Today, we have a pretty important announcement. Don't let the buzzwords bite. Hey there, NJRoot22.com here with another vlog today, and this is about buzzwords. And we did a similar video a while ago about the overuse of the words nature and simple. And there was all these catchy phrases for various organic foods out there, and we found it pretty funny that they use these kind of words, and they almost replicate themselves to the point where you can't even tell the difference anymore between multiple brands. They all have the same word in them. But this vlog is about the buzzwords, and they seem to be making themselves pretty obvious lately. And remember back in the day, there was something, I guess it was a big deal, when products were preservative-free, I guess they used like embalming fluid or something, some really bad preservatives, which is odd because for any shelf-stable product, and I forget what these preservative-free products were, but people, any shelf-stable product typically has some sort of preservative in it, or a very short shelf life.  But there's a whole lot of other buzzwords that everybody, I guess these days people don't think very critically, because I think all you need is to put these buzzwords on a box. I can put something on a box, like sustainable, organic, plant-based, and free of this, and it could just be a box of air, and someone will buy it probably, because I have those magic buzzwords on it. And like I said, sustainable, oh, this box was printed with recycled ink, and plant-based, that's the biggest thing now. It seems like the two-word, the hyphenated word, plant-based, seems to just win a lot of people over. They think that it's harmless when you think about it, but I mean, heck, poison ivy is plant-based, opium is plant-based. There's a lot of things that are plant-based, but anyway, I can go on and on. And another buzz phrase that is printed on a lot of products is, oh, we donate a portion of our proceeds to charity, and that seems to make a lot of people feel good, and they buy into it without thinking, and that's kind of a shame. When you see everybody and their brother donating the charity, doesn't that raise some flags? You're like, why are all these companies donating the charity? Because they feel they have to. Not because they want to, they'll make you believe they want to, but they have to because none of this new group of customers is going to buy from anybody. And there's a million others, like Farm to Table, Grass, Fred, Free Range, Uncured, Nitrate Free, and then there's this other group of companies, and I think they just start these companies just so they can get sales. It could be some sort of blighted social group, and I don't really want to mention any of them, but it could be, I'll make one up, the Mosquito Lovers Anonymous Minority Owned, whatever company that owns this, and that somehow, maybe people feel guilty and buy it because it's some owned, but in the end, there's secret silent investors everywhere, and it doesn't really matter. Somebody's getting paid a lot of times here.  You don't see much of it going on these days on a pack of meat. I mean, they do on the organic meat, it says Free Range, and this and that, and it's usually two or three or four times more expensive, and I'll be honest, a lot of times it doesn't taste better, and I've talked to some farmer friends of mine, and there is definitely a different taste to local beef, but you're not going to find that in your supermarket. You really have to head down to the farm to get the meat that they butcher for you there, and I've had some, and it definitely tastes different. It's an acquired taste. It probably takes a while to get used to it after eating regular shop-right ground beef for a long time, but it comes at a price, and it's not easy to get, and a lot of times it's frozen and not fresh. I mean, I personally like eating the fresh meat better, even though I don't know what's in it, and that's it. I just think the buzzwords are way too prevalent, and you shouldn't really think about it. Stop reading the box. That's why I wish everything went back to no frills, just meat and juice. I have no way to drink juice. Coffee, instead of all this marketing that goes into it, and I think people put too much emphasis on these words, which ironically, a lot of times people get busted for lying about it, and it happens a little too frequently, and they probably get away with it a lot more often than people find out about, so that's it.  Please subscribe, hit the bell, and have a nice day.


Speaking of India and Germany in the same breath is almost akin to speaking of first love. Embedded in memory, somewhere. Only to rekindle from time to time. A rare relationship amongst nations indeed. Difficult to find just as the sight and smell of Indian roses in Berlin tucked away in a little corner of Berlin. Forgotten by history, time stops a while in this extraordinary garden built long ago with row upon row of Indian roses and an Indian fountain. Its builders lie buried somewhere under the march of time, but the garden remains. A testimony perhaps to the initial historical interface between the two countries but grew multiland and multidimensional over time. For the western hemisphere, the Portuguese may have discovered the land that was India and the British may have ruled over it. But it was the Germans who fell in love with what laid beneath this physicality of possession with the centuries of her mysteries. Mysteries that they tried to unravel layer after layer so as to be able to understand the idea that is India. I would even say that was a craze about this discovery and the main German philosophers. Hegel called it the dawn of thought in India. There is perhaps no other example in history of such an imaginative reconstruction of one nation by another. Of its history and its philosophy, architecture and people, art, architecture and music conducted with an intensity bordering on reverence. The strong input was the scholarly interest in India in the 19th century. There's no problem of colonialism, there's no this deep commercial interest but there's really an interest in Indian culture, very deep interest in Indian culture and I think this makes this relationship so special. A contemporary mania for India has been around in Germany far too long for it to be a passing vogue or an exotic fancy. Its intensity may vary from time to time and its hues may be ever changing but at its core an intense emotional bond remains. Perhaps because both Indians and Germans have this persistent and vibrant curiosity about each other as also about the philosophy of life, thinkers and philosophers from both countries have always tried to find answers to questions that touch the foundations of human life and dignity. However, this curiosity has never stopped at just encounter but has always gone beyond to evolve into exchange and at times even deeper into complementarity. Nonetheless, undoubtedly it is the spontaneous human interface and the intense emotions which inspire it which has been and is still date the cornerstone of this relationship. Through the centuries who have built bridges and given a face and form to this bond perhaps the pioneering Indologists in medieval Germany fully understood this and laid the foundations accordingly. Paradoxically, an Indologist whom the Indians revered the most and who for them epitomizes the very essence of Indo-German relations is known but a little amongst Germans. In fact, only as one more Indologist of his generation who worked on India but spent his entire life at Oxford in England and is considered therefore more Anglo than German. Indians, on the other hand, view him as the most sincere and genuine emissary of their glorious heritage to the entire world especially at a time when India was low on self-esteem shackled as she was by colonialism. A free spirit with a free mind, Max Mueller wrote, If I was asked under what sky the human mind has most fully developed some of his choices gifts and is most fully pondered on the greatest problems of life and has found solutions, I point to India. Max Mueller, perhaps till date, is the most well-known, loved and respected German in India having devoted his entire life in trying to understand India and helped the world understand her. Ironically, he never actually set foot upon the land that he revered so deeply. Max Mueller, of course, who was invited several times and was not principally unwilling but was not at the same time not really willing to go to India because he admired the Indian tradition and didn't want so much to see India in this colonialized condition. A lot of water has flown since and not only has India changed, so has Germany. Fortunately, for both, the fascination remains. One thing was really very, very impressive. When you come from Europe to India, you see in the streets people who look like people from maybe 500 years ago and then you see people who look like from the 50s or 40s, 30s, 20s till now and you have a completely strange relation to time when you move through India. This romance of the other, a fascination for what is different which inspired interaction between Indians and Germans from all walks of life for centuries has moved along with time towards a deeper understanding of each other's contemporary realities. It didn't take more this long time to learn that India is a very powerful country. Of course, but first of all, it's a big society. It's a democratic society. And I'm not sure whether we in Europe, we in Germany could stand the tensions India stands today daily because to have people from the Stone Age up to the satellites generation with so many different languages, cultures rich and poor, this normally blasts a nation.  Though we are proud to have this cultural and colourful nation as our partner. Partnerships between cities in a narrowly divided world are rare and while many in Bremen in Germany and Pune in India may not be aware of it, they do share an exceptional one. The purpose of our forum, City Solidarity, was to overcome the traditional prejudices. Pune-Bremen relationship is really special because two cities far off Pune, here in India and Bremen in Germany they have come together not with any other initiative from the government side but from the NGOs. People, people have come together and now after 25 years this cooperation touches upon almost all many important, many sided factors of the city life. Be it nations or people, collaborative endeavours are successful when people come together to work together. But often apparent contrast between what is familiar and what seems alien keeps them apart. Respect for the other and a perspective which looks beyond the surface is perhaps all that is essential to a meaningful cooperation. We are talking very often about the problems which we are facing at the community level but we have never talked about the potential which is there and I think for me that is the most important part that we try now to explore the potential rather than getting stuck with a lot of problems. These women from village Supe in India may not understand the intricacies of relations between nations and may not even unduly care involved as they are in improving their and their children's today for a better future. Having been helped to help themselves by a joint program between the governments of India and Germany they are an ideal example of an alternative path of development which is also sustainable. I think empowerment is justice also other way around justice is empowerment. So charity is needed but we have to be very clear when and where it is needed and I think empowerment is the key for development. In a world ever changing development may have many definitions and cooperation among nations myriad examples but one of the first and perhaps still the finest between India and Germany is undoubtedly the Indian Institute of Technology in Chennai. Globally it is recognized as one of the most successful bilateral international partnerships in technical education and this is being used as a model for many other countries and also by Germany in their partnership with other countries for example the South American countries and in fact I have looked at the critical success factors why is it that this has been a success the people that they sent in the beginning all of them had a zeal, a commitment, a dedication and enthusiasm and the planning that went before that senior people sitting together and then deciding what it is that we need to do for India then their understanding of the cultural context in which that institute was going to be placed here close cooperation between the Indian counterparts and the German counterparts and continuous assistance and placing here about 100 professors and staff on campus and each one of them they built up individual labs in the German system and they also built up Indian counterparts so these are all success factors. Roots of this vibrant academic exchange may be traced back to the 18th and 19th centuries as early as 1919 Bonn had a chair of Indian studies and in 1929 in Munich an institute of Indian studies was active Traditional Indology subjects however soon gave way to include pursuit of knowledge in all spheres, especially the sciences While at present science and technology have crossed national and cultural borders as an essential part of globalization but in the 1920s when S&Bos from India and Einstein from Germany collaborated they defied all contemporary logic Without the internet institutional structures facilitating academic exchange programs such as DAG they successfully formulated the Bose-Einstein condensation model among other things Indian scientists in Germany German scientists in India collaborating, teaching at universities has been a reality ever since This intermingling the world just cannot escape I think there are strengths in both the culture there are strengths