Aaron first post season start for Jordan Montgomery winter go home situation. What impressed you most about what he did out there tonight? It was a big time outing. You know, we just needed him to give us a little bit. You know, obviously having not gone to the mound a couple weeks, you know, was hopeful he could get through two times through the lineup. But anything he could have given us there early, you know, we're going to take he goes out and has a really clean first inning and then does a great job, you know, getting out of two jams. You know, the one run limits him with the bases loaded, I think in the third and then in the fourth couple had couple guys on and he gets out of it. So great job of setting the tone for us, giving us just what we needed to obviously turn it over to the back end and just I thought he was really good. You know, he dictated some counts. You saw the swings and misses on pitches out of the zone and he made some big pitches when he needed to most to. You mentioned big pitches and you talked about that third inning. How much do you credit Kyle Higashioka in trying to get him through that particularly with Zanino at the plate all the balls that he was able to block? Yeah, those weren't easy ones either.   So great job by Higgy all night back there and just a really good job by the whole pitching staff of of holding holding that offense down tonight. Next one to Bruce Beck, Aaron, what did your team show you tonight?  I knew they'd relish, you know, the opportunity, you know, with with a winner, winner go home game. You know, I didn't notice any real big difference with him. It was kind of business as usual, but there was certainly an edge to them right before the game right before I read it to take the field.  Eric Bowland, you have the next question. Aaron, how secure a feeling is it giving the ball to Derek Cole even at short rest tomorrow? I'm excited to see him go pitch. There's no question. So, you know, I know he's excited to get the ball with the opportunity to to help us move on and, you know, it's, you know, to be able to hand the ball to probably the best pitcher in the game. There's some comfort in that, but I'm just excited to see him go out and compete like he always does. And then Aaron, in terms of your bullpen, because none of those guys threw a ton of pitches, would you say even those three big arms we saw tonight might be available tomorrow? Yeah, I would expect that. I mean, obviously we got to see how they are when they come in and everything and, you know, trying to split up Brit and Chappie there a little bit and they were, you know, it was good to see both Brit and Chappie pretty pitch efficient having to get more than three out. So we'll see how they are tomorrow. Greeny was great too for his two innings. We'll see how they are, but but the hope is they'd be available. Yeah. Lindsay Adler, you have the next question.  And I guess in the last few weeks, have you heard other pitchers express a preference for throwing the pile? No, and not even not even Garrett really. I mean, it was, you know, a day off where Kyle was with him. It was coming off a couple outings where he, you know, wasn't quite himself or scuffled a little bit and they kind of took off. So that just kind of took off on its own that wasn't so much Garrett's doing and no, no, it's just been, you know, down here, obviously where playing time has been more split now. Just again, going day by day and but but not a pitcher request thing. And do you think that the increased playing times helps Kyle kind of find his timing kind of get out of the plate? Well, there's no question. I think when you're when you're playing a little bit more that, you know, in theory should help you a little bit as a hitter. Um, you know, he's he's definitely like we've seen him grow over the last couple of years. I feel like in his confidence and his voice in the room, you know, that's continued to grow even more here late in the year and now into the playoffs. Marla Rivera, you have the next question. Which is one of your more complete games this complete Wednesday postseason? Yeah, I mean, yeah, I did a lot of really good things tonight. You know, both games, Cole's pitched, you know, in Cleveland and then the first game here were pretty complete games, especially with the offense really erupting, you know, tonight, we got a couple big hits, couple add on runs, obviously a couple big home runs, Glaber that gave us a little breathing room there later in the game, because the Arbro came in and pitched really well against us and kind of held us at bay. So that home run by GT was huge. But yeah, we did a lot of good things tonight. It was good to see the guys play the way they did.


Yes. Good morning, Nina. Okay. So we will be beginning a new course today. So we all together had Old Testament survey last time and this is something very different. This has to do with serious theology, the things that we believe as Christians, you know, from the Bible, why we believe those things? What are the scriptures backing up all of these doctrines that we hold on to? And for us, these doctrines are so important, you know, that we are willing to even die for our faith. So why do we believe what we believe? Where are the scriptures which state that these doctrines are true? So all of those things, you know, see this very foundational, that's why this topic is called doctrinal foundations. We literally base our faith on these things. So it is important for us to know this, but it's not going to be Old Testament survey. It's not going to be a set of stories. This is going to be theology. And plus it's two hours. Okay. So we have two hours class. So I need you to concentrate. All right. So we cannot always have storytelling. So this is theology and we are Bible college students. So please do focus. And just like I said last time, just another reminder, if anyone is not feeling well or someone is feeling rather sleepy, you can go upstairs and, you know, sleep. But here in the class, nobody is to put down their head on the desk. All right. So no putting down your head on the desk here in the class, you can go and do it upstairs. All right. And please do try to concentrate. And yeah, whenever I ask you to read out any scriptures, you know, you could take turns reading out because that will kind of maybe keep you alert for a little bit. Okay. So those are just the preliminaries coming to the topic, which actually is not at all a bad topic because we will discover so much about what the Bible has to say about the different aspects of life. Okay. So we will be learning a lot. We will get to know what the Bible has to say about God. We'll get to know what the Bible has to say about the Bible itself. We'll get to know what, you know, the Bible has to say about angels, about hell, about salvation. And these are all the things for the sake of which we became followers of the Lord, right?   So there is a lot that we can gain from this subject. Okay. So let's approach it in that spirit. So systematic theology is the, you know, main name of the course. What do we mean by the word theology itself? Theology is the study of God because in Greek the word theos meant God. So theology is the study of God. What do we mean by biblical theology? Because you see what we are going to be doing now is systematic theology. So just for us to have some clarity, biblical theology and systematic theology are slightly different. And what we are going to be doing here in our course is not so much biblical theology. It is going to be systematic theology that we are going to be doing. So what exactly is biblical theology? That basically is where scholars, you know, take each doctrine of the Bible and they look at how that particular doctrine developed from the time of the early church, you know, down through the ages, through each of the, you know, periods of time. What did people think about that doctrine? How did they interpret the scriptures? So how did the doctrine develop over time is what they would be looking at in biblical theology. So they're mainly interested in finding out how did this whole idea develop? How did people look at the scriptures at different phases in history? So that's more like a historical view of theology. And that is not what we would be doing in our class today and throughout this course. So we are not really going to be looking at biblical theology and how each doctrine was traced through history. Rather, we will be looking at what all the scriptures of the Bible have to say about each topic. So if we take the topic of sin, we will look at the entire Bible, look at all the scriptures that are available on this topic of sin. And then we will try to summarize and find out, okay, these are the main things that the Bible says about sin. So we are trying to approach in a systematic manner each individual topic so that we will have a clear picture about what the Bible says about each individual topic. So that's basically what we are going to be doing. So we are not going to be tracing, you know, the historical development of each doctrine through the ages. That would be biblical theology. Rather, we will approach this topic systematically and look at what the Bible has to say on different topics like sin and salvation and Trinity and all of that. So some of the, you know, if you look in your textbook, which you will be receiving, I think probably next class. All right, so those who are online, it will be posted. So, you know, today, at some point of time, I will be posting it in the Google stream page. So you will have those notes and then those who are on the e-platform, I will post that for you as well. So you will have the notes. The notes are not very detailed. They are more like a very brief outline. So those of you who want to read up on these things in greater detail, the textbook for you would be by Wayne Grudem. That would be W-A-Y-N-E Grudem, G-R-U-D-E-M. And that's very easily available, you know, in the internet. So in fact, even if you were to just type the name Wayne Grudem and systematic theology into your Google search, you should be able to get a copy of the textbook. So that contains all of the details in your class notes. What we've done is try to summarize and very briefly outline those notes. So all you will find in your class notes is a very brief outline of what is mentioned in great detail in your Wayne Grudem book. Okay, so that would be your basic textbook, which you would be using for systematic theology.  So we'll cover about maybe six different doctrines and we will have an assessment and then we would have another six doctrines. And then we would have the final assessment and it would all be multiple choice for those of you who are online. Those of you who are here in the class, you of course would be having written papers. So maybe if we have time, we could just talk about that during your break time. Okay, so yeah. So coming to systematic theology, let's take an example. Okay, when we look at only some scriptures on a particular topic, we may not really get a very clear opinion about what the Bible says about that particular topic. But on the other hand, if we take the effort to look at all of scripture and see right from Genesis up to Revelation, what all of the Bible passages have to say about that particular topic, our idea about that particular concept becomes clearer. What do I mean? There are some people who point to certain verses alone and they say, oh, salvation has been designated by God only for some people. It's not for everyone. Okay, so they base their doctrine having looked at only some scriptures. On the other hand, if you were to look at all of the scriptures from Genesis to Revelation, then we would understand that God has not designated salvation only for a limited number of people, but in fact for all of mankind. Okay, so like that, there are some very important issues which come up. So rather than focusing on some scriptures alone, we are attempting to look at all of scripture right from Genesis to Revelation where before deciding upon any particular topic. So people who talk about limited atonement and unlimited atonement, they will point to those who talk about limited atonement. They'll point only to some scriptures and say, see based on this, if we say that God has predestined some people for salvation and the rest of them have been destined for hell is what they would say. But then when we have a wider scope, when we cover all of scriptures, we see that what they are saying is not quite true. Okay, so these are all these are some of the things. So systematic theology helps us in getting clarity about such things. In what other way is systematic theology useful. It is also very, very helpful when we are trying to deal with new questions, which probably have not been, which probably were not issues, let us say in earlier generations. If we have a clear understanding of what the Bible has to say about each topic, then we will be able to better answer new questions which come along. For instance, I mean, today there is a lot of controversy at least in the West, not so much here in our country, but at least in the West regarding this whole issue of gay marriages and all of that.  