Our next lecture is going to be on hyperkalemia that is absolutely important that you understand this topic. But before we move on, what is normal potassium? What is normal concentration of potassium? Well, this potassium is three ranges from 3.5 to 5.0. I have to warn you. This is the potassium that's actually found in the extracellular fluid compartment. Not the intracellular fluid in the extracellular fluid compartment. That is what we're measuring. Because inside the extracellular fluid is about 130 to 140 because potassium is the major cation that lives inside the house. So when we measure, we draw out blood in the hospital. We are looking at the concentration of potassium inside the extracellular fluid. And specifically, we're looking at what is inside your blood vessel intravascularly. However, what is the definition of hyperkalemia? Well, if the highest range you can get is 5, when potassium concentration is greater than 5.0, that means you have hyperkalemia. So how do we know what causes hyperkalemia? We're going to go through a nice chart to be able to break them down one by one. So how do we evaluate? Well, hyperkalemia. There's different ways by which we can develop hyperkalemia in the body. Remember, the kidney is the only organ that 90% of the potassium in our body is excreted out of. If you don't know, go back to the chapter. We talked about potassium physiology. Since the kidney is involved, patients that have renal failure, you're going to see them all the time. There's a lot of patients that have renal failure. Chronically, patients have dialysis. They come in and their blood potassium is about 8. It's just simply because the kidney cannot filter the potassium through the system. So I want you to first notice what is the most common before I start to break it down into what this is, what it's causing and what it's causing that. So renal failure, one of the most common cause of hyperkalemia. So that's to put that acute or chronic renal failure. We will talk about the mechanism when we get to how we evaluate patients. Also, lab errors, lab error is another very common cause of hyperkalemia. So how are we going to look at hyperkalemia? Now that we know the two most common ways we develop hyperkalemia, although we're going to talk about the pathophysiology behind them, we're going to look at if somebody's potassium is very high, could it be spurious? Could it be caused by red blood cells lysine inside a test tube? Because we caused it when we try to draw blood or it's a redistribution process. So let's start. If the problem is spurious or artifact, let's call it artifact or redistribution. The potassium is being redistributed from the intracellular compartment to the extracellular compartment. So since I said at the beginning, when you see a patient with a level of potassium that's very high, the first thing you think about, was this a lab error? If it's a lab error, it's usually due to hemolysis. Why is it hemolysis? Because red blood cells have a lot of potassium in them. And when the lysine is open, they're going to release all that potassium into the blood stream. They're going to release all that potassium into the blood stream. And then you develop hyperkalemia when potassium is greater than five. Another way we can develop it is you have thrombocytosis. Thrombocytosis. Thrombome is what? From platelets. You have a lot of platelets running around. You can develop hyperkalemia. So patients that have platelet count of like 500 or 600,000. That is a lot that can cause them to develop hyperkalemia. Or you can have leukocytosis. Leucocytosis, that's a high white count. Very, very high white count.  If the red blood cells are lysine, yeah, we're going to develop hyperkalemia. If you have a lot of platelets and a lot of white blood cells floating around, that would give us a superior picture of hyperkalemia. Or another very common form is prolongatronicate. So when you want to draw blood in the hospital, they put a tourniquet around and they tie it. And they try to allow blood to be able to get drained out of your veins. If it stays there for so long, what happens to the tissue? Well, you develop ischemia. This ischemia to the tissue is going to cause the cells to break out and die and release potassium into the blood. So when you're drawing the blood, you might think, oh, this potassium is high.  Does what is one of the content, but potassium leaves inside the cell. Remember, you don't even have to, whether you clench your fist or you don't, you can develop hyperkalemia from tourniquet use. So this is called the superior form of hyperkalemia. Usually last but not the least, lab error, right? Somebody decided to put the, after they draw blood, they put it on the rack for so long and the cells start to break down and release the potassium. So if you get back a lab error, or it was due to what? Hemolysis or perlonged tourniquet use? All you have to do is repeat potassium level. Repeat the potassium level. That's all you have to do. Just redraw the blood and recheck it again and the potassium is fine. Now let's talk about the rich distribution. The pneumonic for redistribution is AIDS. Ooh, wow. AIDS. That is how potassium is redistributed. How do we explain this? Well, let's speak it one at a time. A for acidosis. Which kind of acidosis? Metabolic acidosis. Now let's revisit metabolic acidosis again. When you have metabolic acidosis using our nice shooting formula. What happens? It's metabolic. The bicarb is low. Thus the pH of the blood is acedemic. What happens when the blood pH is low? Well, let's take a look. Here's a cell that's actively pumping out sodium. And for every three sodium, two potassium is pumped back in. However, in the presence of acidosis, in the presence of acidosis, what happens? You have low bicarb and a lot of hydrogen ions. You have a lot of hydrogen ions floating around. What happens when you have a lot of hydrogen ions floating inside the blood? They're going to go inside the cell and it causes lysis, right? And the cell basically are going to release all their potassium content. They're going to release all the potassium content straight up into the bloodstream. Thus potassium starts to leak out. Potassium starts to leak out. And you develop hyperkalemia. So acidosis, metabolic acidosis, you develop hyperkalemia because the way I think about it, if I have an acid and I pour it on the cell, the cell is going to release all its contents. So whatever is inside the content of the cell, which is usually potassium, it's going to go out into the bloodstream. Muscle cells have what? Potassium in them, right? So in the acidotic state, they're going to release all that potassium into the body. That's A4 acidosis. Let's talk about the next one. Eye, insulin, insulin deficiency. Interesting. Well, how does insulin work? Well, this is how insulin works. Let's talk about the mechanism. So here's the cell. I'm going to pick a muscle cell. And then the muscle cell, we have sodium, potassium, ATPase pump, sodium, potassium, ATPase pump, right? And this pump's job is to pump out sodium and bring in potassium. So how does insulin work? When you have insulin, insulin comes and binds to the ATPase pump. The sodium, potassium, ATPase pump. And when it binds, right there, this is insulin, it's going to cause potassium to flow inside the cell. It's going to cause potassium. Let's use blue so we can see better. It's going to cause the potassium to now flow inside the cells. So what happens if I have insulin deficiency? What does this process cause people to have insulin deficiency? Diabetes, mellitus, type 1, right? They have autoimmune destruction of their pancreas. So they can make an insulin. So what happens? Insulin can bind, potassium can come in, and also that allows what? Glucose to be reabsorbed back into the body, right? That's how glucose comes in, and potassium comes in also. So, but when you have insulin deficiency, when I don't have this insulin anymore, all of a sudden, my potassium now stays outside and patients can develop hyperkalemia. What does the D stand for? So for my mnemonic aids, D for drugs. What drugs are we talking about? Digitalis, digitalis, digitalis is what is one of the drugs is one of the drugs that can cause you to develop hyperkalemia. How does digitalis or digoxin, digoxin, right? Digitalis or digoxin cause hyperkalemia? Let's check it out. Normally, sodium and potassium are usually actively pumped in and out of the cell. Sodium, and this is the cell, and this is the cell membrane, this is the cell membrane. So potassium always get actively pumped into the cell because that's where most of the potassium lives, and sodium is always actively pumped outside of the cell by which protein the sodium potassium ATPase, sodium potassium ATPase pump and A plus K plus ATPase pump. Which means we're using energy to actively work hard to keep sodium outside of the cell and keep potassium inside the cell. Now, digoxin mechanism of action, what it does is it competes with potassium at the sodium potassium ATPase pump. So we're going to use potassium as black. So rather than potassium coming in, here's digoxin is going to come and take the spot of potassium, thus decreasing the amount of potassium coming inside the cell. What happens to the potassium now? Now, all the potassium will start staying, all the potassium will start staying outside of the cell. Which is not going to be in plasma causing you to develop hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia. Now, why did I draw this little extra pump here? Well, that is the sodium calcium exchanger that's found on the cell membrane potential of cardiac muscle. So it's just not hanging out there for fun. It's because typically the way the mechanism of action of digoxin is when it inhibits the sodium potassium ATPase pump, normally, as you can see, sodium with the red line usually comes inside the cell. However, when sodium comes inside the cell, that is the only way potassium calcium can be pumped out by the sodium calcium channel. So, how does digitalism work again? Inhibits sodium potassium ATPase pump, thus what happens? We're going to be keeping all the sodium inside the cell. Well, if there's too much sodium inside the cell and it's not being pumped out, we cannot pump calcium out because we need to keep pumping the sodium outside of the cell. So, thus, digitalism calls you to retain more calcium indirectly to the cell inside the cell of the cardiac myocyte, allowing you to have more contractility. Because when there's more calcium trapped inside the cell, the actin myosin filament, the actin myosin filament, right, the actin myosin filament actually can form cross bridges, can form nice cross bridges, and then you can have active myocardial contraction. That's why they give digitalists to patients that have severe congestive heart failure because they allow the cardiac myosin to contract. However, when you have de-joxin overdose, when you have overdose of the drug, calcium is going to have to stay outside of the cell and you develop hyperkalemia. So, that is the mechanism of action. What other drugs can cause hyperkalemia? Soxenylcholine. It kind of sucks, but soxenylcholine. Well, what do we use soxenylcholine for? Soxenylcholine is a drug we use to paralyze patients when we have to intubate them, especially in the emergency room. However, one of the side effects is causing hyperkalemia. The mechanism of action is because soxenylcholine causes up-regulation. Up-regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, receptors on the muscle membrane. But usually patients that have increased risk of developing hyperkalemia, it's patient to have injuries, burn, crush injuries, trauma. Well, if you already have trauma, what happens? Your cells that normally contains a lot of potassium are getting crushed. They're getting crushed. So, all of a sudden, they're leaking out a lot of potassium. And then you up-regulate the amount of receptors on the muscle membrane and then cause efflux, efflux of potassium outside into the plasma causing them to develop hyperkalemia. What other drug can cause hyperkalemia? Beta blockers. What?  