So, welcome back to the lecture series in NPTELON bi electricity. So, in the previous class we talked about that within the nervous system how the electrical impulses are translated into mechanical stimulus and that inter conversion electrical to mechanical to electrical in the process how the stretch reflex circuits are functioning how the calcium dictates the electrical current and how the sarcoplasmic reticulum functions we kind of went in depth and discussed all that. So, now what we will do there are if you remember in the first lecture when I was telling you the outline of it. So, there are two sections one is the initial animal bioelectricity the other section is the prosthesis and they are interlinked with each other once you understand animal bioelectricity then you can understand the prosthesis. So, today we will talk about two special senses two to three special senses and we will talk about the prosthesis. So, talking about the prosthesis the neural prosthesis actually started apart from some deep brain stimulation all these things the real prosthetic devices started coming when we try to replace our sensory systems. So, what exactly I meant by that? So, think of a situation of a person who is blind and the form of blindness which cannot be cured with the known biomedical or biological intervention what to do. So, talking about the visual in the context of the visual system your eyes acquire the image and this image is through the circuit is transmitted in the brain where it gets interpreted and then you understand what you are seeing. So, say for example an apple is an apple for you orange is an orange for you because your eyes had made an image of that and it has a store in the brain that this is an apple. So, whenever you see an apple the electrical impulse the structure is translated into electrical impulses and this electrical impulses travel to the brain and in the brain it is processed and you appreciate this is an apple. So, there are two levels where the problem may arise the first level may be the image plate where you are seeing an apple is not functional that is level one level two is the conduit tube which is carrying the message from the eyes to the brain is not functioning or the third thing is that the area of the brain which processes the visual stimulus or visual map is not functional and based on that we will be looking into this problem. So, if you are so let us let me draw it for you. So, we are into lecture 18 and we will be talking about special senses like eyes, ears and nose and with its different sensing abilities eyes for the visual ears for the hearing and nose for the smell and for them there are special prosthesis which are involved in it. So, let us start with the eyes because that is much more well explored system, but to tell you very interestingly the whole prosthesis business did not start with the eyes actually it got started with the ears I will come just later as I will be moving through. So, let us draw what I have just discussed with you. So, here we have the brain which has different areas to process visual stimulus smell and we are talking about the three sense organs your eyes, ear and nose. So, from here a signal reaches the brain say for example this area we call this as say within rate as visual cortex and from here a response signal comes and you realize what you are seeing. Similarly, for hearing signal goes from here to an area which is called auditory cortex and the processing takes place. So, similarly let me just name it auditory cortex and these are the highways which are carrying the nerve conduit tubes and in this case this is the visual cortex and here you have the eyes, here you have the ears, here you have the nose and there are regions called olfactory cortical region within the brain where your olfaction is being processed. So, now possibilities are there that the damage may either take place out here one possibility out here another possibility or out here either in the eyes ears or nose or the damages are taking place out taking place here, here or here the highlighted regions or the damages are taking place here, here, here, here, here three levels. So, the first level what the eyes are doing? Eyes are essentially nothing but a simple camera which is capturing the image. Your camera has a image plate, eye also has a image plate, your camera has an aperture, your eye also has an aperture, your camera can control the amount of light which you should enter, your eyes can control the amount of light can enter. The only difference is that one is purely, purely mechanical and other is purely, purely biorganic. Your eyes depends on ionic currents, your camera depends on the pixel by pixel and the electronic components. Your eyes depends on excitation of a specific molecule called rhodoxin whereas, your camera depends on plates which could sense light and ejects out electrons. So, if you look at both of them the logic is the same. So, one of the thing comes is there a way by which you can replace a camera in the eye. In other word what we are talking about is could you interface your actual eyes with a camera? Say for example, a person is totally blind. So, essentially what we are talking about you will have a camera in front of your eyes that will be interface with the, coming back to the diagram if you look at it this diagram very carefully. So, here instead of the camera, now instead of the eyes what I am putting in yellow is, there will be a camera and the camera will be interface with this, with this pathways and they will be going to the visual cortex and the signal will be interpreted. Similarly, you instead of, instead of your ears suppose your ears are not functional, you all have seen a mic, the recording devices in tape recorders or any other audio visual devices. So, you replace your ear with a mic, simple mic. Let me, before I go in this let me say. So, your eye what you are trying to do is putting a camera here. Similarly, for a ear you are putting a mic and for your nose you are trying to have some smell device which could smell and this whole area when we try to replace biological systems or not replace exactly interface solid state electronic devices in the biological system falls under neural engineering and the specialized area. So, this whole area is called neural engineering and within neural engineering all these falls under very specific domain for neural prosthesis. In order to appreciate neural prosthesis what we needed to understand is how these different structures are in the biological systems and how we can replace them. So, in order to really appreciate first of all we will be discussing about the structure of the eyes, structure of the ear and structure of the nose and from there we will try to draw a one to one correlation of what kind of currents which are being sent through this conduit nerve tubes to the retina sorry to the brain and how these could be replaced. But remember one thing this is all about this like you know the sensory system what we are talking about to replace. But in case your visual cortex or the auditory cortex or the olfactory cortex are not functioning properly there are damage we essentially do not have much hope there we really cannot change much on that as of now with our known technologies that is a whole deep gamut of a very challenging area I mean how really we represent. So, you have to philosophize this whole thing say for example I see an say for example I see an apple out here. So, this apple for my eyes if I am looking through my eyes like this this apple is forming an image out there and this is being coded in form of an electrical signal basically this is your apple this is your eye and this is electrical coding for apple and this coding electrical coding for an apple and this coding is being decoded by your brain. Now what you can replace you can replace this part which we have discussed this part of course you can replace, but this part we really do not know in what we essentially understand as from the beginning I was trying to highlight is this part this is what we call as neural code the next challenging frontier for mankind. What is the coding? Why we like certain music? Why are you are like some of the symphonies of Beethoven so much? Why we like certain kind of songs? Why there is a sorrow certain kind of music beats revolves and given a larger extent what I wanted to say is say for example I feed this neural code this electrical code for an apple to instead of within a coding it putting it in the visual cortex I feed this signal feed this signal to the auditory cortex that essentially means I am trying to tell you could you hear an apple I may sound very crazy I am asking you to hear an apple because you always hear I want to see an apple I want to see an orange, but you never hear that could I hear an apple this is exactly what is trying to philosophize because of course I will be