While still on the breakfast and plus TV Africa let's quickly look at what's happening with the Nigerian I mean National Association of Nigerian student as a rollout, you know a new timetable for a nationwide protest in the timetable signed by the president elect of the student body Nans scheduled the protest to hold zone by zone from zone a to zone f with Abuja being the location for the final protests The protests which have already begun started in September will run till October the 11 2022 and after which We will be Showdown at the end of the day where the president will leave to find a protest to shut down a bourge as it were and Nans is protesting the prolonged strike action by the academic staff union of universities and Nans had grounded activities of major highways in the country in the past one week including the more Tala Mohammed high International Airport in Lagos that happened on Monday to protest against ASU and As a strike to press on their demands as well, and that's it. We have a Kintay Baba Tunde who is the vice president of Nans. He joins us right here Good morning. I can tell you all right so quickly. Can you bring us a speed with what's going on? With the protests where what what's the next protest going to happen? With the schedule of activities the next protest is supposed is supposed to happen in a demo That is really noticed At the international airport, I think so it's supposed to happen there, but as we speak We are contemplating and reviewing the court judgment Towards ASU yesterday Because we want to see as we are trying to reach the official reaction to it And to know if finally We are stepping down the agitation because what we want is Them to open the school. So if ASU is going along with the decision of the court judgment of the public I believe We should do Then there's no reason to continue the protest But if they are not if they are telling us they will not open the school I think we'll see how to see them and review our our actions Miss kind of action for us So but just before my colleague comes in now and I can tear we noticed that Nans have been very deliberate with You know the airport I mean for instance or transportation The roads particularly maybe you you actually target several roads and all of that and you have mentioned that there's a plan to You know be in a dam or am I correct? Yes Now now you're talking about the airport what why have you chosen? You know to pressure the government using the airports and the major roads the federal government roads Because we believe the best way to get your actions and answer from them is through to country economic activities of the country and That is why you see there is so Magnificent about your step especially about going to court There are actions towards it Since we started granting the roads and the airport So we want to join the economic activities and that the best way to target is to target the movement of the people From one place to another when the people side getting angry Then the rate of the people that will communicate it out of the talking on this issue will increase gradually And the best to get a reaction is the highway or the airport. The airport generated a lot of reactions The best reaction super in the issue of in this office is about in this country So that is why we identify the best way to hold the government Responsible and that's why we say we are going to highway or the airport So we see the highway affects the majority of the masses who are able without affecting the alike at all But here what affects everybody every one of us That's why we've seen we said we are going to guard all international airport around the country all right There have been some developments in in this Asus strike situation in the last 24 to 48 hours and last 48 hours actually Of course, I'm sure you're welcome the national industrial court Order to the lecturers to go return to the status quo and take Go back to the classroom basically and also I'm sure you're well for the meeting and agreement reached between the leadership of the House of Representatives and the leadership of also which of which the the Speaker of the House of Reps will be presenting to President Bawari to see what can be done. He also wants to speak to the financial Managers of the Federation to see what can be done and looking at what is what is on the table now is your protest still necessary Universalism is home today He's seen us at the best interest of with the student with what they're saying But that's what I'm saying is that going back to class is not They are not going back happily the student will be affected this other but to be selfish in our own part We just want them to obey the order and open the school So you have opened the school there is no need for further actions But we our actions is not based on what the speakers of rep is doing or what? In what he wants to give to the president on that they have several months to do that They have the past several months to do that So it's not based on what they are saying or what they want to do what the report wants to give to the president but our action now is based on the Court order that the court gave to the assay to give to us yesterday So in those cycles tell us to resume pending determination of the suit So if I say to come back and resume now, then we don't have any Refuses to go back to the classroom Yeah, we now have to sit down we are going to sit down as a body to review our activities To be more pragmatic about it. There's no we can rule out our activities our actions There's no we can really doubt if the schools are not being opened Because we now have to question for that on both the ASU and the pedagogy So in all of this you're saying that what you know Nance is forward standing phone has been protesting for is that the school should just You know be opened. That's what you're about So it's not that you're on the side of the government or on the side of ask you You're just on the side that the school should be open whether or not the agreement have met have been met But I'd like to ask you if you look at some of the issues that ask you have actually put on ground I mean they have talked about agreements from way back from 2009 Revitalization allowances and what have you and these issues if you if you look at you know the state of our universities They are actually, you know real So What are the thoughts or what's the position of Nance in the situation with all of this now? I have I have said it earlier. You see in the Constitution section for this of section 2. He stated it clearly that the federal government should provide for the charism of teachers and To provide a basic and a basic good Good the basis of our education for us in the country So the federal government are filled in that that is why we are having this fight It is not just about the school being open. We said proper funding of education is part of our education But since the court is coming from this angle and saying I've said it earlier that even we know that this judgment is still going to work against the students Because if you are bringing back or not be lecturers to classroom But what do you think they are bringing back lecturers? Go ahead. They are bringing lecturers that are not happy, that are not being fed, that are not glad Even on the environment if they are not conducive for us to study It is still going to go back to the students But we don't we don't we do not want it to appear as if we are telling us what to do Or we are making decision for us to But majority of us our decision and our work we are in solidarity with us on this on this issue Because some of the agitations have to do with the students So do you think it's okay?  I mean these are this is an agreement that has been Since 2009 and what have you do you think it would be okay for us to go back to the classroom? No, it's not okay, and it's not fair. But you're asking the classroom should just be open That's what your purpose is. What I am saying is that this is a this is a case of law in a situation like this now a judgement has come And we don't we did not want to hear they want to decide what to do But as to it is a it to be selfish in our interest to be selfish on our side students want to go back to school and Telling you what majority of the strength are saying that I don't see that up. You know this we know the country We are you know which today win a chance. We tend to adapt with many of the stations the government has thrown at us So soon I don't even mind many of it. I don't even mind what the Environment we have some just want to go back to school But what we really want the education to be funded properly? We want majority of the Of the agreement signed with us to be reached, but it is not in our power. All right, and we cannot say Yeah, we're out of time very quickly I think you were speaking to that very quickly if you go back to school The lectures obey the court order and they'd refuse to teach you like the chairman has said the president of us You can force a horse to the river. You can force it to drink. Whoa. Well, that's you just very quickly briefly And that is not it. That is where the biggest problem will be For instance, let me tell you majority of us joining this protest after now majority of us are those that are really determined That are not many parents are not allowing their students students to come outside That you don't come