Beta blockers, that's one of my favorite drugs. Yeah, let's talk about the mechanism by which beta blockers actually cause hyperkalemia. But before I tell you, normally when somebody has hyperkalemia, we will talk about the treatment. We give them beta-2 agonists. We give beta-2 agonists. We always give beta-2 agonists.  And here will be the pocket where the beta-2 agonists. So this is a beta receptor, a beta-2 receptor. And let's put the drug in there. This is an agonist that actually binds and makes things happen. Well, when the beta-2 agonists happen, what will happen inside the cell is there will be activation of cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP will be activated by the second messenger system. And cyclic AMP is going to activate protein kinase A. Protein kinase A. And this protein kinase A, what do they do? Because they have kinases that phosphorylate. They phosphorylate stuff. So when the phosphorylate is going to have the phosphate to which protein? Our favorite protein of all time, sodium potassium ATPase pump. We're going to need it to activate the sodium potassium ATPase pump. Thus allowing us to pump out sodium and bring in potassium. However, when you give a patient beta blocker, let's put a beta blocker in there. When you put in a beta blocker that you use, this is the beta blocker. Now you cannot activate cyclic AMP. You can activate protein kinases. And thus you cannot phosphorylate the sodium potassium ATPase pump. Thus preventing what? What is going to happen? Well, now that we cannot pump out sodium and we cannot pump in the potassium, automatically potassium has to stay outside of the cell. Now there's so many potassium outside the cell because normally they usually pump in. But since we're not phosphorylating the sodium potassium ATPase pump, we develop hyperkalemia. We develop hyperkalemia. Now I want you to remember that the beta blockers that actually at most risk that causes patients to actually develop hyperkalemia are non-selective beta blockers. When I mean by non-selective, they don't care if you're a beta one or beta two. Which drugs are we talking about? We're talking about laberolol. Laberolol, carvetolol, and also propanolol or nadololol. So these drugs, these medications, laberolol, carvetolol, propanolol, and nadolol, all these drugs are non-selective. And when they bind, they cause you to get an increased risk of developing hyperkalemia.


Recently, during Operation Shimali-Kamerban, Staff Sergeant Michael Mankuso worked with Danish and British troops to assist Afghan forces in the clearing of routes and compounds in the District of Nari-Saraj, Helmand Province. Mankuso, a Philadelphia native, has served on previous deployments to Iraq as a forward observer. Now deployed to Afghanistan with 5th Anglico, Mankuso serves as a JTAC who can attach to multiple units. It stands for Joint Terminal Attack Controller. As the service members from various units progress through the region alongside their Afghan counterparts, anticipation of the cold days to come left some uncertain of how the operation would progress. So the days are going to be longer, I think as we travel further down, then we're going to come across a lot more IEDs, maybe a bit of small arms. Reporting from Nari-Saraj District, Helmand Province, I'm Corporal Timothy Solano.


Hi everyone, today we are going to discuss about high-peck therapy. So, what is high-peck therapy? The full form of high-peck therapy is hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. So, what does it mean? It means that the chemotherapy agent is heated to a temperature of 41 to 43 degrees centigrade and it is put inside the patient's abdomen and it is circulated at that temperature and that temperature has to be maintained which is the most important part of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy that is high-peck therapy. Is high-peck therapy done alone? The answer is no. High-peck therapy is always associated or given along with cytoreductive surgery that means a surgery which lasts for around five hours wherein we remove all the cancer cells from the abdomen and then we instill hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. So, what are the cancers in which high-peck therapy can be used? Can it be used in all cancers? No, it cannot be used for all cancers. It is used for only selected cancers like ovarian cancers that is the female genitourinary cancers, appendix cancer, pseudomixoma peritonii that is a cancer of the peritonium of the abdomen. In selected cases of stomach cancers and most importantly colon cancers. So, these are four or five most important organs in which high-peck therapy is given. In all other organs, high-peck therapy is still questionable. There are certain things that we need to know about high-peck therapy especially with regards to its risk and complication. So, high-peck therapy is associated with a lot of electrolyte imbalances like sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and a lot of calcium electrolyte imbalances occur. Also fluid imbalances occur in which patients blood pressure can go down because of loss of fluid. Kidney issues can come up because a lot of fluid imbalances happen and kidney can go into shutdown and that is why it is important to maintain a good urine output during high-peck therapy and also after. The white blood cell count that is the immunity of the body goes down after high-peck therapy and that is why all of these things have to be very closely managed. That is why I would suggest that a high-peck therapy of your near or dear ones should happen only at a center which is well equipped for high-peck therapy since that center has good experience and it can manage all these complications. Our experience at Sanar International Hospital has been very good as far as high-peck therapy goes. Our patients have lived for more than 5 to 10 years even in late stage 3, stage 4 cancers. So, I would say that high-peck therapy is a very good therapy but it should not be done for all kinds of cancer. It should be done for only selected cancers and our experience has been immensely good at Sanar International Hospital. Thank you.


We're going to talk about introduction to visualization, overview of custom visuals, differences between custom and standard visuals. Then we're going to be talking about visualizations. I know a lot of us have used Power BI. No Power BI is part of the Microsoft Power Platform. On the Power Platform, you have Power BI, you have your Power Automates, you have your Power Virtual Agents, and you have your Power Apps. But today we're going to be focusing on Power BI, and we're going to be talking about custom visuals in Power BI. Now, visualizing data is one of the core parts and basic building blocks of Power BI. When you're creating visuals, this is one of the most effective way to find and share your insights. Today we're going to discover a variety of visualizations in Power BI, which will help us change our reporting game. What data visualization is actually the graphical representation of your data. You have your data and you want to represent it using pictures, chats, that is what is data visualization. This can be helpful when you try to explore the data sets, extract some information, to know more about your data set. Visualization can also help you in identifying patterns, corrupt data, add layers, and much. It also can help you to express and identify key relationship in plots and chats that might be useful to you and your stakeholders. If you notice why growing up, a lot of times we're all taught with things like pictures, chats, because they know that once a child sees a picture, it's easier for them to remember what has been told. That is that they see children learn by what they see, and not by what you do. When they see something, they always remember that thing. That is why visualization is important. It is more effective than text. Now, when people see data in a tabular form, it's always very, like I said, always skeptical, most times they don't really get much out of it. But when they see it in a chat, in a plot, it's always easier for them to understand. Today, we're going to talk about some custom visuals in Power BI. Now, one thing you should understand is, it is very important we have to make a distinction between a report designer and a report consumer. So if you're the person building or modifying the report, then you are a report designer. You know, it is the designers who have permission to edit the report and the underlying data sets.  So the only thing you'll be able to do is just to view and interact with the reports and the visuals in it. But you're not able to make as much changes as the designer. So when a designer is creating a report, they need to understand the audience. What are you trying to communicate to your audience? Do you want them to understand some certain things? Okay, I want them to look at this my chat. I want them to get this inside at a glance. They should be able to understand what I'm trying to tell them about. So that is what we're going to be doing today. In Power BI, there are actually many visual types available, different types of visualization from your visualization pane. But there are actually two groups of visuals in Power BI. So you have your standard and your custom visuals. You have the standard visuals and your custom visuals. So your standard visuals are the ones that are available in Power BI by default.  