Okay, we're back here live in Las Vegas here for the Splunk conference.conference 2013. This is theCUBE, our flagship program. We extract this into the field of noise. This is the Splunk conference. We're there spinning data exhaust into gold, which is a massive growth market. That's the tagline. No limits, amazing conference here. We have wall-to-wall coverage. Day one of two days of live coverage on theCUBE. I'm John Furrier, the founder of SiliconANGLE. I'm joined by my co-host. Hi everybody, I'm Dave Vellante. I'm with wikibon.org. Rich Collier is here. He's a principal solutions architect at a company called Pre-Lert. It's an independent software vendor inside of the Splunk community. And ecosystem, Rich, welcome to theCUBE. Thank you. Thank you very much. So tell us more about Pre-Lert. You guys are developing a pretty cool app. Tell us about it. Sure, basically the idea is that we're bringing sort of machine learning, machine intelligence to machine data. And the whole idea behind it, of course, is to help the mere mortal, right? To help humans extract more value out of the data using some pretty advanced statistical techniques. The idea being that, you know, not everyone is a data scientist, right? So bringing a lot of the same kind of techniques that data scientists use, but package it in such a way that it makes it easier for the sort of average user to get value out of their data. So we've been hearing a lot of that. That's the thematic. Where do you pick up and where does Splunk leave off? Sure, well, you know, it's kind of one of those things where, you know, your success with, you know, sort of getting insight from your data very often is somewhat of a dependent upon your skill level, right, as a user and sort of how much time you want to put into that.  We have our analytical techniques, but there are certain aspects of what we do that are simply impossible to do with Splunk just because of the limitations of the way that certainly the search pipeline works in Splunk. Being able for us to, for example, look at, you know, multiple kinds of analysis simultaneously, so it's a scalability factor there.  Do you have any particular industry focus or is it more horizontal? It's really across the board. So, yeah, we've got users that are, you know, social media companies, security companies, banks, insurance companies, it's really across the board. It's basically anybody, again, trying to get a lot more value out of their data with less human effort if you want. So you beef up Splunk, you make it more scalable, you make it more functional, deeper function, there's a performance aspect of what you do, you just make it better. Yeah, is that right? Yeah, that's pretty much it, yeah. So how do you do that? Because Splunk's moving forward, you're moving forward, so you just got to, you're like, just keep ahead of it. You understand where the curve is and you want to fill this white space. Yeah, yeah, yeah. So we certainly spend a lot of time with Splunk on a corporate level, understanding things. We work a lot with the product management team and have some discussions there about how we can work together better. We're very much in tune with the engineering roadmap. In fact, Splunk themselves were so impressed with what we've done with our own app, given that it's pretty complicated, some of the things that we've done, right? They wanted us to be heavily involved with the new Splunk 6 app framework because all the new changes that are involved there. So, in fact, our CTO, Steve Dotsons, who's here at the conference, I think is doing some sort of interview with them now, right, on that very topic. How, what's your head count at pretty roughly?  Yes, we're still pretty small, so we're still under 20 people. Okay, and you've got offices in Boston and London, right? Offices in Boston and London. So you're really specialists, right, in this space, right? Yeah, so our development team, frankly, I mean, they're really steeped in computational statistics. I mean, that's our core intellectual property. So, when we first started, we had a standalone version of the app and quickly realized that we didn't want to write a lot of sort of data collection mechanisms to get data to us, right? We wanted to piggyback on top of existing tools that already had a wealth of data that was potentially untapped, right? So, you know, we've done, obviously, this partnership with Splunk. We've done an OEM with a very prominent APM tool in the marketplace. So, again, sort of under the mantra of taking existing tools and data and making it better for humans. We had Nate Silver on a few weeks ago. He was on the Tableau conference. We were asking about social data and he was sort of half empty on that topic, basically saying that there wasn't enough good data, the patterns weren't there yet. Do you see that or do you see that social data actually has the ingredients from a computational statistics basis to actually start to provide answers in direction and trends? You know, I don't necessarily think that, you know, any kind of data set in itself necessarily is a silver bullet. At least what I've seen from our customers is when you sort of bring a lot of disparate data that may be loosely coupled and bring it together, that's where you can get more of a better picture of things. So, I mean, certainly if you focus on one data set, you can sort of eke out some interesting things out of it on its own. But very often a lot of our customers say, well, that's good, but I want to correlate my network data with my authentication data or I want to correlate my app server data with my call center data or whatever. Painting more of a sort of holistic picture of what's going on. I think that's more sort of timely in a lot of ways. Now you guys don't resell Splunk, right? So you go into Splunk customer sites, you go, but you co-sell, how's that all work? So, I mean, yeah, in general, obviously since this app requires Splunk to be there in the first place, we have to sort of be on the tail end of things. But very often, even in some types of competitive situations, Splunk is trying to interest somebody in their platform. They see us as another augmentation to their platform and they will bring us in even on sales calls sometimes. Really in some ways to demonstrate how well that Splunk is a platform and that a third party can come along with some expertise and make their framework look good to the customer. Now, are you typically selling to the IT function or increasingly the business function? Talk about who the customer is. So I would say that when we first released our app, we were pretty much in the sweet spot of, I would say the IT ops and performance management crowd. So sort of traditional monitoring, sort of data center monitoring, infrastructure, application monitoring. With some of the stuff that we've done in sort of our most recent release, we're also getting a lot of traction around security. So anomaly detection in sort of the security context. We do have some customers that even use us on business data, but I would say that relatively speaking, the big push right now is obviously in the security side, but we've got a lot of sort of critical mass for people that are doing more traditional IT ops and APM stuff. So what's driving the big push in security? Just the increased awareness on it, Prism, NSA, Cloud, what's the driver there? I think on some level, some security experts are sort of realizing the limitations of sort of being behind the persistence and threats being behind the eight ball, right? Not trying to get in front of the users, of the bad guys. Always searching for the unknown unknowns, right? If you can't search for it, you don't know to search for it. How do you know it's out there? So I think a lot of security experts are now coming to grips with using more of a statistical method to find what's different in the data instead of relying on traditional sort of rules and the known threats, the known knowns, so to speak. So you're saying the emphasis is now on trying to figure out what you don't know? Is that right? Yeah, or even in some cases, finding things at scale, right? Which is, I've got a lot of data, I don't know what I'm looking for, at least just help me narrow it down to something that I can focus on as a human.  