Welcome to the annual DEF CON convention. This meeting was held in exciting Las Vegas, Nevada from July 9th through the 11th, 1999. This is review table number 33, IPV6. What, when, where, how, why? It's running out of space. And because it comes with down to the glory locks problem of class C being too small and class A being too big and class B being just right. And they try to aggregate, aggregating like sticking together blocks of class C and then add the router, route it together, class of center domain routing. But that's only a temporary fix because our routing tables are getting smaller, yeah. IPV5. IPV5, yes, actually that's, I think on the next page. Yeah, that's on the next page. Yes, there was. IPV5 was a, actually it's in use as a stream transport protocol made by the IETF, the Internet Engineering Task Force. That's what makes most of the protocols. But IPV5 is out there, so they call it IPV6. Actually, competing proposals were IPV7, 8, and 9. And so I don't know what the next one will be, but they had, the routing tables were getting too big and too complex to try to route all these things because everybody wanted a class B address. We have more than 256 machines, we want a class B address. So we need, the other thing, why do we need a new version of the protocol is we need address renumbering. They decided the IETF and some other people were figuring that we needed address renumbering. Whenever we moved from one provider to another, we'd have to renumber all of our addresses and nobody wanted to do that manually anymore. In the original days, it was all set up, the routing tables were just manually entered into the computer in the UNIX boxes. But the mobility of the computers and the computers are switching from one to another.  Everything is getting more and more connected to the Internet, your dishwasher, your microwaves on the Internet. But they decided that they needed more and more stuff and to renumber the addresses. We needed to get real-time traffic because in order to get real-time traffic, say I wanted to get video on demand, I could just go and start watching Terminator 2 over the Internet and I want it not to lag every time, I mean real audio and real video is bad enough. We needed some auto-configuration, meaning that we wanted to be able to take a computer out of the box, plug it in the wall and have it automatically figure out where it is, who its neighbors are, where its routers are, the nearest router, etc. And of course, why we're all here is they needed more security. Currently right now, IPsec or IPsecurity, which is about the last half of the talk here, is on IPsecurity in general. They needed to add that in so they put it as a mandatory feature. So what is it? As I said, it's a complete overhaul. They didn't just extend it. They completely redid the headers. They're working on TCPv6. It started in 1992 through the IETF process. Other protocols were develop, proposals were sent out, the standard protocol development of IETF.org. They wanted to have a larger address space, obviously because of this, because they wanted to be able to waste some space in order to make our routing tables easier. They didn't, right now you've got to have everything just right on the classes. They wanted to make sure the mobility. They've got mobile IP for v6. Different traffic classes, FTP, email, bulk versus, for example, like real-time video. They wanted to make sure security or at least authentication was part of everything available. But you wanted to make sure that IPv4, there wasn't a day in which, all right, at once, we're going to all convert over to IPv6. You can't have that. So we've got to have some way to transition, and I'll talk about transitioning. Okay, addresses. No longer the 128, 173.1.5. We now have, instead of 32-bit addresses, we're now going to 128-bit addresses. 816-bit groups separated by colon. So that is a fully qualified internet address with, well, obviously made up, but that's how long these addresses are going to be. What's that, what? In binary. In binary? 111111110. Okay, so they needed to have shortcuts, so they were able, like, if you have a bunch of zeroes, you can squish it and drop off some of the leading zeroes and have double colons and other stuff like that. But for the most part, people don't need to know where addresses are. I mean, they're not sure if you're doing promiscuous mode and want to find out who's doing what, but you wanted to put more emphasis on the domain name servers, which are also going to be changed because you can't have, and that'll be discussed later. You can't just have an A record, an address resource record. Okay, so some hosts can have more than one interface. Before, it's like I have an IP address, there's my box. I have another IP address, here's my other box. Now, mobility can be, we can have a box connected to multiple providers. We can have a site that's connected to MCI and Sprint, and Sprint goes down, MCI can take over without having to renumber stuff. We can add mobility. So if I move from Virginia out to here, it's automatically renumbered and I don't have to try to retype in the thing. In fact, even on campus, moving from one building to another, moving from one subnet to another requires a renumbering manually, going through an even rebuilding machine. It fits windows sometimes. The boundaries are no longer fixed. We have what we call prefixes.  