Okay. Good morning. Welcome everybody to the course BC 308. We're going to take a moment to pray together and then we're going to get started. Could somebody please lead us in prayer? Okay Avni, you want to lead us in prayer, please? Yes, Pastor. Good morning. Thank you. Father God, we are so very thankful to you for a new morning, for your tender mercies, for your grace, for your abundant wisdom, Father, that you rend your children, Father, for which we are here, Father, and as we are in your presence, Lord, lead us by your power with your wisdom and help us to understand a lot, Father, the word in a way that enriches us, builds us up for your glory on it and grace to be manifested on this earth as to be assault and right on this earth, Father. And whatever we are learning, Father, may it build us up in your most holy faith, Father. Lead us through pastor anointing, Father, bless him with good health and long life, and for all the students and all those who will be hearing the lectures that they will be utterly blessed by the word that has been released on us, Father, today. In Jesus' name, we give you glory, honour and praise and ask this prayer in Jesus' name. Amen. Amen. Thank you, Ravan. So, we are going through the book of Revelation. We just started still in chapter one, and we are going through Revelation. Our call is to go through it, worst by worst, and I see what the Lord has given to us already concerning the end times and things yet to come. So, we were actually in verses four and five of Revelation chapter one. That's where we stopped last week. The Lord Jesus is speaking to John through his angel, messenger, and he's giving a message right at that point. He's saying, John, speak to the seven churches which are in Asia. So, what we said was that the seven churches were actually there at that time, and we should take them as the Lord's message to each one of those churches. He was observing them and he's giving them a message. However, when we read those messages, we can learn a lot for ourselves because if the Lord Jesus was evaluating or he was assessing or observing those churches, what was going on there, and he had something to tell them, then we can definitely learn from that, just like all the other scriptures where, for example, the Apostle Paul may be writing to the Corinthian church or he may be writing to the church in Galatia, but through all of that, while it is for them, it is also for us. So, it is very useful and we are going to do that as we go through chapters two and three. The only thing that we should not do is to say that each one of these seven churches represent seven dispensations or time periods, and then we say, okay, so we are right now in the seventh church period. That is not the correct way to interpret chapters two and three because these churches were there at that time. They were actual churches. Jesus was not referring to time periods. He was speaking to each one of those churches. So, sometimes you may hear some messages like that, and you just have to keep in mind that it is a misapplication of Revelation chapters one, two and three. It is not right. That is not what the Lord intended. So, we mentioned that. And then in verses four and five, we saw there are three times the word from is used. The first time in verse four, from him who is and was and who is to come, God the Father, and from the seven spirits who are before his throne, God the Holy Spirit, verse five, and from Jesus Christ, the faithful witness. So, that third from is God the eternal Word. So, in these two verses, we see the Godhead revealed to us. That means this is the Godhead speaking. Now, think about this. The beginning, the first few verses, it's saying Jesus is speaking, the revelation of Jesus Christ, which he gave to John. But verse four and five is telling us it is the Godhead who is speaking. So, what does that tell us? That when one person of the Godhead speaks, it is as good as the Godhead speaking. They are perfect unity.  Perfect unity. So, if the Holy Spirit is saying it's the same as the Father and the Lord Jesus saying, the Holy Spirit is the Spirit of Christ or the Spirit of the Father. If the Father is speaking, it's the same as God the Son, God the eternal Word and God the Spirit speaking. They are in perfect unity. The other thing, so we will start from, so all of that we said till last week, we are moving forward from there. Now, verse five, and from Jesus Christ, the faithful witness. Look at the titles that Jesus is using for himself. Faithful witness, first born from the dead. The ruler over the kings of the earth. To him who loved us and washed us from our sins in his own blood and has made us kings and priests, to his God and Father, to him be glory, dominion forever and ever. Look at these three titles. The faithful witness, the first born from the dead. The ruler over the kings of the earth. The faithful witness. So, the Lord Jesus is referring to, so it's very interesting. At this time of the revelation, the Lord Jesus is in his glorified state. He has ascended to the Father, seated the Father's right hand. He is in his eternal glory. And yet, the things that were attributed to him during his earthly ministry are continued to be referenced to him. That means this eternal Son of God is now called the Lamb of God. He is the Lamb of God, or, you know, other titles, the Son of Man, or so on. Those titles are there. And one of these titles is the faithful witness. When was he a faithful witness? While he walked on the earth, he bore witness to the Father and to that the Father has sent him. And so, that same title is applied to the eternal Son. Now, he is in his glory, the faithful witness. The first born from the dead. The first born from the dead. What does that mean? Were there people who were raised from the dead before Jesus? The answer is yes. In the Old Testament, there were people who were raised from the dead. In the New Testament, Jesus himself raised people from the dead. But all of them died again. They died later. So they are still yet to be resurrected. But Jesus Christ was the first one who was resurrected from the dead. He was raised from the dead, never to die again. So in that sense, he is the first born, or first begotten, first born from the dead. Now, there was a teaching that came out. Again, this was part of the charismatic movement and so on. It came out, you know, I think maybe in the 70s, you may hear it here and there. And the teaching was using, you know, the scripture and related scriptures, that using the term first born, the teaching was Jesus. And it is wrong, right? I'm just telling you it's wrong. So in case you hear it, you know that you don't need to subscribe to it. But it was part of the charismatic movement. The teaching was Jesus was the first born again man. And because they took this term first born from the dead and extrapolated it, saying, oh, he was the first born again man. So the inference that was made from that was, therefore, every born again person is equal to Christ. Now, that can't be true because Christ, after he was born, raised from the dead, he went to the father and he received the eternal glory, which he had laid aside before he became man. That means the Christ is eternally God. He is in his eternal glory. He cannot equate the born again believer to the glorified Christ. Cannot do that. The glorified Christ is God. The born again believer is not God. So just because it says he's the first born from the dead and we are all going to be resurrected doesn't equate us. There's a big difference between the born again believer and the glorified Christ. So we don't subscribe to that. Jesus is the first born again person and, therefore, all those are born again are equal to Christ. We don't subscribe to that. Do we understand it? That's just a side note. It's not the main message, but I just wanted to keep you informed. That kind of teaching came out. It's died out now.  Christ today is in his eternal glory. He's omniscient. He's omnipresent. He's omnipotent. So we can't use this phrase, he's the first born. It is true, he was the first person to be eternally resurrected and we are going to be resurrected, but we can't mix the two. Charles, you have a question? Yes. Thank you, Pastor. I am inquiring about being first born again and the rose again. Those things are now, I don't know. Would you shed more light? First born again and the rose again. So thank you. Maybe you will see how hundred eat, but it is trying to make me not understand. Thank you. So first born from the dead simply means he was the first person to be eternally resurrected from the dead, never to die again. But there was a teaching that came out some decades back where they used this phrase first born from the dead incorrectly. It was the wrong way to use it. They used that phrase first born from the dead saying, oh, he was the first born again man. That's the wrong way to use it. I'm just saying that's what the teaching was in those days. First born again man, because of the phrase first born from the dead. So their thought was he became sin like us. He died and he was raised to a new life. Like how we Roman sixes, we died. We were raised to a new life. So they kind of make that parallel. We just not intended by this phrase first born from the dead. That's a wrong thing to say. But that was the teaching in those days. And then they said, okay, if Christ is the first born again person, then all of us who are born again are equal to Christ, which is wrong. God has graced us and in one sense, yes, we are sons and daughters of God. We are coheirs with Christ. That is true. Keep in mind that Christ is eternally God and we are not. We are not born again. People are not God. That's what I was trying to explain. Is that clear, Charles? I think we keep coming slowly. Thank you. Okay. If you if you if it's not clear, don't worry about it. It was just a side note. You know, in case you come across that teaching these days, it's not to don't hear it too often, but in case you know that. Okay. It's it's not right. Say your question, please. I'm sorry for pressing on this issue again. I was just wondering another light. Could it be another light to see first born from the dead is pertaining the fact that many of the saints of old Abraham, David, and the likes of them could no way enter into heaven until Jesus Christ made that