Yeah, and I have to know Okay, so on today's agenda good morning everybody or afternoon or evening we've got hackfest planning for DC and Beijing so title update us in particular about the DC area, which we now have a confirmed host and And then reminder on Beijing and again You know, we'd like to get a sense for who's willing and interested to Help us with that both from a hackathon perspective and the hackfest perspective Quick update on the internship program. I believe that the Nominees we're all supposed to get their Their nominations in by last Friday so Todd you can update us on where we are with that process and then Just as an FYI we don't have to cover this more the the Proposals for the requirements working group charter and the fabric composer project or that should say the composer project We're both accepted by the email vote. So those will proceed and then Dave Who's be has joined us as our security maven and so he's going to introduce himself and Tell us about what his role is going to be and then we have two proposals one from Nathan George on Hyperledger Indy and The other from Benjamin Ballin on Hyperledger burrow and then if Thomas joins us then we can also finish up the Q&A on The GSL and then next week be I've been away on business travel and pretty to face meetings pretty much since our last call and so I haven't had a chance to to work on the Sub-project discussion, but I'll I'll get to that And we'll discuss that next week any other topics that people would like to bring up if not then let's begin Todd All right hackfest DC area confirmed Monday and Tuesday April 24th and 25th. I just dropped the registration link Into the window there. Please register as soon as possible if you're planning on attending Also, we have a draft agenda It is sparse at the moment But like all the other hackfest if there's topics you're interested in working on or things you're interested in learning Please drop those suggestions in there We'll work on getting that all mapped out the morning of the first day and then for Beijing Brian are you on yet? He may be a few late, but the thinking remains the same for Beijing Linux on well, we'll have the first year in Beijing and for all of China for that matter this year June 19th and 20th During that we're gonna have a hyper ledger track running But the thinking is the June 17th 18th the weekend before to run a hackathon And then follow that up with a hackfest June 19th and 20th in tandem with the hyper ledger track So wanted to write it Just mind people that what we're thinking of for the hackathon is not your typical Contest to write in or something like that and come up with some cool blockchain solution but rather to actually be You know looking at JIRA finding bugs or issues that can be triaged and worked on and Contributed as change requests or pull requests as the case may be And then we would spend the hackfest time basically going through those and Reviewing them and merging them or you know engaging the contestants as as appropriate So it's really more of something to sort of engage and get people to consider contributions and again this sort of help grow our our technical community in the Asian Pacific Yep, exactly Any questions there on either hack DC hackfest or Beijing all right moving along quickly internship program We did have about 40 students apply really happy to see the response there the next step We are going to be setting up a meeting with the six mentors to review all of the applications that came in and hopefully get Those finalized by the end of next week and then we can move forward into the work on that And then Chris you did the FYI on the two things that passed and that brings us to Dave Dave are you on? Yes, I am on All right, good morning. You guys hear me. Yep. Yeah. Hi. Sorry. Oh I guess it's me, huh? So I'm sent out a media email to the TSC mailing list yesterday to introduce myself I am the new security maven I've been on board now for about three weeks. I'm not going to repeat everything in the email Basically, you know, I'm really excited to be on this project. I bring along a lot of experience in open source To what we're doing here and I am just well anyway, you guys can read the email I don't want to waste your time we can move on If you ever want to contact me or have any questions or anything about security Or about just software development processes. Give me a call. My door is always open. I'm based out of Las Vegas So that's the Pacific time zone, but like the rest of you I pretty much work around the clock. So Thanks for the warm welcome emails that I got from everybody and Yeah, that's it Welcome Thank you Anybody have any questions or Well, hi Dave, this is Leonard. Yeah, hi friends Welcome to the team. I am you myself and I'm learning a lot about blockchain But you seem to have a keen interest on identity So I take it to be welcome very closely with the identity team to formulate Framework and requirements Yeah, I might lean on a few of you to bring me up to speed on the big issues on identity But yeah, Mike one of my main focuses right now is solving the identity problem I was talking to Brian last the last couple days about how I think the identity problem is Where all of the other applications overlap, you know, like if you want to work in and say Bank, you know, like stock trading you have to identify yourself if you want to work in You know interfaced with health care records. You have to identify yourself. So I think getting a truly Good story or stories. I don't think there's necessarily one right answer Having that in our back pocket any time we talk to people It's going to be key to the success of all the applications of the technology that we're developing. So I Have part of the other reason I have a keen interest in it is because I've been working in Personally and or privacy enhancing technology for about 10 years now Before joining this before joining hyper ledger, I worked at Mozilla on Tor browser issues and I've been in the tour community I'm also involved with the Human Rights Foundation. And so I've typically been Focused on end user privacy And how to properly handle personally identifying information and things like that. So My involvement or you know my interest in the identity problem Will definitely be colored by that perspective How can we create a good solid identity solution that doesn't become the central point of surveillance and Human rights abuses, you know, right? That's a real big challenge. How do we give the end user total control over their information? Really so Yeah Thanks. Welcome on board and we look forward to your contributions. I say, thank you very much and speaking of identity the next topic on the agenda is actually to review and discuss the proposal to contribute project indie and hopefully we have one of the proposers on to share that with us and I Can maybe be started on our first identity project German are you on to make the proposal? Yeah, so actually I'm here This is drum and read from ever name in the sovereign foundation and I'm here in the same room with Nathan George who many of you met at the last hack fest and also Jason law who is a CTO at ever name and chair of the technical governance board At sovereign foundation and so the two of them are going to do must of the talking here I would just using my machine for efficiency Okay And if you want a class present presenter over to my machine, I do have some slides up that I can show Rather than pass it to drum and if you pass it to Nathan George Yeah, I think I'm listed as making George. Let's see. Yep I'm only seeing drum and in there Nathan George Well, he's gonna type his name in So I'm gonna click not yet because Nathan's In the Project proposal description. This is the description out of the project proposal So the sovereign foundation has been working on creating a global public utility for identity and that consists of a lot of Different pieces that are required to make it so that we can anchor an identity out in a public space that everyone can use That can be compatible with multiple different ledgers and different applications The idea is to make an identity system that anyone can add an identity to and then allow All sorts of different systems to interact with so that you can make it attestations and create credentials based on Different identities within the global network of identity and then you can leverage and use those identities inside of other systems So When we talk about a ledger that's purpose built for identity, there's a few things that are really important to remember and to consider The first is to make sure you keep all of the identifiable information off the ledger while still keeping the ledger available to anyone In order to anchor and put an identity out on that ledger So there's a few techniques that are important for doing that to retain privacy and to make it so that there isn't Correlatable information that's out in the public the first one is we use a system of pair-wise Identifiers and the second one is that we anchor things to the ledger rather than publish any sort of encrypted data Various other ledger projects that are involved in hyper ledger like R3's Corta and also fabric have different approaches to doing that where they can share transactions and information amongst private parties, but because the Identity system in particular needs to be compatible and checkable by anyone We have a bit different approach there to make sure that any identity can be validated It can be compatible across any of the systems that needs to be used for And then we have some careful consideration of For not putting information on the ledger that isn't supposed to be public or shouldn't be publicized And the second thing that is really important to think about is you need to have a system for interacting with these Identities that's contextual meaning you only expose the parts or information of your identity to the parties That are it's relevant to so instead of publishing that information on the ledger we use pair-wise identifiers that are published on the ledger and Then when you go to see where what how to talk to one of those pair-wise identifiers You talk to something we call an agent that can present the parts of the identity that are relevant to that particular identifier So you end up with mutual Authentication between those two agents where you know what their pair-wise identifier is and they know what your pair-wise identifier is And then you can present attribute-based credentials To the parties that are involved in those interactions and we've designed the The credential system or the information exchange system In a way that preserves the privacy not only in terms of presenting information that signed with those pair-wise identifiers But also in terms of being able to revoke the different kinds of credentials and attributes that you've shared in a way that preserves privacy as well There's some links that I have both in the project proposal document as well as in this slide deck Which I'll share out Later today on the thread for the project proposal that go through first the ABC for trust model Which is something that Jan Kamanish and his team at IBM have been working on that? We draw a lot of inspiration from in terms of how our credential system is put together as well as a Paper that was published by our cryptographer at Evernim Dimitri because man go Tovich Corva Tovich excuse me Who has put together the system for doing revocation in a privacy-preserving way on top of those credentials The other piece to point out to this group I think especially is that this identity model is is really designed from beginning to be interoperable. It's very small and thin And those identifiers are meant to be something that can be used in a lot of different places and wrapped with a lot of different kinds of compatibility and The system itself makes no decision about whether the information is correct or whether it's trustworthy So a lot of that depends on whether you understand the semantic meaning of the schema that's being presented And it also depends on who it is that's a testing to that information And so relying parties make their own decisions about what entitlements they're going to grant and whether they're going to Trust the information that's been exchanged So what this gives you is it gives you a system for making sure the bright person is saying the thing that needs to be said And then you can handle anchoring The identities that you trust and