You're listening to the Naked Bible Podcast. To support this podcast, go to nakedbiblepodcast.com and click on the support link in the upper right-hand corner. If you're new to the podcast and Dr. Heizer's approach to the Bible, click on newstarthere at nakedbiblepodcast.com. Welcome to the Naked Bible Podcast, episode 90, Lake of Fire. I'm your layman, Trey Strickland, and he's the scholar. Dr. Michael Heizer. Hey Mike, how you doing? Very good. We finally are at this topic that you had, pun intended, really warmed up to last time. I've got my suntan lotion. I've got your bed puns ready. I'm ready for this. Okay. Well, this one is about, this is not an episode on the concept of hell per se, but it's obviously going to be related. What I want to deal with specifically here is where does the concept come from that really I think is best expressed in Matthew 25, 41? And let me just read that first here then say a little bit more about why I wanted to do this topic. But Matthew 25, 41 says, then he, again, God, will say to those on his left, depart from me, you cursed into the eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels. Now this is going to dovetail with some other references in the book of Revelation. For instance, Revelation 20, verse 10, the devil who had to see them was thrown into the lake of fire and in sulfur where the beast and the false prophet were. They'll be tormented day and night forever and ever. And then down on to verse 14, then death and Hades were thrown in the lake of fire. This is the second death, the lake of fire. If anyone's name was not found written in the book of life, he was thrown in the lake of fire. So this lake of fire idea is again pretty prominent there in Revelation 20. But when you go back to Matthew, there's this phrase that this was prepared for the devil and his angels. The reason I wanted to do this topic was because if you ask, well, where does that idea come from? Where are the relevant antecedents prior to the New Testament to this idea? Because there are some. And what we're going to find is that this is a specific instance where an idea in the New Testament really can only sort of derive from, let me be fair here, derive from in specific terms, from the book of Enoch. Now this again, this is a good example where the book of Enoch, what the content of Enoch, I'm not saying that Matthew was quoting the book of Enoch. I mean, I don't think, I think that says too much. But what I can say is that the idea that's floating around in Matthew's head, and of course, many other Jews in the first century, certainly has deep precedent in the book of Enoch. So we have here an instance where the content of that book, even though it's not canonical. Again, as I like to say, a book doesn't have to be canonical to be useful. But here we have a concept that very clearly goes back to Enoch. And I should tell people as we jump into this, one of the things I'm working on in terms of a book has to do with this. If we remember at the end of the episode, I can say a little bit more about that. There are a number of these instances where the New Testament very clearly goes back conceptually, if not in terms of something more like a quotation to the book of Enoch. New Testament writers were very familiar with this. It informs them. Of course, the best example is the stuff associated with the Genesis 6, 1 through 4 episode, the sons of God, the daughters of men, the Nephilim and all that stuff. Here we have one that, again, this is probably familiar to a lot of people, a lot of listeners, the lake of fire. But this concept, again, is not going to be articulated the way it is articulated in the New Testament without the influence of the content of the book of Enoch. So that's why I wanted to camp on this, again, because I think it's really worth picking one of these topics out and saying something about it. Now, if we, again, I guess the way to start here, again, is with, let's just start with the devil. Now, we know, again, who this figure is. We know that Revelation 12, for instance, again, associates the devil, that term with Satan and with the serpent, Nakash and Hebrew. Revelation 12, again, connects all these terms. It's the only time we get in the Bible where all three terms are actually aligned with each other there in Revelation 12. And if we go back to Genesis 3, you know, we certainly have the Nakash, again, the serpent in rebellion in Genesis 3. He is cast down to either the ground in some text or the erits, the earth in others. And we factor in Isaiah 14 to this with Genesis 3, where you get the rebel, again, a very clear divine rebel in Isaiah 14, cut down to the ground and, quote, brought down to shield. That's Isaiah 14, 12 and Isaiah 14, 15. So it's very clear that the divine rebel here is punished. He's put into the underworld, again, which is not a good place. We don't necessarily get a fiery description of it in the Old Testament. We do get a hint that there are other bad guys in that place, along with, again, the original rebel, the Nakash, the serpent, of course, who is called the devil in Satan in Revelation 12. And I've discussed this in Unseen Realm, but I'll just mention it here. There are passages in the Old Testament that have the Refah-eem. Again, the disembodied spirits of the Refah-eem are in the underworld. And again, they're not wonderful guys. This is not a place you want to stay. It's always the hope of the righteous to be extracted from the underworld, to be with the Lord. Again, we've talked about these things before, both on my blog and on the podcast a bit, and certainly in Unseen Realm. So you get hints of this that, okay, the devil figure is down there and there are other bad guys with him. Again, you don't really get the fiery description in the Old Testament, but at least you get, quote, unquote, the devil and his associates. Again, the Refah-eem, who were the enemy of the Israelites, descended from the Nephilim because the Refah-eem are called Anakim in Deuteronomy 2 and 3, and the Anakim are specifically linked back to the Nephilim in Numbers 13, verses 32 and 33. So we get this idea that, hey, this is where all the supernatural rebels hang out and they're not good guys. Okay. We have the kernel of this idea in the Old Testament, but when it comes to the description that we would think of, that we actually get in Revelation 20 and in Matthew 25 about this is a fiery place, a fiery place of judgment, eternal fire, okay? When we look at that description, that doesn't specifically come from the Old Testament. It does specifically come from the Book of Enoch, which combines the fiery description with the devil and his angels. So it's a very clear path that goes back through, it can be traced back through and into the content of the Book of Enoch. And so that's what I want to focus on today without repeating content that's an unseen realm about the Nephilim and the Apkalu and the Refah-eem and the Anakim and all that stuff. You can go read that, go get that on the blog. I want to focus here on, again, this specific place. So let's go to the Book of Enoch and I want to read you a few passages here. I'm going to read, I think I have three passages that I'll refer to and then they're somewhat lengthy and I want to comment on them as we go through and then we'll go back to these passages that we opened up with in Matthew and in Revelation and I think you'll be able to see very transparently again the correlation between the content of First Enoch and what's going on in these New Testament passages. So let's start in First Enoch 10. The First Enoch 10 is part of what scholars have labeled the story of the Watchers, the Book of the Watchers, that sort of thing. But we have here in First Enoch 10, beginning in verse 1, this is what we read. And again, this is in conjunction with the rebellion of the Watchers, the transgression of the Watchers, who cohabited with human women and fathered giants. The Genesis 6 one through four episodes. So here we go. Then spoke the Most High, the Great and Holy One, and he sent Assyriaal to the Son of Lamech, of course, that's Noah, saying, tell him in my name, hide yourself and reveal to him the end of what is coming for the earth and everything will be destroyed. And the deluge is about to come upon all the earth and all that is in it will be destroyed and now instruct him in order that he may flee and his seed will be preserved for all generations. And secondly, the Lord said to Raphael, bind Azazel hand and foot and throw him into the darkness. Now, Azazel in this particular version of the Sin of the Watchers story, the Genesis 6 one through four story. Azazel is the the the leader again of the bad guys, the leader of the Watchers, who initiated this this horrible transgression, bind Azazel hand and foot and throw him into the darkness. And he made a hole in the desert, which was in Duda El and cast him there. He threw on top of him rugged and sharp rocks and he covered his face in order that he may not see light. So Azazel is getting buried pretty deep here and continuing in Enoch in the order that he may be sent into the fire on the great day of judgment. Verse seven, and that it might give life to the earth, which the angels have corrupted, and he will proclaim life for the earth that he is giving life to her. So in other words, this is me talking out of this punishment of Azazel, burying him in the abyss again into the fire is part of the remedy for correcting again, healing the earth. So he will proclaim life for all the earth and he is giving life to her and continuing in the rest of verse seven and all the children of the people will not perish through all the secrets of the angels, which they taught to their sons and the whole earth has been corrupted by Azazel's teaching of his own actions and right upon him all sin and to Gabriel, the Lord said, proceed against the bastards and reprobates and against the children of adultery and destroy the children of adultery and expel the children of the watchers from among the people and send them against one another so that they may be destroyed in the fight for a length of days they have not. They will beg you for everything for their fathers on behalf of themselves because they hope to live an eternal life. They hope that each one of them will live a period of 500 years. And to Michael, God said, make known to Shem Yaza and the others who are with him, who fornicated with the women, that they will die together with them in all their defilement, and when they and all their children have battled with each other and when they have seen the destruction of their beloved ones, bind them for seventy generations underneath the rocks of the ground until the day of their judgment and of their consummation until the eternal judgment is concluded in those days they will lead them to the bottom of the fire and in torment in the prison where they will be locked up forever. And at the time when they will all burn and die, those who collaborated with them will be bound together with them from henceforth until the end of all generations and destroy all the souls of pleasure and the children of the watchers for they have done injustice to man. That's the end of the section in first Enoch 10. It was verses one through 15. Now, it's pretty obvious. Again, some of the things that we read in those New Testament passages are obviously here. You get the reference very clearly to the watchers. You get a reference very clearly to their crime and their leader, Azazel and the other one that is named as Shem Yaza. Again, are sent to the pit. They are buried. The pit is described as fiery. You get this language. It's kind of curious. You get language that both sounds eternal and some that doesn't. It sounds like they are done away with in an ending or a permanent sense. Not that their torment is eternal, but then you get the language of the eternal torment as well. You get actually both kinds of descriptions. We're going to see that in some other passages as well. But it's very clear again that this place, this place, again, this hole, this abyss, again, that is a fiery existence was initiated, was created, was carved out to use the language of the passage. This hole in the desert, again, that Raphael is commanded to create. This was all originated and created for, again, the watchers because of what they did. Now, other texts are going to have this place sort of as a part of or within or adjacent to the larger underworld. And so that's where you're going to obviously find the Nakash, the serpent, again, the original rebel and biblical languages like this, too.  