outside to go so by the time you bring people crap away from their parents to school And you are not teaching them last week lecturers are not teaching them Then if you give us more strength to agitate and to protest and that is the better government to know what they've done All right. So to us is a win-win matter. I can't thank you so much for your time And we'll do some more talking with you as events on for we appreciate rejoining us and stay safe All right, he's the vice president of National Association of natural students a mess is a quite an interesting way No, you know the song played in my head. You know somebody in chemo or the Nigerian actor Reminds is a green man to you That is a green man to you Well, you know, I really I mean as much as a lot of persons are very you know in support of what's going on But I mean and some people are saying what do you expect them to do get to the street and protest So it's not my concern here is on whose side that young because I mean you can't be on both sides That's really I know we need to go but the question is on whose side is not on No, but you ask the question if they get back to the classroom and the lecturers refused to lecture what happens No, they've said already. Yeah, so the students will have to be the ones who decide what they're going to do All right, that's the size of our package. Um, you can follow us online I'm on Twitter Facebook Instagram at plus TV Africa on YouTube at plus TV Africa and plus TV Africa lifestyle We have all our videos and live streams up on our YouTube channel. My name is Kofi Bartels And I am messy a boppo. Thanks for staying with us You


We are going to start a new chapter today, which deals with design of non-ideal reactors. So, we are going to look at reactor models for non-ideal reactors. So, let us take a review of what we have learned so far as far as non-ideality in reactors is concerned. As you know, there are ideal reactors like CSTR, PFR, in which the flow pattern is well defined. In these reactors, the flow pattern is well defined. Whereas, non-ideal reactors, the flow pattern can take any particular shape in terms like if you look at the E-curve. Now, this flow pattern tells you how the fluid is flowing inside a reactor or somehow it does not follow a very particular or specific pattern. Now, in order to get a conversion, final aim is to have a reactor design and this reactor design somehow we have to incorporate this non-ideality. So, I cannot assume any reactor to be plug flow reactor or a CSTR. So, there can be non-ideal flow patterns which will affect the reactor designs. So, in the last chapter, we looked at zero-dimensional models or zero-dimensional models for non-ideal reactors. So, in this, you have a typical E-curve and this E-curve of course, as you know E is the exit edge distribution. That means, I have a reactor, this inlet is going outlet and what you are seeing at outlet gives you this particular pattern. Now, there can be many different possibilities which of the flow patterns which would give rise to this E-curve. And what happens inside a reactor is not exactly reflected in the exit edge distribution. This is something that we already learned. So, there are different possibilities in terms of what happens inside a reactor, the mixing pattern inside a reactor. So, mixing is not well incorporated in the E-curve. So, then we looked at two different extremes. So, one extreme is complete segregation model and another extreme is the maximum mixedness model. Now, let me quickly revise so that it forms a nice platform for further discussion as far as this chapter is concerned. So, let me quickly revise what these two models are. So, maximum mixedness model means that mixing is maximum. So, mixing between what? So, if you look at this E-curve, there are different segments. There are different segments. Every segment, these segments will be flowing through the reactor. Every segment will have residence time and that is why you will have a fluid element which will have a specific residence time and there is a distribution of residence time. So, you will have different segments spending different residence times in the reactor and the extent of in terms of the mass or volume of this particular element spending this much residence time in the reactor that may vary and that is nothing but E-curve. So, you have these different segments or different elements spending different residence time. Now, we are talking about the mixing between these two elements. We are talking about the mixing between these elements or several elements. Now, there is an extreme where these elements they mix they are well mixed and there is another extreme where these elements they do not mix at all. So, they go in parallel, they do not talk to each other, they do not interact with each other. So, that is segregation, complete segregation and there is another extreme where these are completely mixed. Now, how it happens in all? We will not look at that in detail but that is the meaning of it. Why we look at these extremes? Because these two extremes would give us a bound on conversion. So, it gives us a range. So, given an E-curve, given an E-curve like this, I make an assumption there is a complete segregation of these elements and then calculate a conversion and then another extreme where they mix thoroughly mix before they come out inside a reactor and calculate a conversion and these two conversions are likely to be different and they are going to be different for most of the reactions but they are going to be same for just one case. Remember what is it? When the reaction is first order and I think it has been discussed well before. Why first order reaction? Internal mixing does not matter whereas any other order internal mixing matters a lot. So, if you go for a complete segregation model and maximum mixing this model, these two models are going to give you different convergence, different extent of reactions. Intensive current is same. Rest all the volume of the reactor everything is same. E-curve is same but internal mixing will matter. So, what happens in this case? I am not going to get an exact conversion. Why? Because it is zero dimension model I am just going to look at the extremes. So, I get bounds. I get a range. I may say that fine, for a given volume this is a possible range of conversion that I am likely to get if the E-curve is like this for a non-ideal reactor. So, it may vary from 0.45 to 0.55. So, that is the idea I get but I do not get exact conversion. That is a limitation of this model. It is a zero dimensional model. It talks about the extremes as far as the mixing inside a reactor is concerned. E-curve only gives you partial information of the flow pattern. It does not tell you about the internal mixing. And for the first order reaction of course, it does not matter. So, instead of getting a bound I will just get a single value. I do not have to worry about whether it is a complete segregation or whether it is maximum mixedness. So, this is a quick revision of what we have learned before and now let us go ahead. Now, this is a problem with zero dimensional model where it gives most of the times for a non first order reaction the range of conversion because we consider it two extremes. We are not really looking at what is happening inside. Now, in this chapter we are going to look at different models. One of them is one parameter model. So, I have an additional parameter that is going to give me some idea about the conversion. It will help me get the exact value of conversion for the given E-curve. Now, remember that this model that we are going to discuss or the two types of one parameter model we are going to discuss they are applicable to a particular geometry. I will elaborate this point later, but remember that. In one parameter model, we have two models that we are going to discuss that is tank in series and dispersion model. Now, let us consider a tube. Let us consider a tube. That is why I said it is applicable to a particular geometry. Again, I will tell you why. Later, we will just talk more on this. A tube is a flow that is taking place and you may have different extents of back mixing that is occurring. Now, if you have very flat profile, what it means is you have a plug flow reactor. What is the E-curve that I am going to get is a direct delta function. So, the E-curve for the plug flow reactor is direct delta function, but this tubular reactor that I am talking about is not a plug flow reactor. Not necessarily behaving close to a plug flow reactor. You know not a single real reactor is behaves like an ideal CSTR or PFR. It is close to those reactors in extreme situations, but they do not exactly follow the pattern that we assume. But anyway, for if you are very close to a plug flow reactor, if you are getting a E-curve which is matching with a direct delta function to some extent, you can make an assumption that behave like a plug flow reactor and I can design the reactor accordingly considering some possibility of conversion being plus minus. But that is because by making the assumption of plug flow reactor, it reduces the complexity or regaling calculation. It makes my calculations simpler. It helps me to get some quick estimates of conversion for a given volume or for given conversion the estimate for the volume. So, let me get back to this. You have a tubular reactor. You have a tubular reactor in which there is a possibility of back mixing. That means, I am not going to get an E-curve which is similar to a direct delta function or a plug flow reactor. So, what is likely to happen? So, you have E-curves E t versus t. Now for a plug flow reactor, I am going to get something like this, infinite. You know the meaning of it and this is nothing but tau which is volume divided by volumetric flow rate. This is an ideal situation.  