talking about all the processes, but what you have to understand that all these things back in the mind of as a race as a human race we are thinking much more in depth it is just not that you know I replace a camera in front of the eyes it is not that simple yes I mean it is not a big deal I mean there are people who are doing it for last 100 years, but there is a deep rooted philosophy and which is very essential for young minds like you to understand that this is not just putting on gadget absolutely not that it is far and beyond that that how we really could think could you see an apple fine I can see an apple could you hear an apple now you are bit you know shaky or say for example I have a Beethoven symphony going on now I put that symphony has say for example a trace like this this is the trace of a Beethoven symphony. Now I feed this trace into the visual cortex so this is Beethoven's symphony so now I ask you a question what is the trace question could you see the song you always have here that you know I could hear a song you know this is your ear and your listening to the song now I tell you could you see the song isn't that bit crazy yes it is, but that is exactly lies in the very core of the neural code these are simple electrical signals which are traveling down could we deconvolate them could we use the known techniques from mathematical repertoire to understand what this bits and codes are actually carrying in them then we may be able to answer some of these crazy questions could we hear an apple or could we see the symphony you could hear the symphony and you can see the apple and another knowledge but could you see the symphony and hear the apple is a challenge so with this small background about why these are so very important all these devices and everything what we know and what we cannot do I told you the auditory cortex or any damage in a visual cortex or in the alfactory cortex we cannot do anything we really do not know those extraordinary computations which are taking place in those areas we are absolutely helpless on that front. What we can do we told you we can at least replace at least last hundred years of dream of mankind is taking us to a point where we can replace some of these simple sensory systems with solid straight electronic devices so from here I will move on to explain the structure of the eyes and after structure after that we will move on to the structure of the ears and then we will talk about the different ionic currents which are involved in this process and then we will talk about the prosthetic devices and I will give you the references which I wish you people go through them very carefully because that will help you to know appreciate that what all extraordinary research which are going on all over the world to make our life much more you know much more comfortable especially for those people who are the children of the lesser god you know they have lost their vision or you know lost their hearing capabilities or lost their smelling capabilities so on and so forth. So let us talk about the structure of the eyes so talk about the structure of the eyes so first of all I will draw the gross structure of the eyes which most of you have seen any high school or middle school textbook and from there we will talk about the different forms of blindness and then we will talk about the exact image plate which is involved in it and from then from there we will talk about the different ionic currents which are involved in it and what could be done fine so let us draw the complete structure of the eyes so this is pretty much is there is something called lens here so this is from where the light is coming so the outermost layer which is called cornea this is I am just drawing a very simplistic picture if those of you who loves complex picture please go online you can find several very complex and very nice well colored pictures then this is the lens which is a transparent piece of tissue through which the light passes without any problem then you have out here you have iris you have aqueous humor the fluid which is filling this aqueous humor then you have very thin tissue here give me once again let me so this is highlighted red part what is coming is this is what we call in the back of the eyes is called the retina and this zone is filled with something called vitreous gel the back of the eyes is called sclera the l e r a sclera and out here you have like this so this is the conduit tube which is carrying this is the optic nerves here optic nerves the nerves which are carrying the message to the brain and there is a specific spot here somewhere out here which is called phobia centralis we will talk a letter about it then you have something called papilla here so this is the overall structure of the eyes slightly more spherical but I will just kind of drawing it if you see it so if you see from the front so this is the path of the light so light moves travels like this if you see the yellow arrow what I was drawing to draw so this is all the regions where this is the red region where the amount of light which will pass through is controlled the region what I have circled with the green highlighter and image processing takes place out here this region what we will do now first of all we will talk about the different kind of blindness could be described at the level of eyes could be described at two levels so the first level is so let me draw it that will make things clear level one is any blindness which is happening in this side level two any blindness happening in this side what does that mean this side and that side so this is the side where light is passing through the lens light is passing through the cornea you follow the image light is passing through cornea so there is a damage in the cornea that could lead to blind once again damage to cornea leading to blindness damage to lens leading to blindness so in case of cornea the option is that replacement of the cornea by the donation of the eyes somebody donates the eyes because cornea is a non vascularized tissue that means there is hardly any blood flow in that tissue so any corneal replacement would not lead to any kind of immune reaction and that is what essentially means when people say they are donating their eyes after death essentially it is the cornea which is being removed that is it so it is a cornea which is being replaced in place of the existing cornea of a person whose cornea is non functional that is the level one second one is the lens tissue which consists of specialized lens cells which are arranged in a spherical manner that is the reason why I drew it in a spherical concentric circles these cells during the process of development loses all their organelles and they become transparent and that whole process is being regulated by a specialized enzyme which execute that process when they lose their organelles 15 lipoxygenase so these cells have a specific protein called crystalline just write it down those who forget so there is special proteins within those cells called crystalline and these crystallines are of course these cells are arranged in a specific way and the crystalline proteins are stacked around in a particular way but during aging some of these crystalline protein starts misfolding individual proteins the way that three dimensional geometry is organized there is kind of gets disoriented and what essentially that leads to is this the situation when the light passing kind of becomes like this light could not pass properly it may reach but it will reach with staggered because the crystalline proteins are not arranged within the cells they are now misfolded that is the situation what we essentially called cataract all must have heard this several people in this country so a huge population in this country actually suffers from cataract which is the major from a form of blindness in India so for cataract the other or the option is that say for example your cornea is all fine so for cataract your option is that you replace that transparent tissue with an artificial lens or with an artificial lens or with an artificial glass okay which is transparent that is the only therapy what we have that that is what essentially means a cataract operation is all about when you replace it with an artificial this is the second this is within the within the eye this is the second level of blindness now comes on this side of the picture that is getting back to this side of the picture where we are let me pick up another color so this is the side which is the very critical one what form of blindness are we talking about here this is the blindness where this image plate or the retina is not functioning properly it means the cellular structure of the retina is compromised. There are damages or there are misformation or their arrangement is not right or something x y z this is the within the eye this is the second level of blindness if I of