industry and produce 500,000 cars per year. Now, current electric vehicle sales are 1% of the total and expected to significantly grow in the future. If that happens, which probably it will happen, I don't know if Tesla will be the winner in that environment, but that doesn't matter. If electric vehicles are sold more and more, there will be more need for batteries. And everybody is focused on lithium and cobalt, because they call them lithium-ion batteries. However, lithium is not the main metal used in those batteries. We can see here that Tesla Model S uses 453 kilos of metals in a battery pack, of which only 63 kilos is lithium, the rest are other metals. And 80% of the other metals is nickel, and then 50% of the other metals is cobalt. Apple iPhone uses mostly cobalt, Nissan Leaf, Manganese, Tesla Powerwall, nickel cobalt and manganese. So cobalt, nickel, manganese are the metals where we will see the future in electric vehicle. I don't know which one will use what chemistry combination, but it's interesting to see how the metals fare now, what are the prices, what's their demand and supply in order to find the best low-risk, high-reward investment opportunity into the upcoming electrical vehicle trend. Even Elon Musk says that Tesla's batteries shouldn't be called lithium-ion batteries, but nickel-graphic batteries. If we take a look at cobalt prices, they have been pretty stable for a few years, nobody was so excited about cobalt, and then since the end of 2016 they exploded. If we check on the other hand, nickel prices, they have been falling for the last five years, and now are still in a downward cycle, so really low-low nickel prices. But if electrical vehicles really catch up and there will be higher demand for nickel, then we can expect higher nickel prices, and who will benefit the most, nickel miners. Let's dig deeper into the nickel environment and in the next video I'll analyze a nickel miner. So why hasn't nickel exploded? If you look at this graphic, you can see that cobalt and lithium and graphite are critical for battery touch, because demand coming from battery producers will be the largest part of demand for those metals. On the other hand, nickel is not that critical on the demand supply side, because 66% of nickel is used to make stainless steel. Thus, there is nickel, there is enough for now, and it really didn't get the attention of electrical vehicle analysts. Another reason why nickel prices are that low is because London Metal Exchange warehouse stocks levels are extremely high. You can see this chart, and they are above 400,000 tons. Nevertheless, global supply of nickel is around 2 million tons and demand is also around 2 million tons, but nickel supply growth is slower than nickel demand growth, which will lead to supply deficits, and that will push nickel prices higher when London Metal Exchange warehouses get depleted. That can take a while, but it's important to see what's going on before it happens if you want to invest. Now what's going on in the nickel environment? In 2001, there were many projects, nickel prices went much higher, went much higher in 2007 especially, but since then they have been falling, and there are not enough nickel projects to cover for the expected growth in demand. Growth in demand comes, of course, from China. We have seen a pickup in economic activities, so we can expect more demand for steel, more demand for nickel. Especially, I always look at the long term when India starts building its infrastructure, even more demand for nickel. So, a very positive long term outlook. On the electric vehicle story, Glencore and other analysts expect nickel demand to grow by 20% in the next 10 years, thanks to electric vehicles. 20% on a 2 million ton market is 400 million tons, which is very significant and can really move the needle for nickel. And to be more precise, deficits are already here. 2017 market balance for nickel will see a deficit of 100,000 tons. Of course, this is just one quarter of the inventory in warehouses, but if the same market supply-demand balance is remade, we will see a larger deficit and definitely a higher price of nickel. So now we have looked at supply-demand, we have to look at the cost. Because when you look at the cost-producing cost for a metal, then you can see what's the downside and if it's limited, even better. You can invest in a metal with the margin of safe. 2016 cash costs for nickel producers have been around $9,600 per ton, which is close to the current price. That means that it's not that profitable for many producers to produce nickel at this price level. So there is a limited downside. Nevertheless, there is one problem with nickel. Only 8% of global producers are price sensitive. Means that 92% of producers are producing nickel as a by-product. So they will produce it because they produce mostly copper alongside it. Everything that they get from those sales is a bonus. Nevertheless, it's important to know that there is a margin of safety. So nickel doesn't look that interesting now. There is no catalyst that will make it spike immediately. But if we take a look at the cobalt chart, we can see that there was a similar situation. So you can see here from 2014 to 2016 nobody was interested in cobalt. Declining price really not hitting the news. And then suddenly, beginning 2017, a big spike of more than 100%. Similarly, a similar thing can happen to nickel as the market recognizes. What's going on? So when the market recognizes that nickel is