You discover that there are some visuals that are there by default. Those visuals are called your standard visuals. So currently, there are about 40 standard visuals present in your visualization pane in Power BI. Why your custom visuals are those ones that need to be imported before use? So any visual you're importing from somewhere, maybe you created a visual by yourself, if you're trying to import it, maybe from the Power BI marketplace or App Store, that is a custom visual. So those ones are out of the box visuals with additional features. So currently, there are more than 300 in the Microsoft App Store or the Microsoft Marketplace. So we're going to be talking about some custom visuals today. And we said custom visuals are the visuals you get from your Power BI marketplace. And we have some standard visuals. So if you look here under your visualization pane, you can see we have some standard visuals here inside this one. So these are the visuals that are there by default from Power BI. And if you can see underneath here, I have some other visuals there. So these are some custom visuals that I got from my Power BI marketplace or the App Store. So the first one we're going to be talking about is the Zebar BI table. We're going to talk about the Zebar BI tables. Now the first thing you should note is when you want to get a chart from the Power BI marketplace or from the App Store, you have to go to your visualization pane.  And you can see here under your visualizations pane, you have three ellipses here under your visualization pane, three ellipses today. And you can see what it says. It says get more visuals. So if I click on get more visuals, I can see different options here. I can see get more visuals, import the visual from the file, remove a visual and to restore them back to the default visuals you have on in your Power BI desktop. So I'll just click on get more visuals. Click on get more visuals. And once you click on get more visuals, it takes you to your Power BI marketplace or your App Store. So you can see Microsoft App Store. And you can see you have a lot of visuals here, a lot, a lot of them, but I'm going to choose to just show you the 10 that I love the most, the 10 which will help you change your reporting game. So if you just go to search, you can see it's also filtered. You have it by analytics, advanced analytics, change over time. You want to do a visual that you want to tell your story that tells change over time. You can go to the change over time field that you have by filters, you have by infographics, you have by KPI, and you have by maps.  You have your Zebra BI Table, tables, your Zebra BI cards, and your Zebra BI charts. So if you want to bring it in, the first thing you do is you click on the particular visual you want to use. So if I click on it, I can just click on it, and you can see. So one thing about your app source is to tell you the visual which you're going to pay for or the one which is free. So now you can see underpricing, if you come underpricings, you can see additional purchase might be required. So for visuals that you want to use and they're not actually free, you might need to purchase them after maybe you use them for like 30 days free trial. You have to now start paying for it. So what you just do is when you've looked at it and you see, okay, I love this visual. I want to use it for my reporting. You just go to add. So you click on add. But since I already have that visual there, it's just going to tell me this visual already exists. I can just decide to click on updates or I leave it like that. So let's just bring one which I currently do not have here. Let me bring one which I currently do not have here. And that one is called the animated bar chart rate. So I'll just type it here, animated. And you can see it's already here. So if I click on it and I'll just click on add. So once you bring it in, it's going to tell you cause the visual was successfully imported. Can you see I have this message up here. The visual was successfully imported into this report. So for this, I'm going to tell you 10 custom visuals that are going to change your Power BI reporting game. You can just take them down. You write the Zebra BI table. You have the Zebra BI chart. You have the Zebra BI card. You have your world cloud. You have your scroller. You have your play axis. You have your ultimate KPI card. You have your infographic designer. You have your chicklet slider. And you have your tornado chart. So one thing about the Zebra BI table and chart and card, they try to create a standard. They try to create a standard for you when you're reporting. So let's, they try to create a standard. So when you're reporting, there's something that happened. If you go online and you check for financial reports, if you go online, you go and check for financial reports, financial report dashboards. You see that we have a lot of dashboards there. There are a lot of dashboards. And when you're looking at it, there's really no standard. If someone looks at this dashboard and they're trying to get maybe an information from this, today I will see a dashboard and I have green colors here. I have blue colors here. And someone is telling me, okay, this is representing profit. This is representing loss. And tomorrow another report designer, because we said report designers are the ones that create the reports, if you remember. Another report designer will come with a report and then you have your profit there, showing let's say purple and showing your loss at green. So there's really no standard when reporting. But we notice in other disciplines, when they are creating reports, maybe financial reports, they have a standard for reporting. So the Zebra BI chart, the Zebra BI chart follows a standard reporting. For music, you can see there's a particular theme, even for architecture. Once you send a construction plan, everybody knows what they want to do. You send it to different places in the world. They know what they want to do. So what your Zebra BI chart does for you is, it shows you that your actual is actually your solid field. Your previous year is light.  So now let's see what we can do with it. Let's see what we can do. So now we're going to Zebra BI tables. Let's go to Zebra BI tables and we've brought it in and this is our Zebra BI table. This is our Zebra BI table. This is our table. And let's assume we want to plot something. Let's say our revenue sum by, want to check our revenue by market and want to compare it over previous year. Let's try it, let's bring it in. This is our chart. This is our chart. And let's say we want to compare it by our revenue sum. So let's bring in our revenue sum and then let's say our revenue sum, our revenue same period last year. And let's say we want to compare it over our markets. Let's put it over our market. So I'm going to make this in the focus mode. So now looking at this chart, you can already tell that, okay, this is our previous, this is actually our actual. So from this Zebra BI tables, which is the first thing we just did now, we can tell that, okay, with this chart, once you just hover around each of them to tell you, okay, our actual, what we currently have now is 59, 5.9 billion. And what we had our previous year was 2.2 billionaire. And what is the change? We actually increased by 3.7 billionaire and what is the percentage increase? Increase, sorry, it's 10 us 1.169.5%. So this Zebra BI tables is actually changing your reporting. So once someone sees this, they already know what you're actually talking about. Look at it. So here it's already showing that it's green. So if we are running at the loss, you have seen that this color here for the change is going to be like, let's say a green, but we can see that now we are making profit. So this is what Zebra BI tables can do in your reporting. It's going to make your reporting more understandable. And people are going to be able to understand what you're doing. Let's go to the next one, which is Zebra BI charts. Zebra BI charts. So let's go to the card visual. So this is our Zebra BI card visual. So this is not like a normal card visual. If you look at it, you have it showing you your total revenue sum here. So you can see your revenue sum by your transaction count and it's showing you how it's changing over time. So this is the difference between your printers and others. And as it goes, it's showing you, okay, this is your transaction count. This is the revenue you made. So your total revenue was 8.8 billion error. And the transaction count actually for parts is 14.7K. So that's like 407,000. So now what did you change? It's telling you what it's, how it's increased and the percentage increase. So this is what your Zebra BI card visuals can do. So this is your card visual here. So let's say, okay, we want to check it by something else. So let's say, let's remove our transaction count. And let's say we want to see by our same period last year. Okay, it's already there. And you can see what the card visual is already doing for us. It's already comparing what you have currently and what you had in your previous year. You can see it's showing your revenue sum currently is actually 6.2. Let's see, that's for printer sales. That's for printer sales. It's telling you that this is what you have for printer sales, that your revenue is this, 6.4 billion. And what you had same period at this time, at this time last year, what you had was 2.3 billion. So this is what your Zebra BI card visual will help you do is to make your reporting more understandable. So when you're working with Zebra BI, it's going to make your reports more understandable. So now let's go to the card visual. So I think it's coming up. Okay, so now this is our Zebra BI card visual. So it's almost like the Zebra BI tables and card, but one thing is that they have a standard. So anytime you see green, you know you're actually making profits.  So this is going to help you change your reporting game and make your reporting more understandable and people to get more insight from it. So now let's go to the next one, which is your world cloud, which is your world cloud. So your world cloud is actually a text analysis chart. So it makes you to understand more. So when you look at this, your world cloud here, this is your world cloud.  It's showing you the particular region. So when you look at it is analyzing what you have. So here what we put is we have our markets and our revenue sum. So it's telling us that the markets with the highest revenues, equity, because you can see from the text analysis, equity is the one that looks like it's bold that is large. So if you look at it, you can just over around it and you can see it to give you the particular revenue for each of them. You can see for buy outside and for equity. It is showing you what you have for equity. If you go to Abia, it's showing you the revenue for Abia.  So if you come to world cloud, you can see all the visuals you want to.  So we've talked about world cloud. So let's go to scroller. Let's go to our scroller and see what scroller can do for us. So this is your scroller. So let's just click on our scroller visual. And one thing, when you want to bring a visual in, you have to select from your fields pane. So you can see what we selected for this. We selected our store. Want to see our store by revenue.  So this is what your scroller is doing for you. So your scroller visual makes it possible to create animated scrolling text from your measures and your dimensions. So it is useful when you're displaying a dashboard on a light screen in a meeting or in a production flow. Since it is constantly moving, you're seeing that it's constantly moving, it will catch the viewers. I am made the reports come to life. So once someone sees this now, they're already seeing, okay, this is Bauchi. This is what we made.  