I may see something like this. I may see something like this. Why does this happen? It happens because there is mixing in axial direction. If there is no mixing, I am going to see something like this. But because of mixing, some fluid elements may spend more time because they go back and then forth. So, it is possible that they spend more time in the reactor and they come later. Some fluid elements may spend less time just to compensate for those who have gone ahead or those who are lagging behind. So, it is possible that you get a distribution. So, I am talking about a tubular reactor where there is a possibility of back mixing. You may have packing. It may provide some because of tortuosity and all. It is quite possible that you do not have the exact plug flow type behavior. Now, these are the different e-curves. How do I interpret these e-curves? This is happened only because of back mixing. So, I need to incorporate the effect of back mixing in this particular behavior that I have observed. So, let us consider any e-curve. Once this e-curve is obtained, I have a tubular reactor. I do a pulse injection experiment and I look at exit as distribution. I am going to see this. Now, this is something given to you from this you are going to come up with a model. I am going to determine a parameter. Now, mixing is characterized by C s like you have a say let us have a hypothetical mixer or agitator in the reactor. So, in the tube itself, I can say that tube is consisting of various compartments. If you have infinite such compartments in a given volume, total volume, small compartments, what does it mean? Infinite means that you have a flow similar to a plug flow reactor. Now, you reduce the number of compartments. What does it mean? That means there is some back mixing happening.  Mixing, extent of mixing would increase. Consider an extreme where you have just one compartment. There has to be a compartment. So, one compartment. What does it mean? A compartment with agitator in it, good mixing, complete back mixing in that compartment. What does it mean? It is a CSTR. This is another extreme, another extreme. So, what does it mean? So, on one side you have a CSTR, on the other side you have PFR. CSTR means one compartment, PFR means infinite compartments in between you have a reactor which has partial back mixing. So, now you would have guessed what is the parameter that I am talking about? It is a number of compartments. Every compartment is a CSTR, perfect back mixing. So, it is a number of CSTRs or number of tanks which are in series that are going to, that number is going to be a parameter for this model, fine. So, why I am saying it is a tubular reactor, it is a tubular reactor. Let us consider a reactor which is a very irregular geometry. Say I have a reactor like this. This is an inlet, this is an outlet. Now, there are flow patterns. Then there are, there is a possibility of some isolated zones and you have the output here. What you are going to see is the behavior like this, any general E curve. Now, this particular E curve does not look like the E curve of a tubular reactor. Why? Because for a tubular reactor, let us look at all the possibilities. Now, you have a plug flow reactor, you have a plug flow reactor. CSTR, E curve, right, CSTR. One CSTR is this. What will happen to two CSTRs? Like in the case of two CSTRs, you are going to get something like this. Then three CSTRs, four CSTRs. See, what is happening now? As you go on increasing number of CSTRs, you are approaching the plug flow. This is of course going to infinity. This is becoming narrower. You have started seeing a delay here. So, what is happening? As we go on increasing the value of n, that is number of compartment, number of CSTRs in series, the behavior, it is increasing it. It goes, it follows this particular train, goes from CSTR to PFR. But look at these curves, the nature of these curves. These curves and compare it, compare these curves with this particular curve. I am getting a very irregular shape here or rather very unusual. There are many fluctuations, ups, downs and all that. Why does that happen? It happens because of the irregular geometry here. I have not defined the geometry. Flow pattern is quite complex. So, this flow pattern and this flow pattern, they are not matching. So, can I apply a tank in series model for this reactor? I cannot do that. Why? Because there is no curve that fits well in this particular shape. So, again, the one parameter model has its own problems. It is applicable to most of the times, a tubular reactor where the e curve will be like this or one of these rather. It is a continuous thing. It is a continuous thing. There are no ups and downs, no recirculations or recycled type of behavior. So, I will go back to my statement that one parameter models are good for tubular reactors where you get e curve with a nature like this. So, let us go ahead and do some mathematical derivations. How do I find out number of tanks that I have in series for a given tubular reactor? Say I have an e curve. How do I find it? So, let us derive an expression for the e curve for a tank in series. Suppose I have n number of tanks in series. Let us try with three tanks in series first and then extend this concept to n tanks. So, let us have three tanks in series. So, let me write it like the expression for the e curve. That means, I am going to give a pulse here.  So, this is my e curve and this is what I am going to get, likely to get. Now, can I get an expression for this? I know how CSTR behaves. So, let us write e t into delta t. This is a fraction. You know the meaning of this. I am not going to repeat. So, e t delta t is a fraction that comes in between t and t plus delta t. That is equal to the volumetric flow rate. I am going to assume that volumetric flow rate remains constant throughout into C3 t. That means, C3 is a concentration at the outlet of tank number 3. So, 1, 2 and 3. C3 t into delta t divided by n 0. What is n 0? n 0 is a total number. So, I am going to get a total amount of pulse that I have injected. How do I calculate n 0? n 0 is nothing but based on C3 t because now I am going to get rid of n 0. I am just looking at concentration at the outlet. See, try and visualize like realistic experiment that I am doing or real experiment that I am doing. I am looking at the concentration at the outlet. So, try and express everything in terms of concentration at the outlet. Now, n 0 is a total amount of pulse or the tracer that I have injected. n 0 is equal to 0 to infinity C3 t dt. Total amount that is come out into of course, the volumetric flow rate. So, concentration at the outlet of tank number 3. Concentration into volumetric flow rate into time. So, I just integrate. I just integrate from 0 to infinity. So, that much amount I have injected as tracer. So, that becomes n 0.  Let me substitute for n 0. So, what I get is E t is equal to V C3 t. It says, sorry, this is delta t. So, E t is equal to C3 t divided by. So, I have got a expression for E t based on the concentration at the outlet. Now, this C3, I need to get that in terms of the residence time, initial concentration or inlet concentration. And I know all these are CSTRs. Let me write n steady state balance for a CSTR. CSTR 1, V1 is the volume of CSTR. DC1 by dt, you have learned this. Unsteady state balance for a CSTR is equal to minus V C1. Shall I write here? This is what? This is going out. This is going out. This is accumulation. Coming in, shall I write this? No, because what I am looking at, see it is a tracer experiment, the pulse experiment. I am injecting a tracer and then after that, at 0 time, I am injecting a tracer and after that, I am observing the response. So, after that, is there anything that is coming in as far as the tracer is concerned? No. So, I have injected and stopped it. Now, it is only the inner that is flowing, the solvent that is flowing. The tracer is not coming in after 0 plus. And this equation I have written is for time 0 plus onwards, let me 0 onwards. So, this term is not there. This term is not there. So, I have only this equation for the concentration in the first time. I am writing it for the first time now. Later on, I will do it for second, third and then finally, I will get an expression for C 3. That is my objective. So, here from this, I get a concentration at the outlet of tank 1, where I have the boundary condition at time is equal to 0, sorry, time is equal to 0, C 1 is equal to C 0. If I solve this equation, it is very simple and that is nothing but C 1 is equal to C 0 e raise to minus T by tau 1. What is tau 1? Tau 1 is equal to V 1 divided by small v. This is the volumetric flow rate. This is the volume of first tank. This is the expression for C 1. That is the concentration at the outlet of first tank. So, let us continue now. So, this acts as inlet for the second tank. So, let us write an expression for the second tank. Tank number 2. What is it? V 1, sorry, V 2 d C 2 by d T is equal to small v C 1 coming in