The DuPont Company of Wilmington, Delaware makers of better things for better living through chemistry Presents the cavalcade of America tonight star Robert Cummings tonight story going up Going up this elevator stops at all floors going up Tonight we'd like to bring you the story of the man who made the words going up a part of America It all started in the middle of the 1800s with a young man named Alasha Graves Otis It was a bright sunny day when Alasha arrived in Yonkers, New York with his wife and family Together he and Betsy climbed the stairs to their new home Maybe better rest a moment there. No Alasha. I wish you wouldn't treat me like an old lady. I'm only 27 now Betsy You know I'm 28 Well, there's still one more flight Oh Betsy, it's got a wonderful living room while you can see the river and beyond darling I do wish you'd stop worrying until I see it I know it's going to be just wonderful. All right Well, here we are We'll open the door Now pick me up What? Pick me up.   Oh, all right then My Mrs. Otis you're putting on weight aren't you? That's a fine thing to say to your bride now carry me in That's it Betsy you do like it. Don't you it's quite the most comfortable place. I've ever been in this is the living room I was talking about your arms You can put me down now darling. Oh now Betsy be serious. All right. Where's the kitchen? Well, I'm afraid it isn't very big Betsy this time things will be different all my life. I've been looking for a position like the one I've got now And it is a great future in the bedstead making business Betsy you're not listening to me. Would you please listen? I'm listening I'm listening darling Yes, but you don't believe me. Do you Alisha? I just don't want you to be disappointed again But this time it's gonna be different honey why these two rooms we'll laugh out of admin in a couple of years I can see myself now becoming mr. Maze's indispensable man I can see him coming to me and saying Alisha without you this business would never have grown Betsy I'll grow with it. No more wandering no more drifting no more temporary homes. Have I ever objected? Oh Betsy I Don't know why you've put up with me so long I'm very grateful, but I I just don't know why you have I do Why? Because I love you so Come in Did you want to see me mr. Maze? Oh? Just come in come in Here sit down here here have a cigar a cigar. Yes. Yes. Thank you, sir. Well light. No, no, thanks here I'll I'll just save it until later. Hey Otis that reminds me that lathe you invented I I was talking some of the boys about it showed them what it did for our business and they turn green Green Otis positively green. Well business has been good. Good. Oh, it's been phenomenal and it's going to get better Yes, sir.    Oh Thank you, sir. It reminds me. You know, we're expanding You know that building at the foot of Vark Street? Yes, sir. Well, I can get the whole thing for a song. It's perfect for what I need except for one thing What's that sir? It's the hoist in the building. It's cumbersome slow and dangerous I need it to haul number all the way up to the fourth floor and the thing will never do Perhaps if I looked at it, you're gonna have to pay a man triple wages to ride the thing Maybe I can do something to make the hoist safe.  That's all we ask now. I might have to build a new one. Yeah Well, you really think you can do it? Yes, sir. All right. All right.  I'll be in touch with you. Fine fine. Oh, I say Otis Yes, sir.  Do you? Anybody home?  Why things happened. I know it has come on. Tell me well, Mrs. Otis I had a long conversation with mr. Mays this afternoon. You did mm-hmm Elisha said to me Elisha Have a cigar you didn't take it. Of course. I took it. Well, you don't smoke. I know that Don't keep me in suspense. Well, we talked about the lathe I invented and what did he say? Well because of that lathe your husband invented Mrs. Otis our company is being forced to move to a much larger factory Oh Darling darling, that's wonderful. Of course. There's one small little problem He wants me to solve you see there's a hoist in the building, but it's not safe So I told mr. Mays. I didn't vent a safe elevator for him right away. You what? Sure. It's quite simple. I think and Just when are you going to invent this hoist? Huh? Oh, why as soon as I can think the thing out a lot of problems Betsy a lot of Problems that's good. What do you mean? That's good. Well for a minute. I thought you were going to invent it before dinner Oh The main problem Betsy is the hoist rope Gosh, it just won't stand the strain. I lie sure you've done nothing but eat and sleep hoist for three weeks Yes, and I've read books Betsy. Don't forget. I've read almost a hundred books And there isn't even an inkling as to the answer. It's past 10 o'clock Don't you think you could put out the candle so we could get some sleep? Hmm. Oh, I'm sorry sure There I can think in the dark. I do wish you try to get some sleep. I'll try Good night Betsy No kiss Good night, Elisha Betsy Betsy wake up. Well, what's wrong Elisha Betsy? I've solved it I've solved it. I've been working on the wrong angle now supposing the cable wasn't the answer at all Supposing I put a wagon spring in the side of the car to work the ratchets automatically when the cable snapped Well, I just am afraid I don't understand what a ratchet is dear. Oh darling. It's very simple I'll explain it to you. You see a ratchet is a When you you take it Well, it's what I'm going to use to make the elevator safe All that lumber on Fred Man that elevator can handle three times that weight How many months does it have to be an operation before you men realize that? I don't like to bother you sir, but mr. Mays wants to see you in his office. Oh, all right I got a check with mr. Mays Fred be back in a minute That you wanted to see me mr. Mays Sit down Otis. You look a little tired sir. I am tired. I would just inspecting the elevator sir It's working much better than we'd even hoped an amazing job Otis Frankly, I didn't believe that anyone could invent a hoist that would really be safe. Well. Thank you sir Otis I'm sure you know that business has fallen off. Oh, yes, sir, but general conditions have been rather bad, sir You have a wonderful gift of understatement Well, is the company in in trouble sir, I'm sure that you'll be able to find other employment Other employment.  I mean well, I'll cut my wages if it'll help you I appreciate to gesture Otis, but I'm afraid it isn't just a matter of laying off. I have been forced against the wall Just can't meet the notes over expanded. I expect but Well, no matter the cause the company is filing bankruptcy bankruptcy bankruptcy cleaned out Otis This may surprise you but Well, I I can't even offer you a cigar. Oh, no, don't shout it sing it But I thought you were supposed to say it loud. I wonder what's keeping your father. He should have been here an hour ago All right now. Let's let's try it again Hmm happy birthday to you Happy birthday to you. That's it. Happy birthday. Oh, that's all right. Dear Papa What a voice Shh, wait a minute. It's your father. Oh here. Hold the cake Norton and remember just as soon as he opens the door We all sing together Alisha You all right? Oh, I'm sorry. I'm late. Dear. I was Running around children But I'm hungry. No, you get ready for bed now bring you your dinner help your brother Charles. Come along Norton Alisha Yes, dear. I Kept the boys up till now It's your birthday darling, I've been My birthday. Oh, I'm so sorry Betsy. I forgot that's all right Where have you been? Oh, it was so nice out. I just walked around. I forgot all about the time Come on. Call the boys out. We'll have the party. Alisha.  I Was afraid to come home Betsy You were afraid to come home to me was a shame Sit down dear Tell me It's funny isn't it? We were right here in this same part of the room when I made my grand speech All the things I was going to do for you and the children How proud I was going to make you of your husband. I am proud of you Alisha. You won't be tell me Well, mr. Mays called me in to see him But it wasn't to talk about the lathe of the elevator or anything like that It was to tell me that the company Is going bankrupt bankrupt Oh, I'm so sorry sorry Oh Betsy, do you realize what this means? I'm out of a job.  Oh Betsy. What are we going to do? We have nothing nothing We have each other dear Betsy Dear unselfish Betsy You give so much and I Give so little you're listening to the cavalcade of America starring Robert Cummings with Judy Sponsored by the DuPont company of Wilmington, Delaware Makers of better things for better living through chemistry and now a word from bill Hamilton When you think of the uses of nylon in your home You probably think of clothing slipcovers draperies and other fabrics woven from this DuPont made fiber But DuPont nylon as a plastic contributes much to your daily living to Gears in your electric food mixers the tiny connecting rod in an electric shaver drapery slides and in literally hundreds of other small mechanical parts Every one of the better known makes of household refrigerators has molded nylon parts Every automobile made today has one or more nylon parts as a fiber and as a plastic Nylon serves you well as one of DuPont's better things for better living through chemistry Tonight on the cavalcade of America Robert Cummings is starring as Elisha Graves Otis with Judith Parrish as Betsy With the depression Elijah Otis found himself without a job for months. He walked the streets of New York But no one was hiring So finally even though his heart wasn't in it Elisha Graves Otis and family were again on the move What do you want me to pack this Betsy? They say the weather in California is just marvelous outside of a little rain. It's just a parrot You're not happy are you? Does it show that much I'm afraid it does. Oh, I'm sorry. I guess I feel I'm burying my dreams Well, at least I'm going to bury them in a golden graveyard What's that you expecting someone no I said goodbye to everyone this morning Yes, I'm looking for Otis. My name is Otis. Yeah, that's fine Well, are you going to invite me in? Oh, of course. Yes, come in come in. Thank you My name is new house Benjamin new house of New York. Well, how do you know this is my wife? Oh, how do you do ma'am? How do you do? Won't you sit down? Oh, yeah? Or flight some climb for a man in my way Well, mr. New house tell you what I'll do next time you come to visit us. I'll have an elevator installed here for you That's exactly why I call yes Mr. Otis I own a picture frame factory and cabinet shop in New York six months ago I had a very deplorable accident in my factory the cable on my elevator broke and two men were killed Well, I'm sorry to hear that sir, but I'm afraid I don't know what I can do about it You can build me two elevators and not too ordinary elevators either. I want two of those Otis safety elevator I'm sorry, mr. Newhouse, but I'm not in the elevator business In fact, I've never really been in the elevator business. Why not? Oh, mr. Newhouse. It's not that easy It takes money to start a business like that Well, what do you think banks are far borrow it? You've already got one order I can guarantee that any bank can see there's a future to a business like that. It's a sound investment man Say he's right Betsy. I Could do it. I know I could of course you can and I shall be happy to place the first order with the Otis Elevator company. Mr.  