And that means the first 24 bits, or 3FFE09, is the prefix, kind of like your subnet address. But that's, and I'll show a picture of how the routing will actually work. Since the addresses can be renumbered, everybody has a lifetime of addresses. There's an address how long it's valid for and how long it's preferred for, so that addresses can be renumbered for whatever reason. So about 136 years maximum or infinity, and you can renumber a preferred address time before the new one is sought. But they'll have different ones so that you'll know when to renumber. You'll need to know that they've been divided up into a couple of categories. So why did they choose 128 bits and not, say, 64 bits? Because right now it's 32, just number, I mean, 264 is an astronomical number. In fact, 2 to 28, I think it's about 6.7 times 10 to the 23rd addresses per square meter of the Earth's surface. If you heard Bruce's talk yesterday, 2 to the 128 is almost uncountable. So why would we need 6.7 times 10 to the 23rd addresses per square meter? Because of routing inefficiencies, it's more effective to have the route wasting blocks of addresses in order to get our router tables easier and faster. So let me show you how they calculated 128 bits. Okay, so this is the only formula in the talk, but Dr. Christian Hutema, who is a highly respected member of the IETF and the IESG, the Internet Engineering Steering Group, developed this H number, and he said the log of the number of addresses over the number of bits is your percent efficiency. So if we have 10 bits in 1024 hosts, about .30, if you take the log of 1024 and divide it by 10, it should be right at our mission. So they've estimated that I'm looking at large networks in IPv4 right now. The way it is that H is between .22 and .26. Well, if H is .22 to .26, and only 32 bits in IPv4, somewhere between 11 and 208 million hosts, if we had the perfect efficiency. Now what they want to do is they want to connect everybody around the world to IP. They want to have a computer for every person on the planet, sooner be it 10 billion people, you know, and each of those up to 100,000 computers if they wanted to have, you know, with their everything else on there and who knows for those, you know, those objects that aren't with people. So they calculated that at somewhere between 57 and 68 bits. So instead of limiting themselves to 64 bits, they went to 128 bits. So let me explain some new concepts to you. Unicast we've seen, that's from one to one. Uniming one goes from one interface to another. It's a standard address that we use right now. Multicast we've seen right now, that's one to multiple interfaces. This is a Class D address in IPv4. There is no broadcast anymore in IPv6 when it comes around. But they developed Unicast. So if I'm sitting at my site in Kansas, I want to find out where the nearest machine is to a group of similar machines. So if I want to find where CNN is, CNN may have a site in Atlanta and London and Moscow. My computer needs to know where the nearest one is. So what it does is it just searches out through the router table or ring at a time until it finds the nearest server. And it's a new feature in IPv6 called Unicast. So basically any machine within a certain group of machines will be found. Let's talk about some link local, site local and global addresses and then I'll actually show you in the next couple slides what an address, how it will be broken up. So link local, all machines are on, if I just had an Ethernet segment and I want to have all the machines on there, that would be called link local machines. They're not connected to the internet. They're kind of like your <IP_ADDRESS> machines for the Class A and other ones. You just set it out of the box and away it goes. They have site local, obviously global, but they have site local where you'd have different addresses for a group of machines that are just called site. Now what's a site? Is it a single campus or is it a company that's spread out over the world and called a site? So there's different addresses that are laid out and the next slide, let me show you the different percentage of addresses and you can see the inefficiency and for future expansion. Because right now, the way they've allocated it, global Unicast, which is from one to one through the global, is one eighth of the address space. That's it. And that's the biggest, one of the biggest chunks. The other biggest chunk is geographic-based Unicast, which is based off of GPS or any other kind of address that's based on where the machine is. They've got things in here for IPX, multi-cast addresses, link local, which is what I said on this particular link site local and others. That accounts for about 30% of the address space and that includes every single global Unicast. Another 70% of addresses is not assigned. So theoretically, you could branch this off into space at some point and maybe have IP on other planets or the moon and stuff like that and they'll still work. IPVD out there. So let me show you what a different... The global Unicast address is kind of like the common one, which is what most people use. I took 128 bits and divided it up into... There's the three-bit... Well, I didn't, but the IETF divided it into format prefix, which is the third... There's three bits on the left down there, which kind of tells whether it's a global-based machine or an IPX, something like that. You've got TLA's, NLA's, SLA's, and the interface ID. Now, the TLA is kind of like the overall global providers while the NLA is for particular sites. So like, a TLA would be something like Sprint. And an NLA aggregator, that's top-level aggregator, next-level aggregator, and site-level aggregator. The next-level aggregator could be University. And then each University, instead of giving out little subnets of 256 or 1,024 bits each, each University is given a fixed format prefix, a fixed TLA, and a fixed NLA, so that each University can give out SLA's any way they want to. Well, that's 16 bits right in there that they can give out per network, so up to 65,000 networks per every site. Now, the interface ID is you take the Ethernet card and you run through some IEEE shifting around. You basically take a MAC address, split it apart, put some stuff, put a couple bits in the middle, FFF and zeros in there, flip a couple bits, and you'll come up with your interface address. So