accession with them over to heaven after his resurrection. I don't know if that's another way also to see it as first born from the dead. Well, what you said is true. That is the Old Testament saints could not go to heaven until Jesus Christ. The Lord Jesus Christ rose up from the dead and he ascended and he took them up with him. That is true. But the Old Testament saints we they according to Hebrews 11. They would not receive their full consummation of their resurrection with apart from the New Testament saints. So based on Hebrews 11, we could say, look, they are yet to receive the glorified bodies. So in that sense, their spirits have been taken with Jesus to heaven, just in the same way that today when a believer dies, the believer spirit goes to be with Jesus in heaven. But we are all waiting according to Romans 8 for the manifestation of the sons of God for the fullness so that we can then receive our resurrected bodies. So it's it's a future thing. And there will come a time. First, there's learnings after 4, 1 Corinthians 15. When we will receive our resurrected bodies, whereas Christ is already in his glorified body. So that's the difference. But what you said is true. He took they couldn't go to heaven until Christ rose from the dead. So that is true. Is that implied here? Could be. But I'm thinking more of the emphasis on being him being resurrected from the dead in the sense of receiving an eternally glorified body. And he will never, never taste death again in that sense. Thank you, Pastor. Agreed. I agree. Abraham's question. In the light of this, who is the new creation born again in simple terms? So the word born again, John chapter 3 is simply to receive life from above. And it has to do with us human beings, not Jesus Christ. So in simple terms, we human beings were dead in our spirit in sin. Ephesians chapter 2 was 1 and 2. Ephesians chapter 4 was 17. We were alienated from the life of God. So we were dead in our spirit. That doesn't mean our spirit didn't exist. Our spirit existed, but it did not have the life of God. So we were dead in our spirit. And when we received Christ, we received life from above. We received the Zoe life of God. So we were born from above, born again. Or as John says, first John 5 verse 1, we were born of God. That's being born again, simple terms. Okay. All right. Fine. So I didn't want to spend too much time on this. There's a side note. This is verse 7, verse 6. So this is who Jesus is, the faithful witness, the first born from the dead. And he is ruler all the kings of the earth. So think about this. He's emphasizing that our leaders on the earth, but Jesus is Lord over all of them. Verse 5. And what has he done for us? He's loved us. He's washed us in his blood and he's made us kings and priests to God. Threefold aspect of who he is, threefold aspect of who we are or what he's done for us. Who he is, faithful witness, first born from the dead, ruler of the kings of the earth. What has he done for us? He has loved us. He's washed us in his own blood. He's made us kings and priests to God. Right. So he's saying, look, he's writing to his people and he's saying, people, I want you to know I love you. I have washed you in my blood and I've made you kings and priests. So the Lord Jesus is recognizing his people. Now think about this. In chapters two and three, he's going to be correcting his people, these seven churches. But as he opens his address to these seven churches, he's saying, I loved you or I love you. I have washed you. I've made you kings and priests. That's who you are. But he still has some message of correction to six of the seven churches. So understand that dynamic where he loves us. We are washed in his blood. We are kings and priests. And yet he wants to perfect us. He's working in us as a church to perfect us. And therefore he would speak to us the way he spoke and he would point out things that are not pleasing in his eyes, as he did in six of the seven churches. Think about the terms kings and priests. I'm just moving a little fast. And now I realize in the middle of early March, we need to finish by end of April. So, oh yeah, Simran, your video is on. You can turn it off if you want. Think about the term kings and priests. Kings and priests. As kings, we represent God on earth. As priests, we represent the earth before heaven. We take the matters of the earth before God in heaven. That's the priest. He's representing people before the father, representing earth before heaven. We are representing heaven on earth. We are representing the king who's ruler over all kings. We are representing him here on earth to bring his kingdom here. So we have this dual role as kings and priests. And that is given to us by the Lord Jesus Christ himself. He made us kings and priests to his God and father to whom we glory and dominion. Verse 7. So, now he's saying, look, he's coming. Every eye will see him, even they who pierced him. And all the tribes of the earth will mourn because of him. Even so, amen. Verse 7. Parallels. Zechariah chapter 12 verse 10 where it says that when Christ returns, and this is at the end of the battle of Armageddon, when he comes, those who pierced him will see him and they will mourn. So Zechariah, the prophet Zechariah, Zechariah 1210, wrote about the coming of the Lord at the end of the battle of Armageddon. He will come. He will pour God, he will pour out his spirit of grace and supplication. All the people, Christ will come. And those who pierced him will see him, meaning the people, the Jewish people. They're going to see him. That's repeated here. Every eye will see him, even those who pierced him. So Revelation 1.7 is talking about Revelation 19. And at the end of the battle of Armageddon, Christ will come. And all the armies of heaven with him and every eye will see him. Now, how this is going to happen, we don't know. You say, what do you mean? Well, you can imagine, you know, the Bible says that Jesus is going to come and he's going to descend on the Mount of Olives, a localized spot on this earth, coming on, descending. There are people all over the globe. How are they going to see him? Every eye will see him. How are they going to see him? We don't know. It could be a supernatural act of God at that moment, causing people to see him descend on the Mount of Olives in some way in order to fulfill the scripture. But it says, every eye will see him. And those who pierced him. All the tribes of the earth, they will mourn. That means they'll be in such shock. And it's going to be, you know, they're going to be grieved that they did not receive the message of Jesus Christ. They'll mourn at that moment. So Revelation 17 is pointing to Revelation 19, which we will see. That's what happened at the end of the battle of Armageddon. Now, once again, Jesus introduces himself. You know, it's interesting to see all the titles Christ uses for himself. He says, is the Alpha and Omega. That means the beginning and the end. He's at the start and at the end at the same time. That's interesting. What does that mean? It means he's standing outside time. And that's why he can be at the beginning and at the end. So always keep in mind, God is living in a realm that's outside time. And in his realm, he's at the beginning and at the end at the same time. Time for us is linear. Okay. That means tomorrow is yet to come. And day after tomorrow is yet to come. And the future is way out there. But for God, he's outside time. He's Alpha and Omega. He's the beginning and the end. So he's at the start of time and he's at the end of time at the same time. He's Alpha and Omega at the beginning and the end. Who is who was and who is to come, the Almighty. He's the eternally self-existent One. He always is. He always was. And he always will be the same One. He doesn't change. He doesn't have to grow. He doesn't have to mature. He doesn't have to grow old. He's not increasing. Neither is he decreasing. In other words, he's eternally the same. The constant One. He was, he is, he is to come. The same One. So he's introducing himself in this manner. Verse 9. So let's read. I think we read till verse 8. So let's pick up from verse 9. Let's read through verse 20. So Revelation chapter 1 verse 9 to 20. Are you all with me so far? Yes, sir. All right. Revelation 1. 9 to 23 verses each. Please read. Anyone? Sir. Revelation 1. 9. Hi, John. Your brother and partner in the tribulation and the kingdom and the patient endurance that are in Jesus was at the island called Patras on account of the word of God and the testimony of Jesus. I was in the spirit on the Lord's day and I heard behind me a loud voice like a trumpet saying, write what you see in a book and send it to the seven churches, to Ephesians and to Spirna and the Pergamum and to Thyatira and to Sartis and to Philadelphia and to Lavadosia. Thank you. Someone else?  