minus small v C 2. I cannot neglect this. This is changing with respect to time. At 0 plus C 1, we will have some value. So, there will be two terms as far as tank 2 is concerned. For tank 1, inlet was 0 because tracer was 0 at the outlet of tank at time 0 plus. Before we go ahead, let me make an assumption that v 1 is equal to v 2 is equal to v 3. All v's are equal, say v. This was simplicity or let me say v i because I am going to use v for something else later. I am going to use v for the total volume. Let me call this as v i. So, it becomes v i here. So, let me simplify or rather solve this further. For C 1, I have the expression. For C 1, I have the expression. What is that? This one. So, this expression I substitute for C 1. What I get is this d C T 2 by d T is equal, sorry, plus C 2 by, now I will say tau i. Why tau i? So, what is tau i? Tau i is equal to v i divided by small v which is constant. That is volumetric flow rate given to you. So, C 2 divided by tau i is equal to C 0 divided by tau i into e raise to minus T by tau i. I am just substituting for C 1 and expressing everything in terms of tau i now. So, you know what is tau i? So, I get an expression for a differential equation for C 2. Now, again for this, I need a boundary condition. At T is equal to 0, C 2 is equal to 0. So, this equation, I solve this using this boundary condition. This is a famous or popular method of integration factor e raise to T by tau i. So, this expression can be solved using integration factor or integrating factor e raise to tau i. So, T by tau i and I get a solution for it. I get a solution for it which is given by C 2 is equal to C 0 T divided by tau i into e raise to minus T by tau i. See, concentration and outlet of the second tank is expressed in terms of initial concentration time. Anyway, I want to know how it changes with time and of course, the tau i. I have eliminated C 1. What is my aim? My aim is to get C 3 in terms of C 0 T and tau i. So, let us do it now. I follow the same methodology for tank 3 substitute for C 2 because now in tank 3, the inlet is C 2 and I solve this equation. So, what I get is C 3 is equal to. So, you can try it out. It is again the same methodology. I get, what I get is this, oh sorry, e raise to minus T by tau i. So, you have two appearing here. See the difference, not much difference, but of course, you have the exponential term there, but then instead of T, now it becomes T square. I have two appearing here, tau instead of tau i, I have tau i square.  Now, I have the expression for the e curve or whether the e for the entire reactor, the tanks in series. What is that? This one. Now, I have the expression for e. I have the expression for C 3. Substitute the C 3 in e curve or rather the e expression for e. So, what I get is, see the objective is to get expression for e. So, I substitute for C 3. Let me write this first. So, that C 3. Now, what is this? This is the total amount of total amount of the tracer that I have injected. The amount of tracer that I have injected. Can I get it in terms of initial concentration C 0? It is possible. What is it? If you look at what happens at time 0, you have C 0 is equal to N 0. That is the total number of moles or whatever unit can be grams or moles or whatever. You have that much amount of tracer divided by V 1. So, this is something present at time is equal to 0 sharp in the reactor. V 1 is a volume. It can be V i also in our case. So, let me call this as V i, which is nothing but the total amount is V 0, which is nothing but V rather into C 3 t dt divided by V i. So, from this, what is this? V by V i tau sorry 1 by tau. So, this tells me that this integration in the thing, but tau i into C 0. I am just expressing it in terms of initial concentration, because this is appearing in the final equation. So, let me get back to this equation. This is for the e curve. This is for the e curve. I am substituting for C 3 that I have just derived. C 3 that I have derived here. I will substitute it here. And then I will have a very simple equation. E t is equal to C 0, C 0 will get cancelled and I will have t square divided by 2 tau i. Now, it is cube, because it is 1 tau i which is come from the denominator integration term e raise to minus t by tau i. Now, this is for 3 tanks. If you apply the same logic, do it for 4 tanks, 5 tanks, 6 tanks, n tanks, then what I am going to get is for n tanks is t raise to see 3 tanks 2 here n minus 1 divided by see n minus 1 factorial into tau i raise to n. See the logic then e raise to minus t by tau i. This is for n tanks in series. So, I have got an expression for e curve for n tanks in series. A general expression for e curve for n tanks in series and that is what I want. So, when I get a e curve, I have e curve. So, in this, this is only one parameter. That is n that I can calculate from this. So, this will obtain from experiment in the laboratory for a reactor, tubular reactor under the flow conditions that are desired for the reaction. But, of course, I do the experiment in non-reactive condition. You know that just to get a residence time distribution. So, from this experiment, I get e curve. From e curve, I get n because I have an expression for tanks in series e curve. And once I get n, then I can calculate a conversion. What is n? n tells you the extent of back mixing. n infinity means is P F R and 1 means is C S T R. And in between 1 and infinity, you have the extent of back mixing characterized by the number n. Fine. So, let us go ahead and simplify it further because this equation looks a bit complicated. So, from this, we are going to define a term called variance. Of course, you know what is variance when you have distribution. The variance that means how much at a particular time the value is away from the average. So, there is something called as a variance. Before that, we will define a term, a non-dimensional term tau, sorry theta equal to T by tau, where tau is the total residence time. What does mean? That means tau is n into tau i. It is the individual residence time of every tank. n into tau i is the total residence time. So, if tau i is equal to V i by small v, then tau is equal to capital V, which is nothing but V 1 plus V 2 and so on divided by small v. That is why I said I will be using V for something else, the total volume. Why? Because I do not have tanks. I am just assuming a tubular reactor to be set of tanks. So, all I know is the total volume. So, I need to express everything in terms of total volume finally. This total volume is V 1 plus V 2 plus V 3 plus V 4 and so on. So, the residence time based on this total volume is tau. For individual reactor, it is what is tau i. So, this is tau i. Now, it is tau and then I have a dimensionless number theta expressed in terms of tau that is T by tau. So, I have the expression for E t. I will write it again T raise to n minus 1 divided by n minus 1 factorial tau i n e raise to minus T by tau i. Now, this will get reduced to E theta. Now, T will be expressed in terms of dimensionless time theta. If I do that, then all this will get converted to n into n theta raise to n minus 1. See, T will become n theta because see T then e raise to minus n theta divided by n minus 1 factorial. So, this is the expression for E in terms of dimensionless time instead of actual time. You are going to use this further that is why you expressed it like that. Now, there is a variance that we define. Now, how do we define variance? If you have a distribution, the expression for the variance is in terms of dimensionless time variance square is equal to actual variance in time divided by tau square. Now, this is nothing but 0 to infinity theta minus 1 square E theta d theta. I hope it is clear. If you write just variance in time, you will have T minus tau. You have to just divide it by tau square and then you get this. It is a variance. I will say how much you go away from tau mean residence time. So, if you expand this further, what you get is 0 to infinity theta square E theta d theta minus 2. I am just expanding this. So, theta minus 2 theta plus 1. So, you get this. Sorry. So, what is the value of this? This is equal to 1, this particular term. What about this? This particular term. This is dimensionless average residence time dimensionless. So, it is going to be 1. So, because it is the reference is tau for the residence time. If it was T E t d t, then it was tau. Now, it is theta E theta d theta. That means, it is tau divided by tau. That means, 1. So, this is going to be again this integration is going to be 1. This is 1. This is 1. So, minus 2 plus 1 is minus 1. So, 0 theta minus 1. So, this is the expression. I am going to simplify this further. So, let us solve this integration. What I get is, before that let me just write it again. Now, I will substitute for E theta. See, we have derived the equation for E theta. So, this is E theta. I will just substitute for it n n theta n minus 1 divided by n minus 1 factorial e raise to minus n theta d theta minus 1. Now, if you do all this, what you get is, of course, take n. So, you will have n raise to n divided by n minus 1 factorial.  