Because in some cases it seems like one is sort of a subdivision of another. Like one's the apartment complex. The other one is an individual apartment. I mean, you get this language and I've talked before about how all of this language, this language of place, again, is designed. Well, let me put it this way. It's necessary because of how we have to talk about place. It's actually designating, again, the afterlife and afterlife existence or non-existence, again, depending on how you parse certain terms. There is no latitude and longitude to hell. There is no latitude and longitude for heaven. Ultimately, when you get the new heaven and the new earth, OK, when the new heaven and the new earth is basically the new heaven because heaven comes back to earth and Eden. Well, then you can sort of talk about geography there because the globe is now an eternal or entirely Eden. But prior to that, again, we're forced to use the language of place because we're embodied. We can't really talk about the afterlife in any other way. It has to be a place. And in their thinking, again, because of the concept of cosmic geography that we see in the Old Testament, where the presence of Yahweh is on earth. Well, that's the good place. That's Yahweh's dominion. That's that's that's His turf and everything outside book of Leviticus. We got into this a lot when it came to sacred space and non-sacred space. The idea was that where the presence of God is, if you're not there, then by definition, you're in the presence of some other God, some some part of the spiritual world that has now come to earth and is hostile to us and hostile to to the God of Israel. So again, you have this cosmic, geographical linkage, cosmic, geographical idea going on with respect to earthly geography. But it's really designed to telegraph, again, a larger presence or a larger idea, the presence of God versus the non-presence of God. And it's the same thing here when you get into after life talk, where the presence of God is where God is, there is life and there's eternal life. This is why we want to be with the Lord. This is why eternal life is always described as being with the Lord, being in the presence of the Lord, being in God's house. Being in heaven where God lives. Again, the larger ideas, because you can't plot latitude and longitude on this, the larger idea is if you are with the Lord, you will live forever because he has eternal life and he shares it with you. By definition, if you're not with the Lord, OK, you will not live forever. You are the polar opposite. Is that an eternal death? Is that annihilation, which is also eternal? Again, there are passages in the New Testament that can go either way. And again, this isn't a specific episode on that issue, but the idea is always the same to be absent from the Lord's presence in an afterlife sense is to not have life. By definition, you are dead. You are non-existent in relationship to the life that God has. And all of that, though, gets tied in with what happens in Genesis 6. And Enoch is very plain with that. Let's read another passage first Enoch 21. We read in verse one, starting in verse one, we'll read the first 10 verses. I came to an empty place. This is the section where Enoch is sort of doing these cosmic travels, this cosmic journey in the book. He says, I came to an empty place and I saw there neither a heaven above nor an earth below, but a chaotic and terrible place. And there I saw seven stars of heaven bound together on it or in it. You could translate that either way, like great mountains and burning with fire. At that moment, I said, for which sin are they bound? I'm going to stop here. The stars of heaven. And this is a way that angelic or divine beings are described just like in Job 38, Sons of God, Stars of God. You get this in Enoch as well. And again, we've talked about astral language for divine beings before on the podcast, so that should be familiar. But here, Enoch sees seven of these guys, seven of these stars of heaven, which turns out are actually divine beings, they're bound together in this terrible, chaotic place. And he says, at that moment, I said, for which sin are they bound? And for what reason are they cast in here? Then one of the holy angels, Oriel, who was with me, guiding me, spoke to me and said to me, Enoch, for what reason are you asking? And for what reason do you question and exhibit eagerness? Why do you want to know? These are among the stars of heaven, which have transgressed the commandments of the Lord and are bound in this place until the completion of 10 myriads of years, according to the number of their sins. I then proceeded from that area to another place. Enoch continues, which is even more terrible and saw a terrible thing, a great fire that was burning and flaming. The place had a cleavage that extended to the last sea, pouring out great pillars of fire, neither its extent nor its magnitude. Could I see nor was I able to estimate? At that moment, what a terrible opening is this place and a pain to look at. Then Uriel, one of the holy angels who was with me, responded and said to me, Enoch, why are you afraid like this? I answered and said, I'm frightened because of this terrible place and the spectacle of this painful thing. And he said unto me, this place is the prison house of the angels. They are detained here forever or in Greek unto the age. And that's that's the end of the section, one through 10. Now, again, this is even more clear than the previous passage. Very specifically, we've got here a fiery place that is here for the angels, the angels who are bound because they have committed various transgressions we know from the previous passage, specifically, again, the Genesis 6 incident. But look at the language here. This is the prison house. This is the prison of the angels. They're bound together. OK, if this sounds suspiciously like Second Peter chapter two and Jude right around verse six, again, it's not a coincidence because this is what is floating around in their head that informs those two New Testament writers as they write what they write. I mean, Second Peter two four again refers to let's just go back and look at it. Second Peter two four for if God did not spare the angels when they sinned but cast them into hell. Of course, the Greek is it's a verb for Tartarus, Tartarao cast them into Tartarus and committed them to chains of gloomy darkness to be kept until the judgment. If God didn't spare the angels, he's not going to spare these false teachers. It's very clearly harkening back not to the Old Testament because there is no passage in the Old Testament, even when you get references to Sheol with the refaim there and then the Cosh, the serpent, you know, the devil there. Even when when you get afterlife depictions of the bad place with the bad guys in there, you don't get the fire, you know, the awesome fiery destruction and you don't get this language of being bound, you know, of being in prison, being in torment, that language that shows up crystal clear in the New Testament comes from Enoch. It comes right from these passages that we're reading again. So we can see how it informs again what's going on. But have you ever considered? Have you ever thought about when you're reading the book of Revelation or when you're reading Matthew 25 that you get this reference to the hellfire prepared for the devil and his angels? Chances are, if you're again a modern Christian, you never read that and think of 2 Peter 2.4. You never read that and really think of anything because you have not been taught, you have not been exposed to the fact that this language does come from somewhere and actually would make sense to New Testament readers because they are familiar with this material. They know that, OK, the false teachers are going to end up exactly where the watchers are. If we do not embrace the gospel, if we reject Christ, that's where we're going to be. We're going to be with them. OK, we're going to have the same fate as them. And this place, again, was originally prepared for there is a realm of the dead. There is a bad underworld, a bad afterlife place because of what the Nacosh did and because of what the watchers did.  Or that's the time we need to build the special compartment, the special place, this abyss thing that that's even worse than worse than the normal hell. You know, let's look at what we just read in 1st Enoch 21. Enoch does see a place, this fiery place. He sees a great, chaotic and terrible place. The seven stars of heaven bound together in it like great mountains burning with fire and he asks, why are they bound like this? Well, then he proceeds and he goes to another place, verse seven, which is even worse, even more terrible and saw a terrible thing, a great fire that was burning and flaming. And this one's huge, great pillars of fire.  So again, you have this sense that there's this place, but there's this place within a place that's even worse. And it turns out that that's the place, again, that the watchers are associated with specifically. Let's look at one more. This comes from 2nd Enoch. This is the Slavonic version of the book of Enoch called Second Enoch by scholars. And we read this again here, you know, again, Enoch being shown certain things. We read in 2nd Enoch 10, starting with the first verse, those men carried me to the northern region and they showed me there a very frightful place and all kinds of torture and torment are in that place. Cruel darkness and lightless gloom.  Fire here, freezing ice there. Now we get even ice thrown into it and it dries up and it freezes. A very cruel place of detention and dark and merciless angels carrying instruments of atrocities, torturing without pity. Verse four, and I said, well, well, how very frightful this place is. And those men said to me, this place, Enoch, has been prepared for those who do not glorify God, who practice on earth the sin, which is against nature.  Basically, all this horrible stuff that people do. Again, if you don't have like we talked about last week on the podcast about this record that God has, if the record of your sin stands, if it has not been covered by the gospel, then these things, your sins are the basis of why you wind up divorced, estranged from God in this place. And here we get sort of a kind of a grocery list of all this in second Enoch. Verse six, again, who's here? Those who did not acknowledge their creator, but bow down to idols, which have no souls, they can neither seen or hear. They are vain gods. They construct images and bow down to vile things made by hands for all these. This place has been prepared as an eternal reward. Again, so this gives you a bit more of a description. The reason I wanted to mention this is because that among this list are these all of these specific elements of the things that the watchers taught to people, according again to the book of first Enoch, you know, the Aramaic and Greek version, what we call first Enoch, and this is the Slavonic version, second Enoch, all the among these things that are listed here are the sins of the watchers. So I wanted to throw this in because, again, the basis of the condemnation is not only as we read in the in the previous passage, first Enoch 21, it's not only the fact that the watchers sinned and taught humanity certain things that God didn't want them to teach humanity, certain things that corrupted them and corrupted the whole earth. Again, that's why the watchers there, but the people who trafficked in these things and were corrupted by them and gloried in them and practiced them and imitated them and passed them on and transmitted them and amplified again, the wickedness again, that's why this list is there. And so again, it links humanity. It links human beings again, who still have these things on their account because again, every human sins and the solution for that, of course, is the gospel on the cross and the New Testament. And it's fair to say some of the pseudopigrapher because some of it has Christian elements in it, too, even to the point of messianic talk, Christology talk, but