Olga Kivali, a long time I can't remember, been involved in ICANN for about 12 years. Olga, how do you describe the multi-stakeholder model to people who are completely unfamiliar with it? Well, to describe this model you have to understand the impact of technology in our lives, in society, in governments. Nothing can be done by only a single stakeholder. Governments need to understand what happens with private sector, private companies, with chambers that associate different companies. Also civil society is important to be heard, academy. So the different parts of the society and the economy are so impacted by internet and technology that you cannot solve any problem and you cannot understand its impact if you just look at it from only one perspective. So this is the beauty and the challenge of the multi-stakeholder model. You have to hear all stakeholders, you have to talk to them, you have to have a dialogue and if possible we have to find ways to work together. One thing that's always fascinating about the multi-stakeholder model, when ICANN was developed back in 1998, this was pretty unusual, I mean still unusual, but particularly so then. And the idea of having all these various stakeholders included in the process pretty unusual now, but especially then, right? It was unusual then and let me tell you I've been going through this space of dialogue and participation through all these years and it's still unusual. Especially for governments who are more used to multilateral conversations and participation spaces like United Nations or that type of international governmental organizations, which is okay because they have their own same level dialogue, I would say, but it's important that they understand that the only way to understand and solve the impact of some challenges that technology brings is if you really have a multi-stakeholder space for dialogue and for trying to solve this problem. Say for example cyber security, privacy challenges, human rights related with the use of technology, the impact of the IT technology and in the media and the communications, the government cannot solve that alone. I, for example, I remember that big stripe from taxes in Buenos Aires when Uber started to appear into our city, big city, a lot of taxes there. And then the people thought it was a problem caused by the internet. And many people call me and I say, why? It's a problem of, it's a transport problem. It's a problem to be taken from the transport perspective, but it was driven by the use of technology, by the use of internet. So they were blaming the technology. Yes, exactly. So the first thing that they did was trying to put down Uber.com, which is a nonsense because you can copy very easily to other and it also, it's a website not established in Argentina. So that kind of things, you can only solve them if all the parties are sitting together and try to understand the impact and the challenges. The benefits of the multi-stakeholder model are obvious. I mean, everybody coming together, inclusion, it sounds great, it sounds marvelous. The reality is it's hard to make it work, right? Yeah, there is one thing that when you analyze the multi-stakeholder model you have to have in mind is that some stakeholders have some responsibilities which cannot be denied or neglected. For example, governments are the ones to make the law enforcement at the national level within their boundaries. Also, there are some international treaties that governments have agreed to and those are binding into their laws. So that stakeholder is somehow, I don't want to say different because people don't like that and they tell me that I favor governments, which is not true, but you have to realize the role of each of the stakeholders and try to understand which is their responsibility.  It's not that they are not relevant, both are relevant, but it's not different. So trying to reconcile them, that's the challenge, not easy. Is it a challenge? Governments, this is a weird unusual sort of model for governments which have their own way of dealing with issues, coming to consensus. All of a sudden they have a voice equal to other stakeholders, business and so on and so forth. Is it hard for governments to get used to the multi-stakeholder model? What it's hard for governments is to get away from established rules and ways of interacting. But that's difficult, isn't it? Extremely difficult. Presidents sit with presidents. They don't sit with other people. Vice presidents sit with vice presidents and congressmen sit with them. So that level of understanding of what that means for governmental officials is something that the multi-stakeholder model has to have in mind. So you will see, for example, next meeting in Barcelona, you will have this high-level meeting for the GAC, for the Governmental Advisory Committee. I think that's a good idea of bringing high-level officials into this environment to make them understand, being more close, because usually those of us who participate are more technicians or more people who are on the field every day. And high-level officials sometimes they don't have time because their agendas are quite complicated. And this is a long meeting, like three, four days for them is not possible. So it's good that these spaces are open also in the Internet Governance Forum, in the IGF. They have created this high-level meeting at the beginning to bring high-level officials from government. It will take some time. Some governments have implemented this with quite success. I would say that Brazil has implemented this CGI committee to restore the Internet. Let me translate that. The committee that manages the Internet, something like that in Portuguese. And they brought all parties together, all stakeholders there. The government has to see the academia, private sector. So for them it's working for a long time.  It sounds like the challenges are tremendous. I mean, it works in spite of these tremendous challenges. We talked about one, which is governments have a certain way of thinking about these things. But on the other hand, we're dealing with a lot of people involved in technology, many of whom are not used to interacting with people like government officials or business people. So it's difficult for all parties, I would guess, they're coming at this from different positions, right? Yes, because also they have different knowledge and the dialogue, it's different. And way to dialogue. Exactly. The way to dialogue with a technical expert is not the same one that you would have with someone from government. Also what you have to have in mind is that this jurisdiction issue is not the same a non-for-profit organization established in a certain country, which is what I can is, than United Nations, which is an international organization based on an international treaty, which is binding for the government. So from the legal, international legal point of view, there are some things that you cannot deny and you have to have in mind when you're a government. It's interesting because someone once described to me, they said, I can basically works because people buy into the idea that it should work, that it needs to work. By definition, that seems like such an abstract philosophy for governments to grasp because of what you just mentioned, they're used to treaties. They're used to signed accords, memos of understatement, et cetera, et cetera. Well, yeah, that's the challenge. But I think that governments are understanding slowly but surely that dialogue and interaction with other stakeholders are the only way to solve some problems. For example, I think that today we have this cybersecurity and we have this experience of the European regulations about privacy. It's for Europeans, but it impacts all over the world because the Internet is interconnecting all of us. So if you don't understand and also the companies having so much data about us and the social media. But does that ever work to an advantage? Because right now we have GDPR in Europe.  For sure. It drives the curiosity about what privacy means first, which are the rules of privacy in your own country, in your own society. Also, it brings the people to think about it. Also the governments to think about the regulations they have at the local level and to see what's the impact for an organization like ICANN that manages the domain name system that is basically a coordination of different databases spread all over the world with personal data and relevant data for privacy. So yeah, it's a process. The thing is that the process is always dynamic and it's always changing. So once you get acquainted to something then rapidly evolves quickly. So this is one of the challenges, the permanent change. When you first mentioned, when you're talking to a group, because I know that you've talked to a lot of different groups, when you talk to a group and you first mentioned the multi-stakeholder model, have they heard of it? Do they get it? They get it, especially now because it's the only way to solve some things that we face today. I think that the most clear example is cybersecurity. If you don't understand how, for example, the internet service provider works and how people are handing their access to the internet and how people are using their data, you cannot solve the problem. And in spite of the fact that governments may have a lot of laws and regulations and tools, if you don't educate your people, if you don't understand what the companies are doing, then you won't solve the problem. So that's the only way is to sit all together and talk. So that's the beauty of the multi-stakeholder model. I mean it's really, and you hit the nail on the head, I want to build on that point, it's really about bringing people together to talk. Yes, that's the issue which it's not always easy, but that's as always is. You see the Congress talking and you have the same problem, you try to prepare for a law. It's difficult, but it's not insurmountable. It's not insurmountable and it's a good way to solve problems and go ahead. Let me ask you about one other thing.  