managing the entitlements that are associated with those Credentials of those pieces of information that are exchanged within whatever ledger system or within whatever identity system Or with within whatever transaction or Validation system that you're you're already using So there's a few tools that are used to accomplish these things You've heard us talk before about decentralized identifiers and the DID spec This is a specification that we have been advancing not only with Indy and the project that we're doing here at sovereign, but it's a specific Systems where they're doing identity and the permissionless legislation The you port folks that are working on top of Ethereum are working towards this specification as well as the folks That are working on top of Bitcoin with blockstream and block stack are also working at supporting this DID spec Which is something we've been advancing with those folks and working with them on for quite a while We also have a system for verifiable claims, which I mentioned before and here's the links to those The links to those two papers that I mentioned earlier are here. It goes to the technical details on how we create Claims and then also how we create proofs that are based on those claims And the proofs that we build are zero are capable of zero knowledge proofs So we can do selective disclosure on any of the credit or any of the verifiable claims that are exchanged between identifiers And what this creates is it creates a system where we can Establish information that can be used to authenticate or to exchange or improve information required for transactions And then we can selectively disclose and share that information in order to participate in transactions as needed And then of course we also mentioned the idea of an agent Which is the part of the system that runs on behalf of an identity that makes it so that we don't have to put any Identifiable information on the ledger itself So once you get an identifier you can validate the keys for that identifier correct and then we have a system for creating service endpoints inside of the The payload of the DID or the decentralized identifier that allows you to look up where those service endpoints live and then you can talk to that service in order to To query it for what types of services it provides and what it's able to support and then you can interact directly with that other identity Through that agent and the agent is also a very convenient point to integrate into multiple kinds of ledgers We have some projects where we've been working for with a use case specific ledger Where they might be doing financial transaction settlement or another specific transaction type of interaction and the Agent allows them to both validate all the identities and then use the information that's exchanged between those agents and leverage it as part of that those transactions required for transaction settlement, so It's a convenient point to integrate between multiple different ledgers and make it so that you can exchange information with strong With strong identification or strong authentication plus authorizations So in the spirit of keeping things short We're kind of just blasting through all this quickly and then we can handle questions and talk about whatever Things are most interesting to the group Indy has various component parts In the last few calls we've started calling those sub projects. So the sub projects at Indy There's are there's a common library. We currently do have our own ledger. That's been purpose-built for identity As I've talked to folks in the past, we're not particularly tied to that ledger We're hoping that as things mature and go forward inside of hyper ledger that more integration opportunities come up And that there'll be an opportunity to integrate hopefully at the ledger level as well as in other ways in terms of making it so that the identity model We're using with Indy is fully supported in the other ledger systems But we have two parts to our ledger We have the consensus layer and then we have the ledger itself and we're calling those out with the brand name of plenum So that it's clear that the Indy identity model itself is compact could be made compatible with other ledgers We have the component that's called the anonymous cred component the anonymous credentials component that like I mentioned before is Where we do the claims and the proofs and a lot of the cryptography necessary to make sure we have a privacy preserving identity system We have the system that runs a ledger node Which is Indy node which adapts plenum for the transaction set that is required to support identity We have a component that manages what we call the reference agent Which is the agent that we expect anyone who wants to join sovereign as a global public utility can go ahead and integrate with and start with This component is actually quite new right now. So there's not a lot of code in it quite yet. Most of the code for the reference agent is currently in the project we call Indy client Which is really like the SDK or the library pack that allows you to interface with anonymous credentials And allows you to talk to both the ledger and also the other agents within the system And in addition to the version of the Indy client that's written in Python Which matches some of the other code bases that we have we have a new version of any Indy client Which is being written in Rust to be wrapped as a linkable library that any C callable Programming language would be able to pick up and use in order to expose the same functionality that we're talking about in the Indy client component So I think with that I'll open it up to questions And then we can use other slides in this deck to talk to any of those other points As you folks want to dive in This is Whippin First of all We had just just to keep a background. We had several conversations on the identity working group with The sovereign slash Indy folks So we are kind of aware of where they are with the various Initiatives and proposals, but could you make clear what the separation would be between sovereign itself and Indy as a contribution to the Hyperledger project Um, as we mentioned before Sovereign isn't in the intention of sovereign is to be a global public utility for identity So basically to take the Indy code base and use it to make a network for identity that would be useful Globally across the entire internet and the sovereign foundation Intends to manage kind of the technical requirements and the trust framework requirements in order to make identity as a public utility But Indy as a code base Would be useful as this as what you might call a side chain or a side ledger to manage identity in any Project that needed identity And we think that that would be useful both in terms of adding an identity component into an existing ledger that Focused more on smart contracts or on settlement amongst other types of transactions Or it might be very useful for some network that wanted to do identity but not at a global scale For instance, if there was a country that wanted to do identity and make sure that identity stayed isolated to just that country or a particular vertical or industry that needed identity without wanting to expose that identity globally they could create a Ledger or a network using Indy that they could use to accomplish that purpose of identity And then those identities would of course be compatible with a network like sovereign because they'd be based on the exact same identity model And Then also in terms of integration we think that a lot of these components these sub projects Could would be very compatible pieces with the other ledgers Meaning they could substitute out the plan of component if that was something that the other projects desired so vip and this is this is drumming and Let me say a little bit more about the sovereign foundation and what what that's about so Sovereign is independent global nonprofit organization that was set up exclusively for the purpose of providing this very thin governance layer for a public permission to ledger So that the what we're submitting is the Indy code base was a code base developed to support that ledger And you just heard from Nathan, you know all the other things that we believe it could be helpful in supporting One of the reasons the sovereign foundation joined A hyper ledger was because of the synergy we saw not just on the code base, but with the you know the goal of creating this, you know Industry standard open source Software for powering Blockchains of any kind, you know, whether private permissioned or in our case this sort of you know unique area of public permission So the goal of sovereign foundation is to run that public Permission ledger. I mean to govern it to provide the trust framework. So it has a board of trustees or 11 trustees on one of them Has a couple of working groups to set up that governance the trust framework working group just published the The first version of the trust framework for the network. I'll put the link into the into the chat and So it's you know and and ultimately it's responsible for sort of stewarding and making sure that the code base moves forward and That is overseen by a separate board. They're called the technical governance board and Jason is the chair of that And maybe he can speak for a second about the technical governance board Sure We've got a number of folks From around the world mostly us, but we're wanting to expand that We're actively recruiting Individuals to come especially in security and privacy to help us. We've got a number of requests out right now for some additional help there We meet once a month. We have a lot of asynchronous back channel communication and we do have a slack Slot team for sovereign where a lot of this has been happening. I'm not sure how it's going to transition with If we're Joining hyper ledger will have to transition that and do things a little differently there, but I'm definitely interested in getting involved Yeah, so right so drumming and Nathan, this is Chris So I guess my question and you know, I'm glad you brought up the working groups and sort of how all this Sausage is made so to speak today Because I think it's kind of important that we sort out as a function of approving and Incorporating, you know, the indie project into hyper ledger as to exactly How it will work going forward in other words if we have working groups that are deciding basically What goes into the open-source software and it's being you know managed, you know from a Get Garrett Jira, whatever, you know perspective here in hyper ledger, you know, what's the relationship between the identity working group in hyper ledger and the various working groups and At sovereign and Is you know is membership in sovereign a prerequisite to being able to participate in the working groups there? I Don't understand how all this is Going to shake out and and and I do think that it's kind of important that You know as a function of our review and approval that we do get a clear understanding about, you know, how How these you know how sovereign and hyper ledger are going to relate to one another in this context? I strongly agree and I see Nathan sitting or nodding next to me In particular, we've been running our project like, you know, it's holy open source I mentioned we have some working group calls a couple of our folks will probably be dropping off to go to those working Ledger working group call today Which starts at on the hour Anyone's welcome to join those our code is all on github. It's under the Apache to license The calls that we have we typically run very much the same way that the calls I've joined from the hyper ledger project run Our intention is to move all of the development Of sovereign over to the hyper ledger ledger indie project underneath hyper ledger and do the development work there And then we will maintain the genesis blocks with the public network of sovereign within sovereign But then develop the code out in the open with the hyper ledger project because we think that that will both broaden the exposure And also make the code more useful to folks who have reasons to work at a smaller scale than at the global scale of identity Um So I hope that that answers part of the question. Um, and if I can't answer chris sort of the other party question about um You've got sort of two bodies governing or or working on a code base um, and we have thought about it quite a bit and actually discussed it with uh, uh, brian bellendorf