essential to make batteries, I think such a cobalt scenario might happen. Now, the problem is I don't know when will that happen. I'm pretty sure there is a margin of safety on the cost level and the upside is very, very large. So in order to play the nickel potential future trend, you need to find a miner that's already profitable at current prices. So you can wait with a nice dividend, hopefully. You can find the miner that has thus lower costs than the average cost and lower than the nickel price costs. So that's also good. On top of it, if the miner doesn't have lots of debt, if it's a stable miner, you can invest, wait, and if the spike happens, you reap great benefits. If not, you have a satisfying return. So that's my story about nickel. I see it as a very interesting investment. I will dig deeper so you can expect more updates on what's going on. And you can expect soon a video about Noril's nickel, which is the top nickel producer, top two producer of nickel in order to see if it is a low-risk high-reward potential nickel investment exposure for your portfolio. Thank you for watching. Leave your comments below any thoughts about what's going on and the insights that can add value to the story are always appreciated. Don't forget to subscribe to be notified when the next nickel video comes up. Click like if you like the content and I'll see you in the next video.


You're twice as sure with two great names Frigidaire and General Motors Frigidaire presents Herbert Marshall as the man called X Wherever there is mystery, intrigue, romance, and all the strange and dangerous places of the world There you will find the man called X Frigidaire presents Herbert Marshall as Ken Thurston, the man called X Did you know that every year forest fires in the United States burn over an area equal in size to New England? Neither did Ken Thurston until Hubert Mitchell of the U.S. Forest Service came up from Washington last week and dropped in at the office of the Bureau Mitchell was pretty upset. In view of that kind of a situation and the urgent need of conserving our natural resources The government is deeply interested in seeing that this Oregon plant gets into operation Hmm and the government has guaranteed part of his fee financial backing. Is that right, Mr. Mitchell? That's right, Mr. Thurston. The company that's actually building it is made up of about 60 small timber owners around the town of Tulosa But of course they didn't have the money to swing a five million dollar project. So all right, Mr. Mitchell We realize the importance of conservation and it's unfortunate the construction of this sawmill and by-product plant is running behind schedule But where do we come in? Well, that's it chief. I don't know exactly There's been an unusual number of delays on the job and the contract carries a deadline Yes, the plant isn't in operation three months from now. It'll be sold at public auction But I still don't see what we can do about it. I think there's a little beating around a bush going on here Maybe a bush named Ray Brown. All right, Brown was our forest ranger in the Tulosa district You've been looking into some of the recent delays on the construction job fires and so on. What did you find out?  It was careless of somebody. What do you mean? Mr. Thurston? I'd known Ray Brown for years. He never smoked anything but a pipe Well chief Well, Ken, I'll be calling you from Tulosa, Oregon Pretty a scenery this side of the pearly gate. Do you drive down to the junction every day? No, meet the train three days a week, Mr. Thurston. Run the store up in Tulosa the rest of the time I see not many folks come in on airplanes like you did they don't a nope ain't that big a hurry to get here You ain't figuring on going into business here. Are you? Oh, no, it's gonna have a look at the new plant That's all be quite a sawmill if they ever get it done Understand they're going into some trouble. Yeah to laminate fires acts of the almighty first one thing and then another Good thing. You're not figuring on going in business. Mr. Thurston. Why so not enough business to go around Ain't hardly enough for me. What do you do?  Yeah, folks will come back shut her down another hour every day while I start out the mail. Oh, you're the Postmaster tool. Oh, sure. I have been Isn't that smoke up ahead there? Yeah Brush fire car park there side of the road now. What the tarnage is somebody's fighting it Over there by the edge of the tree that's Jean Fox. He sure can't do much over there Is on the windward side of it look you think got much of a start yet. Come on Let's let's give my hand got some shovels here in the back here. All right. Let's go this way, Mr. Thurston over here Jean. Let's head off here in the draw All right, Mr. Thurston, let's start working on it along here. Just sling dirt that's all won't be Too hard to stop another five minutes. Oh, and it'll have been in three What's that that line of poles back of the ridge there temporary power line Supplies all the power for the construction work. I see Driving past and seen the brush burning over here. Good thing you did mr. Thurston. Mr. Fox. Come on Jean swing dirt.  