When a computer system is powered on, it goes through this process we call booting. The first thing that happens after the power is turned on is that the CPU executes instructions in a chip on the motherboard called the BIOS. The BIOS is simply a chip which stores a small amount of code and the CPU looks there to find its first instructions. What this code in the BIOS then has the CPU do is look for an operating system on one of the storage drives in the system. It's likely a hard drive. When an operating system is found, it is then loaded into memory and the CPU starts executing that operating system code. Now after powering on the system, the first thing you should see is this screen drawn by the BIOS. And typically there's a message at the bottom or at the top that tells you you can hit a certain key on the keyboard like say F2 in this example. And that will take you to the BIOS's configuration menu where you can configure some basic options in your system. Most importantly, you can tell the BIOS which drives it should look at when it tries to find an operating system and very importantly tell it which devices it should look at first. Because you might have different operating systems installed on different drives and you want to be able to control which operating system actually gets loaded. So you may be wondering what if I don't have an operating system installed on any of my storage drives. Well, this for example is how you would install Windows. You would insert the Windows install disk, a DVD usually, into your DVD drive and then you would boot from that DVD drive, meaning you would make sure in your BIOS that it is configured to try and find an operating system first from your DVD drive. Because the installation disk contains sort of like a mini operating system which is just for the purpose of installing Windows. So your system boots from that DVD, the Windows installer loads and then it asks you to enter a few settings like specify which keyboard you want to use and a few other questions like most importantly which drive do you want to install Windows on. And then once you're done entering these settings, the actual installation takes place, all the necessary files are copied onto the destination drive. And then once that's done, your system will restart and it's now ready to boot from the drive onto which you installed Windows. So if you boot the system from that drive, Windows will load for the first time. Maybe it has to do a bit more business to finish the installation process, but after that's done then you'll be ready to go. So as long as nothing goes wrong, the whole process is really fairly simple and it's usually no more complicated these days to install other operating systems like say Linux. Now the operating system is ultimately the piece of code responsible for talking to all of the particular hardware devices in your system. Programs themselves like say Microsoft Word do not directly talk to like your hard drive. What's really going on there is that Microsoft Word when it say wants to write a file is it makes a request to the operating system to Windows. It says I want to write this file and then Windows is responsible for actually writing the file onto the disk. So all the rights and responsibilities of controlling the hardware is left up to the operating system. One problem however is that there's an enormous variety of different hardware devices out there and to control these devices the operating system has to speak to each device in its own particular way. So for example the way an operating system needs to talk to one make a video card is not the same as it needs to talk to some other make a video card. So the code which an operating system needs to use to talk to a particular device has to be unique for that device. And there are so many devices out there it's not actually practical for say Microsoft to be responsible for supporting all of those different devices. And it's very often left up to the manufacturer of a device to create that code. And these pieces of code which control particular devices are called drivers. You should think of these drivers as like part of the operating system but independent modules that get plugged in. And so say when Windows is installed on your machine one of the most important things it does in that installation process is trying to detect what hardware devices you have and make sure that all the drivers are there for those devices. The problem with this is that new devices are being released all the time and the drivers for existing devices often get updated so as to fix bugs. So even once Windows is installed and running we still need the ability to upgrade and install new drivers. And this can typically be done just like installing a program. Device manufacturers make their latest drivers available on the internet so users can download and install them.


Well, everyone, welcome back another Photoshop tutorial. In this one, I'm going to show you how to remove objects with the new Remove tool. In fact, it's AI based. So this is an AI or an Artificial Intelligence Move tool. How did I do this? Let me show you how to do it in about less than 60 seconds. This is crazy. OK, so just start off with an image like this one here. Go over to your left side here to your toolbar, and then drop down here. And about halfway down, you'll see the little brush tool. Just click on this here. It says Remove tool. You can also get there by pressing J twice. Now, all you need to do is just brush around the object or objects in this case that you want to remove. And look how good this is. This is absolutely bonkers how good this is. And not only that, this is now inside Photoshop. It's easy to use. There's no issues here, guys, so definitely give it a crack.


But results declared for 10 of 20 looking government areas in a demo a state supplementary Governorship election Governor Amado Finteri has taken an early lead as of 1 9 a.m Early today Finteri on the the People's Democratic Party has won seven looking government areas while the all-progressive Candidate Aishatou Ahmed came out top in three looking government areas According to the declaration of results by the state's collation officer of the independent national electoral commission INAC the PDP had 124 votes in them sir liquor government while the APC got 43 votes the rolling party also won in the mood a taken 580 votes next to the APC's 285 and Jada it had 271 votes while the APC scored 145 Likewise the party won in Gaia looking government area taking scores of a 309 votes as opposed to the APC's 176 Collation was adjourned to 11 a.m. This morning Hello, hope you enjoyed the news Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates


Russia began to overtake the West in the production of weapons. Russia is outpacing Western countries in arms production, despite the latter's push to provide military support to Ukraine, Russian Trade Minister Denis Manturov has said. In a wide-ranging interview with RIA Novosti, Manturov offered a glimpse into the state of Russia's defense industry, which has switched into a high gear to support the military as the Ukraine conflict is about to enter its third year. According to the minister, Russia's military factories have increased output and delivery rates by 10-12 times for certain categories of material and hardware. Trust me, the numbers are huge, he assured, although he declined to go into specifics citing certain nuances. I don't want to boast, but I can say that we have started picking up the pace in production and we accomplished that earlier than Western countries. How long this race will last? This is another question. Manturov said, adding that Moscow has clear plans for future development. Commenting on Western countries arms production plans, the minister declined to speculate whether they will have enough juice to keep up. For the time being, we are outpacing them, he added. According to Manturov, Russia's defense industry facilities have been operating smoothly, fulfilling at least 98% of all state orders. This is a record. The highest level of fulfillment of state defense orders in the entire modern history of Russia, he said, adding that total output has more than doubled compared to last year.