it links all of that. It links the ubiquitous iniquity of humanity back to the watchers. And so everybody, the people who engage in these things and those who brought these things to earth and spread them among men, all of them deserve the same destiny. So you take these three passages sort of in tandem. And you have, again, you have an afterlife idea. You have this place that's bad, the realm of the dead. This is where the dead go. I didn't I didn't read it to you. But in first Enoch 22, after Enoch sees the terrible abyss within the not not so terrible, but really awful, fiery place, the next chapter deals with something called the mountain of the dead. Again, this is where the dead gather. This is the realm of the dead. And you have, again, the Lord of the dead there who is who is Satan, the devil. You know, you have all of these things. These are they're all part of the same complex of ideas. And they're condensed into some of these passages we read when we started our episode, this whole thing about hellfire being created for, quote, you know, the devil and his angels and ultimately humans who are unredeemed and who do not have their sin taken care of by the gospel. They wind up in the same place. But that place exists because of divine rebellion. It exists because of the devil. It exists because of the kosh what he did. And it exists because of what the watchers did. So this language, again, has very clear antecedents, very clear reference points back into this literature that few Christians are ever exposed to. And frankly, let me let's be honest. In most churches, you would be discouraged, again, from reading books like Enoch. But these books informed the New Testament writers and specifically when it comes to something like this doctrine, again, if we want to call it this doctrine of hellfire and the Godless afterlife has very clear precedence. And so, you know, what I want you to what I wanted to do here again, was show a very clear example of how Enochian material takes a little bit from the Old Testament. Again, the divine rebellions, Genesis three, Genesis six, one through four, and the reference to the refie being in Sheol and all that. Enoch, of course, expands a lot of that. But that is the material that New Testament writers have also read. The New Testament writers are familiar with their Old Testament and they're familiar with this stuff, too. And it helps them in certain passages like Second Peter two, four and Jude six, where we have the, you know, the angels that sinned. There is no other candidate for an angelic sin other than Genesis six, one through four. There is no passage that puts a angelic rebellion prior to creation or anything like that, even though lots of Christians believe that, that basically comes from paradise loss, not your Bible. There is only one candidate and it goes back to Genesis six, one through four. And so that and the whole concept of what this place, again, the awful place, the awful afterlife place is like, comes from this material. And so it would be a good idea. Again, if we're familiar with this so that we can understand again, what's going into all this thinking, it's why to expand a little bit more. It's why Second Peter and Jude, again, not coincidentally, same two books, Second Peter and Jude and even a little bit of First Peter. So the same writers. It's why they also compare false teachers to the angels that sin, because the angels through their teaching corrupted humanity. And so for Peter and Jude, what false teachers in their own day are doing is a mimicking of what the watchers did. They are corrupting people. They are misleading people. OK, and so that's why their destiny is described in these terms. That's why Peter and Jude use the Genesis six event again, articulated as it is through the through the material of First Enoch. It's why they make the comparison. It's the whole basis of the comparison to portray these teachers as the watchers. And so the rhetoric is quite effective.  When Peter and Jude come along and say, hey, if you want to align yourself with the watchers, because that's essentially what these guys are, they're just like the watchers. Then you're going to wind up where they did. I mean, it's really, again, some scary theological rhetoric, but it comes from, again, a little bit in the Old Testament, but also these books in between the Book of First Enoch. So I think it's a good example to get us into some of this material because it does help, again, inform our thinking helps us to read some of these passages a little bit better and see, again, a little bit more of what the writers were thinking when they struck these analogies and when they drew on this imagery. Yeah, it's interesting going into Enoch. I enjoy going into that. It's a lot of interesting stuff. And the more you read of it, the more you see where little bits of it bleed into, especially New Testament passages or are drawn from Old Testament stuff. But it really bleeds into New Testament in certain places. We can, as I alluded to at the beginning, you know, there's something I'm actually working on that relates to this. We can talk about that or not. Sure. But yeah, I think I can say this much. I'm working on a manuscript, a book manuscript that I'm going. I'm tentatively calling Subduing Hermon. And the subtitle is the importance of the of the Watcher's story for New Testament theology. And so what I'm what I'm basically going to do is I'm going to take a bunch of things that are found in Enoch and show how just like this one, how they are sort of the backstory for certain things we read in the New Testament and some of it, not a whole maybe, maybe half, but probably less of that material showed up in Unseen Realm. But there's a lot that I didn't put in Unseen Realm that is going to go in this book, but this is again, just an illustration of the kind of thing that the more familiar you are with this material, the more sense you can make, the more connections you can make when you get into the New Testament. Yeah, it's interesting. So this isn't the sequel to the Unseen Realm. No, no. Subduing Hermon is going to be a standalone book and it's focused entirely on on why why why first Enoch, specifically the Watcher's story, why that's important for understanding the New Testament. We've got some time here, Michael. Would you like to give real briefly a little backstory of why Enoch is not included in the canon? Sure. I mean, Enoch was defended by a few early church fathers, early church figures. Tertullian, Tertullian irony is some of that they went back and forth. You know, do we do we think it should be and do we think not? It had some defenders among that sort of core group of early church fathers. But it was that there's a real I've alluded to this before in lectures. But I'm trying to remember which one it is. Is it Irenaeus or Tertullian? Can't remember exactly. It might be Tertullian, but he gets to the end of his life and he's been defending Enoch and the people he's writing to knows how he feels about the book of Enoch that he thinks that it should be a sign, you know, canonical or sacred status to the community. And he actually he actually says, you know, this is me paraphrasing. And this is something I'm going to put into the book and actually quote the passage and passages like it.  And I guess I was wrong because and the way he concludes he's wrong is that he attributes, you know, the the consensus to the work of the Holy Spirit. He says, look, we're all believers here and the Spirit of God. We have to believe that he would lead, you know, his family, his children and mass to the right conclusion about, you know, which books can be traced to apostolic authority and ought to be embraced, you know, as sacred to us. And I'm basically the only one sitting here still arguing this point. So I have to conclude that I was wrong and I'm going to let it go. You know, I've never won one the day. It never it never garnered a lot of support. But the reason that it got any support was because people knew and understood that it informed certain things in the New Testament. Irenaeus, you know, actually references it a good bit when he talks about Antichrist, you know, when he talks about certain things in the Book of Revelation, he goes right back to the Book of Enoch, you know, as his as his proof text, you know, for some of the things he's preaching. So they were willing to use it and they didn't feel any quam about that because, well, hey, we can use it because Peter and Jude used it. Duh. And again, it didn't mean to them that it had to be inspired because, look, the New Testament quotes lots of books. Paul quotes Greek secular poets five or six times. The Old Testament quotes the Baal cycle. It doesn't mean the Baal cycle is inspired. OK, it just means that it's useful to make some either theological point or polemic point or useful to make some argument in whatever direction. And it's the same thing with Enoch. It's useful for talking about false teachers in this case, you know, what happened to the angels that sinned because the New Testament writers knew that people were familiar with this material. And so by using it, they could communicate their ideas much more clearly. I mean, let's put it this way. It's better to quote something or use something that, you know, your readers are familiar with, as opposed to quoting or using something that nobody's ever heard of before. That doesn't make any sense to do that. It makes perfect sense to borrow something to use something that has illustrative power to create that connection in the minds of your readers so that they get the point you're trying to argue. But that was where Enoch stood. It never it never got acceptance. There was never a big fight over it that had a few defenders. I don't think it should be canonical, but frankly, I don't care. You know, and I've told congregations this or places where I've lectured. Look, I understand why the questions asked, but I don't care about the question because a book does not have to be canonical to A, be useful and to B, to be used by a biblical writer. They're not restricted to canonical material to make their point. We could go through real carefully, hold the New Testament and come up with dozens of citations of sources that people who love Enoch and try to argue that it should be in the canon. Trust me, you don't want the Baal cycle there and you'd never argue for it. You don't want some Egyptian text in there. You don't want some Canaanite text in there. It's just that people who try to make this argument or make it a big issue are not aware that both testaments quote lots of other stuff, that they would never in their wildest dreams think should be part of the Bible. And Enoch falls into that as well, you know, just because it's useful, just because they quote it doesn't mean it has to be the same status. It wasn't, but they valued it anyway. I think that's the most important part. People just do not think or take the time to think that the writers of the Bible drew upon or read other things in their time. I mean, they think if it's not in the Bible, that's it. I mean, they don't even take the time to consider other material outside of the Bible. And that's such a shame because you're it is. Yeah, it's such a disservice to learning all that you can. Well, I've I've said before, you know, it's worth repeating. I think some things I say are actually worth repeating. But this one I think really is important that when you what you're doing when you do that is is you're unconsciously sort of opting for this, again, paranormal view of inspiration. When you strip the Bible of its humanity, you know, hey, they read things and those things help them write when you strip the Bible of its humanity, you actually undermine the doctrine of inspiration because then you reduce it to the writers who have blank minds and their hands and arms are waving around like automatic writing and they don't even know what they're producing. They don't even understand a good bit of it. It just sort of comes out of the ether through their arms and their fingers. And it just makes them like vegetables. It makes them like functioning vegetables in this process we call inspiration. And that is not the picture that you get in the Bible for this activity. And it certainly doesn't reflect the result, you know, what we actually read in Scripture. And it really is a disservice. I agree completely. And you don't take away the divinity of the Bible. No, by doing that, right? God was either in the process or he wasn't. You know, God either prepared these people for the moment, the place and the time that he wanted them to be and to produce this this book, whatever it is, book of Romans, book of whatever, God prepared them at every point in their lives for that moment. You know, he is the unseen hand behind it all. So there either is an unseen hand or there ain't. So you don't need dictation. You don't need, again, this ex files paranormal ish view of inspiration to have an active, crucial, unseen hand behind the whole thing. But if you divorce the humanity from the process, you've got a cartoonish view of what happens with Scripture. And good luck with that. Just good luck with that. It will never stand up under scrutiny in terms of the content that's actually in the thing. All right, Mike. Well, speaking of Canon, what is going on with your YouTube channels? Well, I want to alert people. There are I've posted a few videos. I'm actually working on what I'm calling Divine Council 101 class, Divine Council 101 series, you know, and I'm trying to chop up in videos.  