If you saw Trump, what do you think it would be like? I would approach him for sure. I don't know if he... What do you think he'd be like? Oh, I know what he's like.  And so one of the last times I saw him was when he hired me as part of the finale of the, not the celebrity apprentice, but after that he went back to doing like the non-celerate apprentice too. And so he hired me to roast him for an event that one of the teams was putting on, like a charity event. Even though, as you know, I'm not a classic roaster, but I get how people would think I'm a roaster. So I was like, great. And the headliner for the event was Liza Minnelli. So I would have done it for free, but he gave me 50K, which was respectable, and flew to New York, went to Bedminster, spent the whole day with him and Liza, which prior to Trump being Trump, I actually thought it was kind of fun because all the times that I knew him and saw him, he just was like a lovable doofus. I don't know that I ever thought he had the wealth of Elon Musk or anything, but he was a fixture for so long that he kind of played that character. And I swear to God, I didn't know the racial stuff. I didn't know the sexual assault stuff. I didn't know any of that stuff.  And, you know, I thought The Apprentice was a really good show. I watched it religiously. The other thing I said about Trump is like, guy was number one on all of television. He was more entertaining than ER. Yeah.  What's crazy is I got along great with him, not just well. He kind of treats... One of these guys that he likes to try to verbally spar with a comic, even though he's not, but he'll play. Like in his way, he would play along. So like when I walked down to set, he did the sign of the cross with his fingers. He's like, oh, here she is, everybody. Let's hope she goes easy on me tonight. Not too much about the hair. I've known Kathy Griffin for a long time.  And I was like, what's not to love? Did they sell that to ISIS? It's in the video. Great. And so also, he was like driving Liza Minnelli and I around in a golf cart at Bedminster, and I was like, this is fun. Yeah, this is not... That's got to be one of... That's a very unique experience. Very unique. Also, of course, I like worship Liza. I don't just like... I didn't... No one thought you had any... Yes, we all were very confident. I was already queening out about just being with Liza, and then here's this character driving the golf cart. He was driving it crazily, which I also thought was harmless and fun. I was also raised by alcoholic parents. But you know, we took pictures together, and at the Larry David roast, I sat next to him on the dais for four hours, and I was on the apprentice another time when my dear, dear Joan Ravis called and said, will you be one of the celebrities that comes and buys a handbag during this challenge? So I spent that evening, and he and Ivanka were always chatting with Joan because they knew Joan and loved her. So many run-ins with him that were harmless, and I would see him at NBCUni events, and he kind of rolled with a joke if I... So I would probably approach him, and he would probably do something similar to, like, uh-oh, because he'd be protecting... I'm sure he'd be in a protected environment. But also, like, although he could play just strictly aggrieved. And I would probably, honestly, I'd probably do, like, one jab. But I wouldn't try to ever explain to him what the experience was for me, because I honestly don't think he can process it.  Right. And move on. That's... That's about it. That's... That shows a... If it's true, it shows a lot of restraint. Oh, we'll see. We'll see. Eventually. That's the plan. Oh, so now I'm going to let him live. What would you do if you ran in? Did you ever have someone where you thought, I got to play on what I do when I run into them? Yeah. I'm sitting on a list of insults for someone as we speak.  But any comic are... I don't know how old you are. How old are you? We don't talk about that. Okay. Any comic of our possible generation, we also can have a joke from the 90s thrown up in our face any minute. And I wouldn't do my 90s material for many reasons. That's one of them. But also... Because it would be offensive by today's standards? Of course. Yeah. But also we're in this weird era of... Like the evolution of comedy is as if it is not seemed... Like seemed to be understood by anyone. And I don't want to be like kids of culture. Somebody was emailing me today and I was like, Lady, you don't understand comedy. Yeah.  What are you talking... Right. So whatever. Yeah. No, you're right.  Because the 90s was... This was misogyny. She was accusing me of misogyny. The era and the kind of material that I do. And I admit the 90s and the aughts were a brutal kind of comedy. It was roast on Comedy Central every two seconds. Yeah. And I'm sure you... Morning radio. Morning radio. Oh my God. Yes. War crimes. That's all over. That's all over. But I always... I try to explain to my younger friends, like, you kind of had to live through it to believe it.  Like the 90s and the aughts were just... The mandate was go hard. Yeah. Go as hard as you can. Yeah. And weirdly, like, your thing was... He deserved to be... You're allowed to go hard at the president. He's the president. Did you know Mort Saul's story at all? No. So Mort Saul is like one of the top comedians in the... Yeah, of course. In 1960, like, he's on the cover of Time Magazine. My parents idolized... He was their god. He was their favorite. So he... Kennedy, JFK, asked him to write stuff for his campaign.  Yeah. Right? Mort Saul goes, I'll do it. But just know if you win, I'm not gonna stop. Yeah. He wins. And the club, Mort Saul worked out the hungry eye in San Francisco.  And then the weird kind of heroic post-script is the DA from New Orleans who investigated the Kennedy assassination. Yeah. Mort Saul went and volunteered to help solve the... Wow. Yeah, like, it's a weird thing. Yeah. Yeah. But it's like when politics intersect with... No, but presidents are supposed to be able to take it on the chin. Yeah. I made fun of... I will admit, Obama was the hardest to make fun of, not just because I'm a libtard lefty, but I just didn't... It was hard. He had a good sense of humor. Yeah. Oh, he had a great sense of humor. But W and obviously Bill Clinton... Yeah, so I've been around long enough to have made fun of every president. Yeah. And never a repression. No. And so that part, too, I was still shocked about. Hey, did you like that? Did you like that? Yeah, did you like it, though? You want more? Don't want to work? Would rather watch videos of me grab assing with people?  This is like when the weatherman says there's a high pressure system coming in. Although I'm not really used to the green screen.