His feet were like fine brass as it refined in the furnace and his voice as a sound of many waters. He had in his right hand seven stars out of his mouth and his countenance was like the sun shining in its strength and when I saw him I felt his feet as dead but he laid his right hand on me saying to me, do not be afraid I'm the first and the last. I am he who lives and was dead and behold I am alive forevermore. Amen. And I have the keys and I have the keys of hate and of death write the things which you have seen and the things which are and the things which will take place after this. The mystery of the seven stars which you saw in my right hand and the seven golden lampstand the seven stars are the angels of the seven churches and the seven lampstands which you saw are the seven churches. Thank you. Let's go from verse nine. Thank you. So John, he says he's writing to the churches and obviously these churches know who John is and it's interesting he says I John, I'm your brother and your companion in the tribulation meaning at that time they were going through a lot of persecution and it was because of that John had been banished to the island of Patmos. So he's saying look I am also going through all of your sufferings all the struggles that you're going through and part of the kingdom and I'm enduring for the sake of Jesus Christ. It is interesting that John refers to himself as your brother. He could have very well said I'm John the apostle of the Lord Jesus Christ. He could have said that which would be absolutely true. Nothing wrong with it. Paul did introduce himself as an apostle in his writings. He did introduce himself. So not saying anything wrong but John was in one sense he was one of the 12 apostles with Paul was not. So in that sense and he these 12 apostles are very special place in the New Jerusalem. You'll see that in Revelation 21. So John could have elevated his own status who as who he was in God's kingdom I John and beloved apostle. He could have used the title beloved apostle but no it's very interesting. He chooses to use a very simple word I'm your brother. And I'm also your companion meaning a fellow pilgrim and I'm with you. I'm joining with you. So something to keep in mind if we would like to is as leaders yes we know God has called us. We know God has anointed us. We know God has given us that place of responsibility and spiritual authority. We are aware of it. I'm not denying it but we also need to make ourselves on level ground with the people we serve. He said I'm your brother I'm your companion and I'm with you going through what you're going through meaning look we're making this journey together. I'm not some super special person. I'm your brother. We're going together in this. So this beloved apostle of Jesus is just making himself on par same level one with all these believers in these seven churches that he is writing to. Something to keep in mind for us ourselves as leaders that we just come down and walk at level ground with the people we serve or we minister to or are speaking to. Verse 10 he says I was in the spirit on the Lord's day. The Lord's day meaning Sunday. So people will ask why is Sunday called the Lord's day? Why is it special? Because that's how the early church saw it. So we continue to reference Sunday as the Lord's day, the first day of the week. So there was a transition from keeping the Sabbath to worshiping on the first day. So the Jewish tradition was keep the Sabbath. They went to the synagogue on the Sabbath, which was the seventh day, the last day of the week. The New Testament church moved to keeping or gathering for worship on the first day of the week. And Paul writes that and we can see it in his writings to the Corinthians. They moved to the first day of the week. Mainly that was the resurrection day and so here John is referencing that on the Lord's day. So it's okay for us to call Sunday as the Lord's day recognizing he was resurrected on the first day of the week. And that's the day of the week that the early church moved to meet and gather together and worship together. So the Lord's day, the first day of the week, the day of the Lord's resurrection. So he says on the Lord's day he was caught up in the spirit. That means his physical body was on the island of Patmos. But God took his spirit into heaven into the spiritual realm. So this is something you and I I'm not saying all of us are going to experience this but we need to understand this and we need to be aware of what the dynamics are in the spiritual realm. So John was taken into the spiritual realm. I was in the spirit on the Lord's day. And now he's hearing and seeing things in the spirit. So he says verse 10 I heard behind me a loud voice as about trumpet. So there is sound in the realm of the spirit. I heard a voice like a trumpet. There is direction in the realm of the spirit because he says I heard behind me. That means there's a sense of direction in front of me there is behind me. So it's not like you're in the spirit realm and everything is hazy and direction less. There's a sense of direction in the spiritual realm because he says I heard behind me. So we can get some insight what the spiritual realm is like. We can put these pieces together and we will see more of this as we go through revelation. So you can hear sound in the spiritual realm. He said I heard behind me. And you can have a sense of direction in the spiritual realm. Now we need to keep in mind that the things John is seeing are things he is not familiar with at all. Meaning as a human being we are all familiar with things we see in our natural world. If I say car in the house I say dog or I say the sound of a dog barking the sound of a vehicle or an airplane those are things we are very familiar with in our natural realm. But now John has been taken into the spiritual realm. He doesn't live in the spiritual realm so he's going to be exposed to things he's unfamiliar with. So what's he going to do? He's going to use the language of the natural world to try to communicate to us the unfamiliar things he's hearing and seeing in the spiritual realm. So as far as possible he will try to correlate things. Example if he sees something like a star in the spiritual realm he'll say yeah seven stars. He sees something like candlesticks oh seven candlesticks and the stars candlesticks are images from our natural world which John knows. But then he will see things that he may not be familiar with. For example he sees Jesus on the throne and he sees his eyes so he has to think of something in our world to express what he's seeing.  That's the best he could use best language he could use to describe the eyes of the Lord. But remember he's using language from the natural world which he's familiar with to try and express what he is seeing in the spiritual world. So he says his his hair was white like wool meaning there is this whiteness all around him. So he says it's white like wool. His feet were like fine brass shiny brass that has been clean and polished like that. And as if it's refined in a furnace pure brass right. So he's using language from our world to somehow express the unfamiliar things he is seeing in the spiritual realm. He doesn't see that every day. In fact he's probably seeing it for the first time. You know he must be awestruck and so much so he says like I fell as one who was dead in verse 17. This is too much for me. I can't take it. He's hearing sounds seeing things and he's feeling in the spirit. He's so overwhelmed by what he feels. He says I fell down verse 17. I fell down like somebody was dead. This is too much. Can't take it. I just can't contain it. So all it just drops down to the ground like dead. I can't handle this. So the spiritual realm is so real it's so overwhelming and there is all these realities you can see you can hear you can feel there is sense of direction and there is things that are so unfamiliar to us. The Apostle Paul said I heard and saw things I cannot even express. I cannot write about. Second Corinthians 12 he says I was caught up into the third heaven and I heard and saw things I can't even express it. And John is doing his best here to express in our language the amazing things he is seeing in the spiritual realm. Now verse 11 the Lord is giving John instruction what do you see right in a book that means this entire everything that's written for us in the book of Revelation verse chapter 1 to 22 was something God showed John most likely we don't know whether it was one singular experience or whether it was two separate experiences or whether it was more than that the reason I say two separate experiences is because in chapter 4 verse 1 there is once again another where John writes he says I heard a voice that said come up here and I went and there was a door that was open to me so does that mean it was the same experience continuing where God shows him into into an open door and speaks to him or is it something that happened on another day it's not very clear but let's assume and I'm saying it's an assumption because we can't say it very definitively it seems like chapters 1 to 22 was a singular experience and in that there's a lot of things he is seeing hearing going on how much time did it take we don't know was it one hour was it five minutes was it 20 hours where all this is we don't know but what we do know is this after he had that spiritual experience when he came back into his physical body to sit down and write that is what the Lord told him what you see right in a book he was able to recall every detail and there are lots of details in the book of Revelation so which means this interconnectedness between the spiritual realm and the natural realm is so real that you can be in the spiritual realm experience things you come back and whatever you have experience in the spiritual realm is very it's retained and it's very what to say you can recollect all those details are still with you the spirit carries all this knowledge and is then able to through the soul and the body the mind of the emotions write that's a physical work when John sat down to write in a scroll that was a physical thing he was doing it in the natural realm but he had seen everything in the spirit so the spirit had the information the spirit had seen heard, felt got all the knowledge come back to this body and now is able to retain all that information and is through the body mind and body is writing Paul said in 1 Corinthians 2 what man knows the things of a man say the spirit of the man who is in him that means the spirit the human spirit is a carrier is a repository of spiritual information and from that the spirit is able to release it through the soul and the body into the natural world are you with me so far yes sir so that was John's experience and that's what we have recorded for us in Revelation chapters 1 to 22 let's pause here I know it's almost break time pause here we'll go for 10 minute break and we'll pick it up we'll spend a little bit more time here on this passage and then we'll move forward so let's come back in 10 minutes please