Um, and the way I see it working is actually quite clean Which is the code base is under a hyper ledger and as nathan just said, you know, it's open source. It's it's a meritocracy The sovereign foundation and specifically the technical governance board will have certain Requirements for the sovereign network. Uh, that will be reflected in most cases in the trust framework And again, I'll put the link in the in the chat here and just admit it um and basically it's a customer of Of that code base and it's like hey to do the following things that we think are necessary for You know for the operation of the sovereign network, which is what will be one instance running instance of Yeah of indy. Uh, we need the following things in the code base um If if we ever got to the point where there was a conflict between that and what was required for indy, um You know, I think we tackle it, but we don't foresee that's going to happen Um, there there's those there may be features of indy that are not used by other implementations or other ledgers that use it um, but I don't think the the features that would be required by uh, the sovereign foundation for the sovereign network are going to conflict Um, so it's essentially it's one customer of that code base We believe the code base will be much stronger for the sovereign network Um as well as for anyone else to use it if if we're doing this, uh, you know Combining forces and doing it under the hyper ledger umbrella Right, this is fine. If I can if I can just add I I see in the long term It's kind of looking like the difference between um, say I can you know, uh, if we're talking about dns, right? it's like the difference between I can and the IETF and uh, people like paul vixie Who are implementing dns software, you know a lot of overlap and personnel between these three buckets but uh, kind of distinct distinct roles and um, I I think in the long term everyone works together in benefits, but uh, um, that's that's how I see the relationship between sovereign and uh hyper ledger uh and in indy I guess but brian, I guess the the thing that concerns me is If somebody comes along and wants to contribute to indy, let's say or to one of the sub projects of indy That we have some clarity as to how the sausage is made so they figure out how to engage if they Need to sort of absolutely all of that has to happen at hyper ledger the same way that it has to happen with other projects, right? so um the transparent development practices and and the You know having that community run that process and making it multi stakeholder all of that has to still happen with indy It indy can't take it from sovereign, right? Um, uh, or be be driven strictly by sovereign's demands. Absolutely. And I think I think everybody on the call agrees Yeah, we all agree with that. Actually, let me also make it clear. It goes the other way as well any um hyper ledger participants be them individuals or or organizations Who want to get involved with the uh, what the sovereign foundation does which is, you know, again This governance piece of a global network. We welcome you with wide open arms We would love, you know, anyone who's interested in that any any, uh, you know, corporate entity or individual at hyper ledger We'd love to have that participation. You know, we're we're building a global utility for the internet And uh, you know the more uh involved the better. Um, again, several of us are we're all volunteers at sovereign foundation I'm actually a trustee, but um, we have the full support of the sovereign trustees. They just met last week and we're very enthusiastic about Um, you know this this contribution and relationship with hyper ledger Right, but I I think what I'm sort of asking for though is to have some specificity in the proposal that specifically describes how There's a there's a how to section and the efforts and resources and I think you know, there's mention of these working groups that talks about Um, uh, you know the ledger and the agent and the trust framework It are those working groups specifically Coordinating the development of the sub projects of indy slash every name that are um, uh That that should come over into hyper ledger so that the technical community that's building them can do that and That there's another group and sovereign that's providing input into the set of requirements and so forth I just think that that needs to be mapped out so that we can Make an informed decision and and and or you know to tweak that as needed To Working groups that we have right now We've been trying to have as few working groups as are necessary So we have a working group that we call the ledger working group that handles the aspects related to the nodes and running of The node network and then we have a group that we call the agent working group that handles the off ledger portions of the system We have All of our tasks and tickets right now are being managed out of Jira at evernim and one of the things that we're excited for is the idea of moving those out into the open and making all That more accessible and more public And then um, I would expect that we would manage the workload for those different sub projects Much the same way it's man being managed at fabric right now I think we have some things to learn about how we want to do that to help drive community participation And certainly that's actually one of our motivations for joining the hyper ledger umbrella Is we we expect that some of the support infrastructure that's available with hyper ledger will help significantly with that As well as we have some things that we need to learn about trying to make sure that those processes are sufficiently open There's not any resources right now that are hidden Most of the discussion about what the requirements are and what we're what everyone in the community is trying to accomplish Right now it's done in those working group calls So you're certainly welcome to join and participate there and We're hoping to make that process more transparent and More accessible to everyone So chris where this is uh drone actually more I think about it. You've highlighted something that We listed in there the working groups that we're going on right now. So we were basically saying here's all of Here's the code and here's how we've been working on it You're correct that the proposal didn't turn around and say and here's how we propose this should work When everything is in, you know, what working groups should transition to become hyper ledger working groups, right? right And and so I I think that's a very good point and I think we'd be super happy I don't think it would take very long If whatever subset of folks if we can identify right here in the call, who should we work with to basically say All right, what's the best way for this work? I mean obviously with brian, but is it with yourself? I mean we've certainly thought we were now very active in the identity working group um, and it's interesting vipin because uh, the identity working group is has not had You know so far to my knowledge a ledger that was specifically about identity. So it sort of gives a an additional Weight or focus to the identity working group within hyper ledger But in any case whatever set of folks you think should work with us we can Get together figure out how that should best work and then update the proposal to reflect that um, do any of you have any Ideas or comment quick comments on that in terms of how that's being managed either in fabric or in Sawtooth lake in terms of what the difference between a working group and a project would be Well for the for the most part. I mean the working groups that we've had that I would I guess you would consider to be formal working groups would be like we had an sdk working group for fabric that is really more of a Uh It's part of a sub project. I mean there's all these sdk projects and there was a coordination mechanism Between them and they ended up writing a spec to ensure that all sdk sort of had the same Capabilities, um, even though they're you know different languages and different implementation Frameworks and so forth and so um And I and I think you know for the most part the working groups are more of a meta thing for the most part than Specific to a project and the projects You know the way that they coordinated through mailing lists and you know the the rocket chat and and an occasional call um And and again, you know, brian we've gone through you know And and tried to sort of transition from Being focused on telephone calls to one where we're a little bit more focused on getting things done through um asynchronous mechanisms like the mailing list and and or chat Um, so that people can engage when they can engage um and And and and again to make it all you know sort of you know fully transparent and recorded so that You know we can also you know engage people around the globe that aren't able to Participate in phone calls simply because it's it's one in the morning or something That makes sense. Um, in fact Our working groups right now do a lot of their coordination on the sovereign forum And I expect the transitioning most of mailing lists would be a really good idea. Yeah, and then uh I think getting the tickets right now that uh The cataloging that we've done internally out into the public JIRA repository will help with that And then we do most of our coordination right now on the slack channel for the asynchronous communications So I think that that that feels really good Um, we may want to propose a couple of the working groups that are at sovereign right now as working groups underneath indy Um, but I think we we might want to play that by ear for the next while It sounded like The way that I heard you describe the the working groups it sounded more around the operational aspects of The ledger or the you know the client the agent or the trust framework and less about here's what we're going to develop Although maybe the trust framework is a little bit more of that but if we could transition the parts that sort of pertain to the active coordination of what code is going in and not going in and And what are the priorities and so forth for the project here in hyper ledger To hyper ledger itself and coordinating with the identity working group and so forth But have all the you know Issues go into JIRA have the code in uh, you know the hyper ledger github organization Or garret again depending on how you want to do your reviews and to transition mailing lists that are specific and pertinent to the discussion of How this you know, uh, coordinating what we're doing there and creating the appropriate channels and rocket chat that You know again, so it's essentially Lifting and shifting if you will the parts of what is going on in sovereign now that coordinates about what india's And moving that to hybrid if we can just identify what those things are I think that And brian, you know, you you know, you feel free to to weigh in on this and david as well um, you know as as as to You know, how do how do we sort of you know get these things and then I do think that there probably does need to be some um, you know some form of description of how we envisage going forward that sovereign and hyper ledger As pertains to identity will continue to to operate Chris um, I I know where you're coming from. I just don't want to overload this sovereign should be thought of as just another um consumer of the technology right And have the same kind of relationship Well, I mean they're a member of they joined But the same kind of relationship is any vendor would or any other user of the technology would Certainly they're putting There are people with Kind of a sovereign name badge putting effort in the project and we want the project to be multi vendor But um, there's every I fully expect that that team will Know how to separate the development and management of the sovereign trust chain Using indy technologies from the development of indy as a common platform for other people doing the same thing Um, there's no reason to treat them. I think differently or especially in this regard Yeah, and I agree with both the comments that chris made and that uh, brian just added It's just a matter of enumerating how we want to break it down into the rocket chat channels and and mailing lists um I don't think that that um, it is at all a showstopper and I think that that will be a fairly straightforward thing With what we have going on. Um, okay, I can call out with more detail what each