that's how your addresses are calculated, basically off of your MAC address, since most people now have Ethernet. But if not, there's other ways of getting the 64-bit. So the 64-bit is just for a machine, much less than the site and all that. Let me show you now the header. Our old IP header is gone. They still have the version number where it's supposed to be, but now they've got some different things in there. We have flows and priorities and class. Priorities used to be class and flow label. That's like saying every frame of Terminator 2 will have a unique flow label. So you can know what frame is coming through and you'll know that this is a Terminator 2 film that's going to this address, needs real-time video so that the routers can go through there, see the header, figure out there's real-time traffic. Not even have to look at the whole packet and send it on. So just with a few bits and everything is fixed. You'll notice that there's no IP options anymore. And I'll cover how those were covered, but there's no IP options. It's a way that they just stick it all in there. Payload length, you can have up to 64K in a packet. However, there's ways of getting more in there. Next header is kind of like into IP. The next header is TCP, top limit is not time to live because people, top limit is you decrement one every time you go through a router because you used to have time to live and no longer are routers one, every router takes less than a second. No router takes three seconds. Because TTL used to be the number of seconds that it was at a router and there's your source and destination bits. But let me show you in... There you go. Payload length is 16 bits, but if you put the length to zero, you can have something called a jumbo gram. Four gigabyte packets. Oh, yeah. Now, because over fiber and whether it's going toward that it makes more efficiency to send larger packets. So they allow for jumbo grams. Minimum MTU is 12 gigabytes. But they haven't really addressed this, but I'm sure I'm not really sure what a ping of death would be with a jumbo gram before a gig. That would be something. I don't know whether it's just like, well, it's coming anyway. That's the kind of vision they see, but from a security point of view I'm kind of wondering, well, it's legal to send a four gig packet, but that's a serious mail bomb or a packet bomb. Don't drop those packets. Type of header, there's different... Instead of using options, they've got headers for authentication and ESP and stuff like that, fragment and destination, so that every packet doesn't have to be looked at until the end. They can just... If they wanted to hop by hop header, they could, but for instance, using a fixed size header without the options and no fragmentation if you need fragmentation, you stick a fragment header. There's no fragmentation. You allow it, but for the most part, they won't have it, so you don't have to look at the fragmentation. So the routers will be at least 40% faster with just a fixed size header in experiments that have been done. Header chaining, you've seen this.  IPv6 will stick. The next header is routing. The router header will say it's TCP or the next header is routing which will then say it's a fragment. The next thing is a fragment will say authentication. The next thing is ESP and it just chained the headers straight on down. This is ripped out of RFC 1883. Let me show you about routing. In routing, you have... If I'm at router X, we have variable length subnet masks. So now, you know, your classes are A, B, and C, and everything is kind of laid out. Your routers are laid out with, they find the longest prefix. So remember that slash 24, what that means? That means that the first 24 bits of the 128 bits is your prefix header. So it's going to say prefix 1 and router 1, router 2, router 3, and router 4. Here's two examples on the bottom. If I have an IPv6 address, 3FFE 900, 1-1-11, 269, whatever else, what happens is you can see with the bold is it will take the first, the router will say, well, here, let me show you over here. It'll go there in 24 bits because it sees it matches the first and many bits it can and sends it to 1, whereas this one, that router 1 will be matched with a silver router 4 because it's also hard because B64 bits are matched. For those who didn't hear that the 1, router 1 will be taken because it matches only up to the 24 bits. And so the longer the way down the chain, the more easy it'll be to get to the router so that the longer addresses will go there. And that's what's called variable length subnet masks. So any network can have any number of, you could have a slash 24, slash 25, any number of bits. So you can see how your networks are completely aggregated or stuck together. Mobility, one of my favorite topics. The ability to move from one to another. We've got mobile IPv6, which is IP for mobility. They've actually got mobile IPv4. They've done experiments on it. They've got mobile ad hoc networks where a bunch of us get together with our laptops and turn them on and with infrared wireless links. We now have a system set up to play whatever game we're playing just by turning it on. The computer should be able to, that's what they want to do.  