course categorized it just the way in the diagram I did it on coming back to the diagram on this side this is one form of blindness which has two level either it will be cornea or it will be the lens and this side of it either it will be at this or it will be on the optic nerves if there is a damage optic nerve your retina is all functional all fine but you have damage optic nerve and just for slightly digressing back a little bit where I say for one minute so that is where you see people put on specs because when this lens is not forming the image in the right place either it may form out here or it may form beyond it there are lens which are being put in front of the eyes which essentially ensures that your image actually forms on the image plate which is the retina. With this brief introduction what I will do I will move on to explain the cellular architecture of the eyes that is very essential to understand because once you understand the cellular architecture of the eyes we will be able to appreciate that what is the basic difference fundamental difference between image plate of the camera and the image plate of the eyes there are different biochemical events which leads to bioelectrical events we will be talking about the biochemical events we will be talking about the bioelectrical events and then we will move on to the what are the replacement which could be done in this. So, coming back to the structure of the retina so the structure of the retina is of very I should say it is complex yet it is very very well organized structure of six layers of cells the layers are rods and cone layer which is called the photo receptor layer photo receptor I will draw everything. So, do not worry photo means light receptor the once which receives light this is the most critical layer this is the layer which receives the light from x y z sources this is the layer which distinguishes colors the rods are for light dim light and cones are for colors it is very easy to remember C cones for colors and we follow a RGB red green so we have three different kind of cones red green blue RGB there are fissures which has another kind of cones additional kind of cone they have four different colors they can handle there may be other species which may have other different forms of we have to just understand that. So, we have the color distinction which is done by the cone cells we have the rods which works in the dim light. So, say for example, a species of fish which is living deep down into the ocean you will see that these fishes do not have any cones might wonder why it is very straight forward light never penetrates into the into the sea floor light hardly enters few feet after that light does not go. So, those fishes functions only with rods because they adapted themselves. So, again the reason why I am giving you people this kind of example is this biological cameras are very well adapted to the surrounding environment depending on the needs and requirements their needs and requirement is being modulated. So, if you do not need colors colors interpretation of colors they do not have colors they do not care they function with you know only with the dim light. So, you have the rods and cones which is the called the photoreceptor layer just beyond this photoreceptor layer is sitting on top of epithelial cell layer which is called retinal pigment epithelial cell R P E in short it is written retinal pigment epithelial cells on top of retinal pigment epithelial cell you have these rods and cones which are sitting on top of rods and cones there are layer of three different layers bipolar cells amacrine cells horizontal cell ganglionic cells bipolar cells amacrine cells horizontal cells ganglionic cells they all converge into optic nerves what I have shown you in the picture. So, now these different layers have different kind of functions and moreover they all integrate all different kind of signal the depth of the image the movement of the image say for example, the amacrine cells amacrine cells say for example, you are standing in a railway station you are standing in a railway station and there is a train which is approaching. So, you are seeing the train coming towards you. So, within the eyes you have the amacrine cells which could actually sense a moving object coming towards you. So, there is a continuous real time computational computation involved because this is like a video camera a video camera which is seeing the whole thing.  So, you are continuously adjusting because the image is moving. So, my I am moving my my and is moving towards my eyes. So, you know or I pick this up is moving. So, I just move my head back. So, essentially that means my eyes are continuously adjusting just like a video camera you can see all the motion pictures. So, I am picturizing the motion. So, these amacrine cells they play a very critical role you have the horizontal cells bipolar cells ganglionic cells. And what is good about this what I told you though it is a very complex structure, but it is very well structured in the sense. If you take a section of the retina you can physically see of course, under the high resolution microscopes you can physically see the different layers as if they are stacked over one another like this very nicely stacked over one another. And among all the layers the most the first layer which is sensing are the only ones which has photoreceptors in them or in other word that is the layer which could translate light signal into electrical signal. All other layers are devoid of that they do not have any photoreceptors. So, even if the light passes through them it hardly matters for them you know. And arrangement is very interesting this is something people have to understand let me go back to that picture. The arrangement is like this the photoreceptors let me this is very clumsy other if I draw it on this. If this is the retina which I had drawn in red in the other one. So, within this the weight is arranged is. So, this is the back side. So, this is the black bordering what I am doing is the retinal pigment epithelial layer. And I just for those who this is the optic nerves which is going out. And on top of the retinal pigment epithelial layer you have this layer the second layer in the pink color what I am drawing now this is the rods and cone layer. And mind it light is entering like this light is entering like this on top of that you have the you have the horizontal cell layer which is this is the horizontal cell layer. Then comes the amacrine cell layer which I am drawing in the broken lines just for your understanding. After the amacrine cell layers you have in between you have the bipolar cells and the ganglionic cells you have the their interspersed out here bipolar and ganglionic cell. So, what I wanted to highlight here is and then all of this eventually moves to the. So, this is the optic nerve and this is the retinal pigment epithelial layer this is the P R layer or photoreceptor layer here you have the horizontal cell H C layer. Then you have the bipolar cells you can call this as the bipolar bipolar cell layer and then you have the amacrine cell layer very deep inside you have the ganglionic cell layer ganglionic cell layer fine. Let me just cross check bipolar cell cell. So, these six layers that might wonder why most of these other cells are in the front. The reason probably being that this darker layer which is in the on the back the on the on which the R P on which the rods and cones are setting is the one this retinal pigment epithelial layer is the one which is supporting nutrients to the rods and cones layer. So, if the structure is reverse the retinal pigment epithelial is opaque layer it does not allow the light to move through. So, if it is in the front the light would not pass through. So, that is why probably probably I mean this is all speculations what we have probably nature is designed in such a way the retinal pigment epithelial layer is in the back which is opaque does not allow light to pass on top of that you have the retinal pigment epithelial cell which have light sensitive pigments and on top of that you are stacked all the different layers and light is coming from the front. So, it is the back. So, what we will do now is after this we will talk about the cellular architecture of these individual layers how they are connectivity and then we will pick up most importantly the rods and cones layer and we will talk about the electrical signals which are generated out there. So, I will close in here and we will review with the different architecture and the cellular architecture and the electrical signals and how these are being transmitted and then of course we will want to prosthesis part of it because it is extremely essential that you will understand the anatomy and the physiology the electrophysiology of it before you understand or appreciate the real challenge of the prosthesis. Thanks a lot.