So speaking of equations, you got this equation on your shirt. Oh yeah, yeah, yeah. So it's this math equation, it says I'm not normal. What is that equation describing? It's actually, this is a equation for a Poisson probability distribution. Okay, so. Poisson distribution? We're in statistics, so. I remember my math days, you know. So the idea is that, and the reason why we say I'm not normal, because sort of it's a sort of traditional fallacy that a lot of machine data is normally distributed.  This randomness certainly is normal. It's a randomness, but there's a lot of data that doesn't follow that normal distribution. Yeah. It follows more of a Poisson distribution or a log normal distribution. And one of the cool things about the way that our statistics works, is we use machine learning to automatically figure out what is the best fit model for the data. If you fit the model to the data better, then you actually get better outlier detection. You get better results, and you get less false positives and false negatives. Well, I mean, listen, listen. Math and statistics have been a great boon for businesses in the brick-and-mortar world. I mean, Poisson distribution, some of the math we're talking about have shaped how businesses organize and their operations, whether it's a drive-thru, you know, in and out burger, where they locate things, and just random probabilities for some randomness, but yet some predictability. Now with machine learning, you can scale that to a whole other level. So have you seen the business impact some of your clients, and where do you see that going? When you look at some of the math involved, where you get some sample data, extrapolate, use the predictive analytics, it's going to impact the value chains of a lot of the businesses out there. Have you guys gotten to that level of analysis yet? Yeah, I think one of the things, at least I'm seeing from a lot of our customers, is that they're scaling Splunk. They're scaling their data collection in some ways. They're doubling it every year, right? And they realize they're not doubling their staff every year, right? So they need to figure out ways that they can scale their analysis of their data in an efficient way that doesn't require the human aspect of things. So they're already recognizing that they need something to help, right? They need something that helps them get better. Talk about the automation piece, because one of the things that I've seen a lot of great things like you guys doing, I mean by the way, great work by the way, this is cutting edge, bleeding edge, and really great pioneering work that's relevant. But you're automating, you're using the technology to create some automation that would normally require a lot of manual process. We actually see that with Splunk with log files, there's no brainer, right? You're wrapping through log files. We all know what that means, but when you start looking at the automation of things, that's really where the impact is, because then people can do their job. So with that in mind, that automation, the next leg of, the next domino to fall, so to speak, or next leg of the journey is what? The skills, what's your take on that? I'll see, you get the automation in place, it's some geekiness, math, data science, data modeling. After that, what's next? Yeah, it's a great question. I think one of the things that we want to do is make our technology so ubiquitous that everyone can use it, right? So I think it's broadening out to not just the expert users, but also to the novice users, right? So that everyone can take advantage of this kind of technology. In other words, again, not everyone is a data scientist. So you're bringing a lot of the same techniques, to data mining, but do it in such a way that it's easy for everyone. So I don't know if they answered your question, but... No, I mean, it's kind of an open question because it really is about the future, right? I mean, as Dave always says, one penguin jumps in the water, they all jump in, and certainly with analytics, you're seeing the business benefits, it's kind of a no-brainer. You don't really got to do a quick ROI to say, hey, you get some good analysts, you get some data scientists, you can do some new things. Yeah, and I think it's a general trend. I think it's just sort of natural if you see the progression of how statistics has changed, even baseball, right? If you've seen Moneyball, it's sort of a, it got to a point where people needed to figure out better ways to optimize, how do I build a better team, even though I don't necessarily have the money to do it? Is there different ways I can focus and optimize players? Let me take a step back here and let's talk about the conference here in Splunk. I mean, it's the two questions. One, talking to the folks out there kind of describe the scene here. It's still early day, when the company went public, they're growing, they're on a big rocket ship ramp, a lot of success, a lot of passionate partners and customers. So talk about the environment here, what's it like? And two, why are people so excited about Splunk? You know what, it's great, I think, to see the kinds of people that do show up here. There's sort of an interesting mix of really hardcore geeks. I think that comes from sort of Splunk's roots. People that are more sort of business professionals. One of the things I love about this conference is that it's very, very education-focused. People come here to actually learn stuff. They have whiteboards in the hallways. Exactly, yeah. It's not just I'm here for a boondoggle in Las Vegas. There's a bit of that, but the fact that it's very much education-focused, when people come to our booth or any of the vendor's booth, they want to learn something. I think that's sort of an intrinsic sort of aspect of this conference. You know, Dave and I always talk about this market that we're in, it's an inflection point of, epic proportions, wealth creation, innovation, business value, human value, people value. And we kind of talk about the revolution of the PC revolution. And I got to say, these events like this remind me of the early days of the PC industry where people would look around at you, young people, building an industry, a whole new industry. Not like just disrupting an old one, taking over another, but basically recasting a new business. So it's super exciting, congratulations. I'll let you get the final word in. Two Northeastern boys, by the way. I don't know if you knew that. Riches attended Northeastern, John. Yeah, Northeastern, yeah, and you. Go Huskies. Everybody wants to go Northeastern now because it's the co-op program. Nobody can get in. I went to RPI too, by the way. RPI. Yeah, so I did spend some time in the capillary. Enjoy. Northeastern alumni's here. One of them's the host. That's me, guest, Northeastern alumni. We are inside theCUBE. I'm John Furrier with Dave Vellante, Rich Coley here. Inside theCUBE, we're right back with our next guest. Here at the Splunk Conference, where they are spinning data exhaust into gold, no limits, listen to your data. That's their theme. This is the future. This is a great opportunity, great market. We're right back with more exclusive coverage here live in Las Vegas. This is theCUBE, we're right back.