Now this was not an issue which was there earlier in earlier generations, but if you have done something like systematic theology and really gone through all of the verses which talk upon marriage, which talk about gender issues, then we would have a clearer picture of how to answer a question like that. Another issue regarding, you know, fertility treatments for couples who are not able to have children. Now you have new embryo technologies coming up. So now we would have to consider the question, what does God have to say about life? When does life begin? And if you were to, you know, get involved in embryo technology, to what extent are you going against biblical principles or is it in line with biblical principles? All of these questions can be answered only when you have a clear overall picture of what all of scripture is saying about that particular issue. So these are some, you know, practical reasons that we can put forward to explain why systematic theology is important and why we need to study it. Now when we are doing our course, we will obviously not be able to get into all of the topics which are there in the Bible. So we would be focusing on just the main doctrines, you know, however, later on your own, if you're interested, you know, you could study further, you could maybe get into, you know, greater details about many of these other issues, you know, which are now coming up. So, all right. So just having briefly looked at why it is important for us to study systematic theology, we will now get into the main doctrines. Okay, so today we will try to cover the doctrine of the word of God. That would be the very first doctrine, which we will be covering. Next class, we will look at the doctrine of God, but today we will begin with the doctrine of the word of God. Now, when we say word of God, we could mean it in many different ways. The first is the word of God is basically the speech of God, right? That's the word, when we say word of God, we're basically talking about what is what is God said, what are the words of God, what he has spoken. And word of God comes to us in many different ways. First, maybe the very first initial mention in the Bible about word of God would be when God speaks during creation. He gives out a set of commands, and even as he speaks, those things which he's speaking about, they come into existence, they come into being. So, those are the very first words of God, which are recorded in the Bible. So maybe we could just look at one example. If you could have someone read out Genesis chapter one, verse nine, and what does God say over there and what happens? Genesis one, nine. Okay, so God speaks and he says, let the water behave in a particular way. And it says, it was so. What God spoke happened. When God commanded, it automatically came into being. There was no resistance, no opposition. God spoke and it was so. So we see that there is power in the word of God. The word of God has the power to create. The word of God has the power to make things come into existence. Then another example would be God not just speaking out a command to nature, but God speaking to humans. And maybe we could look at Genesis chapter two, verse sixteen. If someone could read out Genesis two, sixteen. We see that God commanded the waters and the waters obeyed. Now here God is commanding this man whom he has created. And over here, this human, this man is given the choice either to obey or if he chooses to, he can even disobey. So God's word has the power to create. God's word has the power to make whatever he wishes to happen. But in spite of who he is, in spite of the power in his word, in this case, when it comes to humans, when he gives a command, he also gives them the choice to choose whether they will obey or not. The waters when he said, let the waters be gathered. The waters did not have any choice. They just came into being. What he said happened. But on the other hand, humans are given a privilege. And why? Because they are created in his own image in the same way he has the freedom to choose. In the same way he has the right to decide for himself what he wishes to do. He wanted humans to have that same privilege. And so here, when God speaks directly to humans and he gives them a word, they are also allowed the freedom to reject that word if they choose to. Another kind of word of God that we see is what God communicates through the prophets. One example maybe can be Deuteronomy 1818. If someone could read out Deuteronomy 1818. So another way that God's word comes to us is through the prophets.  So God's word is spoken directly into creation. God's word is spoken directly to people sometimes like Adam and Eve. God's word is also spoken through the prophets. And finally God's word also comes to us in written form. That's the main mode of communication upon which we rely upon today. So that would be Exodus chapter 31 verse 18. If we could have someone read out Exodus 31 18 where God's words are being given in written form. Now the interesting thing about Exodus 31 18 is that the words of God are being given in written form.  So it's not Moses who writes down the words. God himself writes the words of the 10 commandments and he gives it to the people. But on many other occasions it's not God literally writing. He gives the responsibility to Moses and to other people to write down what he is saying. So maybe we could look at Deuteronomy 31 9 if someone could just read out Deuteronomy 31 9 please. So in the earlier instance we saw God literally writing out the words on his own. Here we have Moses writing down the words which God is giving. So these are all the different ways that we see God's word being communicated. And then there's another manner in which we see God's word being manifested. Can anyone think of what that could be? We talked about God's words in Derek's speech. We talked about God's words in speaking to people. We talked about God's word coming through prophets. We even saw it in the written form of the Bible. Any other way that we see God's word being presented. Anything comes to your mind when you say God's word. How else in the New Testament how did the word of God come? Came in the person of Jesus Christ. So that is another way that we see God's word being manifested literally in the person of Jesus Christ himself. So all along throughout the Old Testament God kept communicating through words, through people who conveyed his message again through words. But now word literally became a person so that you could get to know everything there is to know about the word of God. All you have to do is look at the person, this person Jesus, how he is living, how he is conducting himself, how he treats people. What he believes about life, about the world, about sin. You just have to look at him and then in him you would know all the words of God. Everything that God thinks, everything that God feels it's all demonstrated by the living breathing word of God that is Jesus Christ himself. So that's one final manifestation. In fact, the complete manifestation of God's word is literally contained in the person of Jesus Christ. So these are all the different ways in which we see the word of God being communicated to us.  Now how many of you are familiar with this term canon? Have you come across it before? And I don't mean the camera canon, C-A-N-O-N. Now what exactly is canon? If you were to just look at normal English, the word canon stands for a rule or a law or a principle which is widely accepted as being correct. Like for instance, the canon against murder. Almost every society in the world will accept the basic fact that murder is wrong. So there is a very clear universal canon that killing a person is wrong and it should be punished. All societies everywhere will accept this canonical rule that murder should be punished because it is a very serious crime. So a canon is like a standard. All societies will agree to the standard that murder should be punished. You can't just take it lightly. It is something serious. So when we speak about canon in terms of scripture, we are saying that the Bible has set a standard. It's a standard that has been set and now all people everywhere, all over the world must live by the standards set by this canon. What this canon is telling, people should follow.  So the scripture is a standard. It's a canon that has been set. So we could say the canon literally just means a law or a set or a rule. We could also say that the word canon is talking about the scriptural standard that has been set for the entire world. There's a third sense in which the word canon is used. It basically talks about the Bibles, the books which are there in the Bible, the biblical books. So we have the differentiation between canonical books and non-canonical books or you would say extra canonical books. Canonical books are the ones which are there in the Bible. Like you have Jude, you have Matthew, you have Mark, then you have Job. These are all the canonical books because they are all the books which are contained inside the canon, the canon which is the measure of what is correct, of what is spoken by God. Extra canonical books are the other writings. A lot of people have written a lot of other books but we don't include them inside the canon because we don't believe that they are setting the divine standard of what God wishes to communicate to people. So in the third sense the word canon basically means which books are inspired and directly given by God as the words of God and what are all the other writings which should not be regarded as directly words of God but just good thoughts which people are communicating. So canon in its very narrow sense can be taken as words which are literally from God, divinely inspired words, those would be called canon. So whichever book is regarded as having been literally given by God inspired by him, such things would be included in the canon. On the other hand all the other writings of people, however good those writings may be, they would not be considered as part of the canon because it is believed that those were not directly inspired by God and those are not directly his words but just rather the thoughts of people which they have put down in writing. So if I were to ask you, what are the three ways in which the term canon is used? Would you be able to recollect what they are? The three different ways in which this word canon is used. So just keep that in mind. I will not ask you because some of you are looking a little nervous, wondering whether there is a question coming up but no, just keep that in mind. So canon can be understood in these three different ways. In the Bible itself you have many books mentioned which are not in the list of biblical books. For instance, if you were to go to Numbers chapter 21 verses 13 to 15, yeah okay fine maybe you could just read verse 14. If someone could read out Numbers 21 verse 14, yeah sorry I was not listening because I was distracted but then yeah, it mentions over here about Book of the Wars of the Lord. So some godly person wrote down an account, a historical record of all the wars which were fought. Now this is a good book. It talks about something that God has done. It's probably written by somebody in leadership, in spiritual leadership. But this particular book was not included in the canon. So when