Well, Mrs. Otis It isn't often that I have the extreme pleasure of dining alone with my wife in New York's most famous restaurant But the prices are so high cares about the price. This is an occasion Betsy this afternoon We finished the Newhouse job. Well, I think I'd feel a lot happier if you had some more audience They'll come Betsy. They'll come fast that I can handle them. Just you wait and see why within a year We'll probably have to move to a bigger building. I hope so. Oh, come on. Drink up your champagne. Let's dance. Hmm dance Why not? Because you don't know how to dance. No, well, I don't know how to smoke cigars either, but I never turn them down It should have been so easy So very very easy. Were you saying something dear? What? Oh, no, I was just talking to myself Children in bed finally Darling you look worried. I am Oh Betsy, I'm tired of swimming against the tide Nobody wants elevators. Nobody's interested in elevators no matter how safe they are all these months and not one single order I don't understand that you build the only safe elevator in the country in the world But outside of my family. It seems to be a well-kept secret Alisha If I thought that you'd lost faith faith Betsy, I wish I could tell you about the things I dream big cities buildings 15 stories high with towers that pierce the clouds 15 did I say? Betsy, I picture buildings 20 stories high a whole new world But I just can't get anyone else to see it then it's up to you to make them see it It isn't that simple. Well, I didn't say it was going to be simple I just said it's up to you to open their eyes Think of something different. Well, I don't know what but but something something something different Will you say people don't want elevators? Well, how can they Elisha? Maybe they don't know about them You know about them. Mr. Newhouse knows something different Something so so spectacular that the eyes of the world can be open. I wish I could help you but you have darling you have Where's the evening paper? I Think you're sitting on it. Oh, so I am now. Where'd I see that article? No, it's not on page 3. What are you muttering about here? It is listen to this Betsy this summer at the Crystal Palace New York City is going to be honored with the annual American Institute Fair all The latest improvements in modern living and so forth and so on. I'm afraid I don't understand They're going to be thousands and thousands of people.  I'm going to build an elevator 40 feet high right at the entrance of the fair Yes, it should be quite a sight. Oh, it'll be the most amazing thing at the fair People will come from all over the country and when they leave the fair They're going back with the name of Elisha Graves Otis on their lips And you know why because you built the elevator because I built the elevator and because I'm going to ride that elevator to The top and when I get to the top I'll make them open their eyes Programs to the fair here get your souvenir programs folks know the locations of all the wonderful eye opening exhibitions found on the You're not going to do it Elisha you can't I must Betsy we've had this out a thousand times Hello, how else can I prove the elevator is safe, but to ride all the way up and then cut the cable, but it's safe It's an Otis safety elevator Betsy you yourself said I had to do something different Something it would make them sit up and take notice.  Well, it's two o'clock Betsy They're all waiting. I've got to do it. Please please Elisha for my sake and the boys, please believe me Betsy I'm doing this for you and the boys. Maybe you better go over and sit on the bench there Well, I won't be able to look I won't have faith Betsy, please in what in me. Just have faith in me No, I've got to get over there Mr. Otis and his elevator step over this way There he is that's Otis getting on the elevator the program says he's going up four floors and then cut the room I bet he doesn't ride it. It's a fake elevator Ladies and gentlemen ladies and gentlemen, please may I have your attention? You have all heard it said that there is nothing new under the Sun Well, I stand before you now in the car of an Otis safety elevator to disprove that statement Now what happens today will prove to you that there can be a great and a new world ahead of us a New world ladies and gentlemen where the cities of men will reach up to touch the clouds All right Fred pull me up I am now at ten feet ladies and gentlemen, and I'm still going up Going up because that is the only direction that the future will take I am now exactly 20 feet What you are about to see is the future shape before your very eyes higher Fred higher That man has courage I am now at 40 feet At the top of this elevator for full stories above you I am now about to try an experiment that will once and for all times prove what I've been telling you here today Now this is not just an ordinary elevator. It is a safe elevator. Remember that And now in exactly five seconds. I shall cut the cave Man killing south one Congratulations, Mr. Otis. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you. Let me through to my wife. Will you please always knew you could do it? Mr. Otis, congratulations. Thank you Betsy Let me look at you.  I'm very brave no more dangerous than crossing the street or taking a bath Oh darling, I'm sorry. Please. I say let me through please. Thank you. Mr. Otis Yes, sir, sir. I'd like to speak to you. Well at your service, sir My name is Kavanaugh Charles Kavanaugh Kavanaugh mills incorporated. I'm mighty interested in your elevator Well, I thank you for your interest, Mr. Kavanaugh. Really safe you say. Well, you saw it with your own eyes, sir So I did and I might say that well, I'm more than just interested I was wondering if I could call it your office say tomorrow morning around nine Well, I'll certainly be there. I've got five mills in Virginia and I'd like one elevator installed in every mill Fives that's right five. Well, I'll see you at nine in the morning My shirt your idea is a success already in order for five elevators. Think of that. Oh people are looking at us I know when you're kissing me. Mm-hmm, and it's much more fun than riding an elevator Manhattan skyline Chicago's loop San Francisco's towers These are the monuments to the genius of Elisha Otis Whose engineering skill inspired the vertical cities of today Things in the cavalcade players for the night story going up Now Bill Hamilton speaking for the DuPont company What happens when a large industry builds a plant in or near a small community? Is it good for everyone concerned? Well in the case of Tawanda, Pennsylvania, we have one answer to that question Tawanda used to be a farming town Today it has a DuPont plant making x-ray screens and television phosphors and another plant owned by Sylvania Electric products Local citizens will tell you what effect these plants have had on their town Wesley Perry automobile dealer says I started out in 1937 with six employees and a rented garage Now I have 19 employees and a place of my own My customers are both farmers and industrial workers Leo Rockwell, who's built 16 houses in two years and plans to build more says Industry is purely the reason for it My development is within walking distance of both the DuPont and the Sylvania plants and Then there's Bernard C. Wolfe president of the First National Bank. He adds Industry has raised the wage level all over town. I believe in the long run Almost everyone will have a higher living standard as a result Well now the DuPont plant in Tawanda is not large it normally employs about a hundred people Even so its payroll last year amounted to about four hundred thousand dollars Over a twelve month period eighty thousand dollars more went to local firms for goods and services DuPont is happy to be in Tawanda and the people in and around Tawanda seem to be happy with DuPont as a neighbor This is the pattern of America's industrial future with folks trolling home from work to bright gardens and nodding trees And we are happy indeed to have helped to create such a future with our DuPont better things for better living through chemistry Next week the DuPont cavalcade will present John London Walder Hamden in an American from France be sure to listen Tonight's DuPont cavalcade was written by David Harmon original music was composed by Arden Cornwell conducted by Donald Borey's The program was directed by John Zoller in tonight's cast you heard Robert Cummings starring as Elijah Otis Judith Parrish was featured as Betsy Fred Irving Lewis was Maze and Henry Calvin was Newhouse Ladies and gentlemen April has been designated as cancer control month Wholehearted public support is needed if more lives are to be saved send your contributions to the cancer fund. This is Sahara speaking Don't forget next week our stars John London Walder Hamden the cavalcade of America comes to you from the Velasco theater in New York and is sponsored by the DuPont company of Wilmington, Delaware makers of better things for better living through chemistry Next it's Barry Craig confidential investigator Next it's Barry Craig confidential investigator on NBC


So after Notch and their first win against the Jacksonville Jaguars last week, you know these bingles are feeling all high and mighty. It's up to these Ravens to bring them back down to earth.  You see my boy, he like out of made it, out of made it. Boy that's my homie, ain't that right in Graven? Right in Graven. You two team keep it clean. What's going on? It's Ayn Graven here with another video. And in this video, we're here to talk about the game we got coming up this week against the Cincinnati Bingles. Again, like we stated earlier, they are coming off of their first victory. And you know that first victory, it feels so good, especially if you've been losing and tying.  So these bingles are going to be coming in hot. They coming in hot, they coming in confident. But it's up to the Ravens to cool these dudes off. And to jump straight into it for the Ravens to cool the bingles off, the first thing they need to do is hit up the coldest water.  So they can go from hot to lukewarm to freezing just so they can be brought back down to earth. And they can get back to the bingles of old because we don't need them coming in and feeling themselves. We don't need them feeling all high and mighty and whatnot. We need to be cool, calm, not collective though, but just cool and calm. Actually, cool and crazy because crazy, they could force some bad passes and we will love that. So I know the Ravens will, but make sure you team keep it clean. Hit up the coldest water so you can get your own customized personal water bottle to keep that drink cool all game as cool as we hope Joe Burrow and them will be. But anyway, to start on defense, the Ravens, they got to establish a pass rush. We say it every week, we've been saying it for the past four weeks and they still haven't done it, but they have to establish a good pass rush. Because with Joe Burrow, they got to take advantage. I know every situation is different, every team is different, but in this situation they have an opportunity, sort of like in the Texans game. To where, yeah, the pass rush isn't the best in the world, but you got to take advantages of the opportunities that get presented to you. And just like the Sean Watson, Joe Burrow likes to play a lot of hero ball. To where he holds the ball, holds it, holds it, holds it in an effort to make a play. Because again, that is a gift and a curse, but the Ravens need to make sure it's a curse for Joe Burrow. Now he is going to make some plays. We know that this Raven secondary, the thing about them is that they've been giving up a lot of yards. They've been doing a lot of been, been, been, been, been, but not breaking. And this would be a nice game to get that corrected. But I think a lot of that has to do with the lack of pass rush. Because when you ask a corner to cover for a long time and cover and cover and cover and cover and cover and the quarterback's not getting any pressure. Somebody's eventually going to get over. And these bingos have a nice group of receivers. They're not the chiefs, but at the same time, they do have options galore. They of course have the rookie second round picked T Higgins. AJ Green, he hasn't been looking like himself all the way. But you know, AJ Green, this would be the game where AJ Green decides that he wants to make a comeback and look like the AJ Green involved. Of course he would do it against the Ravens. They got Audentate. They got Mr. 4 and 12 Tyler Boyd. They got John Ross as well if he ends up playing in this game. But so they have a nice little group of receivers. And of course you got Joe Mix and he coming out of the backfield as well.  