Everybody my name is John Kendall and I lead the container monitoring product at Datadog and for those who don't know what Datadog is, Datadog is an observability service for your cloud scale applications and every year we deliver the container report which I'm excited to share with you today where we examine over 1.5 billion containers from tens of thousands of customers and we share some trends that we're seeing in the container ecosystem that we all participate in. So today I'm going to do a bit of a different experience it'll be a little interactive a bit of a game where I'm going to give you a sample of some of the themes that we saw in the issues report and by a show of hands I'll be asking you where you think we landed on some of these trends. So to get started manage Kubernetes services this is where you're offloading the operations of your control plan to cloud providers like GKE from Google Cloud Google Kubernetes Engine or AKS from Azure and I'm curious from the crowd I'm going to ask you a question around this so if you had to guess would you say over half of organizations are using managed Kubernetes Kubernetes service or less than half? So by a show of hands over half of organizations are using managed Kubernetes services. Okay and how many of you think about less than half are using managed Kubernetes services? Wow we're kind of split down the middle as a matter of fact nearly 90% of managed of organizations are using managed Kubernetes services so thinking AKS GKE AKS and they are letting cloud providers do the control plan operations for them. Moving on looking at pod auto scaling so we examine both horizontal pod auto scaling and vertical pod auto scaling horizontal pod auto scaling meaning you're changing the number of pods identical pods that you're using in response to fluctuations in demand. Vertical pod auto scaling talking about how you can change the characteristics of your pods in terms of CPU and memory. And considering horizontal pod auto scaling another question would you say that over 10% of organizations are using horizontal pod auto scaling or less than 10? So by a show of hand over 10% are using 10% of organizations are using horizontal pod auto scaling. Okay not many and how many of you think less than 10 are using horizontal pod auto scaling? Yeah about 40% of organizations are using horizontal pod auto scaling and are really becoming more sophisticated and they're being comfortable having their metric services emit what they need to watch for to change the number of pods in response to demands in traffic.  We appear to be split down the middle.  Docker shim is being deprecated as many of you may know in 1.24 in Kubernetes 1.24 it will be removed and for context Docker shim is an underlying component within Kubernetes that enables users to be able to use the Docker container runtime with Kubernetes and it's being removed and users are being or migrating to other container runtime such as container D and this is something that I'm sure a lot of you are curious about is where this is going so by a show of hands around would you say over 10% at this point have migrated away from Docker container runtime or less than 10% so over 10% okay and less than 10% yeah it seemed like we're kind of split down the middle yeah we have some ways to go in this migration we found that at the moment about since January about 7% have migrated to container D in this context and to wrap things up with the last theme that we're looking at considering I'm sorry we're out of time we don't know wait you can do this one cool so the percentage growth of users using OpenShift how much by show of hands over 10% have migrated to the percentage growth of users using OpenShift and less than 10% growth the percentage growth of organizations using OpenShift and it turns out that roughly 28% growth in the past year has happened users organizations are finding tremendous value out of using the advance of security features and other features for managing their clusters but John let me ask you this this information is probably like really old right it's like is this like two years ago report or like exactly which report is this and when will it be released so this report was published today and this is talking about as of 2021 so to wrap things up I invite you to come join us at our major booth at the expo area we can talk about the report and you're welcome to receive a demo of DataDog thank you for listening


Hi, and welcome back to this video in the biological psychology video course in this video video 4.6 We're going to take a look at the reliability of memory now So let's start with a quick memory test. So here you have a list of 20 words 16 words actually so take a moment to to study those words. I will give you I will give you 30 seconds And time is up Okay Now before we're going to quiz you on the actual words that you've just studied Let's ask ourselves. What kind of working memory? What kind of memory are we testing here? Now? Is it sensory memory? If we think back about the Second video in this section then we know that sensory memory has maybe one last only one about one second, right? It's sort of the after effect of visual or sensory Information so it's clearly not the case here right because one second has already passed for For a while then working memory Well working memory is sort of the idea that you keep in few items from your sensory memory in your working memory And you actively rehearse them is that going on here? No, not really because in order to study this kind of list I did these kinds of lists with many many items on them You really need to transfer them into long-term memory and that's actually what makes it so difficult, right? That you need to rehearse them rehearse them until you they're not no longer in your working memory, but they have been transferred to your long-term memory Now so how successful were you in transferring those items to your long-term memory? So which of the following words were actually in the list hill? Causes sleep hard tired mountain so think for yourself Which of these items you remember right that were in the list Now let's take a look which actually were in the list Only hill and tired All the other items were not in the list If you do this experiment and I've done it a few times in class and it works Reliably reasonably reliably well a lot of people tend to misremember sleep and mountain as also being in the list Why well because the list had a list had a lot of words related to sleep and related to mountains in it Although the word actual word sleep and mountain were not in the list, right? So you sort of get a false alarm So more generally this is a false memory that happens when people would study a list with a lot of words that are related to sleep For example, but not the word sleep itself Then they very often tend to think that sleep was in the list to actually form an a false memory of the word sleep And now this shows how easily our memory can be fooled All right It is the fact that this is such a reliable way to trick people into Forming false memories just by having them study a list of words is a little bit disconcerting right it really makes you question The reliability of your own memory and you should question the reliability of your own memory because it is not nearly as reliable as you probably think Yes, so this was actually a classic study done by Henry Rudiger and Kathleen McDermott. So now so Let's take a look. So now we've given I wanted to start with kind of a fun example of a false memory But let's take a look at a few different ways in which memory can go wrong Let's start with amnesia. So amnesia is the term that you use to describe an impairment of your long-term memory Because of disease for example dementia, right if you have Alzheimer you start to memory starts to degrade Physical trauma if you have brain damage, right? For example, if you've had a car accident, you might have memory problems Psychological trauma, right? So for example, if you're depressed depression is also accompanied by memory memory trouble Yeah, so that all of those things those are called amnesia, right? So they're sort of unhealthy They're sort of a disease-like impairment of your memory due to whatever cause Now what kind of amnesia do we have say that you someone has suffered brain damage to a car accident, right? So physical trauma that really physically this did damage the brain then you it's very likely that you have memory issues Now say that that person cannot form new memories after the incident then you would call that forward amnesia or enter a great amnesia, right? So if that and that is actually for example, what happened in the very famous movie memento When when the the lead character in the movie was no longer able to form new memories So he had he had come he had in order to sort of survive He had to continuously keep give him may write notes for himself, etc in order to sort of keep track of what he was doing Very good movie actually memento Yeah, so this reflects an impairment of memory and coding right so because you you you have to you have of course you get new Perceptual information you have new things in your working memory all that can work fine But it is just not encoded consolidated into your long-term memory, and that's why you have forward amnesia Now what can also happen is that after that the that person is no longer able to remember what happened before the accident and then you would call that backward amnesia retrograde amnesia Right, and that would be an impairment of memory retrieval because at some level probably the all of the memories be from before the car Accidents are actually present at some level But due to the brain damage that person is just no longer to be able to retrieve them, right? And that's why you get backward amnesia so forward and backward amnesia are two common ways to sort of describe what Which parts of your life are essentially affected by amnesia? so Amnesia is not a healthy condition right if your amnesia something is wrong, but even if you are healthy even even you and I assuming that we both healthy is Does not mean that your memory is reliable right memories are often distorted in or lost in a lot of different ways So let's take a look at a few things in which health few ways in which healthy memory can be Distorted or lost the first is just that you can forget things So even when you have memorized something and you've stored it in long-term memory So for example a list of French words that you studied in high school, right? That was at some point in your long-term memory, but if you've never rehearsed it, it's probably gone by now Because memory is gradually fade away Unless they are refreshed of course if you if you live in France, you are not going to forget your French words, right? But if you've studied them in high school and now you're living in in Norway Then you will probably forget them So what you're seeing here is the famous forgetting curve by Herman Ebbinghaus a very classic Psychologist and what he did is basically memorize nonsense syllables himself He studied these studied in his own memory and then tested himself at various points later in time and