in both the countries people are intrinsically very bright they have new ideas we might not have had the hardware tools to implement those ideas so that way they feel extremely happy to interact with us and we also have some excellent facilities As a logical progression this interaction which begins in science labs culminates in technological cooperation For German excellence in technology recognized worldwide has always been held in high esteem by Indians However, any collaborative endeavors made in today's world must also share a value system beliefs and a sense of right and wrong to ensure that science does not destruct but is used solely for the benefit of mankind I always take this as an example of a good collaboration because it's of mutual trust and it works without hurdles in your way if you want to achieve a scientific goal Indian scientists and the German scientists in a certain way they are complementary It gets complementary essentially because of the economic differences between the two countries and the cost of scientific and technical manpower and in the case of renewable energy the sheer difference in resource endowments I remember several years ago doing a project with DLR in Stuttgart which was essentially to evaluate a system using solar energy for cooling purposes and they couldn't do it for three months simply because you required three days of continuous sunshine and in three months they didn't get those three days of continuous sunshine An accidental collaboration an exchange which took place in history with no one to witness it but successful to an extent which perhaps would not have been possible if planned Homeopathy So widespread is its practice and so high its credibility as a healing system in India that it is difficult to persuade an average Indian of its German origins Dr. Hanuman, father of homeopathy would perhaps have been both surprised and happy if he could possibly have witnessed respect and admiration that is his in a land so far away from home His bust in a neighborhood park in New Delhi would perhaps have persuaded him fully Not all exchange between India and Germany is academic and serious in nature There is an immense lot which is contemporary colorful, noisy and fun Fusion is the buzzword here When Hegel wrote a couple of hundred years ago in Germany India is a land of all imaginative inspiration This is what he probably had in mind There is no form of human creativity where Indians and Germans have not collaborated and interacted to discover new forms of idiom and expression or just to perform for each other to discover that art knows no geographical boundaries and that language ultimately is no barrier When you play as a DJ you make an impulse to the people and you get a feedback and you can create an emotion with the people together and the important thing is that the people have the same emotion as you when you're playing as a DJ and that's the whole thing that makes the crowd moving It's part of the job it's part of the game to work in several languages and it's a chance to keep the mind open to stay open theater has a special language to unit these seem to be differences but they aren't It was different One day everybody was a little bit reserved but I think in Kolkata the people were very excited and they liked it and also in daily I think and anyway it was really a wonderful experience Shakuntalan in German and Brecht in Punjabi is when two nations meet when two people meet across centuries spontaneously without clutter to sustain a bond of the heart no matter where, no matter how whenever two individuals meet who belong to two different parts of this world if only to make conversation then each time two worlds come face to face two images of the world come together and then however fleetingly but surely the world moves closer and for a moment in time the worlds meet to become one there are but a few symbols that are truly international everywhere in the world they inspire identical emotions and over time have become icons this is one of them this contemporary legend is being crafted with just as much competence skill and spirit in India as it has been for generations in Germany in fact this Mercedes-Benz plant in Pune, India has been awarded best plant three years in a row when we produce cars for the local market we also exported cars all over the world and we are also very proud that we are the only foreign plant from Mercedes-Benz who has so far exported cars and as you can see here we not only exported cars to Southeast Asia we also exported cars back to Germany while this by itself holds immense value the process behind it is no less important people from two different countries cultures having different work styles often believed to be diametrically opposite by working successfully together have proved that quality is not something that can be defined by geography alone given the fact that we had a long association with Germany and particularly a long association with Mercedes they came to the conclusion that here is a company which can supply the engines of the standard that we want several teams came and we had a lot of interaction it's a matter of great delight for us that they ultimately decided that yes we should make the engine for them and I think it's a matter of great pride for us that we are making this engine and we have met with excellent success for an industry which was but in its infancy at the time of independence Indian industry has against all odds reached a pinnacle of success where today it competes with the best in the world there are two realities or at least two realities in India this is what we see the poverty on the circumstances and the slums and and and but it's a real industrial country with rocket industry, with air and space industry sometimes even more successful than the European one the last couple of years been very positive for the image of India in Germany it has been projected through media to also a lot of Indians coming over who have done a very good job especially in the new technology so that the idea of India being a developing country has changed its meaning when Verna von Siemens personally supervised laying of the first telegraph line between London and Calcutta in 1867 the foundations of Indo-German cooperation in industry were also laid except that Krupp was there even earlier since 1860 the first German bank set up shop in India in 1896 a relationship which has proved to be mutually beneficial and has been carefully nurtured over time Germany is the number one European trading partner for India and the second largest foreign trade partner after the US and even ahead of UK currently the number of Indo-German joint ventures total to 4786 big number Germany is known to be a trade fair country and the presence of Indian companies at German trade fairs has gradually developed into the second largest participation from Asia-Pacific it is not as if there are no contentious issues amidst all this cooperation there are quite a few but efforts are being made to find workable solutions at all levels however cultural differences which would be perceived by many as the most obvious are summarily dismissed I feel the thinking between an Indian and a German is not so different it is much easier for me it is very easy to understand the Indian way of thinking for me it is much more difficult to negotiate with Japanese or with a Korean person than with an Indian the mentality of the people is similar the way of negotiating is very similar and in principle what I think is very important Indians may be hard in negotiating a business but finally if the agreement is settled then they are sticking to you can absolutely rely on what you have agreed upon we are traditionally good trade partners and we are good partners in other economic terms and given the fact that I think the future of Germany also in Europe only begins now with the enlargement of the European Union Germany is seen from the Indian point of view one of the countries where one should have relations with and apparently both countries have not many difficulties Germans are a bit tough but Indians can also be and I have always seen that in negotiations or so or in seminars, in lectures, in university circles also Germans and Indians have no difficulties with each other there is never the danger that they offend each other both know how to behave up to a certain stage where one should not go beyond and so far I find to do business with each other is for them much easier with collaborations more than half a century old in existence functioning well with the second generation at the helm building upon the foundations of mutual trust it is perhaps safe to assume globalization or no globalization Indo-German relationship can flower by itself under globalization possibly better than without it but it is not based on globalization at all it is based on the mutual respect for each other's cultures and countries and strengths and a mutual attraction for each other's markets a time comes in the lives of nations when barriers are broken and boundaries stretched when a certain level of comfort seeps into the relationship and encourages plurality even now after residing for 28, 29 years in Germany I think even I dream and I think in German without losing my identity as a born Indian so at the same time I say I am a product of two different cultures you take a lot from them and you give also a part of your culture to them it just depends on you also if I give myself as one of them sooner or later I am a part of this society since then I am caring as mayor in the city and I think this is also a way for me to promote Indian culture because everyone knows me as a born Indian for many of the people who have been living here for 30 or 40 years they have given a lot of effort and they have invested a lot of their energy and fantasy to create more colourful Germany in the sense of a pluralistic society Beyond economics, beyond politics beyond commerce, science and technology beyond reasons, analysis, debate and beyond rationale beyond all of these is where the core of this relationship lies which ultimately is an experience a feeling for we are so close, we are the same tribe I mean you know about the story that many of you are Aryans many of us Germans are Aryans so we are so close actually I see so many similarities in the diversity that I would see a lot of other civilisations in this world who are much far away from our German society than Indian society I very clearly see you know the culture where you come from you can't just take this off like a dress you take off this is who you really are and where you are brought up but it's fairly easy to get into the mood into the feel of the other culture also and be with people together and understand what they really are up to and it's great fun I think to combine this and see you know what comes out when you combine this and what really is the mix of this how much can I learn from what is offered to me here and how much can I also give from what I bring in this so this is very interesting and I think life is really thrilling because of this only they told me if you come here in the beginning you will cry and I did I have to confess you will cry also when you go away again so I think this will also be my reaction fascinating time fascinating country incredible lot of work I must say it has it very pleasant part it has extremely touching part if I look back for example the earthquake in Gujarat I was there two days afterwards in Boj it was really one of the things I will not forget or to mention something else I was in Varanasi just a week ago and Friday evening when there was the biggest and holiest day again something I will never forget so this country offers I should say everything which can be offered on earth Namaste Namaste to India India and Germany Germany and India meet ever so often like old lads but each time wearing a different face singing a different song searching a different dream meeting again and yet again so as to try and understand to know to unravel this fascination for each other this affinity which exists this familiarity this distance which seems beyond reach and yet so near the seeming contrast with yarn deeper than an abyss only to discover an inexplicable familiarity and ultimately to intensify the same bond which one had set upon to unravel


In this video, we provide the solution to question we're 17 from the practice final exam for math 1210. We're given the function g of x equals sign of x and we're asked to find the equation for the tangent line of this function at x equals pi halves. We need to write that in slope intercept form. Now this question, if you've been following along with this series, with this course, might be familiar to you. This is a practice question we saw on exam number two. The difference now, of course, is that in exam number two, you were given the derivative for the final exam, we're expected to compute it, which isn't so bad for us. We know that the derivative of g here is gonna be cosine, the derivative of sine is equal to cosine. Then from here, the rest of the problem is gonna be very, very similar, right? The equation of the tangent line will look like y minus, minus g of a is equal to g prime of a times x minus a, where a here is the point of tangency. This is given as pi halves right here. So plug them into our formula, we get y minus g of a, so that's gonna be sine of pi halves. This is gonna equal the derivative, which was cosine evaluated at pi halves, the point of tangency, and then we times that by x minus the a value pi halves. So sine of pi halves is equal to one. Cosine at pi halves is actually equal to zero. And so this would simplify just to be y minus one is equal to zero, or in other words, y equals one. So it turns out that the tangent line is actually horizontal at this location. So we get as our equation y equals one.