you're reading your Joshua and Judges, you don't find this book in the list of biblical books because this was just a historical record written by some person and it was not really the inspired word of God. Okay, so this particular book is not mentioned in the Bible. Another very familiar example, in the book of Joshua does anyone know about a book that is mentioned over there in the book of Joshua but that book is not there in the Bible but it's mentioned in the book of Joshua. It is mentioned in Joshua chapter 10 verse 13. In Joshua 10-13, you have something called okay maybe you can read out the verse if someone could read out Joshua 10-13. So in the book of Joshua, it talks about how God did a great miracle and caused the earth's rotation to slow down so that both the sun and the moon were appearing in the sky at the same time for a brief amount of time. So God did that because he wanted to accomplish something by doing that. So that is recorded in the book of Joshua. Obviously this is a good book, a godly book. It talks about the miracles of God but that book is not mentioned in the canon. When we open our Bible today, we don't see a book of Joshua. We see Joshua, we see judges but we don't see Joshua in the list. So there are many, many words written down by people but there were some words which were literally regarded as coming from God. God permitted them as being written down as directly from him. Those words were considered inspired words of God because God wanted to use those particular words to speak to us through the generations like right up to the end of time. So you see, we have to take whatever was finally included in the Bible in the canon. We need to take those books of the Bible very, very seriously because there were a lot of very good books available. In fact, if you were to go on and look at many of the other examples in the Bible, you have Solomon writing down a whole bunch of books. So in 1 Kings chapter 11 verse 41, it talks about the acts of Solomon, something that he wrote. In 1 Kings chapter 4, it talks about the proverbs which he wrote. He wrote books on animals and plants. Then we have something very similar to kings and chronicles. We have something called records of the kings of Israel, records of the kings of Judah. There's also something called the historical records of Iddo, the seer. All these are things written by Godly people but they were not considered inspired word of God. So what happened? Why were those things were not... They would have written those things also in the scrolls, right? They didn't have any other method of writing down. Everything important that was written down was written down in a scroll. So why were those scrolls not included along with your kings and chronicles and said this is also God's scripture? Because God was very clearly communicating to his prophets through the ages saying this is inspired, this is not inspired. This is just a good writing but that is not inspired. So God very clearly clarified through the ages what should be considered as the holy divine scrolls and the rest of the other scrolls would be just written records. They would be books but not on the same level as this. So we cannot dismiss any book of the Bible saying, ah, book of Esther, just it's like one fairy tale story. We can't dismiss it like that. We can't take a look at Song of Solomon and say, Song of Solomon is talking about a man and a woman. Oh, how worldly. Can't dismiss it like that. God decided what is going to be regarded as inspired and what is going to be just a human writing and we need to... So by the time that the time of Jesus came by that time all the Jews were very, very clear on which scrolls are the scripture of God. There was no doubt about it. All of these particular books are the scripture. They all were very, very clear about that. And so when Jesus, whenever he spoke, whenever he referred to the Old Testament, he always quoted from these particular scrolls. You don't find him, you know, quoting from some other... We don't find him talking from the Acts of Solomon. We don't find him talking from the records of the kings of Judah. Rather he only speaks from these scrolls which have been authorized and designated as the inspired word of God. Okay, so which is why we also accept only these particular books as the Old Testament books. Okay, so we need to keep that in mind. What else? Yeah, maybe we can look now a little more specifically at what... how the Old Testament canon developed and then at how the New Testament canon developed. So Old Testament canon, one of the first things we saw, right? The two slabs of stone on which God himself wrote the Ten Commandments, those were placed inside the Ark of the Covenant. We see that in Deuteronomy chapter 10 verse 5 where it says that these commandments which God himself had written down, those two slabs of stone were placed inside the Ark of the Covenant and just a minute. How did God clarify as to what had to be included? I'm just assuming that in those back in those days, when Moses and Joshua and all of these people were in leadership and they were writing down the things that needed to be written. In the same way, he was communicating so many things to them. He probably also would have just told them in their heart, in their mind as to what should be regarded as divine. And so they were careful to pass that on to future generations saying these particular scrolls must be preserved and regarded as scripture. And so they would have made sure that every generation would be very, very clear about the distinction between the biblical scrolls and the other scrolls which would just be general writings. So I suppose the spiritual leaders in each generation would have made it very clear to the following generation which scrolls should be regarded as the inspired word of God and the rest of them would just be regarded as general writings because we don't have any written records from that time talking about how they decided what was inspired and what was not inspired. They would have just gone by what their prophets and their leaders would have told. So I'm just assuming that God would have told Moses directly. God would have told Joshua directly. God would have spoken to Isaiah and Ezekiel and all of these people telling them this should be regarded as inspired word of God. And so those scrolls would have probably been kept separately in a separate place and not just mixed up with all of the other writings which were there. Yes. So yes, if there are any other questions, those of you who are online please post it over here in the chat. When it catches my eye at least I'll be able to answer the question. So Old Testament canon, how did it develop? The very first thing that we see is that there was something literally written by the hand of God and placed inside the Ark and that was supposed to be a reminder to the people that there is a covenant which God has made with them. God did not give them just 10 commandments. We know that, right? I hope we covered that in the Old Testament survey. God did not give them just 10 commandments. He gave them how many? 613 laws. So if you were to count all of the laws which are there in your Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy it actually comes to 613 laws that God gave. So the covenant which God made with the people was actually included that many laws which they had to keep. However, 10 of them were written by the hand of God himself and placed inside the Ark of the Covenant. Now after that, Moses wrote some more important words and he places those next to the covenant, next to the Ark. Doesn't place them inside, he places them beside maybe we can actually read that. Deuteronomy chapter 31 verses 24 to 26. Deuteronomy 31, 24 to 26. So here he places it next to the Ark of the Covenant. So you see anything that they regarded as being scripture as being inspired where God had said this should be regarded as my words. They were very careful to place those things right next to the Ark of the Covenant. Okay, so then later on we have in fact Moses he says in Deuteronomy chapter 4 verses 1 to 2 he says do not add to what I command you and do not subtract from it but keep the commands of the Lord your God that I give you because he understood very clearly that these are commands of the Lord your God not just human advice, not just human instructions they are the commandments of God himself and so he says these things which have been written down don't add anything to it and don't subtract from it because whatever God is given, God is given you can't just cancel out what God has said so do not subtract from it and do not add any extra words to it is what he says and then after his time Joshua goes and adds some more words so was Joshua deliberately disobeying what Moses said no, Joshua also received authorization from God to write down more additional things and so he adds to whatever has already been written and we find that in Joshua chapter 24 verses 25 to 27 you know if someone could read out that Joshua 24, 25 to 27 so now over here in this particular case whatever he is writing, he is writing it down on a huge stone the wordings are all carved on the stone and so some things were placed next to the ark some things were placed inside the ark some things were carved out on stones these are all the different ways in which the initial writings were recorded and stored and then gradually over time someone would have copied it out neatly into scrolls and began storing them in a series of scrolls so these are all the different ways in which the initial writings were preserved very very carefully because these are the words of God himself to his people so finally we of course come to the prophetic time which is when I think they would have started using the scrolls on a larger scale you have 1st Samuel 10, 25 where it talks about Samuel giving the duties of kingship he lists it down then we come to 2nd Chronicles 26, 22 where it says that Isaiah wrote specifically about the story of Uzair we have Jeremiah 32 where it talks about Jeremiah recording the words of God which God asked him to write down maybe we could look at that, Jeremiah 30 verse 2 we will take a break of course but just to know if you can finish this one thing Jeremiah 30 verse 2 so God clearly says write in a book all the words I have spoken to you so from time to time God would say I am giving you words to write down, write them down record them, carefully preserve them and so these particular things which God is telling them those became holy scripture they became part of the canon the rest of the writings were clearly kept separately and they were never regarded as canon and so this process continued on and on until the time of Malachi and so book of Malachi was written around 435 BC so around 435 BC is when the last final words of God were recorded and then the Old Testament was closed so nobody could add anything more no additional scrolls were accepted because after that nobody God did not come to anyone and say I am speaking to you and I have a message to my people through you, write it down that did not happen after that so around 435 BC is when the Old Testament canon was closed and sealed off so we will continue after the break it is 9.51 so at 10 o'clock if we can all just log back in thank you


We have a rife machine made of copper coil. And for a good reason, you know how copper is one of the best conductors, right? That's why we use it in creating electromagnetic fields. Another interesting thing that would blow your mind away is that our coils, they've got this unique Yin and Yang thing going on. Now, I know some of you might be like, Yin and Yang, what's that all about? But hang on, it's not as complex as it sounds. So in our Qigong III systems, we've got these coils that are designed with Yin and Yang in mind. And if you look closely, they're wound differently. It's not just some random design choice. You see, one coil is wound counterclockwise and the other is clockwise. One represents Yin and the other Yang.  I thought, hey, what if I wind the coils this way and that way? What would happen? I say, well, what would happen if I wound this way and combined it together? And you know what? I realized that, hmm, it actually feels different.