So this is what your scroller visual and how it can bring your reports to life. Let's go to the next one, which is our play axis. These are our play axis. So while it's coming up, your play axis is perfect for reporting. When you want to show your report, you want to click at every time. You want to see the changes in the value over a period of time. Your play axis is the best visual for that. It helps you to see trends and look for patterns in your data. So once you go to your app source or your Microsoft Power BI marketplace, once you just check for play axis, you're going to see your play axis and then you can now import it and use it for reporting. So let's look at the play axis. So here we use our play axis and we brought in our month. So let's just try it. So let's say this is my play axis, I've brought it in and I want to put some fields in it. I will just go to my D calendar and now tick my month in. Once I tick my month in, I want to see how this my report is moving over different months. So once I click on play, you can see it's moving over time. Even now your KPI visual is moving, it's showing you, okay, July, this is what we have in the month of July, the month of September, the month of October, November, December. This is what we had over a different period of time. It showed us the patterns in our report. So let's go to the next one, which is our ultimate KPI card. Our ultimate KPI card. So this ultimate KPI card, which is this visual, let me put it in focus. So if you search in the marketplace, you're going to see it also. So this visual allows you to show a value, it's various to a reference value and it's various to the second or the third value. So it also shows you absolute and in percentage with arrows and color indicators. So if you just have your mouse around it, it's telling you, okay, what are we trying to look at here? The category is service plan. And this is the revenue generated for service plan. You look at it. This is the unit sold we have. So absolute number of units sold is this. The percentage is this. So this is the transaction count same period last year. So this is your revenue same period last year. It's trying to show you, okay, in all what we did here for service plan, we actually made profit. You go to copy our sales. It's actually telling you, giving you more information. So once you're using this for reporting, it's going to make your report look very interesting and a lot of people will want to, we look forward to your reporting in maybe your business meetings or your presentations. Even your stakeholders are going to like it. So the next one we're talking about is your infographics. Infographic designer. So when a report designer is telling you something about reports and they are saying, okay, I want to tell stories with data. So if telling stories with data was a chat, this is what it is. So this visual is very, very interesting. So this chat allows you to control the specific appearance of your line, your bar chat or calling chat in different shapes, colors, layout, which will represent your data and tell it in the best way that people will understand. So now we are talking about region by revenue sum here. So we can see this region. So we just use this picture. So assuming maybe you work in a plant or a manufacturing industry and you want to change it. Okay, I'm using this because maybe I'm trying to represent regions. So what you just do is you come to the pen. So let me close this. You can see there was a pen here, which is to format. I'll just come to this pen and I'll click here, which is to insert shape. I want to change the shape. I can just come here because I already have this and I'll just delete this and I'll go to shapes. You can see on that the shapes, you can use different ones. You have business and tech. You have food and drinks. You have household, nature, people, transportation. And then you can also upload your own to make your visual. Maybe you want to give it your own storyline. So for example, now what I use was under nature. You can see it here, this tree. Let's say I'm working for a food industry and they want to see the region that gives the highest let's say drink. I can just decide to use maybe you create drinks or anything, let me just use this bottle. So you can see this has already changed your reporting game. Once someone sees this, they already understand, okay, this is what this person is trying to talk about. The person is trying to talk about drinks. So you can see for not this region, this is the revenue generated for Southwest. And you can see the low West, which is your North Central. So if someone is trying to talk about, okay, why is that North Central, we have the list. So we already know that, okay, maybe because of the crisis arising, the North, nothing part of Nigeria, that is why we have the least what revenue coming from that particular region. Then the next one we go to is the chiclet slicer. So I really enjoyed this because of simplicity. So this is made up of buttons and it has different looks from your standard default slicer that you have in Power BI. So you can also include images instead of button and you can use this to filter. So let's just try this. So this is just like a button. I click on me and you see my report changes. I click on January, my report changes. I click on February, my report has changed. Now I'm not able to slice at once for January, February and May. So you're not trying to say, okay, in January, February, May, this is what happens if I just click and then we can just see for February. So let's go to the last one, last but not the least, which is our tornado chart. So you can also go to the marketplace and get it in our tornado chart. So these are tornado charts. So this tornado chart, this is a special type of bar chart where your categories are listed vertically instead of your normal standard horizontal view. So it's majorly used to depict the sensitivity of the results to select, to change this in a selected variable. So now we're looking at our model. So we put our, yeah, as our legend. So our comparing it over two years, which is 2014 and 2015. So the values we put our revenue and our values and then our group we put our model. So in our model, we have different models. So now we can now see over the year 2015, you can see here under our legend, we're able to tell the different years. So you have 2015 as the green and you have 2014 as the purple. So if you go to about 2014, we can see for our model, 2500 C, we can see the revenue generated and we can now compare it with 2015. So we can see that in 2014, we made more revenue from the 2500 C model. So now you'll ask the actual questions. Okay, when we are comparing it, why is it that we are not making as much as what we did last year? In 2014, we made more, but in 2015, we are losing. So now I have to compare. Okay, maybe it's because we've not gotten to the end of the year. That's why it looks like about 2014 is currently bigger than about 2015. So these are some things you can, some custom visuals you can bring in that will change your reporting game. So I hope you really enjoyed this webinar. So you can always reach out to us. via our LinkedIn pages. You can also share the data set with you so that it can also work on it. Then if you ask, if you have questions, just reach out to us via our Twitter page, our LinkedIn and our Facebook page. And we'll also guide you through this and then we'll also share the video for this webinar with us. So thank you everyone. Hope you enjoyed our webinar. Thank you.


Hey, what's going on everybody? My name is Staff Sergeant Halvey. I'm a recruiter's assistant with the California Air National Guard. In today's topic, we're gonna be discussing a question I get asked a lot from both my Marine and Army buddies, is can you transition into the Air National Guard even though you've served in another branch? And the quick answer to that is yes. Now before we get into that topic, for those who are interested or have any questions in regards to joining the California Air National Guard specifically, please contact us at 805-415-776. And as always, we wanna give a big shout out and a big thank you to Army Vision for allowing us to utilize this platform to help better educate and answer all the questions you may have. Now before we get into today's topic, a little bit about myself. I've been in the Air Force for about eight years now. Six of those were spent on active duty where I was stationed at currently in Air Force Base now in Curriculum, New Mexico. And just like many of you, we get homesick, we miss our family, we miss our friends, and I thought that the Guard was a perfect way for me to serve from home, keep my benefits, most importantly, and to be closer to family and friends. Now to dive into the topic and answer some of the questions that you guys may have. First one that I always get is, do I have to attend Air Force BMT? And the answer to that is no. As long as you've attended BMT in whatever branch of your serving it, we will accept that. Second question I get is, do I have to go to Air Force Technical Training School? And the answer to that is yes and no. Now if you're trying to transition into a different job, of course you're gonna have to attend our training, our school, and to give you guys a little bit more about what technical training is, or technical school, it's the equivalent of, for my soldiers out there, your AIT and my Marines, MOS School. However, there are some exceptions to that rule. Certain MOSes actually do convert over to the Air Force side. Let me give you guys a quick example. An example would be someone in the Army holding the MOS of a 92 Yankee. Now being that they completed their AIT, that job would actually convert over to the Air Force side, which is material management. Now onto the next most important question that everybody wants to know. Are we sending you back to E1? Yeah, we're gonna send you back to E1. Now I'm just playing. Ha, got it, ha. Can you keep your rank? Yes, as long as it says on your DD 214 that you got out at the rank you did, we will honor that. So all my E4 mafia folks, as long as it says you had E4 as your rank when you got out, you'll be able to keep that. Now for my E5s, this is a little more simpler. As long as you completed your E5 upgrade training or your school, we will honor that as long as you wore the rank for a while. Now for E6, it might be a case by case. That depends on what unit you're trying to go to and what's available. So please contact your local recruiter and see exactly the specifics you need in order to keep your rank. Last but not least, guys, please keep a copy of all your medical records, a copy of your DD 214 and your fitness scores. Those are the three main things that we need in order to get your process started. Now for those of you who are trying to come back to sunny California, if you have any questions and joining the California Air National Guard, please contact us at<PHONE_NUMBER>. And as always, thank you guys for your time. Thanks for watching and have a great rest of your day.