headline news update welcome folks we have that our industry is trading down 26 Nasdaq's up 85 S&Ps up 8 gold gold contract up 34 dollars trading 1795 we get silver up 59 cents 23 dollars 10 cents both gold and silver cut the bid once again light sweet crude flat 80 dollars 49 cents check this out folks copper copper's up 17 pennies that is one monster move folks for 49 a pound you get notes and bonds a 10-year notice flat 130 106 the 30 years up a full point plus one ticket 159 19 and King dollar King dolls given it up on price down 435 9408 one euro out here at 115 the ends at 113.35 and the British pounds at 136 to 1 us dollar let's go over and take a look at the e-minis the futures first okay so bottom line is that yeah you have a market that's up but this is a weak market man bottom line is that when you can't bust them up that we come up with a Fed minutes the bottom line is that they're going to start the taper in mid-november it's gonna be 15 billion a month bottom line is that that's nothing that's that's the real bottom line that being said we take a look at this e-mini what you have out here is this is that the you're you're up 875 right now and we take a look at this and what you have this this lower bar more than likely is going to get tested and that lower bar is pretty intense because you're down to 43 18 so we'll see where this shakes out that was a 10 o'clock this morning but it's a high volume low if we go take a look at the end the x100 I suspect we're gonna be the same situation no a little bit different okay so on the end the x100 we're up 92 right now what we did have this morning is that when when we when we opened that you had that first spike up at to 930 that was into the 14,000 778 no seven full sorry folks I need 14,000 7 yeah that's right 7 788 then what we did you went downtown you went up and tested with light of volume so once you did the test with light of volume they had a failure on price that's saying we're also going lower so I suspect as we get into the close once again you're gonna see slightly weaker market stay right there folks come right back


Believe it or not CNN still has not called the race between Elliot Engle and Jamal Bowman Now if you watched my program last week we announced that Jamal Bowman not just Defeated Elliot Engle. I mean he beat him in a landslide, right? So I think it's pretty obvious that Jamal Bowman will emerge victorious even if we don't have all of the precincts reporting yet you can kind of Project who's going to win based on what we see currently but CNN still hasn't made the call yet now You can argue that you know their data people. They're just a little bit more conservative than you and I I'm going to argue that it's because they're haters and the reason why I say this is because CNN is obviously biased against Progressives and the left and they love the democratic party establishment and the establishment more broadly speaking But you see their contempt for the left in their interviews So Jamal Bowman was interviewed by Aaron Burnett a CNN anchor who has very vocally been against the left She called Bernie Sanders a hypocrite before And you know, you can kind of see In her tone in the way that she like talks about the policies that Jamal Bowman is in favor of That she disapproves. She doesn't like them So take a look because what he does here is just brilliantly dismantle the CNN propaganda that we always see So she's going to try To stop him from promoting, you know, defund the police or propagandize it by using Jim Clyburn's argument against it Watch how brilliantly he is and easily dismantling this bullshit So so you came in here and you fought hard and you know, if you're the winner here This is not the way a lot of people thought it was going to go to state the obvious governor Cuomo indoors congressman angle senate minority leader schumer endorsed him The house speaker Pelosi endorsed him Uh congressman hekeem jeffreys the current chair of the house democratic caucus senior member of the congressional black caucus What do you say to them tonight? Well, you know, again, the people have spoken, you know, we worked really hard from the very beginning of the campaign To build deep authentic relationships with people across the district across race across class across religion across age Again from co-op city the eden wall to rye new york So we did that work very urgently in the very beginning We had hundreds of volunteers working with our campaign knocking doors leafletting making phone calls So those relationships matter and we we've always felt confident that those relationships would translate into votes Even when the pandemic hit we were able to pivot pretty efficiently to a virtual campaign And it led us to the point where we're up now by by many many points So when it comes to calls for racial justice and the protests which also have defined so much of this race You have joined those calling to defund the police So I wanted to play for you part of a conversation I had with the democratic congressman and how some majority leave jim whip jim cliburn He wants police reform, but but here's what he told me about how we've used the defund movement. Here he is History is instructive I was there along with john louis back in the 60s And in the early 70s, we saw How our movement got hijacked We did a lot back then that led to where we are today We would have done even more If we had not got overtaken by sloganary burned baby burned Took off in this country be careful if we don't get hijacked this time like we got the last time What do you think when you when you hear his thoughts? Well defunding the police is about a reallocation of resources It's about a demilitarization of the police and investing in public health Investing in housing investing in jobs investing in education and health care and environmental justice Investing in mental health supports, you know, 50 percent of those killed by the police suffer from some mental or physical disability What that means is we need to take a different approach not a lethal approach Defunding the police also means the end of sending military equipment To local police forces that they then use on people within the community So it's not defunding as a rallying cry But what it means is it's a reallocation of resources toward the health and other areas that we've neglected for quite some time So it sounds like what you're saying is you understand his point Sometimes words can come to to mean something to people that may not actually be what you're saying I mean you're saying reallocate. You're not saying you don't want police I'm presuming right. You're not saying you don't want police providing safety You want them to be trained differently and behave differently, right as as opposed to going away Well, there's a role for police, but I push back on the notion that you know police and safety have to go hand in hand When we talk about safety the number one thing that makes me safety and safe safe and secure Is making sure that I have food security housing security So jamal bowman is a very smart person and I think that he knows like what she's trying to do He just lets you know this bias roll off of his shoulders. And that's really what you've got to do, right? She basically asked him at first How he thinks he won in spite of the entire establishment coming out against him Now, you know for me because I'm petty I would be inclined to like laugh and say because they suck But I mean he just you know, he very clearly said because the people have spoken and he's correct there But what we really get into the bias is when she tries to use the credibility of jim cliburn To try to you know push back against this notion that we should defund the police Now I shouldn't have to say this but as a news anchor your job is to inform your viewers So you shouldn't be confused about what to fund the police means if you are Do your research do a better job because you get paid millions of dollars, right? But she tries to make it seem as if defund the police isn't What it means what it seems like maybe it's more nefarious Maybe it means get rid of the police entirely so that way if someone's breaking into your home You have no one to call so I mean she's trying to be alarmist here But jamal bowman just he brilliantly Had an answer to that so he said defunding the police is about a reallocation of resources It's about a demilitarization of the police and investing in public health investing in housing investing in jobs investing in education Healthcare and environmental justice investing in mental health supports 50 of those killed by the police suffer from some mental or physical disability What that means is we need to take a different approach not a lethal approach Defunding the police means an end to sending military equipment to local police forces that they then use for people within the community So defunding is a rallying cry. But what it means is a reallocation of resources So I mean by now you should know this if you're confused by what it means And uh, you're a cnn anchor getting paid millions of dollars per year You should know what defund the police means by now You can't put all of what he said on a bumper sticker. So defund the police is easy It implies reallocating resources, right? It's easier to just say defund the police Uh, but she tried to make it seem as if well, you know defund the police Maybe this means get rid of the police entirely and sure it is the case that abolitionists Do want to defund the police But she's over complicating this because she's trying to obscure what this means, right? But it's not that difficult And jamal bowman broke it down beautifully. We have been over policing cities in america now For too long, right when we see this issue of homelessness. What is the response from cities? Oh, let's just throw more police at this scene. Let's over police the homeless away But that doesn't work you respond to issues that cities have Appropriately not with the one size fits all solution Rather than responding to homeless people and the crisis of homelessness with more policing rather than criminalizing homelessness You respond with housing Rather than responding to mental health crises with police You respond with health care mental health care specifically. So what he's saying is we have to rethink the way that we address all of humanity's issues, right? Up until now, it's just been police. Let's police this issue if we police drugs if we police crime All of this is going to lead to a better outcome, but that has been a proven failure So when people say defund the police, they're saying rather than giving all of the money that the city has to police We have to actually do a better job at tackling the root causes of these issues People aren't going to be more secure if we have more police in the streets when it comes to people of color They actually feel less secure more vulnerable because of the way that they are racially profiled By police officers and he also explained how police and safety Don't go hand in hand and that makes sense because think about this You're not more secure if you don't have food security or if you you know have housing insecurity So what he's trying to do is disaggregate this notion of security And police, right? We need housing security health care security We need to stop thinking as policing as the appropriate response to everything in society and actually do better, right? improve conditions in cities right And I mean, it's not necessarily something that Should be confusing for a CNN host like I get like you get a pass If you're an average person and you don't necessarily know what people mean by defund the police But if you are in the world of politics, if you've done any coverage of this as a news anchor Don't pretend as if you know, you don't know what it means Maybe she's playing devil's advocate because she wants Jamal Bowman to explain But I mean what it seems like if I'm watching this and I'm an average viewer Is that wow if this smart CNN anchor can't get it then this must be too confusing Maybe these protesters are wrong.  