But not just in a room, but anywhere. So if there is a router port or a network access point in the corner, I should be able to turn on my machine. It should be able to say, wait, there's a wireless link in the corner. My IP address is this. My nearest router is this and automatically configure the computer to go with that. My concern is, while I went to an IETF meeting in Washington, D.C. once, they were kind of like, well, we'll put off security toward later. And that's what really concerns me is these same attacks have been coming over and over and you know that this is going to be a problem. But for mobility, they've got address space now to move around. You don't have to keep just one IP address. You could have any number of IP addresses and anything can be on the internet now. Co-located means that it's going to another place through agents, and David discovers what I had talked about there about being able to just turn it on, figure out what the prefix is, what the MTU minimum transfer unit is, maximum transfer unit, figure out the hop length. People could address detection. Is my box already out there? Does somebody already have my IP number or not? And stuff like that. So I've kind of answered the questions of what it is. And now I try to figure out, well, who's using it? You know, I like my IPv4. I don't care. But you know, right now it is in universities. It is in research institutions. People are starting to come around to testing this out. And I'll go through later what the mechanism is, how we are going to transfer over what the plan is. There are IPv6 stacks out there for Unix. And Windows 2000, they had said at one point, did anybody know where they'd be in there or not? Looks like it's in there. Nah, yeah. I don't know. But they're trying to establish it in there. In fact, one of the ways to get transition is to use dual stacks, dual IP stacks. But that's on the next slide. So there's a couple ways. How would we transfer this over? How would it work? Well there's the six bone, which is similar to the M bone, the multicast backbone. If you hop on and you want to see NASA's space shuttle downlink, you can get an address on the M bone and go through that. But they've got different islands of IPv6. University A has an IPv6 network. University B has an IPv6 network. And they want to talk to each other over the global IPv4. So they use through the IPv4C, they connect it through gateways, which translate IPv6 to IPv4, unwraps the packets and packs it back up and sends it across. You can either have dual stacks, which are one machine. You have two different stacks to handle the packets. If an IPv4 packet comes in and knows that, if it's an IPv6 packet, it goes with that. Or you can have tunneling, which they place one packet inside of another.  This can be done, but it's inefficient because now if you've got, the only way I can reach my, the other IPv6 is through these sets of tunnels, where it may just be the machine right next door and I may have to go all the way around the internet to find my next door machine. It's inefficient, but they're trying to put it together. Okay, well that's a general overview of IPv6 and I'll come into more detail later. Let's switch gears here and talk about DEF CONS about security. Security for IP. Now IP security, some haven't heard of it. For IPsec, they've got different headers and different, you have an authentication header and an encapsulating security payload. Actually this will work for IPv4 as well. But for IPv6, authentication is required for every transaction, except when you put in like a null authentication, which I don't figure that one out, but they put security associations and tells which, you know, this machine is using DEFs to talk to this connection. You know, we're using IDEA to talk to this machine. And Beleven wrote a paper a couple years ago which goes through and they fixed a lot of the problems that he mentions, but problem areas for the IP security protocols and their references is in the back. But the IETF had IPsec working on it. RFC 1825, 1826 and 1827. Various crypto techniques to put it in there. You can use... The reason why they have, you may ask, why didn't they just have a crypto header? The reason why is because when they developed this, some countries would allow authentication. You know, I am really Dr. Byte coming from Las Vegas. They wouldn't allow encryption through your country. So you could have it so that people could just use authentication or you could use authentication and encryption or you could just use encryption. But that's why the selected use of it. A little bit about the authentication header but we'll read Atkinson's RFC. Basically, the base level is MD5 but you can add other stuff in there. They've got, for those security associations, you could say, well, I'm using this type of authentication protocol or even a new protocol that's been developed and you just stick it right in there. I'll show you the header format in a later slide. DEZ is the CBC, is the ESP-based thing that we can stick in any other kind of encryption on there. So this is the header format, ripped out of the RFC, where everything is based off of header chaining. The next header is this, that and the other. There's a listing, what is it, through IANA, the Internet Assigned Number Authority. But now it's gone up, Postel has passed away, so they shifted it over to somebody else. But there's different things, the length of the header, the different types of authentication. Your index is basically a 32-bit number as to like this machine, you can have up to, I guess, four billion connections. It says, you know, connection number one has got this type of authentication header, so it knows which connection is going to which machines. That's one thing, host-based authentication versus user-based authentication. I have a host-based authentication, where my machines are talking to each other, and there's lots of attacks you can do, and Belvin describes those in his paper. Dr. Belvin describes how you can, if you're using the same key for everybody on the same host, then there's attacks that can be done. But for the most part, that's the AHR authentication header, which is used in anything. It's coming along. Our ESP, or encapsulating security payload, is done with just another security association and just various sets of data in here that may have keys and other such stuff. I have a feeling I forgot to put in the next header chain, but for the most part, that's that. So what is this security association that I keep talking about? The