The channel's recent exposé regarding the possible true age of the Great Pyramids outlaid many fragments of evidence, strongly suggesting they predate a number of past advanced lost civilizations. However, it mistakenly overlooked a possible culprit for their construction. Numerous layers of casing stones, each once an enormous undertaking, occurred at varying times within antiquity, by different civilizations which many perceive were possible conservation efforts. Due to this, and the fact that I had so far identified at least three advanced separate civilizations elsewhere, achieved through the cooperation of nearly three years' work, focused upon cataloging unexplained advanced ruins from the past, characteristics within the techniques used to construct them, toolmark signatures left upon the stones, unique identifiable architectural design, and differentiations exclusive to particular ruins were slowly gathered and used to identify three distinct ancient civilizations with their own unique directions of development. However, I mistakenly presumed that the Cyclopean civilization was placed far closer to us than the original pyramid builders. This was put forward as a personal opinion, which mystery history reluctantly has to admit that, although based on logic, has been disproven by this very same methodology. In the video, it was stated, and I quote, I have never and now strongly feel will never find any indicative evidence of these civilizations building the footings under any of these gigantic megaliths, end quote. I had looked for a significant time for any signature stonework, linking any of the civilizations I had identified to the placement of megalithic blocks over or around the 1,000 tons mark. If I discovered these characteristics beneath such enormous stones, I would have proven that they were indeed capable, and more than likely the civilization responsible for their placement, with the most significant being the building of the pyramids. There were some issues which niggled MH regarding this postulation before the following discovery, however, due to the lack of any footings, had to postulate the pyramid builders were a far more capable group. One such niggle were the matching scoop-like tool marks used by the Cyclopean civilization found in Bosda Cave, Turkey, officially proven to have been the quarry for Haran, a nearby settlement, which possessed their signature Cyclopean blockwork, cuboid blocks with a raised center, synonymous with many ancient builds, with the same scoop-like tool marks also present upon the excavation of the unfinished obelisk. Yet due to the absence of footings, which would have demonstrated undeniable proof that they were indeed capable of working, moving, and placing such stones, I wrongly presume that they were incapable of such tasks. However, unlike academia, regardless of disliking the realization that he was mistaken about something, the motive of the channel is honest research and logical deduction, thus admitting one's mistakes allows not only mystery history's understanding to evolve, but is the only path one can take in the pursuit of truth. The Western Wall, Wailing Wall, or Kotel, as known in Islam as the Barrage Wall, is an ancient limestone wall in the old city of Jerusalem, originally erected to its current height by Herod the Great in 19 BC, enclosing the Temple Mount in a large rectangular structure topped by a huge flat platform. The Western Wall is considered holy by both practicing Muslims and Jews. Of the four retaining walls, the Western one is considered to be closest to the former temple, which makes it the most sacred site recognized by Judaism outside the former Temple Mount Esplanade. Just over half of the wall's total height, including its 17 courses located below street level, is academically claimed to date from the end of the Second Temple period, and is commonly believed to have been entirely built around 19 BC by Herod the Great. However, the Western stone, weighing around 600 tons and a few other enormous stones, all located below ground level within the base, not only possesses compelling evidence of incredible antiquity, but beneath this enormous stone are the signature blocks of the civilization I named the Cyclopians. This is evidence I wrongly presumed I would never find, demonstrating that the civilization I call the Cyclopians were indeed capable of moving such gigantic stones. What's more, they were also capable of moving the pyramid stones, and indeed those of Baalbek, yet to be a viable suspect, due to the immense age of the pyramids, evidence would need to be found to support this, and amazingly these foundation stones do indeed contain just that. All embedded within holes, presumably cut for the placement of the blocks, timbered chocks can be found in these foundation stones, wooden planks which have over an unimaginable amount of time petrified into cold stone and flint-like materials, indicating a minimum age of at least 100,000 years. As such, decay and petrification would not have been able to occur in the currently attested timeline. Would these stones date from the original construction of Giza's Great Pyramids? It is undoubtedly a wall many followers of certain Abrahamic monotheistic faiths hold in high regard, and one of incredible importance to them. Amazingly, however, due to these amazing features, it is also of high significance in regards to unraveling the secrets of history. It is undoubtedly highly compelling. The Nubian Pyramids, a series of hundreds of pyramidal structures and ruins, making up part of the ancient cities of Kush and Meroe. The structures incorporate styles from many different, equally ancient ruins from around the world, displaying to all the reach of this once global civilization. The first recorded settlers in this part of Sudan date back as far as 300,000 years, with the civilization that is claimed to have built and indeed painted these structures are dated as far back as 4,000 years. The city of Kush is renowned for having the finest pottery in all the Nile Valley, evidence of the builder's past capabilities. Yet what we found the most interesting about the ruins is a decorative piece found within one of these ancient structures within the ancient city of Meroe. Amongst over 200 sandstone pyramids, a depiction can be found within a rather peculiar mural. Like that of the ancient depictions of Gilgamesh, repeatedly showing carrying an adult male lion like a kitten, this image in fact shows an ancient giant carrying an elephant in each hand. And although this is clearly a remarkable detail, it is not the only features of note that are to be found within the picture. First brought to the attention of mainstream study in 1821 by the French mineralogist Frédéric Calieux. It has since been noted that the giant's features were seemingly Caucasian in appearance, with his hair a light red in color, something we have touched upon in the past with witness testimonies of ancient remains of red-headed giants being reportedly found worldwide, in particular Lovelock Cave. Thus, one wonders, could this be a true depiction of not only the builders of the Anubian pyramids, but possibly Giza's Great Pyramids and the many other either publicly studied or covered up structures found around the world. It is a possibility which we find incredibly compelling. Hey guys, before we discuss the most recent controversial discovery that was made in the Sarayarca, a region near the city of Karaganda in Kazakhstan, I feel it is important to note that a possible cover-up has ensued surrounding the finds that have been made, a tomb has been found within what is thought to be the oldest pyramid surviving on Earth. The team of explorers who made the discovery led by Igor Kukushkin said that they initially believed that it was likely built for an ancient king or clan leader. However, upon realizing that a burial chamber was resting beneath this once enormous mausoleum and that it was found unopened, it has remained undisturbed for undoubtedly many millennia. Soon after the discovery, local authorities along with rumors of the involvement of other international organizations cordoned off the entire excavation, subsequently silencing the archaeologists for nearly a year regarding their remarkable finds, also preventing any further exploration of the ruins being reported. Just how long would it take for a once-grand pyramid to virtually erode away, and what sort of things were found within this tomb that would require a year-long cover-up? Information relating to the discovery of the pyramid and the subsequent burial chamber was initially filtered to the press, yet no further information regarding this amazing excavation