So Ravens are going to need to be on point. Communication has to be good. But I think communication, it was pretty good last week. But the biggest thing with the Ravens in this game is adjustments. And that's what the Ravens have been lacking. It's been adjustments. Last week, the Washington football team, they kept running screens over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over. And the Ravens kept allowing those screens to be completed and to have gained. Those screens got big yards on them over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over. So if there were no adjustments in the Chiefs game, Clyde Edwards Ilea and Travis Kelsey, they kept on being wide open over and over and over and then in the first half I was like, okay, maybe they didn't catch on to it. But the second half they're going to get on it. Nope. Second half it was the same thing. So we need to see adjustments. We got to see adjustments. And I'm not saying that the playmakers aren't going to make plays because that's what playmakers do. They make plays. But still you want to be giving your best effort to take those playmakers away. Like even going back to last week again, scary Terry. He was literally the only receiver. He was the only player for the Washington football team doing anything. And the Ravens, they just did not could not take him away. So in this game, they need to be able to make adjustments. It is key to them winning and key to their success. Not just for now, but for the future as well. The pass rush. Again, Joe Burrow, hero ball.  So I figured that last week would be sort of a confidence booster for this pass rush. And it sort of was a little bit, but not too much. We still saw a lot of the same issues. Tyus Bowser. In this game, I want Tyus Bowser to get at least one and a half sex. One and a half sex and just continue to bring pressure. The thing that's been going on with Tyus Bowser. I do feel like he's our best pass rusher right now. He does not have a lot of competition, but I do feel like he's our best pass rusher right now. But the problem with Tyus Bowser has been closing and finishing the job. Because he'll get close to the quarterbacks. He'll even get a hand on him, but they'll just make a miss at the last second. And then he'll, I mean, he still registers the pressure, but it's just, it doesn't end up being enough. Because if a quarterback escapes you, then they still have the opportunity to throw the ball and complete a pass. So we just, we hope that that pass rush gets turned up. I know that Wink, I know it can be frustrating, especially when you watch that Patriots and Chiefs game last night and seeing what they did. Rushing like three or four guys and they were able to generate pressure and still have things covered pretty good. But so you know that Wink is going to send heat. You know he's going to send five, six people, but we just hope that it ends up working. We hope that it ends up working. We know when you send extra blitzers, that that leaves somebody open. And again, Bengals have a good amount of playmakers to, if you're going to leave somebody open, that's a no bueno. But I do, sad as it pains me to say, I do expect Joe Burrow to have at least 275 yards passing. Dwayne Haskins guy, what, 310 last week. So Joe Burrow, I know he's been passing for 300 yards in every game. He may just do it again this game. He may just end up doing it again. Because the Ravens, they, you can't have, we talked about it. You can't have your corners trying to cover receivers for like two minutes. You can't do that because these quarterbacks are sitting there comfortable in the pocket against the Ravens. They just sitting back there chilling. What I'm hoping for too is something that frustrates all quarterbacks a little extra is interior pressure. On our defensive line, they are very strong. They're very strong even though in the Chiefs game they were getting pushed around. But they are very strong. And what I was thinking this year was that we were going to create a lot more internal pressure, interior pressure. But it just hasn't been the case yet. Maybe this will be the debut of Justin Madibike. That'd be nice to see him see what he can do, see what he can bring to the table as far as the pass rush. I mean it obviously, it couldn't hurt. It couldn't hurt. So hopefully this will be his week. But we'll see what happens with that. They have been obviously doing some shuffling around on that defensive line because of course Derek Wolf was out last week and Broderick Washington was in. So we'll see if Justin Madibike can make his season debut because that will be a beautiful thing. Especially if he can be, he can look as good as he looked in college. The secondary. Secondary just make plays man. Play sound, play solid and just make plays and wrap up. That's probably one of the biggest things. They got to wrap up. They have guts to wrap up and watch out for of course the big place because Joe Burrow, like the Bengals, what are they? One, two and one I believe. But the Bengals, they, not that they don't have anything to lose but this season is, there's no Bengals fans or Bengals personnel or even front office. They're not looking at this as a Super Bowl season. We know that. They would of course like to go to the Super Bowl but they're not looking at it as a Super Bowl season. So they, not that they don't have anything to lose or not that they don't have anything to lose but at the same time it's like they may take more risks. So you have to be prepared for that. Even though Joe Burrow makes a lot of smart throws, that guy is an excellent passer of the football. He is an excellent pass to the football. So with him, he doesn't take too many risks and he doesn't make too many bad throws. So Raven's just, their secondary is going to have to be on point. But again, that starts up front on a defensive line with the pass rush. The linebackers of course wrap up. Wrap up Joe Mixon when he's running. Wrap up when if you're going to be blitzing. Wrap up, grab them jerseys. No horse collars now but grab them jerseys and wrap up. Wrap up. No arm tackling. Even though A, even though Patrick Queen with that bow, that forearm tackling, he could do it. But everybody make sure you wrap up. So defense, they got to be sound man. They got to be sound. They have to be disciplined. On offense, it is important that the Ravens establish a run game early. And with the play calling, the play calling has been a little silly. And they just got to work on that. But again, that was the first four games. We'll count those as pre-season games. Both for the personnel and for the coaching staff too. And we'll chalk that up to that being a pre-season. They went three and one. So hey, we glad about that. We're very glad about that. There were some little things that were shaky in the three and one, but they went three and one regardless. Whether it was shaky or not, whether it was sound or not, whether it was solid or not. They won three games and only lost one. That's what's most important. But we're not going to act like this is a perfect football team. We're not going to act like this isn't a team that does not have some concerns and some things that they need to improve moving forward. But the beautiful thing is, again, they won three games and only lost one and they still got 12 games to go. So if every fourth of the season goes like that, then they'll just be 12 and four. So that will definitely be enough to get into the playoffs, maybe even enough to win the division. We'll see. But anyway, on offense, got to establish the run game. Establish the run game and give Gus the most carries. I think this should be a good game where you can allow a running back to get into a rhythm. Meaning you're giving him 18 to 20 carries. You're giving him like a real workload. I know the Ravens want to spread the ball around. They want to give it to him, want to give it to him, want to give it to him. Well, they want to make everybody happy. No, don't make everybody happy. Play smart running football. Run the ball. Let Gus Edwards be the guy in this game. Because you have been spreading it out. And that's cool or whatever, because I know you want to get all the running backs involved. But let Gus Edwards be the guy. Let him start off. And of course, you got your other running backs to give the ball to throughout as well. But let Gus Edwards start off and let him really be the guy. Give him 18 to 20 carries, at least. Well, Lamar Jackson, let him play his game. I just sometimes when you watch this year, it just seems like things have been off a bit. It seems like things have been off a bit. And like the Ravens, I don't know if they're trying to restrict him or just maybe it's a lack of playmakers, but just things are not rolling like they were.  And again, the offseason, I'm sure that has a lot to do with it. But Hollywood, we know he's going to make some place. Mark Andrews, we know he's going to make some place. But who else? Who else is going to make some plays as a pass catcher? Who else is going to step up? Who else is going to rise to the occasion? Because we're still waiting on somebody. Now, I would say put in DuVernay, man. Put in DuVernay, bring in some brochures as well. Let DuVernay start this game. I know and there's no offense to Miles Boykin anything, but we haven't been seeing anything else from anybody else. So it could not hurt to, it can't be any worse than what it is now. Because again, it's just Hollywood, Andrews, that's it. So it couldn't hurt to have DuVernay in there, have some brochure in there. I'm sure they'll keep Willie Snead in there too, but mix it up and just get a young boy's a shot, man. Well, a young, young boy, because all our receivers are young. But give the young, young boys a shot. Because we just, we need somebody else to step up. Because if it's just going to be Hollywood and Mark Andrews, it's not going to work. It's not going to work forever. So it couldn't hurt. Now Lamar, he needs to be better at the deep passes. He's missed some opportunities throughout the entire season. We're really throughout the last three games. He's missed a lot of opportunities going deep. Hollywood will have beat his man, and that'll be all she wrote. But Lamar just, he sells it. Or sometimes he under throws it. So he gots to work on that, connecting with Hollywood on them deep shots. So that's really important. And really connecting with any receiver who's going to be going deep. Hopefully it beats some Devin DuVernay going deep on Sunday. But hey, we'll see. So they gots to be better at that. And again, everything starts with the poor. And again, everything starts with the play calling as well. They need to, while they do need to be balanced, you need to really be smart about the play calling. And just don't do the silly stuff. Third and 12 or QB draw. Come on now. Let's be smart about things. But back to Lamar, we just want to see him be able to trust other receivers, other than the main two. Because it just shows a lack. I feel that there's that lack of trust between him and Miles Boykin. Miles Boykin is a great blocker. He just, they haven't been able to get on the same page. They just have not been able to get on the same page at all, man. At all. So that's, I'm sure that's been frustrating for both of them. As they just, they don't have that connection yet. Will they establish it? Maybe they will. Maybe they won't. That's the scary part about it. So that's very important. And special teams. Special teams keep doing your thing as far as kicking and putting Tucker and Cook and Morgan Cox, of course. And then Devin Duvenay on kick return. Pro-Shade on punt return. He's been safe. That's the thing about him. He's been safe. There was a punt return last week where if he would have had some speed, he would have been out of there. Y'all know the one I'm talking about. Because he had a hole and if he would have had some, he would have been out of there, man. But he just doesn't have that speed like that. So I think he's just, he's the punt returner just because he got safe hands. He catches everything. So hey, why not put him on offense then? It just makes sense. So anyway, I expect the final score this game to be 35-25. I think it's going to be a high scoring game. I think it's actually going to be close throughout. I think it's going to be one of them stressful Ravens games. But I think they will end up pulling off at the very end. I think Lamar plays all four quarters. I don't think he sits this one out because I think the Bengals are going to bring it. I think they're going to bring it. But I do expect the Ravens to end up with the victory in this one. But Bengals, they won't be any easy feat at all. Like, at all. So we'll see how goals team keep it clean. I appreciate y'all. I love y'all. Thank you so much for just showing a lot of support. And we'll see how this thing goes, man. We out. Keep it clean. You see my boy, he like automated. Well, that's my homie. Ain't that riding gravy?