My name is Lucy Tammam. I work with Fairtrade Production in India and Nepal, creating handcrafted fashion pieces for brides and for clients in the UK and across the world. I've always loved putting things that I find together to make something new and desirable and beautiful. Occasionally I'll need to go somewhere to make the ideas come together. The British Library is a really good place to escape to if I need to. The inspiration I draw from there, is more from the beautiful books of illustrations they have and the creators are incredible, they really like to dig deep and find these really amazing things that haven't been seen before and you can get such amazing inspiration from that. It's really important to go somewhere that understands what is like to be a small business and the British Library has so much experience with that. Mae'r bwysig o'r meddwl cyffredinol iawn o'r cyffredinol a'r bwysig yn gyfermwys. Mae'n bwysig o'r bwysig o'r cyffredinol iawn o'r newydd. Mae'n gwybod i'r gwleidio'r gorffordd o gwneud hynny. Y Llyfrgell Llyfrgell yw'r bwysig o'r pwyllgor i'r ffordd o'i oed mewn ffordd o'i gwneud. Mae'n gilydd i'r bwysig o'r ffordd o'n mynd i'w ddigon nhw. I just feel like they really do care about me, and they love my business, and they kind of feel like it's a bit their business as well, and to have someone who does really care about it gives you a bit more confidence to keep going. I'm always going to use it as a space that I love as a place to become inspired and to sort my ideas out. It's going to be one of my favourite places forever I think.


So Ayurveda is a science of life. We all have life who don't want to know about life. So it's talk about how to bring health, harmony and peace in every walk of our life to have the best out of us and that is the secret of Ayurvedic medicine. During Ayurvedic wellness educator program students have the opportunity to learn practice management. So these 45 hours class include the different aspect of the practice, you know, hip-hop component, what are the legal aspects you need to take care before you start the practice, how to develop the website, very basic knowledge, you know, how to develop the website, how to market your clinic and we also bring the graduate or student from SCU, alumni or different practitioners so that students have the opportunity to learn what other people are doing after they graduate and this actually a really a great model and it inspire our students and getting into the clinical setting. So during the Ayurvedic practitioner program the main focus here is to learn about how to diagnose the disease, understand the pathology of the diseases and then how to come up with the treatment plan and treatment, how do you combine different herbal formula to manage a disease, how do you combine different therapies or how do you recommend different therapy for managing the diseases. So if you look at in the practitioner program we have five internal medicine class just internal medicine class itself five and the faculty are Ayurvedic MD and or the Ayurvedic BMS doctor who graduated from India who had more than 20 years of clinical experience are teaching this in all the internal medicine classes so that now all these faculties are also working clinicians so they can bring the real case scenario into the classroom setting as well and we also have the opportunity to learn much more in depth of the pharmacology her Ayurvedic herbology and pharmacology we will be learning throughout the program more than 100 plus herbs and 30 plus formula and then some of the herbal basic herbal preparation which can be used in your clinical setting. Both the program Ayurvedic wellness educator and Ayurvedic practitioner we do have the hands on component tied into the program where students will have the opportunity to learn various therapies. So the wellness educator program the therapist what you will be learning more about the health and wellness care health promotion like body hot oil massage oil dripping therapy on the forehead that is Shiroudhara and you know beauty therapies or back therapy neck therapy and knee therapies to promote your health and wellness whereas in the practitioner program you with the which more focus on managing the disease how to what type of therapies are good for managing osteoarthritis or we call it samdivata what therapy can be recommended for the patients with rheumatoid arthritis or gout arthritis or fibromyalgia or depression and anxiety so if you look at the the two-year program mainly focusing actually how do you recommend the diet lifestyle herbs and various type of body therapies and yoga for health promotion wellness care as well as managing diseases. My name is Christina and I am a student here at SCU part of the Ayurveda practitioner program. I am learning a lot about different herbs that help with specific um diseases to help manage those diseases we get to learn hands-on I'm also part of in working the pharmacy as a pharmacy assistant for Ayurveda so I get to fill the um herbs and I get to work hands-on and we get to learn a lot and how to understand how to help people with these herbs and the amazing thing is whenever you're working in the clinic doing the hands-on training you get to see the people come in and you get to see them heal you know they get better every time that they come in. So the treatment what we showed today the first one is the karibasti so that's a therapy we mainly use for back pain or any kind of disc prolapse or degeneration in the disc this therapy helps to manage those conditions so basically what happened this during this therapy is we use the dough to make a ring kind of a structure so that the oil can be holed onto it and then we use the medicated oil the oil which are prepared out of different type of herbs some oils are containing almost 35 to 40 herbs mainly for reducing the pain and also rejuvenating or strengthening the joints and reducing the swellings etc so patients feel after the therapy they may feel much better with the pain or they may be easy to move around thus it reduces help to reduce the stiffness rigidity etc so when we do this therapy on the lower back it is called karibasti so the main indication of these therapies are to reduce the pain and strengthening the joint to improve the flexibility and reduce the rigidity etc abhyanka it's a full body massage hot oil massage who don't like the massage right everybody like and that too with the hot oil no wonder so here what we do it's almost you know about 40 minutes 45 minutes sometimes two people will be doing the massage or sometimes one person may be doing the massage so here again we use a warm oil hot to warm temperature and oil prepared out of different herbs and the base oil can be sesame oil or coconut oil but the herbs which are cooked with this oil can be reducing the pain improving the you know stiffness and rigidity and strengthening the joint relaxing the muscle so basically abhyanka can be used for therapeutic purpose to you know a patient suffering from full body pain sometimes you know again you need to have an Ayurvedic consultation to find out whether the abhyanka is indicated or not because since we use the oil in certain condition abhyanka is contra indicator but generally can be used for rejuvenatory purpose relaxation and calming the body calming the mind and as well as sometimes it is used for you know joint pain muscle pain body ache you know stiffness rigidity etc usually the abhyanka is followed with steam so the hot the people will be doing the massage to from the top of the head up to the bottom of the feet and then after the massage we will be giving the herbal steam or just a steam from which is produced from the hot water and that also had to absorb this oil into the system much better way and improve the overall result out of the abhyanka here we also saw about the churna pindasveda that is the ballast therapy so we use the powder herbal powder to prepare this ballast and it's called herbal ballast so the patient will be massage first and again depend on the patient's condition the oil what we will be using will be different so vata specific condition pitta specific condition or kafa specific condition the oil selection can be different and then we use these ballast we heat the ballast and then use massage all over the body first it'll be like a pounding like you know and after that we use that ballast and to do the massage so again this helps to improve the circulation strengthening the joint rejuvenating the joint and reduce the pain and stiffness etc so that is churna pindasveda it's by type of a sweating therapy that is what this is classified under as type of sweating therapy so depend on the patient condition the selection of what we use in this ballast will be very but generally it is strengthening the joint strengthening the body reducing the pain reducing the swelling all this condition we can use this therapy the reason why i would say to come here to suhs is because it's of their integrative approach right now i would say that our medical care system is going towards the integrative medicines and i would say that it's just a really good opportunity you get a lot of hands on you get a lot of knowledge you get a lot of access to the teachers who really want you to succeed here and that's what i'm so happy about they really are are helpful herb is major component of the ayurvedic practice so within the program the first year program ayurvedic wellness educator we complete about 45 hubbers of the herbs herbology class so students are mainly learning about the different properties qualities and function and indication of health promotion herbs so here first year program students are not learning about the herb which can be used for managing the diseases so that mainly comes under the practitioner program so here about 120 hours of herbology and pharmaceutical is included in the second year ayurvedic practitioner program so students have the opportunity to learn about individual herbs and their property and indication apart from the how to combine the herb what herbs needs to be combined for a specific condition and also they will be learning about classical herbal formula 30 plus classical herbal formulas are included within the curriculum students get the opportunity to learn how to prepare it how to prepare the arishtham or as a or how to prepare the herbal jam or lay him and the same component same thing apart from the class when they are in the clinic they will be able to see how the practitioners are recommending these herbs to their patient and i think that is very important when we look at any clinical practice apart from the theoretical knowledge what students gain from the classroom they also need to get that knowledge in front of the patient how we give to the patient how we recommend that to the patient and what all are the precautions we need to take with what the herbal powder should be given when should be given before food after food what should be the dosage they get the opportunity to work under a practitioner and they see how the practitioner interact with the patient and that is very important for the any clinical focus to health education if you are a student who are interested to learn more about holistic approach for the wellness care as well as managing the diseases if you are a person who want to have the self revival and to bring harmony and peace within yourself and if you are a person who wants to bring the happiness and the best out of you then this is the program for you and you have the opportunity to learn with other health care practitioner at scu we do have the different doctoral program so you do get the integrative medicine setting you get the opportunity to interact with the different health care practitioner so please come to scu you're welcome