That's the takeaway And you know, it's not conspiratorial to say that given the coverage that mainstream media did when you know occupy hit I think they had a very clear message. But what did the media do? Oh, well, I don't know what they're calling for I don't know what these protesters want. They don't really seem to have a cohesive message I mean the message was clear Resources need to be redistributed in this country. The 99 percent have nothing and the 1 percent have everything Now I think that defund the police is much more concise and politically palatable because it's one specific policy Um, I mean there's multiple policies linked to that But I mean you could really tie it to one thing whereas with redistributing resources is more complex But I mean you you saw what they did They lied about what occupied was fighting for so I mean when it comes to these types of protests You know the the media can try to co-op the narratives and usually they're successful at that But I do feel a little bit encouraged knowing that they haven't really been able to do that at this point We see, you know people who don't necessarily agree with the overall message of protests like D Ray McKesson and this eight can't wait You know who was attempting to reduce police brutality by 72 percent or whatever But what about the other 28 percent? No police brutality is what we're aiming for So they you know, they're still on message to fund the police and they haven't wavered from this message And I think that's so encouraging and it's nice to see people like Jamal Bowman actually get elected So he can bolster their message bring that message to congress and explain It very eloquently as he did on cnn to people in congress who either don't get it or don't want to get it But I mean with someone like him in congress you can't pretend like you don't know when he's there to educate you So I mean this was a phenomenal clip and it shows you that uh, you know when he gets to congress He's gonna be a very effective legislator


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Item number, SCP-375, Object Class, Euclid, Special Containment Procedures. The shopping mall where SCP-375 is located has been purchased by the Foundation and repurposed as Site-375, a site for the monitoring of SCP-375, and storage of safe-class SCP objects. The main sign on the front face of SCP-375 is to remain concealed at all times. Test subjects are to be shown photographs during experimentation. Testing of SCP-375 is only to take place on D-class personnel, who are exempt from monthly termination, in order to study the cumulative effects of SCP-375 exposure. SCP-375 is a former Wells Fargo Bank, located in Casper, Wyoming. The signage on the building in front door has been anomalously modified to read, Temporal Credit Union, while retaining the original Wells Fargo typeface. A series of 11 humanoid entities, designated SCP-375-A, remain present within the building at all times, equipped in matching uniforms and claiming to be employees of SCP-375. SCP-375's anomalous properties manifest when any subject views its main sign, and or interacts with the SCP-375-A instances inside the building. During Phase 1 of SCP-375 infection, subjects will feel compelled to exchange items of personal sentimental value, via deposit and withdrawal. Between 12 to 24 hours after a deposit has been made, the deposited item will be replaced with an extra-universal object, designated SCP-375-B, that is superficially similar to the original, but apparently from one of many alternate realities. Examples of items that have been retrieved from Phase 1 tests are provided in the table below. Phase 1 Experimental Data Subject D34924 Item Deposited Autographed Trading Card of Major League Baseball Player Albert Pujols SCP-375-B Instance Autographed Trading Card of Albert Pujols for the North American Baseball League Pujols is listed as having played for the Seattle Pilots, from 2001 to 2010, and the St. Louis Browns from 2011 to 2022. Subject D30246 Item Deposited Pennies Produced by SCP-1015 Subject was an SCP-1015-2 instance, SCP-375-B Instance 1974 United States Nichols Close examination of the Nichols revealed they do not match coins produced by the United States Treasury in the 1970s, and depict Harriet Tubman in place of Thomas Jefferson. SCP-1015's effects seem to cease while subject is inside the bank. Upon leaving, subject's anomalous properties are altered so that Nichols identical to those acquired within SCP-375 are produced in place of the previous pennies. Subject D99411 Item Deposited 2009 School Yearbook from Sandlewood High School in Jacksonville, Florida, United States SCP-375-B Instance 2009 School Yearbook from Revolution High School in Harkinsville, Florida, People's Republic of America Yearbook editorials focus on the eternal struggle against capitalism, the importance of accepting Cuban refugees from the reactionary Havana regime, and miscellaneous local developments. Subject Item Deposited SCP-375-B Instance Subject D12539 Item Deposited Autographed copy of the autobiography Under a Cruel Star by Hida Margolias-Covalli SCP-375-B Instance Autographed copy of the autobiography Fortress Prague by Hida Margolias-Covalli Narrative recounts the author's life in fascist-ruled Europe, beginning with the March 1939 invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Greater German Reich and ending with the Allied Liberation of the Continent in 1951. The author frequently expresses guilt for doing nothing to prevent the deportation and extermination of her friends and neighbors. A note has been added to the author's signature which reads, To D12539, May Europe Rise from the Ashes Approximately 80% of affected subjects will not progress past Phase 1 and will continue to use SCP-375 to exchange their possessions indefinitely. However, 20% of affected subjects will experience Phase 2 of infection within six months of initial exposure. After this phase begins, SCP-375-A instances will begin asking about participating in the Temporal Exchange Program. Consent to participate will invariably be given by all affected subjects by the third time SCP-375-A instances ask about the program. Once subjects agree, they will follow instances to the employee section of SCP-375 and enter the building's bank vault. 12 to 24 hours after their disappearance, a humanoid with physical characteristics identical or near-identical to that of the previous subject will exit from the bank. These humanoids, designated as SCP-375-C, also appear to come from alternate realities and are often wearing dramatically different attire than the original test subject. Examples of humanoids that have been retrieved from Phase 2 tests are provided in the table below. Phase 2 Experimental Data SCP-375-C Instance D99411 Equivalent Clothing worn upon retrieval Non-Standard Foundation Lab Coat Information obtained from SCP-375-C Instance claimed to be a researcher at the non-existent Site-13 and described a reality in which the Foundation and the Global Occult Coalition worked together to utilize and or destroy anomalous phenomena. Instance is apparently non-anomalous and was assigned to a humanoid containment wing at a nearby site, pending possible Foundation employment. SCP-375-C Instance D40013 Equivalent Clothing worn upon retrieval Civilian Clothing Information obtained from SCP-375-C Instance appeared to be heavily intoxicated and was determined to be under the influence of several anomalous drugs. When asked for the date, Instance claimed it was Liberary 32nd and expressed irritation at the Foundation for interrupting its participation in a hedonistic festival. If accurate, this marks the first known occurrence of a subject being successfully removed from an SCP-3455 event in progress. SCP-375-C Instance D34289 Equivalent Clothing worn upon retrieval Civilian Clothing Circa 1920s Information obtained from SCP-375-C Instance displayed anomalous monochromacy with its clothing and skin appearing as black and white in a manner similar to a vintage photograph. Instance remained highly distressed and loudly vocalized in pain for five minutes before its eyes appeared to transform into large anomalous white orbs and removed themselves from its body. Instance expired 15 minutes later, while repeatedly expressing dismay at losing contact with the beautiful blue. SCP-375-C Instance Junior Researcher Olafson Equivalent Clothing worn upon retrieval Non-Standard Foundation Field Uniform Information obtained from SCP-375-C C. Addendum 375A Addendum 375A In July 2018, it was discovered that junior researcher Olafson, a researcher assigned to SCP-375, had been using SCP-375 on himself without authorization from his superiors. After this activity was uncovered and disciplinary action had been taken, close analysis of SCP-375B instances produced by Olafson's tests concluded that he had likely exchanged SCP-Object documentation with the SCP-375A instances. Upon interrogation, Olafson admitted this was true and said each copy submitted was a printed documentation of an SCP object which had properties or containment procedures that personally interested him, thus fulfilling SCP-375's item criteria. Several SCP-375B instances produced by junior researcher Olafson are summarized below. Original SCP Documentation SCP-173, a hostile Euclid-class anomalous sculpture that is incapable of moving when observed. Retrieved Documentation Phenom No. 173, a publicly displayed anomalous art sculpture that changes its appearance when left unobserved for one second every 24 hours. Original SCP Documentation SCP-4839, a Euclid-class infohazard that causes Foundation employees to believe select non-anomalous items must be contained. Retrieved Documentation SCP-4839, an apollyon-class infohazard that caused the Foundation to destroy human civilization in an attempt to contain every object in existence. Original SCP Documentation SCP-375 Baseline Documentation Retrieved Documentation SCP-375, an anomalous bank which compels subjects to deposit items into it and eventually themselves and their family members. Subject's body parts are then withdrawn in various states of dismemberment referred to as Compound Interest. The altered SCP-375 documentation was recovered after an SCP-375C instance similar in appearance to junior researcher Olafson emerged from SCP-375 unprompted. This marked the first known spontaneous manifestation of an SCP-375C instance without an equivalent temporal exchange. Lesson Complete If you missed the previous orientation, go watch SCP-374 or Racular guillotine right now. Or for the complete course, watch this playlist.