Hey friends, today we are hanging out in Hollywood Studios for the first time in 2024 I am so excited for the upcoming year because I love this park And we have so many cool things to look forward to that I decided to come on out and talk about some of the things that I'm most excited about and Ride some rides eat some food and have a beautiful Hollywood Studios kind of day. Hey who's Let's go do this. I Looked at the wait times and they're all pretty high So it's gonna be a busy day, and I'm thinking about getting genie plus But the weather is so amazing out It's so sunny out and the temperatures in the 40s, but look at this Look at that view right there My body doesn't understand because it feels the heat from the Sun, but yet it's still cold I'm lucky. I'm actually wearing my Star Wars Roosevelt hoodie this is one of the new ones that just came out But like I said, it's a chilly day, and this is kind of perfect kind of plans in Star Wars hoodie inside Hollywood Studios I love it, and I love this one. Now so good This one is like I just you wouldn't know what Star Wars unless I just told you unless you're a Star Wars fan Like it just blends in so beautiful Here is a look at the wait times today. Like I said, it's definitely busy Mickey and Minnie's runaway We're away 75 minutes slinky dog dash 130 minutes star tours is a 35 minute wait and even smugglers run and rise of the resistance Have an 85 minute wait. So we're gonna see what we can do with that genie plus. I Was gonna make a video like basically doing a lot of great stuff and using genie plus But today's just really not a good day for it So it kind of might just be let's see how the day goes kind of video because I don't know what I can do Like the crowds are big, but like I said, I'm so happy to be here, but with rock and roller coaster being down Extra I think people in the parks because it's cold weather and everyone wants to get all bundled up and go hang out at Disney I think adding that all together basically means there's no lighting lanes available like none I've been refreshing and checking all day. So while ride or not, we're just gonna have a Hollywood Studios kind of day I was very fancy That being said it still looks like it's just a very busy day in the park today So I'm still gonna buy genie plus because honestly, I don't want to get tangled up in the lines for long You know like when I come to the parks I don't mind waiting like you know long periods of time, but when I only have a short amount of time It's hard to get a lot in that you want to get done. You know what I mean? So every once in a while I kind of give in and you know to get the lightning lane Here are the prices for genie plus today now these prices change depending on how busy the park is or if it's a holiday and Just for today at Hollywood Studios. It's $22, but I could buy the multiple parks one for just $3 more in case I want a park hop so I might do that. You know me cuz you never know Unfortunately, I think I might have been duped all of the lightning lanes that are available aren't until several hours later And there's not even one available for slinky dog dash But if I wanted to ride the Tower of Terror with my lightning lane, I either wait 55 minutes or wait four hours from now Same thing with Toy Story Mania except for that seven hours now These are gonna actually change you just have to keep on refreshing the page And you have to get lucky to see if you can catch one, you know I mean that actually is there see it moved up a little bit 510 actually went down more. Oh Right there four o'clock see well, that's funny dang it. What the heck? Did you guys just see that I picked for four o'clock and now it says 515 I got it live on camera Did you guys just see that I clicked on it? It was set 4 p.m. And by the time it got to the next screen It switched the time to 515 to 615 so like that's what I mean I know a lot of people are like, oh, yeah genie plus is easy as long as you know how to use it But like I'm just trying to get on. I'm just trying to skip the line. I'm just trying to pay to skip the line I feel like it should just be a little bit more convenient, but I mean we do what we love But don't you worry I just kept on it and look at that I was eventually able to pull a 205 Tower of Terror and that's only 30 minutes from now So look at that. I did pretty good. I got a little scared there when it did the switcheroo on me Getting Tower of Terror was a success because that's like one of my favorite rides And I honestly know people that will come to this park just to ride Tower of Terror like that's like that's it That's like they're big that they love Hollywood Studios or MGM Studios that much that it's just Tower of Terror And then nothing else so we got that to look forward to now I think I want to grab maybe a coffee maybe something a little snack a little snacky I can't wait for the day that we're gonna be able to see voyage of the Little Mermaid again This attraction still closed and never opened back up after the pandemic.  I love when you see characters actually just walking around the park roaming and interacting with Just this is great. Look at this Somebody get them a dollar Now I found out what was in that picnic basket This is great, this is like this is the best entertainment in the park right now The voyage of the Little Mermaid Has already been announced. It's getting replaced and reimagined with the Little Mermaid musical adventure So they're just basically retheming it and I don't know if they're taking away certain aspects of the show I kind of feel like they might but I'm sure there's gonna be some cool puppets still in there And it's set to open in fall 2024. So that's something we have to look forward to I feel like that's like one of the only things that hasn't opened back up yet I mean they have Pixar like a toy story Incredibles courtyard all open up that was closed for a while and yeah I mean the only thing left is probably down by Pizza Rizzo that little Merchandise location that used to be for a nightmare before Christmas. It's only thing that hasn't opened. I think I Might be picking the worst place to come get a cup of coffee But they have a special pizza cookie at Pizza Rizzo and I want to go try it So we're gonna get a cookie and coffee and Pizza Rizzo Therefore lucky we actually might be able to go upstairs and eat our cookie and drink our coffee in the wedding Reception area where they're having a wedding reception a Lot of people knock Pizza Rizzo, but I kind of like it and I love the Like dining location. This place is so cool and there's a special area upstairs. I hope I can show you But first you got to get that cookie Let's go get that cookie I'm still gonna go upstairs and see if the little Reception area is open But I wanted to come outside and show you this cookie because this deserves some recognition here because at first I thought this was just a regular old frosted like icing cookie, but this is much more This is literally a pizza cookie and look that's like raspberry jelly This is all layered and then put on top of there Those are all toppings and they even have a little candy hidden Mickey as a pepperoni like I think this is gonna Be a great cookie and also I can see it's like a little bit like flaky like the cookie type and Yeah, I'm excited. I don't know if I'm cheesy or brilliant But I'm