But, you know, with screen capturing, of course, there's video of me, but I'm taking a stab at taking my content and putting it into video form. That's for free on YouTube. So I'm I'm three episodes in at this point. And I want people to go watch those, go look them up on YouTube. I posted them on my blog, you know, with links.  I mean, granted, it's just me. OK, I I don't really know what I'm doing, but it's it's it's better than what I was doing a year ago. But I want people to watch that and sort of get a little bit of a vision for, OK, if if if Mike's nonprofit can actually take off, if Mike really had time and resources to hire someone more competent than himself to produce things like this, I could produce a truckload of material, not just written, but also in video. And again, people can access it for free. You can send it to people that, you know, need the content for free. So as I've talked before, at the end of previous podcast episodes, the nonprofit, again, is about scale. I'm always going to do something, whether I whether I'm funded, whether I have a nonprofit or not. I've been doing this for 10 years. I'm always going to produce something for people in the way of biblical content. But if you want more in quantity, if you want better in quality, if you want it to scale, again, you need to support McClott, you need to support the podcast, because that's the only way it's going to happen. And these are sort of examples of kind of where it begins, just to give you an idea of what could be done.  Again, just just get a little vision for some of the things we might be doing, might be able to do in the future. And also speaking of scaling McClott, we've got a Fern and Audrey update and I alluded to it last podcast, but I think there's some exciting opportunity to hear, Mike. Yeah, the Fern and Audrey episode, I think it's episode 68, has really, again, it's our most listened to episode. It's drawn a lot of response from people who need their help. If you're not familiar with what I'm talking about, like, who are they and what do they do, go listen to the episode. And again, there will be links on my website to that. And also, of course, just go to NakedBiblePodcast.com and look up the episode 68, but a lot of people out there need their help. Their schedule is anywhere from full to crossing into overwhelmed. But the real problem is that a lot of people need financial help to get to them. And once they're there, Fern and Audrey have to put them up. They do this full time. This is their income as people are able to pay them for service. So what we have endeavored to do here is to create another crowd sourcing campaign, go fund me campaign, that sort of thing to raise money, not for the operation of the podcast and of McClot proper. But this is the kind of thing other than delivering content that we want McClot to be able to do. We want to be able to assist people financially who need something like what Fern and Audrey do. People in trauma, for any number of reasons, they have a backlog of people who need to go visit them and can't afford to do it. And so we're going to try again to raise the money. It's going to come in incrementally and it will be given out incrementally to get people to them for the help they need. So again, please support the effort, support the campaign to raise money for that. And again, support the podcast as well. But every once in a while, we're going to have these sort of special projects. And if you're familiar with my novels, where the name of the nonprofit comes from McClot, this is actually in the novel story. There's a character in there, Fern, of course, who does this kind of thing. And it's real. I mean, people people need this help. People can get help, but a lot of people are without the resources to do so. So we would ask you to contribute to that so that people can can get to them and move on with their life, get some resolution, get some healing. Yeah, I'm excited to be able to help people who I can't imagine. There's not too many outlets for help. No, there isn't. Is probably to the most experienced people able to help people in these extreme situations and McClot's in a position to help these people with our listeners and everybody out there. So I'm personally really excited to be able to help people in this type of need who otherwise probably wouldn't get help. Yeah, and that's a good point. I mean, we we have an audience.  There's the website. People know who I am because I've been online for a long time. Fern and Audrey are essentially underground. I mean, they don't release their personal information. They don't have a website. They don't have, you know, a Facebook thing for fairly obvious reasons. Again, if you go listen to the episode, you'll figure that out pretty quickly. But we do have the audience here. And so we're in the position to try to get them resources so that they can get it to the people who need it and can bring them to their location. And they don't have to worry that their clients, the people who need the help, don't have to worry about the expense. And with that, Mike, next week is another Q&A episode. Yep. Here we go. What is what number is that? I know you're going to ask me that. Is it number? It might be number 10. I'm thinking we're in double digits. So boy, how time flies. Yeah, really? And I've gotten a lot of questions, which is good. So the queue is filled back up, but we're still getting to the ones a few months ago. And I'll probably add a couple of recent ones because a little bit more relevant, what we've been talking about here in the last few episodes. So I'll sprinkle a mixture of both. And yeah, so we're we're plugging away. We're 10 to go to that 100 milestone. So we still need to brainstorm and something special for that episode. Yeah. Well, if this was a video podcast, I just bring my plug on. That would be special. Need something that nobody's going to be able to see a pug, Mike. A little bit more exciting when you haven't met my pug. OK, sure. OK. All right, Mike, was there anything else you'd like to add? No, I think we're done. OK. Well, I just want to thank everybody for listening to the Naked Bible Podcast. Thanks for listening to the Naked Bible Podcast. To support this podcast, visit www.nakedbibleblog.com. To learn more about Dr. Heizer's other websites and blogs, go to www.brmsh.com.


This CIO Minute is sponsored by Tegile Systems. The CIO has a really holistic view of the institution and that direction you're running in. So it's really important to work across the functional areas of the college to help them succeed and also to bring in that IT expert that's going to provide that safety net as you explore and experiment with these new ideas. The consumerization of IT is real and it has changed IT but I think rather than decreasing that need for structured IT it in fact has increased that need. There's so many systems and solutions and applications coming to the campus that it's really important to have that kind of that DNA requirements driven structure of IT present so that you can connect the various systems, share that data across the campus, but also maximize that investment that your institution has really made to benefit everyone. So take a moment before your next step. Be sure you bring along that good experience you have. Be sure you take that great knowledge you have across the institution and bring your history and mission along with you and then most importantly enjoy the abundance of opportunities that are there for you and for your institution. This CIO Minute is sponsored by Tejial providing flash driven enterprise storage arrays for virtualization, file services and database applications. Visit www.tejial.com that's T-E-G-I-L-E.


UFC 278 Kamaru Usman versus Leon Edwards. Number two for the welterweight title on the money line as of this recording. Usman is a minus 430. Meanwhile, Leon Edwards is the dog at plus 300. Brian, who do you have winning this one and how people might not even remember the first time they fought because it was in like 2015. And the interesting thing about this is that Leon Edwards hasn't lost since they're both totally different fighters from when they first fought. So if people are confused of why they're rematching, but I have Kamaru Usman winning here. I really waffle a bit because when you look at the odds, it's very close as to whether or not you're going to get more value, you know, picking him to win by decision versus by knockout as at least as of this recording that may separate a little bit. But the smart bet is Usman gets a decision minus 110. We're going to roll with that there. I think that when you look at how he's been lately, he's won three of his last five fights by knockout. But Leon Edwards has also never been stopped before. And I just think that he's going to tough it out for five rounds. I also think it's going to be closer than people think. So we're going to roll with Kamaru Usman here on the safe side because he's just been at another level. But I think Leon Edwards is going to push up. I'm kind of rolling with you there. I have Kamaru Usman winning this one as well. Decision, of course, is the safe bet. But you mentioned right there, three of his last five fights. He's won by knockout. That includes Jorge Mosvidal, Kobe Covington and Gilbert Burns. I think all three of those guys have better chins than Leon Edwards. As for Leon Edwards, I mean, he is a phenomenal kickboxer, a great counterpuncher. He's going to want this fight upright. But at the same time, when you go back to that first fight, Kamaru Usman really won this fight by wrestling. But the fact that Edwards has gone a lot better, he's going to want this fight upright. I could see Kamaru Usman landing a big one on him and getting the knockout victory. I also think the fact that Usman just doesn't ever get tired. His stamina is crazy. That's going to play a factor in this one as well. So I'm going to roll with Usman to win by TKO or KO at plus 260 and there's some really good value there as well. And there you have it. Thank you for watching. Remember, better your chest. Do it responsibly. Do it on Fango Sportsbook. Enjoy the fights this weekend.


Hi, I'm Elise De La Garza, Public Information Officer at Cal OES. We're in paradise when environmental recovery continues, following the devastating 2018 campfire. This week, Cal OES supported state and local partners to replant nearly 2,000 trees as part of a special environment requirement from the National Marine Fisheries Service. After the removal of hazard trees, these newly planted trees are vital for the restoration of wooded areas near streams in Butte County. And following the completion of Phase 1 of the Consolidated Debris Removal Program in El Dorado and Placer Counties, mosquito fire survivors are now able to sign up for county-led debris removal operations by filling out a right of entry form. This form allows certified wildfire cleanup crews to access private properties to clear the remaining structural fire debris. And finally, from all of us at Cal OES, have a happy and safe Thanksgiving.