What's going on everyone? Sam here with late in sports cards ripping uh 2020 Nope, I gotta switch the break title hold on hold on come on 2022 panini one football hobby 20 box full case break number seven random division style Here is a look again at your random results as always find those on the website under the results tab as well as the link That's in check Good luck. This guy is losing No, no, there's none We're all sold out sir Anthony order a case. We'll do it right now. We'll do it right now if you order a case, Anthony I'm so out of here I'll be chasing Sean town town 434 young wass on out my window There was skill right there Plenty of skill Should be uh Starting off not bad Desmond Ritter precision rpa Six of 35 nice one there congrats nfc south bradley r Hey magna what No, not yet unfortunately haunter They said it's supposed to be coming out desktop here. So nice four colored rpa bailey zappy to 199 Grats afc east Yeah, you can recap me that that Wow, what a three first cards can he pick it Day one 21 of 75 rookie auto afc north They did they really got them with the two gloves. Yes, they did as they should Correct 77 and 99 breeze hall three colored rpa. It's a good case so far Bradley are again See that a couple of really cool vets in here All right, so 149 george pickens afc north christopher l congrats buddy chrome does still fighting me here Nice afc north kyle hamilton two colored rpa by way of the ravens Congrats baltmaugh And the afc north Oh, yeah Look at jake trying to come in here with a man.  That's really freaking cool, dude Congrats on that one NFC north bradley r Will ap all day action. Hey, what happened jake? Did you play dill? vila stones jr three colored formula one rpa to 75 Yeah, did you guys play or no? Did bofa ever show up? That is jalen solbert rpa NFC east to 99 Going to danielly No, no, no, no I don't know where mo went Who won They're doing better now. I've lost again Not showing up Nice one here NFC east two color two color wandale robinson to 99 Phone it in dude. Yeah, okay, man, bofa. I'm done Oh, wow, that's huge NFC north 2021 panini one update just in fields rpa seven of ten Wow, that's pretty big field stuff is in this product this year live Congrats on that one bradley r that is a massive hit right there. I'll take a pic of that one And that's huge dude. This is a great case pick it rinner and fields now and zappy Bunch of quarterbacks That is nice wonders champ bailey a fc west 15 of 35 Congrats codie He was a stud Nice three of ten NFC west bam bam cam chanceler on the presenting Love this card, dude. I gotta pick one of these up for myself. That's sick. Congrats on that. There you go NFC west That is jolem joel congrats on the bam bam cam Nice 12 of 25 isaac bruce on the lone star patch auto NFC west again Grats on that NFC west jolem Lone star Nice afc south malik willis three color one color three color one or two color Going to alvin in the afc south we hit like every quarterback except howl I think we hit zappy willis pick it and ritter now in one case and a field from last year unreal great case Great case overall Wonders afc west ladanian tomlinson five of five That's sick nice lt. Congrats afc west that is codie m codie congrats buddy to go with your champ bailey Yeah, he was a monster for just years, dude Years and years Nice NFC south the guy on the track mr. drake london We got london on the track You're pushing to 75 You're for winds become losses and losses Okay We're gonna talk to your father. He's got to dial you in god I Acres is a buy or sell probably a buy right now NFC east jahan dotts in formula one rpa to 49 You got three jaco three Let's talk about someone who needs to be tightened up There you go right there Nice to 99 afc east sauce cardner AFC east congrats on that one Bradley are i'll see you howl. Why not dude imagine That's pretty solid NFC north is aiden hutchinson to 199 three colored rpa Congrats on that That is gonna do it for the break. Thank you all again for the fill. Uh, that's it


subsection 1 is addressed and the officer who authorized the arrest or search who is so authorized under subsection 2 shall have all the powers of an officer acting under section 42. So an officer who is either armed with the warrant issued under 41 or an authorization issued under 42, he becomes a competent person or an authorized officer to search or arrest. So that is the section 41. Section 42 deals with the power of search seizure and arrest without warrant or authorization. See that first is that is obtaining the warrant then power of entry search and arrest without warrant or authorization. Any such officer so that means who has been authorized there or who has this one what you call him has obtained the authorization that person if he has reason to believe at the middle of the section if he has reason to believe from personal knowledge or information given by any person taken down in writing. So these are the safeguards because if he is going on a routine job and he suspects someone if to know whether what he is doing is legal or not otherwise he can implicate any other person. Therefore the law says that if it is without warrant or authorization then if it is in relation to the he must record that reason that personal knowledge or information given by any person had taken down in writing that any narcotic drug or psychedelic substance or control in documents or other things which are available. So then he himself can conduct the raid between sunrise and sunset and in the process he can enter and search he can break open he can seize the substance and he can detain and search. See all these powers are given but further if provided further if such officer has reason to believe that a search warrant or authorization cannot be obtained without affording opportunity for the concealment so between sunset and sunrise even then he can do it provided he records the grounds of his belief. So first is the power of search without warrant or authorization. That is a procedure of obtaining the warrant and the procedure of obtaining authorization. When there is an authorization such person can conduct the search, search conduct the search during sun between sunrise and sunset. So this is from the enclosed places and subsection 2 says when an officer takes down any information in writing and the subsection 1 or records grounds for his belief under the proviso he shall within 72 hours send a copy thereof to his immediate official superiors. These are not empty formalities see this is to these are these formalities of course we will discuss what is the legal effect of it whether they are directory or whether they are mandatory but in order to validate the search validate the arrest validate the seizure this is a he has to comply with these preconditions these safeguards then only the proceedings conducted by him becomes valid. Section 43 deals with the search in the public place see the difference what you can see is that when the search is from the enclosed place from the conveyance if he has got an information the procedure is that he must either obtain the warrant or obtain the authorization then only conduct the search and even while conducting the search he must record the reasons and communicate it within 72 hours to his official superiors. If it is from the open place none of these procedures need to be nor these preconditions required to be followed. So here see power of searcher the only thing is the requirement is that the search should be or the seizure should be from the public place any officer of any of the department mentioned in section 42 so 42 means only the gazetted officer or any of the officers who has been authorized by the gazetted officer may see is in any public place or in transit any narcotic drug or psychotic substance or control in respect of it he has reason to believe an offense punishable has been committed committed or any article may which may furnish evidence has been considered then he can see is it it does not prescribe any condition at all any condition at all then he can detail search any person whom he has reason to believe as committed an offense because the provisions have got any purpose to serve an officer one who is let us say he goes to the routine routine check out what you call Bandobas or any other routine duty then he finds a person moving suspiciously then what is if he had previous information about to the commission of that offense by that self person then the law says he cannot get into section 43 he must follow the procedures under 41 on 42 42 but without having any information if he finds a person and he arrest him as a routine that arrest that seizure will be under the provisions of CRPC only but while conducting the search if he comes to know that he is in possession of any contraband which is an offense under the NDPS act from that moment he should stop you should stop and you should hand over the investigation or you should follow the procedures contemplated under that see the what you call the underlying principle is whether he has got an information of an offense so that is the only safeguard if he had information of an offense otherwise I think that the investigating officer can act arbitrarily without thing he can implicate any person and can say that he was involved in that just to know that what action he has taken has got to validity for the interest of to safeguard the to to to ensure the accused that he has not been falsely implicated that some procedures have been laid down so it is only on complying with these procedures he has to proceed otherwise his action becomes tainted suspicious so therefore the loss is when he has got an information go through under section 41 or 42 and then between day and day night you effectively search even if there is no warrant you record your reasons and during sunset and during the night also you conduct the search provider there is something in writing recorded and the copy of it is sent to the superiors but if it is from the public place then no such requirements or preconditions have been prescribed under the act because of the nature of the offense section 15 section 15 am I am I clear if anyone wants to this one interact they can always ask if I am not very clear because at the end of the session we will go ahead with yes see section 50 deals with the personal search so when either under warrant or let us say without warrant or under authorization or from a public place if a person the person of the accused has to be searched you see there's a difference between searching the conveyance searching the place and searching the person section 50 is applicable only when the person is to be searched then section 15 provides the safeguard or the precautions that is the person one who conducts the search must give an option to the accused or to the suspect that whether he wants to be searched by the gazetted officer or by the magistrate and if he expresses if he says that he wants to be searched by the gazetted officer he should be taken before the gazetted officer or the magistrate without giving this option if he conducts the search the search becomes illegal or invalid I think that is only section 50 so these are the what you call the precautions or the safeguards that these are only the four procedures a special procedure that has been engrafted under the act to protect the interest of the accused because this is the if at all the accused can set up any defense I think under this act I have regard to the stringent punishment and the especially the what you call presumptions I think this is the section 41 42 and 43 and section 50 are the only defense that we can say it could be available to the accused therefore this is the this provision any person practicing on the or representing the interest of the accused must know that any search any arrest or any seizure would be valid only if it is from the closed place 41 and 40 if it is from public place he must satisfy that it is a public place now for example recently there was a there was a case I think what is it buta Singh buta Singh it was in a live law it was reported where a person was napped or apprehended he was sitting in his jeep in his jeep and in a public place the jeep was a private jeep it was a private jeep and he was found in a possession of the possession of the articles the question was whether the place where this contraband was found is it a private place or public place so all the trial court and the high court held it is a public place because it was found in the on the public road which has got an access because you may be knowing that is whether it is a private place and a public place I think the law takes a different shade or a different color in a different situation for example if a person is wearing a mask is not wearing a mask in his private car we say that he is going in a public place even an exercise department if he is drinking in a public place even if it is in a private car we say it is a public place so when so that being the interpretation all the court said that no it was a he was in a public place so therefore the investigating agency did not comply with any of the preconditions