gonna cut my pizza cookie like it's a pizza pie and eat it by the slice if it's possible I just want a slice of my cookie. That's all It's a pizza pie a pizza pizza a pizza pizza. Here we go This cookie is definitely better than like the standard Disney cookie you can tell There's actually some artwork in it. Like I said, I don't like just regular cookies with a decorative topping I like that. They actually put some thought into this. So I like it. It's a good cookie When I cut the cookie the jelly or the jam actually started running off I wish the white chocolate like Frosting or topping was a little bit runny kind of like cheese. So it would stretch out I think that would have been so cool, but probably a little hard to meet but they did what they could and like I said it I think this is a good cookie Enough of the cookie business now. Let's go see if the upstairs is open so we can be a little fancy Maybe I'll dance a little bit If it's not open they'll have that little chain Like a guard in front of it so nobody can walk up these steps, but I'm busy days They actually open this up so that people can sit up here because you know, it's very crowded downstairs. I Know I pointed out this area in the past before but there's so many new people sometimes watching the video So I always like to kind of go back and point out things that you know Some people might have missed that I think are really cool that you don't want to miss if you ever come visit Disney The upstairs dining area is almost just like the downstairs dining area except for Over here in this beautiful room Where somebody got married look at this Join us for the wedding reception of Gil and Lil daughter of Will and Jill son of Phil and Bill and Look how fun and fancy it is in here They got a little disco ball they got a dance floor and you can just come up here and eat your pizza or your pizza cookie In the past I remember there were times where I could come up here And there would be nobody in here like it would just be you in the music in the dance floor and you can let loose I wish I can maybe I could find some of those videos because I posted YouTube videos about it But now like I said a lot of people are dining up here because it's a busy day So they opened it up and yeah, it's really cool. It's a very good spot to come sit And it's like I said it's a little bit crowded, but it's not that crowded It's a great escape from what is downstairs And I love this wallpaper too, oh look at that very fancy My mom would have stuff like this in her kitchen now. It's all apples I don't know what my mom's got going on with apples, but my whole kitchen is apples It just feels fancy. It just it feels Glamorous look at that We're right in between a song change. It's a slow dance Okay, well that was an emotional slow dance with a hot Italian sausage and I'm okay with that. I like the fact that when the slow music came on the disco ball actually slowed down Look at that. It got all quiet It's just about that time for Tower of Terror, so we're gonna make our way down Sunset and Yeah, hopefully we get more out of the genie plus as soon as I touch at the lightning lane I'm gonna try to book another one as fast as possible and hopefully it's something good, you know Look at these high traffic areas. It's almost like you can't walk through here. Holy moly Huh Bob and we Bob and we tuck and weave Who ha ha I Really don't mind when it's crowded like yeah, sure. I wish it was less busy, but I mean there's a lot of times where I come To the parks. I don't even ride rides. I just like hanging out here I just like being here listening to the music and walking around So like just being able to ride rides is just an added like bonus But like if I couldn't ride any rides, I would still come here like if I could no longer ride rides I probably would still love Disney as much as I do now. It's like it's crazy. I Really believe it's the music that draws me to love Hollywood studio so much Just walking around with this music with my coffee I don't know if we're gonna be able to get another lightning lane after this like I know the park is busy on the weekends But this seems like extra busy and at first I thought that the show just get out Like is the show getting out but no cuz this is not the way the show exits There are a lot of people redeeming their lightning lane right now I Feel like even though we did get the lightning lane We might have to wait a little bit. This is a popular attraction and rock and roller coasters actually closed at the moment There wasn't a wait at all actually look at it so nice and toasty in here. I Might take my sweater off. Huh? Look at all those cobwebs up there Honestly, I can feel the heat blowing on the inside in here. It feels like I said nice and warm and toasty I could stay in here all day Did you guys just hear that ghost talking? Oh The best tower rides I've ever been on the lights came on it was well lit when we walked it I kept when we pulled into the shaft Wow, I like that. I didn't even know how to react. I grabbed my phone I was like, I don't know what to do. There was so much happening, but that was a great ride I hope it all came out great on film, but well, I love it when that happens. I Was lucky enough to grab a lightning lane for Mickey and Minnie's runaway railway when I was In the queue for Tower of Terror So we're gonna make our way over there But I want to stop into the stores because I'm looking for this really cool sweater I want to get I want to get a new sweater. It's sweater. What a sweater It's this really cool like Mickey and friend sweater and it has like a collar I don't know what you call those things But it's really retro and it's blue and it has like pink pinstripes and I've been looking everywhere for it But I can't find it. Maybe Lumiere knows where it's at Excuse me. Oh, pardon me. Do you know where the sweater I require is? He said try the fancier store and I'm glad he did because I actually like some of these look at this That's actually really really nice. I love this style same thing with this one. Wow Wow That is such a good sweater. How much are these? $44.99 No joke. I mean, it's not spirit jersey This is like Mickey's or Disney's version of spirit jersey, but it does look really cool I'm just not too sure how they'll hold up in a washer. This one is $59.99 But still very nice feels good. I wouldn't mind it and then look at these over here Wow, they're getting really good with the apparel here. The design is outstanding I like it. Let me know in the comments what you guys think, but I like that I don't know if they got anything over here. No, no, just still the same thing fancy All of those designs are really cool, but not our dyno. I'll let you guys know when I spot it I'll show you I'll buy it. Hopefully maybe I can pull a picture up But it's just a it's a unique design that I like a lot. I just can't find it anywhere in the parks Wow, I'm lucky we got a lightning lane because the wait for Mickey and Minnie's running right away. Hey, oh, yeah But yeah, look at the wait actually right here is my buddies walking by I just ran into them earlier But look at the the line looks like it's probably over a hundred minutes There's a lot of people in there. So oh my lord. Look at all the people going to lightning lane We got to get over there. Wait, did I go the wrong way? Oh, oh Ah, I Don't