Let's take a look at another game that never left Japan, Xcelibrid for Super Famicom. Long long time viewers of this channel may remember when I stumbled upon this one way back when I first started this channel in 2013 and I admit I've been a little intimidated to go back to it since then because as you can see this is a game where you give it even one half of a glance and it grabs your attention. Holy crap, just look at this. What is even happening right now? Did someone slip something into my drink or did I accidentally stumble into SNES stoned? Yeah this is one of those 16-bit games that's going for a pseudo 3D effect only without the use of any additional chips as far as my knowledge goes. This is just a game brute forcing its way into a 3D effect and it kind of works, I guess?  That's just the first level though. After that tunnel stage you go underground into a cave, down some subway tracks and eventually this tower where you're perpetually turning right. Yeah, unfortunately most of the other levels in this game have dark backgrounds but still this game works for what it is, it's a pretty simple rail shooter and I know usually when you think of SNES you'd think Star Fox would be the go-to comparison but this game is a lot closer to something like Hyperzone so if you liked that game you'll probably like this too. You start the game playing as the Silvermare Mech and here's where it would have helped to have an instruction manual or a walkthrough or something because it appears that the game implies that you can eventually have at least two other mechs to choose from since they're all displayed here but I have to claim ignorance here because I can't figure out a way to actually switch to them on the setup screen so I'm not sure if you have to cross a certain points threshold to unlock them or what or maybe these guys are actually bosses? I don't know but I was only able to play as the Silvermare. If you've got any insight on this let me know in the comments. There's also kind of a point allocation system that you use to pick out your weapons equipping one gun for each arm and it's everything from grenade guns to gatling guns and the like to make stuff go boom but bear in mind the more firepower you equip the slower you'll end up being similar to other mech games like Front Mission. You also have a choice before each level as to what you want to transform into an offensive form like a fighter jet or a defensive form like a tank and you press the R button to transform any time you want during gameplay but the transformation only lasts about 10 seconds and I'm not sure why I think maybe the colored meter thing up top has something to do with it again if you know the method behind this please let me know in the comments. The A button punches or kicks B sends out a bomb that can clear the screen of enemies the X and Y buttons are weapons you picked out for your left and right arms and up functions as a jump button when you're in your regular mech form. There's other items you can pick up throughout each level as well like a little option thingy for example that adds to your firepower you get four continues but only one life no saves or passwords so yeah you have to pass the level with one health bar.  This game also struggles at balancing where you want your mech to go and where you want your mech to aim thankfully you have the ability to use physical attacks and I ended up using that more often than not but you also end up taking more damage with that method still I felt like I had no choice but to go that route because it can be tough to aim your shot while dodging especially in the offensive form as the fighter jet you do get plenty of health replenishments as long as you're actually destroying enemies and not letting them pass by but still the balancing of controls in this game could use some work there's also a story here and there is an English patch you can get from romhacking.net as well but it really boils down to just a few screens and some dialogue here and there something about each level actually being a race circuit and your team captain gets kidnapped and you have to get him back it's all very vague and not all that important but it's nice that it's there I guess so yeah excelebrate is a weird one it looks insane at first glance but once you piece together what's going on the game is extremely simple and if you play this one on the SNES 9x emulator you can actually shut off the background and this is what you're left with I actually made myself do this for a bit just to practice so I could improve my aim but I found it pretty hard to improve because the controls are just too slow to respond to what I actually want to do this is one of those games that's worth trying out for yourself to see if you can get the hang of it plus it's one of those games you just can't help but gawk at when you first see it because it's so damn weird looking but yeah it's hard to recommend it as a full playthrough just as a curiosity and I want to thank you for watching and I hope you have a great rest of your day


QuickBooks ProPlus Desktop 2022 OneNote Presentation, Make Amortization Table. Let's get into it within two weeks. QuickBooks ProPlus Desktop 2022. If you have access to OneNote, we'd like to follow along. Icon, left-hand side, topic introductions, 8020, Make Amortization Table tab. Also take a look at the Immersive Reader Tool, topic introductions in the text area too, same name, same number, but with transcripts. Transcripts are translated into multiple languages and either listened to or read in them. Same name and number as presentations, as well, topic introductions designed to give an introduction to the topic, provide screenshots, links where applicable, give a counting background to compliment the presentations and can be used to follow along with them if you don't have access to the software at that time. Closing the icon on the left-hand side, we're starting off with a screenshot of the home page. We're going to be taking a step away from the QuickBooks, looking at the construction of an amortization table.


Is this it? Are we live? Hello! Welcome, it's Friday night here in the UK. I'm totally not prepared for this as you're about to see. This is a really unusual departure for me on two levels and I'm going to walk you through the two things that I'm doing for the first time live. It's what eight minutes to seven o'clock at night so I'm in the happy hut and I'm assuming that nobody is watching this but if you are then you'll know that my name is Neil Mossy Hello.  I'm just trying out this software it's called Melan app and that's why there's this logo in the corner and I'm a bit freaked out because I thought I'd be able to stream this privately and record the stream and then upload it later but the free plan only allows you to go live so I wasn't quite expecting to be live so hello it's great to have you here and I'm so not used to this dashboard that I'm looking at that I don't even know if anyone is watching this I don't even know if it's live let's show on stream yes I've got a bohemian rhapsody effect going on there but this is what I'm looking at this is what I can see I can see on there that two people are watching and I know one of them is me so if you are the other person thank you you are the one person watching my live stream right now on a Friday night courage to you my friend so that's the first big thing that I'm doing so I'll tick that off using Melan app for the first time and show the screen I've done that the second thing I'm going to do is as you can see from the words along the bottom here right so this is the youtube creator academy and they have all these courses I counted them there are 46 courses why don't I just do every single course and do the course exam live at the end of every week to show what I've learned and also to get you to play along and see if you can take the course exam too and maybe we can compare scores I don't know I'm not encouraging any cheating so if you want to talk amongst yourselves that's great I'm going to try and do this course exam for real the course that we're doing today is the quick start guide to YouTube it's the first course I think it's one of the basic courses there are 21 basics courses it's the very first one so these are the 21 courses that I'm going to go through one at a time you can see I've started a few of them and I thought the only way I can see this through is to use you as an accountability partner I should have told some friends that I'm doing this it got to about four o'clock I thought why don't I just do it and see what happens these are the lessons that I've just done it only took me half an hour and if you're watching this on the recording I'll put a link to the youtube creator academy in the description but I'll also put a link to this actual course so you can follow along or maybe even go back and see if you get any wrong should we do the exam and I think if I get it wrong I think I've got to like wait a couple of months before I can take it again now I'm not looking at only because I can't but I'm not looking at my chat because I don't want to cheat but you can cheat in the chat if you want to so the first question in the quick start guide to YouTube is how can people discover your content on YouTube I'm not looking at the chat because I can't open the window so put in the chat what you think the answer is and I'll go through the chat afterwards and we'll see if anyone get any of these questions right so how can people discover your content on YouTube it's like a really terrible pub quiz isn't it you've got better things to do the multiple choice answers are youtube.com on their computer youtube app on their phone youtube app on their smart tv or all of the above I'm going to go for all of the above oh next what is a good question to ask yourself when defining your channel's mission how can I have an impact how can I make a ton of money sorry I've got mic read in my head um there was a game show in the 1970s called run around I'll put a link to that in the description how can I reach 100 000 subscribers or how can I produce a viral video answer now in the comments or live chat if you're my one viewer on the live stream on a friday night I think I'm going to go for how can I have an impact oh so we don't get the scores or answers to the end I promise I'll speed it up a bit so that we can get through these why should you pay attention to your channel name it needs to be different from your real name it helps to include trending keywords it will always appear in your video credits or it can live on your channel for years put your answer in the comments now what I'm going to go for it can live on your channel for years now I don't want to be that annoying person in the exam but I'm finding these a bit easy so it'd be a shock if we get any of these wrong before you publish a new video what's an important step add details to describe what your video is about pre-populate comments for early viewers to see embed the video