What's up everybody? JC of Rajasby's casebrace.com 2021 Penini mosaic you wait for your soccer hobby to box break to random team to random country Sorry number 30 sold out as you can see I kind of missed it and they put up number 31 already But this is break number 30 and again you get 12 spots total sold Double up your names and you get two random countries from the list below So there you go. Here's a dice roll. There's a customer names. Joshua got I believe five spots and rubber onk About seven that sells it out right there. So we double up your names. There's a country's roll it It's a three to one four times. Good luck one two three Four Ronkel down to your arm is it on this three to one four times one two three Four all right, we're filling in Joshua with actually how about this? Let me just alphabetize it by customer name So you guys can see all that right there and let me alphabetize it and you guys can see who you guys got like that So move you guys want to trade Joshua Robert. I'll give you like a quick minute I Tried when to close in Tyler really quickly got a spot in the dual players break Actually, there's three earlier word spots left rex. I got a calculator wrong Since we're giving away a free spot. It's gonna end up being down to 11 when it's sold out three spots left I Didn't factor in we're giving away a free spot. So we started at 29 not 30 All right, so it looks like after the soccer break as we can get this break done. It's done a nine last You wait for your own mosaic soccer Actually a good thing though rex, you know why because that just means that the other people now Can go get a spot and it gets done even culture told up To be honest if it was stuck at 12 You know 11 looks a lot better than 12 left. Good luck guys Sancho we got John and Tom Virgil Scott McKenna and Sebastian for Poland Number 299 Which honor Ronaldo you have Robin Giovanni di Lorenzo Ricky red we got Borna Remo Vladimir Lucas Christopher Dave Camovinha and to 10 for Portugal Fabio Number to 10 Robert Ronkel there you go, buddy me some greenwood on to Fati Steven Kefler killing in Bob a Mertz No Andrew That pack filler that's right next to the Chronicles break the 2020 fat pack Chronicles That'll unlock the team random that you're in which unlocks Chronicles pick your team number two So we're about to do that soon. I think we were down to like eight left the last time I seen So once we sell that little filler to unlock the team random Then we'll run the team random give all the teams are a box and then we can do Chronicles Fernandez Adam naggy Phil Folden Cristiano Ronaldo Timo Warner, you know twin Edward Camovinha killing in Bob a Mason Greenwood on to Fati in Bob a Joe Alcancello Igor Not number The pink Undar for tuck turkey Sandra Tenali and Marco van Bastien Scripps autograph for the Netherlands You're Italian There you go So for the Netherlands that is Robert Ronkel and Turkey was Robert Ronkel. That's Robert He claimed almost all the colored cards and the ops All right guys, and there you go. That was the break. This was break number 30 again number 31 is in the store Just gonna finish penny since the us these up guys like I said number 30 wasn't the store We can run it back if you guys want guys Jaspie's case breaks calm coming up next Hopefully is a Chronicles fat pack that unlocks the team random in Chronicles football And then after that we can finally get done with Pikachu number two There should be some big hits hiding in there guys So hopefully we can get that done and again still time to maybe get another soccer break in if you guys want So appreciate it guys. Have a great night


My name is land to Goshen Let land to Goshen is that no, it's I think it's land To Goshen, what is that the expression? land to Goshen, are you the new Edwin Newman or am I? I'm part of the grammar police Edwin Newman. Edwin Newman was my go-to grammar reference. Mm-hmm I hate to say you were wrong, but the Mitch McConnell seems like a pretty nice guy You were really you know Paul Ryan. You said they wouldn't stand up for what's right, but I guess you were wrong David Time for you to reconsider those guys went to the mat. They're gonna go to the mat. So what's right? Family values I Think their hearts are in the right place and they love this country And we don't need at this point an investigation into the Comey firing and from what I understand McConnell is standing with our president Hey, both sides do it both sides to do it both sides both sides are responsible Both sides are responsible for Mike Flynn both sides. Hey Donald Trump isn't tweeting from a private server like you know who oh Thank God That's the only thing that I've been happy about was that he didn't you know all this time I said the only thing that'd be worse than this is if he missed a small tiny C and one of his emails If they tried to bury the classified information in an email to fool the person receiving it He would he might not catch that Thank God, oh my god all the stuff that she was doing of the place She was making a billion dollars a second on the Clinton Foundation unbelievable Well, they're horrible people the Clintons. She enabled him. Also. She's crooked She's crooked you're bad. Yeah about that. Yeah, who needs it. I don't need it Mitch McConnell his eyes are so beady. Well, I need the second part of this joke His eyes are so beady. Yeah, I know there's something good They're so be there. They're so close together. They often switch No, he's not cross-eyed. He's star of David. I'd Know why scientists have decided why people like him have like beady eyes.  I Don't want to say he has beady eyes, but but on Mardi Gras. I throw them at the floats That's how I don't want to say his eyes are beady, but they're available as curtains. I Don't want to say his eyes are beady, but they directed reds Hey, you know David tell me that you never told me that there was a woman in the studio when I was talking fake dirty Last time it was a lady in the studio She's a comic lady, so I direct message her I Followed her on Twitter. I direct message her and I say I guess I'll let you know I hope you weren't offended. I would never talk like that if I knew you was a woman there never heard back from her David. Thank you. Thank you David. You know why? Why because you didn't take your hat off when you sent that email to that nice lady How many times have to tell you when you were corresponding with a lady comic you you're supposed to remove your hat Oh, I didn't know that pardon me, ma'am. I had no idea. Well, if you had read Edwin Newman You would exactly you would boy Edwin Newman go ahead No, I had nothing go ahead Edwin Newman and Bill Sapphire these grammarians The PC police they're policing language and it's wrong.  Yeah, it's had a compendium of words with definitions Is that funny? But you don't go by me Since the 40s did my last joke that worked. I had a fantastic chunk It was why 2k why neither why 2k why not 2k? That's just how I opened it And then I said, let me get let me get this straight Let me get the straight and on 1999 at 11 59 and 59 seconds What is my is my clock or a turn into a kangaroo? What's gonna happen? Why 2k people? And then what happened with why 2k, you know what happened right nothing it was like the comet Cahotech take it that was like the comet Cahotech remember the comet Cahotech. Oh, no, I don't remember that Is that like a Heraldo's vault? Yes Heraldo's vault I devolved there was nothing in there with Heraldo There was nothing in there. Did you see the when they did the remake of that Heraldo looking in Al Capone's vault starring Rachel Maddow and the taxes Yes, she knew there was a she knew here's what's unforgettable. She knew she had nothing before the show She could say oh Things got lost or wasn't a big deal, but you're going we have them here and we'll be talking about them. Watch this space She had David K. Johnson on with her to go over the taxes. It was 20 minutes of Her saying welcome David K. Johnson, and he said you don't have to call me David K. Johnson You can call me David Johnson You can That was one minute that was one minute then you can call me DK Johnson You can call me you can call me right and then he said at one point Let's get this out of the way the beginning Rachel. He probably sent it to me. Let's get that on the record Which he did say that he sent to He sent to him for those of you who aren't able to follow this join the club. No I hit David K. Johnson the author of Now hit my life and my life. I love David K. Johnson.  She didn't have to struggle in the clubs like Ricky Gervais did You know what I mean? Ricky Gervais He would put on disguise So you wouldn't know was Ricky Gervais coming to the club Uh You know that he put announcements on twitter. It's new it's new joke night for me. I'm working on my new jokes Thinking about doing this joke tonight, but it's so offensive.  I've gone past it being a friendly feud now He's worse than hitler. He's like a hitler wasn't funny and then his material was written by Stalin But the office was so good. It was so great. It was like Stalin. He's like Stalin, but he likes animals But the the shaky camera and then you know the cut away that was a great show That was the best show. I watched that show. I made everybody watch it Everybody so this is the greatest show ever So that's why this guy has the nerve all I'm doing is pointing out that he stinks now And I'm the bad guy I know you like Derek David. You call me up every week. He goes you try Derek again Did you try it? I said David I don't want to watch a show that's about like where they're talking about They're kind of soft-selling that he's uh, had mental problems. No, no He says he doesn't have any mental problems in the show He captured, you know, the really annoying boss that we all have That was the greatest show of all time. I even liked extras David Feldman That show was I never saw it, but I'll defend it And he and he speaks power to truth at the golden globes. I mean he got up.  First of all I can't even believe that someone would have the ball to do a mel Gibson joke I mean really and it's so current too with the mel Gibson jokes That's dangerous mel Gibson still hates the juice. Hey, you know, uh, it's 2017 But mel Gibson is still writing.  How come his name is mel? That is a very good point. Maybe that's why he hates the jews so much But he's a guy who doesn't now here's the thing whoopie Goldberg is friends with him Is this a guy who just like when he gets drunk then the anti-semitism comes out Wait whoopie is friendly with him. It's you know what it is. It's Gentiles with jewish names That's how you that's how you know Who the real anti-semites are Oh, so when he said to whoopie you're one of the good ones That she she took it the wrong way. She says black.  Yes, and this check is made out for one million dollars. It's made out to whoopie Goldberg And all it says in the memo part was she was funny. She was funny And you get the check just was your favorite whoopie Goldberg movie eddie Do you know there was a movie called eddie? Uh, no Okay, the very first day of the industry is available for digital download And you know they say there's not a lot of money in these in this digital world It cost 99 cents to download it and after the first four million downloads. I get a penny And they say and they say this is a rough business When they used to say you make a beautiful dollar in this business did they really mean it was just one David you are my target audience There's no reason to have even a career if i'm not talking to you Now I understand is it a secret can I talk about the game that you're getting into The racket why is it that you sound like bud abbot leading me into uh, who's on first material? low No, you can talk about anything. Well, was there something secret what happened? Did you know bud abbot was jewish? I think I did know that But lucas teller wasn't right lucas teller was italian I learned that from uh, shelly burman in vegas. I met shelly burman. He goes it's not i ran It is not iraq It's iran iraq. Do you order? Italian dressing and he certainly put me straight. I said to him air didn't know that yes Yeah, and you said uh, i'm sorry. I had bob newhart and you have a line And his head exploded because the phone rang. That's the only reason he got exploded Nobody gets that Nobody's gonna. I love that so much. You know, I can I love that and I love the fact I love these old style feuds. These were the greatest feuds of all time But people would argue over Did he have a feud with with bob newhart? Oh, he refused. Well, I just think he refused to talk He just assumed that bob newhart took it from oh, you're breaking up. I don't know why Oh, it's not me breaking up.  