prescribed in section 41 and 42 but the honorable supreme court disagreed in that buta since case I think 20 21 decision and it said that section 43 explanation for the purpose of this section the expression public place includes public conveyance hotel shop or other place intended for use or accessible to the public it said a private vehicle private jeep though it is in the public place it is not a public place therefore the non-compliance of the requirements under section 42 and 41 would entitle him for equity see that is how the law because that is the effect of this these provisions these are not what that's why I told you the general provisions are there under the CRPC but these special provisions are enacted keeping in mind the special nature of the offenses because the police every time the investigating officer cannot we cannot be expected to run after and get a warrant so he has been authorized to act even to immediately to get into this job even by authorization from his department but to safeguard the interest of the excuse says to validate such an action he must strictly comply and therefore all these provisions compliance of section 41 42 43 and 50 are held to be mandated so if you want to go through what is the legal effect of these or the implications of these provisions of course you can find any number of decisions but I would just give one decision which is often a recent decision Tophan Singh versus the state of Tamil Nadu Tophan Singh versus the state of Tamil Nadu AR 2020 Supreme Court 5592 of course the question involved in this case is whether an officer empowered under section 42 and 53 are police officers and whether the statement made by the accused under section 67 of the act whether it is a confessional statement which is hit by section 25 of the evidence act so that was the point which was under consideration so to determine or to answer this question the court has gone through in detail or has summarized the entire law relating to the sections 41 42 and 43 it has an analyzed the what you call the development of the law because right from the constitution bench decision till late how the law was laid down and how it was diluted to say and what is this the present position of law I think that has been dealt very elaborately and in this decision that for I said only one decision it analyzes all the previous decisions so therefore this one decision I would say is a compendium by which you can get to know the present position of law with regard to the legal effect of the the four provisions what we are discussing today whether they are directory or mandatory see here this the honorable supreme court as a refer to the constitution bench decision in Baldev Singh Baldev Singh 1999 6 SCC 172 that decision had taken into consideration the conclusions eroded by two judge bench of in a state of Punjab versus Baldev Singh that is 1994 Supreme Court 1872 1872 the questions considered above arise frequently before us because instead of dealing from point to point I'll just refer to this I think that gives a fair idea of what the what the issues that are likely to be a reason in considering the applicability of these four provisions are dealt the questions considered above arise frequently before the trial course therefore we find it necessary to set out our conclusions which are as follows one if a police officer without any prior information as contemplated under the provisions of NDPS act makes a search or arrest a person in the normal course of investigation into an offense or suspected offense as provided under the provisions of CRPC and when such search is completed at that stage section 50 of the NDPS act would not be attracted and the question of complying with the requirements would not arise if during such search or arrest there is a chance recovery of any narcotic or psychotic substance then the police officer who is not empowered should inform the empowered officer who should thereafter proceed in accordance with the provisions of the NDPS act this is what I told you now for example a forest officer police officer who is not empowered I said to validate the search or seizure it could be done either when there is an information because that is a precondition when there is an information of the commission of the offense you can proceed only under warrant or authorization from the gazetted officer now here is a case where a police officer who is not an empowered officer at all then in the routine checkup he comes across or stumbles upon a case and during the search or interrogation he comes to know that the person is in possession of the contraband which is an offense under this act then what should he do then the search or the arrest or whatever procedure so far he has conducted will be treated as the procedure under CRPC either under section 41 or under 100 or 165 but the moment NDPS this one is that he has to stop and from that stage the authorized officer has to continue authorized officer if he has to continue he has to follow the same procedure he has to send the same procedure so next under section 41 1 subsection 1 only the empowered magistrate can issue warrant for the arrest see the legal implications so we did not run to any what is the position of law this one decision has summarized the position of law he says under section 41 1 only an empowered magistrate can issue warrant for the arrest or for the search in respect of the offenses punishable under chapter 4 of the chapter 4 of the actor when such warrant for arrest or search is issued by a magistrate who is not empowered then such search or arrest if carried out would be illegal so here itself will get what is the legal effect so if the person who issued the warrant is not empowered by special order or is not an authorized officer who has been authorized in terms of section 42 then the search becomes illegal next under subsection 41 2 only the empowered officer can give the authorization if there is a contravention that would affect the prosecution case and initiate the conviction see the results of it so generally we said the procedural violation does not affect the substantive case unless prejudice has been shown but here is the provisions which I showed you told you are enacted for the interest of the accused to give him an opportunity or a forum for fair trial fair investigation therefore any violation is treated as the compliance of it is treated as mandatory and violations will render the entire trial initiated then under section 42 1 the empowered officer if he has prior information he should necessarily take it down in writing it is nothing but a reproduction of the conditions or the preconditions what are there in 41 and 42 so he said he must necessarily take down in writing he may carry out the arrest or search without a warrant between sunrise and sunset so if he takes down without a warrant also he can of the magistrate he can do that if there is an authorization and the information has been taken down that means sufficient compliance to this extent the provisions are mandatory and contravention of the same would affect the prosecution case and initiate the trial so every stage by stage they have set the effect 41 2 if it is no empowered it wishes 41 2 it wishes then under section 42 2 such empowered officer who takes down any information in writing or records the grounds under 41 2 should forthwith the send a copy thereof to his immediate official superior that is another condition if there is total non application of this provision the same affects the prosecution case see here I want to tell you because we read this entire judgment gradually the law was diluted because what was earlier it was said that if there is a there is all these provisions are mandatory non compliance of any of these conditions any of these conditions would render the entire exercise futile it will vissure the trial entitling the accused for acquittal but gradually the sum of the courts even the honorable supreme court said if there is a substantial compliance or if there is a delayed compliance let us say the section says within 72 hours we have to send the information to the superiors let us say it is said beyond 72 hours then even though there is delayed compliance you take it as a substantial compliance or for example other conditions which are required one or two conditions are satisfied he has taken down but has not sent still we say that there is a substantial compliance so therefore it says that that was the position of law but now with this decision even everything all gray areas are no gray areas are long left the matter is set down now it says that once the conditions are prescribed to safeguard the interest of the accused they are to be treated as a mandatory if it is mandatory they have to be complied in full in total or no not at all you can't comply it in part and say that there is substantial compliance there is no scope that is the present position of law that has been laid down in this decision so if a police officer even if section 4a police officer even if he happens to be an empowered officer by defecting an arrest or search during normal investigation into an offense purely under the provisions of CRPC fails to strictly comply with the provisions of 165 including the requirement to record reasons such failure would only amount to an irregularity that's why I said first I told you you must take note of the provisions contained under section under the CRPC CRPC is made applicable to the search and seizure while effecting now for example section 41 and 42 prescribe only the mode of issuing the warrant or the who is the competent authorities it does not say how the search has to be made or how the arrest has to be made section 100 says well under warrant when you make the search you have to get two respectable persons then he says you have to prepare the search memo you have to give the copy to the other if these requirements are also required to be compliant so that means section 100 and 160 shows to be compliant if you do not comply the requirements laid down under 116 then 100 and 165 then that can be maybe treated as irregularity but not the other provisions so that is the distinction so if there is in compliance of the provisions of the section 100 and 103 if there is any violation you can treat it as an irregularity but not the compliance of the conditions or the preconditions laid down in 41 42 43 and 50 so that is the difference and therefore after this judgment after this judgment so the judgment was rendered by the bench in 1999 in 2000 amendment was brought amendment was brought to section 50 and if you see section 50 section 50 they said section sub clause 5 was introduced inserted with effect from 2001 when an officer duly authorized under section 42 has reason to believe that it is not possible to take the person to be searched to the nearest gazetted officer see how the law was tried to be the what was initially intended to be a mandatory provision after this judgment because what it said is that compliance of or failure to comply of 100 would only be irregularity rest of things are mandatory then it said so when it is not possible to be searched by the nearest gazetted officer or magistrate without the possibility of person to be searched parting with possession of any narcotic drugs or consorted substance he may instead of taking such person to the nearest gazetted officer may proceed to search the person as provided under section 100 of CRPC so he said even if it is not possible you record the reasons and you proceed under section 100 but that has been interpreted now in this decision he says when the entire intention of framing or enacting section 42 41 42 43 and 50 is to safeguard the interest these are to be treated as in the nature of mandatory nature so therefore it said that section 100 what the section 5 you can implement it or you can enforce it use it only in exceptional circumstances otherwise the compliance of these conditions are a must the prosecution must prove for example that he has given in the option how to say that he has the given in the option to be searched by the gazetted officer or by the magistrate generally the investigating officer takes down in writing in writing under this provisions also if you see that whatever writing or the signatures that have been taken are deemed to be correct and a presumption is there under section 66 so he exercise that option that will be the proof his signature should be there so otherwise we have to take it he has not followed the requirement mandatory requirements of section 50 and he cannot take shelter stating that because it was not possible therefore I have followed or conducted the search under section 100 see that is the difference hope I you understand the what you call emphasis and the emphasis is that so you cannot as a routine course follow under section where section 42 prescribed or 43 or 50 prescribed certain preconditions those preconditions are mandatory yes then the effect of such failure has to be borne in mind on prior information the empowered officer or authorized officer while acting under section 41 2 or 42 should comply