URL across your social media last option is write down your number of subscribers so before you publish a new video what's an important step put your answer down now I'm going to go for because I'm reading them out I'm not actually taking them in I can't do more than one thing at a time see it could be embed the URL but I'm going to go for add details to describe what your video is about what's the basic definition of watch time this is question five and that was my chair by the way not me the hazards of live streaming what's the basic definition of watch time the number of people watching your channel right now the time of day that most viewers visit your channel the average time that someone spends on youtube or the amount of time that viewers watch your videos so put your answer now in the chat in the live chat if you're watching the live stream and put it in the comments if you're watching the recording afterwards I'm going to do this next week and we're going to really zip through these I'm going to go for no no be the amount of time that viewers watch your videos which action helps you build your community interact with fan comments like I'm not right now I'm so sorry but I can only open one window like every video that you watch that is always a good idea change your channel name or publish a new video every day I'm going to go with interact with fan comments are you getting many comments on your youtube channel leave a comment let me know we can sort something out and comment on each other's channel your channel branding should be simple or relevant to your channel or consistent or all of the above well trick a curveball there for the last option I'm going to go for all of the above and I can see I don't like by the way I don't like I've got the word melon in the corner of the screen there I've got the word melon over my bald head there that's not right why should you use consistent branding this is question 8 nearly there why should you use consistent branding because you want your channel to be discovered in search results because you paid someone to market your brand because you want viewers to instantly recognize your brand or because you want to provide a fun experience so why should you use consistent branding I'm going to go for because you want viewers to instantly recognize your brand how easy are you find I'm finding these quite easy do some bragging in the in the comments or the chat if these seem a bit too basic for you maybe they get harder through the year then build ourselves up what branding elements consists of a welcome video to potential fans the channel trailer the channel banner the channel card or the channel description I'm going to go for channel trailer Cindy finds a video on YouTube that seems inappropriate I've had that this week I just got a community guidelines warning for one of my thumbnails and I peeled it or if you're in the UK I appealed against it and the appeal was successful and then three hours later the YouTube automatically banned it again and I've got I've got a community guidelines strike I've got a video on that coming up very soon I bet it was Cindy flagging it anyway Cindy finds a video on YouTube that seems inappropriate what would you recommend her to do email the creator to express her outrage unsubscribe from the channel yeah that that would be a good idea Cindy flag the video for review or add the video to her playlist her evil playlist so which one would you go for are you going to go for Cindy's evil playlist or unsubscribe and go away don't come back I think it's going to be flag the video for reviews and that penultimate question I'm channeling my inner Derrick Beatty if you don't know who Derrick Beatty is google it after the quiz but I need more hair I think to pull off the Derrick Beatty that deserves a community guidelines strike doesn't it me talking about pulling yes so anyway you can't have another community guidelines strike please you've received a content ID claim what does this mean a copyright owner has identified content in your video that belongs to them another creator claims that you stole their idea for your video I don't think anyone's going to steal the idea for this and if they do they've got 46 of these to make you've received a content ID claim what does this mean you may have accidentally uploaded the same video twice or your video infringes intellectual property and you're probably in big trouble well again this has happened to me by accident this month we'll go for a copyright owner has identified content in your video that belongs to them next final question we've got this here we go what's a potential consequence of multiple copyright strikes your channel may be terminated your subscribe button will be disabled your channel banner will get a strike badge I'd like one of that maybe I should make one of my own like the the play button that I made the final option your videos may be age restricted put your answer in the chat or the comments now don't look at the person next to you what's a potential consequence of multiple copyright strikes I think that's going to be the big bad termination your your channel may be terminated let's see if we pass this course exam live on a Friday night live across the world quiz complete how do you do was that it I thought it would sell us how we did get my letter should we see letter of completion that's it great I thought we would get some kind of recap of the questions and answers so we did it we I don't know what the percentage is do you do okay leave a comment with your score I thought there would be some kind of fanfare or some kind of tension release at the end there but it is quite like an episode of mr and mrs I'm going to be here every week I'm hoping to do this around the same time source of six o'clock on a Friday night's GMT this is how pathetic I am I need validation from YouTube actually on YouTube so next week we'll do get discovered which is all about enhancing your channel search and discovery potential on YouTube thanks so much for joining me if you've joined us live us it's just me you probably hear the rain if you have joined us thanks so much for coming along the ride and if you're watching on the on the recording say hello in the comments so that we can see your channel thanks for joining us and if you're watching the recording right here is what YouTube thinks you should be watching next


Think about it. A world wired by connectivity. A marketplace where people from all walks meet and communicate. Where culture and history become a backdrop for modern living. And where people enjoy immediate and convenient access to information and communication technologies. Right at the touch of a button. This future is becoming a possibility. A common platform for everyone to reach out to one another. To conduct businesses, submit applications and any other transactions online. The infrastructure is available here in Qatar. Qatar is a very cosmopolitan country. We have many nationalities working alongside Qataris. We have very aggressive programs to modernize the country, to transform the way the government and the business run. At ICT Qatar, the vision has always been simple. To connect people to the latest technologies. To enrich their lives. And to inspire confidence in the future of Qatar. It was towards this end that ICT Qatar conceived an idea that's quickly turning to reality. That idea is IGov, or Integrated E-Government. I think this is where the technology is going. Implementing a service-oriented architecture in order to share the different components across the government. Kicking in over four key faces of implementation, IGov is set to be a massive program. And the first of its initiatives is the Qatar Service Platform, or QSP. An integrated e-services platform with a common service gateway. That hosts existing and future government e-services. QSP links Qatari citizens and businesses to the government online. Helping to improve the lives of those who live and work in Qatar. Six stakeholders involved in this project is the Minister of Economy, Chamber of Commerce, National Health Authority, also Publication Department, the Minister of Interior and ICT Qatar. It is the first and serious step taken by ICT Qatar towards a service-oriented architecture. It has a fairly rich set of features that we believe will be very useful for the business community. It involves payment and authentication through a username and password, authentication through also a smart card for companies. With QSP, ICT Qatar can now provide improved and highly accessible e-services, promote internal efficiencies among government agencies, and establish strong governance and transparency in major work practices. And also it helps the customers to get the services much easier and faster than the classic way going through the counters. We have been planning since a while to go online with our services. The aim is to work on our customers to attack as many businesses to Qatar as possible. To achieve this vision of QSP, ICT Qatar has been working tirelessly with the foremost info technology companies and agencies in the world. The QSP project was born out of a collaboration that was established last year between ICT Qatar and IDA Singapore. There has been a lot of exchange of experience between the two countries. We had a team from Aquara to be here with us in Doha to implement the pilot system. We are very privileged in order to be working with ICT Qatar. We find that their people and staff are very committed and dedicated to this project. It is our shared vision and commitment between ourselves and their people that sees the successful launch of this QSP project. It began with a vision and the Qatar Service Platform has become a part of the vision. We are promising the citizens and residents of Qatar to include many other services in the future. We have the necessary requirements planning to add more services online as soon as we finish simplifying some procedures and regulations. It has been a very good effort, a joint effort to prepare for the launch of this system and we are looking forward to a very high adoption of this system by the business community. To connect, enrich and inspire the people of Qatar, that is the vision for the future. That future is here. Just think about that.


Dreams share many similarities with waking thoughts, particularly when people are concerned about something or are experiencing high levels of rumination. Dreams were found to be more negative and unconstructive than waking thoughts, and this association was stronger for participants who reported higher levels of rumination. Additionally, dreams were more immersive than waking thoughts, and this association was also stronger for participants with higher levels of rumination. These findings suggest that dreams may serve as a form of emotional processing and provide insight into how individuals cope with stressful situations. This article was authored by Quentin Raffaele, Eric S. Andrews, Kaiklin C. Sikowski, and others.