was made public. After over a year of silence, the team have now claimed that the chamber had somehow been robbed some years earlier, conveniently leaving the oldest known pyramidal tomb on Earth empty for all the world to see. Additionally, a large debunking effort has ensued regarding the initial, and largely honest conclusions made by many scholars regarding the pyramid's possible age. Many initially concluded that the pyramid actually predated its more well-known neighbors, located more than 6,000 km away in Giza, by more than 1,000 years. Not too long ago when Osiris' tomb was rumored to have been discovered within Gaza, who was said to have been an alien god, a familiar sequence of events were subsequently witnessed shortly after this discovery also. Could there really be a conspiracy currently being undertaken by unknown powers to conceal the existence of ancient astronauts and possible past alien gods? With so many ancient burial chambers linked to incredibly important and lost segments of our vast ancient past, it is difficult to deny the possibility of such a conspiracy actually being played out in front of our very eyes. What do you think regarding the suppression of such finds? Are the accusations of a conspiracy sheer paranoia? Are these operations just protecting the discoveries from possible corruption? Or could there really be aliens buried within the tombs of pyramids that dot the Earth? Or possibly even further afield? Thanks for watching guys, and until next time, take care. Enlongated skulls have been unearthed in many places on Earth, linked to ancient cultures globally. To this day, artificial practices of accomplishing this striking deformation can be witnessed among remote tribes in certain parts of the world. Thanks to this, and indeed the remains that have been found and studied previously, we not only now understand how this elongation is artificially accomplished, but also anomalies found on some specific and rather special specimens. For example, if one exhumes the remains of the ancient civilization of the Han culture, one is able to establish many things regarding the past technique, the individual skull which endured said practice. This can often be done by tracking the cranial napping found upon all human skulls. However, what makes others so intriguing, for example the Paracas skulls, or the lost believed stolen skulls of Malta, this napping that one would expect to see is either absent or if present not of a deformed nature, suggesting that the previous owners of these craniums had this naturally from birth, leading to many hypothesizing that they were either a now lost subspecies or possibly an ancient alien visitor. If we track the provenance of these beings, one can also argue this increased cranial mass as a possible contributing factor in increased intelligence. Many of the ancient pharaohs of Egypt exhibit this, and indeed the skulls found at the ruins in Malta, with its astonishing acoustic properties, their burials evidence of them once being valued members of these societies, but also the possible contributors to the advancements in technology and architecture found at these sites. The most unusual, however, those with no evidence of binding have been found at many prehistoric sites, such as the so-called alien mines along the banks of Lake Superior. Lloyd Pie has also made a lucrative business, promoting the discovery of a curious humanoid skull he found a few years ago. Although not dismissed as a deformity, many still strongly believe it to be that of a human alien hybrid. Regardless of the artificial binding which still occurs, questions remain. Why do some of these skulls appear to have been natural? Why is the ancient practice undertaken? Who inspired it? Why were the exquisite skulls of Malta stolen? Are we really looking at the remains of ancient alien visitors? It is an area of historical research which we find very intriguing. President Putin recently visited one of the most mysterious places on earth, the ruins of the ancient town of Arkheim. Nations, archaeologists, and UFOologists have spent many years trying to unravel the secrets of this place. Which nation was living in Arkheim more than 40 centuries ago? How did people of such ancient civilization manage to accomplish the incredible technological progress on earth there? The Arkheim Valley was supposed to be flooded in 1987. Local authorities were intending to create a water reservoir there to irrigate drought-prone agriculture. However, scientists found strange ancient circles in the center of the valley. Authorities gave archaeologists 12 months to explore the area. Scientists were shocked at what they discovered. However, it is not the unusual earthworks that have attracted investigators, but rather what was recently discovered beneath. A discovery which has seen several renowned alien investigators rushing to this remote and forgotten slice of the Russian landscape in search of the undeniable proof that we are not alone. Researcher Maria Makarova and her team were able to unearth a remarkably well-preserved skeleton in the ground beneath the site. However, it soon became evident that this was no normal skeleton. And although the research team have attempted to disagree with the clear possibility of it not actually being human remains, choosing to suspect that the skeletons somehow belong to a woman from the Sarmati tribe which lived in what is now Ukraine, southern Russia, and Kazakhstan about 2,000 years ago. It unfortunately appears that this is an attempt to discredit the real possible value of these remains, this being a logical move by all professional researchers funded by an academia which would not appreciate such honest and clearly forgivable assumptions based on current evidence being publicly disclosed. For example, firstly, the Sarmatia tribe may have practiced headbinding, however this practice is largely believed to have been located in other parts of the world, and the lack of any additional finds within the tribe supporting this assumption would seem this is a deceptive conclusion to arrive at. Additionally, when headbinding was undertaken, unmistakable evidence of such is left upon the skull. Deformed cranial napping, the stitching of the skull will not appear as normal, yet, alas, the stitching will always be present and easily identifiable. Though astonishingly, this skull clearly shows no evidence of binding on the photographs. What's more, and perhaps more pressing, is the lack of any cranial stitching visible whatsoever. This stitching of the skull plates is part of human growth. We all have them, yet this skeleton does not. What do you think regarding the find, an abnormal tribe member buried beneath an extremely ancient, mysterious site, or something else entirely? In 1973, Eric Anton Paul von Daniken would publish a book that would change the world. Because of this publication, Eric is thought of as the pioneering advocate of the ancient astronaut theory. He was solely responsible for bringing the ancient alien hypothesis to public attention. His book, Gold of the Gods, included extensive research regarding a lost and very ancient city buried beneath most of Ecuador. In the book, he would detail talks with a man known as Janos Juan Moritz, a figure who had managed to extensively explore the abandoned ancient underground tunnel systems. The entrance to this forgotten world is entered through the Cueva de los Teos, the Teos Cave. While exploring, Janos claimed to have stumbled across a secret passage which led to rooms filled with mounds of golden jewels and coins, and a golden sarcophagus placed within an intact ancient metallic library containing books made from a strange metal. Janos' research suggested that the golden fortune, along with the sarcophagus and metallic library located within the artificial tunnels, had been placed there by a lost civilization with the help of extraterrestrial beings. Did Janos Juan Moritz actually stumble upon an ancient alien tomb, a tomb which had managed to survive many thousands of years without being disturbed? Not only were the claims within Von Daniken's book taken seriously, they resulted in the most expensive cave exploration ever undertaken. Stan Hall from Britain commenced upon this expedition in 1976, with the goal of finding the golden artifacts and hopefully an alien corpse. The expedition included over 100 people, including experts in a variety of fields, British and Ecuadorian military personnel, a film crew, an even former astronaut and first man on the moon, Neil Armstrong. The team also included eight experienced British cavers who thoroughly explored the riskier of ancient tunnel systems, successfully conducting an accurate survey of the complex, advancing a detailed map of the buried city. Unfortunately, little evidence of Von Daniken's more exotic claims was found or remained. It is always a possibility that funded tomb robbers made it there first. It took over a year for Stan Hall to organize his team, a year which experienced a flurry of public attention directed towards what can only be described as drastically consequential claims. Just more, compounding evidence of the artifacts' existence unearthed from these exact cave systems has miraculously been documented in the past. Not only had some of these mythical items been recovered, the artifacts had been bought and collected by a man known as Father Crespi. Father Crespi is considered a saint by some. He was born in Milan, Italy in 1891 and died in 1982. He was a Silesian monk who dedicated his life to worship and charity. He actually lived in the small town of Quenca in Ecuador for more than 50 years. He did not have much wealth, but what he did have, he used to help the less fortunate. He was an avid collector of what could now be classified as impossible artifacts. He would encourage those who needed money to bring him whatever items they could find within the jungles, and he would pay them for their troubles.  