of those working groups is currently working on um, I I think maybe the titles are a bit ambiguous, but they do have some very Specific requirements that they're working through and and some deliverables in terms of what it is that they're each trying to to accomplish right now So I think that that's a fairly straightforward process I don't think that that doesn't seem like a stopper at all. Why not? Okay Hi, this is Lennyk. Yeah, I mean, this is all wonderful and so chris I think and what I've heard from everyone um, it's great Uh, we have a project like indy being incubated Didn't have a letter Um, I guess it's it's not an incubated project yet. It's a proposal for the day with it So it seems like definitely we have to Clarify what all the requirements for incubate of a project of this nature with hyper ledger because there are aspects That we need to focus on In terms of say accountability Decision and and I say decision is a broad statement which will cover requirements reported shared responsibility How do you make changes to the core base if the sovereign team In a sort of high to the zone domain have requirements for changes. These are the Um, the maintainers within the hyper ledger for the same code base. So will it be shared? Will it eventually diverge into something called basis? These are some of the things we need to grab this right now to ensure we have a clear understanding between the two parties and I mean the sovereign campaign On your name and team and anyone who gets incubated in the hyper ledger to maintain and the same code base or Different code spaces or those So change management is going to be very critical going forward and we are going to have the projects of the same nature So yes, although we think it may be simple, but I think we need to look at everything So we can dot eyes or costly make it very clear In terms of how the chain of responsibilities and accountability Will be maintained for a project of this nature, which seems to be a very wonderful expansion for hyper ledger to have This sort of identity component But we need to make sure it's clear to everyone so everybody understands the responsibilities And how they are shared and count 20. That's all I'd like to say Thank you, Leonard. Um, we have a lot of those resources for calling out what direction we're trying to take the code And tickets and some a lot of resources internally, especially in terms of documentation and design documents Something that we often call a plan of attack in terms of how we're accomplishing a new requirement or a new feature Some of those are not very transparent to a newcomer And I'm hoping that moving to hyper ledger will help give us some resources to make that more transparent And then also if we normalize some of those processes relative to what some of the other projects are doing I think it will also help perhaps some of the cross pollination of ideas So this is trauma. What uh, I this is all excellent input. Um, what are your specific What what are the suggestion for the the the tsc about how we should move forward the specific areas that we should Try and revise the proposal to add clarity Should we have a dedicated call about it? What are you suggesting? Well, Brian, we can have a vote and if the tsc is comfortable with sort of just dealing with this as Sort of the normal projects, you know, how do we set ourselves up? I think that's fine. Um again, I was I was just concerned because it just sounded to me like a lot of the Um sausage was being made someplace else. But if if that's not the case, then that's fine I I think everyone is committed to making sausage in public Um at the appropriate place That's my sense and I if we're not up there yet, then we Should have another conversation for a week. These are important issues to work out. No doubt. Um, and I I Perhaps i'm coloring this with the fact that I do know these individuals well and feel like They are on the side of right On all the same things we're aligned with But it's I know that they learning curve and a relation curve. I've already climbed and others haven't And we should absolutely make this based on the the um, the the statements made and and kind of common consensus as well So don't want to rush it But I I feel like um, I I feel like every every one of these is something that we can and should be addressing as a normal part of Building the project Well, let me ask this before we take a vote. Let me ask our Our members of the tc are any of the members of the tc that still have Questions or would like to see more clarity refinement or are we ready for a vote so anybody who has remaining concerns or remaining questions, uh, and wants to see more You know specificity on this aspect or other aspects Please speak now or forever hold your peace and then if we don't hear anybody Then I guess we can ask Todd to take a vote This is Dan. I don't have concerns. There's one in one clarification Could you say again the the uh definitions for indy and plenum? So I think I've heard Plenum used to describe the the ledger and the consensus mechanism and Maybe something that was going to be left behind and indy would be the things coming forward So if you just kind of clear that up for me, that'd be great Sure, this is jason Plenum is uh, we we built plenum separate from sovereign um from the beginning because There were clearly requirements that were general ledger requirements and general consensus requirements and you know, it felt like There's actually quite a an opportunity for domain specific ledgers using plenum There's a lot of innovation happening. Obviously a lot of innovation happening around consensus protocols and ledger technologies in hyper ledger project And that's not where we want to focus a lot of our energies We want to focus on identity and so the expectation is that At some point in the in the future there will be a Either enhancement concerted effort to enhance a plenum or A ship to something else. So calling it the indy consensus Um when when the indy project is not Long-term dependent on plenum felt like Going too far and so keeping them separate to kind of differentiate Where things are really dependent and whether or not was the idea behind separating the name So to add maybe one more comment to that The intention is to bring plenum with indy into the hyper ledger project and have all of them inside of hyper ledger And then we're making careful effort to call out That um plenum is an area where we expect convergence between different hyper ledger projects over time Is that a ledger or plenum as consensus? So plenum is separated into two chunks. We have the consensus protocol and then we have the ledger So it sounds like we have to separate these areas of responsibility under different components That will make a tight ledger as opposed to a remain in some way so that we all understand accountability and all the different responsibilities And it's a very good move that I think we need to prioritize policy and show there's that clarity and transparency of this whole thing Okay, yeah There are a few sub components there. Um, so I know it'll take some time before folks are familiar with and comfortable with kind of how it's decomposed But I think it's sufficient to say that um plenum right now is the let is the ledger piece that indy uses um And it consists of both the consensus algorithm and the ledger and we're intending on bringing everything all the code that is currently Um, do identity. We're bringing all of that code into hyper ledger not some of it Okay, thanks. Oh, so I I would prefer to see that that this project indy project Is a proposal for identity As an identity project that does not depend on any ledger underneath that it seemed to me that you know, the the architecture is that way but You know, probably the the dependent on plenum is now built into some of the components So I would prefer to separate it out into two different project proposal Plenum as a separate project Uh, so that it played the role as you know, the the blockchain ledger or or blockchain technology as part of the core hyper ledger project And then identity as another top level project that is independent That built in such a way that it's independent of a plenum so that it gives out a project like hyper ledger fabric or sawtooth lake um An equal and fair chance of being able to integrate and make use of indy The same way as is he being integrated with plenum my I This goes back to I identity as a service that we can all use Or an identity or identity as a capability we can build in and support on um, you know, what I see the proposal is right now is Step one is give us an identity service that we can all use It's a separate distinct identity service that we could all use it happens to be built on distributed ledger But it has some really interesting features that will allow us to express much more um Identity specific policies and the transactions and and semantics that we have That's step one breaking it out into independent capabilities can be incorporated into me as a later activity Yeah, this is Dave. I I would second that That idea When we get to step two, I smell a really great opportunity to start having a I don't know move moving forward the interoperability conversation. That's already taken place Um And it will give us an opportunity to like tackle an actual implementation of can we make indy run on top of Sawtooth lick. I think that would be a really interesting project to entertain Well, but but that means to me that we are building an application now, right? India is an application Even though yes. Yes. I mean identity is important for a hyper ledger project But indy itself is an application in my mind on top of a ledger technology um, so if we say that our our core mission Is to support projects that is building uh ledger Right like such as such as sawtooth lick such as fabric such as uh, you're all half Um, then then this project doesn't fit that core mission This project to me is an application so I would have to that venus I could see the um need to have Identity system be decentralized. So if there was some way to integrate Um, you know, if this was if this was a platform in which that could be achieved I would be highly interested in that Indeed and if I say this let me put the architecture becomes an override and set of importance there to ensure that The components fit for identity Within all the different Yeah, so really there are a few things that need to be best part of which is architecture architectural solutions and the approach going forward to make it a successful about same marriage between indy and our Okay, in in the interest of time, uh, kind of uh, re-up brian's call for a vote Any remaining concerns? If not, we have two minutes probably time for a vote. All right, Todd. All right, running through, uh, ben Uh, I think I need more time on on this. So I'm up staying at this point Okay, uh chris Yeah Dan Yes, greg Yes heart Yes, mic Yes, morali Yes, richard Yes, tamash Yes, all right, that's eight four one abstain that passes Thank you. And and ben I do believe your concern is valid and we should find ways to make sure that this can be an overlay and work with Um, uh, all of the different dlt engines out there and my when we talked about this at the hack fest Uh, a couple weeks ago. I sense that was a sincere focus of the Uh developers proposing this as well. So, um, uh, your your concerns are heard loud and clear This is drumman here. We are just really thrilled. Um, to Um, you know to be to be part of this, uh, we I want to say we found everything About our interaction with hyper ledger from the very start. Um, and brian's reception to be Fantastic, uh, nathan and I the last hack fest was a real pleasure. So we're just really really Excited and passionate to move forward with everyone with this and We look forward to just you know integrating as fast as we can Uh, it's it's thank you for the timing. We're literally going to go over to the hyper ledger I mean to our own ledger working group and go guess what? We're going to try to be transitioning all that over so thank you very much, please Excuse the fact that we need to drop now ourselves. Um, but I'm really excited to do this and vip and we'll obviously work with you on You know, how we'll Be integrating further with the identity work Okay, dope. Thanks drumman. Thanks nathan and team and We're at the top of the hour. So unfortunately we didn't get to The other two agenda items Um And you know what tomosh, um, if you can join the call early next week, then I think we'll put you first and then second we'll have the the other um project proposal Again that way we aren't just bumping everybody week after week. So, um Thanks everyone and we'll talk to you all soon Have a good day everyone I really appreciate it