In this video, I'm going to talk about solving proportions. In this case, when we solve proportions, a proportion is basically a fraction equal to a fraction. I can also say that a proportion is a comparison of two different ratios. 16 over P is a ratio, 24 over 12.9 is also a ratio. Ratio is just another name for fraction, I like to think of that. Okay, so to solve proportions, we use what's called cross. I call it cross multiply. It's also called cross product, there's a couple of different names for it. So in this case, if I want to solve for this variable, what I'm going to do is I'm going to take the numbers that are crossed from one another and multiply them. Now the cross parts is not quite accurate, it's more of a cross as in an X, not a cross as in a cross the equal sign.  Okay, so this is what we mean by cross multiply, not a cross as in a cross the equal sign but cross as in it makes an X when you multiply these numbers. So 16 times 12.9 is equal to P times 24, that's how we find that. Okay now from there this looks like a pretty simple equation for us to solve, we just have to figure out what 16 times 12.9 is, plug that into your calculator and you get 206.4 is equal to 24P, I'm going to put the 24 in front of the P because that's usually how we write variables times numbers. Okay so in this case I need to divide by 24 to solve and 206 divided by 24 is in this case 8.6 and so that is what the variable is equal to. Now if you really want to, what you can do is you can take this and plug it back into, you can plug it back in to see if it is correct, this is a little bit of a longer process to check this, you take 16 divided by 8.6, so that's the left side of this proportion and 16 divided by 8.6 is, it's a long repeating decimal, we'll just call it approximately 1.86. Now there are more decimals after that but I'm just going to leave it as 1.86. Okay and then you can also check 24 divided by 12.9 and see approximately what that is, so 24 divided by 16.9, not 16.9, 12.9, excuse me, is going to be 1.86 approximately and again there are more decimals after that but if you notice that both of these fractions are indeed the same decimal so the left and the right side are equal so that tells me that the variable that I got, the answer that I got is in fact correct. Okay so that's one example of solving proportions, let's do a couple more examples so we can get a better handle on this, for example what if you have a number with a variable, so what about 3x over 15 equals 3 over 5, okay so what if you have a number with a variable, that really doesn't change anything for us, we're still just going to do the cross product, we're still just going to cross multiply, so in this case I'm going to skip a few steps here, I'm going to take 3x times 5 which is 15x and I'm also going to take 15 times 3 which is going to be 45, okay nice I skipped a few steps there, I didn't show all my work but I'm just kind of speeding through this problem, okay so 15x is equal to 45, I'm going to divide by 15 here, divide by 15x is equal to 3, okay so the solution that I got is that x is equal to 3, okay you can check this to see if you did this correctly, so in this case if I plug it back in 3 times 3 is going to be 9 over 15 and I'm also comparing 3 over 5, well actually what you can do is this 9 over 15 you can reduce that to 3 fifths, so these two fractions are indeed the same, so that tells me that that solution is actually accurate, I did get the right answer, okay so that's one example, how about one more, let's do one more, 8 over 5x is equal to 2 over 11, okay so here's another one this time the variable is on the bottom, again it doesn't make any difference when we solve these type of equations, when we solve proportions we're still just going to use the cross product, so I'm going to take 5x times 2 and I'm going to take 8 times 11, now one question I usually get when solving this is does it matter what order you do it, you multiply these numbers, no not really, I can take 5x times 2 and I can do that first or I could have done 8 times 11, I could have done that first and so then it would have been 88 equals 10x, I could have done that but it really honestly doesn't make a difference which order I have it, as you can see it's either 88's on the left or on the right, 10 is on the left and 10 is on the right, doesn't really make a difference, anyway I'm going to solve this, divide by 10, divide by 10, love dividing by 10 all you do is move the decimal, so in this case x is equal to 8.8, so again what we're going to do is we're going to plug this back in to see if we got this correct, to see if that is in fact the correct answer, so 2 divided by 11 is going to be .18 repeating over the 1 and 8 and if you plug that into your calculator see what that is, so on the other hand if I take 8 divided by 5 times 8.8 I get 8 over 44, okay now one thing I can do is I can take 8 divided by 44 plug it into my calculator and see what kind of decimal I have or if I don't have a calculator with me I can simply just reduce this, so I know that 4 goes into both of these, so that leads me 4 goes into 8 twice and 4 goes into 44 11 times, so you now notice that this fraction is the same as what we have up here, so that tells me that the left and the right sides were in fact the same since this solution, if we have a solution of 8.8, okay so there's a couple of examples of solving proportions, the one thing you've got to remember is cross product, it's called cross product because the numbers that we multiply create a cross when we multiply them, okay so that's where the name comes from and if you can get that down all you do after the cross product is you simply just solve it just like you do it do a normal equation and you get your solution and make sure that you are always checking to see if that is the correct solution, just takes another minute or two extra couple of seconds to see if you get the correct answer.