Some, however, brought to him from within these cave systems collaborate the stories of Eric von Daniken. Not only did these particular artifacts collaborate the story, but they were often made from solid gold, exhibited language and visually illustrated culture of an as yet unknown but clearly highly developed ancient civilization. The collection also included several metallic books, inscribed with an exquisite unknown language. Upon Father Crespi's death, his collection was looted by unknown peoples. All artifacts of interest were replaced with obvious forgeries or simply stolen. Upon returning from their unsuccessful expedition, the lead researcher met with Janos Moritz, indigenous source, who claimed that they had investigated the wrong cave. Had the source been paid for his silence? What is interesting is the fact that the team's efforts were not entirely fruitless. Characteristics of the cave systems they explored match that of the descriptions given by von Daniken. What's more, they actually unearthed zoological, botanical and archeological features, items which are unexplainable for the geographical location, unless it was visited by a group of people capable of traveling the seas far before Columbus. What do you think of the Teos Cave's legendary golden burial chamber? Was it all a hoax? Or did somebody get there first? Hey guys, now I'm sure you're already aware of the strange incident that once occurred in the small county of Roswell, New Mexico in the year 1947. Subsequently covered up and wiped from the archives of history by the US government's men in black. But what many of you might not be aware of is the peculiar report made on July 15, 2008 by the Physical Sciences Department at Eastern New Mexico University in regards to an amazing discovery made at the crash site some years later by auto repairman Robert Ridge. While deer hunting in the area on the 4th of September 2004, Ridge found a chocolate colored sandstone very close to the crash site with a remarkable worked engraving visible on its front. It has become known as the Roswell Rock, measuring 5 cm by 4.3 cm and weighing 50.78 grams, with one end twice as thick as the other. The strange pattern has beveled edges and is raised more than an eighth of an inch up from the surface of the rock. During research attempts to decipher the pattern upon the stone, it was subsequently matched to an extraordinary crop circle which occurred on August 2, 1996 at Littington Castle in Wiltshire, England. The formation was made on standing wheat, yet on the rock the pattern is not raised, but beveled, making this stone seem like a matching opposite piece to an as yet unknown puzzle. Lab test results concluded that upon the back of the stone, where three pits were visible, was likely where larger grains had fell out over time. However, a pattern was deliberately placed on the back, found with a series of embedded calcite-like crystals in the shape of an X or cross. They also discovered the stone had a strong magnetic attraction, narrowed down to the presence of magnetite. An energy dispersive fluorescence spectrometer, or EDXRF, confirmed the presence of this strange iron material. Strangely, when magnetic influence is over the thickest end of the rock, the rock turns counterclockwise. However, when above the lower crescent and circle, the thinnest end of the rock, the rock reverses and turns clockwise. Some have concluded this is a deliberately placed riddle in the form of a clue or message. Burying clockwise and counterclockwise plant lays are a fundamental characteristic of authentic crop formations worldwide. Eleven years on after he found it, Ridge thankfully still has the stone, which he states is in a safe deposit box most of the time. Apparently, he hasn't tried to sell it, and even agreed to allow Giorgio Socalos of Ancient Aliens to do some testing on it during a 2014 special of the History Channels in Search of Aliens. When geologist Bill Dolman suggested that Ridge allow he and Giorgio to apply a grinder to the backside of the stone in order to collect some dust for analysis, Ridge reluctantly agreed, but became clearly emotional, even tearful during the process. It would appear Ridge does in fact have a deep emotional attachment to his fine, but was cooperating with the History Channels efforts to try to learn more about it via magnetic testing, CT scanning, and spectroscopic elemental analysis. Thanks to Robert Ridge's diligent efforts, the stone remains in existence. As always, thanks for watching guys, take care. Giorgio Socalos, a set of the world's most alluring artifacts, possessing the power to create religions, snaring many a Hollywood figure with their mysticism and rumored possible alien origins. Firstly, how does one tell a real crystal skull from a fake? There are always artists capable of making and selling things that seem old, says anthropologist Jane McLaren Walsh of the Smithsonian Museum. And she should know, Walsh has seen her share of fakes. In fact, she's probably seen more crystal skulls than anyone else alive, subsequently becoming the leading academic on the subject. A stern skeptic with a ruthless ethic, only the most puzzling will convince Jane. Another major player in the skull game according to Walsh was Frederick Arthur Mitchell Hedges, an English stockbroker turned adventurer, who in 1943 began displaying a skull at dinner parties which he called the Skull of Doom. His daughter Anna later claimed that he had found the skull in a ruined temple in Belize during the early 1920s, however this was later found to have been a lie. Investigations by the Linnean Society of London, a research institute specializing in taxonomy and natural history, revealed that Mitchell Hedges actually purchased his skull at auction at Sotheby's in London in 1943. How it came to be at the auction house, however, was never established. Which is unfortunate, because the Mitchell Hedges Skull, according to Walsh's scrupulous examination, is the only one she has ever had to reluctantly confirm as an authentic crystal skull. What's more, it is the only academically accepted original known within the public archives. Smaller than other examples, which under microscope analysis were seen to have been made using rotary drills, the Mitchell Hedges Skull is a more finely crafted, yet more crudely designed example that under the atomic microscope has shown signs of having indeed been an ancient pre-Columbian artefact, which sure enough was constructed using, quote, unknown technology. There are of course many examples of crystal skulls around the world, and many more stories surrounding their mysterious construction. Elongated examples, stories of groups of these skulls initiating some form of energy field. Ancient laser cutting technology has also been claimed time and time again. However, we felt we would approach them from another angle, to experience the rare occasion when modern, specifically funded academic institutes buckle to overwhelming evidence, proofs given by the defeated skeptic to those who pursue nothing but the perplexing truth and a direction for study.  Regardless of beliefs, or indeed the superstitions which now surround them, there are a rare few which support the theory of lost civilization and ancient visitation. This skull is much smaller than many, and crudely carved, leading museum scholars here to believe that in a world of fakes, this one is the real thing.