The tallest man who ever lived was born February 22, 1918, in the small Mississippi River town of Alton, Illinois. During his short, often sad life, he gained international and lasting fame as the tallest man in history. Robert died tragically in 1940 at the age of only 22, but during those few years he remained vigilant about being cast in the role of a freak. He only wanted acceptance and a normal life, but even when he was very young he and his family realized this would be nearly impossible. Welcome Weirdos, I'm Darren Marlar and this is Weird But True, a video companion to Weird Darkness. When Robert was born he weighed in at just over 8 pounds, an average weight for a baby boy, but his height and weight would not stay average for long. He was the first child of an Alton engineer and very soon his parents began to realize that something out of the ordinary was happening with their son. By the time he reached his first birthday, Robert weighed over 44 pounds which was large but not alarming. The fear came later when he was 5 years old weighing 105 pounds and was 5 feet 4 inches tall. Needless to say the Wadlos were somewhat concerned and took the boy to the doctor, but he was pronounced to be in good health. By the time he turned 8 he was over 6 feet tall and weighed 195 pounds. His parents, brothers and sisters were all of normal size. When he entered school Robert gained the attention of the entire world. His parents were already well aware of the fact that he was going to be an unusually tall man but they vowed not to accept the many offers made to them by show men who wanted to put their son on display. They understood that for him to have a career as a human oddity would make it so that he was incapable of a normal life. The Wadlos saw that Robert's friends and relatives through regular contact with him were able to forget about his size and treat him as a regular person. This is what they wanted for him and eventually what he wanted for himself. For the Wadlos, subjecting the boy to a life in which his height would be his livelihood seemed detrimental to his happiness. Whether he was exhibited or not and you must remember that the freak shows featuring giants, little people and more were common at this time, Robert often found himself in the limelight. He was often followed by doctors, promoters and fans. He became a regular visitor at the Barnes Hospital in St. Louis where his case was studied and frequent measurements taken. After diagnosing his size to be caused by pituitary gigantism, doctors explained to his parents about a dangerous operation that could be attempted on his pituitary gland. They could do it, they explained, but they didn't recommend it. It was simply too dangerous and because of this it was never attempted.   He attended the local elementary schools and graduated from Alton High School. Throughout his short life he was known for his very quiet, sedate manner and was called the Gentle Giant. Although Robert was a good student and from all accounts a likeable and remarkably well-adjusted young man, he began to realize that his dreams of a normal career were impractical. The idea of becoming an attorney appealed to him when he entered college, but on campus he began to run into problems with his size. In 1936 he was 18 years old and stood 8 feet 3.5 inches. He found it hard to keep up with other students when taking notes as even the biggest fountain pen was dwarfed by his massive hand. He also ran into trouble in the biology lab where the delicate instruments were impossible for him to handle and use. His monumental size dominated his relationships with other students and new people he met. A chair, an automobile and every object around him that was made for someone of average height posed a barrier to him. He was also plagued by the weather. When the ground was covered with ice he had to gingerly work his way along, flanked by his friends, holding onto their shoulders as he walked. His weight was enormous, his bones fragile. If he fell it could mean a long stay in the hospital or worse. Realizing that earning a living in a normal career was impossible for him, he turned to the only avenue that was offered, promotion and entertainment. For years Robert Shoes had been specially made for him by the international shoe company and the company agreed to not only supply Robert with shoes which cost more than $150 per pair to make but also to pay him to make appearances that promoted the company. He soon began traveling and appearing in the company's print and film advertising. Eventually Robert's height was being exploited to draw large crowds but he refused to think of it in that way. He preferred to see the exhibitions as advertising work instead. He also began to think of his advertising business as a way into a new career for him. By his next birthday Robert had shot up another two inches in height and he found himself making quite a bit of money from his shoe promotion work. The idea struck him that he would open a shoe store of his own or even a whole chain of them which would serve as a career that did not involve exhibitions and freak shows. To do this however he would need some seed money. In 1937 Robert began making appearances for the Ringling Brothers Barnum and Bailey Circus in Boston and New York. Many circus and carnival showmen had approached Robert and his parents in the past about appearing in shows but the answer to them had always been an emphatic no. The salary offer was very enticing though and as Robert had recently suffered from problems with his health he decided to join the circus. One of his conditions was that the Ringling organization would provide a hotel suite for Robert and his father and take care of all of their expenses. He also maintained that he would not be a part of the circus side show but would appear in the center ring of the show three times each day. In all of the appearances that Robert made, whether for the circus or promoting shoes, he always dressed in an ordinary business suit. He refused to wear tall shoes, a high hat or any of the other devices used by showmen to exaggerate his already tremendous height. He even objected to attempts by photographers to create the illusion of greater height by shooting at low angles to make him look taller. He attacked overblown press accounts. One widely circulated story stated that he ate four times the amount of a normal person. He said that was a deliberate falsehood. He turned his back on this but still managed to become a popular icon. He continued to make more and more appearances, always accompanied by his father. He operated concessions at fairs to the delight of the general public where great crowds of people turned out to see him. He also developed an entertaining routine that he and his father used during their public appearances. Dr. Frederick Foddener, a professor at Shirtliff College in Alton, wrote the book The Gentleman Giant in 1944 and reproduced a joke that Robert's father often told at their appearances. The greatest trouble that I ever have with Robert, said Mr. Wadlow, is trying to keep him from walking down the hallways in hotels and peeking over the transoms above the doors. Yeah, maybe I did, Robert would admit, but the only thing wrong with Dad was he got mad when I quit lifting him up for a peek. Robert's refusal to cooperate with showmen often extended to doctors, many of which hounded the young man continuously. His father even stated that Robert was usually more concerned with how physicians would present him than how circus showmen would. In June, 1936, Dr. Charles D. Humberd made an unannounced visit to the Wadlow home, requesting to see Robert. The young man, disheveled by a rainstorm, was surprised to find Humberd sitting in his living room when he got home. The doctor became disgruntled when the family refused to cooperate fully with his requests to perform a physical examination and stormed out of the house. The next February, an article by Dr. Humberd appeared in the Journal of the American Medical Association that greatly upset and embarrassed the Wadlows and produced a deluge of telephone calls, letters, and unwanted attention. The article, entitled, Giantism, Report of a Case, did not mention Robert by name, but it did state that the subject was from Alton, Illinois, with the initials R-W. He was referred to as a specimen of pre-acromagallic giant. The Wadlows understandably felt violated because, as they put it, they had not realized that any person in the name of science had a right to come into a home, make whatever cursory observations he could, and then broadcast these observations to the world. Robert had always resisted being cast as a freak, and he was also adamant about not being labeled as sick, either. He wanted to be seen as a normal person, albeit a larger than ordinary one. Robert was also extremely embarrassed by the way that he was described in the article, which noted that his expression is surly and indifferent and he is definitely inattentive, apathetic, and disinterested, unfriendly, and antagonistic. His defective attention and slow responses hold for all sensory stimuli, both familiar and unexpected, but he does manifest a rapid interest in seeing any memorandum made by the questioner. All functions that we attribute to the highest centers in the frontal lobes are languid and blurred. Not only were these remarks insulting and humiliating, but from the descriptions of Robert's personality and intellectual talents given by his teachers, friends, and those who knew him best, they were also grossly inaccurate. The comments were nothing more than a vindictive assault by an egotistical doctor who had been angry over Wadlow's refusal to cooperate with him. The Wadlows filed suit against Humbert and the American Medical Association seeking damages for the article's libelous inaccuracies. Robert did not seek a large financial settlement, but rather merely wanted to be vindicated from the published presentation. In the first legal hearing, the case was presented against Humbert in his home state of Missouri. The American Medical Association defended Humbert by providing him with two of their attorneys. Witnesses verified that the description that