I'd say somebody did a lot more than that Huh? What do you mean surprise you didn't notice it mr. Fox Over there along the edge of the road There's a strong smell of gasoline No, but yeah Little more time to get started. It might have been a lot worse than a brush fire Here to smell gasoline. Hey, no doubt about it. Mr. Crumb Just who is that fellow Fox Jean? Oh, he's the contractor that moves the log drives from small owners up river moves them Where about 20 miles down the river to the McDermott sawmill of course if Marty Hill ever gets the new plant started All the timber will be handled right here And that'll put folks out of business. Yeah, I think well He probably will get some kind of a job in the new plant. Oh sure Looks like we got a hitchhiker Raven to us up there. Yeah station wagon stop beside the road. I can't pass anybody up here in the woods Bill McDermott MacDermott fellow that owns that small sawmill down the river. I just mentioned. Hi a bill Afternoon Howard what might be the chance for a lift in the town sure climb in Mr. Thurston, Mr. McDermott glad to know you begin to think I'd be stuck there for the day Oh, Jean Fox is back down the road be along pretty soon. That's all. Oh, you can leave me at the garage when we get into town What was wrong, Mr. McDermott motor trouble? Oh, no just my own carelessness. Mr. Thurston. I Simply ran out of gasoline Thanks Nice looking place best general store in Tulosa.  How do you do? Oh, no? I assume you must be the proprietor of this driving establishment. Yep, that's me my good man I'm here to save you not only from bankruptcy, but also from pay gone Zell Schmidt. Why hello, Mr. Thurston. Oh, I can see this is a very happy surprise for both of us Hey, you need new glasses. Mr. Crumb this character goes with the name of Zell Schmidt better lock the cash drawer Howdy, Mr. Zell Schmidt come on inside Pagel I'm designed to have you turn up in Africa Asia or even Australia But when you fall in it will place like Tulosa, Oregon That's the last straw, but I didn't follow you Mr. Thurston I'm now a member of the ancient and unreprofessioned of traveling salesman. Yeah, sending what the Ahmed Zell Schmidt double-headed hatchet The what sure cuts all fells all patent practically applied for a lot.  Well, Mr. Crumb, thanks for the ride Now I think I better look around for a room the hotel's right next door. I'll show you mr. Thurston I was going to check in there myself only. I didn't have any money. Uh, you were still down.  Here's your room key. Mr. Thurston. It's number 16 best room in the house Wait, don't tell me that you're the yep. I'm the hotel manager too. Bye, Mr. Thurston To work mr. Thurston. Hey, maybe it's the wrong room. No, no, no, it's number 16. Maybe we try to try to come in the doors unlocked Hey, there's a girl inside mr. X. Yeah Well So there is hello. I'm Elaine. Come on in mr. Thurston.  Um, pay gone but but but All right, I'm going you don't have to hit around the bottom I could be in the wrong room, of course, you're not I knew you'd get number 16 out of towners always do Hmm And why are you here? Oh Couple of reasons The one thing I wanted to tell you not to believe everything you hear. I saw no believe any of it What's the other reason let's say I just want to decide you up Oh And what's the verdict? I think you might be pretty tough to handle mr. Thurston. Uh-huh. We'll find out as things develop You're not leaving. Oh, we'll have plenty of time You know only two people could have told you about me McDermott or gene fox Well, I know both of them rather well William McDermott in particular since he happens to be my father Mr. Thurston will certainly cooperate with you forest service men in every way possible to get to the bottom of this thing It's just about got me licked and I'm willing to admit it. You're in full charge of the construction work That will set up mr. Hill. That's right, and I'll probably run the plant if we ever get it finished Well, the deadline's still three months away, mr. Hill A few more of these accidents and it might as well be three years Suppose you don't finish and the plant sold at auction Who'd be the most likely buyer? Oh, I'd say McDermott Chances are he'd move the equipment down and set it up in connection with his own mill The rest of us are in up to our necks already What's your guess about these accidents mr. Hill? If we're still courting them accidents mr. Thurston I'll give you all the help you want on this, but I'm not doing any guessing A ranger by the name of ray brown made that mistake. Yeah, you may have something there You haven't know a man named gene fox. Oh sure fox is the contractor who takes the log drive down the river Mr. Thurston, what's the matter pig on a big animal something's moving around out here in the dark Maybe it's a bear. What of it? You've got your double-headed axe Wrong time of the year for a bear to come down this far. Well, I suppose we have a look All right, pig on where is this animal of yours? I think it was over this way Or maybe this way I get a doll turned around in the country wait Here's something yeah Over to the left Whoever it was must have beat it. Yeah Rotten shooting that light from the door made us perfect targets Well, mr. Thurston, I think they're coming back. Huh? Steps coming this way all right. It's somebody in the path here now Oh, it's Howard crumb this chores and weapons in the middle of the night people high tail it down the path like that was crazy Well You saw somebody out there. Yeah, bill McDermott running full speed didn't even stop to say howdy middle of the night too You're keeping pretty late. I'll yourself mr. Crumb Even for the storekeeper post master and hotel manager just you never mind, mr. Thurston gotta get to the bottom of things Gotta know what's going on ain't nobody. It's got a better right to know After all I'm the constable around here Frigidaire's man called x starring Herbert Marshall.  