Hello to my channel, I am Arapata Kairava and in this video lecture I am going to talk about few things that you must remember on the day of your exam and few things that you must follow on the day before your exam and these tips that I am giving you in this video lecture especially for the people who are appearing for the next net exam so if you too are one of them then make sure that you make a list of these points and you follow them appropriately because these are time-tested things that I am going to tell you and you will definitely see that these things will definitely help you in producing better results. So the first thing that you should not do on the day before your exam is that please don't panic if you don't remember points from your revision notebook. I have already made a video on how to revise and I have made a video on preparation strategies and all these videos I have told that you should maintain a separate copy in which you can write down the points that you are forgetting so that you can recall them again and again. But on the day of your exam or on the day before your exam when you open that copy and you still find few things that you are not able to remember please don't panic. See our brain is a brilliant machine and it can help you in the best possible way but if you try to over pressurize the brain if you try to put the brain in negative emotions like guilt like unhappiness the brain will not be able to function properly. So even if you don't remember things don't worry that's the part of life you are not meant to remember each and everything we have done our best we have read hundred percent thing out of which you might remember eighty percent which is enough there are people who have not even read forty percent things so they remember like 10-15 percent see all these competitive exams is about scoring marks better than the rest of the population is so you are not Einstein you will not remember everything even Einstein did not remember everything but you must understand the fact that even if you forget certain things it's fine that's the part of life and every time you read something and you forget it just tell your brain that okay so this is how you play with your brain the second important tip that you must do before the day of your exam is that please avoid the company of negative people please don't talk to too many people on the day before your exam because see what happens is that we all are emotional beings if we come in contact with too many people on a day before our exam we might find our self hurt by the comments of certain people we might feel that there are people who are trying to demoralize us who are trying to tell us that we are not good enough in all these negative statements will somewhere down the line make you feel guilty will make you feel underconfident and you must remember one thing guys that confidence is the key I'll be making a video next Sunday in which I'll be talking about what or how to program yourself before you sit for an exam and make sure that you watch that video because in that video I have told you the benefit of confidence so for now you must remember that please avoid the company of negative people the third important thing that you must remember is that please don't give second thoughts about sitting for the exam I have seen people who on the last day of their exam like on the last day before their exam they start questioning their preparation they start questioning their existence sometimes and they start believing that yeah like I should not sit for this exam guys see understand this fact that you have prepared for an exam for about four or five months and it's just an exam you need to go and give your best you just need to remember the things that you have studied all the while and you just need to go there and perform to the best of your ability it's not something which you have to clear or you will be put behind the bars it's not the end of the life you just need to take it as a simple game which will help you in achieving certain desired results so this is how you need to approach the exam don't make a big deal out of it the more we try to put importance on certain things the more that thing will become a burden to us so if you want yourself to be calm and composed during the exam please don't make it a big deal it's just an exam if you don't clear it this time you still have an option to clear it next time or why to even think that we will not be able to clear it take it as a challenge just like we play video game we have mastered certain levels now we are performing on a different level we might win we might lose but we don't attach ourselves to that thing I know it's easy to say then to feel or then to actually believe in it but then this is what the process of life is all about so coming to the next topic that you must remember or the next point that you must remember before the day of your exam is that please for God's sake don't eat junk food on the last day I still remember that my mother read it somewhere that you know it's good to have chocolate and cakes while a person is preparing for exam because these are mood boosters and mood enhancers so she used to give me cakes like every day for like about 15 days I use I was served cake like every true as three as my mother used to give me a serving of cake but then on the last day she made sure that I only had good food like I had simple plain food which is easily digestible so that next day I don't have any stomach problems because guys what happens is that our brain and stomach is connected a lot if you don't feel well in your stomach you will not be able to give your hundred percent during the exam so always remember that on the last day on the last day of your preparation please do not have any junk food do not have any chocolate or any sort of caffeine or other things just have simple meal simple diet okay and have enough water because somewhere in one day your body will rejuvenate and will be able to function properly one more thing that you must remember is that please get enough sleep I've already talked about the importance of sleep in my last video in which I've told you that please at least have a sleep of eight hours before you hit the exam hall because in the exam hall the best machine that you have you'll be carrying that machine in the exam hall and if this machine is not properly recharged it will not be able to give its hundred percent so if you want your brain to function on the top most capacity then don't forget to sleep because if you have proper sleep I'm telling you guys you will be able to solve certain questions which you might not have solved if you did not sleep properly your mind will function in such a capacity that your mind will be able to take out answers figure out answers for questions that you normally would never be able to figure out so now let's focus on things that you must remember on the day of your exam the first important formula that you must keep in your mind is that guys please wear comfortable clothes when you go to the exam hall don't wear fancy clothes I know the exam is happening in the hottest month of the year and it's good that you wear clothes which make you feel comfortable which will not create uneasiness in your body sometimes we don't even realize the fact that due to the discomfort that we are feeling on the level of our body will affect our focus during the exam time the second important thing that you must remember is that please for God's sake keep the important things at a place when you leave for your exam hall so you must take along your pen you must take along Adhaar card you must take along your admit card apart from it please leave all the other things at your home don't carry any accessories don't carry a huge amount of money when I went for this paper I was not carrying anything it was written in the admit card also I read all the instruction but there was several people who were struggling because they were carrying debit cards they were carrying some important gold ring or you know some important documents with them so if you carry all these things then this institution in which you might get your center in they will not be responsible for the things that you are submitting there and that might also upset you so please keep away from all the things which might create tension in your brain and with this I come on to the third important point please reach the exam hall at least one hour before okay why I am saying this why at least one hour before because somewhere down the line if you know got stuck somewhere some other or the other thing happened and you were not able to reach on time the heartbeat that will increase just because the exam is approaching in next 10 minutes and you're still not in the front of your exam hall that heartbeat will take time to settle down and that will also affect your performance in the exam so all these small things nobody is going to tell you but these small small things will definitely add some points while you are giving your paper you might be able to answer one or two questions correctly just because you have taken care of these points and those two questions matter a lot I'm telling you guys that matter a lot all these things my mother and there were several other people who told me and they make sure that I abide by these rules so that I was able to give my best in the exam hall the next important thing that I would like to tell you is that please have proper bath and breakfast before you leave home to reach the exam hall why breath and breakfast both are important because see whenever water falls on our body our body cells are rejuvenated we are definitely going to feel at least 50% more energetic after the bath so it's always good to have that extra edge plus breakfast is important because you will be there in the exam hall for next four or five hours so for that five hours if there is nothing in your stomach your brain will stop functioning so please pay it back a nasta karke jaye that is important and also have proper bath and then leave the house you might need to get up a bit early but then that's okay if you have you know burn midnight oils just because you want to clear this exam getting up an hour early will not be a big issue for you the next important thing that you must remember is that when you get the OMR sheet make sure that the first thing you do is that you fill all the details and please double check all the details all the entries that you fill because somewhere down the line if you make mistake in any one of the entry or you fail to fill any one of the entry in that case your OMR sheet will be discarded and your result will not be counted so please make sure that you do not make any mistake when it comes to the OMR sheet that is a sheet which is your identity people don't know you by name they know you by the OMR sheet that you have filled so I have seen people making mistake they directly start marking the answers and they'll mark the answers and sometimes in the hurry they'll not fill two three entries in the OMR sheet and they will submit the OMR sheet in that case you're there's a big question mark whether UGC will consider your result or not so please in order to avoid such things make sure that the first