Another illusion, the illusion of authority. This is a pretty easy one. You put a brain scan into a research paper, people are more likely to believe the results. You can have the exact same text. You can have text that says in sophisticated language, that says that the research doesn't actually have any findings, put a brain scan in it, and people will believe it. The text basically says, yeah, we didn't really find anything statistically significant. We didn't find anything. But the headline, brain scan, boom, people believe.  Just graphs alone. Just bar charts alone in research papers in news articles will give the illusion that something sciency is going on. Don't fall prey to this. Just because someone can quantify something doesn't mean that they have anything good to say. I actually pulled this, this is funny, this graph. I pulled this off of, I was just looking for public domain bar charts. I happened to find this one. This was on a website of a woman who's apparently a science fair consultant. All she does is hire herself out for probably hundreds of dollars to kids who are working on science fair projects. I thought, man, that's a racket. I need to get into this. And this chart says, oh, you can present the data one way or the other way. And I recommend that you present it this way, because it gives more drama between the two variables. I don't even know what the research is. Something about the difference between coffee and water. The worst kind of sciency stuff that you see today, infographics.  I mean, they're beautiful. Sometimes they're really, really creative. But I pulled this one just for James, because this happens to be about the number of UK health clubs and gyms. And they've got this guy doing a bench press, and they've got all of these weights out here that are used to represent the numbers in the size of the plates or the size of the barbells or dumbbells or whatever represents different variables. I looked at this chart. I figured out maybe five or six different conclusions that I could reach based upon the data presented here. Now those conclusions were contradictory. In one conclusion, I say, oh, Brits are getting healthier, because there's obviously more gym memberships being sold. Another one, I said, oh, private memberships are on the way down, and more people are going to public gyms, because there's a different change in the ethos of British working out that it's a more public thing, and people are becoming more concerned about it. Or, oh my god, the absolute number of gyms is dropping, and so therefore Brits are no longer concerned about their health, no wonder we're all fat. You can come up with whatever conclusion you want, because you just present this data, and it looks kind of fancy. So don't fall prey to this. The illusion of authority. Forget about reading medical journals. Oh, well, maybe I'll just go to the experts. I want the experts to tell me what's best for me. Well, unless you're ready to become fluent in how to understand research design, how to understand statistics, how to understand epidemiology, how to be super critical of the fact that I don't know what John Ioannidis says. Over 50% of medical research is basically bunk. Published medical research can't be replicated. Statistical methods are so bad that the paper is so riddled with errors. And yet people who reports this stuff, the media. What do they say about it? They tell you, oh my gosh, Dr. Oz says, do this, and you'll burn fat. Do this, and you'll do that. This is what they call the Murray-Gellman amnesia effect. This is actually something that Crichton came up with, John Crichton. Murray-Gellman was a famous theoretical physicist, won the Nobel Prize in the 60s, and Crichton actually named this effect for him because he said, I had a conversation with him about it once, and he's much more famous than I am, so I named it after him because it'll give it a lot more authority, kind of as a joke. But the Murray-Gellman effect is described basically by Crichton as the following. You're reading the morning newspaper. You come across an article.  Wet streets cause rain, right?   And then you turn to the next page, and you trust what they have to say, the same paper, the same journalist, you trust what they have to say about the state of the world in the Middle East, or you trust what they have to say something else. The Murray-Gellman effect, think about muscle magazines. You open up some muscle magazine, you open up some men's health journal, you open up one of these things, and you see that they've got these ads for the most ridiculous claims possible. You do this one thing, and you'll be huge, or you do this one thing, and you'll have better sex, you do this one thing.  And then you turn to the page about the best way to do a chin-up, and you read the article and say, oh, that's clearly, they know what they're talking about, right?  In court, if somebody lies once, their testimony is all subject to doubt, right? But yet, we have this effect where we read the media, we read journalists, we read muscle magazines, we trust doctors, we do all these things, where we say, oh, you know, this guy's totally backwards on this one point, but man, has he got an interesting thing to say about how to do chin-ups. You know, he's really right on, maybe he does, it's possible, maybe he does. Maybe the doctor who says idiotic things in one case knows something about another case, but you have to be a lot more critical. You actually have to investigate the claims, think about them yourselves, do the kind of cognitive work that doesn't just account for, hey, therefore my heuristic says, you can trust authorities. Now, probably most of you guys don't just automatically trust authorities, at least you wouldn't be here if you did, but you have to understand that it's really easy to fall prey to this. I don't trust the mainstream authorities, but I trust my alternative authorities. Well, again, you can't give that same kind of credibility just because they're going against the mainstream. There's a very interesting phenomenon if you spend some time looking at any alternate sort of health ideas or alternate, whatever it is, there's a reputation effect that builds into somebody being able to criticize the mainstream. All they get, reputation is entirely designed around the fact that, hey, those other guys are wrong. Oh, wow, this guy knows what he's talking about. Yeah, he knows what he's talking about, he's critical, but does his actual positive case have anything to say? The more time you listen to somebody just criticizing something, the less you probably think that they have to say positively. And then finally, the halo effect. The halo effect's probably one you guys know, not the game, but obviously, the fact that the more attractive or the more muscle bound or whatever, the more that a speaker or a person or an authority has the features that you think that they're promoting through their product or through their intervention program or whatever, the more that they have those, the more likely you're to believe that they're true. Right? And there's no correlation. There's no correlation. People, I mean, a guy that's been wheelchair bound since he was a teenager is just as capable of figuring out proper exercise methodology as a guy who's been working out in a gym since he was 12, right? It's all the intellectual thing. Now he may not have the same experiences, he may not be able to say, oh, this is what it's gonna feel like, maybe, but there's nothing about the speaker just because he's big and muscle bound doesn't mean that he necessarily knows what he's doing. He just knows that, hey, what I've done has worked for me, but you can't necessarily generalize to the whole population. One last thing that I wanted to point out is one convention returning speaker from Austin, Texas, 2012. And actually, Anthony Johnson, the CEO of the 21 convention said it's one of his favorite speeches. The Austin, Texas one and let's hope this one is two. Eric Daniels, let's do it. All right. Thanks. All right, guys, hopefully you're fully caffeinated and ready to go, the two systems model. Okay, and this is basically what I'm talking about with the two ways that you can forget about the auto regulation of the brain. That's primarily what the brains work. Once you start thinking, there's really two systems he says that you can think incredibly, incredibly distorting. So one of these is the illusion of precision. Had this result and therefore it's going to apply to this group, right? You see this all the time and not the least of which is mice or lab rats or whatever, comparing to humans, but even different groups of humans with different ages, different profiles, et cetera. Prince Businesses to Great Businesses published this book, claimed that he understood everything that the CEOs and leadership teams did to make them great, published the book, made lots of money, and guess what?