What's up everybody, Jason here for jazzybyscasebrakes.com. 2022 hit parade baseball autograph limited edition series 11 just sold out. This is a dual case break random teams number one. And again guys for under 10 bucks, you get a random team in 20 boxes, two cases total to get one of these potential bigger hits. This is kind of like a sell sheet hit. So this is hits you could potentially see in our cases. Usually one of those hits in every case. I think they make a total of 10. So what is it? One, two, three, four, five, six. Well six, either I can say they're collages, you can only do so many. So at least a little bit of previous, but every team is represented at least once. And like I said, it is a repack product from hip parade. Fun stuff. We do have plenty of these as you guys know. So here we go guys. Here's the dice roller. Here's the customer names. Tristan down a Lonnie bot straight up and then Dilo down the Steve Burch got those from a pack filler and then Diamondbacks down on the nationals. All teams in roll another 10. Okay. I guess we'll take that. So four and six, 10 times. Here we go. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, Tristan down to Kevin. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine. 10 times, 10 times. Oh, actually sorry, I forgot to paste that. I know we were, oh wait, I did paste it. 10 times, A's down to the Mets. All right, so 10, 10, 10. Tristan down to A's, Steve Burch with the Phillies as well as the Astros and Orioles. Nestor with the Royals, Jason K with the Dodgers and White Sox as well as the Marlins. Ed, Ed P that is. You have Yankees, Tristan with the Blue Jays. Steve Burch with the Guardians as well as the Mariners. Jason with the Nationals. Dilo with the Cardinals. Steve Burch with the Rays. David H with the Rockies. Aaron Roach with the Pirates. Steve Burch with the Brewers. Lonnie, last but not least, Tigers. David H, Braves. Brad Polly with the Yankees. Or sorry, not Yankees. So I'd say Yankees for Giants. Bohorkas, you have the Twins. Bradley with the Angels. Barry with the Red Sox. Jason with the Cubs. Steve Burch with the Padres. Jeremy Porter with the Diamondbacks. Chris Walker, Cincinnati Reds. Nestor with the Rangers. And then Kevin with the New York Mets. So if anybody wants to make any trades, trade window will be open. If not, we're gonna close it right now soon. All right, it looks like the Immaculate Filler's gonna go first. We're down to three left there. And then we're down to four left on the Impeccable Filler. So first to fill, first to break, but both of those will be going next soon anyway. So three left, four left. Well, get another team, Chad.  Everybody gotta dig deep. D low, Immac actually sells that out. So Immaculate's going next. Immaculate's hold out first, guys. You wanna cookie chatter or what? Nah, I'm just joking. Nah, it'll sell out, man. It's always some of those straggling teams, that's all. But watch those teams actually hit big just because they're not expensive. It doesn't mean they're not gonna hit well, you know? Well, when you sell your burrow, you won't be a poor man. I mean, I wouldn't want you to take the Astros, but there's another two teams you can take. Dude, orders are just coming in like crazy today. I just like refresh it and it's already down. There's like seven more orders. All right, one sec, guys. I don't wanna fall too behind. Well, I don't think it's, like, what break is hot. It's just, it's just, I mean, there's just so much on the website. All right, guys, well, let's just close the trade window. I mean, people are grabbing spots in number two of Finest and skipping over number one, so. I mean, that's not my call, guys. I mean, obviously, that's something that the people above need made. Maybe send us a part message, say, hey, I'd buy more spots if we shipped everything. Maybe we change it, I don't know. But I don't make the calls here. Traditionally, though, I feel like Finest, we've always shipped out because it's not that many, it's not that many cards, at least I don't think so, but. I mean, maybe this time around, we're not, I don't know. Well, Joe Christian, I think this is a perfect time, man. Send us a part message. Maybe you'd be the reason why we changed it. But I'm serious, Joe, send us a part message. That's the way a lot of things get done, right? Send in a review, send in a complaint. Obviously, within reason, obviously not. Don't send all these crazies messages. I think you guys should just be giving away flawless. All right, here we go, guys. First card, Tom Glavin, seven of 10 for the Atlanta Braves. David H. with that one. Three-color patch and autograph, five out of 25 from Diamond Icons for the same of those cardinals. That is going to be low. And we got rookie baseball materials signatures booklet tonight and on Cal Rally for the Seattle Mariners. Here we go, just to show you the booklet there. Seattle Mariners at Steve Birch. That's right, Joe, right here. Cowboys founder, I've been living kind of the Philly area. For some reason, I thought I didn't read 35 minutes away. I thought, for some reason I read down the street, I'm like, are you renting out your parking spots for some tailgating? But then I just read it right now, you said 35 minutes. We have a Christian Hernandez. Ooh, that's pretty nice, actually. Bowman Inception to 99, that's a PSA 10, autograph 10. Perfect card. Chicago Cubs, that is Jason W. Yeah, where is he from, Millville? Or is that the school he went to? Remember what was his nickname, Millville Meter or something like that? Just like outside of Philly. He still has a house over there, Joe, or is that like his parents' house? And Raphael Devers, popular demand. And was that a case of it? No, that's the Aaron Judge version. Not numbered, but it's a nice one there for the Red Sox though. By Robert. It's a compound. For the amount of money he makes, I'm sure it's probably a lot cheaper to over there than it is here in LA. That's cool though, man. We have Logan Webb to 99. But yeah, I'm kind of like conflicted.  That's how it wanted to be.   Just being honest, I'm a pretty honest Eagles man. So, you know, I'd like to have to beat the 49ers the next round if we may give, but I mean, it's whatever though. Frank Thomas, 20 out of 25. White Sox. White Sox is Jason K. And then of course, I don't know if I said Logan Webb Giants, but that's a Brett Polly. Bellinger tops now to 49. Nice, is this all money line?  They get into a deep hole in Kansas City. I don't know if I see that happening. But so you're saying that you think that goes back to committing turnovers, Dak? Throwing like a pick or a fumble kind of deal.  Pick City.  I mean, the Bucks weren't really a good team this year, right? I mean, they made the playoffs, but that was just like all those other years where like the NFC Least, under 500 teams made the playoffs soon. So it's like, they weren't that good. So I expected the Cowboys to win. Did I want them to win? Of course not, I'm a big use back. But I expected them to win, you know? So I think the headlines are just a lot bigger because no picks for Dak and they beat Brady at home, you know? Jordan Alvarez, that's a redemption from Optic. And that is Houston, going to Steve Birch. All right, next case guys. And that's the one thing too, I'm gonna be, you guys found like I said, you guys know that I'm confident they should be able to handle the Giants, you know? But again, New York media, Daniel Jones playing a really good game last week.  And now a lot of people are confident that the Giants, you know, could win. And you know, obviously, well, anybody can win I should say, but I mean, I don't know, are the Giants really going into this round really hot?  They're last like 10 games. And I mean, last time I checked the Vikings defense it was like the bottom of the league. So, I mean, but I get it, you know, that's just the way it is.  Not saying the Eagles are sure locked to win because they could lose, but I just feel like that's a huge thing people are going by. Well, what's up D-Lo? I know it's a big day tomorrow. Keep me busy today though, guys, because I'm not gonna be paying attention to breaking for the next from five to eight o'clock tomorrow. Steve Carlton, I'll probably take a two hour lunch. I'm thinking of coming in a little earlier tomorrow too. Starting the day a little earlier. So that way in case it kind of dies down during wild card or during division around it's, we kind of had some more time. Cal Raleigh, so Steve Carlton of course that is actually Cardinals edition. I didn't even notice that. Say those Cardinals, that is D-Lo. And then Cal Raleigh, Seattle, that's another one there for Steve Virch. Johnny Goudreau, man, that was probably the main reason why I think a lot of people thought he would go to like the Devils or per se Philadelphia free agency, right, but chose Columbus. Mike Trout, there's the case hit for here. How about that? 29 out of 50 for the Angels Bradley. Is that you Boggs? Yeah. You going to the game tomorrow D-Lo? Oh, this is a very heavy box, like super heavy. This has to be like a transcendent or something. This is really heavy. Oh wow, it has two cards, no wonder it's heavy. First one is Salvador Perez for Kansas City to 10. And then it also has a Mookie Betts, one-of-one hip-rate sketch card. Wow, that's kind of cool. I don't know that they created drawing sketch cards. That's awesome. So Dodgers, that's going to Jason K. And then Kansas City Royals, that is Nestor. Oh, that's cool. Nice, enjoy man. We got a Gabriel Moreno for Toronto, that's Tristan. We have a Zach Veen, Bowman's first. He was the top pick a few years ago. Colorado Rockies, that's going to David H. Oh yeah, nice. Are they, is OKC over here? Or are you guys over there? OKC the other night destroyed the Indiana Pacers. O'Neill Cruz, rookie autograph to 25. Nice one there for the Pittsburgh Pirates and that's going to Aaron Roach. I didn't realize they're on the West Coast. Are they playing, I didn't see the schedule. I had the Thunder Worm playing against the Lakers until like March, once I'm tripping out and I messed up. I want to go to Lakers' Thunder game. I don't, I can say money and go to Clippers game, but I don't really care for the Clippers. O'Goonia, Ronald O'Goonia Jr., 2150. And that's Braves, David H. I had two more to go, two more, two more. I seen that. It was a good game though, right? I think the Lakers had a chance to win it, right? LeBron. And we got another one with two cards. Brooks Robinson for Baltimore MVP signatures, number to 10 from 2019 optic. That's Baltimore Steve Birch and then how about a Spencer Strider to 299 for Atlanta, David H. All right. I guess maybe they were trying to combo up some of them to make it around the price of the average box. Or is it that or they messed up, right? Branded out with another yard on Alvarez to 100. And there you go, folks. That was the Braves. We got an actual couple of hits, including one of those cool one-on-one sketch cards that Hip Parade produced. There's the artist right there. And they said, if you want to learn about the artist, there's a little QR code. All in all, really nice one here. Oh, we did get that mic trout on this side. I don't think we, I mean, we got a chaser, I think, from this side on the first case. I just don't think it was shown. It might have been that Paul Gulchman. I'm assuming something like that. But I appreciate you guys. This was break number one. I don't think we have any more of this. So we'll have to just wait for another series to drop so we purchase it. So I appreciate you guys. JaspysCaseRace.com


Good morning everybody, it's really great to be here. The day was a major capital announcement that we are investing $33 million across the province, across the entire province, 3,806 spaces and there's going to be just over 100 child care providers who are going to be building those spaces so they're either going to be brand new builds or they're going to be renovations, partnerships with community hubs or in schools. Through LBC communities, so many parents are unable to return to work because of the high cost of child care or even just no child care spaces available in their neighborhood. We're really targeting the areas where the needs are highest such as indigenous communities, on school grounds and also over half of the projects are going to be operated by non-profit organizations so this is a very exciting time as we continue to accelerate the creation of child care spaces.