had been published of Robert was a blatant distortion of his condition, but the case was lost on a technicality. The judge ruled that the doctor's observations might have been accurate on the day the young man was examined. The action against the American Medical Association never went to trial. After three years of legal maneuvering, it was dismissed after Robert passed away. Unfortunately, even though he was never dressed in a giant suit or had to endure the barbs of the crowd who came to see him at the freak show, the article served as a realization of Robert's worst fear. He had been exhibited like a sideshow attraction. Robert and his father continued to make personal appearances and to work with the Ringling operation. They traveled extensively, visiting 41 of the 48 states and the District of Columbia. They logged more than 300,000 miles and visited over 800 cities. Door frames, elevators, awnings and hanging lights still bedeviled the young man and to ride in an automobile he almost had to fold himself in two. Three beds turned crossways provided him the only sleeping arrangements suitable in a hotel room. In 1940, Robert reached his greatest height at 8 feet 11.1 inches. His weight was at a massive 490 pounds and he was forced to walk with a cane. He was traveling and making personal appearances throughout the year and on July 4th was in Manistee, Michigan at a lumberman's festival. He and his father were scheduled to ride in a parade but at lunch Mr. Wadlow noticed that Robert was not eating. Later he complained that he didn't feel well but as their car was trapped in the parade route it would be several hours before they could get to a doctor. By the time the parade was over Robert's condition had worsened and his father rushed him to the hospital. When they arrived the doctors found that Robert was running a very high fever. He was wearing a new brace on his ankle and it had scraped through the flesh and had become infected. Robert never noticed because one of the consequences of his enormous size was that the sensation in his legs was defective. He would often be unaware of an object in his shoe or a wrinkle in his sock until a blister had formed and began causing him problems. In this case the ankle had become seriously infected and the doctors insisted that Robert be admitted to the hospital. He refused but a nurse was stationed at his bedside where he lay in great pain. The fevers and bouts of agony continued for the next several days and his mother was called. Finally after 10 fever-wracked days doctors performed an emergency surgery on his foot but it was too late. His temperature continued to rise hovering near 106 degrees. In the early morning hours of July 15th 1940 Robert Wadlow passed away in his sleep. Robert's remains were returned to Walton and huge crowds came to the Streeper Funeral Home and lined the streets in his honor. A special casket was constructed for his body that was 10 feet long and 32 inches wide. The casket was too big to fit through the doors of the church so the services were held at the funeral home. Robert was a Freemason and he was buried with full honors in a local cemetery. It required 12 pallbearers and an additional 8 men to manage his casket. Strangely at Robert's request special measures were taken to protect the coffin. At some point Robert had read the story of Charles Byrne the Irish Giant and John Hunter the anatomist who coveted his bones and had stolen his body to get them. He was not taking any chances with his own remains and so a thick shell of reinforced concrete was used to encase the coffin for eternity. Over time the city of Alton Illinois has embraced Robert as a native son and local folk hero. Have a passing thought about this kind young man and remember no matter how much fame he achieved during his lifetime it was a life that he considered only half fulfilled. He would gladly have exchanged all the money and attention for a single day of what he really wanted an ordinary life. Please subscribe and click the bell for notifications so you don't miss future videos including my daily podcast Weird Darkness. If you like this video please click the like button. You can find more on usual strange stories at WeirdDarkness.com. Thanks for watching and I'll see you next time, Weirdos.


Hi everyone, my name is Steph, this is Little Bookish Teacher, and today I'm here to talk to you about Noura and the Immortal Palace by M. T. Khan, which is a beautiful middle grade story that I want to say might have been Ashley or it could have been someone else who was talking about it. And it was a book that I managed to find as an audio book on Libby as part of one of my local library systems. And so I was able to borrow it out and listen to the story because I wasn't able to get my hands on a physical copy of it. So this book is about Noura, I think is living in rural Pakistan. And she and her siblings live with her mother, and their father has previously passed away, and her mother has to work multiple jobs, and Noura herself is working in the local mines where they hire children to dig deeper and deeper in the mines. And Noura is determined to find one of the biggest, most well-known treasures that's kind of like an urban legend in her community. And she wants to find it because she wants to bring in enough money to support her mother and her family. One day, this need to find this treasure just overcomes her and she ends up digging deeper and deeper until there is a cave-in in the mine where she's digging. And she unexpectedly discovers this portal to an alternate world where the gin live. And her people have this story that every person has a gin and that gin looks like them, but is the opposite of them and that the gin like to play tricks on them. So when Noura falls into this world, she ends up becoming trapped there and she doesn't know how to react around the gin. And so they use that to force her into situations that she wouldn't have normally gotten herself into. And she has to find a way out. She's not the only child from our world trapped there. And so they have to band together to try and work this out.  And so you become stuck. This world was gorgeous and vibrant and chaotic and just full of magic and life about trying to gain the most power. It's a beautiful own voices Muslim middle grade story. It's a fantastic fantasy. I know when I was reading the blurb for the book, there was sort of a tagline that it's like Arusha or in the end of time. And it did have that feeling for me. I have read that many years ago. It does have that lush fantasy setting. I really enjoyed the exploration of the gin myth because obviously I know the westernized versions of the gin, but to see it portrayed in a different way. Like this is the first time I've seen it as them being alter egos of people. And the way that that was incorporated was really interesting. And also the gin live in this luxury hotel, which I thought was a really cool concept, because you get this idea of just how power hungry they are and how eager they are to climb the perceived social ladder and acquire more power. And this beautiful lush hotel also has an underside because you have all of these human children who are essentially forced to work as servants and slaves. And obviously that opens up a really amazing conversation to have with kids around child slavery and child labor laws and how in some places of the world there are no restrictions in place to safeguard children. So it's a really great conversation starter. And there's also some really great discussions around the value of education because Nura doesn't attend school. She doesn't believe that school or getting an education is going to help her and her family get out of the situation they're in. She thinks that working in the mines and earning money is going to do that. And so there's this conflict through the story as she has to learn what education actually is because she doesn't really know. She's never been to school. There's also some discussion in here around Eid because some of the children who are trapped in the alternate world are there during Eid and there's some very bittersweet scenes as they're celebrating Eid but remembering the family that they have on the other side through this portal that they've travelled through and how even though they are, they have found a way to celebrate, they are not celebrating in the way that they would like to. And again, it was really nice to read about Muslim culture being incorporated into a fantasy setting for kids and explaining it more and making it accessible to people to understand different cultures. To me that is really important to see in these stories that we get these own voices authors telling these stories because it does help us to understand more. Obviously this book does come with some content or trigger warnings in terms of there is the death of a parent that happens off page. It's historical so it doesn't happen on page but it is mentioned. You have child labor and child exploitation on page. There's also discussions of grief and also lots of discussions around financial stress which could be triggering for some kids and their families but this was just a really great middle grade story. I'm so glad that I read it and that I'd heard about it and was able to find a copy of it to read because I had never seen this mentioned anywhere and I know so many kids who would love to read this as a fantasy book because it does stand on its own. It is not overly long but it is rich and vibrant and fun and adventurous and you have a heroine who learns a lot along the way. So I'll leave links to where you can find out more information about Nora and the Immortal Palace down below. If you've read this story I would love to hear your thoughts on it or chat to you about it or if you just want to let me know that you're here but you don't want to leave a comment feel free to leave your favorite food emoji down below because there are plenty of descriptions of feasts and food in this book so feel free to share your favorite food emoji down below. I hope that we're on the world just staying safe and healthy and I will see you in my next video. Thanks so much for watching. Bye everyone.