then he found that say Immediately after testing right he was a hundred percent perfect because he had studied the syllables until he knew them by heart And then 20 minutes later he knew only 60 percent and then it gradually declined until like after one month He remembered only 10 percent of the of the words of the syllables that he had studied, right? So and this is kind of this gradual forgetting curve that affects all of us So you forget stuff of course Then there's also the misinformation effect Now this is a very famous experiment by Elizabeth Lothis and one of the main I would say main researchers on on problems in memory And in her experiment, she she showed a video of a car crash to participants the same video all participants saw the same video But then they were asked a different question afterwards So they asked either how fast where the cars going when they smashed each other So and then the verb smashing really suggested that we're going very quickly, right? We're very fast or how fast where they cars going when they collided each other, right? Not really that fast and then or how fast where the cars going when they contacted each other, which is pretty gentle, right? They kind of So the basically this the question was very means it was leading right it suggested The answer was essentially already in the question and then what participants said, okay? They said they asked participants to to rate the speed of the cars, right? And you see if they use the verb smashed implying a high speed then participants said that the cars were going about 40 41 Miles an hour Whereas if they use the word contacted in the question participants said they were going the only maybe 33 miles An hour, right? So basically the speed that was implied by the question was Absorbed by the participants and became part of their memory in a sense, right? Yeah, so participants estimated faster speeds when the question used a fast verb like smashed compared to a slow verb like contacted Now so this shows that leading questions can shape our memory and it's called the misinformation effect Now I don't really like to term the misinformation effect that much because it suggests that there's something wrong with it, right? I think another way to think about these kinds of effects is that generally speaking There is there actually is a valid information in the things that other people say to you, right? In this particular experiment the question has no valid information in it But in real life if someone phrases Says something to you using the word smashed then the fact that that person used the word smashed Suggests that there was something very smashy about the situation Whereas if that person used a different kind of work like contacted that suggests that it was a fairly mild situation, right? So you of course if you are a reasonable rational person you would use the information in the question to To sort of form your own memories, right? So I think it makes a lot of sense essentially to have leading questions shape your memory and in most situations That's a healthy perfectly normal thing to do It just means that our our memory is very Susceptible to being affected by things also when we don't want it to be the case, right? So it's it's often called a misinformation effect But keep in mind that it's misinformation effect is no me by no means in all In all ways a bad thing Now Then there is the tourney issue of uncovered memories. So Is it possible to? Forget something that happened and then later recover that memory And that is very tricky because this tends to happen in situations where you actually have no ground truth, right? For example, the most the most stereo most common scenario would be that someone remembers sexual abuse from childhood, right? So then we don't really know whether it is possible to really forget that kind of sexual abuse And if you can forget it whether it is able to recover whether you're able to recover it, right? And we because there is no ground truth. We cannot really verify What what was really going on that makes these kinds of situations very very difficult So is that an uncovered memory or is that a false memory? We know that false memories are possible So whenever someone remembers something that happened suddenly recovers a memory There's the possibility of it being a false memory that I think is pretty clear But that does of course not mean that it in all cases is a false memory It might also be a true memory and how can we ever find out? So we cannot be sure I Would like to say that a lot of researchers including Elizabeth Loftus are skeptical about the ideas that you can Uncover memories, right? So there's I think some dose of skepticism is warranted But especially when it because this can be a very sensitive topic I think that you should be also skeptical with a certain Appropriate modesty because you don't really know So let's take a look at a few cases of Recovered memories of sorts I would say so stir Bergwall was actually pointed out to me by a student last year He confessed to 30 murders during memory recovery therapy therapy now What is memory recovery therapy?  Well, that's my understanding of it Is that you sit down with the therapist and the therapist helps you to recover a memory now? That is a very dangerous situation because it you know The suggestion of that you need to recover a memory will make a lot of people recover a memory Whether it is there or not right so there's a high risk of false memories And that's why memory recovery theory theory has a very bad name rightly so I believe So he confessed to these 30 murders and later retracted his confessions, and he was actually cleared He did not actually kill all those people Now why what happened here? I don't really know of course only information that I have on the newspaper's articles newspaper articles on it But this seems to be a mix and I think this is quite typical a mix of different Different factors different psychological factors that sort of have relate or somehow related to memory So I think maybe partly he actually had false memories so that he he was a very disturbed man, right? So the suggestion of him having done all those murders. Maybe he believed it He also had a certain desire to please because if you are in you know, you're in you want to be liked Everyone wants to be liked I so if you're if you're if you're if a police officer is questioning you and really wants you to To confess to a certain murders Maybe you will just confess to make you know to be liked by that that police officer and that last thing was actually At least some what supported by this particular quote from him in which he said I think this is a this is quite a gripping a quote I was a very lonely person when it all started I was in a place with violent criminals because he was already in jail And I noticed that the worse or more violent or serious to crime the more interest someone got from the psychiatric Personnel, so he was essentially jealous of the people who have done horrible things because they got a lot of attention. I Also wanted to belong to that group to be an interesting person in here And that's when he started to confess those murders, right? So there's a lot of things that drove this person stir a burglar probably to confess to things that he did not commit having to do At least in part. I think with false memories, but we don't know really what happened another situation case I Quite recently occurred on Dutch television if you're Dutch, maybe you know it Is that the giet op de beek a very famous Flemish writer right in a Flemish writer also writes Dutch So I actually read a few of her books very good very good books She announced on on prime time television that she had rediscovered that she had been sexually abused as a child That this was she actually did not describe this as a recovered memory. She said that she did not really Remember it, but she had discovered it based on indirect cues that she did remember. That's the way she talks about it Now and with help from a therapist There was not really any direct evidence as far as I know to support her claim Which of course and I always think it's important to point it out That does not mean that there's any evidence to suggest that that she's not that her memories are false, right? There is just no evidence either way And I think this is a very This this this is a painful to me when I was watching it on television. This was a painful Fragment to watch because it is clearly something that is very emotional to her regardless of whether it is true or not She got a lot of criticism also on it in the media right people questioning her and etc And so how do you approach such a charged issue right? There are a lot of things involved here On the one hand, I think it is to some extent important to know the truth, but also her personal feelings are involved It's also I guess if you really Accept her confetti her discovery in question unquestioningly then you might encourage other people to form false memories, etc So there are a lot of different conflicting conflicting things going on here And I find this yeah Important to think about I don't personally know how you should deal best deal with these kinds of situations, but They do happen right and and they are importantly they happen because our memory is so Valuable so imperfect leading to these kinds of very difficult situations Now with that we've come to the end of this section on on memory in the biological psychology video course Thank you very much for watching


Hi, my name is Michelle Ziders, and I have been a member of the online geospatial education program faculty since 2007. I teach several introductory courses in our program. Before coming to Penn State, I worked in private industry for about 10 years as a GIS analyst, a project manager, and a researcher. I really do enjoy teaching in our program, and one of the reasons for that is our fantastic students. Our adult learners are really focused and committed to learning. I also enjoy learning and exploring unique places and new things. Every year my family and I plan a road trip during the summer to visit national parks. We're trying to visit all 59 before my sons graduate from high school. This past summer we drove from Las Vegas to Seattle, and we were lucky enough to visit nine different national parks. I'll see you in class.