I am going to discuss the four chemical engineers actually the discussion will be quite general but let me to put the subject in perspective what you have are processes which are divided into rate controlled processes and mere say near equilibrium process under rate controlled processes you will have several courses you will have heat transfer your mass transfer your momentum transfer which is your fluid mechanics here you have thermodynamics the stage cascades is characteristic of classical chemical engineering operations it is still chemical engineering itself I must give you some history basically it started about 100 years ago started as an offshoot of industrial chemistry and there have been some paradigm shifts in chemical engineering started actually with I think Arthur little first initial 25 years of chemical engineering in MIT in Cambridge and so on but simply descriptive industrial chemistry they simply describe the industrial process and you if you had had a good description of paper making then you went there the placement they also had a placement in those days you would go there and you would answer all questions about paper and you would be taken immediately as a chemical engineer the paper industry then Arthur little in 1925 I think surround that time he suggested why are you guys doing this in the university you have to be more general than this there are common processes in all the chemical industries you teach that in props loved it because all of a sudden they did not have to know the details of the paper industry because it is a damn nuisance knowing all the details because they will keep changing every other day and all the changes appear very vital for the industry but for you it is like noise unless you have invested money in it unless you are getting some returns from it the changes are inconsequential the conceptual changes are very few so that is when they start they started this era of unit operations and you still have good books like McCabe and Smith and it is a classical books Badger and Banker all these but in any case reactor theory became part of it in educational institutions in India only in the late 60s or early 70s but that was the age of unit to processes and unit operations 1962 birds to attend Lightfoot wrote this book on transport phenomena what really happened was in the mid 50s suddenly chemical engineers were in getting jobs the nuclear industry became very important and all of a sudden nuclear industry found the chemical engineers were fairly ignorant of molecules of atoms in that there was energy in it and so on so there was no point in hiring them if you have to explain to them that the whole industry is based on production of energy from the atom and all of a sudden there was a shift from engineering from technology to what is called engineering science and that is when birds to attend Lightfoot wrote their book and Amundsen and Arras came to Minnesota they were both PhDs in mathematics so this came about so this was called the period of you might say chemical engineering science earlier it was called the period of the age of the handbook you might say I do not know if any of you have a chemical engineering handbook and you had to buy this book it a very fat you carried it under your arm exactly like doctors carry a set the scope I mean the proof of being an engineer was to carry a slide rule in one hand in the handbook and the other but even now the handbooks are the source of all design eventual design because in practice design a synthesis and you want to put things together you finally have to bridge a gap in ignorance let me explain philosophically what we do in courses in the university and this is not a derogatory description this is an actual description you take a large problem this is true in science this is true in engineering you find that there are conceptual difficulties that are very hard to solve so what you do is divide the large problem to two parts one of which contains the conceptual difficulty you put it aside and then you solve all the problems concerned with the other half where there is no conceptual difficulty those also require a lot of intelligence and cleverness once you have solved all that you you then you know a lucky generation gets away with five years of research on that all those problems are solved then you go back to the other half you do the same clever thing you divide that into two halves keep away the conceptual difficulty unless there is an Einstein who comes along and solves this meanwhile you solve all the problems in the other half this is how analysis proceeds until the last conceptual bit is solved you can't synthesize it for design for design you have to use empiricism and empiricism is still used partly because we don't understand turbulence so coming back you have this age of unit operations the age of the handbook the age of unit operations and then you have the age of chemical engineering science we really don't have a paradigm shift afterwards although after about for 20 years of great enthusiasm about mathematical modeling and chemical engineering science people discovered you are not wise enough to advise the industry very often so you go back and ask what can we do and one of the paradigm suggested by James way was head of MIT chemical engineering department he said back to industry but it's not a good paradigm it's not been universally accepted because unfortunately industry is very focused on the bottom line so you can't use the industry as a guide for education education has to be general and then when you you will find applications you are sufficiently intelligent you will find applications in the industry so as far as this the curriculum here is concerned we have all these courses you have all these these processes have been combined into transport phenomena is transport phenomena is really based on phenomenological theory phenomenological theory is simply conservation laws all laws in nature are conservation laws the conservation laws that your view will be concerned about as chemical engineers are primarily conservation of mass conservation of energy and conservation of momentum in all when you write the conservation laws they simply general laws that says input minus output is equal to accumulation so in a sense it's only common sense but the biggest problem in phenomenological theory is that your experiments are done by a stationary observer you can only do experiments by sitting in the lab sticking a pressure gauge may be on a on one location in the pipe the fluid that's flowing through is changing constantly the way the laws are written conservation of mass is for example written simply by looking at the same mass of elements all the time that means if you had to do the experiment on the same massive elements you let sit on it and move with it so the Lagrangian observer is the observer the Lagrangian observer is the observer who moves with the mass with the center of mass that observer is the one for whom the laws are written in order to convert this from the Lagrangian observer to the Eulerian observer observer who is standing in the laboratory you use what's called the Reynolds transport theorem it's a simple theorem that relates what happens what an observer moving observer sees to what a stationary observer sees this transformation gives you the phenomenological laws in a way in which you can solve them but it's not yet the full story because when you write the phenomenological laws you have talked about what comes in through the surface or what comes in from a distance like four body forces gravity and so on if you're talking of fluid flow or surface forces like pressure or shear stress and so on you have to write symbols for these those are not included in the original description the original description transport phenomena assumes that if you know temperature as a function of position and time if you know density of each species as a function of position and time and if you know temperature this is for energy this is for mass and for momentum V as a function of position if you know these three independent these n plus 4 this is n components 1 and 3 components of the velocity if you know n plus 4 variables as a function of position and time completely then you have a complete engineering description you can derive any quantity you want you can do all the calculations in order to calculate these you have to use the conservation of energy you have to use the conservation of mass you have to use the conservation of momentum but when you use these you introduce new variables when you write the phenomenological theory for these you introduce new variables as I said the first step in phenomenological theory is what does the observer see you have to look at what the Lagrangian observer sees and related to what the Eulerian observer sees that you do the next step is to write fluxes motion of energy across a boundary Q the heat flux or motion of mass which is the diffusion flux or you look at because if you are a center of mass observer the relative moment is the diffusion flux similarly for momentum you look at the shear stresses but for all these you use new symbols so in writing the phenomenological theory in sense it is a tautology that is you write it in terms of new variables that you have to then connect back to here connecting these variables the fluxes again as functions of T ? I V and R and T writing this this is called constitutive relation this tells you how the matter that you are dealing with is constituted so you need the phenomenological theory this is the laws the universal laws that you believe in at least that have been so far not contradicted because there is nothing proved in science you only have uncontradicted experience so far you combine these with boundary conditions because you have to define a system write the phenomenological law for it write the constitutive relation for it finally substitute boundary conditions and of course there is faith in calculus the variables are continuous you can differentiate them so on so this is your all of this comes under what is called continuum mechanics you assume that the systems you are dealing with a large enough to contain a very large number of molecules so if the molecule number of the change in the number of molecules is always discrete you may go from 10 to the power 23 to 10 to the power 23 plus 1 but this one in 10 to the power 23 is so small you can construct a differential change so if you are dealing with very small systems you have problems in this case so this is your transport phenomena this is what you will deal with effectively very often you will not write differential equations because these equations are very hard to solve the whole theory of mathematics that has developed in order to solve these equations especially when they these relationships get nonlinear and also even here even in the phenomenological theory what the moving observer sees becomes a nonlinear term so all of these are nonlinear equations they are not easy to solve the ones you can solve are linear