Has that been a challenge for you when you have come up through the ranks when you are involved in this sphere? I would say it was a challenge when I started my career. I am an electronic and electric engineer. When I studied with very few women in university, there are still very few women studying electronic engineering today. Many other women are perhaps going through systems and other careers. I could luckily always work in what I studied and I don't think it was a challenge within ICANN. At the contrary, ICANN found in myself a way to promote some gender balance. Is it getting better? No. Well, with a friend of mine, she was a board member. She's not a board member anymore. We started to talk about how could we analyze the reasons that women were not so many. In leadership positions. In the great group, I think that's okay. But board members or leadership positions, some leadership positions in ICANN. We organized some dialogue spaces through several ICANN meetings. What we found, one of the things that happened is that women don't show up. For example, you make a call for the non-com, the non-com makes a call for board members. Very few women apply. There are reasons for that. Women usually have less time. In general, still women at home, we have to face the challenge of mother getting old, which is what happens with me now. My kids don't need me more now because they're in their 20s.  All the kids are small and you need that more time at home. So you have less time and you don't show up in those calls for participation. And if you don't show up, you can never be selected. That's one point. And then, well, it's difficult sometimes to select women because they have perhaps gone through less experience because of this same issue. So I think there is some way to go on. I've been thinking about something which is also controversial when I talk about it, which is quotas. Should we have quotas for the icon board, for example, leadership position for the non-com? It has to spark a lot of debate, right? Yeah, I'm not saying that it's okay. I'm just trying to find reactions. And it worked in Argentina in the Congress. It worked quite well. Immediately, many people tell me, well, but maybe the women you select because of the quota are not good. And I say, well, not all the men selected are always good. Sometimes you select a candidate and it's not good. Regardless of gender. Exactly. So that's part of the general probability that you can fail or not. So that's something we have analyzed. I think it's not solved. If you look at the boards of several technology organizations, I'm a board member of ISOC. We are three women and we will be only two since next week because one of the women are leaving and it has been replaced by a man. I was part of the non-congroup that selected the new members. And we had only six applications for women and more than 30 for men. Wow. So you see that that's one of the problems. So it's not only a man problem, it's also women also applying for that. You had mentioned Argentina as the governmental advisory committee rep for Argentina, which you have been. How is the multi-stakeholder model viewed in Argentina? Well, it's well received. Argentina supports the multi-stakeholder model. We tried sometimes to organize kind of the way that Brazil has done as a formal group. But I would say it works informally. So what I do when I go back home, then I talk with other ministries and distribute documents. So it's informally organized. Through associations and through smaller conversations, is that what you mean? Yeah. We sometimes organize meetings of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or the meetings are organized by other ministry and we go there. So it's informally happening. We used to have one formally established by governmental resolutions that was in 2014. Well, then it has been changed. But informally, yes, it works. And Argentina supports the multi-stakeholder model as a concept. What are some of the milestones when you think of the multi-stakeholder model? And I can't. What do you think of as some of the major milestones over the years? I think that one example of, with its failures and some things to be fixed, the IANA transition was, I think, was the first big multi-stakeholder thing we have done so far. Because it was first the meeting we had in Sao Paulo, the Mundial, that was multi-stakeholder. But in my honest opinion, it was short. It was only three days. And the document was produced during that three days in a multi-stakeholder environment. It was kind of short. This document that we produce, all these changes in the bylaws and all what happened after the IANA transition, was a long process, was truly multi-stakeholder. Not easy perhaps for governments to really get involved in, but it worked. It worked. And I think it has been good for the organization. It's quite interesting because you have one supporting organization which is multi-stakeholder itself, which is the GNSO. The GNSO has all the different stakeholders inside. You have the registries, the registrar, the ISP, the intellectual property. You have the civil society and maybe forgetting someone. And then outside that supporting organization, which is the GNSO, then you have the ALAC. So multi-stakeholder within multi-stakeholder. That's the point. So interaction in between this part is quite special. It's difficult to understand ICANN. I usually tell my students when they come for the first time to ICANN media, I say, don't worry. You won't understand anything, but that's normal. Don't panic. Come again. Take your time. It takes a time to understand how all these parts interact in between and the dynamics. But the GNSO is very interesting. This is why when I was doing my PhD, I was selected by the noncom to be a GNSO council member. And I was vice chair of the GNSO. And I learned so much because there you have the interaction of the parties that really run ICANN, which is registries, registrars, and then the intellectual property, which is very strong in relation with domain names. And then you have the civil society and then you have the ISPs who are very technical oriented. So that interaction in the GNSO, I would say it's really the core of ICANN. And then they have to interact with the GAC, its only governments, and the ALAC. You know, Olga, as I hear you talk about it, it's kind of amazing that there's ever consensus reach, that something happens. Yeah, but it happens. You see, it happened with the IANA transition. Not easy. We had some difficult times, especially when trying the governments to be considered when we had some challenges about considering the GAC advice and other things. But finally, we managed to move forward. And not to block. The idea was not to block the process, but to make our concerns being heard. Sure. The most popular line that I heard after the transition was accomplished was this is a validation of the multi-stakeholder model. Would you accept it? Is that accurate? It is, because also multilateral has its own challenges and deficiencies. So you see perfection is something that we want to achieve, but we have to live with some other stages in between. What's the single biggest problem with the model bringing all these entities together? What's the single biggest problem? For me, it's understanding the role of each stakeholder, which is not the same. And by that, you mean each stakeholder has to understand the role of the other stakeholders. You cannot forget the role of a government trying to enforce the law at a national level. That's something that the government was... The people gave the government that mandate. So that is something that you cannot avoid. So you have to interact with the government in a way that they can get what the private sector and the civil society and the local property people say and help them get that information into the laws, into the regulations. That I think is the biggest challenge. In my country, in the U.S. Congress, there is always a criticism that lobbyists, people representing various stakeholders, if you will, various interests are always competing with one another for the attention of the legislators. And that if anything, it leads to a lack of understanding of the other interests. Would that be a similar concern with the multi-stakeholder model? Yes, it's life. It's natural. It's somehow the challenge of democracy. You don't want one dictator. You want interaction. And that is not easy. That it takes to some discussions, to debate, to sometimes the prevalence of one vision and then the other one. This is why you have elections and this is why you change with democracy. And I think multi-stakeholders somehow is the same. You have to be tolerant. You have to understand that sometimes one vision is more prevalent than the other. But that may change with time. If the society sees that that's not good, that may change. If the rules are there and the governance of the system is maintained and it's kind of healthy, that will change. So it's always a process. What I seem to be hearing you say is it's tough. It's difficult to make it work. But at the end of the day, it's still the best way. Yes. I'm not a specialist in public policy and I would say politics. But I've heard that democracy has its challenges and its problems. That is the best thing that we have now. I would say the same with multi-stakeholders. It's deficiencies. You maybe can criticize this, but it's the only way that all stakeholders can sit together and try to understand what is happening with technology, that it's impacting everything. Because you cannot live your life with access. And those who are not included are totally out of many things. It was not the same like 15 or 20 years ago. But today, imagine someone that has no internet access, cannot go to the bank, cannot send an email, cannot watch the games online. So their lives are totally out of a system, that it really has challenges. But for me it's fantastic. It almost sounds like it's a necessity that it works because it's needed. It's needed. And it's there. It has impacted our life. Olga Kivali, thank you very much for taking the time to talk about this. You're very kind. Thank you for inviting me. Thank you.