You said that's true. That's true. And then you used to say I've eaten so much of these locks now That I'm numb from them. It's like I'm from nova cane Nova scotia you're saying Nova scotia cane remember those jokes and they they worked because there wasn't a television back then And there wasn't an audience who would have to tell you the joke wasn't funny Right back then when we started you only changed your act seasonally you never changed the material If we spring you add some spring material in there But you never changed your material We both played like two to three thousand vaudeville houses, right? And so no one saw us they see us once every four years And then comedy on the road went on NBC in 1933 and the rest Right, we blew our act That was we really did you kept saying don't let it be filmed Don't let it be filmed. I said, what are you talking about?  This is the problem These bits go on forever and I notice that I'm not don't seem to be upping the level of the bit You add some humor to it. I just keep beating the same comedic premise Shelly Berman Yeah, was the best-selling comedian in the early 60s He had the album the album, right? And he had the phone call routine He was the first guy to get on the fake phone and you're saying that bob newhart Then got on the fake phone Well, bob newhart says that he didn't get it from shelly, but i'm at me. I I He got it from ellen de generis from the time machine I hear ellen de generis. She watches a lot of lucy. You know that uh, dave. No, she watches a lot of lucy, but unfortunately She watches here You're the only person who has ever gotten that joke Viv viv won't live won't live We both said viv at the same time viv viv as robert wagner viv I Unfortunately, she watched here's lucy I love her show now though. You I know you're addicted to her daytime show because you know, let's have some fun for change I like her because she dances and during the writer's strike she Supported her viewers during the writer's strike. She supported her viewers, you know, she kept the show going and Shea you were during the strike. Nobody was thinking about the viewers and I that's that's the thing Yeah, you know people make fun of her now. Mm-hmm, but back then she was thinking about the viewers And so she she continued to do the show and I thank her for that We are the most agree. We just you just started the most agreeable duo of all time. Mm-hmm. You sure all right, andy Mm-hmm But oh Apple William Holden apple. It's William Holden. I got an orange. I got an orange from his backyard They did that for five No, what happened is they did that for five years where they would pretend that they were coming out to hollywood and meet a celebrity But they already were in hollywood I know that's what fools me.  Volare I think volare after every punchline now Yeah, yeah, are you a colombo fan like me david selman? One final question, mr. Kindler That's it. You do colombo. I can that was an all-purpose joke when I was a kid But someone would do it they go how about doing the thing you said you were gonna do Yes, I loved colombo. I did love and yeah I love it. I love it. And it was the one thing where it's like he's on the ship I think with jack castley jack castley's in a few episodes and this was woman singer is singing volare Ba ba ba boom. Oh, by the way, I've been pitching some shows to antenna tv Uh, they reject. I just pitched something to them and they rejected they said the picture's too clear No one's gonna buy it I pitched a show to the antenna tv. It's called use a coat hanger and lean it against the window Do you watch antenna tv? I do watch all the ones that show the old shows that make me forget that we're all doomed I like albert hit is it alfred hitchcock or albert hitchcock. It's uh, albert surling Oh, yeah, that makes sense. I love his hour show the black and white show. Yes, I do too And I watch any colombo, but then the old stuff.  I'll give it another shot Do you know that you know how badly laughing holds up the tv slides down the wall when I watch it? How about a little wall meadow? Laughin doesn't hold up you say no i'm doing dan rowan by the way It doesn't you say you say yeah, uh, you know who holds up though George slaughter in a bar three in the morning You know how many years he said to me at macho and he can what should we do with you? Andy I love what you do. You don't you don't love what I do enough to stop saying my name and do something Andy killer Do you know why I had a network guy once telling me the name was scott schneider He worked at comic essentially told me look andy I love what you do, but I don't you know, you know how the suits are I said you're one of the He goes I like it, but you know me I'll run it by myself one more time I can't get it by me. I can't get it by me I'll run it by myself one more time. Maybe I'll take myself out to a nice dinner Spring it on myself my god So as you hear about I have a show that I'd like you to be and I'm pitching. Yeah Yeah, and I know what's gonna sell.  It's that whole field. Everyone's depressed But it's very slow. It's very slow going Very slow going and then every episode things get worse And their outlook becomes more cloudy Didn't you used to hang out at jerry's in the valley and frag army's army Well, I have sat this is how sad my life is I sat at the seinfeld table at the jerry's On cold water canyon And I said to myself pretty sweet The black belt able to press it isn't it?  Why do I look at it that way? He's got a career. I have a career We're both doing well, right? There's room for everybody there's room for everybody there's room for everybody as long as one person makes 12 trillion dollars And I'm uh, and I just download my new residuals tracker app I actually have a residual tracker app Do you know that I got some residuals right before the the strike authorization I got a thick Green envelope from the riders guild And I thought oh, yeah, I swear to god. They were all for two cents. They were like 50 checks for two cents Oh Yeah Now I wanted to start I'm sure someone started this charity But I want like a start charity with like every check that's under like a couple dollars you could send into this place And then they would cast But I'm telling you the overhead is going to be huge because I'm not flying coach anywhere, Dave Can you imagine a guy starts this charity like pennies a pennies a every penny counts And it's all about him using these and then but he insists on flying himself You see that pie chart 50 operating expenses Andy you have the highest rating on charity navigator. I mean the highest it's cost.  That's the best I could do always say he had a large does he have I can't think of one On golden blonde Do they have that one? Where I'm going in a different direction but Abbott but Abbott was uh, Investigated by the house on american activities committee and they asked them to name names And and they said, you know, uh, there's a lot of weird names of these communists Mr. Abbott I don't I don't know on third base Who was a chinese communist? I don't care. What's the name of the fellow was see a communist Or was he not a communist? No was was the head of the chinese poet bureau Don't you know, it's a funnier bit when the actual information is boring Do you know my joke about the blacklist?  I love I loved it with style and I was like making excuses. They look Look how roomy it is over there now This style take it over with the ukraine no more cool yaks. Am I right about the cool yaks? What you can eat up the floor i'll tell you I don't normally like a rigged system, but they make it work over there So I said that uh, I was also willing to name names. I was going to say gallagher's gallagher's a communist I was just gonna name comics. I didn't like their act. I was accused of being communist carrot top Huh, he was talking about red What would you have done because elia kazan's granddaughter is getting trolled because her father she shouldn't get trolled Why is she getting why is she saying weird things? Well, she's defending her grandfather Not for the communism for raping maryland monroe. Oh, well, that's different. Yeah Did he rape maryland monroe? I think he did This is a horrible field that we've attached ourselves to but you can't quite remember. Let me think I do believe he did Did he rape maryland monroe or was he was he found in a fountain on the street fountain? With 10 dead people in this trunk, which one this one was him Was it you who said if you're moving To los angeles you said always book peep fountain. Oh, no, no, it was uh, uh, that's bob saggett told me that his Manager good advice that his first manager gave him was always take fountain Right, but I was going for a peep fountain joke Who's peep fountain peep fountain? Wasn't he like a musician? And we'll be back with elderly jews who either have dementia or just a really matter if they don't after these messages So david you you started you you started in philadelphia. No, I told you This is our version of the sunshine boys. No and uh I just want to say one thing your stall tactic of talking slower to the material comes to you I see right through it Oh How cold was it? Now, you know what here's my new bit my favorite bit to do You know what david I tried to give foul on the chance. I just don't think he's funny I don't know why you keep sending me these emails to watch him tonight Because he's gonna do a great voice The other thing I love to do is go to cities like portland and berate them for trump That's a nice going portland great Nice job. Don't you think people are overreacting to him? You know what I was ready, you know me I was ready not to like him But I have to admit I have to admit not as bad as I I thought we would be all dead and radiated by now Not too bad. Not too bad You love I thought my mother would be growing a third eye So, you know what it's not bad push. You know what he keeps him guessing he keeps him guessing They've tried it for years with the old the president. He knows things and where did it get us trump?   I can't believe one person would vote for that He's like everybody you hated how many bullies in high school were voting in this last election I love this country and you do I wish him well, I mean if he succeeded That's my favorite voice that you do now. Don't you this is outrageous You gotta wish him well. I mean he's our president if he succeeds we all succeed. We're all If he comes to me with a infrastructure bill How could you say no to that? Yeah, I mean the thing is it's time for me maybe to look at some of the things I've done in the past Like been nice and cared about people You I remember you complimenting Female comedians without permission Yeah, you would just walk up to them and say great set great I would say and this I'm not proud of this, but I have to say And I used to couch it as a comedian thing. I said I need to feel the temperature of your pussy It was different. It wasn't grabbing them. It was insert. I used to insert things woman Private parts for comedic You know you did inside jokes and you would just right inside. That's right I need to feel how moist it was in the woman comics. Oh, I'm the bad guy. Oh, I'm the bad guy Because I say to the crowd. Are you ready for a badge comedian? Oh, I'm wrong. I'm wrong Hey, you're lucky. Uh, uh, it's not the the the day of the month that she's ovulating people You remember my material it was edgy, but it had an edge Do you watch Saturday Night Live you must really love the way they're taking on Donald Trump Well, I hate Lorne Michaels. I'll hate him forever I think he's he the fish stinks from the top down and uh any other analogy So I can't stand him.  