thing you do when you get the OMR sheet is that you fill all the entries and you also sign the OMR sheet so before I in this video I would like to give you a very quick tip which will definitely be helpful in your exam time and this is based on my experience like when I sat for paper one and due to some time management issue I was not able to give enough time to this section of DI and I had to hurry up okay when I was solving DI due to which my heartbeat my palpitation everything you know skyrogged and even after I submitted the OMR sheet of paper one I was really in a condition when I was barely breathing and at that time I found out one very important thing which helped me to regain my composure and calmness and that was deep breathing whenever during your exam time due to some or the other issue maybe you're not able to answer a question or you're running short of time you're not able to give you a hundred percent you feel uneasiness in your body I'm telling you guys this works miraculously just have few deep breaths and you will see that everything in your body will automatically get balanced like this is a miraculous technique I'm telling you if you take ten deep breaths it will take hardly one minute of yours and everything in your body all the emotional system which is running out of order will take care of itself so this is why I'm telling you that whenever during your exam time you find that the palpitation or blood circulation or a headache or any any such problem just take deep breaths and I'm telling you everything will be fine so with that note I end my video I've shared with you some tips which prove beneficial in my case I hope that it proves beneficial in your case too if you have any other tips that you would like to give to other net aspirants do write that in the comment section below give this video a big fan thumbs up if you like this video and share it with other net aspirants I wish you all the very best for your success do go and share this video on other social media platform you can also go and visit my social media pages and like that pages if you like the kind of work I'm producing apart from it don't forget to subscribe to my channel because next Sunday there's a wonderful video which is coming your way and you should not miss watching that video so make sure that you have subscribed to my channel with that note I take your leave thank you so much keep loving literature happy learning and stay tuned to our Pratakarva.com


It doesn't matter where you come from, it's alright, yeah, it's alright, yeah, it doesn't matter where you... So I'm John Halpern, I'm here in University County, Little Old Caribou, Maine. I'm born and raised, and I recover loud. Hi everyone, welcome to Recover Loud, presented to you by Recovery on the Road. In our small hometown in Northern Maine, we had never heard anyone talk about recovery. The recovery programs were as much a mystery to me as the Freemasons. I didn't know anybody in recovery, I didn't know where any of the meetings were, and I didn't know how to become a member. Today, we recover loud so that no one has to wonder if recovery is possible. Hi, I'm Mike, and I'm grateful to be in recovery. Today, I get to be a father, a husband, a son, a brother, and a friend. I'm a college student studying criminal justice online. I currently work as a registered Maine Peer Recovery Coach, as well as sitting on the board of directors for a local nonprofit. I'm the co-founder of Recovery on the Road and co-creator of this show, Recovery Loud. You can read my personal story in the book, God Loves Attics 2, as well as in the latest issue of Journey Magazine. Welcome back to Recover Loud, presented by Recovery on the Road. We're here tonight with John Halliburd from Caribou. Welcome, John. Glad to see you. So, John, we knew each other way back when, you know, when things were still a mess. And then one day I came to the Redemption Center and I saw you working and you said, I'm in recovery. And I kind of smirked. And I left that day and it didn't really register. But you were the first one in Caribou to ever mention recovery to me. And I thank you for that. So how did you get to that point that day at the Redemption Center when I saw you? What happened leading up to that point? Well, there's a lot there. You know, I've been addicted since 12 or 13 years old.  You know, I was always the center of attention, not comfortable in my own skin, looking for attention from people. I wasn't healthy, all that stuff. You know, in high school, I was always the center of attention. You know, usually end up in my underwear on top of a hood of a car, you know, hauler into some ACDC somewhere out in the field somewhere.  I thrived on that reputation of a badass. And I really wasn't. I was, I was a really a soft hearted feller. But, you know, I hired my heart for a lot of years. So, you know, going fast forward and through through high school middle school, I overdosed in sixth grade for the first time on core seating. Ended up in the hospital stomach pump the whole line yards. That was like 13 or 14 years old.  I come out in the streets of caribou trying to be an adult. You know, got a girl pregnant thought I would do the right thing white picket fans to hold on yards bought a house. End up still using the whole time, you know, then then once he was born the pressure was on and my using took off because I couldn't handle the pressure really. I was still trying to fit in where I didn't belong. So, I got why the the the DA set me up on a wire by twice in two days once was in a school zone. So, I got a class a class B got bailed out my parents bailed me out. I ran the roads for like another eight months but my case was coming up soon I needed a lawyer I thought I'd, you know, go make one more spin and and and fund the lawyer. I ended up down in Bangor with a couple that I met, that was, you know, getting a load in and I was going to bring it up north and make my coin and I ended up with a, you know, non registered, uninsured, unexpected headlight out borrowed a car from some woman promised to this promise to that when I got back at the car went down there. Of course I made it down there fine, got to the place I was going filled the trunk full of dope and guns and pulled out of there and, you know, I didn't make another two blocks after that once I was loaded up the blue lights came on but to me that's God's grace today I can recognize that as God's grace because you know the blue lights are the final kicker that saved my life. I ended up in Pinello Scott County Jail. I did about eight months. Now I also had the charges up here in the county so I was kind of jumping back and forth but penance got had some kind of legality rule for technicality thing they wouldn't furlough for rehabs. So I was trying to get in the Lewiston, the same Francis house I'd been there once before to 2015. And I knew it was a good program. I knew I knew they really cared about the people they really want to seem clean and that's where I want to be so I ended up in the cell, you know, wanting to get out driving myself nuts in these walls.  I don't even know what a chaplain was doing.  So I fill out the request form, and I probably even asked about a spell chaplain. A few hours later, they says that Hallibur Chaplain. All right, I don't know where I'm going to what I'm going to do but let's go do it so I walked down and I ended up walking in the room guys hold my Bible.   It was a disaster. I was a complete wreck.  Chaplain read me a verse called James 18 it said a double minded man is unstable in all his ways. And I never related that to God I wasn't even thinking about God or Jesus at the time you know I just remember here in double minded and thinking, wow dude that's what's got me that's what's kept me used in this whole time you know I've always had one foot in one foot out. You know and in this time if I really want change. I'm gonna have to have both feet in on the good side you know I get out to have both foot on the clean side hitting the joint there ain't no sipping a Budweiser there ain't no nothing for me, because I know where it ends up. It's the weirdest thing I drink a beer next you know I'm in the parking lots don't mess. I don't know how it works but it works like that. So, you know, I got out of there and started doing the thing surrounding myself by a really good group, you know surround myself with winners and I took off man I just started thriving for recovery and started seeing people get healthy and you know I was just loving every minute of it. So, I stuck with it. Yeah, yeah, and we're all grateful that you did that you did. So what kind of what kinds of things are you doing today for the recovery community. So, so today you know what I mean my, I feel like the most important role I play as an open phone line.   You know because because that's what it is you don't feel worth it you feel like there's no door out there's no, you know you're stuck in the four walls and you'll never get out well. Listen I'm here to tell you there's a way out and if you know if it takes you being drugged by me and that's what you want. I'm willing to drag you but you know you get a call you get a reach out you know so I'm an open phone line for anybody that wants to call. I'm also a chair of a grassroots community group called recovery rustic. What we do is, is we try to add resources or advertise resources we set up tables that like the Thursday night on Sweden streets, so the street dance thing we do craft fairs we do whatever organizational allow us to come in with the word recovery on it. Yeah. I'm also very involved with opening this over houses my father in law. Well, my wife is is also in recovery and my father in law is really passionate about it because he was his daughter walk through it. And, you know, he said you know let's open some houses so we started thinking and beating around the idea so we ended up buying this old condemned house and remodeling it open the men's house. The man was so great dude I mean it was revolving door at first we had a lot of people in and out relapse in and out in and out, but we knew that that need was there. So, you know our next our next ambition was to open a female house and we've talked ambitions about a detox up here because you know there's 100 plus sober houses in the state of Maine and we had nothing in Ursa County and I mean nothing dude. People like fighting us about zoning laws and everything else to even get a recovery house. And, you know, it's pretty ridiculous that these people don't even want to see these people get better. It's like they just wanted to write them off.  We just opened a women's house they're not too long ago, they got a couple people to take more clients at the first of the year we still got some renovations to do so. But yeah man we're on our way we could we could definitely get a long ways to go but we're working at it chipping away at it. Yeah, that's great stuff that women's house did you tell me do they accept women with children. We're not we're not at that capability right now but after the renovations are complete, I do believe we'll have one suite that allow allow the women and child with the women and child we're trying to keep them completely separate from the other house not isolated but you know we don't want the other, the other tenants around the child, depending on what the mother wants the child exposed to you know what I mean so it's it's a touchy area but yes we're definitely shooting to be able to have a mother and child or women and kids there.  