We begin with the thanks and the praises of Allahu Subhanahu wa ta'ala. We say to Him, Alhamdulillah, thanking Him and praising Him. We are grateful to Him and we worship Him and for our worship towards Him we are grateful to Him because we recognize that Allah Subhanahu wa ta'ala is the one who allows us to worship Him. And if He had chosen for someone to not be able to worship then that person would be turned away, never allowed to worship. So by us being here, we recognize that Allah Subhanahu wa ta'ala has shown us His mercy and shown us His grace. He has gathered us on this beautiful day of Jum'a and inside, Alhamdulillah. We are in these past few days facing a heat wave. So many people, I mean, me coming from, I grew up in Florida, so I'm used to the heat. I'm used to the humidity. But being here for the past few years now, people always talk about, oh, what's the difference between California and Florida? Oh, the weather. I mean, there's a lot of differences but something that they put, that it's easy to point out. It's the weather. The weather of the Bay Area, it's beautiful, it's nice. People always talk about the beauty of the weather in this area. Yet in the past few days, we have been experiencing heat. And so the environment around us has changed into a place that we're a bit uncomfortable. And so the natural response of facing that discomfort is to escape it. And so it's very easy to escape heat these days. No longer do we have to have Jum'a outside. We can sit inside in the AC on the carpet. We have cold water available whenever we need it. We turn the fan on or the AC on in our houses and we feel at ease, we feel comfortable. If we get too sweaty, we can go and take a cold shower. So it's easy for us to deal with uncomfort and discomfort, especially when the situation is out of our hands. We still feel like we have some control over making myself comfortable. However, Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala sometimes challenges us with discomfort. And so to use opportunities of discomfort such as this weather right now as an opportunity of growth. Usually, like I said, the natural response is to avoid the discomfort and go into a state that you have control over and avoid the places where you don't have control. So we can't control the weather, but what we can control is the temperature in our houses so we resign to our houses. Or we go in the car, usually we put the windows down when we're driving maybe but this time we have the windows up because we can turn the AC on. I'm not saying don't use AC or use AC or anything. I'm trying to explain that the natural response is to go back and feel like we have control over a situation. And when we do that, when we avoid this change in environment, when we avoid this change in our situation, in our environment, in our states, we're missing out on opportunities of growth. We're missing out on opportunities to better ourselves because Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala in a very famous ayah that insha'Allah everyone knows Inna Allah la yughayyru ma bi qawmin hatta yughayyru ma bi anfusihim that Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala will not change the state of a people until they change what is within themselves. So discomfort, change, growth and not being the same, not being satisfied with where I am at, wanting more and wanting to grow is part of our path towards Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala. When it comes to anything that we have a passion for, whether it be education, whether it be making a living in this world, whether it be improving at a sport, we're willing to push ourselves to points of discomfort so that we can get over the next plateau. How many times that someone is playing basketball and they push and they push and they push themselves until even they'll get injured and they'll fight through the injury and come back just so that they can push themselves to get better. How many times will someone stay up late and study and study and study so that that exam that's coming up that week, they can do better on it so that they can get a good grade so that they can have a better entrance until wherever they want to go next. So putting ourselves in discomfort is an opportunity for growth. And Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala after these powerful verses that he says, Inna Allah la yu ghayyru ma bi qawmin hatta yu ghayyru ma bi anfusihim. What does he say? He says, and if he wishes for a people, some sort of difficulty, if he wishes for them something bad, la ma radda lah. There is no turning back for them. They don't have a hope of escape. They don't have an opportunity. Once Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala has willed for someone or some people something that they consider evil or that we objectively say that this is evil. This is bad for us. This is bad for our dunya. This is bad for our akhirah. Something afflicts them. Once Allah has willed that for them, it's over for them. They don't have an escape. And there is no one, and they don't have anyone They don't have anyone other than him as a friend or a helper or a protector. He is the only friend and helper and protector for these people. So what can we learn from that? Not to give hope. To not lose hope. To not lose hope. Because as we sit here today, this is an opportunity that Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala has given each and every single one of us for change. Us being able to worship him in a congregation like this is a sign that he is allowing us to change for the better. Meaning that he has not lost hope on you. He has not lost hope on you. He still believes in you. Your being here is a proof of that. Your being here is a sign that Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala, the Lord of the worlds, the Lord of Musa, the Lord of Isa, the Lord of Muhammad, has chosen you by name and he has not lost hope in you. The one who controls the sunrise and the sunset. The one who controls all of creation has not lost hope on you. We are chosen by Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala in this moment. There is no doubting that. Every single person in this congregation right now has been chosen. We cannot lose this opportunity to turn to Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala for growth. We cannot lose this opportunity to turn our backs to Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala in this moment. So I ask everyone to take one moment to themselves, to take one moment to themselves and look deep into your hearts, deep inside of yourselves and think about one thing that you know that you can improve on, that you know Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala asks more from you in this one thing. And I know that I am not fulfilling my task in that thing. Whether that be the recitation of the Qur'an, whether that be praying my prayers on time, whether that be praying my sunnahs before I pray or after I pray, whether that be being kind to my parents, whether that being no longer cursing, whether that be no longer eating haram. What is that one thing that you can walk out of this masjid and say, Oh Allah, for your sake and your sake alone, because you have hope in me, because you believe in me, I am going to give up this one evil thing that I'm doing for your sake and turn back to you. So we should look inside of our hearts in this moment right now and figure out what that thing is. One of the spiritual giants of our tradition, Sheikh Ahmed Zarruq, looked at 2,000 definitions of what it means to have ihsan, what it means to have beauty in the religion, what it means to have beauty in worship, what it means to draw close to Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala. And he says that all of these 2,000 definitions boil down to this one statement. Siddh Qutta Wajjuh Ilallah. Sincerely turning oneself towards Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala. Insha'Allah we ask Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala that these moments that just pass, that Allah make us sincere, that Allah allowed sincerity to enter into our hearts for just one moment. And in that one moment maybe because of one person in this congregation who Allah accepted their dua, every single person in this congregation, Allah will have accepted our dua. It just takes one person. One of the benefits of praying in a congregation is that the reward of that congregation is according to the person who is closest to Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala. So if you have someone in the congregation who is like this with Allah and His Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam, then just by attending that congregation you have reached that same level. Perhaps one of us sincerely turned towards Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala in this moment. And due to that one person's sincerity, this entire congregation will benefit. So we ask Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala to accept. And we ask Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala to allow this next prayer that we perform to be the most sincere prayer that we have ever performed in our lives. At a minimum of 17 times in a day we recite Ehdina Sirata Al-Mustaqeen. At a minimum of 17 times in a day we have to recite Ehdina Sirata Al-Mustaqeen. Imagine how many days people have lived. Multiply that by 17. How many times must you recite that verse in your lifetime? Yet you only need one moment of sincerity while reciting that verse to have it accepted for you so that you are on the path of Sirata Al-Mustaqeen. That is the mercy of Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala. In your entire life, out of all the times that you recite it just once will suffice a person who says Ehdina Sirata Al-Mustaqeen with sincerity in their hearts. So as we stand here, we ask Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala let this be the most sincere prayer that I have ever prayed. And let the prayer I pray after this be even more sincere and on and on and on. And this day until next week, let there not be a single time where I recite the verse Ehdina Sirata Al-Mustaqeen except that Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala entered sincerity into my heart so that I can come closer to Him. And may that sincerity be more than it was in the previous recitation. So as we stand, we ask Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala to forgive us of our sins. We ask Him to bring our hearts closer as our bodies draw closer. We ask Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala to unite this congregation as one body, as one strong brick wall that no one will let anyone else fall from. We ask Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala to be an ummah of support for one another. An ummah that holds each other by the hand and takes each other to Jannah. And we ask Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala to continue to bless us and to continue to drown us in His mercy and His forgiveness.