In the previous lecture, we saw how Kuwait flow model can be applied to discover effect of property variations through the ratio of molecular weight of the mixture in the infinity and w states. In as much as the result we obtained was approximate, it did showed the correct tendency that g over g star of the variable property varies directly with m w divided by m infinity and raise to some power of course. Today, we are going to look at Reynolds flow model and its applications. In fact, in the next two lectures, I will be dealing with the Reynolds flow model. The first of which today, we will deal exclusively with air water vapor system, which requires use of psychrometry and steam tables. The problems that I shall consider are shown here on this slide, the wet bulb thermometer, the measurement of relative humidity in a ducted flow, where we shall estimate the true vapor concentration or the R H allowing for effect of radiation and without effect of radiation. Then we will consider evaporation from a porous surface and then evaporation from a lake and then whereas, all these problems are of external flow, we will turn to internal flow in which we will try to humidify air, which is entering into a tube whose walls are maintained wet. So, all these problems will require use of psychrometry and or steam tables as we shall go on to see. Let us look at the first problem, here is a problem. A wet bulb thermometer records 15 degree centigrade, when the dry bulb temperature is 27 degree centigrade. Calculate A, the relative humidity of air and B, compare with carrier correlation. Assume Lewis number equal to 1 and take C P vapor equal to 1.88 and C P air equal to 1.005. Now, of course, this problem can be solved using psychrometric tables, it can be solved by using what is the well known carrier correlation, but we shall apply our Reynolds flow model. So, here T w is 15 degree centigrade and T infinity is T dry bulb equal to 27 degree centigrade and we have said Lewis number equal to 1 and therefore, B m which is omega b infinity minus omega v w over omega v w minus omega t which is 1 will equal spaulding number calculated from mixture enthalpies as given here. Now, of course, wet bulb records its temperature when the heat conduction to it is 0 and therefore, Q L in our formula will be set to 0. If we take T ref equal to 0 degree centigrade, then lambda ref the latent heat is 2503 kilo joules per kg of and from steam tables, we would readily discover from partial pressure the value of omega v w. The way to do this is the following. So, for example, since you know T w is equal to 15 degree centigrade, you will read P sat 15 from steam temperature tables and then you will evaluate the specific humidity which is 0.622 times P sat divided by P total minus P sat and then you will evaluate omega as w over 1 plus w. So, if we carry out these calculations, you will see omega v w turns out to be 0.01068 as I have shown on the slide here. So, if we calculate now the mixture enthalpy in the infinity state, it will be 1.0025 into 27 plus 1.88 minus 1.005 into 27 plus 2503 into omega v infinity. H m w will be likewise 1.005 into 15 plus 0.875 into 15 plus 2503 into the omega v w which is 0.01068 and that will give you 0.41.95. Here, we did not know omega v infinity and therefore, it is left at this. H T l is the enthalpy of the transfer substance which is water in that l state that is just inside the w w surface and that would be C p of the liquid multiplied by T w. So, 4.187 multiplied by 15 gives you 62.805.  If we solve now for omega v infinity, we would get omega v infinity equal to 0.005936 which gives us specific humidity equal to omega over 1 minus omega equal to 0.00594 at 27 degree c. Now, from psychrometric chart, this value corresponds to relative humidity of 27 percent which is our answer A. Also, b m is b h and very, very small. If I substitute this value here, then you will see b m and b h would be equal to 0.00479 which is very, very small. Now, if we use carrier correlation which you have used in your undergraduate work, it gives p v infinity equal to p sat w minus p sat w t wet bulb minus t dry bulb 155 minus t wet bulb where t's are given in degree centigrade. Now, in our case, p dot is 1 bar, w w is of course, 0.0168 minus this value which is 0.0108 and p sat w is 0.01736 bar which can be read from the steam tables as well. Then, substitution gives p v infinity equal to 0.0097 and therefore, I can evaluate omega v infinity as p v infinity into 1.61 into p dot minus 0.61 p infinity equal to 0.00604 which is answer B. Now, you will see this value of 0.00604 is very, very close to the value 0.005936 that we applied obtained from Reynolds flow model. Therefore, we can say that Reynolds flow model is very well captures the psychometric relationships. Let us now turn to the second problem. It is given like this. Moist air flows through a duct whose walls are maintained at 50 degree centigrade and wet bulb thermometer placed in the duct records the dry and wet bulb thermometers located in the duct show 70 degree centigrade and 25 degree centigrade respectively. So, we have a duct whose wall is at 50 degree centigrade and moist air is flowing through it. We have the dry bulb equal to 70 and we have the wet bulb equal to 25. Now, it is also given that the heat transfer coefficient is h cos v w equal to 0 for this situation of the bulb is measured as 17.5 watts per meter square Kelvin. So, under this situation you are asked to calculate relative humidity of air without radiation and B with radiation. So, in the first part we assume that whatever the wet bulb and dry bulb thermometers are reading are correct values and they are not influenced by radiation between the tube wall temperature and the bulb temperatures. So, straight away we can see that in this case corresponding to 25 degree centigrade, we will get w w the specific humidity as 0.02 and therefore, the mass fraction at the surface of the wet bulb thermometer would be 0.0196 which gives us mixture enthalpy as 74.61, h t l will be 4.186 into 25 giving 105.7 and h infinity would be 70.352564.25 into omega v infinity and therefore, equating B m with B h we would simply get that relationship from which we get solving we would get omega v infinity equal to 0.001446 and B itself would be 0.0185 and since omega v infinity is 0.001446 we can readily recover B v infinity from the relationship I have shown on the previous slide as 0.02328 bar and from the steam tables B v sat corresponding to T infinity equal to 70 degree centigrade which is the dry bulb temperature would be 3.119 bar and therefore, relative humidity would be the actual value partial pressure divided by the saturation partial pressure and which gives us 0.746 percent as the relative humidity when radiation was neglected that means, the moist air has moisture contained 0.746 percent, but now we wish to allow for radiation does that make any difference to the estimate of relative humidity. Let us look at that in the next slide in this part at the wet bulb as usual q l will be 0 and h t l will be h t plus q rad by n w you recall we account for q rad in the neighboring phase and therefore, h t will be q rad divided by n w and therefore, B m would be still omega v infinity by omega v w omega v w minus omega v t equal to h m infinity minus h m w over h m w minus h t which would transform to h m infinity minus h m w over h m w minus h t l plus q rad by n w. Now, this relationship you already know we have derived this when discussing the Reynolds flow model. Now, the first thing we must do is we must determine the true air temperature that is the driable temperature of the air because the driable temperature itself is influenced by the effect of radiation. So, we will say the heat transfer by convection to the driable thermometer which is h cough into T a true minus T driable will equal radiation from the thermometer bulb to the wall. So, sigma into T w T d b raise to 4 minus T w raise to 4 of course, we have assumed the emissivity of the bulb to be 1. Now, h cough has been given to you at 17.5. So, T a true minus 343 which was 70 degree centigrade equal to 5.67 into 10 raise to minus 8 which is the Stefan Boltzmann constant into 343 raise to 4 minus the wall temperature which is 50 degrees or 323 raise to 4. So, which gives us T a true equal to 352.6 k equal to 79.6 degree centigrade. So, remember in this case the driable temperature itself was not reading correctly and the true air temperature is in fact 79.6 degree centigrade. The correspondingly then what would be the q rad q rad will be sigma at the q rad at the wet bulb thermometer will be T w raise to 4 minus T wet bulb raise to 4 and that would be equal to 5.67 into 10 raise to minus 8 into 323 raise to 4 minus 298 raise to 4 which is wet bulb temperature of 25 and that will give you 170 watts per meter square. So, now we must evaluate b m and b h freshly because now we are going to introduce this q rad in here. Now, we already know that b is going to be very very small. So, I can replace n w equal to g b and that is what I have done on the next slide. So, if we take T ref equal to T wet bulb equal to 25.  H m w of course, because these specific heat sensible heat terms go out and you will have omega v w into lambda ref equal to 0.0196 2442.347.87 and the liquid enthalpy would be c p l into T wet bulb minus T ref equal to 0 because we have taken reference temperature at the wet bulb itself. Now, taking omega mean equal to 0.0196 plus 0.01446 remember we had evaluated here omega v w equal to omega v infinity equal to 0.01446. So, we assume that that will still remain the same as far as omega mean calculation is concerned. So, that c p m is not too seriously affected by this choice although we do not know this value and this is simply to avoid iterative solution because c p m will not be influenced too much by the value of omega v in the infinity state. So, omega mean is taken as 0.0105 and therefore, c p mean is taken as 1.041 g star would be H cough divided by c p m which is 70.5 divided by 1041 equal to 0.01725 kg per meter square second. So, now since b is expected to be small q rad by n w will be q rad by g star b.  