He's in the room with me Let me finish the type of sketch comedy that that man brought to America is exactly what we needed Call me someone who changes his mind call me mind-changeable But I see a different view that you said that That he's there in the room with you. I feel differently Let me finish No, I actually think the woman on the show are so goddamn funny and the man on the show I think they've done some good stuff.  I live in New York. You live in LA and you were weeping The week after Hilary lost and Kate McKinnon saying Leonard Cohn's hallelujah to start the show I actually did cry. I actually did cry. Did you really? Yeah Is this a bit No, no, I like Kate McKinnon. I well, I love her and I was probably crying just because she was singing a song You know what the great thing about being Leonard Cohn is He's dead and he no longer has to hear the song hallelujah when somebody dies I never really I love him. I never knew that much about him now I start to see things what where was I maybe I was a child he once took acid and went on stage and Tells a story about that He was pretty nice. Yeah. He was a Montreal Jew You know what they call Jews from Montreal What's that Jews? Oh interesting interesting Are you just working because you told me you might call me in the next couple days just to work on the rhythm of your Joe That you didn't necessarily have material But you want to run just like running the same old lines you've been doing that your grandfather did His his jokes from my grandfather.  He starts to talk. He got out He got out Growing up I have some questions. I wrote down that I wanted to ask you. Oh, I thought you were there I thought that was a purpose to your call First of all, we can download your state of the industry addresses By going to iTunes Give me instructions on how to download them because your state of the union address state of the union your state of the industry addresses are The most dangerous thing you can possibly do because you're you're biting the hand that used to feed you Why do you say used to I don't know I know I was and then why did I respond to your funny line by just calling it out You said used to Well, here's the thing. They're not all available though They're only the first ones available and the more recent ones are available on soundcloud. So there's a whole lot of years There's a lot to look forward to David I know I'm it's it's incredible.  Were you The kind of kid you grew up in new york, right in long island, uh queen I didn't want to know who you hung out with growing I'm I'm asking you grew up in queen talking about a female impersonator. I would say that was my mom trying to make dinner You grew up in queens really I grew up from normal parents no I like some queens Ask me what part of queens I am from what part of queens are are you flushing? Flushing I'm embarrassed to tell you so I'm flushing Now wait a second white stone where I grew up is very close to flushing.  Yes, I watched every single uh, by the way, I came with one other joke You know talk about a female, you know talk about female impersonators You know, if you wanted a good female impersonator, you should have talked to my wife in our wedding night Yes, I grew up. I'm older than you So I grew up older than you But I watched all these shows I watched every sick how I get ahead I watched the show that was our favorite show in our family was the superman tv show And it was an awful show, but we couldn't stop watching George Reeves. I used to watch that Oh all day. I had yeah lowest lane. No, well, no, well, noelle neal Right. I had a crush on noelle neal I had a crush on the armchair in the porch. That's how horny I was I kept saying to my mother I get that we're related. What's the problem? Why do you bring this out of me? This is like the kind of material they try and bury did you did your family sit around and watch tv together Yeah, we did. We definitely did and we watched and you know, like My favorite memories are we watched all in the family together. We watched rota together We watched all those shows. Mary Tyler Moore Didn't you find yourself rooting for valerie harper and by the way Valerie harper and i'm not making a joke. She's still alive as is jimmy carter That's unbelievable. Now. How's she doing though? I don't want to make a bad taste joke. I'm just holding back But I noticed that jimmy carter met with bernie sanders yesterday Right and he looked great And and valerie harper god bless the two of them Yeah, you know, there's no reason for it.  I'm not having a I have like a really bad taste joke that i'm gonna hold back Oh, okay. Let's do it. But no, i'm not gonna do it. I'm not gonna do it So you would sit around didn't you find yourself rooting for rota back then like Oh, I loved I was had a crush on rota What happened when you found out she wasn't jewish Very i'm still upset about it You know, there's certain things I accept and the certain things I don't accept Like I accept that in our one Musical that we wrote the jews that we still have a song that says well, we love the money Give me money money money money money money. Yeah, I accept that. I accept that was a poor choice No, you're wrong. He was saying if I were a rich man, right? But why would he want to be rich? That's just reinforcing the uh, the jewish stereotype of wanting money You might write about that and star ski and hutch star ski or hutch is in the original movie Of fiddler and the roof Yeah, I just saw it recently and topol. Why would they have a teeth whitening? Yeah, that's the thing The topol the smokers tooth polish if he came back to life if topol came back to life the great yiddish theater actor Would he be happy if there was a smokers tooth polish named after him? What do you think? By the way rembrandt came back and rembrandt came back. So the teeth whitening system Why would they name a teeth whitening system after rembrandt? All his paintings were dark I know if anything have you checked out some of the teeth on his subjects? Yes, believe me. The last thing you think about is a teeth whitening system But the the rembrandt's airs Even though they don't make any money because I think it's public demand like I could name I could name something then Vincent van Gogh vodka I have uh, uh condoms I remember this was your thing and it was you slept through art history class But I remember you got me to invest in Vincent van Gogh monocles Right. I thought it was going to be big Figured, but it was the ear. I had an idea. I thought he lost an eye I was told he had lost an eye But why no one am I supposed to research every corner? Did you know that I sold Vincent van Gogh earplug An earplug I used to work at the crazy eddies.  What was the big crime with limberg? He just wanted them, you know come to america first. What was the big deal? Why was everyone mad at him? Lindbergh he wanted to save lives. He said that's all he wanted to do not jewish life not jewish He didn't think we could win that was all he was just saying That he didn't think you want to know what I think? I do know why okay, you know the the Lindbergh baby his baby was kidnapped, right?  I don't know the story at all.  Are you sure you're not mixing up the frank sinatra jr? Getting kidnapped story Wait a second, you're not talking about compulsion. Are you compulsion?  I had this I was the I think I was the first person with this joke Which one's who's saying which one's cool? Which one's cool late Who day I think his name was who's saying who day? They wait a second. Is there a big story behind Lindbergh's baby? I had no idea who who did kidnapped Lindbergh's baby bruno hopman And he was a german he was a german and this was I think during the 30s before we got into world war two So why would that have made Lindbergh more pro-german because the of the edipal conflict If the son secretly wants to kill the father and sleep with the mother, right?  So Lindbergh identified with bruno hopman Because bruno hopman killed his baby and ended up saving Lindbergh's own life So he identified with hitler and the germans during world war two Wait a second. How did he how did he say Lindbergh's life by killing his son?  Oh, I see. I do it prevented the fordian Thing from happening, but I was hoping you'd give me some actual information in there. Do they really know? I mean The baby was killed right the baby. Yeah, but seriously why serious Because why did they get ransom money or something? It was a you know in my day when we kidnapped people. We you know, we gave a reasonable chance It wasn't that everybody returned home safely We would sometimes maim Sure, we would maim our kidnapping victims I mean Be reasonable. Yeah, sure kidnap maim torture, but be reasonable You know what an enhanced interrogation technique it's trump giving a steady Better waterboard. Yeah, you better tell me even if you don't know. Yeah, you just give me Tell me anything tell me anything because uh I told uh What's the guy's name with a horrible show everybody watched and justified torture 30 30 24 I guess it was a good show except for the torture. Oh joe joe cerno Yeah, yeah the half hour comedy hour guy. I went to the taping of that I walked out on it. I walked out on joe cerno tried to do you know a conservative version of the daily show I called joe up. I said take a look at john stewart's views towards unions.  You people aren't the problem viewers and voters Washington oh when he went to washington dc and told everybody to calm down Calm down and he also called that all the networks and basically said they're the problem You're not the problem people who paid to go to washington and is already looking surly like they don't know why we're here Mm-hmm. Where do you get your news from? I get my news from anything any service that has max in the name News max I get the news the same way, uh I get my news. But first of all every week. I tell myself I'm gonna watch the uh news hour Right, but I never do mcneil is gone I didn't realize that the mcneil news hour Well, thank god they have david brooks at the On the show every friday. Yeah, so he had format so that he got a chance We're gonna wrap it up because once we get into politics Oh, I'm the bad guy because after an uh 45 minutes of being on the phone with you. I ran out of anything funny Why don't you deny me water lock me into a room And when I'm when I'm having heat prostrations, then I see if I have a couple more one liners in me Looked at the clock and I realized oh my god Is the same woman from last time there? Yes, take your hat off But she really wasn't mad though, right? I don't even remember who the woman was You had a woman comic in the studio. You said I'm sorry. I didn't get to talk to you much By the way, I stopped tape so uh, oh, thank god. Thank god because I was about to say something funny I stopped tape wait. Can you tell me a favor when you have definitely stopped tape? Please give me a heads up. Okay. Okay, but we have stopped tape.  Yeah Have we stopped tape we've stopped tape you keep calling me. Let's kidnap the pope. We'll never have to work again And I'm saying how we it's a it's a prank. It's a prank I love it. You have you keep calling me. Let's kidnap the pope. The Vatican bank has all this money and I'm saying Andy I This is dangerous stuff to kidnap a pope. Hey, why don't you live a little all right? We've stopped how poorly This is how poorly I do the character who doesn't know that the machine is still We've stopped tape Have you stopped tape? I've stopped tape. Yes. Okay, because here's the thing I wanted to say I'm recently getting sexually attracted to neo nazis and I'm a little worried about it I can't masturbate without a swastika shoved up my puppet Have you stopped tape? Oh, of course, I've stopped tape. Okay. I found something in my colon I know what you're gonna say. What was I doing in my own code? Andy kindler, thank you so much. I love you. David. I love you so much. Okay, buddy. Okay, catch me on the rebound, right? Yes, can we plug your new thing your new venture? Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, I'm gonna be on berb griffin tonight And then I'm hosting Mike Douglas all week I thank you. I love you. I love you too. This is great. Thank you. Bye. Bye