pressure on Jason Dahl who started so well failed to score last time he will go from the inside in red Leon Mattson had a gate number two in blue Andra Lebedevs comes from gate number three in white and Dan Bully going from the outside in the yellow helmet color just two points to his name Dan Bully so needs to find a win now if he can but it won't be easy because Leon Mattson's got some pace and we've just seen Bartosz Marzik win from gate two. Yeah and he'll take heart from that very very quick in his previous race passing Dudek. Here we go then heat number 11 green light comes on run the way good start initially from Dahl but Dan Bully's made a fantastic effort round the outside his neck and neck between Dahl and Bully then the back straight Bully really having to wind it on bars himself to the front closes the door this is more like it from Bully but Dahl coming on strong time between the first two Dahl on the inside block passes Bully now can he square the corner off no we can't quite get there that's some response from Jason Dahl out in front Lebedevs back in third place for Bully Bully comes back bars himself to the front proper speedway here in heat number 11 and Bully really winding it on. Fantastic opening couple of laps from Dan Bully and Jason Doyle making moves that we see in the UK all the time from him but now the racer settled down Dan Bully showing the pace that he's got in that bike he really is riding well he's moved out he's able to ride exactly where he wants he's got the bike hooking up and going very very quickly. Bully wins the race at the cancer of the end shot there for Leon Madsen who misses out this time out of gate number two but brilliant race for the first two laps there between Jason Doyle and Dan Bully really did put on a fabulous demonstration of skill and determination but it's Bully coming out on top he needed it and he produced when he had to so he picks up the win three points for him Jason Doyle back in second place two points Andre Lebedevs back in third one for him Leon Madsen who was going along very nicely all of a sudden missing out that time and just shows you how unpredictable Grand Prix Speedway can be but for Dan Bully certainly this was a really impressive ride and very impressive right I didn't get the bike hooked up off the initial jump from the start line but he really worked it to the corner found some great traction and then Jason Doyle made him work very hard down the back straight got his arms stretched and just found that a little bit of extra pace to drop it across Doiley and then Jason Doyle makes a great cut back roars up the inside straight as a block pass he goes straight past him in front of him and Dan Bully at that point can't respond but this is where Jason Doyle I have to say makes a mistake runs out wide the bike just straightens itself up going in the corner then he decides okay I've got to go out there in the deep stuff but Dan Bully brilliant race from him and three more points yeah superb ride from Dan Bully after a steady start


Hello, as a terrible situation in Italy became to rise to a catastrophe in Portugal, people became very aware of the necessity to take protective measures. It started by closing the schools. It was the main gesture. In the first moment the consulting council of public health did not recommend it to the government but anyhow they decided to close them on the next day. It was at the 13th of March. From then on the measures from isolation became more and more restrictive. The state of emergency was declared, but the people were already acting as they were under it. I think that's what we need to underline. From fear of having a real conscience of the manners of the coronavirus, people have stayed at home. Our silenced streets speak for ourselves. 1,600 positive cases so far, 14 deaths. That's our terrible tool. And as the numbers rise, also rise our concern how our national health system will cope with the patients. That's the main issue today. Also the economy. In the beginning of the second week of general isolation, economy is suffering too much. Without relaxing on the sanitary measures, the government is really concerned what the balance will be in the end. Maybe the problems will be even worse than the virus itself. We are in fragile situation. The risk is very high. It could be a catastrophe. Crucial times we're living in. Be safe, please.


So, we are going to be looking at energy balance today. What we are trying to do here is look at energy balance for a stirred vessel. Now, stirred vessel in which there is stirrer where the composition to the system is uniform at different positions or in say the intensive properties of the system is the same everywhere because of the mixing that you have introduced. You have F j moles coming in, F j 0 moles coming in, F j moles going out. You have so much of heat coming in, so much of work coming out. The system itself has N i moles of component i each of energy E i and the energy of the system we denote as E system. And the statement of energy balance is that input minus of output plus generation is accumulation. What we recognize here is that in energy balance there is no generation of energy or destruction of energy. Therefore, generation term should not appear unlike in the material balance where we accept that there is generation of material because it can form another product. Therefore, this term is removed. So, the statement of energy balance is simply input minus of output equal to accumulation. Stating this in mathematical representation is d by d t of E system equal to sigma 1 to N E i F i input and then E i F i output summed over all species plus Q minus W s. Where Q is heat input, W is work output, this is the energy that is coming in with all the species energy that is going out with all the species. We are neglecting heat of mixing that is neglected here. We will include if required at a late stage. E i is the energy content of each of the species and this consists of a kinetic amine. This is internal energy, kinetic energy, potential energy. Notice that the units of this is Joules per kg or in SI units can be also called as meter square per second square. Now this term W dot can be understood in some ways by looking at a term called flow work. What is flow work? Flow work is the work that is required to get material in and out of a system in the absence of friction. Something that has to be understood by actually making a calculation of the term F i P t omega i. Now F i P t omega i in the absence of chemical reaction does not change. But P t omega i can change depending upon the conditions under which your system is working, high pressure, low pressure, whatever. So, in a sense P t F i P t omega i which is units of Joules per second or watts, this really depends upon the reacting system. Therefore, this difference between F i P t omega i out minus F i P t omega i in, this can be positive, it can be negative. If it is negative, it means what? This amount of work has to be put into the system, so that the material can be put in and taken out. So, energy that is required to put material in and out of the system is what is flow work in the absence of friction. So, we can understand of the total amount of work that comes out of the system W in terms of shaft work which we can measure. Shaft work we can measure by measuring the amount of generator output and so on. While flow work we cannot measure, but we can calculate because F i P t omega i is a known quantity. You can measure and therefore, these two terms can be, this can be calculated, this can be measured and therefore, you can calculate W dot. So, keeping this in mind, what we are saying is that, if you look at as an example, we make a calculation of how much is the flow work required to put material in and out through a sulphur dioxide plant for example, say 3000 tons per day sulphur dioxide plant, what is the flow work we are talking about. So, we can calculate a sigma F i P t omega i out F i P t omega i in because we know what is P t typically one atmospheres, omega i we can calculate or we can simply say F i omega i is simply volumetric flow. So, we know how much is the change in volumetric flow or the inlet to outlet, why does it change because temperature has changed. So, we can actually calculate this whole term and estimate of this is what I have got here, the flow work for a plant of this size turns out to be about 125 kilowatt, it is a minus sign indicating that you have to put that amount of work. So, the material can be put in and brought out, but we have done calculation in an earlier class as to the amount of energy that is required in terms of pressure drop, we have calculated that for a 3000 tons per day plant and we found out this close to about 2.5 megawatts. So, what we are saying here is that even in the absence of friction, you would have to spend 125. In other words, the minimum energy that is required to put material in and out is not 0, this is the point that we have to appreciate when you have to deal with all these numbers. We can also calculate what is the energy that might be associated with expansion of steam through a turbine going from 0.1 to 0.2, this is a steam turbine cycle producing power, this is producing power. What does it do? We have a boiler which provides energy into steam and then we have a condenser, the q 1 minus of q 2 is the amount of work that would come out of the system, first law energy balance and that comes out partly through this, partly used up here the network is W t plus W p, this is what comes out q 1 minus of q 2, this we know, but what is the interest here is to find out what is the flow work from 1 to 2. So, I have got here what is the pressure, what is the temperature, what is the specific volume, so we can calculate p t omega i 2 minus p t omega i 1. So, this if you put all the numbers down, you will find that is about minus 2.63 kilo calories per kg, showing that there is a small amount of work that you have to do to be able to put material in and out, even for a steam turbine. So, what are we saying is that our statement of energy balance, which is d by d t of e system, which is energy in minus of energy out plus q which is heat input and this work have separated the work in terms of shaft work and flow work. This term phi p t omega i out phi p t omega in can be appropriately clubbed with the functions in and out. So, when you do that this equation looks something like this, where e i plus p t omega i in and then e i plus p t omega i out multiplies the appropriate terms. So, e i consists of which is called as internal energy, kinetic energy and potential energy. So, this e i substitute here the whole term looks something like this, that the total amount of energy which is in the system, which is e system for example, consists of n i moles. So, I put n i here multiplied by what is the energy, energy is u i which is internal energy, kinetic energy, potential energy. You notice here that p t omega i occurs only in the flow term and not in the accumulation term, therefore that term is not included there.  