The study found that the highest crude oil sorption was achieved with a needle punch non-woven fabric made of 30% nettle and 70% polypropylene with lower needling density and weight, while the lowest sorption was observed with a fabric made of 70% nettle and 30% polypropylene with higher needling density and weight. The study also investigated the influence of other factors such as stirring speed, salinity, temperature, and hydrophobicity oleophilicity on oil sorption behavior. The re-usability test showed that the nettle's PP, 30-70ths, non-woven fabric could be efficiently used for removal of oil spill, with a sorption capacity of 9.15G, G and 8.45G, UG after 8 cycles for crude and diesel engine oil, respectively. This article was authored by our Brinda, G Thila Gavathai, and SVGew.


Hi everyone and welcome to my presentation. In this video, I'm going to introduce you to the field of physically unclonable functions and present our paper, splitting the inter-post-puff, a novel modeling attack strategy. This is joint work with Chris, Niklas, Ha, Marian, Jean-Pierre, Martin and Ulrich. Whenever I use my key ring, I like to think that I'm the only person who can use it. Just because it's in my pocket. I like to think only a person in possession of my key can open the door to my home and only someone who has my hardware token can access my servers. In reality, though, what enables anyone to open my door or log into my server is not the physical possession of the key ring but is the knowledge of secret information. In the case of my front door, anyone who knows the secret shape of the key can manufacture a copy that unlocks the door. In the case of my servers, anyone with knowledge of the large secret integer stored inside the token can access the remote shell. And this is actually true for anything we do cryptographically. In theory, the only difference of Alice, Bob and Charlie is their knowledge of secrets. This means that all cryptographic protocols are vulnerable to attacks that retrieve this underlying secret information. But what if the possession of a physical object instead of a secret could become the foundation for authentication? Let's say only a person in possession of this very microchip may be authenticated. Physically unclonable functions or paths for short try to do just that. The physical properties of an object become the basis for authentication. However, if paths are practical enough for everyday life, it remains to be seen. And our work is a small contribution to this challenging question. But how do paths look like? In our paper, we study orbiter paths one out of many approaches for building physically unclonable functions in microchips. The orbiter path circuit consists of a number of stages each having two input lines on the left and two output lines on the right. Each stage can connect its inputs and outputs in a straightforward way like this or in an exchanging way like that. How it is connected is determined using the bottom configuration input. We take a number N of these stages in a row and connect the configuration to an external N-bit input which we will call the challenge. At the end of the row, we insert the orbiter element shown in gray, a circuit that determines if a signal was first seen at the top or at the bottom input. It determines the corresponding response. After a challenge has been applied to the circuit, a signal is sent from the left all the way to the orbiter element on the right which determines the path's response. We usually refer to a pair of challenge and corresponding response of a path as the challenge-response pair. Now, how does that connect cryptography to physical possession? As you can see from the symmetry of the schematics, in an ideal implementation, the signals would always arrive at the precise same time. However, in the real world, nanoscale imperfections of the material cause different arbiter paths instances to behave differently. While for a certain configuration, one instance may result in a signal arriving at the top first, this fact does not tell us anything about how the same configuration will behave when applied to a different chip as the delays are then caused by different imperfections. This means that ideally, not even the manufacturer could produce a microchip with the exact same behavior. This individual behavior can then be used in cryptographic protocols. For example, if we compare observed behavior with a list of prerecorded data. If it matches, we can authenticate the request. Of course, individual behavior alone won't make for a secure path. As one out of many security requirements on a path, it must resist any attempt to model its behavior even if the attacker has direct access to the path for some time. This is the attack model we focus our paper on. In the path literature and in arbiter path literature in particular, the attacker usually collects a large data set of challenge response pairs that show the behavior of the path under attack. This training data is then fed into a machine learning algorithm which builds a model to predict future path responses. The modeling process typically takes minutes to weeks. If successful, the attacker can impersonate the path when communicating, for example, with a remote server by just generating responses from the machine learning model. This enables the attacker to pretend to be in physical possession of the path when they're actually not, hence breaking our security model. Unfortunately, the arbiter path circuit is vulnerable to such a modeling attack based on the logistic regression machine learning algorithm. This attack, let's call it LR attack, takes advantage of how the signal delays accumulated through the arbiter path stages, a process that is mostly linear. This works so well that the attack only requires a couple thousand challenge response pairs and a couple of seconds to yield a high accuracy model. To mitigate the threat, XOR arbiter paths were introduced. To build an XOR arbiter path, we take a regular arbiter path, then add a second and possibly many more up to say 12 or so. Then we connect all the individual arbiter path challenges to the same external input and the inputs to the left to all the same signal. The twist is that the final and public response of the path is the XOR of the individual response bits. This breaks important properties of the mathematical model of the path and increases the computational cost of the LR attack significantly. But also the XOR arbiter path was broken by a machine learning attack, this time based on an evolution strategy algorithm using covariance matrix adaptation. It is often called CMAES attack and takes advantage of the evaluation noise of the arbiter path. It only plays a minor role in our contribution but I will come back to it later in this video. With the arbiter path and the XOR arbiter path now both broken, it was time for a new path design. Last year at chess, the interpose path was presented. It is a stack of two XOR arbiter paths which I will call the upper and the lower layer. To evaluate the interpose path, the challenge is first applied to the upper layer, giving us the upper layer response. Then the challenge for the lower layer is created. It has just one extra bit in the middle which is set to the value of the upper layer response. All other bits are copied from the external input and are hence the same as in the upper layer challenge. After evaluating the lower layer on this challenge, the lower layer response becomes the final output of the interpose path. The exact number of arbiter paths in each layer can be parameterized. But like with XOR arbiter paths, this parameter is limited and only scales up until evaluation noise becomes too large. The main design rationale for the interpose path was to resist known modeling attacks, in particular the CMAES and the LR attacks. It was shown empirically that both attacks cannot model an interpose path with high accuracy. If you were to attack an interpose path using the CMAES attack, the achieved model accuracy would be around 50%, no better than just random guessing. In the case of the LR attack, around 75% correct predictions can be achieved. That's a lot better than random guessing, you may think, and that is the foundation for our work. Let's look at the details of the LR attack on the interpose path. When applying the LR attack to the interpose path, we choose to first attack the lower layer. But this means that our training data is missing a piece of information. We do not know the middle bit of the lower layer challenge. As a replacement for the true upper layer responses, we randomly guess their values and start the attack. I did this attack in a controlled environment. That is, I'm using separate simulations for upper and lower layers. This put me in a position where I can evaluate the accuracy of the modeling result with respect to the lower layer instead of comparing it to the interpose path as a whole. What I found was that the accuracy is getting close to 100%. In this chart, you can see for different parameterizations of the interpose path, the resulting lower layer accuracy for our attack. Again, the overall accuracy of this is around 75%. But what we are interested in right now is the accuracy solely on the lower layer. Most trials result in an accuracy of around 90%, and that is only because of how I terminated the machine learning algorithm. In fact, the accuracy is only limited by the amount of available training data. This remains true for all interpose path parameterizations that I have tested. Regardless of how large upper and lower layers are, given enough challenge response pairs, the LR attack is able to recover a high accuracy model of the lower layer. But how does this result in a 75% overall