bearing Cisco and EMC and making sure that they bring in the right people to bear to solve the problem for us. David, I'm interesting how you put together that V-Block because one of the biggest opportunities we usually see is just going from purchase to deployment to kind of that getting you up and running it really helps but sounds like you had a really good experience and it's still transforming some of your environments so you know have you quantified it all kind of the return on your investment there or just operationally how you can run more efficiently? I've not necessarily gone for exactly what it has saved us as far as cost but it has made us, it provides us with the opportunity to remain dynamic and it gives us a better, we're able to become, excuse me, we're able to go faster from development to market by using the equipment we purchased in the back-end support that we've got. Our developers come up with something and they want to try and we can go ahead and throw it on the V-Block and build out an environment for them to test and develop with and instead of having to buy dozens of servers we can throw up a dozen VMs and have everything running and having the support on the back-end knowing that it's supported and maintained makes it much easier for us to go forward. So some of that time to market was some of the core value proposition of virtualization in general and it sounds like V-Block is extending that and you know where do you stand on the whole discussion of kind of a private cloud? Do you consider your infrastructure a private cloud and is V-Block part of enabling that? We are definitely a private cloud although my manager doesn't like the term cloud but you know it is what it is. The terms don't matter it's the results. It gives us the ability our developers have no idea or don't normally have any idea of what their back-end storage is what the process behind it all they really want is they need to know that they're going to get the hardware installation they need which is the IOPS the storage amount of storage and and things of that nature the performance characteristics they're expecting and the V-Block gives us the ability to roll that out very quickly instead of having to buy more and more equipment we've got we can just flag it into the VM we can fit the profile to match to what's needed and it just makes our life easier. So your authors said you were responsible for backup. Yes sir. So what's your your backup strategy with this box and this international set of data centers that you're at? We are in the process of actually building out a global backups enterprise using Networker and data domain systems we are going to have a large data domain 890 box in our main data center in Virginia and then at our six locations around the world where we've got other data repositories will be smaller DD-160s which is a small small data domain box and they'll back up the information that are in those sites and then it will all be brought back to the main box as a repository as a replication so that we can have the data off site and available anywhere else in the event of something happening. So you've got one major center and that's the goal that's the goal copy. For right now. Correct. Yes. Eventually that will be duplicated as well. Yeah and duplicate that. Okay good. And with you get a good compression with all that amount of video and pictures etc. Is that or? We're still in the testing phase and still in the build-out phase but in our current the way we've got it right now on our file shares which are largely unstructured data pictures and sound bytes. I'm getting about a two-to-one compression. Okay. In our testing with VMWare we're getting 35x compression on the VM. So your mileage will vary but it's definitely the deduplication rates we're seeing are astounding. So you can store 70 terabytes of information in the space of seven or two in the case of our VMWare. The savings are just amazing. Yeah. Okay. Excellent. So I also understand you've got the cloud tiering appliance. How does that work? How are you using that? What's the value proposition there? What we found when going through our data classification in all those years we've gone is we're the same as everybody. Our data gets stale and we've got millions of files that have not been touched in a long period of time. So rather than keeping them in our main storage environment or in our main backup chain, we've archived those off. The cloud tiering appliance allows us the ability to have that policy structure in place and it handles the motion of the data so it'll migrate from the main data storage where it is in the current environment to a centera. In the future environment we're still determining it's probably going to be on three terabyte drives in the VNX. But what it does is it allows it, it says if this hasn't been touched in certain amount of time or modified or whatever, move it from this place to this place but keep a pointer so that my end users have no idea where that actually exists. And it's going back to the cloud thing. It doesn't matter where the data lives as long as they can access it. Right. So you can just, the start they can get hold of. Correct. If they need it, it's available to them. Right. Okay. On the VNX's, etc. do you have fast VP or fast cash? We have the fast suite enabled on it. Currently we've only got the fast cash set up and running because of what we purchased when we did it. I have not got enough data on that box yet. I'm still in the process of migrating to it to get a real feel for exactly how much it's going to save us. But from initial results, we're seeing some good numbers. Good. Okay. So what advice would you give to practitioners about your journey to the cloud and virtualization? What are the things that have really gone well? What things if you'd known beforehand, you would have said, hey, maybe you want to do it this way or not that way? A big part of it is just trusting in the vendors that you're working with. I mean, EMC, VMware, Cisco have all gotten this product together and it really does make your life easier in the long run if you just let it work together instead of trying to fight it. We did some things where we tried to fight a little bit along the way and configurations and things like that. But once you just let it start working and trust in it, it's going to make your life easier. The VMware side of things we've built out and just kept on building and we keep out and adding things to it. You know, we've virtualized some database stuff that we some are my SQL databases and our web front end and things like that. And it's, it's definitely made us much more flexible and much faster what we can do with things. David, I have just one final question for you in this journey, kind of private cloud deployment. You know, what has that done to the workforce from from an organizational standpoint? Was there any restructure retraining that you had to go through or anything politically that you should give people warnings about or advice? It's we are team is a very small dynamic team. We Rosetta itself is a very fast paced technology company. So we've got a lot of really good people there. And they've picked, they have picked up the pieces in parts, especially the VMware and the storage and the networking and made it all work together. If we didn't have the people we had, I don't know where we'd be. Obviously, the people are always at the bottom line. But us going, going to the cloud has been, you know, has helped us with our product launches and things of that nature. Well, David, got you out of Rosetta stone. Thank you so much for sharing your story with us. And Silicon Angle TV's live continuous coverage from EMC world will be back in one moment.


This is your host, Beatrice Cantelmo. A lot goes on behind the scenes while we are sorting out how to make our dreams come true. For years, my friend Verlina Johnson had the vision to write a children's book. Her perseverance, flexibility, determination and skills as an artist paid off. The Adventures of Kai and the Magical Machines book is ready and is projected to be released on December 15, 2018 at Amazon. I had the privilege of reading the final draft of the Adventures of Kai and the Magical Machines book this summer and fell in love with it. The adventures of Kai and the Magical Machines book is ready. This is the final draft of the Adventures of Kai and the Magical Machines book this summer and fell in love with it. This is a very darling story of a young boy, Kai, and his grandfather, Gero, a retired aerospace engineer. The book is suddenly rooted on a lot of imagination play and yes, science, which transports its readers to moments of pure bliss and magic. I welcome Verlina and possibly her kind-hearted, fun and science and math loving nine-year-old son, Kai, who may choose to join his mommy to prospect his own global justice platform. On that note, welcome to our program, Verlina. Thank you very much for having me on the show, Beatrice. Absolutely. Wow, I feel like this aunt, you know, was expecting the birth of this very awaited and wanted baby, new baby, you know, which has been a pure labor of love. So I would like, before we get started, to talk about this beautiful conception you've had so many years ago to give our viewers a little background about yourself. Where are you from and what is your educational background? Yes, as you said, my name is Verlina and I was actually born in Chicago, Illinois, a long time ago, and grew up in Wisconsin, primarily in Madison, but also in Boyd, Wisconsin, in the 70s and the 80s. I went first to the University of Wisconsin Platteville, but very early on realized that I loved making art. Initially I was doing just very general art, painting and design and those types of things, but when I was about 22 or 23, I became very interested in sculpture. I transferred from the University of Wisconsin Platteville to the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where I began to study sculpture formally, but I also started studying Afro-American studies with an emphasis in art history. And it was there that Professor Frieda Haytesburg-Gorgias introduced me to sculpture and sort of the power of three-dimensional objects in space. Prior to that time I'd done primarily drawing and painting. Then after that I went to the Art Institute of Chicago, where I, after finishing my master's thesis, and I got a master fine arts in sculpture and did multimedia installations and videos and those types of things. And all this while I was enormously interested in children's books and illustration, but it's something that I participated in more as one who just purchased books and looked at books and just really had such a passion for them, but I really didn't start or become interested in them until a little later. But I moved to California about 15 years ago first to the Bay Area, and then to Los Angeles and Long Beach about 10 years ago. So I've been here in Southern California for about a decade. Right, and you've been doing your day job, but you also have been doing walk as an artist there. And I want to ask you then about this lovely vision that you had about writing children's books. Hopefully this is the first of many books that you will be writing, but when did this really start to be like a project that you said, I have to do it and why? What prompted you to get started with this particular project? I think that you asked that question because I've been thinking about that and I do feel very inspired to do it. My thesis, actually the master's thesis I finished in 1996 was about the artist Faith Ringgold, an African-American artist who used images and texts in her work. She started out as a sculptor and then also painted, but initially during the 1960s she used image and text composites together and eventually her text became more narrative and were less statements and she would do these amazing and intricate story quilts. I was very interested in how she used these central panels and her quilts to visually tell stories and then have these narratives about these fictitious characters and they would have these interactions with modernist artists and other actual historical figures. And so looking back in terms of where I'm at now producing these books I often think about how in the mid to late 90s I was actually interested in this visual artist who then eventually started illustrating children's books. She wrote We Flew Over the Bridge. She wrote Dinner at Aunt Connie's house. She did a beautiful story book, a picture book about Harriet Tubman. But it didn't dawn or click on me that would be something I would do. But then I was actually at work proctoring a language exam and I had been looking at manuals and policies and doing work while the students were taking these language exams and I started with a pen just making these little doodles.  