think I've ever seen the Chinese theater looking more like the real Chinese theater in a Hollywood than this look at this It really does look like we're there We might have made a mistake on this one because I've been here like 30 minutes already in the lightning lane 30 minutes is a long time. I'm afraid we might have we might have made a big mistake Oh Here comes our runaway train Testing testing Unfortunately that was a big mistake on my part because The point of getting genie plus was so that we can get more rides done in a short like period of time Because I have to be somewhere in a little bit But yeah, that really took up a big chunk of my time even though I still got the lightning lane You know what I mean? So now I'm gonna see if I can get one more ride in or I'd love to get a snack You know one of my nice little snack, huh? I Decided to maybe make my way through Star Wars land and over to Toy Story land. Look how busy it is though in here I feel like I'm saying that a lot in this video. Hey, how are you having a good day? We're gonna make our way into Toy Story land I want to see how busy it is over there And maybe the wait times might not be as long as they say they are like, you know You never know you might be able to catch a low wait time over at alien swirling saucers or over at Toy Story Midway Mania, so we're gonna go check out and see if we can get lucky, you know Wow, this is the first time I'm actually seeing the Mandalorian out and about in the parks Look at that I Good bye, I'll never forget you I Honestly have never seen the Mandalorian out and about here at Hollywood studios even though I come so often He just like dops out and then goes back in I don't want to get a picture or anything like that It was just cool seeing him interact and seeing Grogu like move around. That was really cool. I'm happy I caught that. Oh I'm just sitting over here modifying on my Disney experience app trying to get a lower Lightning lane time how many how many other people just sit here and do this a lot You select one and then you just wait to see a good one pop up. I keep looking no slinky. I need slinky Really wish we could ride slinky dog dash today But it's 130 minute wait and there hasn't been a lightning lane available all day, but can you just imagine? Oh Just to be at this part right here And there they go off into the Sun this is actually beautiful looking right now I Don't know I think I'm just gonna throw in the flag here guys I mean, I'm not defeated. I still had a fun day But I don't think we're gonna do much that we could do I mean we could watch a lot of shows We could do that. What do you ingest here over there? But this is a lot of people I am not a fan of genie plus But it's not because I have to pay for it You know what I mean? I know a lot of people don't like it because fast pass used to be free But I think genie plus it just doesn't work like it doesn't work the app never works And if you pay money, I feel like you should be able to be able to ride a ride now I still think it's very affordable because I've been to so many theme parks like if I go to Universal Studios It'll cost me like $220 to like skip the lines But I would be guaranteed to actually get on those rides here You really don't know unless you plan it you wake up super early You have to be very well like on it and you have to be educated on it It's not like anybody can just come in I still don't know so that's why I don't like it I just don't think it's just user-friendly, and I don't think it works, and it's not worth value It's so cold out they have hats and gloves for people to buy so they can warm up look at this I wonder how much they are. I bet you they're probably like at least $10 you know what I think I'm gonna get some gloves. I need my hands to warm up One thing I can't stand is having cold hands, and if I can get a pair of gloves to keep my hands warm Believe me. I'm gonna do it The only thing is it's gonna be hard to kind of like record and make videos especially when I have the gloves on because I can't touch the screen You know But I should be good to go now. Yeah, no more cold hands What is this? Oh, I think this is actually the greatest thing ever I hope I don't look ridiculous walking around with these gloves on I've always wanted to get these gloves. They're only 24.99. Look at that. It fits so good Well, I think me and my gloves are gonna have to maybe just call it quits on the day It's a little bit too busy, but we'll try again another Maybe I can't wait to go home and see Gracie and see what she thinks.  I hope she doesn't think they're like chew toys because I remember I got her a dog toy That was like Mickey's hand before so she probably would eat these in a second better not show her Maybe I should Gracie Oh Yes, she likes it It's not a toy, it's not a toy What you like it, huh? Gracie really loves these gloves. I think she thinks they're a toy and she wants me to give them to her and I thought it'd be fun if I put like a little cookie inside here. See if she gets excited for it She smells it. It's in there.  Let me see this little pity paw Yeah There you go And with that I think we are done here today Gracie likes the gloves I think she's gonna try to take them and make them into her new favorite toy So if I want to you know Treasure these I better hide them She has a lot of toys and I don't like getting rid of her toys until she's completely like destroyed them because like you know She has a laundry basket full of like toys and every once in a while She'll dig in there and pull out like a toy from like four years ago And then all of a sudden that toy will be her new favorite toy again for like a month so like I don't want to get rid of any of them and She gets very particular so when she has her eyes on something. Yeah, she's gonna be looking for these But yeah, anyways, I had a great day at Hollywood Studios and I wish I got to do more with the genie plus but like I said, I've you know not a big fan of genie plus and You know, it's just something it's something you have to deal with now, you know I mean, I don't think it's going away or anything like that and You know, I just wish it was a little bit more easier and more common like if you pay for Lightning lane service, then I feel like you should just be able to do it like at the other parks now They are more expensive. That's why genie plus cost $22 and the fast pass at Universal is $222 But I still think that they should come up with a new system And also I'm excited because I have a lot of great things coming up I know that I have mega con in Orlando February 3rd right here in Orlando. I'm gonna be having a little meet and greet At the convention center on international drive at the Roosevelt's booth. I'll be there from 2 p.m. to 4 p.m. And I'm just gonna be hanging out so anybody can come by and say hi right here in Orlando I never got to do this in Orlando like with like a full announcement and in an exact time So this is gonna be really cool.  It's not real and then when I get to meet people It's so exciting and I'm so happy because it's not like I ever thought something like that would happen So I'm excited to see What Orlando so if you guys are here February 3rd February 3rd Saturday, I think it is at mega con Orlando on international drive. I'll be there come say hi And yeah, I hope you enjoyed the video.