How we influencing the youth is pretty much what he was really stemming on. All right Like what are you doing to help when you telling them one thing and then they go out here and live out? They dream through your lyrics. What do you think about that? So and this is your opinion, right? So let me say this let me first say this about Jim Jones, uh He's one of the very first entertainers to ever fully support the big reform movement Yeah, we on boss talk one-on-one.    I'm 26. Mm-hmm. He did it started at the youth center now He's had to go back and do I think it was a was it a 15 or 14 years seniors, you know I mean like like what do you think about just the one who can't figure it out? Just keep going back and talented out of this world and talented right on in the Gucci man And I still you know rock with him or text or put some up try to figure out ways to link with him Cuz I ain't you know, I definitely reach out But what do you think about just his situation and success that he faced? He's another one. It's unfortunate for me to be saying things like don't have to ask because you know about it Oh, yeah, yeah, no, no, it's just unfortunate for the response Because my response is the same thing for him, you know, you're not sincere sincere nor are you serious about being successful You are individual with unbelievable talent unbelievable skills Unbelievable relationship connections, but you choose to try to be a street guy I just don't respect that the object of the game is to get out the streets Not to continue to go to the streets if I'm signed the Gucci man. I need to be where Gucci at What we need to get to the studio you got a show this week.   Well, we watch what you did.   That's I already did X amount of homeboys That's already in prison. Yet you come right home and you continue the same thing They told me that if you keep doing the same thing looking for a different result It's insanity. So I don't really be having no sympathy or like I'm hurting I'd be like nah, man, you need to go when you get to prison You need to get enrolled into some classes so you can learn about your thinking patterns So you can better develop yourself.   And when you come out here, you try to do all that even got signed with whatever but I Also feel that if you don't move from the environment that you were in whenever you got caught up It can also pull you right back into that environment and not everybody have a strong mental state Where they don't you know succumb back to their environment There's like, you know all the homeboys that I'm hanging out doing the same stuff and I'm getting caught up back in the same stuff So that's one of the reasons why I try to grab them why they in such a vulnerable state as far as being incarcerated See when you're incarcerated, you're very vulnerable So that's that's my moment and my opportunity to be able to dig into you So, you know, once you're back into society, you know, you kind of you back on your feet You got a few dollars, you know So it's hard for you to kind of, you know process the information But see if I give it to you while you're sitting in that cell yearning for a letter praying for a visit Hoping and praying that you get out the information in the game that I'm giving you it's gonna be more receptive to it Yeah, and and the one thing I noticed about you you really really really take the reform to another level, you know, Jim Jones you Jim Jones Some I was gonna ask you D1 which he'd been on the show Jim Jones was called out by D1 when he went to a to a sway and it was about The fact of that they've since then resolved their issues But he called him out on just this lyrics. They say in the song versus the work, you know that they're that that How we influencing the youth is pretty much what he was really stemming on. All right Like what are you doing to help when you telling them one thing and then they go out here and live out their dreams through your lyrics What do you think about that? So I mean, it's just your opinion, right? So let me say this. Let me first say this about Jim Jones He's one of the very first entertainers to ever fully support the big reform movement There have been numerous of times that I've called Jim Jones on the phone and told Jim look bro I got a two or three partners. They just come home from prison They ain't never left outside the city of Dallas, man I want to bring them to New York and show them the big app and show them how big the world is Jim Jones response Man, I'm waiting on you man. Let me know when you land and I have somebody come get you Wow So let I want to make sure that I state that publicly that Jim Jones is one of the very first entertainers to ever fully Support the big reform movement. I have taken individuals. So one of my methods with the big reform movement Is about exposure. So I be wanting to expose guys to New York and Atlanta, Mississippi, Tennessee You know, we got guys who ain't never left outside. They know you Jim Jones every time I've reached out to him and told him that man, I'm gonna be in New York I want to do X Y Z his response has always been come on. Let me bro. I got you anything I can do to assist You let me know I got you. So when it concerns Something like what D1 is saying as far as the lyrics I respect that because the lyrics they do in Tys I youth or whatnot, but I also will say this We putting too much goddamn responsibility on the entertainers. What happened to the mommy and the daddy? Wow You know, we we looking for the teachers to raise the school to raise the kids in the school Well, it's the teacher's job to teach the child not teach the child how to be respectful Yes, sir.  I feel with the rap, you know, they are rappers.  That's a problem. Wow, that's a major problem That's real.  That's that's one thing I can say is I know I know you're telling the truth because it starts at the home All I'm simply saying is, you know, you can't be mad at Cardi B for how she is. I watched this one time Cardi B song or something came on while her daughter was around and Cardi B hair up and cut the song off And she received backlash for that I'm trying to understand Cardi B don't want her daughter listening to this So if you got your child listening to Cardi B, who fathers that Cardis Cardi make music for entertainers She's an entertainer. She's her her job is to sell the record to sell the song So she can talk about giving your head and shaking that ass and turning around whatever she needs to do to get the song So it's what she's supposed to do Obviously, she's a very responsible mother because she cut that goddamn music out when her daughter was standing there Real talk, but how many kids a lot of times a lot of kids don't listen to music around their parents, correct So a lot of parents don't know what their kids listen to correct. You know what I mean?  That's that's the only thing that I'm trying to convey to individuals We're we're we're placing the responsibility on the entertainer to raise your child, right, you know So I can't put the responsibility on Cardi B Jim Jones meat meals little Kiki They are entertainers.   That's my job I'll I'm saying as far as you know in this situation that we are placing way too much Responsibility on entertainers and athletes to raise our kids Because really what you saying is that you too lazy to get up off your ass and raise your own child You depending on the internet to do it But at the same time though I think the main thing from all of that is to teach your child be careful of what you feed your soul with because the more you Digest all of this so so-called music cuz some people digest all this music more than they digest knowledge So I'm gonna ask you this once again As an adult For that that's all I'm saying because I hear this so much these kids growing up. I Control with my daughter listen to it in my house. I run the house my daughter don't run nothing Do you know everything that she listened to? So my daughter is just three, but I'm saying even if she's 15 16 obviously I can't control Everybody my daughter listening to what she's watching, you know, that's why I'm saying inside the house amongst me and her mother It's our job to instill morals values principle Make sure she understands right from wrong and allow her to make sound solid decisions She's gonna mess up. She's gonna make some mistakes or whatnot, but we can't be saying that My daughter I was shaking our ass because a car to be now my daughter shaking I asked cuz she fast and she trying to be accepted by her little home girl And she listening to the music and the music is just what's enticing other gone do it, right? You know, I'm not gonna hold car to be responsible for that.  That's all I'm saying I do hold entertainers to a certain to a certain, you know You are entertaining you got influence over millions of people you want to be more conscious of what you put now But I can't solely put that on a show