security association is what kind of security are we going to have for this connection? Let's make like a record or a structure or whatever else you want to call it, an aggregate of different data that says what security we're going to use, what authentication method, what authentication keys, which encryption method are we going to use, and which encryption keys are we going to use. Initialization vectors on various crypto, how long the key should last, et cetera. And there's an index into the database of different security associations that determine which things are in there through a table lookup. And you can use different ones for different connections and different machines and different sessions and other stuff like that. Belevin, here's some of the, there's two pages of, two slides of, I summarized Belevin's paper, which was a great paper where he listed, you know, the ESP provides a confidentiality and the authentication provides authentication integrity and non-repudiation. You know, like, I didn't send that stock certificate. No, it's, failures, we need to have, he pointed out there was failures, you could have encryption broken, you could have spoofing attacks, you could read encrypted data, because if you send a, you know, a telnet session is one character at a time, so you encapsulate one, one character in a packet. So if you know if it's the same host key for everybody's using the same keys, with different initialization vectors, you should have fragmentation attacks if you ever read Tom's tax paper on evasion and insertion attacks, I think it's the NAI, that's firewalls can be brought around through fragmentation attack. We can use fragmentation attack and ruin about everything, session hijacking. All these problems, I mean, IPsec is supposed to solve all these, there's still plenty of things out there. But for defense, let's see how we're going to help solve some of this. You know, we want to have, you don't want to have just encryption without integrity, because you can change anything in there and read it, you want to have per user, you want to have different keys per that, you don't want to have, you want just a general overall attack that people use sometimes, they'll send them a plain text and they'll encrypt something in back, like give an error message, or you'll send something in cipher text and they'll send it back in plain, they'll send an error message in plain text. You want to have, because then that helps you with the crypt analysis, which is not my expertise, but plain text to plain text and cipher text to cipher text, that's what you want to do. DNS, I'll talk about DNS later because that's going to have to be changed with all this. It'll have to be added on, no longer will you be able to send an IP address and get back a 32-bit number. DNS security is a separate working group, DNS SAC on that, where your DNS stuff will be, and that's some neat stuff to be able to try to pose your DNS servers. Okay, so in summary, for IP SAC that is, we have the IETF has standards coming out, IP SAC has been around, you can do that, you can split the headers for restricted countries, like I was saying, if you just want authentication. Sometime, now, my main, when I went to IETF, it's a catch-off for all of that. We won't just stick IP SAC on there, or we'll figure out security later. Let me just design a protocol, or a mobile protocol, and that would work, but we're sticking security on as an afterthought, and you can't do that. You cannot stick security on as an afterthought, you've got to build it in. When the internet was developed, security was an afterthought, and look where that's leading us. So they're trying, say, authentication header for everything, go with that. There's the key distribution protocols, how do we do key exchanges? If everybody's doing authentication, now the key's flying everywhere. If there's keys flying everywhere, how do you distribute this? 228 bits, and many places out there. These problems have been, some have been fixed, but every new protocol is going to have problems, and they'll come out with it at some point. By where, IPv6, where's the, where's the beef here? The, we're now having a new resource record in DNS. If you're not familiar with DNS, there's A records for addresses, and HNFO, and other sort of stuff. Go read the RFC, but they're going to return Quad A records for 128 bits, because their addresses are now four times as long. And for the first look up, there's a, that's how you get the, well, the name from the number, IPv6.int domain classes, there are different domain classes to go backwards. It's kind of the same thing we did with the new domain class. DNS, you know, I said something about new number, where if I go from there to here, to the east coast to the west coast, that's, you know, I get a new IP number. DNS needs to know now where my new number is, so that if anybody wants to send me addresses, if I have a mail server set up, it needs to know where to send it. So DNS needs to know where the new renumbering is. And DNS needs to be renumbered. So they're working on DNS. There's the IPNG working group is in the IETF, and they've set out all these RFCs. And if you go to ietf.org and look through them, that's actually where the internet, if anybody doesn't realize, that's where the internet protocols are developed. That people from all over get together, and they get in working groups as a volunteer organization. And if you're interested in a certain protocol, you follow their mailing list. They have discussions, and they have meetings about three times a year, and they discuss these protocols. And a rough, working code and rough consensus is they try to get the code to different implementations, and that's how protocols are developed. That's how the new IPv6 is going to be developed. So if you have any problems with protocols or want to get involved, just