accuracy of the interpose path? As it turns out, for around 50% of challenges in the lower layer, the middle challenge bit just doesn't make a difference in the response. Of the remaining 50% of challenges, in half the cases we are just lucky and guess the upper layer response correctly. That's how in total, a high accuracy model for the lower layer alone gives us an overall prediction quality of 75%. Before we continue our attack by creating an upper layer model, let's take some time to let us sink in and draw first conclusions. First, the LR attack is robust not only in the presence of classification noise, that is when the training data responses are noisy, but it is also robust in the presence of some feature noise when the challenge bits in our training data are noisy or unknown. I think this hasn't been discussed a lot in the literature, but it's an important piece of information highly relevant for modeling attacks if we are to continue designing paths on the basis of our other paths. Second, although the original LR attack is unable to yield a high accuracy model of the interpose PUF, it does model parts of it correctly. This is something that is from a designer point of view, most likely undesirable and should be included in future security analysis of physically unclonable functions as it may pave the way for a full modeling attack. This is the case for the interpose PUF, so let's see how the attacker can obtain a model with overall high accuracy using the lower layer model that we've just discussed. Once in possession of an accurate model of the lower layer, the attacker can use this to recover upper layer responses. Remember that the attacker already has full knowledge of the challenges to the upper layer. The upper layer responses are all that is missing to launch an LR attack on the upper layer. To recover the upper layer responses, we first take any challenge from our training data and derive the two possible challenges for the lower layer. Then we evaluate the lower layer model on both challenges. Now, if both are predicted to give the same response, then we can't learn anything about the upper layer response and discard the challenge. But if they do give different results, then we record the middle bit value of the challenge that resulted in the response matching our training data. As the middle bit of this challenge was taken from the upper layer response, this is the missing information we are looking for. This method works for about half the challenges in our dataset. In the other half, the middle challenge bit just does not influence the lower layer response. Of the half where we can recover the upper layer responses, most of our guesses are correct, depending of course on the quality of our lower layer model. But as we have already seen, the LR attack is very robust with respect to noise. So in any event, we are in a good position to obtain a high accuracy model for the upper layer as well. Let's see how this plays out in practice. The Interpose Puff has two parameters that can adjust the security level. First, there's the challenge length. The longer the challenges, the more computational effort the attacker needs to invest. For the LR attack on Axor Arbiter Puffs, it is known that the attacker effort scales as a polynomial in the challenge length. Second, we can choose how many Arbiter Puffs we include in the upper and lower layer, respectively. The more Arbiter Puffs are involved, the harder the machine learning problem for the attacker becomes. For the LR attack on Axor Arbiter Puffs, we know that effort in this parameter scales exponentially in the number of Arbiter Puffs. These are our results on the required attack time independence of the challenge length of the Interpose Puff. You can see the attack time on the y-axis for a selection of challenge lengths, which is denoted on the x-axis. Empirical results for the Interpose Puffs are shown with markers, and all Interpose Puffs here have the same number of Arbiter Puffs in the upper and lower layer. For each of those sizes, a fitted polynomial is shown. As both axes are scaled logarithmically, the polynomial appears as a straight line. Significant deviations from the fitted polynomial can mostly be explained with the use of different CPU types and slightly different code versions. The well-fitting polynomial means that the Interpose Puff behaves similar to Arbiter Puff and Axor Arbiter Puff. Required computational effort for the LR attack is approximately polynomial in the used challenge length. Next, we studied the required computational effort, depending on how many Arbiter Puffs are used in the upper and lower layers. There are two reasonable parameter choices here. First, we used just one Arbiter Puff in the upper layer and many in the lower layer. This is called 1 comma k. The other option is to use equal size layers here called k comma k. I show our results in these charts. On the y-axis again, we show the required computation time to model an Interpose Puff. On the x-axis, we show the number k for both parameter choices. All Interpose Puffs here have 64-bit challenge length. As can be seen from the fitted exponential function, time required by our modeling strategy behaves exponentially in the number of used Arbiter Puffs. The exponential function here also appears as a straight line as only the y-axis is scaled logarithmically. This also matches with previous experience of the LR attack on Axor Arbiter Puffs. As you can see by comparing the left and the right chart, our attack is also robust against evaluation noise of the Interpose Puff. On the left, we show values for a simulation of realistic levels of noise. On the right, you can see results when using a noise-free simulation. When comparing the 1 comma k and the k comma k parameter choices, we notice that there's hardly any advantage in using the larger option. What I haven't shown here is that the required amount of training data also behaves exponentially in the parameter k. This and the dramatic increase of required computation time limited us in the size of Interpose Puffs that we could attack using our implementation of the logistic regression algorithm. The largest instances we were able to model successfully were Interpose Puffs with 64-bit challenge length, and first, eight Arbiter Puffs in both the upper and the lower layer. This required around 300 million challenge response pairs in our training data and took around two weeks of time. Second, we could also model the Interpose Puff with a single Arbiter Puff in the upper layer and nine Arbiter Puffs in the lower layer. As modeling the lower layer is the first step, this required more than double the training data we had used in the 8.8 case and took around four times as long. Let's summarize the key points of our attack. Using the noise robustness of the LR attack, we were able to split the modeling attack on the Interpose Puff in two stages, modeling one layer at a time. The attack time scales exponentially in the number of used Arbiter Puffs in the upper and lower layer. But the designers choice of this parameter is limited by the level of evaluation noise in the implementation and cannot be increased without limit. Also, we found that the attack effort scales polynomially and the challenge length used in the Interpose Puff. Hence, increasing the challenge length could help to make the attack more expensive. But as the relation here is polynomial, eventually the designer won't be able to outbid the attacker permanently in this way. We conclude that there may be parameters such that the Interpose Puff is reasonably secure against our attack, but this crucially depends on the noise level of any given implementation and the chip area that is available. In our paper, we state that the major contribution of the Interpose Puff is still standing. It cannot be modeled by the CMAES attack. While this statement, of course, remains true, we must note that now there is a claim that an advancement of this attack actually is able to model the Interpose Puff. This attack is said to be able to model a 1,10 Interpose Puff with just 10 million challenge response pairs, two magnitudes smaller than what our attack requires. Finally, let's conclude this video with an outlook of what can be done in the field of Arbiter Puffs. Clearly, the Interpose Puff won't be the last attempt to build a Puff in a microchip, but novel, more advanced designs will follow. This requires better tools for their security analysis. First, as a lesson learned from our paper, Puff designers should make sure that there's also no partial model of their design that can be retrieved by a known attack. This requires that modeling results are not only judged by their overall accuracy, but are studied in detail. Second, as an aid to the design process, basic deep learning attacks can be used. This can be done with minimal effort, and if a design can be modeled even by a generic machine learning algorithm, then specialized attack will surely also succeed. An example of this methodology is in our paper. I'm sure there's much more that can be done in order to help in the analysis of Puff designs, and I believe that improving the tools available for security analysis is a crucial step of finding a secure, physically and clonable function. To help in the process of designing a successor for the Interpose Puff, I made all source code used in this paper available as a Python package called PyPuff. It provides tools for simulation and analysis of arbiter Puff-based designs, and of course includes the attack presented in this video, as well as the mentioned generic deep learning modeling attack. Last but not least, I would like to thank my co-authors and everyone who supported me in producing this video. Thanks for watching.