Okay, this video is on solving my hidden message from June 28, 2016, and three or four of you actually made it to the URL in the hidden message, but let's go ahead and go through the process of decoding that message. Now, if you watched that video, it was a QR code that looked like it was changing it. It's because it was a number of QR codes. So most of these, the first thing you need to do is download the video. Now this is the URL for that video, and I'm going to use, I like using YouTube DL to download the video. Now, before we just download, if you just do that, it's going to run and download the highest quality copy, which is probably what you want to do if when you're decoding a message like this. But just for this video, I'm going to show you, if you do dash capital F, instead of downloading the video, it's going to tell us all the different formats the video comes in, and it comes in different resolutions. And just for educational purposes, I thought, okay, let's see what is the smallest quality I can get that the QR still work. And the smallest quality here is this 3GP, which is like an old cell phone format. The only place I've ever seen it used other than YouTube, and I guess it's for these old cell phones, and it's a very low resolution. Now, if I download that video, it will still decode the QR code, but I think the frame rate is slow because it misses the hidden message. It decodes a bunch of the QR codes, but it misses the message. So I worked my way back up. The next one I did was this MP4, 256 by 144. Now it says frames per second, 24 frames per second. I know the original video was 30 frames a second. So theoretically, this could miss our message as well. But in this particular example, it does work. So I'm just going to do that. This is just a safe space. It downloads faster, and we're going to have to extract those frames, which is a lot of frames, and the lower the resolution is, the less hard drive space, and the quicker our decoding process is going to go. But if you didn't know this, you didn't know it was going to work, always go with the best quality to begin with. So the way this is going to work is you're going to type in a YouTube dash DL, this time dash F, lowercase F instead of uppercase F. And we're going to give it this number here. And so it's telling to download that particular compression of the video. And then again, we're going to give it the URL to the video, which is this right here. So we're going to go ahead and do that. And it should only take a few seconds to download. It's not very big. Yeah, you can see that at that resolution and that compression, it's less than two megabytes. So not very big at all. Now let's extract all the frames. So we're going to go FFMpeg, which you'll see me consistently used to extract videos. There's other ways of doing it, but that's the way I do it. FFMpeg, the name of our video. And then we're going to say, give it a name, image, but then we'll do percent D. And that will just number the images in order. And you can do PNG or JPEG. I'm going to do PNG. Although, I'm going to hit Enter. It doesn't take long to do this. One of the people who did make it said they did a bitmap, which will be larger file size. But supposedly, the decoding might be a little bit faster, because decoding or the bitmap doesn't have to be as decompressed. So for each image, instead of taking a half a second, it might take a quarter of a second. I'm just throwing numbers out there. So that's something to think about. But I'm just going to go with PNG, because that's what I've tested so far. So now I can say Zbar image, which is a program we've used in the past. It's to decode barcodes, not just QR codes, but UPCs and other types of barcodes. And I'm going to do dash queue just to keep it quiet. It just gets rid of some of the header stuff on the output. And I'm going to say dot PNG. And when I press that, it starts outputting the QR codes, the decoded QR codes for each of the frames of the video. And you can see most of them are basically, I just put time stamps in there. I could have put anything in there. But you might have saw flashing, a few of them were a little bit longer. That's because there's URLs in there. And since we know we're looking for a URL, we can now go through that. Now, again, something you might do if you didn't know exactly what you're looking for is instead of doing what I'm about to do, which is grep through that output, you could dump that output to a single text file. And you can then sort through it faster if you need to sort through it more than once because it doesn't have to decode the image each time. But I know that I'm looking for a URL. So what I'm going to do, the first thing I would do is use grep. Let's clear the screen here, grep. And I can search for HTTP. But I don't know, it may not even have HTTP in it. I might have left that off in the URL. But I can tell you right now, I did not. HTTP is in the string of text we're looking for. I'm going to say dash I because you don't know whether it's uppercase or okay, so this would be the first thing I did after dumping out that data. So now doing that, now it's going through each of those and there we go. This is the one you want. But if you let it keep on running for a little bit longer, it will find another URL. But this is the one that we're looking for here. I didn't know if this is the one you want. This other one, this one just promotes a video on my second channel is what it says. So you can go watch that video or go to this video and see that hidden video. And that is it. The next video, again, these are going to progressively get harder. So yeah, all you have to do is decode the QR codes. But there was lots of them in the video. I don't even know. Here, let's list. So in that video, there were about 2,270 frames because 71 of the video is inside this folder. So about just over 2,000 frames you had to go through. Obviously you can't go through with your cell phone and click on each one of those. It would take forever. The whole point of these little hidden messages is to get you typing out some basic commands at least and get you using the shell hopefully or whatever programming language you want to use. But that is how you can decode that. I hope you found that useful. And either tomorrow or the next day, I will post a new hidden message video. And again, they're going to progressively get harder. I hope that you guys figure them out. And congratulations to those 4 people who made it to