So, if you solve this further, what you get? You can do it on your own. So, it gets simplified to very simple term 1 by n. And this is what I want. Sorry, variance e raise to minus is 1 by n. Variance will be obtained from the e curve. So, once you get variance, you get value of n, number of tanks in series. So, n is equal to 1 by sigma theta square, which is nothing but tau square divided by sigma square. So, I get a value of n. This is what I want. So, given the e curve, now we will see how to calculate sigma from e curve. I have already told you the expression for it, but we will solve or I will tell you the procedure to get sigma from that or this sigma, from that I get n. So, e curve will give you sigma and sigma will give you the value of n. How to calculate conversion for the given n? Now, we are talking about a reactor. Tanks in series is very simple. I have n number of tanks. How do I calculate conversion for a CSTR? And I have n number of CSTRs in series. The conversion, say for a first order reaction, the conversion is 1 minus 1 by 1 plus tau i k raise to m. Tau i is the, again, see you do not get confused between these two tau. This tau is the residence time for a single tank. What is k? k is the rate constant. And this is something that you have done before. So, let me summarize. I have a tubular reactor. I have a tubular reactor. I want to get the conversion. The problem can be other way around. For a given conversion, find out a length or sorry, the volume of the tubular reactor. So, when I have a tubular reactor, let us talk about given reactor and calculating conversion. So, I have a tubular reactor. What will I do? I will not assume it as a PFR. Now, we are talking about a non-ideality. There can be possibility of backmixing. What I will do is, I will just pass a fluid. I will do residence time distribution experiment. I will inject a tracer. Look at its response and outlet. I will get a e-curve from it. Once I have a e-curve, then I can get a variance from the e-curve. From the variance, I will get a number of tanks in series for that particular tubular reactor. If it is close to PFR, the value of n will be very large. If there is so much backmixing happening for some reasons, the value of n will be close to 1, 1, 2, 3, whatever. So, I get a value of n. Once I know the value of n, I have the expression for conversion. I have the expression for conversion. That tells me how much is the conversion based on n. Rest all you know, what is this rate constant? Tau i is the residence time for the individual reactor. How do I calculate tau i? I know the total volume for the tube. I know the total residence time from total residence time. I calculate the individual residence time. The individual reactor by dividing it by n. The n is known. So, I get an expression for the conversion. That is for the first order. But of course, for second order, third order, I will have different expression. It is just solving a problem for CSTR. So, I have converted a non-ideal reactor to an ideal reactor problem. Tanks in series, ideal reactor in series. n varies. n is the parameter. Thank you. We will continue this discussion. We will solve a small problem. Of course, not numerically, but I will tell you the procedure so that the things will be clear to you. Thank you.


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Hello, everyone. Welcome to my talk. My talk is about how to use BPFdris with performance co-pilot and performance. So most of you probably know two or maybe three of the components. But for those who don't, I'll give a quick introduction. Performance co-pilot is a system performance analysis toolkit. It consists of multiple components. One component are the agents. We call them performance matrix domain agents. And they are responsible to get a performance matrix from one source. For example, we have one agent for PostgreSQL, one agent for GlassDFS, one agent for Microsoft SQL server, and we have around 92 agents. And the latest new agents we wrote are one for PCC. That's the EPPF compiler collection and another agent to get metrics from BPFdris scripts. Each metric in performance co-pilot has multiple metadata associated with it. For example, semantics. It can be either an instant value like the temperature of the hard disk or a counter. The Linux kernel exports a lot of metrics as counters that are monotonically increasing unsigned integers. So it just, for example, if you write something into a hard disk, the Linux kernel aggregates this data. And if you get two values and you want the rate of, for example, how many kilobytes per second was written to one disk, you can just get two values, calculate the difference, and divide it by the difference in time when you've got these metrics. Then you have the rate. We also store the unit. It can be kilobyte, bits per second, whatever. So performance co-pilot always stores the data, how it gets them, for example, as a counter. And when the user wants to read the value, it automatically rate converts it. We also support multiple types, float, 32-bit, 64-bit unsigned integers and strings. And also we have the concept of instances. For example, if you want to know how many bytes are written to a disk, then usually you have multiple disks. So each disk is one instance. And you can also, there are tools for visualizing the metrics in Grafana and as a Qt application. And there are also nice tools. For example, if you know that your application was working properly at 8 in the morning, but there was some issue at 10 in the morning, you can compare these two metrics automatically, and then it records your differences. And Grafana, it's a web application for the visualization of metrics. It supports visualization of time series data, of feed maps, of table data, world maps, and a lot more. It's highly customizable, so you can create your own dashboard. You'll click which type of visualization you want, for example, line chart. Then you select the query, which data you want, which metrics you want to visualize. You can select the legend, which lines you want, which color. You can hide something if you don't want some metric to be shown. And it also supports multiple data sources, for example, PCP, but also Elasticsearch, Prometheus, PostgreSQL, and I think around 10 more. And it's very extensible, so you can create your own plugins, you can create your own data sources, and also panels. Penals are the visualization part. And the nice thing, in one dashboard, you can have multiple data sources. For example, you have one panel with PPF trace data, and another panel, you show data from PCP, for example, CPU user, you show data from Prometheus or anything else. And PPF trace, yeah, we just had a great introduction to PPF trace. So I'll keep it a bit short. It's a tracing language for EPPF. And in this example, we attach two trace points for the read source code. And then we calculate when the read source code starts, we save the current timestamp in the map. And then when the read source code ends, we calculate the difference. So we know how much time was spent in the read source code. And usually, if you run PPF transcript, you start the script, then you wait for a bit so that the data gets sampled, then you close the script, and then you stop the script, and then you get a, for example, in this case, it's a histogram of all the data which was scheduled while the runtime of the script. This is a heat map histogram. So you can see the bucket, the data gets grouped in PPF trace in the kernel, so it's quite fast. And here, yeah, the lower bound is 256 in the first bucket, the upper bound is 512, and in the middle, you see how many values fall in this bucket. And if you combine this with Krufana, basically, you get another dimension to your data. You also get the time. So if you compare it, here, this is the summary of all the runtime value of the PPF transcript running. And here, one column is basically one heat histogram. So here in Krufana, if you have the dark theme, it's the darker shades are where less values are in a bucket. The buckets are always, for example, here, 33 milliseconds to 66 milliseconds. And the lighter values are if there are more values in this bucket. So here, we can see the beginning. In the first, around 10 seconds, there were a lot of values in this bucket, between the 31 microseconds and 63. And the architecture of the full project is as still as follows. The left side, we have the PCB part. There's this collector demon, which collects the data from the agent. We call the agents in PCB performance matrix domain agent. And this PPF trace performance matrix domain agent starts PPF trace on the fly if you want data. And if the data is not requested anymore, for example, if you're close for Krufana, then it automatically stops PPF trace. And PM proxy, the name is made a bit misleading. It started as a proxy, but it's now also used for exporting the PCB matrix with a REST API, so you can access it through HTTP. And on the right side, we have the Krufana part. Krufana is actually not only a front-end application. It also has a demon running called Krufana server. And you can configure it however you want. So either you want that the browser directly connects to PM proxy to get the matrix, or it goes through Krufana server. For example, if you are behind the firewall and you only have access to Krufana server, you can also let Krufana server proxy the request. And so if you open Krufana, it makes a request to PM proxy. Give me the matrix of the PPF trace script. Then it goes forward to the PMD. And if the script is not running, it starts it. And it gets the data. So how do you install this on Fedora 31? Unfortunately, the latest kernel 5.4 broke a bit of stuff in the EPPF