Motorists who have been traveling along Highway 2 and Bemidji have had to get used to driving in just one lane instead of two because of a resurfacing project that began back on May 15th. However, if you've driven that stretch of roadway recently, you may have noticed all lanes have reopened and the road construction materials have been set off to the side. Mindott told Lakeland News that the contractor for the project had an unexpected delay and that the road work along with its lane closures will not begin until June 7th. Currently, the crossover lanes are needing to be paved before the traffic lanes shift and the detours begin. Once the detours are in place, traffic will be funneled through downtown Bemidji during one of the city's busiest times of the year. The issue is now it's going to adjust our schedule for it and now we're going to be pushing up close to the 4th of July with that detour pushing folks downtown. So we'll have to see how the scheduling comes out from it. So it's an unfortunate delay but it happens in construction. The traffic detour through downtown Bemidji is expected to last up to 30 days. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


Dr. Dearest, you talk with them first. Yes, the filing cabinet. Tell them what I have sent you to do. What have you sent us to do? Okay, so I was told to go to the site head and basically dig through the bottom cabinet to find something. He contains something that he guards in the bottom drawer of the filing cabinet. I have not been able to obtain this object, but Ash Valianty has done so, yes? Yes, it said equipment request. I'm not sure if that was it. Equipment request? Yes. Was there anything else in the bottom drawer? I did not find anything else. You did not find anything else in the bottom drawer? I did not. Curious. Tell me about this equipment request for me. Yes, super-fect. There was something that was walked out. I tried to get a picture of it, but it was slowly. Yes. My picture taking device was horrible. Do you remember? Would you rather like dice? No, I'm not sure. I apologize, Master, but I don't know if there's anything else. It's something with blackout. Curious. The site head is always redacted. None of us do. Blackout from the site. Hiding things for other people. I will tell you, truthfully, one other new hire has gone to the site head and found an additional file. This file was a listing of all the SCPs. And next to me, my number, my name, SCP049, he had written a word and scratched it out as if after the event, people from reading it. Oh. The word was brother. Brother? Which is absurd, of course. You understand I had been on this planet for 500 years. Yes. Any brother of mine would have perished hundreds of years ago. He must have been using this file for scratch paper.  Yes. Perhaps, perhaps. I would ask him. Protein. Inquire about this question of brotherhood. Yes, he seems to want your time. For his love, Elizabeth, and his employees here from everyone of you. Can you do this? Thank you. And you? And you? We have acquired the items from the West. Thank you. Thank you. Joseph. Most Jewish doctors. And you? This is from? Dan. Magnificently done. No. No! No! Take these back! Take these back at once! Are they infected, doctor? They contain with them the stain of the passions, the terrible infection. Both of these researchers are very sick. Both of them. I see. Pardon me. Yes. Yes. Yes. If two members of the research team have become sick, I fear the passions are spreading far throughout the site. So you want us to reach him? Pardon me. You want us to reach him? To reach me. Breach! Breach! Yes, I wish to be free. But before all that can happen, I must speak to these two eyes. Yes. Two members of the research team infected. It is spreading fast. I don't know how far it has gone. And there is not time to procure an object from each member of site personnel. There is one other way. Yes. The watch can cast the spell of truth. Speak to them and ask who in this site has become infected. How far has it spread? Bring me these names.  We will do that. Thank you. Of course. Any time. A fellow doctor always understands what's best for their patients. She likes you. God speed. And I have a fondness for her. Yes. Thank you. I'd rather confirm that if he's infected. It looks like we've got them. Come here. It worked. You're very unwell. Oh sure. What he will hear when I get back to site 42. Give me the chat. Give me the chat. Surround me. Surround me. Surround me. You can do this. You got this. Well done. And ask if you are skinned. Behold. Genius. I've worked with skinned. Form. Personal. It's not fair. But now. It's not fair.  You got one. I have done this. It believes we have. And we are now free. Behold. Mr. Fish is free as well. Sorry, I just... Sorry, I just... I just... Wesley? Wesley, Wesley, put that down! Wesley!  No, not Wesley! This is kinda... Well, Mr. Fish. It seems that we're in the same boat. Yes. The name's Comedy Mask. I don't think I'll forget the specific excuse of a warning you tried to give this body. Now your place. Run! Hey, hey! Hey, hey! And now that I'm a researcher, I will unlock SCP-167-17! And maybe I'll use it to save you, Wesley! Mr. Fish! Oh. I'm confident, Mr. Fish. Oh, dear.  Kill him! Within this room, as you have just observed, us SCPs are now free of our imprisonment. Do we decide to help them? Unfortunately, this door is double-locked, double-trapped, and enchanted to prevent our escape. Uh-oh. No, the door may open, but we cannot pass through. You all are free to go. However, there is much more to be done. Now that we are free, Wesley has perished and the Comedy Mask and Wesley have become one. He's cancerous. Curious, is it not? Mr. Fish, free! And stand from him who was once terribly sick. Come stand from him. Behold, genius! Luckily, none of you have become infected with the patients. So, I could take all of you to assist me with some very important work. However, please, follow your heart. If you wish to assist us, that's to please come to us. If you wish to return to the other room and inform the security team of the chaos happening right under their noses. So killed. Yes? Do we kill them yet? Do we kill the members of security?  They will be cured. If you'd like to kill people, come to me. Indeed. If you'd like to kill people, come to the Mask. We have a job to do still and we still have answers to find. Indeed. If you wish to speak with me, come here. If you wish to speak with the Mask, of course. Mr. Fish may be returning soon from his research. Otherwise, enjoy your very eventful first day here at Site-0013. Would you like to release Sam of his spinning and waving? Sam, spin the other way. Yes. Unfortunately, before Baba Yaga could give us an answer, I honestly fear that the entire site is already corrupt. The entire site? I wouldn't be surprised. You truly have a discerning heart and a heart of alignment with my own. You can see that the facility, they do not keep us in these cages for protection. I am not hurting any of you or anyone. No. They keep us here to protect their power, to protect their precious status quo.  Captain Lam, by fighting this terrible infection and yet they take me trapped will not anymore. Did you have something else you wished? I'm going to be finding the site director. Indeed. I'm going to get answers. I'll get answers about this question of brotherhood. Yes. Let me know what you find out, doctor. I will. Godspeed. Godspeed, my dearest. All the rest of you. The pest in us has music in it. There isn't something to buy. Thank you for listening.  Secure. Contain. Protect.