Wow, time flies, bro. No cap. I literally remember downloading Madden 20 and now we are already at Ultimate Legend. Oh my God, this is so weird, looking at this. I'm not gonna do any spoilers though. I know there's a Calvin Johnson, I know there's a Troy Palamalu cause he's on the pack, that's all I know. I'm not gonna look at the auction house until we open our packs. There's five here, there are 180,000 coins each so they better be good. I'm gonna open the bundle to start. And that's about it. I literally just woke up and I'm kind of sick today but I definitely wanted to record this so let's see what we can do. If I'm able to get Megatron, I will get him with gameplay too. Got Geronimo Allison in the first round. Brian Bulaga and AJ Johnson. That is a decent start. Next, Darno Docket. That animation's kind of dope but that's obviously not the like high overalls animation. Megatron 88. So the Ultimate Legend version is gonna be a 96 overall. So I assume the pack animation is different if they're like a 90 plus or something. So hopefully we'll find that out soon. Stepping to it, Derek Wolfe. Oh come on, one more, one more. Fight! No, Mark Barron, I thought that was more. All right, weak legend, Von Miller, this is a low 89. That's also gotta be a low, darn it! And then an 84, Ray Guy. Ricardo Allen, we got a Super Bowl player. Corey Clemente. Whoa, whoa! Oh my God, I just... Just pulled in a full Ultimate Legend. Not in the big round either. Here's what you can do. This is actually dope. So I missed the animation right there. If I back out of the pack and go back into it, it'll be the exact same pack but nothing will be opened yet. That's so clutch.  Okay, so Ricardo Allen is gonna be Corey Clemente.  Okay, so it's just like regular legends except it's all gold, which I actually think is super badass. Dude, let's go. I'm the miniature Rob, that's hilarious. We get Walter Jones, 95 overall. So we're looking for the big X to go behind all that. So there's Palamalu, no big X back there, the exact same Palamalu. Nope, I was about to say if it's the same exact Palamalu again, I'm gonna laugh. Series Redux, Desmetrufa. Dude, I'm loving these packs right now.  I'm usually at like 10 million coins, but Wheel of Mutt with the Lamar Jackson and everything has been sucking me dry. Like a dirty whore, I shouldn't say that. Corey Dillon, come on, give me the big X. Dude, I pulled the Walter Jones on that first round and on all of these, I don't pull anything. 92 plus Ultimate Legend player, I assume I'm gonna get the big X no matter what. 95, let's go. So is this a full Ultimate Legend or does this go into the set? Oh, wait a second. Wait a second, so that 95 Walter Jones wasn't a full Ultimate Legend. It's like almost the full Ultimate Legend. There's only six of the packs, but they're really, really exciting so far. We've pulled so many cool things in them. All right, our second bundle's on the way. We got a Frozen Player, my Q-Pod. Oh, I haven't seen that guy in so long. Dude, this guy was the biggest savage in Mademole 15 when I played so long ago. He had some of the best cards. Wow, that brought up some memories. I wasn't ready for that. Palamalu, Walter Jones, oh my God. I'm physically incapable of pulling a 90 plus on that final round. For some reason, I can't do it. Not because I don't want to. I would like to. Oh my God, who is this dude? Corey Schlinger. He's a lion, it's an awesome name. Oh, actually, I vaguely remember this dude. I remember some old head talking to me about it. I wasn't alive or a fan. I was probably alive. F*** it. I'm not giving up hope though. Anthony Brown, Christian Kirk, Jesse James, a super flakko. Whatever, I'll take it. For elites to end that off, Randall Cunningham, Walter Jones, I should just speed through it because I know I just can't do it. I don't want to speed through it though because I want to make sure I see my animations. I have to be patient. Will Harris. Darren Waller. Absolutely nothing. I want to die. Okay, nope, not the big X. Howie Long, Walter Jones. Dude, it's impossible. I just got all four of those. We're Ultimate Legends and I still couldn't get a 90 plus. All right, this is the final Ultimate Legends fan is back. This one has not provided really anything for us so we're going to need to clutch last back if we want to salvage this back opening. Schleichinger is back. Howie Long and a playoffs player, Matt Milano. I'm not incited by it. Dude, I can't do it. Serious Redux, please not Marquis Brown. You know what? That's not bad. All right. I don't think I could say that salvage it back but that wasn't bad. Now I definitely need a 95 here. At least a 95. Give me full-engined Megatron. No. It's the evil world we live in. I'm in physical pain from that back opening. Oh, that hurt. Devin Singletary, Devin McCordy. We're getting the Devins today. Big X to start us out. Are you kidding me? I'm going to pull a full actual full legend before I pull a 90 plus Ultimate Legend right here. You're out of your mind. This is insane. How is this happening? Brian Dawkins, Jared Goff. Okay, I'll take it. And this one, okay. No more full legend that time. We got Aaron Rodgers, Walter Jones, Shannon Sharp, it can't be done. I have truly definitely at this point determined it is impossible. Let me look at like the view. Can I view info on the pack and see if it actually like allows me to pull that up there? Eternally screwed. I got a good first round. I got Calvin Johnson, Vernon Davis. Nothing there. Nothing there. Yes. I finally got it. 94 Palomalu. That was hype. All right. That's what we needed. We needed that bath. All right. So that leaves us with one more Ultimate Legends fantasy pack. Saw, ooh, solid start got weaker. Lots of elites. Okay. Brian Erlacher, Brian Waters, Walter Jones and a big X is Gene Upshaw. I really can pull regular legends better than I can pull even decent Ultimate Legends. Kind of weird. Later that same evening. Hey, what are you doing? I have to hide all other thoughts right now. Hey, get in the dungeon, get in the dungeon. Okay, now say hi little boys. Hi guys. How's it going? Say hi to the boys. I just got tagged in a MMG Puppamy's fan post or something. Yeah. It was so funny. What was it? I don't know, just a photo of you. Hey, everyone clap it up for Kaley's good story. Okay, bye. Absolutely not. Come in here and open this pack. You know how these work, right? I'm playing it. You choose four. So on this round you choose four. Let's see if Kaley can turn it around. My pack's so decent. It just started out really good. Can I just keep going? Yeah, so like if you see a cool animation, watch it. So no. That's a cool name. Larry Lill. So no, if you see a goal, just move. This is where it really matters. 87, good start. You're looking for, you're looking, this is where you're looking for 90s. No. Shannon, Shannon's sharp. I've been getting caught. Oh, what is that? Hey, that's pretty good. Well, okay, it looks like I'm in the 90s. It's not, but it's darn new. Calvin, Johnson, Troy, Paula, Milo. I can't pull the 90 pluses on this. Okay, so Dallas Clark, Time Brady, Belaga and Jabal Sheer. Now, okay, good start. Full legend. I just got full legend, Michael Strayam. And this is not what we're looking for right now.  Yes! Yes, yes, yes, yes! Let's go. That's what you want. Yes, good job. So do you see the difference in the animation?  Yes. That's what we're looking for. Can I go unpack? Nope. Kaylee, you don't want to play Madden with me? You don't love Madden Ultimate Team? I support you. Okay, Beth, then here, I'll let you take the video over then. Here, you got it. No. By the way, I'm going to give away two jerseys because I really don't like doing pack opening because I don't like giving EA this much money. I do like making these videos. I just don't like giving the money to EA, right? So I guess to kind of compensate for it, what I'm going to do is give away two jerseys to you guys. So it's not like I'm just giving money to EA. I want to like help you guys out too. I guess that sounds kind of lame. I'm going to give away, let's go one Lamar Jackson, one Megatron, and one Troy Palamalu jersey. I'm assuming NFL shop has Troy Palamalu jerseys. If they don't, then we'll figure something out. But I'm going to give away those three to enter. Shoot me a DM on Instagram and let me know which jersey you want. Patrick Sertain, Warren Samp, Big X. Brian Urlacher, 94, and we get a Super Bowl player. 86, Jake Matthews, Corey Clement. Let's do it. We got a Big X. Dude, I have pulled three full legends. I have pulled Clint Portis, Michael Strayhan, Darnell Dock. Okay, Big X. Best pulls, dude, because he's a 97, not one of the 96s. Finally, we get Warren Samp, 97. Let's go. Whatever, mate. Andre Reed, we got a Big X. I'm damn close to building the entire Howie Long. Calvin Johnson to start it out, and Jarvis Landry and Minka Fitzpatrick. Very good starting pass. I'm a happy camper. Randall Cunningham, Palamalu, Big X. See, it buffered. It totally did. Dude, I just pulled another full legend. How many of these am I? I'm excited about it, but it's like I'm here for ultimate legend. I just pulled 92, Corey. Ryan Grand Series Redux. Let's go. Don't cuck with me.  It's gonna be like 87 overall, Chase Winovich. 97, Luke Keekley. We just pulled him in. Dude, the legends fantasy pack is better than the ultimate legends pack. Okay, so I pulled all golds, and then a 97 overall, Luke Keekley in the dead center. Well, I am glad I opened up the legends fantasy packs. We got Fred Warner, Mahomes, Dwight Freeney. We're just gonna take, I'm actually gonna take Mahomes. He might be worth something because it's a power up. I don't know. I just pulled another full legend. I keep like clicking through the damn animations. See what happens, full champion. Five, that's five. I was five full legends now. Really good second round. Walter Jones, Mark Barron, Brian Erlacher, and six. Count them up, boys. That is six full legends. And Max Williams, we got a heavyweight, 90, 90. Oh, Kaleas. Ultimate legend, Calvin Johnson. Aaron Rodgers, don't do it. Seven, seven and there's a duplicate. How? Okay, let's overview because wow, do we have a lot to look at. First things first, 97 career tribute, Luke Keekley. That's a clean 315,000-ish coins. Warren Sapp, what do you go for? Yeah, he's about 355. After that, we have 95 Warren Sapp and 95 Walter Jones. Hold 394s, Howie Long, Brian Erlacher, Troy Palomalu. And then our full legends, Darnell Dockett, Christian Okoye, Clint Portis. That's who I was reading, Clint Portis. And we just got like so many of these. I feel like you probably just quick sell them because they're probably not worth anything. All right, boys. I'm gonna conclude the pack opening. That was super fun. I need to sell those players. Dude, I'm down to 2.6 mil. I think like two weeks ago I had 10 mil. And then Lamar, Christian McCaffrey, all the Wheel of Mud upgrades, everything happened. I'll see you guys in the next one. Thank you for watching. This is dope. I'll keep posting every day. I haven't daily uploaded like since four years ago. And here we are daily uploading. I will see you guys in the next video. Thanks for watching. Peace out.