go to ietf.org and check it out. But people are putting it into place. Site operators are putting it into place at different universities. They've got IPv6 network within the university. So you're able to tack in and have islands. And it's starting to come around. It's a very flexible protocol, but things still need to come around. There's still problems out there. What happens if we have a socket and all of a sudden the machine changes addresses? Well, that's a problem. The address remembering, hopefully it will be able... That's what you have... It's kind of like when they first created stoplights, they had red and green. And that was it. And so you're going all of a sudden, turn to red, and people would have tons of accidents. So they said, well, we should have a yellow light so we could have that kind of the tri-level buffer. So the same kind of thing here with the preferred length of how long it's going to be around versus valid. So you know, I'm past the time. This thing is going to be number soon. I need to read number soon. Here's another problem. When there's colons, if you ever do different addresses in the HTTP, then you go, well, here's my... CNN.com, colon, port 1026 for a new protocol in there, a new page or whatever. Has it nowhere to parse it? So they're still working on stuff like that. I'm not... So there's plenty of... Because right there, I intended the address to be 3FFE 2800000 all the way down to A, and port 8080. But yeah, you could probably pick the last colon, but then if you... Well, if you work to the last colon, then if the address like that is supposed to be 3FFE 2800000 A colon 8080, then it wouldn't be able to tell which... Which it is. Huh? Differentiating character. I don't know how they're solving that, but I'm just... That's just a general problems, and they're still... They're still working on stuff. Do you just keep it down? I have no idea. People decided that they wanted colons, I guess in the IETF, and they went with that. I don't know. Yeah, it could be... I mean, it could... Just different ways of addressing, and I don't know why they did that, but that's the way it's done with different addresses. The MAC address is also colons. Well, the MAC address, you actually just take it, and they split it apart and stick it in there. The MAC has colons, but it's like six... Six bits, or no, six different sections of eight bits each, or six different bytes, and they flip that apart. I don't know whether they did that or not, or whether they're like colons, or whether they're going to change it to a different separator, put semicolons, or backslashes, or whatever. Why didn't we just keep... Why did MS-DOS put backslashes instead of slashes? I mean, we'll come around to figure out a way to get around these things. But there's still problems that are still out there. But where is it coming? I mean, people will ask me, it's like, well, IPv6 will never make it because there's IPv4, and none of the knocks will want to switch, and none of the IPs, ISPs will want to switch. But when the web or the new IANA is says, sorry, you can't get any more IP addresses to deal with it, and people want more servers, and they start putting everything on the internet from the palm pilots to your microwaves, to the dishwashers, that you're going to run out of addresses, and something is going to break soon. Yeah. Network address translating for those is the ability to stick a box on your site and say, okay, coming in here, this looks like one big machine. When you come in, it switches the addresses and figures out, well, actually it's going to the mail server here, or it's going to this one right here, and when you call out, the NAT knows that box A in this site is talking to somewhere over here, so when it comes back in, it knows the same session of the packet and knows to go back to A versus B versus C. Yes, that's doable, and that's one of the midterm solutions. But first of all, if you have a site, you're now creating a bottleneck unless you stick multiple gnats. If you stick multiple gnats, and there's a problem of which side it comes in and how do you route it back, so you start getting bottlenecks into the gnats, and so that becomes a problem. I've read a few papers in a report on gnats last year. They're neat, and they're, because if you're only giving one IP address, you can try to make that out, but it's a temporary solution, yeah. Sometimes it does. Yeah, I mean, it's just, it's a temporary hack, but it's not going to be a long-term solution, yeah. Okay, the questions was, should I download IPv6 now and play with it, and the second question was, is it going to be compatible with anonymous service like Freedom? You could probably play with it now through dual stacks. There's, I think Linux has got one, and they've started to play in different types of stacks. Yeah, play with it. You might want to do that. I'm not sure whether, and I'm not familiar with them playing around with the Freedom sites, but they may be, they may not. I'm not sure.  