Substitution will show on the next slide q rad by g star is 0.17 as we calculated here 170 watts per meter square. So, in kilo watts per meter square it would be 0.17 into divided by 0.01725 equal to 9.885 kilo joules per kg and therefore, our balance equation would read like that. If you solve this equation you will get omega v infinity equal to 0.001693 instead of the previous value of 0.001446. So, as I said our value of c p m is not going to be seriously affected which gives b equal to 0.01826. So, our assumption of small b is verified from this value of omega v infinity we calculate specific humidity as that and therefore, p v infinity equal to 0.00264 bar, but p sat at 79.58 is 0.4739. And therefore, the relative humidity now is 0.557 percent instead of the earlier value of 0.746 percent as you can see here. So, the effect of radiation is actually suggest that this the moist air is in fact, drier than what ignoring radiation would predict. So, the true h r h is lower than that predicted by neglecting effect of radiation. Now, this kind of calculations are very important because often when the so called dry air is supplied it is never really completely dry. There are very small fractions of moisture and one wants to know what that small fraction is and you can see by allowing for effect of radiation we have shown that there is in fact, significant effect of radiation from 0.746 percent down to 0.557 percent which would be predicted radiation was accounted. So, with this I turn now to the next problem and here it is this is of evaporation and a case of high b as we shall see air at one bar and 27 degree centigrade and 90 percent r h flows over a porous flat surface which is kept wet by supplying water. The plate temperature is to be maintained at 82.5 degree centigrade. Now, of course, when you supply water the cooling would take place and if you want to maintain the temperature of the plate at 82.5 degree centigrade then we may have to supply some heat from the rear side of the plate. So, we want to calculate the evaporation rate and heat flux to be supplied. Now, problems of this type arise in food processing typically where some material processing where you want to maintain the surface at a given temperature for whatever the subsequent processing is. So, we are given here in this problem a plate whose length is 0.33 meters and whose width is 1 meter. The air is flowing over this plate and it is at 27 degree centigrade and 90 percent r h and the wall temperature T w is to be 82.5 degree centigrade and we want to find out what should be the q l to be supplied and what will be the evaporation rate N w from this plate. So, that is really the problem now the u infinity is given as 3 meters per second. The plate is porous and we shall calculate now first of all we must ensure whether the boundary layer is going to be laminar or turbulent or transitional and so on so forth. So, first of all we calculate the plate Reynolds number from the properties that are given here 3 into the plate length divided by the kinematic viscosity 0.103 divided by 3600 nu is given as 0.103 which will give 34600 and also which is of course, less than 3 lakhs and therefore, we expect this to be a laminar boundary layer with Prandtl number equal to 0.103 divided by 0.153 equal to 0.673 the Schmidt number will be 0.636 and therefore, the Stanton number relationship for a laminar boundary layer is 0.664 R e l to the minus 5.5 Prandtl to the minus 0.67 you will recall this was the solution we developed from similarity solutions and that would be equal to 0.00465 and since Prandtl number is very very close to Schmidt number we can readily say G star will be H cough divided by C p m which is H rho mu infinity into Stanton number and that rho m is 1.37 in this case u infinity is 3.00465 is the Stanton number and that gives us 0.0191 kilograms per meter square second. So, this is the value of the G star which is operating at the surface. So, now in order to calculate the mass transfer rate we must calculate the value of B. So, from the data given P V infinity will be 0.9 into P sat at 27 degree centigrade which is 0.9 into 0.03567 bar and that would be equal to 0.0321 bar and omega V infinity therefore, can be readily calculated from our formula and that would be equal to 0.02018. Similarly, a P sat 82.5 degree centigrade which is at the wall 0.5261 bar and therefore, omega V w will be 0.4081 and therefore, B will be simply omega V infinity which is 0.02018 minus 0.4081 divided by 0.4081 minus 1 equal to 0.6554. So, this is a considerably large B in an evaporation problem. You normally evaporation problems have a very small B and therefore, we now follow the Reynolds flow model in which we are advised that G over G star ln 1 plus B should be multiplied by Prandtl by Schmidt raised to 0.33 and also the property correction M mix w divided by M mix infinity raised to 0.67. Now, here M mix w at the wall state knowing omega V w we can evaluate M mix w as 24.51. M mix infinity would be evaluated as from this value of 0.02018 as 28.76 and therefore, substitution would give G equal to G star into 0.7039 equal to 0.01344 kg per meter square second and hence the evaporation rate from the plate will be G times B into area of the plate which is 0.01344 into 0.6554 into 0.33 into 1 which is the width equal to 0.0029 kg per second or 10.646 kg per hour would be the rate of evaporation from this porous surface. The next thing is how do we keep the surface at 82.5 degree centigrade and to do that we will proceed to the next slide. Now, in this case Lewis number is equal to 1 and therefore, B which is equal to H m in B calculated from enthalpy will also be equal to 0.6554 and therefore, we have H m infinity minus H m w over H m w minus h t l plus q l divided by n w equal to 0.6554 and if I take t ref equal to 0 then H m infinity would be simply that 78.12 because I know omega v w as 0.02018 I can calculate sorry H m infinity and I can calculate H m w also as 1133.85 because I know omega v w and H t l will be 0.4 into 1.187 into 82.5 equal to 3.4. So, hence q l divided by n w will evaluate to minus 2400 kilo joules per kg and the negative sign here clearly indicates that heat must be supplied because we take q l away from the plate into the transfer substance phase is positive and therefore, negative sign implies that q l is to be supplied to the plate and therefore, if I now multiply by therefore, q supplied will be simply m w which was 0.0029 into 2400 will give me 6.98 kilo watts. So, for this plate of 0.33 meters by 1 meter we will need to supply about 7 kilo watts of heat to maintain it at 82.5 degree centigrade which is the requirement the process requirement. Let us now turn to the next problem a 10 kilometers per hour breeze at 40 degree centigrade and 20 percent R H a situation something like middle of India say Nakpur or somewhere in blows over a lake whose water temperature is at 30 degree centigrade. The lake also receives solar radiation of average let us say 500 watts per meter square average for the day. So, calculate the time required for the water level in the lake to drop by 1 centimeter you are told that as the wind blows over the lake assume it to be observable and boundary layer throughout. So, you can see that this is a typical problem say you have a power plant close to the lake and you are drawing water from the lake for cooling in the condenser and the hot water again comes back here which mixes with the lake, but the lake water is continuously dropping and therefore, you need to do topping up of this water from some other source and nearby and typically the ground water source from nearby. So, that the lake level does not drop too much and your power plant cooling operations are not hampered. So, you are told that the assume turbulent boundary layer throughout and take kinetic viscosity to 15 into 10 to minus 6, sheet number equal to 0.67 and transfer equal to 0.7. So, in this case corresponding to 40 degree centigrade and 20 percent R H we would evaluate p v infinity equal to 0.2 into saturation pressure which is 0.07384 bar and that will give us 0.01477 bar and therefore, omega v infinity would evaluate to 0.00919 and therefore, taking Lewis number as equal to 1 which is fair assumption to start with and if b is small then it does not really matter too much.  