And then I became really involved in this machine and I'm not even sure why but I decided to fill an entire sketchbook with these machines. They became more whimsical and they literally almost felt like characters in the sketchbook. And then I asked this question and this was about eight years ago where do these machines come from? Like if I were to imagine that they came from somewhere besides my own imagination, where would they have come from? And that is where the grandfather character came into being. I literally thought he was an aerospace engineer. He had been retired. He was very much into robotics and he created this little robot named Remy. Remy built the machines but how could a machine do that? And literally from posing these questions about these magical machines and at this point my son was about a year or two years old and so I was of course reading to him and he enjoyed me reading to him and I began to see the power I think of reading and sharing stories with children in a very different way. Outside of just reading them for my own enjoyment. And then from that point I started thinking this seems like a viable story and I introduced Kai named after my son this little character who was at the time seven. Now my son is actually nine. It's been a project that I've been working on for some time but it took a very long time for me to think of the narrative, the story I wrote a manuscript which I took very serious. I sent it to an editor and then I started doing character development and then I had to really think about how these machines like what was magical about them. So in the story narrative basically it goes from and I started had to think about the style. I did so many paintings and drawings to think about what it looked like. I taught myself watercolor because I really like that but I also wanted the machines to be very graphically like I wanted them to pop and I knew that colored pencil could do that. So I integrated the two mediums in order to get this aesthetic but then the thing that I thought about conceptually in terms of moving the story because I'm so visually based was that I started the story in gray or black and white and then the story basically goes and you sort of introduced it in the beginning is that grandfather and Kai are spending this time together working on Remy in grandfather's shop and one day in the beginning of the book grandfather says Kai I'm almost finished with Remy and then he can help me in my shop. Well Kai hears this and he goes to bed but he's very nervous, he's filled with anxiety and has this nightmare that grandfather and Remy the robot are in a spaceship together in space. There's this dream sequence within the story and grandfather turns to Remy and says you are my best boy. Well of course Kai wakes up and it's very anxious and he goes out into the shop but Remy is not there and then there's a page in which the story there's a frame of the door and through the door you begin to see this color and that is where the Remy character who's animated now he has life magically and then there are these machines that are musical and lyrical and they make noise and they're cuckoo clocks and they're all of these things so the question then becomes for Kai and of course the reader is how this happens and so really the story for me is sort of an origin story it talks about how the machines came into being within the context of the narrative and also how Remy came to life it's really the beginning of the story and sort of the evolution and I actually think of this in terms of a trilogy or possible more so it's a series and then I imagine in my mind that Kai with friends and with others do space and time travel to explore sort of the universe if you will or imagination and because there's this narrative and it's really about robotics and there are these references to science and engineering I wanted to have a glossary for the young readers because it's really geared towards readers or pre-readers also children ages four to eight so I included glossary where I talk about what is imagination what is an aerospace engineer what is a chemical engineer but then the other thing that was hugely important to me and particularly because my son who loves science I wanted to introduce African-American scientists to the reader because I feel so often we do not think we know who Einstein is or many of us do but often we don't think of science as being something that people necessarily or that women do there's a huge gap and so I put two historical science in the back of the book with their biographies trying to introduce us to this idea or this notion I'm so glad that you brought all of these wonderful layers up because when I read your book one of the things that really captured my heart was suddenly this endearing closeness in relationship between grandson and grandfather which I don't think there are many books who shares and shows that and actually highlights also and values the wisdom and the lifespan of grandparents so that was one theme but the science aspect of it also was very intriguing to me and very exciting because I'm a nerd and I imagine that many children will really be excited with the story and the robotics and science in itself there's so many layers of science that this book and hopefully the trilogy will bring up but the part that there aren't many books for children that has all African American characters and that this is as normal and as attainable life and goals and dreams and I just think that there is such a need for that in today's world not just in this country but across the globe so that is very special so I wonder if you would like to speak a little bit about the intention if you thought about all of that as you were working with this project with your book and that we have a little minute to get an introduction to that and then we'll take a break right back with that Yeah I'm really glad Bia and I'll just say and I just spend a moment but that you mentioned the relationship between the Kai and the grandfather that was really really important to me because I think this intergenerational relationships we often forget about them or we don't necessarily showcase them I think just as a culture society for me it was really important to show a tenderness between Kai and his grandfather which is in part why there's a scene in which the grandfather not a woman but the grandfather is helping wash the little boy's hair in the bathtub like at night time because I wanted to show that men can care for children and they do and I wanted to show also like you were talking about the transference of information that here's this man who worked at NASA and of course the movie Hidden Figures was a huge I think introduction for a lot of people in terms of the role that African American women and women generally had in the NASA project in the late 60s but very early on and I wanted to show that as well so that you know there's an image it's just hugely important because so much has happened that I think about my relationship with my father and me watching as a mother my son interacts with my father who was born in the south you know in the 30s and you know was there in the 40s and the 50s during segregation and things of that nature but when grandpa is telling Kai's stories and Kai's eyes are so big you know you cannot replace those things with video games or you know things like technology which you know a lot of people were very connected to our phones and to Facebook I am certainly and so is Kai but I think these human stories and the connections that we can make and the power to me of love was just a hugely important theme for this book. Let me give you a quick stop here so we can take a minute break and we're going to jump right on the theme of love the hot second segment. Aloha I'm Wendy Lo and I'm coming to you every other Tuesday at 2 o'clock live from Think Tech Hawaii and on our show we talk about taking your health back and what does that mean? It means mind, body and soul anything you can do that makes your body healthier and happier is what we're going to be talking about whether it's spiritual health mental health, fascia health beautiful smile health whatever it means let's take healthy back Aloha Hello I'm Yukari Kunisue I'm your host of New Japanese Language Show on Think Tech Hawaii called Konnichiwa Hawaii Broadcasting live every other Monday at 2 p.m. Please join us where we discuss important and useful information for the Japanese language community in Hawaii The show will be all in Japanese Hope you can join us every other Monday at 2 p.m. Aloha Welcome back to another episode of Perspectives on Global Justice Beatrice Kuntomo and I am here with our guest Verlina Johnson and so Verlina before we took a break we were talking about how much this endearing in a relationship between grandparents grandfather and Kai characters were so important for you to share this know-just about the magic and the creativity and the science of robotics there is definitely this love connection and so let's talk from an author's perspective what is it about this love and this relationship that you wanted to convey through this beautiful book that you just produced? This tenderness and I think in terms of from a structural perspective in the beginning it really does open up with this anxiety of children because I think children like many of us feel like there is a limited amount of love that you can only love one person or we feel sometimes that there's a competition or that there's such thing as love loss but in terms of unconditional love like the love that a grandfather could have for his grandson there is no such thing of course grandparents couldn't have many grandchildren I love them all and so I think though that developmentally I understand that children oftentimes do fear that so it started with the fear and I think for me this tension I wanted to really to show that but then I wanted to illustrate through the illustrations and the narrative that in fact there's limitless love that there's enough love and that literally what Remi the robot ends up doing in the end is adding something special to Kai's life and I think so in that regard he need not have felt threatened by Remi or the idea of Remi or it could have been anyone really because his grandfather will always love him but that he was adding something and so I think that was really important for me and again I think you know it's this idea that you know we love people and that love is a constant and a continual kind of thing but sometimes certainly we need reassurance and I think that you know by the end of the narrative I think there's no doubt in Kai's young mind that his grandfather loves him and he's made a new friend right so it's so lovely I really hope our viewers will you know become the they that the book will be released and so it will be available through Amazon so tell our viewers what is the best way to check in I know that the projected date is December 15th right so what do they need to do in order to check out Kai's book yes there would be several different things that one could do one of the things is that you someone who is interested in the book could certainly go to I'll have a website which I'm currently is under construction and I will be launching it within the next few days I would say 48 hours or so and on my website and that website address is www. B is in Victor E R L E N Com so that's just my first and my last name .com and I'll have a link directly to Amazon where the book can be purchased also I'm going to provide my email address which anyone who's interested in the book interested in learning more about the project or just would like to connect with me may do so at this email the email is J O H N S O N V E R L E N A 339 at gmail.com but the adventures of Kai and the magical machines also one could in a few weeks enter that in and do a Google search and I'll come up and I'm sure would take anyone directly to Amazon and also to my website I'm expecting the