Hello, welcome you all to today's lecture. I expect that you had gone through the reduction part which I initiated last time. We will briefly look at what we did and then proceed with the remaining part of the lecture. Now what we did was to introduce reducing agents which are sodium borohydride and lithium aluminum hydride. And we discussed that normal simple carbonyl groups such as aldehyde or ketones can be reduced to the corresponding hydroxy group with either of the reagents. We also saw that the reactivity of sodium borohydride or lithium aluminum hydride could be altered for making them sterically hindered by reacting them with alcohol such as methanol or ethanol or even tertiary butanol. And in this respect, I explained that lithium aluminum tri tertiary bitoxy hydride is a basically very strong and sterically hindered reducing agent. And then we also saw the reductions of alpha beta unsaturated ketones or aldehydes and accordingly as we discussed it is not a simple case with lithium aluminum hydride and it can lead to the corresponding allylic alcohol or the corresponding ketone or the corresponding saturated alcohol depending on various conditions. We also discussed that reduction of other functional groups especially with lithium aluminum hydride such as nitro and the azide to the corresponding amine can occur with lithium aluminum hydride. The cyanide can be converted to the corresponding primary amine and of course epoxides can be converted to the corresponding alcohols and we discussed various steric aspects of epoxides and of course we can also convert the corresponding to the trans-alkene. We will discuss more aspects of these reactions in a while. So these are the various things that we discussed last time and now we look at that the not only alpha beta unsaturated ketones or aldehydes but also alpha beta unsaturated esters such as this can be reduced to the corresponding allylic alcohols by reacting with the lithium aluminum hydride. But as you can see the reaction is done generally at high temperature 55 degrees obviously because the esters are less electrophilic in the nature relative to the carbonyl compounds such as aldehyde or a ketone. So the esters we discussed that the esters can be reduced to the corresponding primary alcohols you say you have here R group any R group and that can be converted to the corresponding primary alcohol. But then as this particular ester is in conjugation with the double bond and therefore the reduction of the ester gives the corresponding allylic alcohol. Now we take cyclic esters which are nothing but lactones and they give the corresponding diol. So we have a lactone like this which gives the corresponding diol via obviously the corresponding lactol. So in this particular simpler case when the reduction occurs we have the intermediate as the lactol which is then further reduced to the corresponding diol because a lactol is nothing but hydroxy aldehyde because this once this opens it is going to form the omega hydroxy aldehyde. Now in some cases especially in this example as it is reported in the literature that the reduction of this lactone gives the corresponding lactol and the reaction stops at this particular stage for static reasons and therefore such rare conversions of the lactone to the corresponding lactol are not normally seen in the literature. They are generally found to lead to the corresponding diol but then there are different reagents which are useful for stopping the reaction from ester to the aldehyde or lactone to the lactol if one tries to look at the reactivity of those reagents and compare with lithium aluminum hydride. Now before we proceed to that I just wanted to show that the lithium aluminum hydride which we have used is an ionic reagent and in which we have basically the aluminum part as negatively charged species and where the ALH4 species is basically a nucleophilic species. Now if we try to look at the modifications that have been done in the literature and introduce different types of reagents one has looked introduced a very interesting reagent known as di-ball or di-isobutyl aluminum hydride and in many places they write is as di-ball H that is di-isobutyl aluminum hydride or simply di-ball or many places you will see simply di-ball. So this di-ball as the name says and it is di-isobutyl aluminum hydride. So it is something like this. So you have here isobutyl two of them and of course there is one hydrogen. Now if you look at the aluminum part here and compared with the aluminum part of lithium aluminum hydride you can see that this is electrophilic in the nature that is because it is trivalent whereas lithium aluminum hydride case it was a tetravalent. So there is a difference in the two of these reagents and therefore it is not surprising that there is a difference in terms of the reactivity. So the aluminum in di-isobutyl aluminum hydride is trivalent and therefore electrophilic in the nature whereas in the case of lithium aluminum hydride it is tetravalent and therefore nucleophilic in the nature because there is a negative charge on the aluminum. Now this is something which is very interesting but before the di-ball was introduced people had also tried to look at the reactivity of aluminum hydride but there was a problem because the aluminum hydride is not easy to handle. Therefore they try to look at the di-isobutyl aluminum hydride which is relatively more easy to handle. But then there is a comparison between the aluminum hydride and di-isobutyl aluminum hydride that both of them are trivalent in the nature and therefore are electrophilic towards their reaction with an ester or carbonyl group. In the reactions which have been studied in detail it is found that the ester is easily converted to the corresponding aldehyde in dichloromethane reaction medium. That means ester's reduction to the aldehyde could be stopped using dichloromethane. It does not mean that ester cannot be converted to the corresponding alcohol in dichloromethane. It can be converted but under certain conditions which I will discuss. And on the other hand if one takes the ester and if one reacts with di-ball in THF for example then the alcohol is formed and it is difficult to stop the reaction at the aldehyde stage. So there are two different conditions. One is ester's reaction in dichloromethane and the other is the reaction of ester in the THF medium. The THF as you know is tetrahydrofuran. So there is something called as effect of participating and non-participating reagents or solvents. For example when the reaction of an ester is carried out with diisobutyl aluminum hydride in dichloromethane or toluene these solvents are basically non-participating solvents. That is they do not have any interaction with any of the electrophilic species which are present during the reaction. So if you take an ester and react it with diisobutyl aluminum hydride so you start with something like this where you have the aluminum species here with the hydrogen being here and isobutyl group being here and then there is an interaction between the lone pair of electron on the ester oxygen to the aluminum of diisobutyl aluminum hydride that leads to this ionic species. That is not the case with lithium aluminum hydride. In the case of lithium aluminum hydride the reducing species is AlH4- which is nucleophilic and lithium plus is electrophilic. Lithium plus interacts with the oxygen of the ester and initiates the reaction where the nucleophilic species AlH4- then interacts at this center to form this. That the difference between these two is that the interaction of the ester oxygen to the diabol since it leads to such an ionic intermediate where now the aluminum which was originally trivalent in the diisobutyl aluminum hydride now has become tetravalent with a negative charge. And therefore it is now capable of transferring a hydride. On the other hand in the case of lithium aluminum hydride the reducing species was already present to transfer as a hydride but then the initiation of the reaction occurs with the lithium plus coordinating to the oxygen and thereby the hydride transfer the reaction. So this is the difference. Another difference is as you can see that in the case of lithium aluminum hydride as we discussed earlier we have this intermediate where we have this and that leads to eventually the formation of this particular ionic intermediate where there is a lithium as well as the aluminum species which are present as this and this is an ionic species. This is the intermediate form starting with this where you have an AlH3 here. So this particular intermediate is ionic intermediate on the other hand when the in the case of diabol when the diabol which is a trivalent to start with eventually becomes a tetravalent and transfers the hydride the way I have shown it here that leads to that leads to the formation of an intermediate which is non-ionic. So there is a difference between this intermediate and the intermediate which is formed via the reaction of lithium aluminum hydride. This is a non-ionic intermediate and this is an ionic intermediate and since I mentioned that ionic intermediate is more unstable and therefore decomposes faster whereas the non-ionic intermediate does not decompose readily it is stable under the reaction conditions and then water is added which leads to the ME acetyl and of course that breaks to form the corresponding aldehyde. Whereas here the ionic intermediate is not stable and during the reaction itself it leads to the corresponding aldehyde by the loss of this particular ethoxy group and it gives directly to the corresponding aldehyde. That means during the lithium aluminum hydride reductions before you quench the reaction by adding water there is formation of aldehyde and since there is excess of lithium aluminum hydride the aldehyde gets reduced. But in the case of diabol H the reaction is quenched while the tetrahedral intermediate of this type which is non-ionic intermediate remains as it is and when the water is added the cleavage of this takes place and then that leads to heme acetyl and then when it cleaves it forms the aldehyde but then by the time the diisobutyl aluminum hydride is also not present in the reaction. So this is the major difference between the two of them say in a reaction in dichloromethane or toluene when they are non-participating solvents for diisobutyl aluminum hydride. Of course in the case of lithium aluminum hydride you use THF or diethyl ether as the solvent for reaction because lithium aluminum hydride reacts violently with the water. Now if we see the participating solvent we saw the non-participating solvent and these are the things which are which are basically used in dichloromethane or toluene. Now if we take a participating solvent which is what is tetrahydrofuran this is tetrahydrofuran. If we take this particular solvent instead of dichloromethane similar type of reaction occurs similar type of diabol interaction would occur with ester and similar intermediate is formed but then since this particular intermediate is non-ionic trivalent aluminum based non-ionic intermediate. Here now the THF which has oxygen here with a lone pair of electrons on it interacts with the trivalent aluminum and forms an ionic intermediate of this type. So now if you look at this particular intermediate which is ionic in the nature and compare it with say similar type of intermediate which is formed during the reaction with lithium aluminum hydride then we have similar ionic intermediate. So this ionic intermediate is similar to this ionic intermediate. So what basically what we have done it is in the reaction of diisobutyl aluminum hydride what we are trying to do is to generate a similar type of intermediate such as this ionic intermediate which is formed from lithium aluminum hydride and therefore such ionic intermediate where there is a trivalent aluminum is not stable and decomposes while there is still diisobutyl aluminum hydride present in the reaction and it forms the corresponding aldehyde and which again then reacts with diisobutyl aluminum hydride in a normal fashion forming this intermediate which is now it should be in non ionic intermediate and then when you add water the reaction is quenched and you can break this oxygen aluminum bond and then this alcohol is formed. So this is how the reaction occurs when in participating solvent such as tetrahydrofuran is used and therefore is difficult to control the reaction at the aldehyde C. So in case of