So, it becomes enthalpy plus the kinetic energy and potential energy. So, the energy balance term when you club all these terms together it looks something like this d by d t of n i the number of moles in the system multiplied by h i u i square g z i minus p t omega i I put it like that means, I put it in terms of h i even on the left hand side even though h i u i was there I have called u i is h i minus p t omega i. In the right hand side term I have clubbed the u i plus p t omega i is h i in h i out. So, leaving these two terms which is kinetic energy and potential energy plus q minus w s. So, what seems to happen in reacting systems is that these terms are not very important generally these terms are not very important. On other words by and large we are dealing with the enthalpy of the materials which we are dealing with. So, a simplified form of the energy balance can be looked up like this you have d by d t of n i h i and then you have f i h i in f i h i out plus q minus w s. So, this something we could have written even without having to go through all this something that we know for a long time, but the point of writing this is to draw your attention to two important features. When we write d by d t of n i h i we are actually neglecting the effect of p t omega i we are neglecting the effect of u i square and g z i. So, this is important to recognize because there could be instances where these are not negligible. So, you must recognize that these assumptions are involved in the simplified representation of the energy balance that is written here. So, that means on the left hand side n i h i is actually that h i was not there u i was there we replaced it by h i. When can we do this we can do this if u i and h i are not very different which is often the case as far as reacting systems of concern in our domain of interest, but it may not be always. So, we have simplified on the left hand side here on the right hand side we have neglected kinetic and potential terms which may not by and large may be right in most cases, but there are situations where they may not be correct. So, just to summarize what we are saying is that a simplified representation which involves only n i h i on the left hand side and f i h i on the right hand side is a very simplified representation which will apply for most cases, but may not be for all cases. Just to understand this let us just look at a hydral turbine. So, what is the hydral turbine what is the hydral turbine you have a reservoir which has water a huge quantity of water it is available at a certain height h. So, that you can use that potential energy to run a turbine how do you apply our energy balance what is our energy balance d by d t of system. So, what we are trying to say here is that when there is a huge amount of energy here and we are drawing a small amount on a daily basis or hourly basis the rate at which the energy of the system changes we can neglect under the quasi steady state approximation. That means if the time scale for which we are observing the system is small in relation to the time scale over which the reservoir gets consumed the left hand side can be seen as quasi steady therefore, can be deleted. On the right hand side what is this term what is the right hand side term we said if you look at here the right hand side terms are h i u i square by 2 g z i and p t omega i we have neglected on the here h i u i square by g z i, but in a hydral power station this term is important. In a hydral power station this term is important therefore, this term we should take into account that is why I said whenever we delete a term we should be very careful. So, what I have done is that I have again looking back at this I have put all the terms that are appropriate to a hydral power station. So, what is it look what is h i u i square by 2 and then g z i all that I have put in here. So, it looks like this. So, you have the effect the left hand side is 0 the right hand side has the effect of pressure and at position 0 and position 2 both are open to atmosphere I have taken it as p 0 both p 2 and p 0 are at the same pressure. So, I have knocked it out I am doing a energy balance between position 0 and position 2 and what is h i I have taken it as c v t naught minus of t r I could put c v or c p both are not very different and then you have I have neglected this term u naught term is not as very important. Therefore, you have g z naught as the term here and similarly you have a g z 2 at this here. So, what have we done we have written the energy balance where the left hand side is 0 we have knocked out the pressure terms we simply have what is called as a simplified form of the energy balance which looks like this. Which means the amount of energy that we produce per unit mass of flow is g z g time z naught minus z 2 and c v times t naught minus of t 2. Now, if t naught equal to t 2 then this term goes away then the amount of power that you produce if w if w if I have taken f as 4000 it is 2 megawatt is that clear. So, I have taken c v this term as 0. Suppose, we find there is a small increase in temperature small I have taken as 0.005 or 0.005 it really depends upon how well you design the conduit leading from the reservoir to the high delta. So, you notice here if you allow an increase of 0.05 you have lost more than 50 percent of the power this is what I want you to appreciate. Our fluid mechanics which designs this conduit from the reservoir to the to the hydro turbine which might be several kilometers away it may not be nearby. And the velocities for part of the reason why I have reason I have knocked out this term u naught because velocity would be the same in both the places that is why I have knocked it out. So, the point to remember here is that we can lose a large amount of energy, but not taking care of the design of the conduits that fluid mechanics is an important part of design. See we all think that mechanical energy can be transmitted without loss of efficiency we always think of Kano inefficiency, but here is an instance of mechanical inefficiency which is as high as 50 percent. So, this care we should take in the design. So, let us see what happens in a steam turbine steam turbine we have done anyway we already calculate a steam turbine we have calculated here if you do the same calculation for a steam turbine it is about minus 0.2.63. So, we can calculate the flow work required for a steam turbine or for a for a sulphur dioxide and so on. Now, we also said that this is not common, but this is something that we would like to do that we can apply our energy balance also to run what we call as a reacting system which will produce power. How do you make a reacting system produce power?  Therefore, depending upon the free energy change of this reaction there are 2 reaction one is N 2 O 4 going to N O 2 or N O 2 going to N 2 O 4. So, you can see here. So, you can here this picks up energy and then delivers energy picks up energy delivers energy. So, here it picks up energy at Q 1 may be at 80 degree centigrade and then at Q 2 at may be at 25 degree centigrade it delivers. So, it is Q 1 minus of Q 2 is the work produced if you can make produce work. So, in some cases you are not able to produce work or you are able to use it for a space heating application. Since, a lot of low temperature heat is available in many places you can pick it up using a chemical reaction and deliver it to a for a space heating. So, the important point here is that there is tremendous scope for designing working fluids which is able to pick up heat at low temperature for space heating application. Otherwise, you will have to use more expensive materials here is an instance was. So, much of heat is available at this low temperature which is required for space heating applications. So, reacting fluids and our energy balance is able to make use of all these because if the energy balance is written keeping in mind that the energy what is the energy balance? Our energy balance only saying that d by d t of n i h i is f i h i and f i h i out f i h i in. Basically it is saying how much energy is coming in how much energy is going out how much heat you put in how much work you take out. So, just to summarize what we are saying is that you have an energy balance where the system has amount of energy equal to amount of energy coming in amount of energy going out plus Q minus W s. Just to put it in the context of a stirred vessel what we have said is that h i system therefore, is also equal to h i out our nomenclature is that the intensive properties of the system is also equal to the intensive property of the exit stream. Therefore, I have denoted as h i and then I put a 0 to take care of input streams. So, in this equation I have written it slightly differently taking into account the fact that h i in the system is same as h i in the exit stream while h i and f i in the inlet stream has got a 0 here to indicate that it is a inlet stream. So, this is the statement of energy balance d by d t of n i h i summed over all species equal to summed over all species f i h i at at inlet minus sigma f i h i at the outlet no subscript plus Q minus W s. Now, our interest is to be able to put this whole equation in a form that we can use for our reacting systems. Let us see how to do this to do this what we have done here is that this term this term sigma n i h i d by d t I am just separating it as two terms n i d h i d t h i d n i d t. The first term here n i d h i d by d t is written as two terms. Now, the advantage of doing this is that when you look at a single reaction alpha 1 1 a 1 plus alpha 1 2 equal to alpha 1 n a n equal to 0. We recognize that the rated which species a 1 reacts divided by the stoichiometric coefficient rated species 2 reacts divided by stoichiometric coefficients equal to rated which species n reacts divided by stoichiometric coefficient. So, all these equality equal to r 1 which we denote as the intensive rate of that reaction. So, if I ask you what is the rate at which component a 1 is getting formed you will say that it is r 1 multiplied by alpha 1 1 what is the rate at which component a n is reacting you will say it is r 1 multiplied by alpha 1 n. So, that is the nomenclature which you are doing. Therefore, our material balance in this third vessel for component i will look as input output generation what is the generation term for component i r 1 times alpha 1 i because multiplied equal to d by d t of n i. So, our statement of material balance for component i now our interest is what our interest is to see whether we can generate this term h i d n i by d t because you can generate it from this by multiplying by h i and summing over all species. What is meant by multiplying by h i summing over all species what is meant is we write one equation f 1 0 f 1 minus f 1 r 1 alpha 1 1 v equal to d n 1 d t that is one equation. Similarly, there are n equations. So, each of those equations you multiply by the appropriate species enthalpy and sum over all species. So, that is what when you multiply throughout and sum over all species what you find is this. That means, if you multiply throughout by h i and sum over all species what you get is sigma h i f i 0 please note here. I am just multiplying by h i and summing over all species correct multiplying by h i summing over all species. Then what I will get h i f i 0 h i f i and then the last term.  So, what I have done now. So, now we can simplify what do you do now now we have this equation here. So, we have this equation where h i d n i by d t we have generated here we have generated. So, this we have generated using material balance. So, I can substitute for this term from this equation 4 is that clear. So, we have generated this h i d n i by d t by looking at the material balance. Therefore, in this equation 3 you can replace h i d n i by d t by the left hand side of this equation. So, when you do that when you do that what you find is this. So, I put all the terms are written here you find left hand side right hand side all the terms you find it sort of some terms knock off.  So, this term becomes enthalpy change for reaction 1 therefore, this whole term becomes n 1. So, how the energy balance looks like now is it is n i d h i by d t the first term second term h i f i 0 h i f i 0 h i not f i. So, you can combine these two terms you get h i. So, what I get here is you can see here the common thing here is what I have a mister term here f i 0 should be sorry. So, it simplifies as it simplifies as n i d h i by d t and f i not f i not from here can I see both h i minus h i not.  So, now it is in a form which is a little easier for us to make use of even for example, suppose there is a reactor in which many streams are entering many streams are entering. And those streams might be entering at different temperatures different quantities all those effects can be appropriately accounted because each stream coming at different temperatures coming at different enthalpies. So, the form in which this equation is written helps you to manage various inputs into a reactor various temperature all those kinds of things can be handled. For a special case we can do lot of simpler things.  