And so IPv4 will eventually, IPv4 will always be around. There will always be legacy systems. That's why Microsoft Windows is so lousy because they have to keep taking in everything from the past. That's why Intel architectures have to carry baggage from 1978 when they created the first stuff, and they just kind of keep adding it on. Backwards compatibility, that's the mantra for the computing world. There's backwards compatibility. So I don't think IPv4 is not going to go away, but they want to try to shift it over to IPv6 as a primary, so then IPv4 will be using these gateways and tunnels, and it will be slower, but it will still be useful. And there's different addresses. I didn't go in here, but there's ways of putting addresses like FFFF calling in the address and funding IPv4 in order to make it an IPv6 address, and other stuff like that, which you're using to kind of transform it over. So then eventually you can get an IPv6 address. I mean, I've had IPv6 addresses for boxes and IPv4. So, yeah. Sorry, yeah, you're next. Go ahead. The same thing. The question is, is whether an IP masquerading on Linux or a Nathbox is able to convert one address to another. I played a little bit around with it, but I don't know the answer to that question. Technically, there should be no problem. Technically, there should be no problem. Yeah, I mean, you could go... Well, you can convert it over. Or you can write the stuff to convert it. As long as you know, because you've got to have the right headers and the right addresses, you probably could, but I don't know. Honestly, yeah. Oh, okay. With Linux and BSD, OpenBSD, you can do it. So it's probably... It's coming. It's out there. And because, you know, people wonder when IPv4 is going to run out of addresses. I mean, about 4.2 billion addresses. Now, obviously, you can't have perfect because if you have a Class A network, if you don't have 16.7 computers, but only even 8 million computers on a Class A network, then another 8 million addresses is wasted. And you keep doing that, and the internet is going to be broken up into different chunks.  It's going to... They estimate somewhere between 2005 and 2015. This was like a year or two ago by plotting out the curves and figuring out about when it'll cross over. So there's some time. I mean, I... You know, you're not going to go out. You're not going to lose IPv4 tomorrow. Yeah, this is kind of like the future. What is it coming? Talk of whatever. But, you know, like the CIDR, the Class of Center to Mean Routing, you've got to manually renumber your addresses, you know, but now more and more are coming on to this thing. Yeah. Well, I have a question on this point. It's about the CIDR. I have a little bit of a check on the CIDR. What's going on? What organization is doing that? Do we have a message for the thousands of people who are doing that? It's very rare. Well, our first one is a local company. These things. And it's resolution protocol? Yeah. Okay, the question was, his company's done like 3,000 machine boxes on the net. It works fairly well. Okay, it works better than fairly well. And what point does ARP play in this address resolution protocol? Obviously, with an IP and ARP, you give it an IP, and you say, here's this IP address. What's the MAC address? It's how ARP works. And with ARP, the reverse address protocol. Here's a MAC address and try to find an ARP. That's how you find, that's how diskless workstations boot up and stuff like that. Yeah, I probably have to be changed with IPv4. There's probably an ARP v6. I just haven't messed around with it. Yeah, well, yes it will. And you probably could find, yeah, that's probably why they did it, but you take the, yeah, the MAC address is theoretically in there. But some people don't have ethernet. I mean, Token Ring is still out there. And other such new, you know, type Token Ring is what? Okay, Token Ring has a MAC address, but is it the same block? It's reverse order. I don't know. Different types of physical layers and data link layers, they may have to be converted. They may not. I mean, we could develop a new one tomorrow. Yeah. The question is, will I get an IPv6 address from? Is there a NIC that I can go to and get an IPv6 address? The university, Virginia Tech, had a section. They were on the six bone. I don't think I have an address. Maybe sixbone.net is what was out there. And they would allocate you a set of test addresses even now that you could hook up and try to play with. And basically the six bone right now is like ping, or it was like last year or two. Can I ping this guy over here? Can I get through the routers? Can we run router tests? Can we do real-time video over this? Do we need to change this and stuff like that? So I would sixbone.net or try to find itf.org and try to see where that goes to. Yeah. So the question is if you have a toaster and you're dishwashing everything else to the internet, how do you think the ISPs will give you a block of addresses at the course of a network? Probably what they'll do is they may actually give you a... you could probably request, you know, with a different number of networks. I mean an ISP if you just give them a site level. And that thing that I put up there is just one particular format. They could say you're within this southeast region ISP so we're going to go through and use geographic-based addresses and here's your chunk of your house is on this GPS location so everything is going to be on this. I mean they could do... who knows what they could do but they could aggregate it out. The whole point of using larger and larger addresses is so they could have router inefficiency.  First of all, there's something that just came out. The intent is to have the ISP set up a first 64 bit so that they can do by going to the internet. Right. And then you can switch to C4 and your lower 64 bits are essentially guaranteeing you need to run the entire internet. The question is, is... so yeah, is that the... That's what I understood when I was reading the guy who did that and I thought, well then I can do 64 bits. Who, Tima? Yeah. Yeah. I guess if the LAA... the question was if I have a TLA and an LAA in a format prefix or each ISP is given 64 bits do I have 64 bits that I can play around with or if they give me an address would that be unique? Yes, it would probably be unique if they use global based addressing but it depends on whether they... like a university who's given a TLA and an LAA may say, okay, the computer science department has this site level aggregator and they only need, you know, a million machines so we'll only give them this many bits but the biology department may need half of that so we'll give them a bigger SLA. It depends on how they put the SLA in there. The UI, the interface on