Good morning, everyone. My name is Wei Gao, and the topic today is the large-edged simulations of the turbulent flow past the aero-spatial airfoil at a high-velocity number. Since it is a high-velocity number, we're bound to the turbulent flows. So our work is focusing on the war model. The outline of my presentation is as follows. Following the introduction, the governing equations, and the numerical methods to solve the equations are described. After that, the physical model to close these equations is involved. Then finally, I will show some numerical methods to verify and validate our war model area code. And then the conclusion will be drawn. As we know, the eternal flow past an isolated airfoil is relevant for a variety of engineering applications, such as aircrafts, small wind turbines, or water mines. There are many different methods used to study these kind of flows, such as equipment tools. But equipment guys just focusing on the lift and drag coefficient. If we want to know the exact turbulent structures and the flow structures around the airfoil, we need the numerical tools. And these tools could be classified into the following four types, DNS, LES, DES, and RANS. RANS just solved the equation in the time average sense. Others, for LES and DES, they resolved the large scales and the model, the effect of small scales with some models. DNS resolved all the scales. So the computational cost of this method is different. For DNS and a war with OVS, the computational cost scale with Reynolds number with some equivalent. And according to NASA CFD vision, by 2030, we could be expected to perform this type of calculations on the leadership HPC machine. That means for war-bounded turbulent flows, Reynolds number as high as millions, it is now impossible to perform the war with OVS and DNS on such kind of flows. So we put our site to the world model is DNS and DES. So DES is just a kind of, I mean, hyper advanced LES. And both war model ES and DES, the computational cost is weakly dependent on the Reynolds number. So the basic approach for the war model ES is to compute the outer layer using a coarse LES while modeling the effect of momentum and heat transfer from the inner layer to the outer layer in the war model region. And there are many war models for simple geometry developed, for example, for turbulent boundary layer flows, channel flows, pipe flows. And most of these models just assume the velocity profile is low-glow. And sometimes the information from the outer ES is not coupled into the war region. So once this model is applied to the complexity military, there will be some problems. When it comes to the complexity military, most of the war model is just in the literature, just hyper advanced LES and DES. It is solving the simplified or full-Rens equation in the war model region. And this we are offered the Dirichlet or Newman boundary condition for the outer LES region. But there are some challenges for such kind of method. First is that there are more or less some free parameters in the Rens model. And another problem is that there's a so-called scale disparity at the Rens LES interface. And our contribution is to develop the virtual war model in the porting fitted carbon linear coordinates. That means there's no Rens and no free parameters in our model. The governing equations in the generalized carbon linear coordinates is in the table. It should be mentioned that without the blue term, then the equation degenerated to the governing equation for DINS. If we included the blue term, that means the SGS term inside into the F, then it is the governing equation for LES. To solve these equations, I use the fraction-save method. And for the spatial declarizations, I use the energy conservative force order find a different scheme. For the temporal declarations, I use the adiabatic force scheme for the convective and SGS term and a fairly implicit for the viscose term. For the pressure Poisson equation, I solve this with the martyquery method with line relaxed Gauss-Seider as the smoother. Then finally, all the code is parallel with MPI. The mesh is divided into blocks of equal size. And each of them is assigned to a unique processor. To close this model, I have to involve two physical models. One is the SGS model to compute the subgrade scale stress. Another one is the war model that will offer the boundary condition near the solid war. The subgrade scale model we choose, it is the stretch-spirited model. This is originally developed by Dale Pooley and the coworkers and also intended to channel flow simulations. It is a structure-based approach. And from the table, we can see that it will let the SGS stress with the subgrade kinetic energy. It assumes that in each computational cell, the subgrade motion is dominant by a vortex with a de-vegation. And this de-vegation is determined from a delta function PDF. The virtual war model in Cartesian coordinate was developed by Chou and Pooley for channel flow simulations. The most promising feature of this model is there's no free parameters. And this model has achieved many successful applications in kinematic flows. For example, turbulent boundary layer flow with or without adverse pressure gradient. Pipe flow with roof effects. That we also reproduce the Moody diagram very well. And then the turbulent boundary layer with or without separation and attachment. It captures a separation bubble on the turbulent boundary layer. The essential idea of this model is to combine the inner scaling with the world parallel and the normal integration filter and dividing an ODE for this friction velocity. So follow this approach. We developed, intended this model to the generalized coronary coordinate. First, we define the resultant velocity Q. It is composed by the three-wise velocity and the span-wise velocity. And after that, define two filter rings and using the inner scaling. In the inner scaling, the Q is related by the friction velocity and function F. But we don't need to know the exact form of the F because after integration, the F function would be canceled out. So finally, we can get the ODE for eta 0. As the previous said, the eta 0, it is the velocity gradient on the wall. So using this equation, we can get a solution to eta 0. Then, after some assumptions, we get the analytical solutions to the ODE. So this ODE is solved locally and dynamically. And we don't need to solve that with some numerical methods after the assumption. The assumption that follows first is that the A beta is independent of time of T in the very small dt integral. And the velocity angle doesn't change in the securities from the solid war to the virtual war. Wang Chen devised the governing equation for velocity angle in turbulent boundary layer simulations and found that there's very little difference between a dynamic theta model and a fixed theta. So here, for simplicity, we also use the fixed theta assumption in our war model AS code. So finally, adopting the idea of a constant shear stress of permeations, the velocity on the virtual war is developed as follows. For here, in the separation zone, we use the linear profile for the velocity. And in the attached zone, it follows the linear log profile. There are many LES work on airfoils. But most of the work, I could find some arguments. For example, most of the work, the span-wide domain size is very small. But according to some papers, they argue that the span-wide domain size is very important to resolve all the turbulent scales. And another one is that for the war model AS results, some papers, they didn't approach the CF. But it's very important because CF it is given by the war model. So if CF could not be reproduced correctly, then how can we say our result is reliable? And the last point is that the finest mesh size for the LES of airfoils is about 90 million. So our computational domain size is in the figure. The wake length is 10 code lengths. And the radius is a C code length. And the span-wide domain size is 0.8 code lengths. This is also recommended by Sun and Samtani in their computer and fluid paper. Only the first and this mesh is generated by the software point-wise. Only the first mesh layer on the virtual world is forced to be orthogonal. Then we have to verify and validate our war model AS code. The verification is using the NACA-12 airfoil. Venus number 10,000, attack angle 5. And the war units is as follows. In the world normal units, it's about 14. And then we compare our war model, yes, results with the DNS results. The validation, it is the aerospatial airfoil. Venus number 2.1 million and attack angle 13.3. And the world normal units, it is about 21. To save our competition costs for these high Venus number simulations, we first get the 2D DNS fields and let these 2D DNS fields as the initial field for the small war model, yes, simulations. The smallest war model, yes, it is that in the span-wise direction, we use 32 mesh points. Then switch to the first 3D war model, yes. Only the last four convective time scale results is used to analyze. And this results would be compared with the LES foil impairment. These two figures, it is a time and span-wise L-ish pressure coefficient around the airfoil and friction coefficient on the suction side. We can find that both of them compare well with the DNS results. Only small difference is exiting near the trailing edge. This is the contour of the new velocity. We can find our war model, yes, code could capture the separation bubble on the suction side very well, comparing with the DNS results. And this is the velocity distribution along the suction surface. And the velocity profile separated just with a displacement of 2 for that. And we also find the velocity profile compare well with the DNS, even in the separated zone. And this is the venous trace contour. And we use the transition creation 10 to minus 3 as the transition creation. And find that the transition by our war model, yes, also compare well with our DNS. This is the airfoil results. Also, we find that this pressure coefficient and the friction coefficient compare well with the impairment. This is the streamline velocity distribution along the suction surface. The left one is very close to the airfoil. The other one is far away from that. And we find that in the attached zone, left it compare very well, only small difference existing in the separation zone. And this is the UU prime along the suction surface. Also, in the attach zone, it compare well. In the separation zone, not well, but acceptable. Also, this is the VV profile, the same conclusion as before. And then it is venous trace along the suction surface and these five locations. And we also find that even in the separation zone, the comparison is not very good, but the maximum value of the UU prime compare well with the impairment. So finally, we come to the conclusions. First is that we develop the fourth order incompressible DNS and the war model, yes, called in the generalized carbon linear coordinate. This war model could be also attended to the unstructured mesh. The second, the virtual war model originally developed in the Cartesian coordinate, you get attended to the carbon linear coordinate. And the devolved equation for eta 0 is solved analytically and dynamically. Third one is this code is reflected and validated compare well with boating S and the impairment. Last one is the venous trace in the attach zone compare very well with the impairment data where some derivation writes in the separation zone. So this requires further inviscations. So all the simulation is carried out on Shaheen XC40 at cost. So thank you, everyone. Talk to us all the time, please. Is this the high Reynolds number? Yes. You don't have the Reynolds number on your slide. OK. So this is Reynolds number 2.1 by 10 to the 6. Is that correct? Yes. Yeah. And what about transition? Where does transition happen? Because in the impairment, he didn't specify the exact location. So we didn't compare that. But we can found the CF plot. We can find this transition. Almost here, yeah. In the impairment, it didn't use any trip. It's a free transition. There's free transition. Yes. With no blowing, nothing. Nothing. Yes. Do you use the trip sub-sort? No. Thank you again.