land. The reason is that the Linux kernel gets compiled with GCC. The PPF trace and BCC compiles the kernel headers with C-Lang. And GCC introduced ASM underscore inline, which C-Lang doesn't support. So there was the patch landed in BCC, I think, multiple weeks back. And for PPF trace, I submitted a progress four days back. So now it's in the upstream master, but there's no released version yet. But you can enable my copper, and then you have the latest PPF trace version if you use the latest kernel. It's also in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 in the beta. So in the beta, you don't need the copper. You just need the other parts. It's BCC, the PMD, Grafana, Grafana, BCC. That's the plugin for Grafana. So Grafana can speak to BCC and PPF trace. And because PPF trace needs to run its route, it needs a lot of privileges. And it can also execute other scripts, and it can also read files. So you have to configure authentication. You have two options here. Either you go with the BCC authentication, which is a bit difficult to set up, and it supports only SASL. Or you just set up, for example, an engine to reverse proxy, because everything goes through HTTP, so you can just put a reverse proxy in front of it and use HTTP basically. Then you need to enable the PMD by going to this directory and installing it. For Grafana, you need to enable the plugin. So after you install it, in Grafana, you need to go configuration and enable the plugin. And you need to configure a data source. So you go to data sources, enter the address of PMBoxy. Usually the part is that listens to all the devices. Part is 44322. And last, I want to show you a few PPF trace tools. So there are a lot of finished PPF trace tools in the upstream PPF trace repository. Example tools. And I'll show you a few of them. One of them is the CPU scalar run queue latency. This measures the time, how much time a process is waiting for a CPU time. Here you can see if you write the PPF trace script directly in Grafana. You have a small code editor. You get auto-completion with trace points. You get auto-completion with PPF trace functions and built-in variables. And here the PPF trace script is like this. We attach it to two trace points. And in the schedule switch, there's a context switch happening. So the kernel is switching from one process to another. We're checking if the previous state was still running. So that means the process got interrupted, but it yet got interrupted, and it wanted to continue to run. So we store when it got interrupted, and then a few lines below it in line 12. We check if the next PID, so the next process, if it got interrupted before, and if it was, we print a histogram. And in Grafana, we see it like this as a heat map again. So we can see in 1956 and 45 seconds, there were a few processes waiting on CPU time around between, this is the lower bound, this is the upper bound between the one and three microseconds. Other PPF trace tools write the output not as a histogram, but just in a console. So in the terminal, for example, DSP Connect, it tracks all the DSP connection requests in the kernel. Doesn't matter if it's successful or not. And the original tool just prints them in a console like this. It also prints a source address, but I redacted it for privacy, for the IPv6 address. And if you want this in Grafana, you can also do that. You need to do a bit of changes. So instead of padding the output with spaces, you just do it with commas so that I can pass it properly and make a table. And with this script, usually it just keeps on running until you close it. So it gets a list of connection requests, gets bigger and bigger. That's why I created a small metadata annotation for the PMD that it just should only keep 10 entries in the table, and the rest of the data, the older values should be just cleared out. This is the rest of the PPF script I redacted a lot just so you can see the CSV output. And in Grafana, it's a table. In Grafana, you can customize everything. Here, it's sort of a time. You can remove columns. And it gets refreshed automatically. You will see it in the demo in a few minutes. And with PPF, you can also sample kernel stacks. This example, I'm 99 times per second. I'm saving the current kernel stack in a PPF map. I'm counting it. So if I assemble the same stack multiple times, yeah, I can see how many times I've got sampled. And with this information, I can print flame graphs. So flame graphs, it's kind of a reversed stack trace. So on the top is the actual kernel function. And the next one is like the parent. And the x-axis is not the time. It's just the more a stack frame got sampled, the bigger the box gets in the x-axis. So this, there are spin-unlocked get sampled a lot. And yeah, you can try it and finish this switch. And if you want to try it out immediately, I configured a greater container with all the dependencies included. You just run it with the latest kernel. You don't need the kernel sources anymore because the kernel headers are already included in the kernel. It's just for all the kernels. And you can start it at $3,000. You should take care that you only allow it to listen on localhosts because a disabled authentication, and yeah, otherwise, every unauthenticated user can execute PPF transcripts. Let's see how it looks. When you install the Grafana PSP plugin, you'll get a few dashboards, which I prepared, and you start a dashboard. Here we can see for PPF transcripts, so you start it, the PPF transcript got started in the background, and it's plotting the data. If you remember the CPU run queue latency program? We can see here are the settings of the panel. Here is the code editor. It's the original PPF test tool from the example tool from the PPF test repository. There's all the code, and there's the visualization. You can also, for example, here's the block latency. And if we generate some load, we can generate some load. You should see a bit of change. You see the white boxes, because I'm just writing a few bytes on my hard disk. And if I stop the script, it should get dark again. So yeah, I think now we have time for questions. Can we use that tool to export the metrics, or to send the metrics to Kafka and import it in a time series database? We have the PCP supports an open metrics endpoint. That's the format also from the TUS users. And if you can read this file, it's through an HTTP endpoint. If you can read open metrics from out, then you can have it. And also PCP supports writing the data to a radius database. It's a recent feature. So you can also write it to read this directly. But probably in your case, probably if you read the open metrics format, it's probably the best. And because it's integrated in PCP, you can use all the PCP tools. It's PCP metrics, you can all the tools which are written for PCP, which are a lot like comparing different archives, logging it, and predicting it, and responding to events. Can this also run on archives, or is it just live? If you configure a PM logger to store it in an archive, it gets in an archive. It's a normal PCP metric. You can do everything you want to do with PCP metrics. Any more questions? Thanks. That would be a very elementary question. But what actually is PCP? I tried to Google it, but I only find some drugs. PCP is the abbreviation for performance copy lot. And the project got started in 1993. It's a pretty old project. Previously it was closed to us, only for SGI, and then you open sourced it. It also works for 3BSD and stuff. But it's basically, it reads a lot of metrics, for example, from slash proc file system, or other agents. It stores the data. You can store it in archives. And it's very helpful, for example, support engineers at Red Hat. If a customer has a performance problem, install it. The tool keeps collecting the data on the customers' server. And then the support people can gather the data, see it locally, and then can hopefully see what caused the problem. Because usually, if there's a problem, the customer calls the support employees. And then usually the customer says, yeah, the problem was at 5 in the night or something. So it stores also historical data, and he can analyze the data. And there are also scripts with the customers. Yeah, it worked perfectly fine at 8 in the morning. There was a 10. We had some issues. We don't know what was it. And then maybe the support engineers can deduct. There was, I don't know, something. There was some log contention going on, or some other issue. So yeah, if you Google it, you should Google it for performance copy, or the full name. Still have five minutes? Anyone else has a question? I can also show the tables. Here we have the TCP connect. So if I make a TCP connect to the Cloud for DNSR, we should see, yes. Here in the TCP connect, we see that I just entered a call process, and it connected to the destination address <IP_ADDRESS>.1 at port 80. And I have something running, which is a great tool. Yeah. These are the, yeah, a lot of different PPF test tools. Except it's empty because nobody's connecting to my server. And the other tools are the TCP sessions. This is, for example, which course of my processor got utilized. I have eight virtual course, and it keeps on refreshing. And if I close the browser, after one minute, all the PPF test drops get stopped automatically. And you can configure the timeout where you want. OK. I see there are normal questions. Thank you.