You can write this r 1 in terms of what is called as r 1 times alpha 1 k and divide this by alpha 1 k what does this mean? This is rate of formation of component k multiplied by the enthalpy change express with respect to component k this how data is often available. So, what is important is to recognize this term and put it in forms that you and I can understand r 1 times alpha 1 k refers to rate of formation of component k. This is often readily available because we measure in our experiments we will be measuring this term. So, then in that case you should multiplied by the rate of the heat of formation sorry enthalpy change for the reaction express with respect to that component that is important then only it will be consistent. So, in this form the way in which this equation is written it is probably the most general form in which you can write a chemical reactor energy balance. It takes into account all sorts of variations that might occur. Having said that having said that we recognize that this term h i can be put in terms of temperatures because the enthalpy are available to us in terms of a standard heat of formation plus various c p delta t which takes into account the effect of the specific heats. So, what we have said is that if there is no phase change then clearly we do not have to account for phase change solid to liquid liquid to gas gas all those things is not required. We simply can look at enthalpy at temperature t is standard heat of formation plus an integral which goes which is the average specific heat in that interval between t and t r. So, we can express h i at t like this h i at t 0 also like this. So, this is an assumption what is the c p this c p is the average in this range this is the average. So, every time we look at look at this we look at the average specific heat in the range t to t r in t to t 0. So, expressing our looking back if our equation here where is our equation. So, this is our equation n i d h i. So, now I can replace h i in terms of a temperature and specific heat therefore, this whole equation n i d h i by d t simplifies as something like this. So, first term is n i d h i with this what we have written here let me just go through this is n i which is written as sorry v i sorry this is v i this is v i. So, n i is v i time c p i correct is this clear please understand please understand n i d h i by d t n i is what v i v i time c i c i is missing correct. I have written it here I have written it properly here. So, the first term let it stay like that let it stay like that this n i let us know harm in that. So, n i c p this is written in this form v time c p i c p means specific heat d t d t similarly, the right hand side. So, what have we done now? So, we have what we have done is that this each of this terms h i and h i naught and h i we have put in terms of specific heats. Therefore, the right hand side now looks in terms of v i c p i this term c i c p i the only term that has to be summed over all species is v i c p i on the right hand side the only term you have to sum is c i 0 c p i. On other words what we have done is that by expressing the enthalpies in terms of specific heat even those if you look at this h i naught and h i h i naught is known h i changes depending upon the extent of reaction. Similarly, h i changes because of extent of reaction, but by this formulation of writing in terms of volumetric specific heat what we have done is that c i c p i c i changes, but c i c p i for a mixture does not change very much. On other words a rather difficult problem we have converted into a simpler problem by combining c i c p i. So, that the left hand side now simply looks like a volumetric specific heat multiplied by the reactor volume d t d t. Why it has been possible because we have written this sigma c i c p i as a volumetric specific heat which does not change during reaction this is the assumption and it is not a bad assumption. You can do calculations for several systems you will find that sigma c i c p i for all the species taken together for the reaction may not have changed very much. Similarly, sigma c i 0 c p i summed over all species also would not have changed very much. So, it simplifies otherwise you know messy kind of system the whole equation looks in this form v c p d t d t is v 0 c p t 0 minus t. The assumption here is that all the feed stream is coming at t 0. See in the previous formulation that assumption was not there, but now we have said all the streams are coming at t 0. So, this formulation is not useful when you have many streams coming in different temperatures, but this formulation is very useful. So, what is important for you is to recognize that we must use the appropriate formulation for our application. So, we have this statement for a single reaction saying that r 1 v this is heat generation if it is exothermic reaction or heat absorption if it is endothermic reaction heat added work output. Typically, this may not be important in many cases because we are not trying to you know most cases, but it may be important in some and appropriately you will have to delete terms that are relevant to your application. Now, if we go from a single reaction to a multiple reaction. So, what do we do? We had only one reaction here correct. Now, we have many reactions and other words how do you go from a single reaction to multiple reaction. So, what we have done for that case is that the left hand side we are there was one term on the left hand side of the sigma n i d h i by d t h i d n i by d t which we did some manipulation we can do the same here. How do we do the same here? We recognize that we have n we have p reactions alpha 1 1 a 1 to alpha 1 and similarly alpha p 1 a 1 to alpha p 2. There are p such reactions which are taking place in our stirred vessels. So, what we want to do is that we want to generate what is this term h i d n i by d t for the case of multiple reactions. So, how do you do that?  Notice that all the rate processes appear in the generation term multiplied by v equal to 0. So, this is the statement of energy by material balance and we want this term h i d n i by d t which means what we have to multiply this by h i and some over all species. So, let me say it once again what we are saying here is that when we have a multiple reaction this term h i d n i by d t we want to replace from energy of material balance and we do that by writing the stoichiometry writing the energy material balance for species i which is what f i naught minus f i plus the generation from all the p species r 1 alpha 1 i r 2 alpha 2 i r p alpha p i. So, now we can multiply by h i and some over all species. Once you do that we generate this term that is what. So, when you do that and it sort of simplifies nicely. So, we need not go through this, but when you do that the whole thing simplifies like this that this equation this that means this which means this term for a multiple reaction when a substitute it looks like this. What we have done is that the second term h i d n i by d t which is substituted from material balance and then the whole equation looks something like this. So, only change that has taken place is that wherever this reaction term occurs in the reaction term previously there was one reaction now there are p reactions. So, this term now becomes j equal to 1 to p r j delta h j star v. So, this term the heat generation heat absorption previously it was because of only one reaction here only one reaction correct and now we have p reactions.  So, it becomes r j multiplied by the heat of enthalpy formation enthalpy change for formation of the j th reaction j going from 1 to p. So, the energy balance for a single reaction a multiple reaction it does not really matter because the form is identical the form is identical. So, now we can replace everything in terms of temperature when you do that if all the feed stream if all the feed stream is at t naught this is how the equation looks like. Why is the summation over i equal to 1 to n this is now this term alpha 1 i h i we have replaced it as delta h i star h 1 star. So, this is our single reaction this term this is important thing is that this term is actually delta h 1 star for single reaction. Now, when there are many reactions then it will become for j th reaction it will become delta h j star r j is the the intensive rate of formation of intensive rate of that reaction j. So, r j j going from 1 to p there are p processes rate processes is that clear. So, all the feed is coming at same temperature this is the assumption, but in this form it is not so bad because that effect is there. So, here in this form you can deal with different components coming at different temperatures, but from this point this point all the components are coming at same temperature. So, which whether use this or use this depends upon what is the application you are looking at that you should take care whether it is single reaction multiple reaction when there is one reaction then you j going from 1 to 1. So, this this form equation 4 is a very general statement of energy balance for a stirred vessel where v c p which is volumetric specific heat rate of change of temperature of the system equal to v naught c p t naught minus of t is a flow term is the reaction term heat addition and work. So, this is how it looks if you if I ask you for example, suppose we have an instance of a multiple reaction taking place in a let us say a stirred vessel where the temperature is maintained constant. It is still it is still as in the sense what I am saying is that there is an instance let us say you have an equipment which is into which fields are coming, but nothing is going out what are we saying v naught is finite, but there is nothing going out. Now, this the way this equation is return the v naught is finite, but nothing is going out. So, people tend to think that you know this second term should not be there, but second term is coming because of h i what is h i it is a enthalpy of the stream in the equipment you understand. So, we have typically we think the second term should be should be removed, but no this is the important point and I have seen many instances where people knock out the second term this is this is within the h i is what h i is the enthalpy of stream in the equipment. So, see it is multiplied by v naught v naught is input not output is that clear. So, you should be very careful you know in a in a given exercise the equations how they play out in your application you have to be very careful. Otherwise you might knock out terms which are actually not appropriate to be knocked out and I thought we did some exercises where I pointed this out to you also in one exercise some of you said that no no no we should knock it out. And then we look back in the equation I realize that no we cannot knock it out that is in semi batch you will find this kind of problems. Now, let us look at the same problem for the case of a plug flow vessel we looked at stirred vessel we look at plug flow vessels. What is a plug flow vessel? A plug flow vessel is one in which there is no mechanical stirring. So, we have here a vessel through into which fluids are coming in fluid is coming in fluid is going out and our material balance is for this differential element. So, what is the statement of energy as input of energy minus the output of energy plus q which is the heat input per unit volume. Therefore, I have multiplied small q by delta v and then W s times this is the heat work output per unit volume. So, input output generation there is no generation this is heat input work out equal to 0 for steady state we are writing the material balance for steady state we have not had time to look at the steady state here. So, in the limit as delta v tends to 0 the general material energy balance for a plug flow vessel looks like this.   So, that we can see what happens to temperature of the equipment for that what we have done we know that we can expand this is f i d h i d v and h i d f i d v and our material balance equation tells us what is d f i d v.    So, what I have done is.  So, our equation 1 I have written it by expanding the term f i d h i d v.    