using use of diisobutyl aluminum hydride if one wants to stop the reaction at the aldehyde stage then one takes non-participating solvent such as dichloromethane or toluene and use lithium diisobutyl aluminum hydride at low temperature generally at minus 78 degrees and then you use only one equivalent of the reducing agent and slowly bring the reaction temperature up and in such a situation this non-ionic trivalent intermediate is stable and at that point you add water to quench and then you go via this hemiacetyl and the aldehyde is formed. On the other hand if one wants to use the same dichloromethane or toluene as a non-participating solvent and want the reaction to go all the way to the corresponding alcohol then you use excess of diisobutyl aluminum hydride or at least two equivalents of diisobutyl aluminum hydride at the reagent at lower temperature and or at a little bit higher temperature such as room temperature and then warm the reaction to the corresponding say room temperature or something like that. Then what happens that you have an intermediate which is a non-ionic intermediate it then breaks at a relatively higher temperature when I mean higher temperature I mean room temperature or something like that it breaks and goes to the aldehyde and then of course the aldehyde then gets reduced to the corresponding alcohol. But on the other hand if you use participating solvent such as THF then of course you can easily go to the corresponding alcohol directly. So both the possibilities exist and under both the conditions the reactions have been reported in the literature. Now what happens to the esters and ester and lactone reductions with diisobutyl aluminum hydride or di-ball H or di-ball simply is that we take the corresponding alphabeta and saturated ester and as I mentioned that if we simply take the excess of the reagent and start at the from low temperature bring it to the room temperature the reduction occurs via aldehyde and eventually to the corresponding alcohol and we can isolate the alcohol easily. In the case of lactone since we are in a position to stop the reaction of an ester to the corresponding aldehyde it also means that we can stop the reaction of a lactone to the corresponding lactol. As we can see here that if we take a lactone of this type here and we can stop the reaction at the lactol stage if the di-ball H is added at minus 78 degrees and we do not allow the reaction to go to a high temperature with excess of di-ball H then of course and we quench after the reduction is done at low temperature then we can get corresponding lactone. In the reduction of nitrile and alkyne also diisobutyl aluminum hydride can be utilized and for example here nitrile reacts with say diisobutyl aluminum hydride or this sterically hindered lithium aluminum tri alkoxy hydride and we can stop the reaction at by transferring one hydrogen and say in the case of di-ball to this stage and now we do not have an excess of hydrogen we do not use di-ball in excess we do not use this lithium aluminum tri alkoxy hydride in excess we just use one equivalent and therefore we can stop the reaction at this stage and after that if we here say you add a small amount of acid and add water this gets hydrolyzed and one can stop the reaction at the aldehyde stage otherwise as we have already discussed that we can start with the nitrile and go with the reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride to the corresponding amine that is not the case here and therefore there is a possibility of converting this nitrile to the corresponding aldehyde if one tries to use a reagent like di-ball H or lithium aluminum lithium tri tertiary alkoxy hydride where only one hydrogen is utilized at the same time if one looks at the reducing nature of lithium aluminum hydride towards acetylene as we discussed earlier we get the corresponding trans alkene what is happening is here when the aluminum hydride the AlH4- interacts with the triple bond the pi cloud pi electron cloud is moving away to the other side of the double bond and the hydrogen from the aluminum hydride which is negatively charged attacks from the opposite side of the that particular movement of electrons as a result if the hydride is attacking from the lower side then the corresponding shift of electron density occurs from the top and therefore the negatively charged part of the molecule then grabs the AlH3 to form this AlH3 carbon carbon bond here with a negative charge in aluminum when this is quenched with water in the presence of say H plus here then you break the carbon aluminum bond and have the hydrogen coming here which leads to the trans olefin and if we take diisobutyl aluminum hydride then we can go to the corresponding alkene but then the reaction occurs in such a fashion that it gives cis olefin. So we have a possibility of converting stereoselectively a triple bond to the cis or a trans double bond depending on which reagent we use of course we can also use hydrogenation conditions where we use Rosenman reduction with a poison catalyst. So we will take up this remaining part of how to convert the acetylenes to the corresponding cis olefins with diisobutyl aluminum hydride and some other reductions and transformations where reductions are used in organic chemistry in the next class. So till then you take care of reductions and then look at it study it and then we will take up next time. Thank you and goodbye.


But you better be confident if you're doing that, you don't make it to a comfortable zero. I may tell you. I write there so you can count on combat. Come on! Come on! 413. 14. 13. 13. 13. 13. 13. 13. 13. 13. 13. 13. 13. 13. 13. 13. 13. 13. 13. 13.


This week, SECDEF talks the future of the force and chiefs celebrate a special birthday. First, SECDEF Ashton Carter is talking about the future of talent management and recruitment. His ideas line up closely with what Navy leaders have been talking about for the last 10 months, but what's improved talent management mean to you?  In our Navy, we have all kinds of amazing skills plus military experience. In corporate America, the civilian side wants you, but the DOD needs you. So leadership is looking at some out-of-the-box new mixes of incentives and added career flexibility for the 21st century military. Now the other side of the coin is recruitment. The civilian world is full of talent and experience too, but the military is better known for building experience than attracting it. Among other things SECDEF and Navy leadership are looking at is recruiting directly to mid-career rank, those with the equivalent civilian training and experience. Also, April 15th is more than just tax day. It's also the deadline for enlisted women to submit applications to join the Submarine Force. Click on the link at the top of the MPC Enlisted Community Manager's page for info on a sample package. Last but not least, a very happy 122nd birthday to all Navy chiefs. I've never met a sailor that didn't have at least one chief that made them the sailor of the art today, so thank you for keeping us grounded in our traditions and being our mentors and role models. For more info, check out this week's wire. That's it for this video. For the Chief Enabled Personnel, I'm MSUanelia Fabrizio. Thanks for watching.


Hey everybody, Dr. O. In this video, we're going to cover the bacterial growth curve. So you see it's got four different steps, the lag phase, log phase, the stationary phase or the death phase. So we'll go through each one of these. All right, so let's start with the lag phase. So you notice it's a horizontal line because we're not seeing a logarithmic change in the population of bacteria. So there's no increase in the number of living bacterial cells, but doesn't mean they're not doing anything. This is very important. So a couple of examples. I think of it like if you're a factory and you're going to start churning out cars, for example, you have to build the factory first. So all the preparatory work is going into play. Once the factory is built, then you'll start churning out cars, right? So another example I think of is interphase with the cell cycle during mitosis. So interphase is the cell is not dividing, but it's really busy because it's preparing to divide. DNAs being replicated, organelles are being replicated, et cetera. So those are just examples just because you don't see any increase in population doesn't mean nothing's happening here. It's definitely not like a dormant phase. So during the lag phase, the bacterial population is not changing rapidly, but it's preparing to do so. They're synthesizing enzymes and metabolic products that are going to be needed to reach the next step, which is the log phase. So it's called the log phase because we see exponential growth or logarithmic growth. The reason that we see this logarithmic growth as a straight line is because the generation time is now constant. So the generation time is how much time it takes for an organism to divide and then for the population to double. So some organisms like E. coli would have a generation time that's really low, like 21 minutes, 20, 21 minutes, others are going to be much longer. So this log phase is when the cells are actively doubling and increasing in number. So the key thing here is that if this were to continue forever, we would see an unbelievable number of bacteria. We'd be living on a planet with a bacteria a mile deep.  So it clearly doesn't happen. So lag phase, no increase in population, but preparing to increase in population. Log phase, this explosion in growth. Then we reach the stationary phase. I often call this the plateau phase, but stationary phase is just fine. Just think here, births equal deaths. So there's still plenty of cells that are being born right there dividing, but the cells are starting to die here as well. So why don't we see this log phase continue? Why don't we get to a pile of bacteria that weighs 80,000 tons? That's because it's not always known, but most of the time the reason this happens is because we run out of space or run out of food is a big one. We poison the environment, right? These microbes are going to spew their waste products into the environment. So they're out of food. They're making the environment toxic with their waste products. And many of these metabolic waste products are going to change the pH. So maybe the pH in the environment has now changed, which is keeping these cells from growing at the same rate. So thankfully that does happen. So that's the stationary phase where births now equal death. Then we reach the death or decline phase where you'll see a logarithmic decline in the population.  It's going to die almost as fast as it was quote unquote born. So that's going to be the death phase. So both the log phase and the death phase are going to see logarithmic changes in population. So this death phase can lead to really in a relatively short period of time, the entire population can disappear or just a handful will be left. Or for some organisms, this process takes a lot longer. So the entire process from lag phase to the end of the death phase can take really just a matter of days. But with some organisms, it's years. Which means that some contaminated areas would have microbes that are still hanging around at the end of this death phase even years later. All right, so that is your bacterial growth curve. So lag phase, log phase, stationary phase where births equal death and the death or decline phase where we see a logarithmic decrease in population. Okay, I hope this helps you understand how bacteria grow. Actually, let me say one last thing that is actually really important. The log phase when the population of bacteria is exploding, that's actually when they're most susceptible to our treatments. Which makes sense, right? If you're churning out new cells and you need new cell walls for those cells and penicillin is stopping those cell walls from being formed, you're going to see why there's going to be more damage there. Or if you're using an antibiotic, for example, that inhibits protein synthesis. If you're churning out new cells, you're going to need a whole lot of protein. So that's actually a very important thing, I'm glad I remembered to say it. So during that log phase is going to be when your microbes, when the bacteria that we're talking about here are most susceptible to the majority of our treatments, the majority of our antibiotics. All right, hope you guys have a wonderful day. Be blessed.