Welcome, everyone. My name is Adrian Otto. And I've been with OpenStack since the beginning. I currently serve as the project team lead for the Magnum project. And today, I'm going to talk to you about understanding the fundamental differences between containers and virtual machines. And the thing that I want you to remember about this when this session is over is that something special happened in 2013. A very simple idea happened that changed everything. Before I get to that idea, I'm going to tell you about another one. In 1873, toothpaste looked like this. It came essentially in a jar, and it was in a powder form. You would shake it out onto your toothbrush. And it wasn't until 23 years later that in 1896, toothpaste came in a tube for the very first time. Now, the idea actually came from the observation of extruding paint from a similar tube. And the individual who observed this thought, well, look, if we could administer paint from a tube, we could do the same thing with Colgate. We could do the same thing with toothpaste. And I just think that would be better. And it turned out they were right. It was better. In fact, it was so good that Colgate by 1908 made it their marketing slogan that they couldn't improve the product so they improved the tube. In 1962, Colgate opened a facility called the Colgate Research Center. And this is a place where they would work on making better formulas of toothpaste, making different products, trying them out, seeing what works good, seeing what works best. And in 1978, somebody who worked in the Colgate Research Center as a lab assistant came up with a really interesting idea. She said, I have an idea that if you do this, which will cost basically nothing and pretty much no time in order to accomplish, we'll double the sales of the product. And she approached the management with this idea and said, why don't you allow me to try this idea? We'll change Colgate, our sales will double, and you'll give me 1% for a year. And they hesitated at first, but then they thought, well, if nothing happens to sales, we're out of nothing. So why not? And so they entered a contract with each other. And once it was signed, they put a piece of paper in front of her and said, okay, document the idea, what is it? She says it's six words, make the opening twice as big. And that's exactly what they did. They made the opening twice as big. And as predicted, they started selling twice as much as the product. And that story would be good if it were actually true, but it's not, it's a fabrication, partially a fabrication for the purpose of highlighting the point that very simple ideas can be extremely powerful. Now there is actually some science relating to toothpaste that is true, that I would love to talk about more. There's something called the toothpaste tube theory, and it means essentially you can't keep squeezing a tube beyond a certain point to get any additional benefit. It's also used to describe human behavior in legal negotiations. And there's also a second meaning to the toothpaste tube theory that says there's diminishing returns after a certain point. So if you have a bounded system where you have pressure continuing to increase and increase and increase, eventually something's gonna go kaboom. That's the idea behind the toothpaste tube theory. But the idea that you really wanna hear about is something relating to containers, which I'll get into in just a moment. Now y'all came here under the promise that I was gonna explain the difference between something you understand very well and something that you understand a little bit less. This difference breaks down into three main categories. Containers can be more efficient, they can perform better, and they have different security characteristics than virtual machines. I'm gonna explain each of these in detail.  It's been around for longer than I've been on this earth. And it became commercially supported as open source software back in 2003, where Zensource became the first open source hypervisor and has evolved since KVM came around about 10 years ago as part of the mainline kernel in version 2.6.20 of the Linux kernel. And there have been many others. Containers have also been around almost as long as me. Something resembling containers showed up in Linux, or excuse me, in Unix, back in 1979 with the introduction of assist call that allowed you to create new roots. We call these ch-roots or trutes, depending on your pronunciation. And BSD added these in 1982. There were more container-like structures that showed up in free BSD around 17 years ago, things called free BSD jails. This was in the spirit of what we currently conceive as a container.  Around 2013, Google had something called LMCTFY. Let me contain that for you. An effort that was later eclipsed by something even more compelling. So in 2013, a software called Docker was born as an open-source project. It was introduced by an organization called DotCloud that was in the platform as the service business before entering the software business. There were innovations, numerous innovations since then. But 2013 is where something really interesting happened. This is that idea that I've been alluding to. It is the concept of a Docker image or a container image. Now the image is the thing that was missing from that entire history that I just covered. All of the container innovations that happened before 2013 did not include a way to encapsulate all of an application's requirements and dependencies in a portable lightweight bundle. Before then, what you had to do is create a disk image and install what appeared to be an operating system file system, which then you would attach the container instrument on top of. And those things weren't very portable. They tended to be very large, which made the creation of containers relatively slow until this innovation. So when I talk about Docker, I am not talking about the company Docker Inc. I'm talking about the open-source software formerly known as Docker Engine, now known as Docker Community Edition. So let's explore what containers are made of. So the first thing that all modern containers in Linux have in common is a concept called a C-group. A C-group is a feature in the kernel itself. And although I'm highlighting this as a Linux C-group, there is an equivalent for this in the Microsoft operating system as well, which was recently added as a version 10 of their operating system. This feature allows you to group a set of processes that run as a related unit. And that group of running processes can be controlled with respect to how much of the host they are allowed to consume in terms of memory, in terms of CPU utilization, in terms of how much IO they do, both over the network and to disks and to other devices. And C-groups may be nested, meaning that a C-group can be apparent of another C-group. This concept is important, and I'll explain why a little bit later. The second feature that all modern container systems have in common is the idea of a namespace. So a namespace is another kernel feature that allows a restricted view of the system. So instead of showing you every aspect of a running system, it shows you a more narrow perception of the system. So you get the illusion that you're running on a system that has fewer interfaces, right? If you are just starting up a Linux box and logging in for the first time, no containers exist on it, right? You're in the root. You're gonna see all the running processes. You're gonna see the full view of all the file systems. You're gonna see every network interface, every bridge, every tunnel interface. Everything's gonna be visible to you. But if you create a container and you enter a namespace, that view can be restricted.  There's one called clone new FS. This is the name of the syscall that I alluded to before, the ch-ch-ch-ch-chroot syscall. And when you call this, you specify a new file system path that becomes the new root, okay? So this is the most basic, if you understand ch-root, you essentially understand all namespaces because they all fundamentally follow the same concept, except instead of limiting your view of a file system, they're limiting your view of some other resource. So clone new NS is about the view of the file system. There's a UTS namespace. This has to do with what your hostname is, so it allows one container to have a different hostname than another. So when you call your name in a container, you can get a different answer back out. There's also a namespace for inter-process communication.  One decrements a semaphore, and all of a sudden the behavior of a neighboring application changes as a result of that, because they both chose the same name for the semaphore. That would really be awful. So having namespace for those, you can name your semaphores the same thing, right? Or name, or use the same constructs without interfering. There's another one for process IDs. So if you have a pin namespace that's unique to you and you start a process in it, it's gonna be PID1. You start another process that's gonna be PID2, even though there's already a set of processes that's running on the host of one or two. These things are essentially processes that are mapped through a simple mapping in the kernel to allow you to have the illusion that you've got the only processes running on the machine. There's also one called a username space, which is the same sort of thing as a PID namespace. I'll come back to networks in a minute.  So outside you might be PID1,000, inside you might be, or excuse me, you might be UID1,000 outside and UID0 inside. That's how these mappings work. So it's a way of restricting the security exposure of the processes that are running within the container. There's a network namespace, which allows you to control what interfaces a container can view. So you can give that container, say, an eth0 and only give it that and not show it anything else, or you can give it a bunch of interfaces that are bridged. And these namespaces, all these different namespaces that I'm describing can also be nested, meaning it's possible to run both with C groups and namespaces a container that has another container inside. Now this is one of the differences between virtualization and containers. A performance difference that I'll talk about some more. But it's important to recognize that this nesting is possible in order to appreciate that difference when we get to that. Okay, remember I told you there was something special about this concept of the container image, about this being the different thing that makes containers special all of a sudden, starting in 2013. So what is a container image if it's not a virtual file system? It's not a file system. It's not a virtual hard drive. It is actually, if you look at actually how it's composed, it's essentially a tar file that has some additional metadata attached to it. One of the important pieces of metadata that is attached to this is an indication of what container this is derived from, what container image this is derived from. So much like I just explained that namespaces and C groups can be nested, container images can also have a nesting relationship. So you might have a base image that is say whatever, an Ubuntu distribution. Ubuntu distribution is my base image. I might have a container image that says, yeah, based on that, this other stuff too. And it's just that additional stuff that is in that tar file that makes up the container image. And the piece of metadata stating what it's based on is the important part. Y'all with me? Yeah. Okay. So you can have, you know, in this relationship, right, a container can have an arbitrary number, or an image can have an arbitrary number of these dependencies back up. So you can have the concept of a base image, a child image, a grandchild image. We could keep going down and down and down and down. I would argue that once you get down about two or three levels, it probably doesn't make sense to continue doing that. And there are some limits in some versions of, say, for example, Docker that would limit that. I think there was a limit at one time that was something like 40 or 60 of these. You couldn't go any further. I think that's since been lifted. But if you can't describe your system in less than, say, four levels, you're probably doing it wrong. And the same hierarchy that I'm describing maps to something called the Docker registry. So let's talk about that. So by Ray's show of hands, how many of you use Git? I'll give that, like, 90% of the audience uses Git. If you understand Git, you already understand how the Docker registry works. Because the semantics are the same. You pull in order to get a copy of something out of the registry. You can actually change it and do a commit and then push that back up into the registry to save a new version of it. And it snaps the same hierarchy that I was talking about before, right? This idea of an image being derived from another. And when we talk about Docker files in just a moment, this will start to become even more clear. Now, if I go into this audience and I start polling you individually and asking the question, what is a container? I'm likely to get a number of different answers from you. Maybe as many as 10, 15 different answers.  