I never knew my mother. I was only eight months old when she died. Well, when she was murdered. I don't know much else about it. In fact, I didn't even know she was murdered until about two years ago when I was fifteen. You see, my dad doesn't like to talk about her at all. And so he never discussed why she was no longer with us. I've seen photos of her and so I know what she looks like, but I wasn't told much about her. I always thought that she died of a sickness or maybe in a freak accident, so I was very surprised when I found out that she'd been murdered. I wish that my father would talk about it more, though, because I want to know how it happened. I've heard a few rumors at school about how she died. I overheard one kid say that she was kidnapped and held for ransom before being killed when my dad didn't pay. Another kid told me that she was decapitated and her head was never found. So I really didn't know what to believe and I couldn't ask my dad to fill in the details. Ever since I found out about my mother's fate, however, I've become overly interested in true crime and I especially enjoy learning about unsolved mysteries. That's how I found out about the strange museum that suddenly appeared in my town. My friend Ellie had first told me about it. Have you seen that museum that opened in the old library? She asked me one day at lunchtime. I replied that I hadn't seen it and that I didn't know anything about it, so she went on to explain what it was. I heard that it was a museum that's all about famous murder cases and has a lot of exhibits that feature real crime scene photos and even a few items that were taken from murder sites. She explained, I'm going to go there on Saturday. Did you want to come? I thought about it for a moment, but then remember that I had planned to spend the day with my dad, so I had to tell her that I couldn't make it, which she seemed disappointed about. I thought about this museum for the rest of the school day, though, and I began to wonder what crimes would have exhibits. Maybe they'll have an exhibit for my mom, I thought. Maybe I could find out more about her murder. I thought long and hard about whether or not I should try and go to the museum. And finally, I decided I would go on Sunday. My dad was going out of town that day for work, so it was the perfect time. I spent the rest of the week leading up to Sunday, both excited and nervous. I was excited because I knew that I would find the museum very interesting, but nervous because I didn't know exactly what to expect. When Sunday finally rolled around, I was more excited than nervous. My dad left early on Sunday morning, so I knew I had most of the day to explore the mysterious museum without him seeing me there. I got up around 8.30, got dressed, and ready for the day. I then walked across town to where the library used to be. I soon arrived and saw that instead of the sign that used to read town library, there was now a sign that was freshly painted with the words, the murder museum. There was already a couple of people in line when I arrived, and so I stood behind them and waited my turn to enter the museum. In front of me was a large man that had a small tattoo of a bird on his cheek. He appeared to also be by himself, and it looked like he was quite excited to go in. He made it to the front of the line and bought a ticket and entered through the front door. It was now my turn, so I walked up to the little booth that had been set up and I approached the younger man sitting inside.  A ticket for one, please. I said to the young man and handed over a $10 note that I had gotten from my part-time job. The man took my money without saying anything and handed me a small paper ticket that read Admit One. He then pointed me to the direction of the front door and said, Enter at your own risk. I walked over to the main door, pushed it open, and stepped inside, not knowing what to expect. What I found inside was mostly old newspaper articles of old murders and old fading photos of what appeared to be crime scenes. They were all in glass displays, and the displays lined up in a row that led to another door. I looked through each newspaper article searching for any mention of my mother. Unfortunately, I couldn't find anything about her. Not even a mention of her name was present in any of the newspaper articles. I was disappointed, but I still found it fascinating reading about all the true crimes that had been committed. I read about Kevin Fuller, the killer who would hide his victim's bodies inside his own private jet, and I read about Terry Sturt, the man who murdered both of his closest friends. I probably spent an hour or so walking down the long line of displays that featured the newspaper articles.  It was shut, but I had no other way to go but through it. I opened the door, which creaked, and I stepped through into the next room. This room had a lot more interesting items. They were displays of old clothing that, according to the small plaques underneath displays, were clothes that the victims were wearing when they were killed.  There were a few knives, a couple handguns, and even a machete that apparently were used in various murders. I did find this interesting, but I found myself becoming a little bit overwhelmed. Thinking about all of the victims got me thinking about my own mother. I didn't spend too much longer in this room because I was becoming increasingly uncomfortable. I moved through the large number of display cases, trying to avoid looking at what was contained inside, and I moved to another door. This one was a bit larger than the previous, and it was painted a dark red color. I opened the door and stepped into the next room, worried about what I might find. I walked in, and the first thing I noticed was the large glass case that stood in front of me. Inside was a small car, a Volkswagen Golf, I think it was. I quickly read that this car was used to lure victims and then they would be killed inside of the car. I felt a chill run down my spine when I realized people were killed inside this car. I turned away, and that's when I saw it. The shrunken head. It was sitting in a small glass case across the other side of the room. I'd heard of shrunken heads before, and I'd seen a few photos of them, but I'd never seen one in real life. I excitedly walked over to it and had a look at the small shriveled head that was staring back at me. I looked at the head and had a sudden sense that I recognized it. I looked closer, and even though the head was a lot smaller than usual, shriveled and it was hard to make out any facial features, I could still tell exactly who this used to be. It was Ellie, my friend from school, who told me about the museum. I knew that she'd come here yesterday, and I hadn't spoken to her since, and I suddenly knew that something terrible had happened. I stood there frozen for a minute. I didn't know what to do. What had happened to Ellie yesterday at this museum? The same thing happened to me. I didn't even want to think about it. All I knew was that I had to get out of there. I began to run back the way I came and tried to open the dark red-colored door that I'd entered through. It was locked from this side. It was only open to people coming through, but you couldn't go back through it once you'd already entered. All I could do was keep on going through the museum. No one else was around, and I hadn't seen anyone for quite a while, which was strange, because there were definitely people lining up behind me. I knew that I had to continue, so I ran to the next door that was on the other side of the room, past the shrunken head. I didn't look at it as I ran past. I made it to the next door, a small green door. I opened it and went through. I could see that this room was empty, apart from rows of pots, all sitting on top of small portable gas stoves. I cautiously approached the first pot, and I had a look inside. I just had to know what was in there, and once I knew I really wish I hadn't, inside the pot, looking back at me, was another head that was boiling inside of it. I could already see that this head was slightly smaller than when I'd seen it last. It was the small bird tattoo on the head's face that made me realize who I was looking at. I knew that this man entered before me, and somehow his head was now getting boiled inside a pot, getting shrunk inside of a pot. Suddenly there was a noise behind me, and I saw a masked man walk out of the door that was hidden in the corner of this room. He was heading straight towards me, and he was holding a machete. I knew that it was now my turn to become just a head, just a shrunken head. I felt adrenaline racing through my body, and I began to sprint in the opposite direction of the man who was approaching me. I managed to run to the other side of the room, past the row of boiling pots. I saw that there was a small door on this side. But the man with the machete was close to reaching me now. I quickly turned the door knob and, luckily, it opened. I felt sunlight hit my face. I was outside. I started to run, and I kept running, trying to get back to the front of the library and then as far away as possible. I was still expecting the door I'd come through to swing open and the masked man to run out, but it never did. When I got back to the front, I saw that there was no lineup of people waiting to enter. I probably wouldn't have stopped to warn them, even if there was a line. I just knew that I needed to get as far away from this place as possible, and that's exactly what I did. I did go to the police about what I experienced, and they rushed down to the museum, just in case what I was saying was true. When the police arrived, the library was empty, everything was gone, the newspaper cuttings, the weapons, the car, and the shrunken head. I do not know where they all went, but all I know is that they have left my town. Ellie is still classified as missing, and the police say that no one knows what's happened to her.