I'll be only too glad to be the president of the bank of England Oh pay gone and I will also What's the matter mr. Thurston nothing's the matter except you only got 20 minutes to get on the job Well, in that case, I'd be better Job what job the one I talked about a hill into giving you he's the man in charge of building this new plant remember Mr. X. I don't feel so good this morning. I got pay gone. Get out of that bed and start moving I wanted to talk to the workman on the job keep your ears open find out if they've got any ideas About who's behind this dirty work. It's mr. McDermott. He's he's the one who showed that last night Maybe but if McDermott is is in it. He's not in it alone Then to what we have is how it comes worth it. McDermott was even around Oh Mr. Thurston when you fixed up this job, I hope you considered my outstanding capability my numerous talents. I took all that into consideration Good Uh assistant manager maybe at about 200 hours a week pay gone the job pays nine sets an hour Digging ditches hooray, then I'm Oh no Job from here. Mr. Fox. Yeah, sure is I come up here every day or so Just to watch other people working not uh busy yourself right now Well, it's off season for log drivers And I guess it'll be a permanent off season when marty hill gets the plant operating A big part of the drive is a 20 mile stretcher river between here and McDermott's mill I suppose there'll be some good jobs in the new plant Well, I got a little money saved up I think I'll retire great retiring country up here. Mr. Thurston Fishin hunting or you know, yeah. Yes. I did some hunting myself last night Any luck not yet Morning, mr. McDermott. Mr. Thurston gene. Hi bell. I understand you had a little shooting affair last night, mr. Thurston Yes, yes, that's right. You should have stuck around. What do you mean stuck around? We might have had quite a discussion on night hunting Silhouetted targets and so on if you're thinking I was the one behind that gun, mr. Thurston You better do some more guessing. Oh, I thought maybe that was the same gun there on the seat beside you I've been taking too many chances for too long from now on. I'm protecting myself I'd advise you to do the same good day Mr. McDermott, I've never stopped doing Exactly that Hey, I heard about that shooting last night mr. Thurston You got any ideas better than that mr. Fox. I'm pretty sure who did it We are hey, mr. Thurston. Pagon not only I work my fingers to the bones But now I got a look all over the place for something nobody knows where it is Have you seen mr. Hill somewhere? No, pig. I'm never fat. I was just going to look for myself Where can you find him at the scalen house over the other side of the ravine Hey, you can walk across on the timber slide. It's not an operation yet. Thanks, mr. Fox What do you want to see him out of here about Pagon? Everybody says since he's the boss that he's the only one that knows where it is Well, what is what the foreman sent me to look for a left-handed shovel Just step Pagon this slide is pretty steep along here For me, mr. X. It's nothing Did I ever tell you about the time my aunt Lula was a tightrope walker in the search? Yeah, you tell me and she started to You tell me oh, I did Hey, what is this timber slide we're walking on looks like a wooden sidewalk Up on stilts When the plant starts up the logs will come in at the far end back there Slide across the ravine on this wooden sidewalk and go on into the plant Now what have you found out so far anything uh-huh. I'm very glad you asked that There's one guy down there that claims he or you mean about this soulman Or he was talking about a babe. He used to know in Sucity Great. That's a lot of help Anyway, it was a very interesting thing. Yeah Listen Get over the edge there hang on to the brace underneath hurry up mr. X What is it logs coming down this slide hang on So the timber slides not in operation yet Well Come on Pagan That could have been a pretty close shave Nothing to it mr. X We hear a noise so we jump out of the way Like the time my uncle Ahmed was a bullfrog Pagan Take a look over the side of the trestle. Huh 300 feet to the bottom of that ravine Huh Pagan Fine time to faint No, no matter what I was looking for you were laying among other people Really, how did you happen to know where I was? I saw you tie your horse over here in the trees. You will be around somewhere Been hunting no riding I brought the rifle along in case I ran across anything worth shooting Anything or anyone meaning?  I found you Used the pistol last night. Well, that's quite an interesting opinion. There's more than that.  