equations of course you can hit the idiot box on the head and get answers I mean if you hit it hard enough now with different software you will get numbers but you do not know whether the numbers are right you have problems of convergence very often you have a PhD thesis in which you spend 3 years proving that the result is in fact correct the number is finally right so this is what you do in all the other courses and if you can't solve the differential equation they get very complex you have empirical equations relating variables of interest to the variables in the that you can measure so empirical equations are very very important part of design in fact this is empirical in itself the flux itself if you write Newton's law saying the shear stresses minus mu times the gradient of the velocity you are writing an equation that you observed from experiment all constitutive relations come from experiment although in continuum mechanics they tell you what the structure is thermodynamics here itself has an constitutive relation you call it an equation of state what you do here is define a certain number of variables there is one relation between variables that comes from experiment that's the equation of state so in thermodynamics you have the two laws which are equivalent of the phenomenological theory actually three if you like but the third law is only simply defines for you the so-called third law of thermodynamics simply tells you a state in which the entropy is 0 so that you can calculate absolute entropy but you have essentially you deal with two laws and constitutive relations only you don't call them constitutive relations here you the nomenclature is that you call it equation of state what stage cascades does is use mass balance again and thermodynamics coming back here you will find the thermodynamic input in stage cascades is in the form of an equilibrium curve an equilibrium relationship that will be given to you they will say analyze this distillation column given that the equilibrium between vapor and the liquid is described by this equation that equation is given to you that's what you derive in the thermodynamics course so this what we do is look at thermodynamics here I am going to look at the two laws and the constitutive relations as far as the two laws of thermodynamics are concerned you must tell you the first law came after the second law first law of course is about constancy of energy in the second law is about ever increasing nature of entropy but basically there are some fundamental concepts that we assume that everybody understands so I will just state them in sort of keep going and occasionally somebody may disturb those foundations first thing is the elementary concepts you know all that elementary but use the word elementary so nobody asks you questions by definition elementary concepts are concepts that you are supposed to understand so there is heat there is degree of hotness this is one this is a second one the third one is work see mechanics came long before this thermodynamics came so they had already assumed that you know what a force is we assume that force times the distance moved by the point of application in the direction of the force gives you work and so on so people knew what mechanical work was people knew what heat was intuitively so these are assumed we concepts and we will add other concepts as we go along this list is not really complete because from time to time you will come up with ideas mostly these but you will come up with small ideas and then if it gets very difficult to explain I will put it under elementary concepts if it is not so difficult to explain in relation to others will come under theory okay as I said basically thermodynamics should be divided into three parts the first part will be thermodynamic theory which is very rigorous which is a nice set of logical arguments deductive arguments the second part constitutes equations of state and other empirical information about this constitutive relations the third part is applications so far whenever the application does not agree with experiment we have always found that if we improved the second part thermodynamic theory does not have to be touched at all you if you improve the second part where you understand properties of matter and its interrelations from experiment if you improve that the application always turns out to be theory turns out to be right it predicts things correctly so far that is the experience but that is not the end of the world because the number of things you have to measure when it comes to properties is enormous so there are at least a thousand labs all over the world measuring properties continuously for new systems because you do not know whether a new system behaves exactly like an old system or it is different you sort of predict on the basis of analogies but you always have to make a measurement so industry sponsors a lot of this work for property measurements in fact I think 75 to 80% of literature will consist of property measurements and the big complaint is that nowadays after the computers have come in the kids do a lot of mathematical modeling and simulation without worrying about measuring properties measuring properties not easy accurately so you take the easier way out of modeling with existing properties with the number of people making such measurements is reducing so rapidly and at some point you are going to have difficulty so let me get back here as far as the first law is concerned I would although the history is different we will deal with the first law first and you should read if you have time I think you have time it is a matter of organizing it you should read Jules experiments and I won't go into detail he simply went into a large number of experiments in which he converted work to heat as I told you Jules is famous for having sent many of the members of the Royal Society scurrying for the backdoor and in the apparently had to close the backdoor quickly otherwise they lose all the members from the Royal Society nobody wanted to listen to Jules but when you are first establishing a principle what Jules said was everybody knows that there is heat and work as exchange mechanisms for exchanging energy with the surroundings but Jules was the first one to simply assert that there are exactly two ways of doing it every energy exchange is either a heat exchange or a work exchange and there are no other ways of doing it so essentially assertion is that there are exactly only two ways two fundamental ways to exchange energy between or I will say for exchange of energy between system and surroundings so I will put under elementary concept system although you can define a system is anything that for which you can define a boundary well defined boundary anything inside it is a system everything outside it is the surroundings in thermodynamics so only two ways and he said essentially and there exists a property of state and put it here but not all of these are indefinable these are essentially concepts that you are supposed to understand these are definable elementary concepts this is property of state I will tell you what property of state is there exists a property of state he called it internal energy such that the change in internal energy was a perfect differential whereas work and heat were functions of path this is of course for this in a particular case of a closed system so let me introduce here under system there are three kinds of system so I will step back a bit system is any region of interest for which there is a well defined boundary a system is isolated when it has no interaction with the surroundings the only truly isolated system is the universe okay there is no other but many systems are effectively isolated in the sense that their interaction with the surroundings is negligible a closed system is one that exchanges energy with the surroundings but not mass so which chemists mostly deal with closed systems chemical engineers mostly deal with open systems because they have flow systems processes have mass coming in mass going out plus energy exchange with the surroundings there is no real conceptual difference the isolated system is very very useful conceptually because you can write you can write laws for isolated systems whatever you say about an isolated system you can maintain is right because nobody can verify it okay but the trick here is to say things that are meaningful from what you say about an isolated system you should derive results for a closed system which can be measured and verified otherwise they what you say are the rankings of a madman or a loner it does not matter you can say what you want you have a constitutional right but nobody will listen to you if you want collective activity you have to say things about an isolated system that lead to results for a closed system that can be verified experimentally for example Gibbs when he did the statistical mechanics of molecular systems of large systems he said a large a macroscopic system can exist in many microscopic states the simplest example would be temperature for example I am jumping the gun a bit temperature is there is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules in the system all the so you can have one molecule going a little faster one molecule going a little slower and maintain the same kinetic energy so you can have many possible states that is each molecule can be in different states but the total energy can still be the same so there are many many microscopic states that correspond to a given macroscopic state that is when you make measurements on us beaker of water like this you think the whole thing is quiet if you had the bit to see the molecules should just go mad in the molecules will be running around at 10 to the power 5 centimeters per second on an average so they will be hitting this every 10 to the power only a few centimeters so every 10 to the power minus 5 seconds you have a collision and if you could hear it you would go mad again I mean imagine thumping at the rate of 10 to the power 5 times a second that is the minimum and there are 10 to the power 23 molecules there so you are talking of 10 to the power 28 collisions per second so the whole thing is a madhouse luckily you do not see it because you are seeing averages and the average behavior is constant therefore you claim that it is at equilibrium it is at rest and so on so that is only an illusion the real fact is that there is a tremendous amount of activity and you have so Gibbs said in an isolated system all microscopic states that correspond to the same macroscopic description are equally probable it is pure philosophy because you know nothing about it the only way to do it is to do it equitably now since I know nothing about the states I assume they are all equally probable but that statement would have had no meaning except from that he derived laws that corresponded exactly to the closed system loss for in classical thermodynamics so similarly what you have to do is you have to realize that isolated systems are very useful conceptually