It is the amalgam of a Linux C group, Linux kernel namespaces, a Docker image, generically referred to as a container image, and the related lifecycle. And all of those things together make up a Docker container. If you're missing the namespaces, it's really not a container. If you're missing the C groups, it's really not a container. If you're missing the Docker image, you could argue. But I'm saying that what we believe today is compelling about containers don't make sense without the container image. It is the differentiator. So where do babies come from? That's an easier question to answer than where do containers come from. There is a confusion between what is a Docker file and what is a Docker image. I'm going to clear that up. A Docker file is the imperative instruction for creating a Docker image. So if you know what a make file is, a make file is an instruction for compiling a binary. The input to make is the make file and the output is an a.out binary. You can think of a Docker file as the same thing. It's like the make file. It has instructions in it which I'll show you in just a sec that describe how to build the thing. And when it's done, if it's successful, you get a container image out the back. You get a Docker image. So this is not to be confused with an orchestration artifact or a pod file for Kubernetes. These are declarative descriptions of a deployment of an application. That's not what a Docker file is for. A Docker file is just instructions for building a single image and see what they look like. So this is a simple Docker file. It says we're going to start with a CentOS 6 environment. We're going to label it with my name to show that I'm the maintainer. This is only persisted in the metadata for the container. I'm going to install the Apache server. I'm going to expose port 80 and I'm going to add a script into the container image that is going to execute by default when I start the container unless I specify something else. That's all this says. So from indicates what this container is based on. And there is such a thing called a scratch image. So you can define a new base image if you want called scratch and put a statically linked binary into it, right? Which would be an environment with nothing underneath it. Or you can define a container based on some existing environment. Now here's another misconception I want to clear up. When people first start to understand how containers work they make the assumption that whatever operating system is running on the host is the operating environment that your container is going to enjoy. This is not true. They will all share the same kernel and I'll explain this in a moment. They will all share the same kernel but they can all have different environments. I'll explain why this works. But I could just as easily have an image. This one is going to run on a CentOS environment. I could have another one that's built on top of Ubuntu and I could run these side-by-side on the same kernel. One application believes it's running in an Ubuntu environment. The other one believes it's running in a CentOS environment and they work happily side-by-side on the same host. It does not matter what Linux distribution is running on the host. I'll say it one more time just for dramatic effect. It does not matter what operating system is running on the host. What matters is what's in the container image and what it asked for. Okay, so here's the build command. Docker build-twebserver. So dash-t means just tag this build with a name just like I would tag, you know, a git branch. And then dot means build whatever is in the current directory. So this current directory would have the Docker file in it and it would have the start.sh script in it. And that's all that's necessary in order to build this container. So what if I wanted to make a child image based on the one that I just created? I would say from webserver, install, say, a lampstack and put in a different start script. And so when I run this container, it's going to cause the other one to be loaded and, of course, whatever the base image was underneath that. And so now I've got this chain of three. I've got this one, the parent, which is the one that I just built a moment ago, and then the base image, which was the sent OS one. So this is how this hierarchy works. And when I build this, I tag it with the word lampstack instead of tagging it with the word webserver.  So I might have one that's a lampstack and another one that's a Node.js stack. They can still share the same base image, which means fewer base images are cached on each host as I'm starting up new containers. So it'll use less storage. They'll be faster to start. And those are some of the reasons why I would want to use containers to begin with. I promised I was going to explain these three areas in depth. Efficiency, performance, and security. Let's get to efficiency. So many of you have seen this diagram before, except there's a slight difference between this diagram and the one that you've seen before. I have taken Docker out of the one on the left. And the reason why is because Docker is not actually in the execution path of the application in the same way that a hypervisor would be in the execution path between the application and the hardware in a virtual machine. So if I run an application within a container, and once the process has started, its performance characteristics are exactly the same. I'm going to use exactly in air quotes. I don't like using absolutes. But for sake of describing how it actually behaves, it is exactly the same as it would be on a bare metal machine. Because the things that make a container different pertain to the maintenance of the namespaces and the C groups. That affects the process start-up and the process tear-down. But it does not affect how that process can interact with the kernel while it is running. So if I do something like an open syscall, and I read from it, should I expect the performance to be slower just because I'm running in a container? What do you think? Yes or no? No. I should expect it to behave the same as if I weren't in a namespace and I did the same thing. Because once my process is running, the fact that it's in a namespace is not changing the execution path between that running process and the equipment that it's running on top of. Of course, that's different in the case of running in a virtual machine. So if I'm running in a virtual machine, I've got my own kernel, then I've got either hardware-assisted or software-emulated conversion, something that's imitating a machine, and then underneath that, you've actually got the hardware. So in a virtualized environment, should you expect the behavior of your application to be different or slower or worse in some way than it would if you were running on the bare metal? Of course. It would be different. So this is how... When people say containers are faster, sometimes they're describing that, well, they're faster to start up than virtual machines because of the nature of how the container images work, this layering that I described, that hierarchy. Another reason why they say containers are faster is because there's nothing interfering between the running application and the hardware itself in the way that virtual machines can interfere in many ways with your access to the hardware. Now, some may argue, okay, with things like PCI pass-through, you know, mapping out an NVMe storage device with the file system on top, that you don't have the same performance drawbacks running in a virtual machine, and so it doesn't matter. But the truth is those behave differently from one kind of equipment to another, and you can't generalize that it's going to be as good as bare metal on every single machine that you're running on. Whereas when you're talking about a container, I can offer you an assurance that it's going to behave the same way regardless... regardless of what the different equipment is. Okay, so it's a stronger argument for there is a more universal performance benefit running an application within a container versus running in a virtual machine. Now, the next difference is a security difference. Does anybody recognize this? What is it? This is Castillo de San Marcos in Florida. It's a fortress. It was successfully defended for many, many years. How many men or women or soldiers, let's say soldiers, do you believe it would take to successfully defend this fortress against an external attack? Just a guess. Four soldiers could do it? How many think... Let's just be crazy. Let's say we need 50 to 100 soldiers to defend this, okay? Now, what if the problem looked more like this? That's a much bigger attack surface, right? What kind of a soldier force would I need in order to defend against something like this, right? We've got a multiplication problem here. And the same problem exists when you're talking about defending against hostile workloads that are sharing the same host. When those things are isolated in virtual machines, that's one risk. It has one risk profile, okay? When those things are separated only by containers, that is a different risk profile, a much more complicated risk profile I'll get into in a minute. In the hypervisor world, the number of things that compose the attack surface between two virtual machines on the same host is a very short list. It's shown here on the screen. This is a relatively small attack surface. Is it possible that you could have a running virtual machine and another running virtual machine as inside one escape through the hypervisor and get into, say, the memory space of a neighboring virtual machine? Is that possible? I sure hope I see nodding heads. Yes, that is. It is possible. But it's also relatively straightforward to defend against because the attack surface is narrow. By comparison, the Linux syscall interface is not quite as narrow. There are 397 system calls in the Linux syscall interface since version 3.19 of the kernel. That is like the multitude of Castillo de San Marcos that I showed you. That is a much more difficult attack surface to navigate. If the only thing between two neighboring containers on the same host is something that's got 397 syscalls, you need a different strategy for how to defend against escapes. Then you need, when you're defending against virtual machines contending with each other. It's a fundamentally different problem. So this is a security difference. So I want you to remember that the barrier between containers running on the same host, the security isolation barrier, is not as significant as the barrier between neighboring virtual machines on the same host. You can consider it like a dashed line instead of a solid line for this reason. And this is an attack surface argument. Now there are ways to make containers as secure as virtual machines or nearly as secure as virtual machines. Does anybody recognize what this is? Holler it out. Nobody knows what this is? Not a house key, louder, what is it? This is a bump key. Okay, a bump key is an exploit for vulnerability in almost every lock that we use on our front doors to our homes and offices today. Here's how it works. You enter the bump key all the way into the lock. You back it up one notch.   