في ذلك moment in time then this middle part of her life we see this character of Sayyid Zaynab of a teacher of a jurist of a Mufassirah of Quran because the narration says that on one occasion Imam Hussein is passing by the Masjid of Kufa and he can hear inside the Masjid that Sayyid Zaynab is giving Tafseer the women when Sayyid Zaynab enters into Kufa the women of Kufa they ask and request from Amir al-Mu'mineen that we have lessons for females for women with your daughter on Tafseer of Quran and so the history mentions that as Imam Hussein is passing by he said I would hear her mentioning the Tafseer of the حروف المقبطات ياسين الفلام بيم and Kufa therefore she has this role of the teacher


The One O'Clock Block, I'm Jay Finder. This is ThinkTex's research in Minoa, where we find out what the scientists are doing up there. And today we're going to talk about, I call it, it's all about magnetism, research in Minoa, paleo magnetism, lessons from Earth's magnetic field. But it goes beyond that. And our primary guest is Dr. Emilio Herrera Bervera. And he is one of the most magnetic personalities I have ever met in geoscience. You'll see what I mean. I'm not kidding. Welcome to the show. I am a walking magnet. That takes you to what I am. Right? If you want to define a magnetism in human bodies, that way. We're going to talk about that. Okay, next to him we have Carl Jörniker. Gerst Niker. Gerst Niker. No, Gerst Niker. Gerst Niker. It's a mouthful. I remember that, too. And he's a student in what? Geoscience in... Yes, master student at the University of Hawaii. Master student in geoscience. You guys know each other, actually, yeah? Of course. I just want to check up on that, yeah? So we're going to talk about magnetism today. And, you know, the interesting thing that we should start with is that paleo magnetism, because paleo magnetism can teach us about the past, right? And teach us amazing things, not only long-term things, but relatively short-term things. But how do you learn about the past using magnetism? That sounds like a long way to go. What kind of technology actually does that? Okay, what we are actually doing is we're studying the magnetic minerals in rocks, right? I'm talking about all kinds of rocks that we have in nature. So we can go from the contemporary type of rocks. I'm talking about lava flows that have been erupted in the past few days. And then we can go back, more or less, to about four billion years. There are rocks that have been found, for example, in Canada that probably they retain the original magnetism when the lava, for example, were erupted. This reminds me of a show we once had about computers. And we got a call from some guy. And he said, you're talking about computers, but I need to know about electricity. Can you tell me about electricity? So, you know, it's a parallel, but what is magnetism? Am I ideal? Basically, it's not really that simple to define that. The war was actually coined from the island of Magnesia. It started doing that kind of, you know, definition of it. And magnetism basically is when you have something like an object that could be basically a lodestone or something metallic that has two different charges, right? One positive and negative, right? So this is basically producing what is called a magnetic moment and it's a dipole. Okay, so it has to be metallic. Yeah, it's not necessarily red. Can I have something that's magnetic, that has no metal in it? No, yeah. Well, it has iron and it has oxygen. Those are the ferro and ferromagnetics, okay? But it could be iron and sulfur, right? So those are basically things that... It's a combination of... Yeah, it's a combination of... But there's always iron. There's always iron involved in... And this piece of material, whatever it is, has to be charged at somewhere along the line to have the magnetism. Yeah. How do these magnetic objects get charged? It's basically the atomic structure, right, of the combination of oxygen and iron that actually produce this atomic combination that is actually carrying the magnetism of some of this material. And how long does, you know, a piece of material from way back went from paleo days, how long does it keep that charge? Billions of years. Really? Right, so it depends upon the grain sizes. You know, how small these magnetic domains are. If you have very, very small type of sizes, these are called superparamagnetic, and the magnetism is, you know, some sort of a short-term. But when you're talking about other materials that have a different type of magnetic grain sizes, single domain, multi-domain, pseudo-single domain, then you're talking about relaxation times of billions of years. This is a very good question because, for example, all the oceanic crusts of the Earth, of the planet, carries magnetism. And how long is it going to be the magnetism actually holding there, right? So you're talking about in this particular case, because of that magnetic grain sizes, or those magnetic grain sizes of these particles, that they will be there for billions of years. Well, are they ever there, like, forever? For infinity? In other words, they never do two-year-age? No, no, no. They always do two-year-age. Yeah, they suffer, for example, a low-temperature oxidation. Some others, they suffer what is called a high-temperature oxidation. That's one of the things. But compared to our lifetime, right? You know, a human being, you know, will live up to maybe 78, 80, my dad died a couple of years ago, and he was 98 when he died. This is basically the historic time that people relate to when you're talking about how all these hold. So 100 years compared to four billion years, you're talking about, you know, a tremendous amount of time, right? That's essentially one of the scales. Now, I can read magnetism. Yes. What do I need to read magnetism in a given object? Well, you need to actually take that particular type of material. And when we're talking about materials, we're talking about, for example, the hard drive of your computer. Sure, sure. It's not going to last a billion years. I'm telling you that. Okay, yeah. So you can have the hard drive of your computer, but you can also have other things like, for example, a bio-magnet. Right? What is a bio-magnet? It's a bacteria that, you know, can actually swing from one polarity to another polarity, for example. You can have a rock. How do you read it? You have a machine. You know, it scans things and tells you how much magnetism. Yeah, basically what you do with this kind of thing is you have some measuring devices. This is basically one of the things that we're trying to do today in the 21st century, that we know the magnetism has been there for many years, but also the techniques of actually reading that signal coming from these objects, now they have improved so much that we have now instruments that can go and measure things like, for example, the magnetism of our hair. Right? We're talking about a hair. Basically, you're talking about 60 micro meters. Has magnetism? It could be. Well, this suggests that a magnetic charge is essentially a storage device, like for energy. Exactly, yes. So you could, if you could figure out how to take something that will take a lot of energy and you could charge that up. You have a battery that could be very efficient. We're not talking about energy, you know, when you actually try to decipher the past history of the Earth, then you have to go to rocks because the history of the rocks is basically recorded by the rocks in the oceanic crust. Okay. So we're talking about going, you know, for the present configuration of the continents, we're talking about you can go back 180 million years, right? You would take. Right? So more or less, 180 million years. But if you actually try to understand how the continental masses have been actually placed, you know, these paleogeographic reconstructions, then you can go to probably 1.5 billion years, or even longer than that. Let me shift to Carl. Yeah. Because we only have a few minutes left in this segment. Carl, I assume that you know at least a fair part of what Emilio knows about this subject, yeah? Well, I just thought... And if you're wrong, he can correct me. Good. Yeah. I really had a awakening when I took this class to... I've already noticed in other classes that I'm kind of using it to solve problems. It's just another tool for the geologist. Geologist, but you know, you were talking before about biomagnetism. That's not geology, is it? That's chemistry. No, no, really. I mean, it's a soft feel of magnetism that basically we're talking about. But I mean, what that suggests to me, and this may be outside the notion of paleomagnetism, of course, but is that the magnetic charge in your hair, or in the other parts of your your biome, so to speak, have an effect on you. They're not operating in a vacuum. The charge in your hair may have an effect on your skin or some other organ. And so there is a biological phenomenon happening here, which, I don't know if that's within your science, but it sounds very interesting to be able to see relationships of pieces of your biology in terms of magnetic effect, cause and effect. Yeah, well, they are several, let's say chapters of these biomagnetic type of understanding and knowledge. One of the things we are doing in our class, for example, is to understand how we get, for example, some of the magnetic particles that are in the environment in the lower part of our lungs or in the middle part of our lungs. Is that good for you? No, no, on the contrary, on our brain. So one of the things that we actually we are studying in our class and the laboratory is that, for example, we need to take samples of the tailpipe of our car. Right? And you say, how? Well, you know, you can dust off the tailpipe or you can get, for example, a toilet paper, you know, that type of tissue and you go there and try to get some of these magnetic particles onto the paper, right? So what you do with this kind of thing, you go to the laboratory and you measure, you know, supposedly the magnetism of these particles. And we have done that and it's amazing because there is a very strong magnetic signal coming from these things. Carl, you've been working with this too. Yeah, the environmental magnetism and that's kind of where the link is with the human body and the geology side because we're using the exact same equipment that we process, you know, rock samples with but instead, in this regard, we're looking at brake pad dust, we're looking at your exhaust, even stuff that your vacuum cleaner picks up because this is all basically magnetic pollution that you don't realize because that brake pad just disappears as you drive and no one thinks a thing of it. What's magnetic? Just for the record, what is magnetic pollution? Well, okay, so okay, this is a very good question because what the other thing that happens is that people do not really realize that we have, for example, their condition in here. So they are particles that are actually raining on our heads, right, because of the entire A-conditioning system of the building and then we have to go with the size of these particles.  