What's up everybody, Jason here for Jazby's Case Breaks.com This is our last filler that unlocks the $3,000 mystery crate and we're giving away the last spot in that break with this 2020 optic choice one box break round on teams over 26 And first we do the break guys randomized customer names and teams distribute the hits out then at the end of the break We would take all 30 customer names randomize them and that's it guys. Just number one top name and number one gets The spot in the break So let's get it going guys. Let's roll it and it's a six and a two Eight times. Good luck one two three four five six seven and Eighth and final time Chad Coleman down the dawn one two three four five six seven eight Brewers down the Giants. All right, so stick to what you got guys. I'm gonna quickly just alphabetize the list And you guys can quickly 30 seconds look at your guys's teams You're gonna find out Rex. Did you not see the preview I showed you earlier Rex? This is one of the top hits in the crate and just for you guys that are in this mystery crate So the one customer that gets out of this filler has a chance to get this It is still a numbered 11 out of 12 triple patch game use patches and autographs of Brady Montana and Terry Bradshaw And it's a gem plus All nine fights, but the centering was a 10. This was gonna blow people's minds. This is a legit crazy one. I Mean, we've done some that are higher than this. I think we did one that was four five thousand one time on Instagram But I haven't seen crazy cars like this in a while. All right. Good luck everybody Domingo labor to 84 Lance Lynn 20 out of 45 and Back-to-back Lance Lynn. That's all good. Right same thing man. I've been busy working So if you guys can see me work, how weird is that? Stalkers you guys are looking at me work Matt Olson At 84 and Bryce Harper at 84 Charlie Morton and Logan All right, good luck guys, here's a three out of gas Tres Berra 36 at a 99 Rico Garcia At a 99 for Colorado Well, Tres Berra is Washington's gonna Chad Colorado Rockies. That's also actually that's going to Jonathan. They go Jonathan And last one is a redemption. Oh, could this be Luis Robert? I think he was a redemption an optic Let's go rated prospects signatures green mojo Card number one No, it's wander Franco. Wow. Look at that rated prospects signatures green mojo card number one wander Franco Tampa Bay Rays Damn, this is a big hit. It's nice Going to PJ There you go PJ that is still valid as far as next year in January 2022 after there you go nice box the first box actually had a Jason Dominguez live Now this one has Tampa Bay wander Franco All right guys. Well, good luck Let's get a drum roll drum roll customer name and number one after Three no one four times gets into the mystery crate guys four times three no one. Here's a customer names one two three and Fourth and final town blocking my camera view so I don't see it. Okay Four times. All right, I didn't see it. I didn't see it. I didn't want to peek four times Andrew Roth at number one after four times. Congratulations, man There you go. You just want to spot in the mystery crate and coming up next guys is the mystery crate itself


What's going on guys welcome to another video. So today then I want to talk to you about e-package shipping or just shipping from aliexpress in general Then does it really take as long as anyone says so just to show you a couple of quick things This is the actual official e-package website And if we just scroll down to where they quote their average e-package shipping times Brazil 20 to 30 days Mexico 20 days Russia Ukraine Saudi Arabia 7 to 15 and then all other supported countries 7 to 10 business days Now if they are quoting these times then why do I like why the times on aliexpress so fast and so random? So for example, then we have this product here which quotes 20 to 35 days e-pack it to the UK But then we also have this product here which quotes 15 days via e-pack it to the UK So why is there such a fast range in the quarterly delivery times and how long then does it actually take? So this is what we're going to be discussing in the video though But before we jump into it as always I am giving away a free One-to-one consultation call with myself in this video or you've got to do then to enter I simply like the video and leave a comment down below and then if you commented on yesterday's video Then make sure you stay tuned to the end of this one where the winner will be announced and that means so then guys without any further ado Thank you for tuning in. I hope you enjoy the video and let's get straight into it What's going on then guys welcome to this video So just in case you wondered how e-pack it was so cheap because I know when I first started dropship And then I always wondered how you could ship something from China to the To the UK for less than what it would cost to send something from the UK to someone else in the UK And when I went to China then last year I've actually found out why and the way it works the reason they can send things so cheap Is because they'll have like a cargo plane similar to this that will just be full and full of pallets And because planes are obviously round pallets are square They would have all this kind of dead space around the edges If you can see this kind of spaces that they're not making use of So what they would do is they would sell these spaces Of really cheap to shipping companies and all these little e-packet parcels would just be Bundled together in kind of similar to what these wrapped in like a fishnet But obviously smaller holes so they don't fall through and they would just be thrown and stuffed down the side of the plane And that's how they can send little parcels like that so cheaply because These companies that run the planes like ups the big ones They wouldn't be making use of this space anyway. They wouldn't be getting paid for this space So selling the space off really cheaply is just an extra way of essentially just bringing in more money through the door That they otherwise wouldn't be have so that's how e-packet works And that's how you can ship something so cheaply just in case you're interested So this is the e-packet express website then any information regarding e-packet This is where I come just because you can't trust what aliexpress themselves are saying at the end of the day They're not the ones shipping the shipping the actual package It's your supplier and it's this company here who are fulfilling the whole shipping as well and and pretty much just Taking care of the logistics between china and between the uk So to start with then they give you a list of all the different countries that you can Essentially use the e-packet service for so as long as you can target these countries on facebook then by all means They're definitely worth experimenting with Especially some of the european countries that have a high percentage of english proficiency Just an example then the netherlands I think it was something like nine out of ten people in the netherlands can actually speak english as a second language So advertising on facebook with english ads is definitely worthwhile It's definitely a country that not a lot of people in the uk will be targeting purely because They don't expect people over there to be able to understand their ads So there's a lot more content coming on that by the way And just to scroll down then you can see they've got their average shipping times now Obviously these guys being e-packet themselves their shipping times are probably going to be a tad on the lower side But what i'm going to be talking about in this video then is from my own personal experiences so i've been dropshipping now for nearly three years And probably since day one in fact i've always been using e-packet anything that's come from aliexpress Has always been e-packet so from my personal experiences then as long as it's kind of like a normal product And what i mean by a normal product is the fact that it's got no batteries in it. Um, it's not electrical It's got no kind of like fluids or anything consumables in Then delivering to the uk and to the us in fact canada as well I don't really do much in australia But certainly the western side of the globe so the us canada and the uk then seven to ten business days is pretty accurate In fact, it's very rarely that anything will take longer than that Now i do rona free Shopify facebook group that you can join and there's been people posting there Um a fair bit lately and some people said like they've had things arrive in less than seven business days so sometimes it can actually be quicker now the reason aliexpress quotes so long so it was This product here 20 to 35 business days the reason they quote so long and supplies play it on the safe side is because If they send their item and it gets held up in customs and it ends up taking a bit longer And actually taking so let's say for example They did only quote seven to ten business days as soon as it takes longer than that Then you can open a claim against that supplier on aliexpress and ask for a refund. So that's why they Essentially quote these longer business times to give them kind of like a buffer Just in case things do get held up in customs because they can But from my own personal experiences, then I've found that items like this. So just straightforward simple items They'll get pushed through customs pretty quickly because they're not harmful.  