Wel, dyna dwi'n meddwl i'r gwahanol iawn, mae'n ddim yn ystod y maesol am ddanyl o'r ffordd a'r ffordd. Mae'n ddysgu'n eich ffordd oedd y fanolwyr atlantig. A'r ddechrau fiforol y ffordd o'r ddysgwyr yng Nghymru. A dyna dwi'n meddwl i'r ffordd i'w ceisio. Dwi'n meddwl i'n meddwl i'r speciall about the distribution or the origins of the distribution of the Celtic languages. In this paper I'd like to explore alternative models for the distribution of the P-Celtic or Bretonic languages. These languages comprise Welsh, Cumbric in Cumbria, Cornish, Conoac and Breton and are known to have been spoken in the historic and modern periods in Wales, Cumbria, Cornwall and Brittany. The P-Celtic or Bretonic languages are related but different to the Q-Celtic or Goedellic languages spoken in Ireland and Western Scotland. So this was the fairly recent distribution of those and we have basically the P-Celtic and Q-Celtic groups. I'm just going to be talking about that lower oval, the Welsh Cornish and Breton. The prevailing view is to the origin of these languages is that they were brought to southern Britain by Celtic invaders in the 1st millennium BC and that these Celts were swept aside to the west by Anglo-Saxon invaders in the post-Roman period. In fact many Celts still celebrate the fact that they were the original settlers of Britain and it was these nasty Anglo-Saxons who arrived and pushed them to one side and they arrived to Cornwall, to Wales and south to Brittany and many scholars still believe that in Brittany that they originally came from Britain. As I outlined in my previous paper the evidence from place names suggests that eastern Britain was already populated by speakers of a British Germanic language as I call it, British Germanic in the 1st millennium BC and probably much earlier in fact I think it's before 2,500 BC and possibly late Paleolithic. The idea of Celts living in Britain first proposed in the 16th century by Buchanan, Llywod and others, so that's the origin by Edward Llywod and others, has already been discredited by recent authors such as Collis and James. No ancient texts ever referred to Celts in Britain. I shall avoid the use of the word Celts in this presentation except when discussing linguistics where this group of languages has been known as Celtics since Edward Llywod named it so in 1607. So how else can we explain the distribution of the Britonic or Peaceltic languages? Can we suggest an origin in Wales and a migration at some point to Cornwall and then Brittany? Or an origin in Cornwall and migration north to Wales and south to Brittany? Or an origin in Brittany and a movement to Cornwall and Wales? And how did they get to this Atlantic region in the 1st place having split from other Indo-European speaking groups? Conlyff and Koch have sought an origin in the early Bronze Age for speakers of Celtic languages moving north from Iberia into Ireland and Britain. Their hypothesis accords with the Corgan hypothesis and is based largely on the evidence of material culture, namely the Belbika tradition, but also some DNA support. In their view the Celtic languages probably evolved from Indo-European in Atlantic Europe during the Bronze Age. I'd like to offer an alternative view based on the historic geography of the Peaceltic languages. On the record of sea level change revealed by recent research and on suggestions that the Indo-European languages have much earlier origins in the Upper Paleolithic. Sorry that's Conlyff and Koch. At the last glacial maximum between 23,000 and 19,000 years ago Britain was part of the European continental landmass and sea level was up to 100 metres lower than it is today. The Rhine was Europe's largest river turning south in the Netherlands, joined by the Thames, Sen, Tema and other rivers and issuing into the Atlantic to the south of Ireland. We know this as the Channel River although I think it's technically the Rhine but there you go. At this time the river was too cold for most likes so I understand but that may not be true. But as its waters met the Atlantic and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream its mineral nutrients, chiefly iron, phosphorus and nitrogen from half of Europe's catchments would have created an extraordinary bloom of marine life, microalgae or phytoplankton which would have prospered within its estuary and surrounding sea waters. Phytoplankton are at the base of the marine food chain and play a major role in sustaining ocean ecosystems. They thrive at high altitudes and in spring and summer in strong sunlight and calm seas and can create large blooms which are visible from space. They tend to occur where rivers issue nutrients to the sea or where ocean currents meet the continental shelf and nutrients are brought to the surface by a process known as upwelling. Here where the Channel River met the Atlantic Ocean the nutrient rich waters will have collided with the warm waters of the Gulf Stream. This would have been one of the richest areas for marine life in Europe and may well have been exploited by paleolithic groups. While that landscape might still be the tundra that we would expect in the early glacial period we can expect an extraordinary marine and coastal fauna. The typical fauna arising from the rich plankton bloom would include cod, seals, dolphin and whale. With the literal fauna would include a variety of shellfish and wildfowl. As the climate warmed during the Holocene and the Lake Glacier the sea level rose but the estuary of the Channel River remained a wildlife haven and a bountiful larder for the communities that would have lived there. By, I think, this is disputable, but by about 13,000 BP the sea level was still low enough for the Ars of Sili to be still part of the mainland. Sili became an island by 10,500 years ago. You will have already guessed what I'm going to propose. The speakers of Peaceltic were the early inhabitants of this refugium in the Upper Paleolithic and possibly soon after the late glacial maximum. But certainly before the time that sea level had risen sufficiently to separate the group into three communities, the Welsh, the Cornish and the Breton. You notice I use the word refugium. It is possible that there was a refugium of modern humans here before the last glacial maximum. We certainly have evidence for Upper Paleolithic groups of circa 25,000 BP living in South West Britain and in North West France and even in the Channel Islands. But we do not yet have clear evidence of human presence in Britain between 22 and 13 at the last glacial maximum. What is more likely, I think, is that this zone was occupied some time after the last glacial maximum either during the period 14.7 or 11.5,000 years ago, warming phases on either side of the Younger Dryas. Having talked to Pear just now, I'm rather inclined to go to that earlier phase before the Younger Dryas. We can't be certain. It's certainly around there somewhere. By 11.5,000 years ago, the Channel was sufficiently inundated for Sili to become an island and in the ensuing four millennia had separated into the archipelago we know today. There is some support for the idea of an Atlantic colonisation from an Iberian refugium after the glacial maximum in the studies of phylogenetics. As well as their linguistic affiliations, these groups on the Atlantic periphery share some genetic traits as identified by Peter Forster and his colleagues. Studies of the mitochondrial DNA of small mammals found that a number of them, having specific mitochondrial DNA lineages that colonise Britain after the last glacial maximum, have peripheral western northern distributions with striking similarities to that of people speaking Celtic languages. Basically, in that postglacial period, you've got two movements of flora and fauna into Britain. I'm suggesting that humans are following that. They actually populate Britain in, I often call it two stripes, but the Atlantic one is coming up from Spain, and the continental Europe one is coming across the Lles and across Dogaland and into Britain. This was actually an idea that was given to me some years ago by a geneticist who was studying Natojack Toes, Buffo Calamita, who said that actually a lot of flora and fauna in Britain actually follows that pattern, a western east distribution. Actually, it was back in the 1880s that John Beddo, a doctor, was looking at the phenotypes of humans across Britain and identified darker people in the western, lighter people in the east. He was the one that suggested actually, if we've got these human phenotypes in Britain, why shouldn't that be the same? There'd be the same cause for that as for the flora and fauna in two stripes. I'm inclined to think that the western one, the Celtic one, is arriving actually sooner. They aren't arriving at the same time. I think because of the particular nature of the Gulfstream and the nutrients and all of that, I think that it's somewhere around before or after the younger dryers that these Celtic speakers are arriving from Spain, living there for hundreds of years and eventually separated. Actually, I think the Germanic group are probably arriving a little later, perhaps as late as 10,000 to 12,000 years ago, but that's, don't quote me. So, how do we test this model? This is just speculation. Firstly, we need more evidence for the Breton languages present in Brittany in prehistory, probably through place name studies. My initial views of place names in Brittany is that they're very much separate from the Cornish ones. They're the same language, but they're different in character. And also for Cornwall and for Wales. To take one example, the profile of Breton place names is substantially different from that in Cornwall. For example, Caer predominates, and Treff and Bod names are rare in comparison, implying an early separation of the linguistic groups. Secondly, we need more studies that show how the Indo-European languages would have evolved in early prehistory, as has been shown by the papers from my colleagues in this session. The implications of an Atlantic refuge for P. Celtic in the postglacial are profound for the study of Indo-European languages. If the evolutionary linguistic path of Indo-European is to be believed that P. Celtic evolves from a higher up Indo-European group, then that group should be even earlier in origin. Should we be looking to identify glacial refugium at the last glacial maximum in southern Europe that spoke a proto-Celtic language, perhaps? Of course it would mean that the Indo-European languages would have an origin in the Upper Paleolithic. Perhaps as early as Marcel has suggested as 40,000 years ago, when Europe was first populated from Western Asia or Africa, if that is indeed where homo sapiens evolved. Thank you.