A virus or a bacteria could actually have a charge? They could have a charge and I'm going to go back to what Carl was saying about the brakes. So what basically happens is that you go there, pick up some of these pieces from the tailpipe or your brakes, you know, the brake pads, and then you go to the instruments and you measure the magnetism of these kind of things, even though they are very, very small, you know, you're talking about a hair, the diameter of hair is about 60 micrometers, but they are something called PM Particular Matter, this is about 10 and then 2.5. So these kind of things, they go up in the atmosphere, you know, the cars are actually expelling that kind of stuff and you're going to say, where are they coming from? They are coming from the engine that is breaking down. I love this. This is great. We're living in a world of magnetism. I suppose you can see the whole thing in terms of magnetism. I suppose this class has changed your way of looking at things, Carl. Yes, yeah. And it really kind of baffles you when you step back and you realize that a brand new set of tires has like an extra half inch of tread on it and you don't think a thing of it and you get a new set of tires and then when you start looking at how much rubber that is, it's incredible how much stuff just you don't even think of. Does this suggest that you could have a sort of magnetic signature that, you know, an object would be unique for the way its magnetic field works and the particles in it and the configuration of those particles, so that you can say based on a magnetic signature this object is different from all the other objects in the world and I can look at it magnetically. Indirectly, yes, you can do that. But one of the things that we are trying to do is basically study the magnetic grain sizes or these kind of things from the engine. Yeah. And when you determine that there is magnetism in this tiny thing of particles, what happens? I know what happens. I know what happens. What happens? You take a break. Oh, okay. Carl, thank you for being with us. Thank you. That's Carl. Let me say this right. Gersnecker? Yes. Okay. Who is a student, a master's student in geoscience at HIGP.  We're not done yet. That's okay. That's Emilio Herrera-Bivera and he is going to be with us in the next segment so he's going to put his microphone back on right after this break. What an exciting show this is. Okay. We have additional guests now. We have, to Emilio's left, Vanessa Lopez. Hi, Vanessa. Hi. And we have Brian Suley. Suley. Suley. Okay. Also from SOES, the School of Oceanology and Science and Technology, and HIGP, the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planning. Why? What are you guys doing there anyway just so we can compare you with Carl? Well, I'm a student. I'm an undergraduate student of geophysics and I've taken Emilio's class to learn more about paleomagnetism and the effects of magnetism on the earth and the human bodies. It was introduced to me at the beginning of the class. As you spoke earlier, we were talking about the biomagnetism within our bodies that we have been working on and it's really interesting. You know, this is something- Working in that area. Working in that area. What are you learning about that? Vanessa, what about you? I'm doing the same thing. I'm an undergrad in geology and geophysics and I'm really excited about paleomagnetism. So that excitement that you both seem to have, is that going to lead to a graduate degree in geophysics? Are you writing this down, Emilio? Yeah. You may know him a long time. Are you going to be doing geophysics in your graduate work? Yes. Planning on doing research about it. Yeah. So is this a class for undergraduates you're talking about? It is a class that is classified as GG, Geology, and Geophysics 651. But both undergraduates and graduate students actually take it. Oh, the same class. Yes. There is another student that is not here. I don't know why he probably couldn't make it. But that student and Carl, they are graduate students and these two students are undergraduate students. But I have to say something here also in addition to this kind of thing. We're not only studying this type of environmental magnetism. We are actually studying rocks. You know, we are actually drilling a section at Macapool Point. And basically the idea is to determine how the magnetic field of the earth is actually changing. Okay. Can we talk about that? Yes. Okay. So we have a rock. I give you a rock, Emilio. And you have your special things that can tell the magnetism in the, I guess, the molecules of the rock or the atoms, whatever it is in the rock. Yeah. And you can get a whole picture of the rock, a map if you will, of the rock and the magnetism and all this. More or less. How do you get from there to paleo-magnetism? Okay. Essentially what you basically, let me tell you the background of this kind of thing. I wrote a proposal to the National Science Foundation. The proposal basically was to study one of the sections of the Koala Volcano. The Koala Volcano was like this, right? And basically one of the reasons why this flank of the volcano collapsed and went into the ocean is because of the stiffness of the lava. You know, they were erupted very fast. And then there's a lot of dikes injected into the system and then the volcano collapsed. Yeah. And the pieces of the volcano are out there. They travel about 250 kilometers in one shot. So this actually creates a very unique condition because once the volcano is collapsed, then you have the innards of the volcano exposed, like, for example, at Macapoo Point. Yeah. If you go to Macapoo Point and you stand up there, you say, well, it looks like that part of the volcano is actually missing. Yeah. But the beauty of that kind of thing is it is actually leaving the lavas, you know, the inside of the volcano right there exposed. So those lavas are ideal for sampling because you have them there, right there. It's like a pancake one after another, huh? So you take Macapoo or the volcano began. So you have to look at samples of rocks from various places in the structure? Well, let me explain about that. What basically happens is I told the students, OK, why don't we just go there, all of us? Yeah. And I have a portable drill. It's a rock drill, right? So we go to the lowest lava flow, you know, the one at sea level. And then we have to actually take samples with the rock drill. You've got to take about at least 10 of these samples. OK. Not very big. No, they are just basically one inch. One inch. One inch. And the length of them is about two or three inches. And the lava?  Then you take them to the laboratory before you actually take them out of the outcrop. Yeah. You have to mark them, you know, with the orientation relative to it. You guys doing this? Yes. No, we have done it. We've already did that. We've already done it. You're doing it with the tailpipes, too? Yes. OK. Tailpipes and lava. I got it. Tailpipes breaks, you know. And they don't have us. Right? And the residue that I vacuumed out of my room for that biological matter, so yes. Yeah. Those kind of things that he's talking about, they are very important because people don't realize that when you have here, for example, this carpet, it is full of all these bacteria and viruses that came from the air conditioning. Yeah. And you have them there, and you are actually putting them in our system. Yeah. You spoke of environmental magazines. Is that what you mean by environment that's all around us? Yes. But going back to the rocks, right? So you take about 10 of these samples because you have to have some sort of statistics done on them so you can calculate the mean declination and inclination and the intensity. It is a vector. So you take these samples, you cut them off, and you take them to the laboratory, and then you measure the magnetism in them, of each one of them. Yeah, but don't you lose a lot of information when you take them from different places and you don't remember exactly where you took them from? No, no, no, no. There's not such a thing.  And you write down, okay, this is lava flow number one, sample one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. And then you move up, you know. So you know pretty much where they came from. Yeah. To the next lava flow, you can even take a picture. The separation or the distance between the first lava flow and the second lava flow could be two, three meters or could be, you know, the adjacent lava flow up on top of this one. So you do this kind of thing. You take all these kind of things in the laboratory. You measure the magnetism. The idea basically is you measure the magnetism of this lava flow down and down and down and down.  