They would be an absolute nightmare sometimes and sometimes they just wouldn't arrive Like when you can track them on aliexpress, they'd just be held in customs forever and they would just stay there So things that contain anything hazardous any kind of liquid or if it's powered by the mains or if it has a battery in it They're the sort of things that are likely to take a bit more time to get processed through customs And they are more likely to take these kind of delivery times like 20 to 35 days Whereas simple items like this in my personal experience will just get pushed through customs No problems at all because there's nothing hazardous And you can see these guys are absolutely pretty confident in quoting estimated delivery time in 15 days And like I said the only reason they over quote things is just to kind of give themselves that buffer Just in case that is a delay because like I said once it goes past the quoted delivery time Then you can't actually open up a claim and you can like essentially just ask for your money back from the supplier So just in case then 15 days still isn't good enough for you or seven to ten business days Then there's a couple of things you can do So I've got this page open here all I've done is simply search for dog to show that there's a vast Amount of products because when you Essentially what I'm doing then is you can change where you're shipping from in this if you just have a look at this tab here You can change What country you want to source the products from and the more specific you go with the products then the less available There are going to be that's why I've gone quite broad But anyway, we can still do it if I go ship from the uk We can pick this product here. We'll open that up and we can see we can Essentially choose all these different countries to ship the products from and like it says there four pound 50s are quite expensive But estimated delivery time is only five to seven business days But you can also do other countries so you can choose to ship from but spain is usually pretty quickly So if we select spain, um, we can see we can still get the same products. In fact, let's go back to this page so Delivery to the uk then from spain is five to 15 days We can do germany five to 15 days. In fact, they can't deliver from germany But there's loads and loads of different countries that you can choose from now Sometimes they are going to be really expensive like so 10 pound 50. That's very expensive But you will find products if you do your research, then you will find products that are going to be a lot cheaper To ship to the uk. So let's just have a quick look at this one ships from spain e plug So five pound 66 Now the products is quite expensive So you could probably work that in but simply to do this then all you do is you go to the top of the page here And click the country that you want to sell it to so let's say we want to sell to the us for example United States Save let's say we're in the dog niche So these are going to be all the products that can ship to the us and then we can choose which countries want to choose from So we can choose us to us and this should be pretty cheap Then if we just go by orders So we're going to have a look at the most popular products Ships on the us so five dollars 79 is pretty good But four to 13 days is obviously very good and completely avoids That potentially one month even two months delivery time and that being said then guys I'm going to wrap the video up there as you can see there's a few different work away A few different workarounds Moral of the video then don't take face value for what alexpress is quoting do you dig in do you research and find out How long is actually going to take like I said these supplies you can open Cases against them and ask for a refund as soon as it goes over that estimated delivery time That is why they have to play it so safe So don't be afraid to tell your customers then up to two weeks Depending on what the product is you might want to quote a bit longer but like I said In my own personal experience these kind of products then that show no kind of harm or potential Potentially hazardous will arrive a lot quicker And even if you do have to quote like those three to four weeks Then it's not going to put absolutely every single person off A lot of people will say drop shipping doesn't work because of the delivery times But you've seen it you can get it within 15 days and even if it does take longer like I've had people wait Two months for a dog collar before as long as you provide good customer service And you're fair and you treat them like a human and you understand what they're saying and You're apologetic and you give them a discount code or whatever it is as long as you just Treat people fairly and well then they're more than happy to wait in the majority of the cases And that being said guys, that's it for the video if you did enjoy it Please do leave a like please do leave a comment as well If you want to be entered into the one-to-one raffle for the call And that being said then let's announce yesterday's winner. This is the video then I haven't had a chance yet to go through the comments So if you have commented something that haven't got back to you, I will do At some stage today So make sure you just hang on for that So anyway, I've just took the url then head over to our random comment picker get youtube comments And click start the raffle then see who's going to win it this time And the winner is protect and Protect and enhance pretty cool name. Thanks, man I've been using vagus pro for video editing for might just give this one to go due to its speed So thanks very much for your comment. Appreciate it Instagram is probably the best way to reach out in fact DM me on instagram and we can get that call arranged And that being said guys, thank you for tuning in and I'll see you in the next one


Number one is to be patient and diligent, you know, when trying to understand an individual's actions and behaviors and words and where they come from. It's important to research into autism, to understand it from experiential and factual, factual elements. You've got, you know, different bubbles of arenas and I would really try and stick towards the experiential part, so listening to autistic people talk about issues such as this. Once you've done that, communicate about the issue. Oh no, communication, I'm gonna have to sit down and talk to them. Yeah, yeah, you do. You need to try and reach some level of clarity on this and rule out any miscommunications. It's important to be quite posed and quite adult about this, you know, especially when you're talking about emotionally sensitive


Weldyn yr eftraffu'r tvir yn ymdweud yng ngyfyrdd Lleol, yr ymddiw ymddiw ymydd yng Nghymru, o'r euhoeddoedd yr Eftraff 3 oedd yn femeithio a'r Eftraff Unedig o'r rhai ddweud ymddiw Lleol ond mae'r eftraff Unedig a'r Eftraff Ymddiw. Mae'r gweithio ar gyfer eftraff Eftraff Ymddiw'r Eftraff Ymddiw yn yw'r gweithio. Wrth gwrs, mae'n fyddiodol i gydag. Ond i ddweud yn golygu'i gawr sydd gyda'n gwybod gwymarwyr o barngfa gwynyddio. Rwy'n gwybod a'i chwybod – pwn yma. Silwe said, West Ham had four shots on target and scored three. We had four shots on target and scored one. On he's right, it's our finishing doesn't help. I mean, it doesn't help the fact that we're giving teams goals quite comfortably every week. Ond mae'n gwybod gwybod i drwy'n gweithru yn yr argyn nhw. Rydw i'n meddyliwch ar wahanol ac ar gyfer lleon. Of the back of that is Andy Gray having to go at Jank Togson and Oomar Nias saying neither of them have showed anywhere near the level that is required. He doesn't think Nias is good enough to play at this level and he said Togson isn't showing anything either at the moment and again that is difficult to argue with, isn't it? You know, I think Jank Togson is suffering from a real lack of confidence. I still think he'd be fine once he gets his first goal. It's how long we persist with that. Is it a case that we need to leave him out of the side for a couple of games and maybe try to challenge him through the middle? I don't think Oomar Nias is a starter. I really don't. And Dominic Alford Lewin isn't playing at his best level either. So I will be tempted next week to play with Charleston through the middle and give Togson a blow and then work on his game in training, take him off the firing line. Six games so far, fire league games without a goal. The goals probably looking about that big to him at the moment. Strikers will go through barren spells, it's whether you play through it or not. It may be that with Charleston comes back in and then Jank has chances and scores one and then we're up and running but at the minute he is struggling and it's being highlighted by more than one person and obviously Andy Gray the latest to acknowledge it. I think the problem with Jank is he's dropping deeper and deeper, he's not in the right positions therefore he's not getting as many chances. Although that being said he had three opportunities yesterday and the worst of the three was the one he blazed over in the second half but you know he had a header at 1-0 which he should have really done better with and a shot just before half time which he should have done better with but there you go. Mark O Silver did say we would learn from this defeat, they'll analyse it, get back on the training ground and learn from it, well they need to because the start of the season. Had we won it would have been a decent start but we've lost on it a poor start now so we've really got to start building up and picking up these wins because tricky waters lay ahead for us to negotiate starting with Arsenal away at the weekend. John Joe Kenney was speaking after the game he called for the fans and the players to get behind the manager, well I think most are, I think the players should be behind the manager and I think most of them are. He said he's a fantastic manager, the players love him so yeah but we do all need to stick together, we do all as frustrating as it is, we do all need to remember that this is early on in Mark O Silver's reign and a lot of these players are the players who played last season and we know, we've seen enough of them as fans to know that it's not great and we have to remember that we had