with the provisions of section 50 before the searcher search of the person is made and such person should be informed so it says again the repeating the same thing then see that another issue also arose because I said the law laid down by the constitution bench it was tried to be interpreted in a different way see in a there was an earlier decision if the property is seized or recovered through an illegal search whether such property or such object material object can it be relied on which is recovered through illegal search see under general criminal jurisprudence even if the search is illegal the property recovered could be relied on and that same beam was applied to the NDPS Act also it said that even if it is what you call even if the search is illegal you can consider or accept the accept the properties that are seized but in this judgment it has been said even that is not possible that is not what has been laid down by the constitution bench you can't incorporate a condition which is not there in section 50 50 so it has been it has been said that that even the property recovered is has to be treated as illegal and cannot be relied on at all so these are in poor and mouse case I think in poor and mouse case 1974 whatever it was said that property recovered through illegal search could be relied on but that position also it is said now it cannot be applied to NDPS cases in NDPS cases these provisions are mandatory if there is no compliance there is a total non-compliance there cannot be substantial compliance at all then the benefit should go to the accused so these are the these are the provisions and ultimately if you see in a section in power 55 in power 50 thus this extremely important safeguard continues or as has been as has been originally enacted subject only to the exception in subsection 5 and 6 which can only be used in urgent and emergent situations so the ultimate conclusion of the honorable supreme court by analyzing all the earlier provisions or the law is that that recourse to section 100 could be taken only in exceptional circumstances otherwise compliance of each and every condition is mandatory this court has clearly held that non-compliance of this provision would lead to the conviction of the accused being initiated and that substantial compliance with these provisions would not save the prosecution case so the position of law is very clear so the whatever preconditions that are laid down in section 42 are mandatory nature there must be total compliance here delayed compliance or substantial compliance is of no use at all no use so that is the position of law we have understood and there are these are the provisions and the legal effect and on the same point I think you can also note one decision of the constitution bench in Mukesh Singh Mukesh Singh versus state of all versus state NCB 2020-10 SCC 120 here of course the issue was whether the investigating officer and the complainant can be one and the same because you may be knowing the special procedure here see the name of the informant is not to be disclosed as per section 68 then who is the complainant that is when then information has been so that's why I said this safeguards are there safeguards in 40 to 40 when information has been received he has to record it recorded in the concert register and then take further action either authorized or he himself conducted the search and that after conducting the search or after affecting the arrest that person and that property either it should be produced before the magistrate if the magistrate is issued the warrant or it should be produced before the nearest station house officer or the authorized officer so that is the procedure and the report submitted by him at that time becomes the complaint so the complainant or the informant is not the complainant FIR is not registered therefore there is a significance of this this one so thereafter the investigation actually real investigation starts so here arrest seizure takes place before registration of the case therefore the only material reliable material is the information recorded by the officer say that is the rationale there is a reason behind these rules so therefore the question arose whether there is whether the complainant and the investigating officer can be one and the same the Mohanlal decision case was there it said if he is one and the same the entire thing is initiated prejudices cost prejudices cost but Mohanlal's case is is reversed is reversed in this decision and it said when it comes to NDPS act the section itself section 53 itself authorizes because that is the scheme of the act because of the nature of the offenses you can't first disclose the name of the in the FIR then there is nothing will be there to search nothing will be left if you follow the routine procedure under CRPC therefore the name of the informant is kept secret then all other procedures commence then the investigation the authorized officer under section 53 and section 53 says that the very same person one who conducted all this procedure the gazetted officer himself could be an authorized officer by the gazetted officer under section 42 he himself could be the investigating officer so there is nothing wrong and in this decision even the supreme court that the five judge bench the constitutional bench they have said that even the law even in the criminal law also you can't stretch it this is the principle saying that the complainant and the investigating officer cannot be the same it has said that even under criminal law also there is no invariable rule in NDPS act because of section 53 itself the act itself authorizes the complainant and the investigation officer to be one and the same but even under general law also says that the general principle is that he can be unless the EQ shows prejudice but here the question of prejudice does not arise at all because section 53 authorizes it so these are the provisions you should know it so other decisions are there but all these decisions are referred in the toughensings case therefore I have given you only one decision where the entire gamut of law has been discussed discussed position of law means very clear authoritatively law is laid down therefore there is no ambiguity at all in the application of the legal effect of or the compliance of section 41 40 to 43 see that section 57 is there section 57 one section which I know to touch report of arrest and seizure whenever any person makes any arrest or seizure under this act he shall within 48 hours next after such arrest or seizure make a full report to all the particulars of such arrest or seizure to his immediate official superior this is not mandatory this is a post seizure or post arrest stage whereas compliance of the requirement is before arrest as laid down in section 41 and 42 therefore non-compliance of this provision does not we share the trial you make a the understand the difference here also it lays down in condition but it is not mandatory this is because after the aftermath what he has to do it after effecting the search or the seizure and all other things within 44 this is not mandatory this operates in a totally different sphere whereas the conditions prescribed the preconditions or the safeguards provided under section 42 41 42 43 and 50 are mandatory non-compliance of it will initiate the entire trial so these four these are the only defenses that could be available to the accused so must understand and appreciate the provisions in that manner so this is not already i thought that yes because i think bingo his lordship has taken exactly 60 minutes yes that's the hallmark of a any successful person they say time is the essence what we do are read in the limitation act time is the essence for any contract yes yeah out here we don't have anything let me check it out i was just checking it in the youtube also you didn't have any questions no questions i'm just checking it out on the facebook youtube and one has written what is the use of words if such a person so requires if it is compulsory to take him to the magistrate or a resident officer in second book now if that person wins that but that option is to be given to the accused see option has to be given to the accused this provision as i told you is enacted to protect the interest of the accused because i said wide powers are given presumptions are enacted wide power is given even on the spot he can make it because i said from public place no warrant nothing not even recording he can do it so there is a likelihood of misuse but see he can also plant any of the things within therefore to protect all these to protect the accused from all these what you call aspects say and right has been given to the accused or in precondition safe guard which is enacted in section 56 if he wants only because it's an option he an option is given to him whether he wants to be searched before the visitor officer before the magistrate that's why he gives it in writing in writing if he says that before the magistrate then he should be taken to the magistrate so therefore that's the defense he can take it he can say that i was i exercised my option to take it to the magistrate he has not done it see what the magistrate what they have to do that if we cannot be taken to the magistrate he would record the reason and conduct the search under section 100 by taking recourse to section 50 sub section 5 which has been inserted that has been interpreted by the honorable supreme court in Tophan's case saying that that can be resorted to only in exceptional cases otherwise you have to go through this procedure you have to give him option so that is because it is in the interest of the accused it is left to for him to take that exercise that option or not option has to be given in English or it has to be given mentally under the it is it is because any such option it should be made known to be understood because other if it is in a language which is not understood it is in the interest of the prosecution that he says that it has been explained and that if it is in English and if it takes that how can he exercise so that is not that may be one of the ground for him to say that there is non-compliance that itself may sometimes because this is the stringent provisions stringent provisions because harsher the offense harsher the punishment the stricter the proof so therefore any such even these single elements also may help the accused they say for a harsher punishment or a harsher this thing it has to be given literal interpretation rather than the yes yes exactly exactly so therefore you said that your substantial compliance delayed compliance partial compliance is a good meaningless because when the law says that total compliance either total compliance or non-compliance at all that has been interpreted in this and that seems to be the correct because otherwise there is now for example say how that for example student activities there let us say he should be implicated in this offense one day is going by his bicycle as a scooter the police can stop it or in the in the routine check and ask him for his documents one of them may be checking the documents other may take the key and go to his scooter open the dash box and put something in there is it not possible so therefore all these precautions are there to say that we to avoid or to prevent such misuse by the police because the power has been given to them to arrest on the spot therefore says that if you had any information you take it down writing otherwise you say if it is a private place or a public place so all those things that will are sufficient rather that is that balances the right of the accused and the right of the investigative agency and the prosecution so that is the beauty of this provisions yes Lordship was only elaborate on the registration of an FIR subsequent to the seizure in light of Lalitha Kumari's case but that would be I think beneficial now see Lalitha Kumari says that whenever an information is given of the commission of a cognizable offense the police have got no other option than to register the FIR but that is the interpretation of section 154 156 and 157 157 and even if you see that under I think para 103 or something like that they have said in five types of offenses that is I think matrimonial offenses and corruption corruption offenses and economic offenses you need not register the FIR you can make a preliminary inquiry and here see the nature of the offenses I said these are the committed by the gang and very sophisticated manner I said the how they carry how they hide this and if they get a little clue that the police will bear and that they will not get any of the evidence therefore all these procedures and that circumstance if you insist that an FIR should be first registered then it should be taken to the magistrate thereafter only you commence a investigation that is it says that was section 68 says name of the informant cannot be disclosed that is otherwise if that is disclosed I think no offense will come to light at all the informant I think he has to fear his life and no one will give any information but to say that see that is actually