If you go to Macapoo, we're talking about 200 meters in terms of the vertical distance. Yeah. They are about 400 lava flows that were erupted by the volcano. Overtime. Overtime. Okay. But there's another component that is extremely important. We have this pancake, right? So determine the magnetism. But then there's a friend of mine. He is from Wisconsin. And they have a laboratory where they can tell you the date of the timing of the emplacement of the rock. From the magnetism. No. They are using argon-argon isotope. Okay. Those system altogether. Another way of reading the rock. This is basically what is called radiometric things. So now I know the magnetism and the age. So what do I do with all that? Okay. You have all these kind of things that now I need to know how the magnetic field is actually changing over time, right? Is it going from a normal polarity to a reverse polarity, normal to intermediate type of configuration of the field to a reverse? Okay. So you reconstruct the past history of that particular section. Okay. I'm going to go to your students now. He's a great teacher by the way. I want to join your class. So now you have the dating. And you have the magnetism. And you have it all in a place somewhere, maybe on a website or a spreadsheet. What is that going to... And you can figure out how it's degrading. The magnetism is degrading or changing over time. What we do is we take these samples and we go back. So what is the aha moment in all of this? I'm asking them. Yeah. And you don't have to grade them on this, okay? No. But unless you want to. No. Okay, all right. So what we do is we go back and we grind up particles and we can check for the curie points to check to see if we have magnetite in them, the pure magnetite. What is magnetite? It is a magnetic particle that is found in all rocks. Okay. It's a magnetic mineral. Mineral. I mean, my apologies. And it's also found in animals, in their brains. Like you can take a human being and... Human bodies. I mean, human bodies. Yes. But it's in animals and that's what allows them to naturally turn to the north and be able to migrate. So Vanessa, how much of what he said do you agree with? More or less. But that's your question. We correlate to the magnetic chronostatography. We will be able to tell in the geological time scale. You can relate the findings to what... So what's the paper on this? I'm going to write for the journal Science. What's the topic? Okay. What's the article that I want to write here? Yeah. The article that we're going to be actually... There is one. Okay. All right. There will be one. No, no, no. Let me tell you something. We have the grant from the National Science Foundation. And the number one priority and our obligation is to produce and writing the results. Remember one thing, and they know that it is not science until it's published.  But if we actually publish the results of our research, then that is... It's clear right here. Then yeah, that's all right. So the idea basically is that you go see how these things are changing. And I can tell you one thing. Many years ago, you know, I was trying to investigate the magnetic field of the Earth in that place. And I told the students. So we thought that the age of the Macapuz section was 1.8 million years old. That means that lava flows were erupted at 1.8. Okay. And layers. Layers, right? So they took a sample from the lava flow. Now going to the... From the bottom of the section to the top, they took several, you know, samples for radiometric dating. We came up with ages that were totally completely all there with respect to what it was reported in the literature. So our ultimate goal of this is to do the magnetics and then the dating. So we can actually tell, you know, how many reversals, if any.  Well, that's basically... That's another aspect of the research. Right? So what we need to do is to understand the growth, the evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes. Yeah. Once we write the paper, you know, it's going to revolutionize the understanding of the growth of the volcanoes here in Hawaii because the Macapuz section, it is not 1.8 million years old, but it's older. You know, at 9 meters from sea level, the age is 2.61. So that means that the bottom of the section is even older than that. So now we know that the Kola volcano from sea level 1 all the way to the top is about the history of... or recorded as a magnetic field coupling with the radiometric dating. We're talking about 400,000 years of eruptions. Okay, Brian, can you summarize the show for me, if you don't mind? Summarize the show. What do we learn here today? What we learn here today is the fact that the volcanoes here on the Hawaiian islands are older than they are and that the Earth's magnetic field has been migrating over a period of existence here that it's been around and also that there's a lot of magnetic pollution in the environment that we don't pay much attention to that's killing us. That's the most interesting thing to me. It's not just Macapu. It's my lungs. No, no, no. But let me tell you something. We can go one step further. It has been found that in the brain of human beings, we have some of these tiny tiny particles the size of the... And they're damaging. Well, there is a very recent paper saying that there is a direct relationship between the magnetic grain sizes of these particles and Alzheimer's disease. Okay, we got to go. But Vanessa, I wanted to ask you, what do you think of Emilia as your teacher? He's a great teacher. He's a great guest here in the show. I can tell you that. Well, thank you very much. Emilia, Vanessa, Brian and Carl was here a little while ago. It really is a mind-boggling thing what you're doing. It opens all kinds of new thoughts in my mind anyway. Thank you so much, you guys. Thank you. Aloha.


Welcome back, everyone, once again. I hope that you enjoyed the refreshments and I hope that the judges have had sufficient time for their own debate and to reach their conclusion. Could I now ask the Presiding Judge, Stephen Docherty, to offer the adjudication speech, please? Stephen, 10 minutes maximum. Deputy Presiding Officer, Madam President, Mr Past President, fellow judges, debaters, ladies and gentlemen, ladies and gentlemen, old man, Tom Cawbly and various others. There is actually a precedent order for speaking in a building of this nature, particularly speaking at this particular place where, of course, our Majesty the Queen has stood, so it's a unique and singular honour for me to be standing in such a hallowed spot. This competition is named after Donald Dewar, who regrettably never got the chance to speak in this chamber that he inspired. He was one of Scotland's greatest debaters and more responsible than many people for our Scottish Parliament from being established. One of his great driving desires was a desire to see everyone succeed in Scotland, especially the young. So it's particularly fitting that the Law Society has honoured Donald Dewar with the naming of this competition in his name, because it does bring together the very best of the Scottish schools debaters. We've seen plenty of evidence of that here tonight. We have had a series of very good speeches tonight, and I'd just like to speak very briefly about some of the things that we thought, as judges, tends to go towards making a very good team performance for that as the game that we're in. One of the most important things, of course, is to ensure that you have the right mix of people in your team. Sometimes that's different clashes of styles, sometimes it's people who play well off each other, but it's important to have the right mix, which means you have to have two strong speakers. Those speakers then need to use all three of the speeches in the debate very, very well. Oftentimes what you get is people forget to rely upon the reply speeches, which can sometimes be a very good way of summarising where the debate has gone and where it's ended up and making the points that you want to specifically rely upon. We feel the proposition teams, particularly in this motion, were given a very difficult job to do, because this is a hard motion to define. I think it's fair to say that it could have been defined in a number of different ways. I think there could have been questions about who actually benefits from the existing coverage arrangements, where the coverage is so wide-ranging and gives us so much detail. We could have explored what the word restrict means in the motion, because there are different layers and levels of restriction. There are those who would say, for example, that we are already restricted in the coverage that we have. The best proposition teams find a way of defining the motion in a way that makes sense and takes control of the debate. The best opposition teams, of course, anticipate what that argument might end up being and prepare their own strong arguments in rebuttal. We need to see from a good winning team use of strong, powerful, factual examples. We need to see them used well and in context rather than just thrown out there. The use of good examples moves us away from the realm of making outright assertion, where there's very little evidence to back you up. The winning team managed to provide plenty of good examples for their speeches tonight. It's important to remember, notwithstanding the subject matter of the motion, that humour is a possibility. We saw it from some of the floor speeches, of course. Humour is important because it helps to engage the audience. If you can find a way of putting across a strong point in an amusing way, it's all the more powerful. The final point that we would like to mention is the importance in any debate of frankly going in for the kill. If your opposing side is floundering and has left themselves open to attack, then your job on the other side is to frankly go after the blood in the water. If they're flaring around in the water, they're just inviting attack. It is about debate. It is about argument. It's not about accepting what the other side has said.  