proof from create space actually to be delivered tomorrow so I'm going to be just going over that and so the book really is complete it's just going to go under a review process and then it'll be available for purchase so I'm very very excited it's been I often get up at 2 30 3 30 in the morning to work on this project I wanted to ask you a little bit of that because I have followed your process vicariously and lived a little bit of it vicariously through Facebook since we are friends you've been doing this for many years I think at least 5 6 years that I can recall and it's always been many awakenings like in the wee hours of the morning to do the drawings or to do the painting or to learn a new technique so what was it like to make this commitment but this long in order to get this dream come true yeah it definitely is a labor of love but I think as a creative person it's really important in what I've learned from this project is many things so one of the things and one of the reasons that I wake up so early in the morning is that I know that my best mind of my creative mind after rest I'm far more fruitful and I can focus in a way I work full time actually so I have a full time job and of course I'm also a parent and so what I wanted to do is provide two or three good hours of work where my mind was fresh and I know that after a long day of work and commuting in LA etc to start working at 6, 7, 8 o'clock not going to happen I'm so tired and so once I started actually waking up I felt like my productivity was just outstanding and also to be perfectly honest I wanted to make a commitment to the book and to my art where I was saying this is really important to me and I'm not going to give it what I have left over in terms of energy and my focus and that kind of thing so that was really important but I think the other important thing in terms of a creative process for me to come to terms with was that this project is huge and you've mentioned a few times the complexity or the layers of the story and the narrative and so forth to work on something like that that's that involved you need time so sometimes I would be working for hours or days or perhaps weeks on something and then I might take a break honestly and work on several paintings and then come back to it because some of these things they needed time space to refresh and just to be allowed to germinate if you will and then I would come to it and then other ideas would flow and so just as a project even the character development alone and trying to understand these characters and at this point and I think other people who write screenplays and movies and novels and things talk about how when you begin to write a character I felt like I was really fueling grandfather and Kai but at this point I feel like I know them as being separate from myself so they have a voice what would this character Kai do because he's seven years old and certainly having a son has helped me understand what a seven year old is like in a way that it wouldn't have let's say had I not had the son in this relationship with him so I think some of the tenderness honestly and some parts of the book have evolved as I've evolved as a mother and as one who has this relationship with a child for myself I couldn't say that right? I can't believe the 30 minutes have elapsed so quickly so thank you so very much for being here with us and to share a little glimpse a little taste of all of this love and passion and commitment that you have put forth for so many years for the creation of Kai and the magical machines actually the adventures of Kai and the magical machines I wish you can come back another time with Kai and that we do another follow up with this I definitely have more questions for you but this is hopefully will entice our viewers to check your work out and to also fall in love with this magic book and with its many beautiful layers thank you so much and to our viewers thank you so much for watching us and see you next time we hope. Yes thank you very much Bea thank you so much


In last class, we looked at photo detectors. So, in the case of photo detectors, we had an incident light onto your device, which was converted into an electrical signal. Today, we are going to look at solar cells. A solar cell is an example of a photovoltaic device. That is, it is a device where you have a generation of voltage when exposed to light. So, when exposed to light leads to a generation of voltage. Photovoltaics were first discovered by Henry Becquerel in 1839, but the first silicon based PN junction photovoltaic was invented by Ohl in 1940. So, the principle of a photovoltaic, let me just abbreviate this as PV, is similar to the photo detector that we looked at last class, there are just a few crucial differences. So, in the case of a photo detector, we saw that one such example was a photodiode, it could be a simple PN junction or a PIN junction. So, in that case, a photo detector works over a narrow wavelength range. So the maximum wavelength depended upon the energy of the transition that was involved. So, if there was a transition from the valence band to the conduction band, the maximum wavelength was defined by the band gap of the material. The minimum wavelength range depended upon the absorbance of the material, because as wavelength decreases, absorbance increases, so that light is only absorbed very close to the surface. In the case of a solar cell, we need the device to work over a broad wavelength range, and this wavelength range depends upon the solar spectrum. So, that is the first crucial difference between a solar cell and a photo detector. The wavelength range is imposed by the spectrum. Also, in the case of a photo detector, the metric is the quantum efficiency. So we define quantum efficiency as the number of electron hole pairs or the current that is generated to the ratio of the number of photons that are incident on your sample. So the quantum efficiency determines the signal to noise ratio. In the case of a solar cell, the metric that is normally used is the power conversion efficiency. This is the ratio or this is the power delivered per incident solar energy. So solar cells are usually wide area devices, because they need to capture as much as the incident solar energy and then convert it into electrical energy. So to understand the solar cell, we first need to take a look at the solar spectrum. If we look at the solar spectrum, it primarily ranges from the UV to the IR region. So it encloses the visible region. So it goes from UV to IR. The typical wavelength range goes from around 0.2 microns or 200 nanometers to 3 microns. So 3 microns lies in the IR region, 0.2 in the UV region. So this encloses the visible region as well. Of course, the intensity of this radiation is not a constant. The intensity depends upon the wavelength. So we can plot a power spectrum versus wavelength. So I have wavelength lambda on my x-axis. This is in micrometers and then I will plot the power. And the unit is kilowatt meter square per micrometer. So this is your power spectrum, 0.2, 0.8, 0.4, 2. Let me extend the axis a bit to 0.6, 0.8, 0.6, 2.4. So the visible region lies somewhere between 0.2 and 0.8. This is visible. This is IR. This is UV. So if you plot the power spectrum as a function of wavelength, we have a peak and then the intensity decreases at higher wavelengths. So this sort of spectrum can be approximated to a blackbody whose temperature is around 6000 Kelvin. So it's approximated to a blackbody. The area under the curve gives the total intensity of the incoming solar radiation. This area has a value of around 1.35 kilowatts per centimeter square. So this is the intensity of the solar radiation per unit area. Just to be clear, I will say this is area under the curve. Of course, we should also take into account the fact that you have scattering of radiation by the Earth's atmosphere. So the atmosphere has ozone. It also has some water molecules. So these can scatter the solar radiation. They also has dust particles which can scatter radiation. The path length will also change the energy of the spectrum. For example, if you have solar light directly overhead, so when theta is 0, so when we have the solar light directly overhead, the intensity i is around 0.925 kilowatts per centimeter square and when theta is 60, so there is some scattering and the path length is more. The intensity i is lower. It's around 0.691. So there is an energy spread to the spectrum. This energy spread is shown here and the spectrum or the actual intensity that is arriving at the Earth is going to depend upon scattering from the atmosphere and also the incident angle of the radiation. So this radiation needs to be absorbed by your device in order to produce an electrical signal. So let us consider a simple design of a solar cell. So let us look at a solar cell that is based on a simple p-n junction. So last class, we saw that your photo detectors are also based upon a p-n junction or a p-i-n junction. So the basic principle is similar. So we have a solar cell that's based on p-n junction. The n region is heavily doped. So I will call it p-n plus and we also have a thin n region because the light has to penetrate through the n region. So if I were to draw a schematic of this, here's my solar cell. I have electrical contacts at one end. My light is incoming from this direction. So I also have electrodes at the other end. But these electrodes do not cover the entire surface because the light has to penetrate through your device. So this is the interface between the n plus and the p region. So the n plus region is heavily doped. In this case, the depletion region will lie almost entirely on the p side. So I have a very thin depletion region on the n side and it is lot more thicker on the p side. So these are electrodes. So we have solar radiation coming from the left and falling on the n plus region. So now your radiation can have both long wavelength, medium and short wavelength. So a shorter the wavelength, higher the energy. The short wavelengths are usually absorbed by the n plus region because the absorption coefficient is large, hence the penetration depth is small. Whereas the wavelength increases, the penetration depth also increases. So this just depicts three kinds of wavelength, short, medium and large. When the wavelength of light gets absorbed, it generates an electron hole pair. So for example, the medium wavelength region generates an electron hole pair within the depletion region. We have looked at a p-n junction in equilibrium. We know that whenever we have a junction, we always have a contact potential. So we have a plus and a minus. We saw this earlier when we are talking about p-n junctions. This arises because you have the electrons in the holes recombining and getting annihilated to give you a depletion region. So the electric field goes from positive to negative, which means there is a built-in potential or a contact potential v0. So when the incoming radiation generates an electron hole pair, the electron is accelerated towards the n side because it sees the positive potential and the hole is accelerated towards the p side. This means there is now a potential that develops between the p and the n regions. In the absence of any external load, this potential is called voc, which is your open circuit potential. So if you now make the connection between the p and the n, so that instead of an open circuit, you have a short circuit, you have a current that flows through the device and it flows through the outer circuit because of the electron and hole pairs that are generated. This current is called your short circuit current. So let us draw a schematic of that. And I have my n and the p and there is a depletion region. So we have the electrodes on both sides and instead of having an open circuit, we make the electrical connections so that current can flow. So in this particular case, once again you have solar radiation falling on your sample, an electron hole pair that is generated, the electron accelerating towards the n side and the holes accelerating towards the p side so that the current flows from p to n. This current is called your photo current. So it is the current that is generated because you have photo generated carriers. In the absence of any external load, it is also called the short circuit current. So in this particular figure, let W be the width of the depletion region. So your