That ain't right man so let's let's all recover together.  Yeah, and, you know, as addicts we see, we see a lot of barriers to recovery. You know, that's it. We need to find the right time, you know, we need to make sure that we've got things lined up we've got to make sure that our, our kids are taking care of our pets are taking care of, you know, we always use this why we can't recover. What are some of the barriers that you've seen up in the county. Um, like I said when I first got sober dude is nothing but barriers you know you know honesty was actually a real killer back then as soon as you got honest that's when the stigma set in and nobody really wanted to help you. I could have said I was a psychiatric patient and I probably would have had help. But if I would have said I was, you know, addicted to vassals and methamphetamine. I was just a low life that they were willing to write off but I mean a lot of that's changed we get a lot of we do have some resources now I mean he's opened up a lot. We got the recovery center we got recovery of rustic and more or less we got a group of people that's willing to listen we got a group of people that's willing to you know what I mean buy you a phone car so you can have a phone to reach out we got, you know, a lot of church groups and I'm part of this fortress church group they're willing to get boots on the ground and help out the cable assembly God's been doing a lot of donational stuff resource stuff to get a van.   I just didn't have it but you know I think today, if I were to try to get sober again, it probably be a lot easier path probably a lot less abrasive but back when I did it in 2016 man it was. It wasn't happening I had to be incarcerated. Yeah, and you know I actually I in 2018, and you know I had those same barriers you know I didn't know any recovery. I didn't know where the meetings were held. I didn't know how to do it. So I'm glad that you're doing something today to help bring people to recovery, and by recovering loud that's that's what we do. Where programs that weren't there before. I believe in Prescott they just opened up a methadone clinic. Yeah, a new clinic yep. Yeah, they're real busy so it's a good thing. Yeah, and you know we support all pathways to recovery. Just whether it's 12 step whether it's it's methadone MAT, whatever takes it away from that substance that was killing us. Yeah, or all the above, or all the above. Yes, that's right for me when I when I talk to people like, I can kind of get a read on them and like, you know I don't try to judge them but I can tell you like listen my story is not going to do it for you.   Then listen man, you know we can we can use this power numbers man and with different resources different paths that we did, you know we can explain this path that path this path this drug of choice that drug of choice you can kill that excuse and knock that excuse out. Because you know I mean we've all done it and this is how it is, you know. Yeah, yeah and and that's that's the basis of recovering loud is, you know, just, we didn't do anything special. You know, we're not special people because we get out. We found a way and we put in the work. And today, today we refuse to give up the life that we're building. Yeah, after like 14 months when I go jail, my parents want to throw me a party and I'm like, I'm not coming home from Harvard. Shouldn't be a party event man. I just want to come home and keep my head down and keep going the way I'm going I started getting all crazy you know me and the dealers house no time no parties no parties for me. So what kind of life have you built yourself today in recovery. Certainly I'm sitting in my son's bedroom he's he's with my parents tonight but yeah I gotta my son's in his own bedroom. You know that's this one little things I would have never been able to accomplish. So I started out when I got out working for my brother at the redemption center like you mentioned and he had owned another one. And he said listen man you know I got a baby on the way and my life's getting crazy I don't really need to. I'm gonna put a five year plan down there we can you know in five years you know we'll we'll see if we can't get you an owner. I said all right. So after about two years I was just, you know beat up making the same money and I was starting to plateau with my recovery you know a and a was, you know it was all good I was surrounded with a good network but the anonymous thing was a killer for me. I was really loud I like to be, you know I was proud of what I was doing, you know what I mean, and if I had to be anonymous, then nobody can know I was doing it. I couldn't help anybody, you know what I mean. So I felt restricted I don't know so anyways I went to an MDC nor the main development committee. I pitched a gig and I pitched my story is what I did so I told him you know I told him right out front this is where I'm at I got multiple felons. Minimal wage job for me is not going to cut it because that's not where I want to be in life. You know I mean I'm looking to get married can't afford the wedding after marriage comes kids listen I need money, I need a good career. So, you know I need a few thousand dollars and believe it or not man they took a chance on me and they proved me for that loan so my five year plan ultimately turned into a two year plan, and I signed the paperwork last year. And, and so this first this year I'll be a business owner for for the first year, you know things are going good. Bill bills are paid. I just had a daughter, she was in the NICU for a little while she's now do it almost six months old 18 pounds healthy and loud, just like your father. My 11 no boys, he's playing athletics.  You know we hit some bumps in the roads because he was around for my old addiction you know so there's some recovery still need to be made with him. But, you know, for the most part he looks up to me like God dude and you know that's, that's amazing. You know, it's besides that it's just every day things man tonight I went out snow blow my job with so my wife can get in the house. You know my two nieces live with me my sister in law, we all live together in a big old house so it's a, it's a tight knit family thing you know, and it's it's, it's just, it's amazing life I live today and it's it's the small things man it's you know my son called me dad can I go to the wreck after school play basketball. You know stuff like that I was never I was never the guy to have any type of saying that I wasn't responsible enough to have any say in any of that stuff. Today I decided you know what we're going to do for dinner I mean I decided what you know what bills we're going to pay this month and maybe hold off on next week.  Right.  So that's that's why I continue in recovery.  So it's an easy man I'm, you know, almost five years into this and just last week, you know, some high school kid knew my reputation and approached my 11 year old kid and offered him some weed and my kids said you know it's not cool to smoke weed and the kids said Yeah, yeah, your dad's just a drug addict.  No, I don't have to do anything about that. You know what I mean because you know Hayden and I know. You know what I mean I'm not a drug addict no more. That's not what that doesn't define me who I am. You know what I mean. Yeah, we do recover and you know it's good that your son can do that recovery is a family affair. You know, I raised my kids through my addiction. My daughter was seen before she ever met me sober.  So, you know, and that's the life that's what we live for. You get to choose to live now.  Thank you for recovering loud and you know sharing hope for others in my old hometown. Hey man, thanks for all you're doing down there. Not everyone can enjoy the holiday season. Family gatherings can often become toxic and cause even more trauma. Having an exit plan before you go out is a great way to avoid falling backwards. Here are a few things you can do if your safety is in jeopardy. You can always avoid the gathering altogether. Trust yourself. You know your limits. You can plan your reason ahead of time. Having a story at the ready is better than coming up with something on the fly. If at all possible, don't go alone. You can also use your partner as an excuse if you need to leave early. They can also help identify a triggering situation. If you need to, slip out the back door. It's much better to explain why you left the next day than why you have to leave when you're there. Announce your intended early departure at the beginning. Tell people you don't plan to stay long and then if everything goes well, you get to stay longer. Always have somebody on standby. If you think you might need somebody to talk to, give them a heads up before you go out. Most people would be happy to take your call and talk you down out of a situation. There are many other things you can do, but whatever you do this holiday season, please stay safe and have a happy holiday everybody. I'd like to speak to you tonight a little bit about Maine's Consumeratin Law. This law prevents a person from being arrested or prosecuted for certain violations if the grounds for that arrest or prosecution result from the person experiencing a drug-related overdose or seeking medical assistance for someone who is. Please join us and our partners in trying to affect change in this law. We need to expand the protections for people as well as the number of people. We strongly believe that everybody should carry Narcan. Whether you use or not, or know someone who does, you never know when you might come across a situation where somebody's life is in jeopardy. Having this life-saving medication can make all the difference. There needs to be no reason for someone not to call 911 for an overdose. You can email me or join our group, Recovery on the Road, to find out how you can help and get involved. We strongly feel that everybody should be trained in carrying Narcan. You never know when you might come across a situation where this life-saving medication can make the difference. First, dial 911. You don't have to tell them that someone has overdosed. Tell them that your friend is unresponsive and that you're assisting. Next, give two rescue breaths and then administer in the lock zone. It's always good to wait two to three minutes between doses, but if necessary, you can always give rescue breaths until help arrives. If you or someone you know is at risk of an opiate-related overdose, please carry Narcan. If you don't know anyone at risk, you can still carry Narcan. That's all the time we have for tonight. Thank you so much for joining us on our first episode of Recover Loud. We look forward to seeing you next time, bringing you more guests to tell you more stories and share more resources and information. Please stay safe out there. Even when I'm scared and my feet are frozen, you help me keep it going like a semi-colon. So I'mma follow your steps for all of the way up on my faith in you and walk on the waves.  Thank God.