This is a fundamental security vulnerability in the physical lock. This is the exploit to that vulnerability. Now, it's only vulnerable because the strategy that we're using to secure the lock or to open the lock is a key. You can change the design of the key. And if you do, if you put millings into the side, now you have pins that are in the side and pins that are in the top. If you put a bump key in and jump all the pins up, now the lock is not going to turn because the shear line is only lining up with the pins on the top, not the pins on the side. So if you fundamentally change the game, you make the lock more secure. You need to do the same thing with containers.  So one of the most common ones that you'll see in practice is using a mandatory access control policy. So using SE Linux or App Armor is a way to produce a mandatory access control policy. This just says you are allowed to do nothing with this kernel except for the things that are allowed by the policy, which is different than the way the system normally works, which is that you specify things that you're not allowed to do. So if you think about it conceptually like a firewall policy, it's like a default deny policy for interacting with the kernel. Now the problem with using SE Linux or App Armor as the only security mitigation strategy is that to make a useful policy, it's got to allow an awful lot of stuff because applications do a wide variety of things and for it to be generally useful for applications, that policy, that default policy would need to be very, very permissive, in which makes it not very strong. So in order for this technique to be effective, it needs to be tuned on a per application basis. This is why we don't have a single SE Linux policy that works for all applications because the whole idea here is that it's default deny, not default allow. Now you can also use something else called seccomp or secure computing mode. This is originally designed for batch processing applications where you would start your batch process up, you would open the file handles for the input file that you're going to process, you call seccomp and it allows you to only call read, close, and exit and no other syscalls. This call, besides read, close, or exit, you're going to get killed by the kernel immediately. Now it just turns out that seccomp has been since expanded to allow you to specify a policy of which syscalls you're allowed to execute. So now you can say, okay, my application requires this interaction with the kernel that can be specified at the time that your application starts. Your application can call seccomp directly to set its secure operating mode and if you do this on all of your neighboring workloads it makes them much more secure. You can also nest containers. So remember I keep harping on this idea of these things can be nested, these things can be nested. This is one of the reasons why it's important. Containers can contain other containers. Now, when we think in the world of virtual machines, can virtual machines contain other virtual machines? Sure, yeah, you can do that. Why don't we do that? The huge performance drawback to doing that because the hardware virtualization assistance only works for the first level, not the additional levels down below. So if you were nesting virtual machines you were probably having really bad performance outcomes. That drawback does not apply to containers. For the same reason that a running process on bare metal performs roughly the same as a running process in a container, a container within a container also behaves roughly the same way, once the processes in that container have started. So you can nest containers, put SE Linux policy on the one that's at the top, and then create other containers underneath. And an escape now needs to be multifactored. An escape exploit needs to be multifactored in order to successfully escape not only from one container into the next, but then from that container into the host. So you're making that escape necessarily more complicated, which reduces the risk of exploit. If you're using Docker, there's a plugin interface called off plugins, and you can do things that limit your client's access to various features in the Docker server itself. So if you don't want to allow something, you can. For example, if you don't want to allow them to run privileged containers, you can do that. There's a feature in the kernel called ASLR. This randomizes the way that the address space, the memory address space is allocated on the host. I think by default now most distributions are doing this by default. But this makes it more difficult to do escape exploits. And you can also do... There are features within the hardware itself that both improve the performance and make it more difficult to perform these kind of escapes. Now, this won't protect you against defects in the hardware itself, but it will help you in terms of defects within the kernel, for example. So in this talk, I outlined three key differences between virtualization and containers. I talked about their relative efficiency. I talked about their relative performance. And I talked about their relative security. So in general, they tend to perform... They tend to perform better. You can usually stack a lot more containers on a host than you can stack virtual machines on a host, primarily because of the way that they work, right? A container says you're allowed to use a maximum of a certain amount of resource. But it doesn't preallocate that resource. So if I'm memory-bound, for example, and I create a lot of virtual machines that all have overhead of memory that's preallocated, I'm probably allocating a whole bunch of memory that I'm not using. Whereas if I'm using containers, I'm only saying you're only allowed to use a maximum of. So the oversubscription rate is much higher. So from an efficiency perspective, more work ends up happening on the same host. If I'm doing less virtualization work, less mapping going on between the running processes and the equipment, there's less tax on the equipment, so it runs faster. And then I talked about security and it being fundamentally a different problem with respect to neighboring containers and neighboring virtual machines. And although there are techniques to making that interface between containers more secure, of which I detailed a number of them, there's not just one magic bullet that's going to solve all of those concerns. So you need to keep that in mind as you implement these. Now, when you choose which of these technologies to use, it's not an exclusive choice of I'm only going to run this thing on bare metal in containers or I'm only going to run this thing in virtual machines. You can still put containers into virtual machines. It's a perfectly valid use case. And if you care about that additional security isolation, you're still going to get benefits from having the portability of the container image, having the, you know, microservices capabilities, but you may choose to use both of them in combination so that you can reap both of the benefits. The only time you need to feel like you're compromising here is if you've got an application that's exceedingly performance sensitive and needs to be exceedingly secure. And that's where you're going to need to use these benefits techniques. I'll take your questions. So there's a microphone in the aisle for your questions. Howdy. Hi. Did I miss the part where you talked about how two things can be running under different distros and feel like they're running under their own? Yeah. Under the same distro? I did promise to explain that. So when a container starts, it's sharing the kernel with the host, right? The container image specifies what the layered file system will look like when it see each routes into it, right? So essentially it's going to take, in my example, I showed a CentOS example, it's going to have a file system of the CentOS distro plus the Apache server that I added, right? That's going to be laid as a second writable layer. And I can interact with that as if it's a CentOS host. I can create another Docker image that's based on, say, Ubuntu and start it. And it's going to be using the same kernel at the same time. Now, some people believe that just because a distro is set up a certain way that it requires a certain kernel, it turns out that the Linux syscall interface is a stable API. And because it is a stable API, since roughly version 1.3 of the kernel, well, version 3.19 and later, for sure, the interface is not changing. The API is not changing. So those libraries like your G-Lib C, for example, that runs in the Ubuntu environment has exactly the same interface to the kernel as the one that's in CentOS. They are literally identical. So because that is a stable API, it does not matter which kernel you're running. Now, some may argue with me. They may say, no, there are actually differences in the kernel. And to some extent, that's true. You shouldn't expect an application that was designed for today's kernel to work on one that's built 10 years from now. That's an unreasonable expectation. But in terms of what's running today, the general answer to that question is they are compatible. And I have, for example, five or six different operating environments all running on the same kernel at the same time. And yes, this does work. It does not matter. As long as you're running a modern kernel that has all of the features of all of the applications that you're running, they're going to work. You're welcome. Yes. Hello. So I had, excuse me, a discussion with somebody a while back. And they were making the point that we're trying to that somehow containers, because of the file structure you spoke of, have a greater affinity to the DevOps model. And that would be ultimately one of the things that will, you know, accelerate the take up of containers. Do you see any truth in that? Well, look, what DevOps cares about is getting through CI CD fast, right? So any tool that's going to accelerate the process by which you go through your CI, that's going to be considered valuable. And Docker has been shown to greatly accelerate most people's CI, because the containers start more quickly, they use fewer resources, and they have a, once you've created the image, it behaves the same in test as it behaves in production. The binary artifact that you create both is what you tested and what you deployed to production, assuming you're following best practices. It's super attractive for that reason. So yes, I would say it would definitely take on to that audience quickly. All right, thank you everyone for attending.