Now, here we do not know omega v w that is the mass fraction at the surface of the lake and therefore, we also do not know the mixture enthalpy at the surface of the lake nor do we know q l. So, we have three unknowns. So, n w H t plus q rad plus q l is equal to n w H t l this would be the balance in the in the neighboring phase as usual and therefore, b h would be H m infinity minus H m w over H m w minus H t divided by q rad by n w and n w will be simply g into b h and therefore, b h would be H m infinity minus H m w q rad by g divided by H m infinity by H t equal to this value. What I have done here is I have replaced n value equal to g b and then multiplied through so that b h b h gets cancelled and q rad appears now on in the numerator. So, if I now take t ref equal to 0 then H m infinity would be 1.005 into 40 plus 0.875 into 40 plus 2503 into that omega v infinity value which is 63.3 I do not know the surface of the lake temperature. Therefore, I just keep it that H 1 0.005 T w plus 0.875 T w plus 2503 omega v w and H t will be simply 4.187 into 30 which is the temperature deep inside the lake and that is 125.4. Now, here u infinity is 10 kilometers per hour that has been given which is essentially mean 2.78 meters per second and therefore, the Reynolds number would work out to be 18.53 into 10 raise to 6 and therefore, we calculate for 100 meter lake. We assume b tending to 0 and g tending to g star and then for a turbulent boundary layer the Stanton number would be 0.0365 R e l to the power of minus 0.2, Prandtl to the power of minus 67 and that would be equal to 0.001617. Now, rho m the mixture density t will be equal to rho of the vapor plus rho of the air which would be rho a into 1 plus specific humidity mean which is the kg of dry air due to the kg of the mixture and g star would be therefore, 0.0049 into rho m. So, I have multiplied here by u infinity which is 2.78. So, g star becomes 0.0049 into rho m and q rad over g star is 0.5 divided by 0.00449 this is q rad is 500 watts which is 0.5 kilowatts divided by rho m and therefore, this will be 111.36 divided by rho m kilo joules per kg and therefore, we have on substitution we will get b which is from the mass fraction would be this and from the mixture enthalpies it would work out to this value. So, we have to solve this equation iteratively. So, w v w corresponds to T w at saturation and rho m is evaluated from w mean equal to w w by T plus w infinity. Now, of course, what you do is you assume T w and therefore, calculate w w from which you calculate w mean and therefore, you can calculate rho mean knowing w w we can also calculate w omega v w and then check whether the left hand side equals the right hand side or not. So, iterative calculations are required and I have already given you a correlation for evaluating omega v w from T w. Alternatively, you can use steam tables or psychrometric chart anything will do to evaluate because we are only discovering trying to discover the saturation condition at the wall temperature. So, these two left hand side and right hand side must be balanced by iteration. So, this is the trial and error procedure and I have already explained to you how the trial and error is to be performed. So, in the present case it works out to be T w equal to 39.5 degree centigrade which is very very close to the T infinity. In fact, omega v w turns out to be 0.043 rho m turns out to be 1.16 giving b equal to 0.0354. So, our assumption of using n w equal to g b here is not too bad because b itself is very very small. So, n w will be simply g star into b is equal to and g star we have already calculated. So, therefore, it is 2.035 into 10 to the minus 4 kg per meter square second or 0.7324 kg per meter square hour. So, therefore, the lake water will drop in order to calculate the lake water drop what we do is rho water into delta h into surface area a surface area. This will be the divided by delta T will be equal to m dot w which is the surface area of the lake and that will give us rho w into delta h by delta T equal to m dot w divided by a lake and that will be equal to n w. So, we can now estimate since we know now what the n w is n w is we have evaluated as 0.7324. We take rho w equal to 1000 water delta h which is 1 centimeter divided by delta T. So, if I valid that delta T will be equal to 0.7324 divided by 10 or 0.07324. And that is what you get or in terms hours sorry bigger one here it will be 0.7324 is on the right hand side delta h is 0.01 into 1000. And therefore, delta T will be delta T will be 1000 into 0.01 divided by 0.7324 which gives you 13.65 hours. So, of course, delta what we have done here is that for the whole day over the entire period of this time we have said the solar radiation is constant which of course, is not the case the solar radiation varies during the day. But we have taken an average value and we find that time required for 1 centimeter drop of the lake would be about 13.65 which is assuming sunshine hours of about 10 hours we can say it is about one and a half day would be required to reduce the lake water by 1 centimeter. Such estimates are very useful for estimating the top of water required in the lake. So, as to maintain it in its lane level constant and not affect in any way the cooling water provision for the power plant. We now look at the final problem and this time it is an internal duct flow problem. So, moist air at inlet specific humidity of 0.003 at 24 degree centigrade enters a tube which is 2.5 centimeter diameters and 0.75 meters long I beg your pardon it is 0.75 centimeters but it is actually 0.75 meters long at the rate of 9 kg per hour. The tube wall is maintained at 24 degree centigrade. So, it is the same temperature as this calculate the specific humidity at exit from the tube and the heat supplied to the tube wall to maintain its temperature at 24 degree centigrade. Take D equal to 0.09 meter square per hour diffusivity and Schmidt number equal to 0.6 assume temperature remains constant throughout. So, even at exit the temperature is going to be at 24. So, in this case omega v w is constant with x because T w is constant with x and therefore, if we define B x as I said in internal flow omega v x will be the bulk value of the mass fraction minus omega v w divided by omega v w minus 1. So, if I take a differential d omega v x will be equal to omega v w minus 1 into d v x. If I now look at this small differential element of length d x then mass transfer N w multiplied by the perimeter which I take as d x the perimeter is pi d in multiplied by d x would be the area. So, N w d x will be equal to m dot into change in mass fraction but the perimeter value here is taken as pi d in the denominator here.  On the next slide you see d v x by b x would be equal to pi d g m dot w omega v w minus 1 into d x. If I integrate this equation from inlet to outlet then this will give me logarithm of b out over b in equal to that expression into L. So, that simply becomes pi d g L m dot omega v w minus 1 with an exponential sign. Of course, since omega v w is going to be less than 1 this quantity is negative and therefore, exponential of a negative is a fraction and therefore, b out will be less than b in and L is the length of the tube. So, in this problem corresponding to 24 degree centigrade omega v w is 0.01875, w w is 0.01632 and corresponding to w in equal to 0.003 w v omega v in will be 0.0029991 and therefore, b in is 0.01606. We now determine g. Now, at inlet the mean value of the specific humidity will work out to be 0.01088 because we know w w and we know w in. At 24 degree centigrade rho air is 1.189 and therefore, rho m will be 1 rho a into 1 plus w m equal to 1.202 and then nu m will be Schmidt number into d which is 0.054 meter square per hour or 1.5 into 10 to the minus 5 meter square per second and therefore, now the mass flow rate is m dot into u in into pi by 4 d square and therefore, u in will be 5.09 meters per second and therefore, I evaluate Reynolds number as 8488. Now, if I take Lewis number equal to almost 1 then I can evaluate Sherwood number from the Dittus-Bolter relationship as 0.023 Reynolds is to 0.8 Schmidt number raise to 0.4 as 26.06 which gives me g equal to 112.76 and therefore, the substitution in here. Now, I know pi I know the diameter of the tube I know g now which evaluated at 112.76 kg per meter square hour m dot is 9 l is 0.75 meters and omega v w is already known as 0.01875 which gives me b out equal to 0.00757 and we had evaluated b in equal to 0.01606. So, I can see that b out is actually smaller than b in. Now, omega v out will be omega v w plus b out omega v w minus 1 from the definition of b out and it will be 0.01137 and therefore, the specific humidity at the outlet would be 0.01145 because knowing w v omega v out I can evaluate w out. So, you can see whereas, w in was 0.003 as you can see the specific humidity at inlet was 0.003, but now the air has been humidified and the specific humidity at outlet is 0.01145. So, air has indeed picked up moisture from the surface. Now, if I do energy balance then you will see m dot into change in enthalpy would be equal to the mass transfer from the surface h t l minus q l which is the conduction heat transfer or the heat away from the wall into pi d dx which is the perimeter of the tube into dx.  And therefore, you will see taking t ref equal to 0 h m out will work out to 52.82 because we know t out is also 24 degree centigrade we already know omega v out. So, we can work out h m out we can work out h m in which is the inlet condition and h t l is 4.187 into 24 therefore, 100.49 and that gives me q bar l equal to minus 0.646 kilo watts per meter square negative sign indicates that the heat must be supplied to the tube and so this is the second answer to our problem. So, we do find that in the tube the specific humidity is increased and the temperature has been given as constant there is no change in temperature of the air in which case you will have to supply heat to the wall so that it is maintained at 24 degree centigrade and the value has been found. So, you can see we have used psychrometry in variety of applications like wet bulb thermometer mass transfer from a porous surface which is which is to be kept at a specified temperature. We have looked at flow humidification of air in a tube which has to be kept at a specified wall temperature and we also looked at amount of water depletion that would take place due to evaporation convective evaporation due to wind as in the presence of solar energy. So, a variety of problems can be solved by using Reynolds flow model in our Reynolds flow model and you can see it is a very very convenient tool. We have not solved any differential equation we have simply made use of the available correlations to get the appropriate value of G star in each case.