So what does corked wine taste like? I've got a corked bottle, an uncorked bottle, some cardboard.   Hello, hello, hello. Welcome back to Exotic Wine Travel. I am your host, Matthew Horkey. Welcome back to the show where we help you drink adventurously so you can expand your palate and expand your mind. And we're going to be expanding minds and expanding my palate with corked wine. So what is corked wine? It's a very misunderstood term. Corked wine is not little pieces of cork in your glass. That happens when the corks roll. They break off, but that's not a corked wine. Corked wine is a wine that's kind of been infected almost with a molecule, 246 trichloroanosol, also known as TCA. That's TCA tank or cork tank. For all of those that were chemistry majors like me, I wonder if that molecule gives you nightmares about organic chemistry one and two. How does this happen? It happens because there's a fungus that sometimes infects a cork tree, the cork bark. And in a cork manufacturer, they usually bleach and sterilize these cork stoppers before they package them and send them out to different producers. And what happens if there's that fungus in the cork and the bleach comes in contact with that, TCA is born, is formed. Everybody has different sensitivities to TCA. I've been at big tastings where some people picked out that a wine was corked and others said, no, it's definitely not corks. You know, when I was first getting into wine, I remember one of my original wine mentors, we were talking about cork, I said, I'd never smelled it before. And he looked at me and said, once you smell it, you'll never forget it. So how often does corked wine actually occur? I've seen figures going anywhere from 10% to 6% to less than 1%. I can tell you this, last year, producers sent me 715 bottles of wine. Of those 715 bottles, six of them were corked. So that's less than 1%. Actually a lot less than I thought. Three of those bottles, over half of them, occurred in a tasting I did in the same day. I was going through and doing some of my tastings with, thank goodness I have this cork and I came across this bottle and it was definitely corked. This is the Tenuta Cavalier Pepe Broncato 2018. This is Fiano Di Avalino from Campania, Italy. I'm so glad that there were two bottles because the second bottle was really, really an excellent bottle of wine. A corked bottle of wine is not the producer's fault. You know, it happens sometimes. That's why many producers around the world are going to screw caps, glass enclosures, plastic or even synthetic corks. So what does corked wine actually taste like? I see a lot of videos, a lot of articles out there, people saying that it tastes like cardboard, it tastes like wet dog and saying all these things but they're not actually tasting the wine in real time or they don't even have cardboard or anything next to them. So we're going to do a taste off here today. I've got my corked bottle, my uncorked bottle, a piece of cardboard. I even prepared and soaked a piece of wet cardboard and I even have an old musty cardboard box right here. So we're going to come, we're going to taste and compare. You see sommeliers and some people when they, once they pull the corks out they smell it. I've heard before that a lot of times that's silly, that's BS but you know what, I usually can pick up the signs of TCA in a cork. So let's compare here. When I open the wine, the aroma definitely started to come out. Let's compare it to the uncorked wine. Comparing the two, the corked bottle definitely has this cardboard wet paper old dirt kind of smell. I don't know about wet dog. The uncorked bottle is definitely more fruity, more explosive. Let's compare the smell of the corked wine to all the different types of cardboard here. Okay, the dry cardboard a little bit, it does smell a little bit like the corked wine. Let's give the other one a smell here. The corked wine doesn't smell like wet cardboard as much as I thought. Let's try the cardboard box. So the wet cardboard and the dry cardboard are closest to the corked wine. Let's do a taste test. You know I used to think of corked wine actually as tasting like or smelling like my grandma's basement. My grandma used to have a kitchen in the basement that's where we'd hang out a little all the time, all the dust, the dirt, a little bit of the mustiness that's what it smelled like. When I do this taste test though, I actually have to say the wine does taste and smell more similar to me tearing open this dry piece of cardboard than the wet cardboard or the cardboard box. I've got an idea. Let me see if this actually works. If I put the cardboard into the good wine and see if that works pretty close.  Supermarkets, I don't know if you can be so lucky. So I hope this helped you out. If you really want to experience corked wine, I guess the the closest thing would find a piece of fresh cardboard, tear it open, smell it and give it a little bit of taste. I hope you found this video useful. Stay tuned for a future video. I'm going to do the saran wrap trick and see if that clears out the cork flavor in about this bottle of wine. I will see you at the next episode. Hello. Thanks for watching. Hey, you made it to the end. Make sure to subscribe to our YouTube channel. Click the bell so you know when new videos are out. If you like content like this, check out our Patreon page where you get some behind the scenes exclusive content. Thanks for watching. Cheers.