The first question is from Tom Arthur, please. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I remind the chamber that I am a member of the Musicians Union and a co-chair of the collective learning partnership group within the Parliament. To ask the Scottish Government how it supports trade unions to deliver skills, training and lifelong learning. Trade unions play a key role in supporting the learning needs of workers. That is why, in 2019-20, we are maintaining £2.262 million to Scottish Union Learning to support workforce development and £100,000 for its fair work leadership and equalities programme. Scottish Union Learning is also using £85,000 to provide over 2017-2019 from Scotland's allocation of the national cybersecurity programme fund to build the cyber resilience capacity of unions. I thank the minister for that answer and the Government's continued commitment to Scottish Union Learning. Given that the quickening pace of change in the world of work, driven by increasing automation and greater adoption of artificial intelligence technologies, could mean that those entering the labour market today may be employed in a range of different and varied jobs over their working lives. Does the minister agree that trade unions can play a valuable role in ensuring that Scotland's workforce is supported in skills development through what has been characterised by some as coming forth industrial revolution? In respect of that last point, this area has to be an increased focus of our activity, a major area of our activity in relation to the wider skills system. We need to make sure that we are well placed to respond to the challenges and, indeed, the opportunities that automation presents. Our first future skills action plan will publish shortly. The work that we are taking forward in the national retraining partnership will feed into that more widely. However, one of the things that we are discussing is that the strategic labour market group that I chair is that where we have more cohesive labour markets, we have good industrial relations. The workforce is less fearful of the impact of automation. Trade unions are hugely important in this agenda. Indeed, the Scottish Union Learning initiative is important as well. Are there members in the chamber when I said that the clocks are running at real time, but I have a clock here that is telling me exactly the time that people are taking? As we go on, it is something to do with stage 3 continuing. Do not ask me what it means. I do understand that it is ridiculous, but there we go. To ask the Scottish Government how many equal schools there are in the Stirling Council area. There are currently 27 equal schools in the Stirling Council area. Does the cabinet secretary agree with me that it is the younger generations who are going to suffer most from the effects of climate change, particularly if we allow our planet to continue to be harmed in the way that it has been? Therefore, what more schools can do to educate young people about the importance of protecting our delicately balanced natural environment? The nature of curriculum for excellence is that it relies heavily on the concept of interdisciplinary learning. Understanding climate change encompasses, through the broad general education and understanding of science, about the life in the outdoors, about the use of resources, about the science behind all the questions of use of resources. It is a broad opportunity for that to be the case. This morning, I launched the learning for sustainability action plan, which reinforces many of those concepts. I was delighted by the cross-sectoral endorsement that we have had for this work, and it provides a great opportunity for schools to take forward the vital work that equal schools have taken forward throughout many schools in Scotland, which creates the very clear aspirations within young people in our society for urgent action to tackle climate change that this Government is determined to do. To ask the Scottish Government whether it will provide an update regarding the status of the new school butterstone. The proprietor of the new school butterstone, which provided education and care for 24 learners, closed the school on 23 November 2018. The priority of the local authorities was then to ensure that a long-term solution was in place for every young person. Every family was offered support and education by their local authority, including alternative places or interim provision. Moorhouse, who operated another independent school, has successfully registered an independent day school on the same site as the former new school of butterstone. As a result, the butterstone house school was registered on 9 May 2019 and opened its doors to 13 students for secondary school provision on 13 May. 11 pupils previously attended the new school butterstone. Mark Ruskell? I thank the cabinet secretary for that response, but he will be aware, of course, that many families are still looking for answers, particularly about why their children did not receive education for over six months in some cases. Will the Government commit to supporting an independent inquiry into the actions of Perth and Kinross Council, the Care Inspectorate and Education Scotland's actions in inspecting, reporting and advising on the closure of the new school? That is an issue to which I am now giving consideration. I indicated to families that my priority was to ensure that young people had continuity of education. As I said in my earlier answer, every effort was made to make sure that that could be in place, but I acknowledge that that is difficult for a number of the young people involved because of the very specific nature of the education that they received at the new school butterstone. I am giving consideration to that point, but I highlight to Mr Ruskell and the chamber that the priority has always been to ensure that young people are educated in a safe environment, an appropriate educational environment. The inspectorates have particular statutory functions to exercise in that respect, and at no stage did any of the inspectorates, either the emergency inspectorate of education or the care commission, require the closure of the new school butterstone. I am very happy to put that point on the parliamentary record today. Thank you, cabinet secretary. You would be very helpful if I may say so. Over the new school issue, it has, as you know, raised questions about the availability of places within special schools, and particularly whether all the places that are available are being taken up. I ask what the Scottish Government is doing to have discussions with local authorities to ensure that there is an awareness of how many places are available at any one time and whether they are actually being taken up. There are a number of points in that very legitimate question, because Liz Smith will appreciate that there is a fine judgment to be arrived at as to the appropriateness of mainstream educational provision for all young people. If mainstream education is not addressing the needs of young people, what specific characteristics of education should be available to them. Of course, there is a range of special educational provision available in Scotland. We have to be satisfied, and local authorities have to satisfy themselves by statute that they are best meeting the needs of every individual child by the decisions that they take in consultation with families. As Liz Smith will know, we are looking at the whole area of the deployment of the mainstreaming principle and all the issues that she raises are legitimate issues to be considered as part of that process. I will, of course, keep the Parliament updated about how those discussions with local authorities take their course. To ask the Scottish Government what assessment the Minister for Business, Fair Work and Skills has made of an initial and transferable skills strategy for meeting the net zero greenhouse gas emissions target. We established the Just Transition Commission, which is expertise in labour market skills, to advise ministers on the move to a net zero economy. The commission's work plan has identified skills as a key topic. Analysis of current and future labour requirements, including skills, will form an ongoing part of its considerations. I thank the minister for that answer, and he will be aware of Scottish Labour's position about the thinking that this should be on a statutory footing. I highlight that often it is the North Sea industries that are looked at in terms of a Just Transition and to give two other examples. Textiles, the opportunity to embed recycled materials into fashion and furnishing, and farming, for instance, the opportunity to embed agroforestry into the future are also issues. Can the minister update me possibly more in writing, if more appropriate, as to how assessments have been co-ordinated and the results maximised and shared in this climate and environment emergency? I am very happy to write to Ms Beamish in more detail, but I agree with the thrust of her question. We must make sure that we think about a transition to a net zero carbon economy that is not just the energy sector itself, but across all sectors. In that regard, it is going to be very important that we are geared up to ensure that our entire population is flexible and able to upskill and reskill. I agree very much with the minister, but I will be happy to write to her in more detail. To ask the Scottish Government what its position is on whether multi-level teaching is the most effective way for pupils to learn. Multi-level teaching has long been part of Scottish education and teachers are well skilled to take account of the different needs of their pupils. We want to ensure that teachers are empowered to decide what is right in their individual settings. There will be varying levels of prior attainment in any class and we have yet to see any firm evidence of educational disadvantage due to multi-level teaching. I am aware that the issue of multi-level teaching has come up in the Education and Skills Committee's inquiry into subject choice. I will of course consider the conclusions of the committee on the range of issues that it has been exploring when it reports on due course. Peter Chapman At least 26 schools in the north-east are running combined classes of three or more qualifications, including two out of the 11 Scottish schools running classes with four or more qualifications being taught at the same time. In September to start the school year, we were 140 teachers short in the north-east. Can the cabinet secretary commit to giving the north-east a fair deal and north-east kids the best possible education? I am certainly devoted to making sure that the children of the north-east of Scotland, as I am, to the children of the whole of Scotland, get a first-class education. Mr Chapman will know that there are some specific challenges in recruitment of teachers in the north-east of Scotland, and that spreads across other public services for all the issues with which he will be familiar in the north-east. I am pleased to say that we have a rising number of teachers teaching in Scottish education, with teacher numbers at the highest level that they have been at since 2010. I am determined to make sure that we have in place the resources and the approaches. That is why I have invested to support the delivery of the e-school venture, which is designed to deliver flexible approaches to learning to meet the needs of young people who are staff who are not available in all circumstances. I am glad to see a number of mainland local authorities using the e-school venture, which is a great development from Western Ars Council and which is actively supported by the Scottish Government. Evidence given to the Education and Skills Committee from teachers noted that multi-level teaching is becoming commonplace. Every school represented had instances of it, with some commenting that teaching successfully in such circumstance is almost impossible. If the cabinet secretary is right that this poses no disadvantage, those teachers must be wrong. Why are they? If I look at all the evidence that the