2k are y'all confused y'all are making me confused now. I don't know what is going on I'm hearing so much misinformation left and right. I'm clueless. We're all technically clueless. Hey, man Welcome to the channel guys agents are here. Hi. We upload daily on this channel At least for the time being until I inevitably burn out subscribe to the channel if you want to see that happen I'll inevitably go on Twitter and talk about my Misinfortunes and all the troubles in my life and all the struggles I've been going through as if I'm not living it up anyway Hey, man, if y'all knew to the channel you haven't already be sure to subscribe. Uh-uh, so let's get into it Hey, so the game dropped and it was incredibly difficult to shoot Yes, one reason was because no one had their badges. No one had their attributes No one had really anything hot spots nothing So we're kind of just waiting for not only people to test but for NBA 2k lab to test We don't know much but here's what we do know NBA 2k lab did their tests on hot zones And this is the graph they came up with this year hot zones are more important than they were in previous years That's shown here objectively, but it's also shown in my gameplay. Yeah The second I got hot zones is big when I became consistent shooting the basketball. It was automatic So if there's one thing you want to do to help your shot, it would be to get hot zones Okay, that's new information some more new information as NBA 2k lab was doing their tests on their jump shots They put out this tweet saying we decided to pivot from testing at a 75 3.2 at 80 because the script wasn't finding green windows at 75 The percentages were also very low 20 to 30 percent total make rate this of course without badges hot zones boost with those things applied You probably be able to shoot better. So when Mike Wang said if you're hitting shots with a sub par three-point shot I'm a patch it. He might not have been playing fellas. So we know a couple days into the game's launch They dropped this hot fix to change the shooting sliders on lower difficulties on my team and on my career It wasn't supposed to affect pro-am and park. That's what we were told a few days after that update went live Everybody began to notice a lot of differences on park and pro-am now It's very possible that part of those were the fact that people was just getting their badges now People were getting acclimated to the new shooting system now True everyone's gonna start hitting more shots as they get used to all the new things that were introduced true But it doesn't take a goddamn brain surgeon to figure out that shots were just dropping easier It went from no whites hitting to a lot of whites was hitting there was a video I was recording yesterday for four hours And it flopped but so the footage never gonna come out But basically what happened was I was shooting with the right stick and just whites and whites and whites and so many whites guys And it was dropping the shot timing would be late And the shot aiming would be wide left and it would drop the fact that it would drop is preposterous Ticino was a little bit frustrated. He put out this tweet saying hey, Beluba nearly every white release goes in once You have shooting badges on NBA 2k 21 Please fix this ASAP by requiring you to green open shots. Otherwise it makes shooting almost 100% luck base Thank you kindly power put out a tweet saying shot aiming was supposed to add a skills gap But it really just allowed people to make whites every single possession and the whites were especially tragic on fades Oh, everybody I've talked to was like man You could just fade and as long as you're open and it's kind of near it drops So a lot of people were kind of just sending their frustration out into the world the dev saw it and then Information release that the next day we were gonna see an update now We weren't exactly told everything that was gonna be in the update But we had a few different clues based on what some of the developers were saying on Twitter goes as follows NBA 2k Intel put out this tweet saying all whites going in will be fixed in the next patch and is DMs with Ronnie By the way, I hate when people do this. I hate when people post DMs This is the word to me right here fellas stop doing this But you know for the purpose of this video here it does help us out So let's see Ronnie, please there are way too many whites going in with the fades Please fix this game and issue in the parking department everything ankle breakers. Don't work in this game. Please fix He said fix in the next patch. Thank you Now I can't verify the legitimacy of this DM because you could always just inspect element if you're on Google Chrome But for the purposes of it being very broken, let's assume it's real I things began to get really real because Mitchell who also works for 2k put out a similar tweet saying hey Ronnie Is there something you'd like to tell people that's happening tomorrow and he used this very cringy I guess any Ronnie meme technically is very cringy. This one especially though And and and so you know if I had to sit here and rate it though It'd be a one out of ten because it's a Ronnie meme guys There's no way it gets over one out of ten as besides the point does for a different video and LD 2k Responded to want to shake down concerns on Twitter by answering ankle breakers will be addressed in the next patch I'm told keep that look going though. Oh, and it's this look. Yeah, he looked like a psychopath So Alright man ankle breakers is gonna be buffed most definitely because nobody's getting ankle breakers and on top of that Hopefully fades and all the whites is dropping is gonna be nerfed as well because originally none of the modes like the park And the program was supposed to be changed from all the shooting sliders that they changed in the hot fix So then we waited the next day came and then no update came guys and usually 2k drops patches at 11 Eastern 11 a.m. Eastern time right not always but usually when they have news or something That's like the time they used to drop that so when I didn't see anything happened at 11 a.m. Eastern I kind of just waited maybe it was a hot fix and not a patch because a couple of these devs said patch So I was expecting to have to download something and yo it didn't come guys I don't know where this supposed patch and update is I desperately need it man I'm tired of every Shot maker just fading in every imaginable direction They won't even have to time the shots man. They just hit him people began to though discover some more stuff about shooting because there have been some Badges that were significantly nerfed and some bags that were significantly buff come mba 2k 21 and Unfortunately one of the badges that doesn't even belong in the game got a huge buff And it's one that I experienced is one that plenty of people told me to equip because I refuse to equip it in previous years And it's flexible release Dnell on Twitter put out this tweet saying y'all might laugh But I heard flexible release is actually a good badge this year and I heard this from a plentious amount of people You see I've been working on my vocab even Mitchell responded saying I've seen it pop up more this year in one week And then I did all on 2k 20. I'm pretty sure I'm only using it on bronze if I get it to Hall of Fame I'm certain I'll be I'll be able to make it from the actual beach Hey, so last year if you guys remember mba 2k lab did their test and they found out that flexible release was an All-right badge even when you max out at Hall of Fame It might only improve your odds by about 8% 10% and so it's not worth spending four badges on just time your shot It was pretty easy to shoot an mba 2k 20 and as a person that has a pierce sharp shooter with 30 shooting badges It doesn't even make sense for me to not have flexible release on is between flexible release and hot start and one is clearly better So if you guys remember a few days ago I dropped the video and knew one of the tweets I was outlining some of the concerns that the my gm Community had and they were frustrated by the whole roster situation There was a whole lot of inconsistencies in the 2k roster king of the fourth quarter put out a tweet saying that the 2k roster team Was looking to address it if you guys had any concerns reach out to him and people did but this is why I'm saying That there's some miscommunication y'all don't talk to each other over at 2k What's going on man Ronnie 2k put out this tweet and it is a photo of some of the Inconsistencies mm-hmm with the 2k roster y'all is having a 84 higher mid-range than Kawai's 81 Okay, these are all things that we knew apparently 2k already updated these things But Ronnie put out a tweet saying who's putting up this fake news law literally nothing about this is true So then I stopped for a moment and I was like hmm What are the odds that the person that put out that tweet a huge and passionate my league my GM supporter