electron hole pairs are generated within this width W. But if you also look more closely, electron hole pairs are also generated within the n and the p regions because all of these regions absorb the light. So electron hole pairs are generated in all of them. So once again you can see that the holes will get accelerated towards the p side and the electrons get accelerated towards the n side. But these electrons and holes are essentially minority carriers. So they can only diffuse within a region which is defined by the diffusion width. So LH is the diffusion width of the holes which are the minority carriers on the n side and LE is the diffusion length of the electrons which are the minority carriers from the p side. So the total region from which current is generated is LH plus W plus LE. So it not only comes from the depletion region but also from the diffusion regions in both the n and the p side. So electron holes generated from this region contribute to the current. So let us now go ahead and calculate the IV characteristics of a solar cell. So let us look at the IV characteristics of a solar cell. In this particular case, we are looking at a solar cell which is a simple p-n junction that is connected to some external load. The external load is defined by a resistor R and you have some incident light of certain intensity which is given by IOP. So in this particular case, there is a built-in voltage within your p-n junction and also a current that flows through the device. So this is a schematic representation of a solar cell that is connected to an external load. Now in the absence of a load where the resistor is 0, we saw that when you shine light, you have a photo current that is generated within. This case the voltage or the voltage difference is 0 because you have a photo current IPH. If we define the conventional direction of current the other way and call it ISC which is your short-circuit current, then ISC is nothing but minus of IPH. So ISC is the short-circuit current which is the current that flows through at the device when it is short-circuited. So when there is no external load. This in turn depends upon the photo current IPH. Now IPH depends upon the intensity of solar light that is shining on your device. So IPH is usually some constant K times IOP which is the intensity of the solar radiation shining on the device. So K here is a constant and this is the intensity of incident radiation. So we take this and now add on an external load in the form of a resistor. So then you have a potential now, you have IOP. So once again there is a photo current IPH but this photo current generates a voltage across the resistor. This voltage across the resistor is IR and this voltage opposes the inbuilt voltage of your PN junction because any PN junction has an inbuilt potential or an inbuilt voltage which is your contact potential and the photo current basically generates external potential that opposes this. So this is equivalent to saying that you are forward biasing your PN junction so that now it is easier for the minority carriers to diffuse so that you have a forward bias current. So the forward bias current goes the other way I am going to call it ID. So ID which is your forward bias current and you can write the standard diode equation for this is IS0 where IS0 is the reverse saturation current exponential EV over KT-1. So IS0 is your reverse saturation current which we have seen earlier in the context of a regular PN junction. So we have a forward bias current that goes in one way. We have a photo current due to the radiation that falls on your sample that goes the other way. So the net current is nothing but ID-IPH which is just IS0 exponential EV KT-1-IPH. So it is possible to draw an equivalent circuit for your solar cell which is nothing but a PN junction under illumination. So we have a solar cell connected to an external load and you have some incident radiation shining on it. So it is possible to draw an equivalent circuit for that. So in that case you have a constant current source which is your photo current generated because of the incident light. You have your PN junction that is now under forward bias. So that there is a forward bias current ISO and this forward bias current opposes the constant current source or your photo current and then there is your resistor R. So the equivalent circuit for a solar cell is just a constant current source and a PN junction under forward bias which opposes each other. So you can also draw an IV characteristics for the solar cell. If there is no radiation, so in the case of a dark solar cell, the IV characteristics will just resemble a PN junction under bias. So we have the current which increases exponentially with the voltage just given by this expression. So this is in the case of dark. We found that when we shine light we have a photo current that opposes the forward bias current so that the net current is ID-IPH. So the effect of this is to shift your IV current below so that when you have some photo current shining you no longer start at 0 but you are shifted below because of the –IPH. If you increase the value of the incident radiation intensity so that IOP is higher then IPH will be even higher and then you are shifting this even further below. So in this particular case we can calculate the voltage at which current is 0. So when current I is equal to 0 the voltage is called your open circuit voltage. So in that case I which is I s0 exponential E VOC over kT-1 this is 0. So when the voltage is VOC which refers to this point the current is 0. So we can rearrange this expression to give you VOC to be approximately equal can neglect this factor – 1 to be kT over E ln of IPH over ISO. So let me rewrite this expression and we can look at the two parts of it. So we have written down the expression for the open circuit voltage VOC approximately kT over E ln of IPH over ISO. IPH is your photo current which depends upon the intensity of the light and ISO is your reverse saturation current which depends upon the intrinsic carrier concentration Ni square and also on the diffusion coefficients, diffusion lengths and the concentration of the P and the N regions. There is a term E here. So if you increase the value of photo current so if IPH is higher VOC will increase. Similarly if you go for a material with a higher band gap so if EG is higher then Ni will be lower so ISO will be lower and that will also increase VOC. So in the case of a solar cell we saw that the important parameter was the power conversion efficiency. The power is nothing but I times the voltage which is ISOV exponential EV over kT – 1 – IPHV. In order to have the maximum power so for maximum power DP over DV should be equal to 0 so we are just differentiating this expression. So in that case the corresponding voltage is Vm and we can write a recursive relationship that relates Vm to VOC. So this is a recursive relationship because Vm is on both sides but it can be solved in order to get the maximum voltage or the voltage corresponding to maximum power. So once we know the value of Vm we can plug in this expression and get the maximum power. So let us once more look at your IV curve. You just redraw this. So this is your dark current. This is your current under illumination. This point is VOC. Here we can calculate the Vm which corresponds to the maximum power and also the Im. So this is Vm corresponds to Im. The area under the curve or the area between these two points gives you the maximum power that is delivered to the system. So Vm times Im is the maximum power delivered. If you do the calculation we find that Vm will increase as VOC increases. So higher your open circuit voltage higher the value of Vm. So one way of increasing VOC is to increase the intensity of the radiation and the other way we saw was to have a p-in junction with a higher band gap. The drawback in that case is that as your band gap increases the region of the solar spectrum that is being absorbed will decrease because as EG increases the corresponding wavelength for the transition will decrease. So there is a trade off on what material you choose in order to get the maximum value of the power. So conventional silicon based solar cells have efficiencies of around 22%. So in this case these are single crystal silicon based devices. Instead of single crystal if you have a polycrystalline silicon your efficiency let me just call this eta. Your efficiency will be around 15%. You could also go for amorphous silicon based solar cells. The advantage is that the cost is reduced because you can directly deposit these on a glass slide. So you can have amorphous silicon based solar cells but the efficiency will drop even further. There are other materials that are used for solar cells. Some of the typical materials we already saw silicon have cadmium telluride, cadmium sulfide and then copper indium diselionide. This is a material with a band gap of around 0.7 electron volts and the variation of this is copper indium gallium diselionide. So it is usually written as Cu Inx gallium 1-x Se2. The band gap in this case depends upon the value of x. All of these have efficiencies somewhere between 10 to 20% depending upon the processing route which is used in order to make these devices and also the quality of the films that are produced. The solar cells we have seen so far are simple PN junction based solar cells. You could also have a hetero junction solar cell. So in this case you can increase the efficiency of the device. For example, consider a hetero junction where you have P aluminum gallium arsenide which is a thin layer that is deposited on top of PNN gallium arsenide. So in this case your PN junction is still between the same material but the aluminum gallium arsenide layer helps in passivating the surface bonds or the surface defect states. It also has a higher band gap than gallium arsenide so that it allows the radiation to pass through it and be absorbed by the gallium arsenide. So this in turn leads to a higher efficiency. So you can also have other designs for PN junctions. So you can also have a PN junction between different materials. So you have N aluminum gallium arsenide and P gallium arsenide. So aluminum gallium arsenide has a higher band gap. Once again it acts as a window in order to allow the radiation to reach the junction. So that we no longer need the N layer to be really thin as in the case of a homo junction based PN junction. So here you have different band gaps. So this again makes carrier separation easy. So this is your gallium arsenide with the band gap of 1.4 electron volts. This is aluminum gallium arsenide with 2 electron volts. So any electron hole paths that are generated can be easily separated and this gives rise to a current. You can have also solar cells that are in tandem which means you have one solar cell on top of the other. So you have 2 PN junctions and you choose your material in such a way that the band gap of the first material is greater than the band gap of the second. So if you look at the design you have the first material which has its PN junction and you have the second material with its PN junction. So this has a band gap EG1 which is greater than EG2. The advantage of having this type of arrangement is that the shorter wavelengths will get absorbed by the first material because it has a lower absorption distance or a lower penetration distance while the longer wavelength will get absorbed by material true. The problem of course is that making the devices more complex also adds on to the processing cost and the processing complexity because if you have tandem cells like these then they have to be grown with no defects between them because defects will again act as straps for carriers and will reduce the efficiency of the device. So these last few classes we have looked at electronic devices. So we started with a simple metal semiconductor junction then we moved on to a PN junction and then we looked at transistors. We also looked at some examples of optoelectronic devices like LEDs, lasers, photo detectors and then solar cells. So in the last part of the course we are going to focus on fabrication of these devices. We will look at some of the terminology that I used, some of the processes that I used in fabrication and also the challenges. We will also look at some alternate methods of fabrication then your standard micro fabrication processing that is currently being practiced.