So, now we're going to look at Exercise Hello Triangle Indexed, which is 2.2, and if we run it, it's actually not rendering a triangle, well, it's rendering two triangles that form a rectangle. And while we could render two triangles just like we rendered a single triangle before, this time instead of calling glDrawArrays, we're calling glDrawElements. And what drawElements does differently is that, yes, it expects a VAO, which we have set up, it expects a shader program, but it also expects a buffer of indices. The indices are indexes into the vertex data, such that we construct our primitive, in this case a triangle, by specifying three indices. So if we look up at our vertices array, we're going to end up forming two triangles, yet we're only specifying four vertices. And then in our buffer of indices, we're going to have first a triangle made up of index zero, one, and three, meaning this vertex, this vertex, and then the one at index three. And then the second triangle is formed from one, two, and three, so it's formed from these three vertices. Without these indices, if instead we were using glDrawArrays, then here we would have to have six vertices, three for the first triangle, three for the second. And now it would mean that the vertices at indexes one and three, they'd have to be repeated in the vertex data. That may not seem so bad with a small set of vertices, but if you imagine for a much larger model, you're going to typically have many, many more shared vertices that are going to have to be stored redundantly. And also the problem is that as we'll see later, our vertices are going to be accompanied by attribute data. So each vertex might end up being something significantly more than just three floats. It might end up being 12 floats or beyond. So it's an even greater savings than if we don't have to store redundant vertices. So now, as I said, everything in this example is exactly the same, except now we're going to have something you might call an element buffer object, which will have the indices data, and this has to be set up before we call glDrawElements. So here, when we create our VBO and our VAO, nothing is changing there, except now we also have another buffer for EBO. We're binding the VAO just like before, setting up the VBO just like we did before, same a trip pointer setup, that's not changed at all. But now for EBO, we're going to call glBind buffer, this time specifying type element array buffer, not regular array buffer, as we do for our VBOs. And having bound this buffer, we then want to put the indices data into it. It's just like we do with buffer data here for the vertices, except again here you're specifying element array buffer, not a regular array buffer. And so now the EBO is actually ready to go. We don't associate it with a VAO the way we do with the VBO. VAOs do not make reference to these element buffer objects. Instead, it's simply the case that when we call glDrawElements, whatever is currently buffer bound with glElementArrayBuffer, that is understood by draw elements to be where the indices are specified. In fact, if we don't have EBO bound at this point, if there is no currently bound element array buffer, then this call would crash. Note that we're specifying of course the type of the primitives. This is the number of vertex indices that are going to be read. This is the type of the indices, not the type of the vertices themselves, the type of the indices, they're unsigned ints. And the zero here is an offset, so you can have it read from some index other than the first index. So that's all that's different here, except one nice thing. We created the EBO, so we should also delete it like any other buffer when we're done. So we call deleteBuffers down here with EBO. So now let's look at exercise 3.1, shaders uniform, and here it's rendering a triangle, but if we wait a moment you'll see that it's actually changing its color pulsing slowly over time. The first thing that's different here is in our fragment shader, we now have this variable of type vec4 called ourColor and as it says it's a uniform variable. Uniforms are variables in our shader program that are global throughout the program and in fact are not allowed to change in the running of the program. And before we run the program, before we call drawArrays or drawElements, we have to set up the values for the uniforms first. They're basically inputs from outside the shader program. And be clear when we say they're unchanging during the run of the program, that's the shader program which runs once each frame. So frame to frame in this example we're changing what the ourColor value is and as you can see in the code it's simply taking whatever the ourColor is from the uniform and setting that to be the frag color. Looking down at the loop, we've actually in this case gone back to drawArrays, we're not using drawElements and we're not using indexes anymore. We could but there's no reason to do so so we're just going back to the more straightforward method in this case. But before the draw call, we're calling glUniform4f. 4f here means a vector of four floats because OpenGL is codified for C and C doesn't have function overloading. It's the case that in OpenGL you have a number of functions where there are many variants for different kinds of input. So this is the version of glUniform that takes in a vector of four floats, which are these four float values here. And when you call glUniform, the shader program whose uniform we are setting has to be the currently enabled program so we have glU's program up here for our shader program but the call also has to specify which uniform variable we're setting the value for because there could be many. So that's why here you're specifying vertex color location which is just an int value that has been defined up here by call to get uniform location passed in the shader program and the name of the uniform variable which in this case is our color. And be clear that uniform location actually is not changing frame to frame so this could just be done outside the loop. So that's how we set up the uniform value and in this specific case the uniform is being used as a color value where the red is zero, the blue is zero, the alpha is one, and the green value is going to vary frame to frame based on the current time which we're getting from gl of w and then using a sine function to have it vary in a in a pulsing gradual transition way. Sine of course always returns something in the range of negative one, the positive one, and so frame to frame the green value is pulsing up and down from black to a certain green shade in a smooth curve. Now I did say that uniforms are not meant to be mutated in the course of the shader program so let's actually see what happens if we do try and mutate the uniform here I'm going to modify our color just set it to this white value save I'm going to come over here and build the project run the program and well it didn't crash the program but you can see in the console we have some errors now there's first a compilation failure and then of course because it failed to compile we also can't link and it's telling us that there's an assignment to uniform our color and you're just not allowed to assign to uniform so that's why that's invalid. So the compiler caught the error. Now let's look at example 3.2 shaders interpolation I'll run it and you can see we get a pretty rainbow triangle so what's going on here well firstly looking at the shaders whereas before we just had the one input to our vertex shader now we have a second input notice it says location one this is going to be a color value as the name indicates also a vec3 also now in addition to assigning to gl position which is just an automatic variable that is created implicitly we don't have to create it ourselves it's always there we're now creating another output variable called our color vec3 which is going to be passed down the pipeline so if we had geometry and tessellation shaders we could get this value there but we don't have such shaders we do though of course have our fragment shader and so our fragment shader needs to accept as input now our color and I believe the fact that the name and type matches is significant I'd have to test this and look at the docs I can't say any reason why you'd make them not match it otherwise I think might have to do with the ordering so if we had multiple output variables multiple input variables that they may just match up in order I think it might work that way instead actually I'd have to check anyway as we have it configured here works output of our color is going to be accepted as input here and now in the fragment shader when we set frag color we're setting it to the our color input but understand in the output shader for each vertex we're spitting out a different color and for a triangle then the question is well what does the fragment receive for a pixel within a triangle which of those colors do we get well what we get is the interpolation thereof the perspective correct interpolation as we discussed in earlier videos in the whole rasterization process the hardware is figuring out how to interpolate these values in a perspective correct way and that's what we get here as input to our fragment shader so aside from the shader's being different what's different in a rendering loop well the rendering loop is nothing new here it's just like our actually earliest example we're just rendering the triangle as currently configured by the VAO no indices this time again we're just using draw arrays so nothing new here but if we go look at our vertices array now it contains not just positions but colors and notice the layout where it's for each vertex it's first the position the three floats followed by three rgb floats for the color and whereas before we just had one vertex a trip pointer call specifying what the vertices are and how they're laid out in the array now we're going to have a second vertex a trip call notice it says index one specifying how the colors are laid out and this top call actually also changes because where it was here three times size of floats for the stride because the positions were just spaced three floats apart now there's six floats apart it's from here to here to the next one right well same thing for the color attributes they are spaced six floats apart here to here is six floats but we also need to specify an offset that starts here because this is where our first color is of course so that's why this is a void pointer of three times size of float not zero and do not forget to call enable for text a trip array otherwise it would not go into effect so having set up uh both the indexes of vio index zero and index one for the vertex data itself and then the attribute of the color when the shader gets called it's going to receive two inputs one at location zero as an index zero of the vio and the other at location one index one of the vio which is our colors so again understand the relationship between the vio and the vbo or vbos is that the vio is a structure of i believe on most open gel limitations the the max is capped at 16 i believe that's usually the case so you can have up to 16 indexes for your vio potentially pointing to different vbos but in this case it's just one and for each index in the vio and also has information about how the data is laid out within the buffer that's why when we come down to the draw call we don't need to have the vertex buffer object bound we just need the vertex array object bound because it internally has references to any relevant vbos and i believe actually in the prior video i may have said it was safe to delete the vbo before this call um well i think we got away with it in that prior example because there aren't any subsequent allocations on the gpu side that might potentially overwrite the memory that vbo was occupying but in a larger program it might be the case that if you delete the buffer i believe just like when you might manually free memory on the cpu side the danger is that that chunk of memory might subsequently get overwritten by later allocations so while the data of this vbo is in use even though we don't need to have the vbo bound i believe it's the case that it's not safe to delete it so we should only delete the vbo here when we clean up so let's run the program again and see uh this top vertex this was set to the color of rgb zero zero one as in full blue this here was uh zero one zero as in full green this was one zero zero as in full red and then for the fragments in between for the pixels in between it's interpolating between those color values that's why it smoothly transitions and you get the full colors of the rainbow all in this one triangle