Education and Skills Committee has taken, it has taken evidence from individuals such as Dr Alan Britton from the University of Glasgow, who told the committee on 24 April that when he was teaching in Scottish secondary schools in the 1990s, he was teaching multi-level teaching. That has been a feature of Scottish education and what I look to the inspectorate to do is to look at the quality and the effectives of teaching. I cannot see in inspection reports an identification of particular problems or challenges that come with multi-level teaching. Obviously, we will continue to look at inspection evidence on this question, but I think that we have to acknowledge that this has been a characteristic of Scottish education for many years and I do not think that the educational evidence is marshald, that is disadvantaged in pupils, particularly because attainment is rising in Scottish schools. I want to get the last three questions in, so I want short supplementaries, question 6, Bob Doris. To ask the Scottish Government how it seeks to support reading opportunities for underfives across the Mary Hill and Springburn constituency. Underfives across Scotland will benefit from our transformational investment in early learning and childcare. Children in Mary Hill and Springburn are already benefiting from early phasing of the expanded offer. In addition, there are 11 equity and excellence leads currently working in the constituency. Those additional graduate professionals provide support to children in our most disadvantaged communities, including support with literacy. As well as that, we have the boot bug programme, which delivers free sessions across Scotland, including in Springburn library, and we have invested £7 million in the play-talk read campaign on the importance of playing, talking and reading with children in the early years. I thank the minister for that answer, and I know that the Scottish Government has a partnership with the Imagination Library, but so does the Blockhouse Association in my constituency provide free reading books to all under five children every single month, direct to all resident children in the Blockhouse Association area. It is a fantastic scheme. Will the minister meet me, the Blockhouse Association and the Imagination Library to hear how the successful partnership with the Blockhouse Association has been with the young people? I think that the minister has got the message, Mr Doris. I will do a bit of that. No, no, no. Finally, do not try that on. No, she got half the message, Presiding Officer. Sit down, please. Sit down, please. Sit down. Minister. Yes, I am aware of the Dollypartner Imagination Library on a personal basis. I am a huge fan of her music, but her passion for reading and the work that she has done to improve literacy has been incredible and worldwide. The initiative was launched in Scotland in 2011, and the Scottish Government has been providing funding to date for this programme to operate nationally. In the last year, 33,451 books were provided to 2,309 looked after and adopted children aged not to five in Scotland. I am more than happy to meet the member to discuss that further, if that would be helpful. Thank you. Thank you. Question 7, Lewis MacDonald. To ask the Scottish Government what measures it is taking to ensure that Scottish students can access medical school places at Scottish universities. Minister Richard Lochhead. The Scottish Government is taking a number of measures to ensure that Scottish students from across all sectors of society can access medical places. We are, for instance, funding 50 ring-fence wedding access places, focused on the 20 per cent of most deprived wards and applicants from there. We are also increasing numbers from 40 to 50 as of 2019 on our targeted pre-medical entry courses, focused on social disadvantage, as well as remote and rural applicants. Thank you very much. I have raised a case recently where a young person was offered a place as an international fee-paying student, but when his residency led to him being reclassified as a home student, the offer was withdrawn. Does the minister agree with me that that is simply unacceptable and discriminates against my constituent? Minister. Well, as autonomous institutions, universities and colleges, of course, have responsibility for managing their own affairs. That includes decisions made on the fee status of individual students and institutions of sessions based on criteria laid out in regulations and on evidence provided by the students themselves. As a result, on rare occasions, those decisions can vary from institution to institution. Clearly, in the case cited by Lewis MacDonald, the institution concerned has taken a particular decision on who or who is not a home-based fee-paying student. Therefore, I take it that he has raised the issue with the institution, but, of course, if he feels that there is anything that I should do to investigate it, he should send me the details and I will do that. Question 8, Maureen Watt. Thank you, Presiding Officer. To ask the Scottish Government what the criteria are for people applying to university who have left to remain when assessing their home or overseas status. Well, as autonomous bodies, it is for universities themselves to determine the tuition fee status of students who apply for higher education courses in accordance with the education fees Scotland regulations of 2011. Eligibility for home rate fees is determined with reference to an applicant's residence rather than a nationality or place of birth. Maureen Watt. I thank the minister for that reply. I have a family in my constituency who came to this country in 2002 and have all left to remain. Two of their children currently attend university and receive home fees. However, when their daughter applied for higher education, certain universities and colleges classed her as an overseas student, meaning that she would have to pay fees. Therefore, does the minister not agree that the criteria should be applied equally over Scotland, all Scotland's higher institutions? Well, I think that this question is similar to the previous question as well. I should reiterate that there are residency rules that are laid out in legislation and set out eligibility for tuition fee and living cost loan support. As I said before, we are speaking about autonomous institutions, and there are, however, rare occasions where those decisions vary from institution to institution, so perhaps I could make a similar offer and ask Maureen Watt to send me more details about that particular case. If there is a case for my intervention to have more consistency across institutions, I will certainly look at that very carefully. Thank you. That concludes Portfolio Questions. I will have a short pause before we move on to the next item of business.


To the journey, to the moon itself, history proves that we have never lost by pressing the limits of our frontiers. Last July, President Bush sent new goals for America's space program when he announced the National Space Exploration Initiative. First for the coming decade for the 1990s, space station freedom, our critical next step in all our space endeavors, and next for the new century, back to the moon, back to the future, and this time back to stay. And then a journey into tomorrow, a journey to another planet, a manned mission to Mars. Inspired by the President's declaration, research into ways of permanently returning to the moon and exploring Mars as accelerating throughout government industry and academia. Inflatable modules protected by lunar soil and linked together to form an expandable base are under study. To explore Mars, engineers are looking into a number of robotic rovers that could serve as pathfinders for manned missions. In this scenario, a Mars spaceship is assembled in orbit using a robot arm. Every launch vehicle's haul up its major components. Once the ship is complete, a shuttle brings in the flight crew, and the journey begins. Upon reaching the planet, a crew carrying lander separates from the mother ship. Guided by information from an earlier rover mission, it is steered to a pre-planned touchdown spot, providing a base for Mars operations. To ensure that no approach to building a lunar base and exploring Mars is available, NASA Administrator Richard Trulie recently launched a nationwide outreach program, seeking new and innovative ideas. The program includes more than 3,200 letters from Trulie to universities and professional societies, an announcement to industry and commerce business daily, a review of federally sponsored research, and a study by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. NASA has even established this toll-free telephone number for anyone who would like to submit an idea. The outreach effort offers this country's best and brightest a chance to help shape the future of man in space, station freedom, a lunar base, and journey to Mars, a comprehensive plan to extend human presence in space.


States. Thank you very much here to welcome Catherine Ortega as our new United States treasurer. Also with us today are three former treasurers, Bayview Cannon, Francis Neff, and instead we're congratulating someone already on the team for moving up. Catherine Ortega has been a commissioner on the copyright royalty tribunal and a member of our advisory committee on small and minority business ownership. Must be very proud of you today. I certainly am. You prove to all of us that the American dream is alive and well. Catherine is the youngest of nine children and comes from a family whose heritage is the stuff of which novels are made. She comes after a successful career as a certified public accountant. She became the first woman bank president in Cality was born a Republican. That's better than me. I'm only a convert. Well, it's if you will oversee a budget of $340 million and supervise over 5000 employees on Ortega. So let's get on to the main event and then I understand we'll get a chance to see her put her signature to good use this obligation freely without any mental reservation or purpose of the nation and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office. Mr. Secretary distinguished guest, the number of messages I have received since my nomination for treasure of the United States from people across the country from all has extended you his hand with a prestigious position as Treasurer of the United States father as well as my mother. Thank you. Former Treasurer is the United States who are here will recognize what the Catherine Davalos Ortega is doing is putting specimens of her signature that will later be translated to separate notes with a value of about $60 billion. I want to say my friend, nice to see you again. Nice to see you, sir. Thank you, welcome. This is our minister, the ambassador. The minister. And that's our ambassador. Nice to see you. Well, thank you. Thank you. Good job there. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Well, we think we have a good package. Some flexibility and I, as I say, and I think that the build-up of the idea is reasonable and it certainly is a result of the bipartisan increase in that. And I think, as a matter of fact, that we do have the Congress pretty much now where we're trying to have them, where we want to be on this. So, the debates over the time has come to here. It's our enthusiasm about the Martin Luther King holiday film. Are you enthusiastic about the lights today? Thank you. It's a photo opportunity. No questions. Thank you. Thank you. Have a good day. Let's go. Let's go. Let's go. Let's go. Let's go. Let's go. Let's go. Well, you know, we've been consulting with your colleagues and some of you here about the and with the government for these past few months on the arms control matters, and the flexibility to change. At least a few of you here have heard a great deal about this. I think that we've made some decisions. And yesterday we sent Ambassador Brownie on his way with some new instructions and additional provisions to put on the table. And it's vital that we have a united front. I think it's the only way that we're going to keep the Soviets from dragging this.