was just really capping What are the odds that click was capping and the king of the fourth quarter was capping and that the whole community was just capping and Ronnie was One-telling the truth Pretty low right I came to the conclusion that Ronnie is just wildly Misinformed because he probably went to double check some of these things and was like no these are fine because they actually updated them And that's what everyone said in the responses freak responded to Ronnie saying we lie and just 66 mid-range Here's Yannis is 84 Ronnie and we have over a hundred feels like that in this game And he literally took a screenshot of what it was in the past. He went into his attributes or whatever wait Well, this is Jimmy Butler Stop lie you corrected Leonard, but Yannis is certainly not at 84 and a 73 shooter should be 64 and 63 not more and he shows an example here if his attributes Etc. Etc. Is it that hard to believe that in a pandemic in a console jump year a lot's going on NBA 2k cut a lot of corners The NBA 2k 21 on current gen because they really trying to get NBA 2k 21 on next gen looking right and the one mode They didn't give a single about was this one that seems very reasonable to me That's exactly what happened actually so Ronnie when they come with a very reasonable request considering that they had zero Improvement to their game mode all they're asking for is an update to make sure tendencies attributes in the batch is looking Right, it's not that hard. It's actually not hard at all. Especially when they're doing the work for you They're telling you what the inconsistencies are it's not okay for you to just put out a tweet calling everyone cat Ron Ron you've been capping so consistently here on this platform for so long No, and he doubled down on it in his reply by the way Curry's block is a 50 LeBron 64 Yannis mid is 84 Why is it 91 Duncan Robinson's a 92 three-pointer behind only Stefan clay and then someone responding ha ha ha you just Changed that today.   He really tried to lie.  Wow I love the 2k community man Someone also responded to Ronnie with a very legitimate question of explain this one to us Ronnie And it's a photo in the in the 2k beach of this interesting truck of lunch lady sloppy time now They had to have been one horny developer on the art team. That's all I'm saying Cuz y'all could have put anything on that truck and you knew what people were gonna think if you put sloppy time on that goddamn truck Man, listen Ron Ron or whoever's on the art team really I need to know who's responsible for this cuz this is hilarious material This is like that one time. I think it was in 2k 17 where they did that thing to troll LSK after he got banned Yes, more of this, please I really do believe that they should be adding some kind of like jam or secrets or Easter eggs into the neighborhood like do something Spice it up somehow besides the point though. If you've been distraught Oh my god, you can't figure out a way to shoot the shooting There's so many changes to shooting this year NBA 2k 21 Well Mike Wang came with the save ladies and gentlemen because instead of doing the update that was supposed to happen yesterday We got this video from the 2k Twitter account saying shooting tips from Mike Wang to help you get on your grind this weekend Pray your hands emoji, which is wrong emoji to use but we'll forgive you guys probably need a social media I need you guys to forgive me off rip You know as I put up these headphones. They are broken Welcome back to expert tips. I'm Mike Wang gameplay director for NBA holding the shot button and releasing at the peak of your jump But for 2k 21 we're introducing a new way to shoot with a pro stick that we call shot stick aiming For jump shots move and hold the pro stick. All right, Mike. We know this.  Why would you not be? Why would you not be penalized for a bad timing? What's going on here? I must have missed her or something though Mike That's not what you said out your mouth You can even keep the stick held until the ball hits the rim if you want But if you want to become a great shooter and know the timing of your signature jumper You can lock in your timing and aim by either centering the pro stick or by tapping one of the triggers at the right moment If you can time and aim your shots well, you'll see much more success shooting the ball I have a real Discrepancy here. What's going on guys?  It was just a bad release time and aim your shots well if you time and aim your shots Well as Damian Lillard clearly does here as he misses the entire goddamn window Then you'll be just fine. You'll see much more success shooting the ball The aiming concept also applies when finishing layups You can still hold the pro stick in any direction to start a layup But just like jump shots you'll want to quickly adjust the aim marker to hit the center of the target You have to be quick But if you master it you'll have great touch around the rim and be able to finish tough shots. Yep Yeah, we get it Mike. That's how you use the shot stick.  I believe that to be the case guys It's gonna be the same system on next year when it comes to finishing and shooting. I'm telling you Mike Wang Elaborated further he put a quote to each of that tweet from NBA 2k saying there's a tip about the ideal aim point skewing left to right Based on how fast you initially throw the pro stick that functionality isn't in yet But we passion very soon gives more control to the player stay tuned. Oh, so this is absolutely a beta test for next gen It's just confirmed guys. I was saying in a moment ago But now I 100% believe it to be the case and I'm all for it guys I don't really care I like the system as long as it's balanced and it doesn't give so much of a boost that it makes no sense Because right now when you use the right stick really your timing doesn't matter at all like at all guys As long as you aim it correctly, which isn't hard your timing doesn't matter at all What's hard to do is aim and time it properly I feel like there'd be a skills gap to that if it was implemented properly and balance I'll say this the most difficult thing about NBA 2k though is when you're game testing it first of all You have to be incredible at the game and I feel like the game test is a dog But that's besides the point you also have to keep in mind that depending on attributes badges like the height of the player The archetype the takeover there's so many different factors that can take a build its balance and make it OP or make it ass So it is inherently difficult to test every Faction of this game to make sure the game is balanced. This is a very difficult game to balance I understand that which is why I'm hoping that you know I'm saying might way and don't do too much disco tech with it You know I'm saying don't ruin the game for everybody out there But just do enough so that the game makes sense have a good little you know in between here's balance Here's fun find the middle right here That's really all your job is and I also believe guys that Mike Wang has nothing to do with Current gen. I just believe the only reason he's getting involved here is because he has to do with next gen And this system is also going to be a next gen. Hey, I mean it's UK So first things first you feel me a apologize to the my league my jam guys. They're struggling out there They're distraught about the fact that their game mode somehow got worse on an upgraded year You feel me like that's not usually how things supposed to work things usually supposed to move in the direction of progress Second thing that update that we talked about is supposed to drop yesterday We don't know where it is so if at any point we can get updated about the update in the patch We'd appreciate that I'm assuming what happened was Sony or Microsoft had to like hold it back Because you know like you have to approve a patch and there's a process to that thing You feel me and the game's only been out for about a week So I'm assuming that's what went wrong, but I could be wrong about that too and last but not least I need an explanation for that truck in the neighborhood man I really do for me at least standing shoes standing shots. Yeah for a pure sharp too many whites going I wish it was more greens. I wish just a little bit especially on prime I've been on 3v3 prime more than anything, but hey man for what it's worth. I barely played 2k 20 I'm genuinely having a decent time on 2k 21. I haven't been on the neighborhood though I've really been playing 3v3 prime. I don't know if I should be concerned about that or not But I've heard the servers on the park have been absolute garbanzo So I refuse to put myself through that type of mental misery Especially knowing that there's a good experience on 3v3 prime where I don't have to do that Well, that's it for the videos guys. There's videos on the screen right now. Make sure to drop a like subscribe to the channel We do daily uploads here and I'll catch you guys in the next one