but you have to derive results for closed and open systems chemists use closed systems and you can derive all of thermodynamics for chemical engineers from closed systems this book by Denby which is my favorite book is the only book I read cover to cover in thermodynamics Denby's book has practically only closed system tell a little bit of treatment about open systems I think he has added as an apology afterwards his first edition didn't even have it then we wrote this book on principles of chemical equilibrium which I like very much my recommendation is the following the many many books in thermodynamics are very good but if you go to the library what happens is you read one book you know sort of get bored then you read the other next book and you read another book you read 25 books all of them you will read chapter one so you won't get anywhere my recommendation is just pick the first book you got make sure it's a decent author don't pick a lousy book take a decent author's book and read the whole of it and then formulate it in your own mind that's the easiest way to do it ultimately it's nobody's special possession once you understand it it's yours as much as anybody else's if you do that you will be much better off in fact there's an old principle let me take this chance to tell you anyway there's some principles of teaching the first principle is nothing can be taught means this goes my job okay but the fact is a teacher can only facilitate learning and you have to be in phase after all I send out a message if you are in a mood to listen you will receive the message otherwise you won't you will be thinking of something else which is alright because somewhere along the line you hear these words and they'll come back to you later and even if they don't come back it's not a big loss it's only human experience that you are gathering you will have gathered somewhere else so the first principle is this second principle this is a very important principle that are in the enunciate he says suppleness and comprehensiveness of mind is actually developed by multiple approaches to the same problem not by solving many problems equivalent of these words the idea is that many problems you know if you use many approaches to solve a problem you understand the physics of it very well you can apply it any time to any other problem of interest and when problems come in real life that are interesting to you will use these techniques the idea is only take it teach your technique old again saying that the education is not about filling a bucket about teaching a student to open the tap in Madras sometimes it's a problem tap doesn't give you any water but you can never the less the idea is simply to teach you techniques the methods of science are always much more important than science than the results because results can change think it is also another quotation in very good one I forgot them there's an overlaught in chemistry who said he was appalled at the number of things he had insisted that students learn that turned out to be wrong afterwards this is part of teaching in any case but coming back I would say suggest that you try and do one problem in many ways and never everybody recommends that you do a large number of problems I myself haven't done a large number of problems but I found it very useful to study a problem and see if it's different from the previous one if it's not don't do it if it is do it is one more last story contrast is some of these stories is told by a mathematician I may have told you this before there are my favorite stories I think both the mathematician a faces were given a glass full of water has to make tea so they made went through the process put leaves and boiled make tea then they were both given an empty glass and has to make tea again so the mathematician filled it with water put it on the table and said QED by previous theorem T is made you don't actually get T with the mathematician but he simply tells you that there is a proof that he can be made my recommendation is use the method of the mathematician as far as possible do not keep doing the problems again and again because conceptually it doesn't give you understanding anyway let me get back here so the idea here what Joule did was to take his classical this thing was a calorie meter had a stirrer it had an attachment by which he measured the input of work he stirred it and found the temperature went up yet of course the thermometer which again brings you back to what a thermometer is again it's an empirical device for measuring degree of hotness and the things have been done experimentally then you have the degree Fahrenheit and the degree Celsius these have been introduced all these you know so we stick a thermometer in he measured the temperature rise by putting in a certain amount of work what he did was he had a system of pulleys and so on so that he defined work as simply the moving up and down of a weight so you could calculate the exact work done and by moving this up and down he had a series of pulleys which cost this stirrer to rotate and the temperature went up all this has to be done very accurately he insulated the calorie meter measured the temperature is then he cooled it back and the same temperature is he cost by a certain addition of heat then he did this in a thousand different ways every time he found that when he brought the integral over a cycle of ? Q – ? W was equal to 0 over a path whereas the actual work done could vary with the path so the work will be very different but in mechanical system thermo mechanical system mechanical systems he showed that the cyclic integral of ? Q – ? W was equal to 0 although the cyclic integral over ? Q itself or ? W itself was never 0 so Q and W are functions of path but the difference is independent of path therefore he said this quantity can be called the perfect differential and he wrote this is the you this is a summary of 200 years of work you might say and I write DU is equal to ? Q – ? W it is like the old saying that science is very accurate Newton says just F is equal to ? and the whole thing is very clear to everybody it is got all the elements in it whereas look at Shakespeare in order to communicate human confusion he writes a whole play called King Lear and you cannot summarize the whole thing in one sentence and communicate any idea you need a lot of redundancy so that you get some idea of the conflicts in life and what comes through and so on so that is what they said but actually this is false because when you write F you assume what a forces then you have to ask what is a force so it simply science is a language that we all accept and therefore we communicate with one other we are able to communicate but there is a lot of history behind writing F is equal to M whereas in language you still need this redundancy you do not have simple ways of expressing the whole thing because there are many subtle ways of doing so anyway so this what this does is then empowers you to use you in calculus this brings you to first I must have told you what a state is I am sort of putting the card before the horse the state of a system is simply the number of variables required to be specified before you can reproduce the system in another place okay the number of variables you suppose I have a beaker of water I have to tell you what the pressure is what the temperature is and say it is water so three statements tell you the constitution it is pure water I said set room 25 degrees C and one atmosphere pressure then I have completely specified the state of water how do I know I have completely specified it only by experiment I know the number of variables required finally Gibbs derived a phase rule but in the phase rule you know its number of components minus number of phases plus 2 that is the famous Gibbs phase rule but the number of components is suspect if the number comes out to be wrong and the state changes that means you did not measure all the components they may have been one component that you did not measure or there may have been a phase that you have missed if it is a solid state it can come in several phases without you are knowing it unless you examine it very carefully so in a sense while that rule is correct it assumes that you know the number of phase in the number of components so the number of variables required to specify the state of a system is a completely empirical thing so state of a system simply means specification state is defined by the assignment of values to a minimum number of parameters such that can be reproduced exactly in thermodynamics we do not worry about the container shape you are only interested in this system say water if I was interested in the system shape then I have to specify the container and all its properties as well so if your system is simply water then you have to give me only two variables for example if it is pure water so this is an empirical quantity in state variables are simply these variables that you have to specify so what this does is to say that you is a function of state if I know the state I know the internal energy exactly because if I go over a cyclic path and come back to the state you returns to its original value and only a function of state can return to its original value because a function of state implies that it is not dependent on the history of how it got there I could have got this water from kohm I could have collected it from rain water but if it is finally pure water at 25 degrees one atmosphere it makes no difference may make an emotional difference to you if I ask you to drink it if I say from kohm and I say from rain you will drink one very happily in the other you want although all of us will be forced to drink very soon recycled water there is no choice but any case the that is a different issue that is why human beings cannot be modeled in thermodynamics because they have a memory if I describe a person then I can say what is state is I can say he is so tall he is so fat he is so heavy and so on all this I can specify but his emotional state cannot be specified in terms of just current variables and to say how he was treated when he was one when he was two you know all that comes into play the history of the system so when you say state variables and thermodynamics is confined to description of systems that can be described in terms of state variables that means I only talk about systems without a memory okay if they have very short memory it is okay you can sort of gloss over it and say I will integrate everything and talk of properties over a 5 minute interval by which time he will forget if there are many organisms that forget many biological systems are like that they have such short memory that you do not have to worry about the memory but with human beings with anything that has a long memory you have to worry you cannot do thermodynamics of systems with memory so we have these state variables I have this discovery of June and therefore he said you is a function of state if you tell me the state there is a variable you which is uniquely fixed.