See that little stump about 75 yards up there at the edge of the path Oh nice shooting Elaine if I ever shot at anyone I'd hit some ken you can bet on it All right, so you meant it as a warning then why if I did anything like that It might be because I like you Maybe but that's not the reason I do like you can a whole lot that makes it worse worse. Oh ken I'm scared. Oh elaine. I mr. Thurston. Are you all right? I was Uh-huh. I see what you mean. I've been looking for you for the last half hour. Mr. Thurston all over this force Wish I'd known it pig on I could have set a trap in the trail. Why aren't you working? Oh, I got fired I see how'd you manage it? I wasn't doing anything that I believe I was only building a fire to cook some coffee trying to keep my body and sold together. You understand Oh, sure. How should I know those little sticks? I used mark the place for some kind of a railroad railroad Railroad pig on You may have dug up the answer to the whole business. I did Well, thank you, mr. Thurston. Oh What did I do? I think it'd be a pretty good idea if we stopped beating around the bush, mr. Macdermot I'm not trying to frame you for anything. You're not guilty of all. I wanted some information All right, mr. Thurston. What do you want to know anything you can tell me about the new railroad? There isn't one yet Planned to build one over a year ago even surveyed the route Then when this new plant came up, they decided to swing the route around and come in from the north I see What if you'd mind marking that on this map both routes the old one and the new one sure glad to It swings up through the canyon Then follows the river Where do you plan to get timber after the new plant starts operating then runs due south We've got plenty to keep going for years Then hope you get this straightened out. I think i'm about to mr. Macdermot. Thanks and um Don't worry prowling up around too looser tonight. This time the gun might be pointed the other way So that seems to explain Macdermot's angle and the thing pretty well, mr. Crumb He's been playing detective all by himself. Well, could be mr. Thurston should have come to me though He's too hard headed and he knew that sooner or later. He'd be suspected that doesn't explain that daughter of his, you know She doesn't need any explaining boy. What a dish Mr. Crumb is gene fox one of the timber owners. No, you used to be sold out a year or so ago Yes, gene's retired. You might say don't do much of anything. It's got the right idea How about you mr. Crumb? Do you own any timberland around here? Well a little piece here and there Let's the speaker Oh, even a small track might be a lot of trouble for a man with as many jobs as you got Don't run him myself. Mr. Thurston got him leased out. I see Well the way things stand now all I need is one more answer got any idea where to get it I think so at the plant construction office Guess nobody's over there this time of night. Oh marty holds probably there. He works pretty late Suppose we go over and find out. Well, I don't know. I got a lot of things to do. What things mr. Crumb The store's closed post office closed. Nobody wants a hotel room. Well, I uh, I ought to do some work on the book They'll keep come on mr. Crumb Let's go look for that last answer I don't think anybody's here mr. Thurston. No sign of life. The lights on though Come on. We going inside mr. Thurston any reason why not mr. Crumb Good evening Didn't know you had company mr. Hill. How are you Elaine?  He's not involved in this I got a map here mr. Hill I'd like to ask a question about it Well, if it's anything about the construction here, maybe I can answer it You'll notice two lines marked there the proposed routes for the new railroad the old plan And the new one Yeah, that's right If your plant here fails and is sold at auction macdermantle probably buy the equipment and set it up down river Chances are in that case the railroad will be built on the old route. No doubt about that mr. Thurston, but uh What are you getting there most of both lines are on public land But one seven mile stretch of the old route crosses a private track A seven mile right of way might bring the landowner a pretty good price, but ken Oh Nothing One of you could tell me who owns that track mr.  Uh, there's a Matter of fact I do it's too bad you found out. Look out mr. Thurston. He's dropping an axe All right. He'll drop it. Oh my arm. I said drop it I'd have killed you like you did ray brownie All right, constable crown takeover glad to mr. Thurston. He'll get live sure shoot you somebody sure of that don't know why not After all i'm the judge come on marty It's a good thing for him. He didn't have one of uncle ahmed's double-headed hatchets. He would have killed himself There you are. That's exactly what he did. Huh? Anytime somebody starts out to cheat the people who trust him He's picking up a double-headed axe And while he's cutting out a profit for himself with one end He'll cut his own throat with the other There's no way he can keep from it because there are two things Put together exactly alike A double-headed axe And a double cross Engineer star herbert marshal Let me remind you of something That everybody benefits when everybody gives to the community fund Make your contribution now And make it generous The money you give comes right back to you because the community fund Helps make your hometown a better town for you And for everybody in it Now thanks for listening and i'm sure you will want to hear next week's story called no greater evil For it's packed with suspense and thrills. So I think you'll enjoy it as usual Beyond the last will be along as Pagon's elchement. So join us won't you when next I return At the man called x. Good night Frigidaire's man called x is directed by jack johnstone with music composed and conducted by johnny green Tonight's story was written by less crutchfield And so until next week same time same station This is wendell niles speaking for frigidaire made only by general motors All characters and incidents used are fictitious Any resemblance to actual persons or incidents is purely coincidental Remember every thursday for the best entertainment tune in and stay tuned in to cbs the biggest show in town This is cbs the columbia broadcasting system