Welcome to NTN Nightly, I am Genelle Norville. This edition, Stop Stories. The Talvern Housing Development makes it possible for low-income earners to own property. St Lucia is gearing up to welcome the reopening of the cruise tourism sector and the Union Roundabout Construction Project to begin in a matter of days. The Government of St Lucia remains committed to fulfilling its mandate to improve the standard of living for all St Lucians. One means through which this is being realized is ensuring that all St Lucians are afforded the opportunity to own a piece of land in their home country. In that regard, a number of housing developments have commenced island-wide, the most recent being the Talvern Housing Development. Officials of the National Housing Cooperation, NHC, have informed that the Talvern Housing Development will aid in remedying unplanned development in the area and increase land ownership. Phase 1 of the project consists of 49 lots, totaling 280,373 sq ft and Phase 2 consists of 39 lots, totaling 146,860 sq ft of land. Former Chairman of the National Housing Cooperation Timothy Mangal provided some insights into Phase 3 of the development. Talvern Phase 3 is a total of 899,108 sq ft of saleable lands into 132 residential lots. And those lots, of course, range from 14,000 sq ft in the largest to 5,000 sq ft as the smallest lot. There are also two commercial properties on this site, one for a community center. There's one institutional lot, two open spaces as required by the Development Control Authority, one lot for a water tank, a WASCO water tank. Yes, ladies and gentlemen, this development will have its own water reservoir right at the top there and it will be propelled by gravity to the entire development and to this neighborhood. This development was approved by the Development Control Authority in February of 2020. And certainly you could see the standard that has, as you drove there, you could see the quality of the infrastructure so far. Representative for Fresh Start Construction Company Limited, Peter Feliciae, explaining the company's role in the project called for increased partnership with relevant agencies. We are committed to give our St. Lucian people a piece of St. Lucia. And the model that we have is that we go in and we do all the designs, we get the approvals, we go in, we put in infrastructure and we get all the approvals and we get paid after the saleable lands. So, we are hoping that more significant partners can come in. If you notice, Mr. Bolani said I've not even mentioned the partnership with the banks because they're not present as yet. I'm still hopeful that the banks will come in and be able to partner in ventures like this. Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries, Natural Resources and Cooperatives and Parliamentary Representative for Babuno, Honourable Ezekiel Joseph explained the options for individuals seeking to purchase land. The agreement is that those of us who want to go into a lease arrangement, and let me explain that. You don't have to go to Mr. Bolan at the bank. You can go directly to National House and say look, every month I'm going to give you $200. I'm occupying 5,000 square feet. The total is $45,000. Every month I'm going to give you $200. That is what we call a lease purchase arrangement.  Or you can go to Mr. Bolan and get a loan from Semi-Share Development Bank and the land will be sold to you at $6.00 a square foot. So that's the option you have. Of course, I'm still negotiating to see how we can bring it lower. Minister for Economic Development, Housing, Urban Renewal, Transport and Civil Aviation Honourable Guy Joseph promised the residents of Talvan nothing short of the best. This is a proud development for us. It is one that is going to be up to the highest standards of development. Some people, some people think that some places are too rural to give them the best. But this government has a completely different perception. For me, St. Lucia is too small to have anywhere as rural. They don't have countryside. Anywhere you live in St. Lucia, you ought to have access to the same facilities that everybody else who live in what they call the more prestigious places in St. Lucia. You entitled to it, and the people of Talvan and Babonu, we will give you nothing short of a world-class housing development in Talvan. Managing Director of the St. Lucia Development Bank, Vincent Boland highlighted the bank's role and the importance of such ventures. We at the Development Bank, we have had an audacious goal in that we want to be able to partner with the government and national housing to be able to develop not only Talvan but to develop the sites that were identified around the entire island so that it will give persons one opportunities to have work in the actual development and it will give persons access to that wealth creation. So it will be not just affording opportunities for all, which is one of our slogans, but it will be providing and creating wealth, transferring wealth to St. Lucia. The National Housing Corporation is expected to commence work on Phase 4 of the project in short order. From the Government Information Service, I am Janelle Norville. St. Lucia is gearing up to welcome its first international cruise ship in July since the halt due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The ministries of health and wellness and tourism and by extension the Government of St. Lucia are actively engaging in discussions with cruise industry officials on the safe return of the cruise sector to St. Lucia. Chief medical officer Dr Sharon Belmar George explained that a model similar to that used in the tourism sector is being considered. And the model we are looking at is quite similar to that used by the tourism sector where it will be a bubble. Quite different to what is regularly seen with the cruise sector being able to freely roam so they would be allowed to go to approved sites and attractions. In relation to point seraphine, as far as the discussion has been, is that point seraphine being the ships both there, that they would be a part of the sites and attraction. The difference would be is that on the days when the cruise ships come in, locals would not be allowed to access the shops on that day. So this is a discussion that is happening and the Ministry of Tourism is liaising the various sectors to ensure that all of the necessary protocols are put in place. Chief medical officer Dr Sharon Belmar George. Amid July itinerary is the first to list the island as a port of call for the Royal Caribbean cruise line. Prime Minister the Honourable Alan Sharsney says protocols have been determined for the sub-sector. This includes mandatory vaccinations, pre-arrival COVID-19 testing and limited short excursion to options. All passengers disembarking the ship onto the island will be required to wear a face mask, adhere to physical distancing and regular sanitizing. Honourable Sharsney says talks however continue to address grey areas of the cruise sector resumption. What we're looking at is that everybody who would be on the ship would be vaccinated, both the crew as well as the guests. The complicated matter is that persons under the age of 18 and certainly persons under the age of 10 are probably not going to be vaccinated. What are the protocols we're going to put in place and that's what we're working through right now for those specific persons. An itinerary of four destinations in the region will harmonize the protocols and work in tandem to fit each government's COVID-19 response requirements. These include ensuring the isolation of any crew or passengers that contract COVID-19 during the cruise. In the case of St. Lucia, we have been coexisting with COVID. We've created a bubble for our tourism industry and that bubble has continued to grow, meaning that in addition to having access to the hotel, that the tourists are now having access to certain tours. And so the persons who are providing those tours have actually been practicing the necessary protocols and are being properly observed on a regular basis to make sure that we're not spreading any disease locally. So that's really fortunate for the cruise industry because it means they can benefit automatically from that experience, particularly if all the persons who are going on the tours have been vaccinated. We believe we have a great product and now each one of the countries are doing similarly to St. Lucia in working out what their protocols are going to be. St. Lucia has established a special tourism committee to provide oversight over the resumption of the cruise tourism, which includes the ministries of tourism, health and wellness and the St. Lucia Air and Seaports Authority. The protocols will continue to be examined and updated where necessary as the July restart date draws a nearer. In the last week, there were over 1.2 million new COVID-19 cases and 31,000 deaths reported in the Americas. The Pan-American Health Organization, PAHO, says while the numbers are still jarring, COVID-19 infections have dropped throughout the region in the last month, offering some reprieve to the stressed health systems. But three out of the five countries in the world with the highest numbers of new infections are in the Americas. And many Caribbean islands like the Bahamas, Haiti and Trinidad and Tobago are seeing COVID-19 deaths doubled in the last week. Dr. Caricia Etienne is the director of PAHO. Canada has registered a tripling of cases in Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and its northwest territories as hospitalizations across the country are on the rise. Costa Rica, Panama and parts of Honduras are reporting sharp rises in new infections. Infections are also on the rise in Bolivia and French Gaia. In Brazil, we see a pause in the decreasing trends that were observed during the previous weeks. And despite overall reductions in most South American countries, some hot spots in Argentina and Uruguay saw a doubling of cases and deaths in the last week. ICU occupancy rates remain at 90% in many areas of Brazil and Colombia, a sign that these communities are still at a high risk of not getting the care that they need. Dr. Etienne says the most dramatic change has been in the US where almost half of the population has received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose and nearly 85% of those over the age of 85 are fully protected. This widespread coverage has led to a sharp reduction in US COVID-19 infections, deaths and hospitalizations. This, she says, is clear evidence that vaccination works. The PAHO director