What's going on everybody is stocks here and in today's video I wanted to talk about three stocks that I'm personally watching right now one that I'm actually holding that I'm looking to swing trade Heading into the month of August in 2019 and I wanted to do a little update on what I'm personally You know thinking with these stocks that I'm going to talk about and also a channel announcement about what the channel is going to Be like over these next two to three weeks. So without further ado guys, let's just get right into it I don't have too much time. I want to squeeze in this video for you all So let's get right to it. So the S&P right now is actually selling off a bit It's down about four dollars at the time that I'm recording this video down about point one three percent If we go to the one day one minute you guys can see we actually dumped even further this morning down to about 3015 and for being a very nice reversal We've broken the EMA and the 50 SMA and now we just broke above the 180 SMA on the intraday chart Very very good sign of a reversal and overall guys we talked about this in Sunday's video Let me show you all what I'm watching now and it seems like we've already tested it is that that 3015 to around 3020 that old resistance that double top I wanted to see if the S&P was going to pull back and Test it as a new support and bounce from there and that's exactly what we're doing right now guys So this is a good sign overall that the S&P 500 is Continuing its uptrend you guys can see based on that trend line higher high, you know higher low here and Really this higher low at 3015 came out a really good bounce spot old resistance new support Now just see what I'm looking to see is is the S&P going to continue this run Right are we going to hit all-time highs again? And really the close of today's session is going to tell us whether or not we're going to maybe pull back a bit more Maybe we'll consolidate or maybe we'll shoot for those all-time highs in these next couple of days So keep an eye, you know on these next four hours in the market guys I think a lot's gonna shake out, you know, if we end up closing strong We could end up really breaking all-time highs today. That would be pretty crazy But I'm thinking, you know, we might pop up retest this level maybe pull back consolidate But anyway, I'm excited to see what ends up happening So let's just go to these three stocks very quickly UNH is the one that I'm currently in so UNH is one that I'm definitely looking to add more money in as The month of August really starts and continues right so UNH right now overall on the 184 hour chart You guys can see we've pulled back from 270 to about 248 About a $22 pullback there. We ended up holding this 180 simple moving average that you guys do see here It's this gold line and this line has been a support over the past couple of months as you guys can clearly see So this pullback, I'm really liking it. I entered in UNH this past Friday I'm up like not really anything right now at this point Maybe like 0.3% or a 0.4% something like that But I don't plan on selling this unless we do get rejected by this 50 SMA and start to dump a little bit I might shave off and take profits at that point But I'm not planning on selling this until I see what it's going to do at this 50 SMA if we break it I might add more there and continue the run because at that point I think we can test 260s and maybe even this high at 268 So the 50 SMA is what I'm watching right now, but I still feel comfortable buying some shares right around Here and I figured I'd share this with you guys Maybe if you see value in it if you do your own due diligence and research on it You can maybe take a look at it and take a position But again, don't do that just because I'm in it right you have to do your own research Definitely do your own research on everything you're buying and selling on the stock market But again, I figured I'd share with you guys my thoughts the next one is one That's you know still in need of a breakout here above this 50 SMA But I'm really liking the way it's forming up right now and that one is ticker symbol LOW Lowes companies and we talked about this one in yesterday's video what I said I liked about it was that overall the trend which was still holding an uptrend right you guys can clearly see it despite the Pullback overall over the past couple of months. We're still holding an overall uptrend We're holding the 180 SMA as a support We're forming a bit of a cup here and now it seems like we're testing that 50 SMA As a resistance so we need to see in my opinion a breakout from here and from there We can end up running all the way back up to 108 10850 test that of resistance here and that margin of profit guys is going to be around a three to four percent So lows right now. It's looking very attractive if you guys look at the 20 day one-hour chart You can clearly see we are breaking the downtrend here on the the hourly chart under the 50 SMA We broke that and now it seems like we're testing and fighting with the 180 SMA Ultimately, I would need to see a break above this level as well before entering lows But again, this is what I'm watching do your own DD guys do diligence do your own research Don't buy this because I'm buying it But I really see potential in this one and I do plan on maybe putting a limit order at maybe 105 riding that out seeing how that goes and I'll let you guys know how you know that ends up playing out So LOW That's another one and off the top of my head. What the heck was the other stock that I wanted to talk about I'm forgetting off the top of my head right now. It was lows You NH and FedEx. That's what it was guys FDX remember FDX I was actually in FDX a couple of days ago or last week or whenever that was and I took a profit on it And it seems like it's still been descending from that video and you guys can see or rather that time That I sold it and made the video about it, right? And you guys can see the downwards trend or the downwards kind of channel that that it was in It seems like it's continuing that if we were to stretch it out a bit I know it doesn't look perfect, but you guys can see what I'm saying, right? And at this point, I'm glad I sold out And I said in the previous video that I talked about FedEx that I wanted to see if I could re-enter and this in My opinion is opening up a beautiful Opportunity to potentially re-enter and take a look if we pulled down a 170 guys We're so close at this point. Maybe even today we could get an entry point But if we pulled down a 170 171 ish, you know, ideally more towards 170 at that level guys If we zoom out a bit more notice how that's going to put us on top of older resistances at around 170 And we'll need to test that as a new support It'll also put us on top of the 50 SMA which has been a support over these past couple of weeks as FedEx Has been forming this little rally, you know this little bull run that we've been seeing So this would be a nice entry point Right here on top of right around 170 in my opinion or at least a spot to confirm the bounce And then maybe an entry point would be around 170 50 maybe 171 That's what I'm personally watching right now So overall guys, these are three stocks and I'm personally looking to swing trade So for a quick channel announcement guys over these next two to three weeks The content's going to be a bit irregular on this channel Typically, I'm doing daily updates about the stock market earnings what I'm watching what I'm doing You know stocks in general, you know investing topics I have a series on M1 finance where I'm building portfolios This is the content that I'm producing on a day-to-day basis, right? And over these next two three weeks, I'm actually going to be going to Greece and fun fact guys I don't know if I've never mentioned this on the channel actually, but fun fact I'm actually from Greece, you know I have a bunch of my family that lives there that I actually don't really see often like my aunts my uncles You know I have a lot my grandmothers are there You know just a bunch of family that I don't really see often and honest to guys I kind of want to be present in the moment with them It doesn't mean that I'm not going to be trading guys because best believe I will be trading Don't worry about that I will be trading and I will be active in the discord group chat if you are active in there and that is linked down below But in terms of making these daily update videos I don't know if I'll be able to make one every single day But my goal is to get at least two three updates to you guys out per week To show you and let you in on what I'm personally thinking so I can interact with you all as well And the comments and kind of just update the whole entire community that we have here on YouTube so that's just the quick announcement guys You know content expect five six videos over these next two three weeks that are planned out And I'm going to be filling in those days where there's no planned videos Hopefully with trading and market updates to update you all and keep you all in the loop with what I'm doing what I'm watching In my personal perspective on the stock market and again If you guys want to join that discord group chat where I will be active That's linked down below and we have 800 other members in there that are active members of the strive smart community So all of those are linked down below. Thanks again for watching guys Leave a like on this video if you found value in it consider subscribing if you want to see further content for me I'll catch you all in the next video and one finance updates coming out tonight. Check that out Have a good one guys peace out


In this paper, we review and discuss 10 common methodological mistakes found in retrospective chart reviews. The retrospective chart review is a widely applicable research methodology that can be used by healthcare disciplines as a means to direct subsequent perspective investigations. In many cases in this review, we have also provided suggestions or accessible resources that researchers can apply as a best practices guide when planning, conducting or reviewing this investigative method. This article was authored by Vassar Matt and Hulsman Matthew.