the hidden video. Just to give a shout out to those few people who did decode that message. And I probably should have practiced saying these names. So Flathadzang and Sheetal100 and Skorsk. So 3 people made it to the hidden video. And congratulations on you guys figuring that out. And also, you know, as you're solving these, these guys gave little comments on some of the stuff they did. I'd like to hear how you solved it because you might have solved these codes different ways or hidden messages different ways. For example, this guy basically did what I did. But through an extra step in there, which really wasn't needed, adjusting the colors of the image using mortify, which is part of the image magic package of programs. This is the guy he suggested converting to a BMP, a bitmap, just because it will decode a little bit faster. And he did what I suggested, which is dump it all to a text file, and then you can look through that text file rather than decoding a number of times if you're not 100% sure what you're looking for. So yeah, thanks to those 3 people who made it. And I think it's great that people are making it. I don't know what's going to happen as these get harder. I hope that people still make it. And if not, you know, you'll learn as we go as I show you how to solve them. Thanks for watching. I hope that you have a great day.


My friends, it is a great honour for Canada to once again be part of this summit this year. I've been participating in ASEAN summits personally since 2017. This is my second time visiting Indonesia in a year. And some of you may know a number of ministers from our government have been engaged recently in all of your different countries across the region. Canada and ASEAN now count more than 45 years of partnership. And this week marks a historic milestone, as alluded to by Gioco, the launch of the ASEAN-Canada Strategic Partnership. It is a determining step in our relationship with the launch of strategic partnership between Canada and the Nations of Southeast Asia. Canada is a Pacific nation. The Indo-Pacific is our neighbourhood. This partnership truly matters to us. Canada deeply respects the centrality of ASEAN to this region. Canada's Indo-Pacific strategy and ASEAN's outlook on the Indo-Pacific are aligned. We share clear commitments to peace and stability, openness and transparency, to development and economic cooperation, and to an understanding that international rules are essential for growth. Canada is committed to increasing our engagement and being an even more active present in the region. Last year, Canadian exports from and imports to ASEAN increased by 29% from the year prior. That's great, but we need to do even more. In the nearer term, Canada looks forward to concluding a Canada-ASEAN free trade agreement. In the longer term, Canada would very much like to join ASEAN-led mechanisms, such as the East Asia Summit and the ASEAN Defence Minister's Meeting Plus. In the meantime, we will continue our support for the Canada-ASEAN scholarships and educational exchanges, the ASEAN-Canada Plan of Action, and the Women, Peace and Security Agenda in ASEAN, as well as for international assistance to eligible ASEAN members. These past years have been difficult all around the world, but they've also shown us just how interconnected we all are, whether it's because of the pandemic, natural disasters or conflicts. We're working it with Russia's war in Ukraine, which is exacerbating challenges like food insecurity right around the world, including here in this region. I welcome the release of a joint statement about cooperating more closely on food security in the coming years. Canada can help in a number of ways. We can contribute to food and energy security. We're a reliable trade partner. We can leverage the expertise of our private sector to invest in growth that benefits all sides, including through technical capacity building. We can work together to tackle climate change. We're an excellent investment destination. We've seen much progress on many initiatives from our Indo-Pacific strategy that will bring mutual benefits for ASEAN and for Canada. As I mentioned to a number of colleagues and friends that I was coming to Jakarta for the ASEAN Summit, people remarked on how far away that was and how long and perhaps grueling a travel that would be to come here.  But regardless of the geographical distances, these past years have shown us just how connected and close we all are. Things that happen in any corner of the world now affect every corner of the world. More importantly, things that happen to people in any corner of the world have impacts on people in every other corner of the world. And when we look around at the challenges each of us face, whether it's from extreme weather events, whether it's from the rapid pace of technological change, whether it's from conflict or economic insecurity, as families and communities wonder how long their jobs are going to last, whether there's prosperity for them, all of us are facing the same challenges. Affordability, concerns about the future, concerns that maybe the institutions we built over the past decades are not up to the challenge of meeting the moments of the coming decades. What citizens need most is stability, reassurance, and the confidence that as changing as the future is, together as leaders, we're building a plan not just to get through it as countries, but to make sure everyone gets through it as citizens, as people, as families, as neighborhoods, as communities. So even as we come together here from very different regions of the world, we do so with common values and a common goal, to make sure that the promise of progress that drives all of our countries, the idea that the hard work of one generation leads to better opportunities and better outcomes for the next generation, to make sure that that promise continues to hold true in an uncertain and sometimes scary world. So the more we can keep coming together, rolling up our sleeves and working on our shared problems, the more we're going to be able to solve them, not just for us sitting around this table, but more importantly for the citizens at home, hoping we're going to make it a bit better. That's what gathers us here. That's why I'm so pleased to be a strategic partner at ASEAN, because it means good opportunities here for people in ASEAN, but also good opportunities for people back home in Canada. And that is what keeps us moving forward. Merci beaucoup, mes chers amis.