the information in the nature of the first information to say that there is an information you should record it in writing you need not register the FIR but the scheme of the act is that after that the sufficient safeguards are there for the accused because the information is recorded in writing to show that that is a real information the copy of it is sent to the higher officers so two proof are there two safeguards two safeguards then it is followed by your recovery which guarantees the truth of the information this itself regularity gives a kind of what you call sanctity to the entire procedure so therefore not registration and therefore it says well after completing this that person and the accused under section 52 section 52 says that if he is arrested under warrant the person and the property should be produced before the magistrate if he is arrested under the authorization he should be produced either before the station house officer or before the authorized officer under section 52 53 he himself is the investigating officer at that time the person who conducted the search submits the report and that is the meaning if he sees section 53 that the section 53 the central government after consultation of the power to invest in the office state government see on the report or see based on this report he has to proceed any officer of the day noted under the state government notification published this portion of section I think that is the this one provision yes section 36 the jurisdiction jurisdiction subsection subsection 1 d a special court being upon perusal of the police report of the facts constituting an offense under this act or upon complaint made by an officer of the central government so there is no a fire or the information so when he searches it otherwise he can file a private complaint also on that only he can take cognizance yes and it is in compartment it is not in the violation of the dictum of the Lalitha Kumari because that itself provides right yes you can say but they are judgments in which it has been said compulsorily like Arif Khan consent was taken by the police but case went in favor of the accused what is that what is that can you it is in continuation of the previous question I can read the entire question what you had answered first what is the use if such person so requires if it is compulsorily to take him to the magistrate or visited officer in section 50 but there are judgments in which it has been said held to be mandatory like in Arif Khan consent was taken by the police but case went in favor of the accused that Arif Khan it has been explained now it is not laying down the correct procedure experienced law I think that has been explained in this decision all this earlier that was not the intent meant you can't read that into section 50 is what has been said of course the detail I have not read out only the salient aspects I just read out if you go through this they have reproduced the step by step step by step and they have yes so it is a very elaborate the lengthy decision but through so light on it and it has cleared much of the gray areas and I would say there are hardly any gray areas are left earlier that is whether the complainant and the investigative officer could be one end the same whether without registration of the FIR with the procedure you know because generally under CRPC we say that all before registration of the FIR any proceedings are conducted we say it is invalid I think of the high court our high court so division venture decision is there it is invalid but here the law permits it this is a special act here the CRPC is made applicable not made applicable en masse some provisions are applicable made applicable some provisions to some action so that's how it has been made applicable to the act yes your insights want to conclude the session yes again thanks Mr. Vikas for facilitating this wonderful opportunity in fact as I told you earlier we were missing his lordship it used to be like a classroom used to get groomed when we were sitting in the court hall and again you have facilitated by giving us this opportunity and the topic chosen is such a wonderful topic especially for the practitioners practicing on the criminal side may it be on the trial side or before the high court or supreme court these aspects are very important either for watching or for conducting the trial and his none other person could have been so erudite and precise except his lordship thank you very much your lordships for this wonderful session and thank you Mr. Vikas for giving us this wonderful opportunity and for me also in particular to speak about his lordship and this particular presentation as your lordship had said that the judgment has thrown the true light I will say that his session has also actually thrown the true light we have all come out of the dark ls which could have been in the mindset and especially for the youngsters it will help them and tomorrow we will be having session on tips on translation which is an important aspect not only for the examination part but also once you are doing in the high court what could be the tips for translation so that there are lists of mistakes it would be by Mr. Vasant Patwardhan who is a Srishtradhar at Bidami and he is also taking a lot of sessions down south in the Karnataka but do stay connected with us tomorrow at 6 p.m and thank you sir your session was excellent and we all learned from it thank you Moshka


Welcome to Mechanical Engineering Thermodynamics. In Mechanical Engineering Thermodynamics, what we will do is begin by looking at the definition of thermodynamics. And what we're assuming is that this would be your second course in a thermodynamics curriculum. So in the first thermodynamics course, you would have covered things like the first law, second law, perhaps the Rankin cycle, properties of materials. In this course, what we'll be doing is we'll be going a little further with the concepts and we'll be applying the things that you covered in a first introductory course on thermodynamics to a lot of systems that are important to mechanical engineers. And consequently, first course in thermodynamics has a tendency to be a little bit on the abstract side. This course has a tendency to be more on the applied side. So personally for myself, I found this course very rewarding because we're looking at systems that we can relate to. But what I want to do at the beginning here is step back and take a look at the definition of thermodynamics itself. So thermodynamics, there are a number of different definitions that you'll find. Sometimes people will say thermodynamics is the science of energy management. But essentially what we're doing is we're looking at the transformation of energy from one form to another. Remember, energy cannot be created nor destroyed. It is merely transferred from one form to another. And it could be internal energy, it could be potential energy, it could be kinetic energy. And through those transformations, we also have energy in the form of either work or in heat. And those are the things that thermodynamics looks at is the relationship of energy transforming from one form to another. So to put a definition, thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations. And it's a study of energy transformations and the relationships among the physical properties of substances which are affected by those transformations. Now quite often those substances in any kind of thermodynamic cycle that a mechanical engineer would be interested in are as referred to as the working fluid. So that provides us with the definition of thermodynamics. Now in this course what we will be doing is we will be applying thermodynamics, as I mentioned, to a wide variety of systems that mechanical engineers may be dealing with. So what you can look at in terms of the areas that mechanical engineer or thermodynamics would be applied, it can be applied to very diverse areas. And these can consist of a number of different things. One is power production. Power production is an area that is very important in modern-day society. We have power production which is generating the electricity by which I'm recording this lecture. We have, and that's referred to as being a stationary power production system. Because usually I'm recording this from China and so the power here is probably my guess would be coming from coal, a coal burning power plant. If I was recording this from northern Germany or Denmark for example, then perhaps it would be coming from wind energy. So those referred to as being stationary power production units. And then we also have mobile power producing units. And these are units that, just like it sounds, are mobile. So it could be the engine in a motorbike, the engine on an airplane, it could be the engine in a car. Those are all power producing units that are mobile because they're moving around. So that is one area that you can apply thermodynamics, both stationary. So those are power producing units that are tied to the ground essentially and not moving. And mobile power producing units. A second area that you can apply the concepts of thermodynamics to and we will look at in this course is what is referred to as refrigeration and air conditioning processes. So refrigeration is one process that we will be considering in the course, as well as air conditioning processes. Quite often referred to as being heating ventilation and air conditioning or HVAC. Another area that we can apply thermodynamics to are fluid expanders. And those are quite often referred to as being turbines and compressors. And actually a pump is a form of a compressor, but it's for a liquid. Traditionally, when we talk about compressors, we're talking about a gas for the fluid that would be going through. Other areas, jet engines and rockets. And so we will be looking at the cycle of a jet engine later on in the course. And that is referred to as being the Brayton cycle. We won't be looking at rocket propulsion in this class or in this course. However, rocket propulsion, you would use all the laws of thermodynamics and then chemical reactions for whatever reaction is taking place in the rocket. Other areas where you could apply thermodynamics, chemical processing and oil refineries. This is an important area for people within Alberta because a lot of our energy and a lot of our industry is related to the oil and gas sector. And consequently, the processing of any of the oil, be it conventional oil, be it heavy oil or bitumen from the oil sands, needs to undergo forms of upgrading and refinement. And you would be applying the rules of thermodynamics there. Once you have that, let's say you make gasoline, what we often do with gasoline is we burn it. And that is really referred to as being combustion, combustion as a process. So we could be looking as well at combustion of hydrocarbon fuel. And that is something that we will also be looking at in this class. Later on, we'll be looking at areas, it's referred to as the heat of formation within a chemical reaction. And from there, that's how you can figure out the amount of energy being released through combustion. And there you're converting chemical bonds into thermal energy. And so we'll be looking at that. And then, if we go into other forms of energy, so more on the renewable side, we could be looking at solar energy units. Now, when I'm referring to solar energy here, I'm really referring to solar thermal. And however, there are certain systems that use solar energy that can produce electrical or mechanical work, which you would then put into a generator and convert electricity. But when I'm talking about solar, I'm not talking solar photovoltaic, I would be talking about solar thermal systems that could either generate thermal energy for household use or industrial use, or it could also generate power some mechanical work as well as thermal energy. So that's what we're referring to there when we talk about solar energy units. Another area, geothermal energy utilization. When you're talking geothermal, essentially what you have is a system whereby you're bringing heat up from deep underground, quite often in geologic formations where you may have mountains such as Nevada. That's one location where they have quite a bit of geothermal energy. And Iceland as well, that would be another example. And so you're bringing up heated fluid and you're putting that into what we would call a heat engine where it could be a rank and cycle, anything like that. And you're producing work through that process. So that would be geothermal energy utilization and wind energy. Wind energy is another area. We won't necessarily be looking at it in this course. However, the laws of thermodynamics would apply to wind energy. You'd also have fluid mechanics involved and aerodynamics. And finally tidal power is another system where you may be applying the laws of thermodynamics. So you can see with that there are many, many different areas that we can be applying thermodynamics and in particular areas where mechanical engineers would be involved. And we will be touching on a number of those areas throughout this course.