John Joe Kenney at right back and we had Mason Holgate at centre back, neither of them playing well enough for me at the minute and now John Joe is only his second game. Domino Calvert-Lewin off the left doesn't work, it didn't work for Cumann, it didn't work for Allardyce, it doesn't work for Mark O Silver. So you know there's some things that need shortened, hopefully Yeri Mina will come into the side at Arsenal at the weekend and Bosta centre back position alongside K2 and because we need to try and start turning these positives, getting the positives into the team and start keeping some clean sheets. That's a start isn't it, get a few clean sheets and build from there but it's far too early to press the panic button but it's really disappointing, not the feet yesterday really disappointing. The Carabaugh Cup match against Southampton on October 2nd, apparently the draw for the round after that will be made before the game, marvellous. So see what happens with that. The under-23s are in action tonight against Derby, Fraser Hormby, expected to play so a lot of eyes will be on him. He's been doing well for Scotland lately and obviously laying in his trade, he played very well last season when he played up front in the away game against Limersall. People want them involved in the squad, could he do any worse at the moment? I don't know, you know our strikers aren't exactly firing on all cylinders at the moment. It'd be great to get Richard Charleston back in the squad next week as well and obviously Bernard, who I thought was really sharp yesterday when he came on, would be good. It's another week's training for him and we hope that Seamus Coleman and André Gomez and Michael Keane aren't too far away as well. Finally, I just want to finish off with and send some condolences to Morgan Snidlin who has far to passed away sadly this week. The fact that he got himself on the pitch showed his commitment to the course. I think Morgan has started the season really well but it took a lot of character to get on that pitch yesterday. It didn't work out but he put himself out there so obviously thoughts on that with Morgan and his family. Some things are far more important than football. That is it for the news daily and the final word will be out soon. Check that out as well as all our other videos. If you haven't subscribed yet, please do so and it only takes a sec. If you want more videos, get over and join us on Patreon. Thanks very much for watching. See you later.


This is stock number 21T34A. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used light-duty truck headquarters. Today we are checking out this Super Clean 2013 Ford F-150 Super Crew Short Box. This truck has the 5-liter V8 motor which pumps out 360 horsepower. It has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop. It has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck is 100% ready to go. White platinum tricote metallic is the color and we shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone device turn them on right now because it is definitely your best way to check out the quality and condition of the truck before seeing it in person. And if you'd like to check out all the photos on this truck in the upper right hand part of your screen is a link to our website. Click that and check us out there. This one comes with the 20-inch painted alloy rims. Pretty nice shape. Has Michelin Defender LTX 275 55R 20 tires with about 60% of the tread left on them. Front fender is in great shape. I didn't see any dents or dings on that. Head light lenses are nice and clear. The front bumper is in pretty nice shape. I didn't see any major dents or dings on that. And it does come with the factory fog lights. The hood is in excellent condition as well. No dents on there and it does come with that chrome trimmed grille. Passenger side front fender. Excellent condition. And the passenger side rim, other than just a little bit of corrosion on there from the aluminum wheels, it's a pretty nice shape. No scuffs or scrapes. And as you go down this side of the truck, take note of how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror-like that paint is. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle, you can see the truck, hear the truck, and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at. Before you even get here, so when you do get here, there's no surprises. And that's why we offer the Summit Auto Fastpass option in the upper right hand part of your screen. You'll link right to our website where you can apply for financing, get pre-approved, see a payment quote, even appraise a trade all from the comfort of your own home. So when you get here all you got to do is drive the truck, love it, you'll be all set to go. Back rims in pretty nice shape as well. And the back tires have just as much tried to add the front tires. Framing underbody does have a little bit surface rust starting there. But it is 2013 so not too surprising as all the remaining factory exhaust and underbody looks pretty good. Lower rockers look pretty good as well. Cab corners are still there as the factory chrome stuff bars. They're in pretty nice shape too. Didn't see any denser dings in the box as we come around to the back. The rear bumper is in great condition. Does have the full towing package which includes receiver hitch four pin and seven pin wiring. No denser dings on that rear bumper and it does have the back of parking sensors. Comes with a lund soft tonneau cover. It's not brand new anymore but still does the job. And the tailgate is in excellent shape. I didn't see any dense or dings on that. Raise assist tailgate, drop in bed liner. Tailgate lifts up real easy. Shuts nice and solidly. Does have a backup camera. And as you go down the driver's side just as clean as that passenger's side. No dense or dings on the box. And for full disclosure this back rim is in really nice shape. Probably the nicest of the bunch. Does have the capitalist fuel fill and this is an E85 compatible vehicle. Lower rockers on this side look pretty good. Not going to say they're perfect but they look pretty good. Has the heated power folding mirrors with the blind spot mirror and blinkers. Does have the door code entry. We have the code for that. Inside the Lariat Plus package gives you the tan leather interior. There are no rips, there are no tears on those seats. You do get memory driver seat, power driver seat, weather tech floor mats throughout. Does have auto headlamps and power pedals. Power windows, power locks and power mirrors. Nice wood grain trim on the dash. It will hop inside. You can see that this one has 79,106 miles. Instrument cluster is very nice and clean. You get the leather wrapped steering wheel. That's in excellent shape. Bluetooth and audio controls on the right. Cruise controls and information center controls on the left. Left to start it up to get out of that battery saver mode. Has the factory navigation on the Ford MyTouch radio. You get your heated and cooled seat buttons, AM FM and Sirius XM radio capabilities. This is also where your backup camera shows up and then your navigation system shows up here as well. Turned out four-wheel drive factory brake controller.  CD player does have the sync system so you can connect your Bluetooth phone to it. Passengers side floor mat and seat are in excellent condition as well. No rips or tears. Smells very clean inside this truck. Headliner is in pretty nice shape and it does come with the power sunroof. You have your home link buttons up there for garage door security systems and lane systems, map lights and your power sliding rear window with the built-in rear defrost. We'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we'll start it up again and check out under the hood. Back seats are just as clean as the front seats. No rips, no tears back here. Really nice condition. You do get the latch child safety system. Power sliding rear window with the built-in rear defrost. These headrests do fold down for better visibility when nobody's sitting back here and these seats do fold up. Carpeting and floor mats are in really nice condition back here. You do get another 12 volt power point and then a 110 volt, 150 watt plug-in. Those seats fold down like so. Door is nice and clean on the back here and child safety locks back here. Bottoms of the doors all look really good. Didn't see any corrosion on them. We'll start it up and take a quick look under the hood. Starts right up. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video. We've been able to tell just how clean this truck is all the way around inside. Under the hood we have the 5 liter V8 motor and jambé is very clean, runs very smooth. This truck has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop, has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. Truck has been gone through mechanically 100% and is 100% ready to go. I got the 5 liter in my truck, love it. Actually got pretty much the same truck, FX4. Real nice vehicle. I'd highly recommend this one from a quality and condition standpoint for the year and miles and to see more pictures of this truck or one of rather 450 new used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, halftones, three quarter tons, one tons you name it. We got it on our website www.summitauto.com right there. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com and if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. In fact in a second you'll see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left. Links more F-150 videos like this one on your right. If you've not been to our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website click those check us out and we really look forward to helping you with this Super Clean 2013 Ford F-150 SuperCrew Short Box, Lariat Plus, and White Platinum Tri-Coat Vitalik. Thanks again for checking out the video.