So, so this if you take into the other side it becomes this f i d h i d v putting in terms of our volumetric specific heat becomes volumetric flow times volumetric specific heat that sigma c i c p i d t d v this term is simply summation over j equal to 1 to p there are p rate processes here plus I have taken it to the other side. Therefore, I have put a negative sign this is taken to the other side this is negative sign plus q minus w s. So, for a plug flow s l where there is no stirring we find that v c p d t d v which is the accumulation per unit volume this is v c p d t d v this is rate of change of temperature of the equipment and this is the rate of heat generation if it is an exothermic reaction this is heat input this work output. The only thing the difference between a stirred vessel and a plug flow vessel here q is heat input per unit volume it is per unit volume that is the difference it is not heat input per unit time. In the previous case it was heat input per unit time. So, that is the difference that we should take care all right. Now, let us see what simplifications we can do this term q heat input per unit volume assuming that our equipment is a pipe or a tube. So, tube surface area see the volume of a I have just calculated here our heat transfer is h heat transfer coefficient surface area multiplied by the driving force. Therefore, if you have a unit volume here suppose this is how the heat is coming in heat is coming in like this coming like like this this heat per unit volume I have written in where a h is heat transfer surface per unit volume. What is a h it is heat transfer surface per unit volume for a pipe what is it equal to surface area divided by volume of the pipe which is 4 by d or in other words this a h for a pipe is 4 by d. Therefore, small q for a pipe is actually 4 h by d t c minus of c understand. Therefore, a energy balance for a pipe looks v c p d t d v summation over all p rate processes plus 4 h by d times minus w s this may turn out to be typically 0 it may not be I am says it may turn out to be may not be. But, what are we saying now see we are saying that in a plug flow vessel the rate of change of temperature with volume is heat if it is a heat generation and this is per unit volume per unit time you can see this per unit volume per unit time plus what is the heat that is removed by see what is this t c t c minus of t this is the heat that is added to the system typically we will find this term is negative because you will remove heat. Therefore, t c minus t will be negative so you will find this will be positive. So, this is a positive term typically for an exothermic reaction this is turns out to be a negative term therefore, this positive and this negative when they balance each other then it had to be the hot spot or the point of maxima in the profile temperature profile. The point of maxima in the temperature profile occurs at a point where the heat removal becomes equal to the heat generation then this becomes 0. So, this is negative this is positive therefore, this becomes 0 the point at which where it becomes 0 is the point of maxima. Now, the interesting thing that is of relevance to us is generally we like to see that the temperature at which the maxima occurs is within the allowable limits of the material of construction in more importantly allowable limits of the catalyst that you may be using. Most of the cases it is that catalyst which is crucial to ensuring that this temperature never goes beyond what is permissible. So, what you would do is that you would like to see that this when it goes to 0 what is the temperature at which this equality take place and what is the temperature for a given choice of pipe size for a given choice of size of the pipe you will see what is this temperature whether that temperature is good enough for the catalyst to be acceptable. Now, what you will do is that frequently when this when this pipe is large you will find that this temperature becomes unacceptable. So, you will find that the choice of pipe size or the size that you will choose will be determined by the hotspot temperature your system will permit. So, this calculation you will do to find out what is the best temperature best choice of pipe size that you can use when you use a small pipe because it occurs in the denominator the heat transfer is very large. So, it is able to dissipate heat very fast when you use a small pipe when you use a large pipe it is not able to dissipate heat very fast and therefore, the hotspot temperature goes up you understand. So, in this when you solve this equation these are the points that is a greatly important to us what is the choice of D. So, that this temperature is what you would like to see or in other words when you do your numerical calculation what you will do you will choose different pipe sizes and you will generate this hotspot profile and see what is the profile that is acceptable to you and you will choose that profile which is acceptable to you or that pipe size which is acceptable to you this is clear. So, this is the most important point as far as the design of tubular reactor is a concern you will find in many cases we would like to operate it adiabatically. That means this q is this is 0 there are many instances particularly if you go to ammonia plant or sulphur dioxide plant it is an adiabatic operation. Why is adiabatic operation? That means we set this equal to 0 that means you allow this temperature to rise you allow this temperature to rise, but you do not allow it to rise beyond a point. On other words you have very short bed the bed is very short allow the temperature to rise and you cool you understand. So, that is the idea of you allow the temperature to rise you cool allow the temperature to rise you cool allow the temperature to rise you cool. So, that you are able to reach the extent to which you want to reach. So, all those strategies are built into this equation now, because you will write this equation for every reactor. There are 7 reactors, we will write it for every reactor. So, all those are integrated into this statement of energy balance. Now, there are people who talk about what is called as radial flow reactors. What is radial flow? You can have flow outwards or inwards. So, now you will find the way this is formulated, the way this is formulated, you can take into account radial flow quite comfortably, but here you should change this, because this is for a pipe, this we have written for a pipe. So, for a radial flow reactor you will change this, this A H you will change for a radial flow. So, what I am trying to point across is that, see whatever simplification that we make, it is under the assumption that we are using a pipe, but moment it is not a pipe, then the left hand side is formulated properly, but the right hand side is not satisfactory. So, you should formulate this 4 H by D, which is for a pipe for a radial flow reactor, then it becomes appropriate for a radial flow reactor. So, what in other words, what you are trying to point out here is that, the equations are written in a fairly general form, so that you can use it for the design that is appropriate to your application. What is important is to replace those terms, which are not appropriate, so that it applies to your situation appropriately, that clear what we are saying. So, whether it is a stirred vessel, we had in a stirred vessel, we had generation of energy term, we had heat transfer term, we had work term and there we did not have this kind of problems, but here in tubular reactor, because there is no mixing, we have these new features, for which you have to appropriate choice of pipe sizes are required. And much of tubular reactor design that you will see in the process industry, a great deal of effort is spent in trying to make a good choice of the size of the pipe, it is important.


Philipp, thank you very much for AC being such an active member of Green Digital Action Coalition. Why is it important for you? Well, it's absolutely fundamental if we want to crack the climate change challenges we have that we combine our digital technologies that are emerging, that are evolving and which we are facilitating and enabling with our standards to really reach our sustainability strategic objectives. And IEC's strategic objectives are to enable a digital and all electric society and to foster a sustainable world. So it perfectly combines two of our three core strategic themes. Thank you very much for a great partnership. Thank you.


It was a memetic, after all. This all began with Dr. Vang being booted out of the Foundation. I started working with Dr. Vang five years after I got my bachelor's and getting recruited because of my cum laude and all that. He was a charming guy, humorous, but never losing his cool, and worked really hard. It stayed this way until, what, ten, twenty years ago? He claimed he was under the effect of a stone in his desk, a stone that caused people to lose interest in work. To lose willpower for innovation. A procrastination rock. Maggie and I thought it was a joke. It wasn't the first time Dr. Vang created a fictional SCP to scare us. We didn't conduct any research on it. After all, how can you research a non-existent joke? The joke was forgotten, just like the stone itself, after a few days. I would not remember the stone again until many years later. Dr. Vang started to make mistakes he never made. A misplaced book here, an overturned beaker there. It was all explained away with a wave of a hand. He was an old man after all. Then came the rushed reports, the missed meetings, the general lack of work done. His powers were taken, positions degraded, yet no one bothered to seek out a reason. I tried not to let him get fired. After all, he was my mentor and a respected researcher as I'd first known him. But even with my hard work, I could not convince the O5 to let him stay. He didn't even bother to pack his office. He just left it alone with a note on the door saying, for the next guy. His stuff got passed around the foundation. I lost track of where most of it went, but I know the O5 would be looking over all the things he left, just like they did with Dr. Gans when he died. I visited Dr. Vang from time to time, and I remained working for the foundation. But my heart just wasn't in it after Dr. Vang left. A new researcher, while digging through Dr. Vang's stuff, found the long-forgotten stone. It is technically an SCP, albeit not designated any object, class, or number. The incompetent researcher didn't find any anomalous properties and just disposed of it. The foundation moved on to more important stuff. After all, who cares about a dingy stone with a four-line report? The rock was tossed aside, along with other regular foundation garbage. Soon, small problems started to pop up. A delivery that was supposed to arrive in a week took half a month due to decreased flights. An episode of a show was delayed months because of a lack of personnel. A highway that was planned to be built in six months dragged into several years. But no one noticed. It was all within normal. After all, what human didn't make mistakes. We are fallible after all. They aren't huge problems anyways. A few years before my retirement, I learned that the foundation recovered the original stone, along with several hundred identical stones from a secretive extremist group. The group laid hands on it after the botched disposal. They found the cause of the stone's properties and mass produced the stone. It was then sold to several other activist groups, who started secretly planting these stones into UN assemblies, G20 meetings, every conference for major organizations from APEC to NATO. Stealth planes flew over municipals, sprinkling cities with a thin layer of ground at Procrastinati in the dead of night. An attempt to weaken the major world players and bring down their enemies. The world still went on day by day, and humanity held itself together. World leaders continued to maintain a strained peace with the extremists, and the ones who believed that it can bring them victory were disappointed once again. There were no immediate effects, and the extremists soon turned to other means of bringing down their enemies. The shadow of the stone lingered, seeping into the lives of every man. An effect that no one foresaw. People all around complained about the general slag, but were just too apathetic to stand up for it. There's always someone else to blame, some other time to do it. Bills took years to pass. Buildings took decades to build, and yet, no one seemed to care enough to fix it. Soon, activist groups fell apart due to lack of interest. Labour unions dissolved because no one had the will to fight for rights. Members of parliament bodies were still elected, but there were no bills to pass, no issue to debate, no conflict to resolve. Wars ended because the soldiers on both sides had lost the passion and patriotism that brought them there. The O5 council tried to prevent the spread of this phenomenon, to start the recovery, to let humanity stand back up on its feet. But no matter how hard they tried, our agents and researchers simply dragged the missions on for years. We didn't die out. We just simply lost our will to improve. Everyone just didn't care, I guess. Life was good. Why change? There's always later.