is urging all citizens in the Caribbean to get vaccinated. The progress that we're seeing in the US is a testament to the power of safe and effective COVID vaccines. But it underscores the vital importance of accelerating access to vaccines throughout our region so that other countries can fully immunize their own populations. With the help of COVAX, PAHO has delivered more than 12 million COVID vaccine doses to the Americas. With another 770,000 doses, our route to countries in Central America and the Caribbean. Over 400 million COVID doses have been administered in our region, although the lion's share of those have been in the US. Indeed, just 3% of Latin Americans have been fully vaccinated against COVID-19. And we still have a long way to go to ensure that everyone is protected. PAHO director Dr. Carissa Etienne. Back here at home, the Rotary Club of St. Lucia is lending its resources to the national fight against COVID-19. Hermadi Mark tells us how. The Rotary Club of St. Lucia has joined vaccination efforts through a collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Wellness. The club contributed the Rotary Bus, a youth mobile clinic, to be used as a vaccination mobile clinic for COVID-19. Selma Sennpreet, the vice president of the Rotary Club of St. Lucia says she understands the importance of vaccination to restoring some normalcy during the pandemic. With the pandemic that we have now, we find over the whole globe, and even in St. Lucia, the numbers of deaths for the pandemic are too high. And we need you to believe that a number of us have taken the vaccine, both vaccines, and we're doing just great, just fine. Check with your doctors, check with your clinics, they will tell you, they will give you the information. Go online and choose the right information. Get vaccinated. The bus will serve persons of various demographics. It will be utilized on weekends along with pop-up clinics in heavily trafficked areas such as markets and malls. The goal is to make vaccines more accessible to the population and provide the opportunity for individuals with busy schedules to get the first and second doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine. On Friday, May 21, 2021, the mobile clinic will be at the V4 Plaza from 9am to 5pm, and at the Soufres Square on Saturday, May 22, 2021, from 9am to 3pm. The Ministry of Health and Wellness expressed gratitude to the Rotary Club of St. Lucia and the other entities contributing to vaccination efforts in St. Lucia. From the Government Information Service, Homa de Marques reporting. This is Ntien Ngai Ly. Stay with us. Thank you. Welcome back. The National Day of Prayer and Fasting declared by the Cabinet of Ministers is garnering tremendous support from the religious community. The observance is scheduled for Monday, May 24, 2021, and all St. Lucia's at home and abroad are asked to come together in reflection and prayer following the unprecedented year the country has been through due to COVID-19. Apostle Yvonne Alexander is calling on religious groups of all faiths as well as all political parties to join in the National Day of Prayer and Fasting that the Government has declared. She highlights the significance of spiritual solidarity for the nation. God is able to protect us from the hurricanes, protect us from volcanic eruptions, protect us from earthquakes devastating our nation. And I tell you, I really would like to see the churches forget about your beliefs. We are thinking about the nation. We are thinking about we coming together that day to pray, to see God. I really appreciate the fact that our Prime Minister as the governing body for the nation, God has placed in there, see the significance of calling the nation at this time to prayer. I believe this is so significant. And if all of us come together in such a time to just adhere to the call of the leader of this nation, I believe great things can happen. She is calling on groups to get organized for the National Day of Prayer and Fasting and to suspend any reservations based on religious and political affiliation. It is a call that we never heard before, that the leader of the nation is calling. Regardless of, let me tell you, I heard that thing of church in red and yellow. Let me tell you, it just hurts me to the core. This is not the time for red and yellow. This is the time for church and state to come together for that call of God. God is the one who called for that prayer. He knows what we are going through and He knows what is coming, so He does not want us to suffer loss. So I'm calling, I'm really encouraging, pleading with leaders, spiritual leaders, mobilize your church. I just encourage you to come together to pray, not for the Prime Minister, not for any party, but for our nation and our next generation. Monday's observance will be guided by a live NTN broadcast featuring church services, gospel performances, prayer, spoken word and testimonies. The Ministry of Infrastructure, Port Energy and Labor has announced commencement of the Union Roundabout Construction Project on Tuesday, May 25, 2021. This project will help improve the flow of traffic by limiting congestion while enhancing road safety for drivers and pedestrians. Construction of the Roundabout will be executed in three main phases to minimize disruption to commuters, businesses and emergency services. Phase 1 includes road widening, demolition and re-establishment of fencing and construction of sidewalks. Drivers and all road users are encouraged to proceed with caution and follow the traffic signs, safety cones and instruction from project personnel when traversing through the project site. The contractor's Skelly Construction Services Limited is tasked to complete the project in three months, weather permitting. Caricum Foreign Ministers have been urged to maximize the weight of their collective voices in international fora. Heads to San King English Francis of Caricum News Time. Minister of Foreign Affairs of Bellies, the Honorable Amon Courtney, has underscored the importance of common ground in Caricum's foreign policy coordination to maximize the weight of the collective voices of the community and to avoid division. Minister Courtney assumed the chair of the Caricum Council for Foreign and Community Relations when it met for its 24th meeting on the 6th of May. The meeting discussed a range of issues on the region's foreign policy agenda and the new and emerging challenges posed by migration. In his remarks at the opening, Minister Courtney stressed the need for the community to continue to advocate for developed countries to respond positively to its call for fair, equitable and timely access to vaccines. Caricum must also continue to impress upon its international development partners and international financial institutions. The need for an enlightened approach for accessing concessional financing and debt relief. Minister Courtney also noted that the region must take pride in its coordination and cooperation in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. That report by Caricum News Times to San King, English Francis. That brings us to the end of NTN Nightly. Join us next time at 7 p.m. with a repeat at 7 p.m. You can also catch up with us anytime on the St. Lucia Government Facebook page or YouTube channel. I am Channel Norvel.


Hi and welcome to the session. Today I will help you with the following question with scenes. In a class test, the sum of the marks obtained by P in Mathematics and Science is 28. Had we got three more marks in Mathematics and four marks less in Science, the product of marks obtained in the two subjects would have been 180. Find the marks obtained in the two subjects separately. Let us proceed with its solution. In this question, we need to find the marks obtained in the two subjects that is in Mathematics and in Science and we are given that the sum of the marks obtained by P in Mathematics and Science is 28. So that means if we assume that the marks obtained in any one of the subject, same Mathematics is x, then the marks obtained in Science will be 28 minus x. So here first of all we will assume that the marks obtained by P in Mathematics px, then the marks obtained by P in Science will be 28 minus x because sum of marks obtained Mathematics and Science 28. Now we are given that had he got three more marks in Mathematics and four marks less in Science, the product of the marks obtained in the two subjects would have been 180. So according to the question, we have got three marks more in Mathematics that is the marks in Mathematics would have been x plus three and four marks less in Science. So the marks in Science would have been 28 minus x minus four, then the product of the marks obtained in the two subjects would have been 180. So here we got this equation and now we will solve this equation to get the value of x. So first of all this implies x plus three into here 28 minus four will be 24. So 24 minus x is equal to 180. Now let us multiply these brackets and we will get 24x plus 72 minus x square minus 3x is equal to 180. So this implies minus x square plus 21x is equal to 180 minus 72 which is equal to 108. And now this gives x square minus 21x plus 108 is equal to 0. Now to solve this quadratic equation, we will split its middle term that is minus 21x. So this will give us x square minus 9x minus 12x plus 108 is equal to 0. Here minus 9x into minus 12x is equal to 108x square and minus 9x plus minus 12x is equal to minus 21x. Now from the first two terms let us take x common. So this implies x into x minus 9. Now from the last two terms we will take minus 12th common. So we are left with x minus 9 equal to 0. Now from this we will take x minus 9 as common and we will get x minus 9 into x minus 12 is equal to 0. So from this we have x minus 9 will be equal to 0 or x minus 12 will be equal to 0 that is x will be equal to 9 or x will be equal to 12. Now we assumed x as the marks obtained in mathematics. So marks obtained by P in mathematics will be equal to 9 or 12. So here we have two cases. Case one is if marks obtained in mathematics is 9 then the marks obtained in science will be 28 minus 9 that is 19 and second case if the marks obtained in mathematics is 12 then the marks obtained in science will be 28 minus 12 which will be equal to 16. Thus in this question the marks obtained by P in mathematics and science will be 9 and 19 or 12 and 16. Thus here we have found the marks obtained by P in both the subjects separately. With this we finish this session. Hope you must have understood the question. Goodbye, take care and have a nice day.