The best teams do all of those things. The winner of tonight's debate managed to do most of those things, which is why they are the winners. I thought I was being timed, Deputy Presiding Officer, but what I will do is... We do have three prizes to give away this evening. First and by no means least, I have to say to you, we are specifically enjoined to ensure that you stay in your seats. This is not the price is right. You do not run down to the front when your name is called. With that in mind, I'm delighted to announce that the winner of the floor prize, which is a £50 book token for those of you who still read books, goes to Craig McCulloch of Lanark Grammar, so much for the appetiser. The second-placed team, and I have to say, the time that we used in our judging room was actively used in trying to divide between all four teams who all did very well, but there were two that emerged close to the top, and it was a difficult job to separate them out as well. The team in second place, who received a prize sponsored on, I understand, by the Glasgow Bar Association, is the two Davids from Preswick Academy. Excellent job to them both. Our winners this evening, I'm delighted to say, are Jamie and Ewan from Madras College. All that remains, of course, Deputy Presiding Officer, on behalf of myself and my fellow judges and all present, is to thank the Parliament for their hospitality this evening. I wish you all good evening. Thank you very much. Thank you very much, and congratulations. Can I now ask Christine McClintock, President of the Law Society of... Sorry, no, sorry. Wrong page. I've now made a mistake. I was doing so well. Back to the right page. Thank you very much, Stephen. We will now hear from Lorna Jack, the chief executive of the Law Society of Scotland, who's going to deliver the vote of thanks. Five minutes please, Lorna. It's been a long day. Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer, our ladies and gentlemen, judges and competitors. I'm delighted once again to be here to witness the fascinating and entertaining final of the Donald Jure debating tournament. The past 12 months have been exceptional for us all. It has certainly been a year that has encouraged people of all ages to debate important issues which has resulted in significant changes to the face of politics and citizenship throughout Scotland. With the referendum in 2014 and the recent UK general election, young people have been encouraged to add their voices to the important discussions of their future. It's wonderful, therefore, to be able to host the final in the debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament once again. On behalf of the Law Society and all of our guests this evening, I'd like to thank the Deputy Presiding Officer, Elaine Smith, MSP and everyone in the parliamentary events and education teams, particularly David Hershaw, Vicki Little and Mary Hershaw, for ensuring tonight has been such a resounding success. I think it's worth reminding you just how far the competitors have achieved in reaching the final. Last November 128 teams argued for and against the highly topical motion. This House believes the UK should leave the European Union during the 32 opening heats held in schools across Scotland. We might want to dust off the fort and against there in the next few months. 64 teams from the opening rounds went on to debate. This House would abolish all immigration controls in round 2. Then just 16 teams went on to compete in the semifinals in March. The semifinals are always a true test of skill and resourcefulness, as the motions are only revealed one hour prior to the debate. Our competitors have no access to any external resources such as books, computers or smartphones. Reaching the final is a tremendous achievement. I am sure that you will agree that the four teams here this evening are more than deserving of their place in the final. Speaking in the chamber is a very special experience for our debaters and contributors from the floor and one I am sure they will remember for a long time to come. It may be the case that we see some of you back here as competitors again, perhaps next year or the year after, or even as a future member of the Scottish Parliament, who knows. Attending my seventh debate final, I can tell you that the contributions from the floor become increasingly spirited and entertaining each year. I will lie awake tonight worrying about the BBC becoming a 24-hour terror channel. Well done to you all who took part in the floor debate this evening and in particular to our prize winner Craig McCulloch. Perhaps we will see you in front of a future judging panel before long. As has been said already, sitting in the gallery are the supporters whose backing is immense, the teachers and parents of our debaters, the coaches who have challenged and supported the teams here this evening. It is your support and hard work that has encouraged these people's success. I am sure that you are very proud of them tonight. Also in the gallery are some of our esteemed judges from earlier heats and the semifinals. Every year we rely on volunteers to make the tournament a success and this year more than 100 of you gave of your evenings, sometimes having to travel some distance with the usual horrible Scottish weather to judge in the opening rounds. Thank you for your support, your constructive feedback to the teams, which ensures that many schools enter our tournament year after year. Quite simply, without your involvement, there would be no tournament. We do hope that you have enjoyed the experience and perhaps you are ready to join us again next year. It is with great pleasure that I can now turn my attention to the judging panel tonight. I certainly did not envy their difficult task of selecting our winners from the very talented group of finalists that we had before us. Once the event is drawn to a close, I would like to present you with a token of our appreciation for the fantastic job that you have done here this evening. Thank you again. This year again, we are delighted that the tournament is sponsored by publishers Hodder Gibson. We are most grateful also to the Glasgow Bar Association for donating the second prize. It is my pleasure to welcome John Mitchell from Hodder Gibson and Lindsay McPhee from the Glasgow Bar Association, who will present the prizes alongside the society's president Christine McClintock. Thank you for your continued support, which each year helps ensure that pupils across Scotland have the opportunity to compete in this tournament. I would also like to thank my colleagues Heather McKendrick, Katie Cameron and Laura Gulliver. They work throughout the year to co-ordinate our judges, schools, teachers and sponsors to ensure that the tournament can run to schedule. The final must be for them, a fitting end to all that month's hard work, and I am sure that they will join the coaches and teams in looking forward to 2015-16 after they have their summer break. Finally, I will turn my attention to our winners, Prestwick Academy in terms of the runners-up and, of course, Midraths College. The standard of the debate tonight was exceptionally high from all our finalists, and I congratulate Midraths on being crowned champions this year. You should feel very proud. Indeed, all of our finalists should be congratulated on their performances. I am sure that you are keen to be reunited with your coaches, parents and friends, so I will now hand back over to the Deputy Presiding Officer to invite you up to receive your prizes. Huge congratulations, and I hope to see many of you here again next year. Thank you very much, Laura Gulliver, and, of course, another thanks again to all the judges for their time this evening. We now move to the presentation of the prizes, and I am delighted to announce that all of the finalists will receive a commemorative quake for their efforts as well as a book token. The winner of the best floor speech is going to receive a £50 book token. The runners-up and the winning team will share £500 worth of books from the educational range supplied by Hodder Gibson. The runners-up will receive the second prize of £250 towards their debating society courtesy of the Glasgow Bar Association, and the winning school will receive £1,000 towards their debating society. And, of course, the all-important trophy, which is theirs for one year only. So, could I now ask—this is a rerun of what I said earlier—Christine McClintock, President of the Law Society of Scotland and Lindsay McPhee from the Glasgow Bar Association, who have donated the second prize and John Mitchell of Hodder Gibson Publishers, sponsors of the tournament to come to the floor of the chamber for the prize-giving please? I could ask Christine to stand beside the prize table with Lindsay beside her, followed by John. I am now going to ask Craig McCulloch, Lanark grammar, winner of the best floor speech to come forward and receive your prize please. So, before I ask the runners-up and winners to come forward, I am now going to ask the other two finalists, St Mary's Music School and Lanark grammar, to come forward and receive your well-earned prizes please. Well done to both teams. Could the runners-up Presswick Academy please come forward now and receive their prizes? Well done. Last but far from least, can I now ask Madras College to step forward and receive your prize please, as winners of the 2014-15 Donnerdure memorial debating tournament. Thank you very much and very well done. You should all be extremely proud of your contributions this evening and of reaching this final, which is a fantastic achievement. Could I ask those who will be staying for the big official photograph please to remain in the chamber, you know who you are. Undoubtedly, this has been an absolutely brilliant debate this evening and hopefully enjoyable for all, certainly enjoyable for me. I want to take the opportunity to thank everyone for your participation this evening. Good night and a safe journey home please. Thank you.