the end, the 64 bits... Yeah, the 64 bits on the end will be unique because it's based off of your MAC address but it depends on how they... Yeah, that's right, because the SLA is in the first 64 bits so it depends on how the ISP gives it out. Yeah, I got... Let me just finish one more slide here and then I'll take questions for us at the time. So, you know... Tools need to be ported and there's a great... Stevens came out with the next Unix Network Program Book and he covers IPv6. How do we program IPv6? B-O-V-6. B-O-V-6. B-O-V-6. B-O-V-6. B-O-V-6. B-O-V-6. B-O-V-6. B-O-V-6. B-O-V-6. B-O-V-6. B-O-V-6. B-O-V-6. B-O-V-6. B-O-V-6. B-O-V-6. B-O-V-6. B-O-V-6. Right now it's so... In such an infancy stage there's plenty of opportunity out there to play. And there are probably still... There's tons of security falls out there, I'm sure. They're just getting, you know, they're just kind of getting rolling. And I just kind of just rambled for a few guesses here. And I put some question marks. Renumbering how you make sure your renumbers are going to... from a correct source. If I go from there to here, how do you prevent routers from doing this? How do you prevent machines? Because now I can renumber and say, if I'm in a new network, oh, well, yeah, you know, I am the router right now. You can send everything through me and have a big black hole. People have set Windows boxes up wrong in the labs that I've been at. And then all of a sudden, you know, where it just kind of comes to them and everything gets routed to them and it doesn't know what to do with it and it just drops everything. You know, mobility, the ability to say or in a mobile ad hoc network, here I'm the new router for this room. I can route everything out because I have a connection out the wall. So just send everything to me. You know, you've got to have security for some of these things and they'll come around. But things need to be ported. Tools need to be out there. Anything that's for IPv4 will be for IPv6. And so there's plenty of stuff out there to do. Yeah, go ahead. So this is where I'll take questions right now. Before I take questions, here's the RFCs for IPv6, the Belevin paper I referenced, Bradner's book was developed in 96, kind of told like the theory like why we did this. He took the IETF minutes and said, well, why don't we decide 128 bits? And why didn't we do this? That's a good book. It's different essays. That's the base IPv6 protocol. That's the Hutima book we were talking about, IPv6. Paper ripped a lot of the slides off of and Richard Stevens at Network programming books a few. The notes, I guess I'll give them the DT or something like that, but we'll see how it goes. So I guess from now I've been talking for 50 minutes until they kick me out. Yeah. Sites with references. IETF.org will have those refs off of there. The books and the papers, I guess look them up in the library. Six Bone. Some of the sites are listed in some of those papers and books. So I'd go to the Lee paper and Hutima probably has some sites in there that you could go play around with and probably download it and install it and get a test address and put yourself on IPv6 and get a million addresses to yourself. Yeah. Let's go with that in the back over there. The question is how do we deal with multi-homing? Because if we put more than the question was if I have multi-homed hosts which are different, basically gateways, anything that has more than one, I still got to advertise all of these. How does it deal with this? That's the question. Probably based off, I guess it would be based off those prefixes like it was down there. You still have to do that but in order for a go to three or four, that slide back yonder at all. All right, so I'm from the south, aren't I? Yeah. I guess right here if you had different, this would be some of the ways that things were up and if I had, if my machine both had prefix three and prefix four, I guess it would go to the nearest one. I'm not really sure how that would, I guess it would be done off of the variable length subnet masks. I'm not really sure. Anycast? Well, anycast actually does an expanding ring search and you talk about that in the lease paper where you just sit there and try to find that where it goes and eventually you'll find something. Now, that's not like the nearest, that's nearest isn't hops. So it may not be nearest isn't geographic, but as far as broken links going down, yeah, there's stuff that can be done with that. With the quantity four, because we've been playing with it so long, we can exploit it. Let's say we reach there. It's not a lot of approach. We're starting all over again, the life will be saved. The way life is often used in this, it's probably the stuff. There will be a lot of activity in the beginning of the month, so I'll leave you to think of that. Yeah. There's a new attack there. I think I can follow this. I said a second. Okay, if anybody wants a question, I'll be outside. They just said we only have this room till one and then set up for something else. So I'll meet you outside. Thank you.


Coach Patrick. Menlo College here in California at the C3 event. First off what do you think what compounds put on here at Calvary Chapel High School? I was an awesome event. I was even doing this years ago when I was in the school and it gives the kids a great opportunity to showcase themselves to some high-level college coaches and get some exposure they would otherwise have. Look at Menlo College. It's in the Bay Area actually just south of San Francisco and you guys are right by Stanford actually right? Yeah about five minutes north just right down El Pino from Stanford. About 20 minutes south of the city. Small business college about 800 students about half of those are athletes. Looking at you guys are like right next to Facebook and Google and all of that is literally right there so it's a business college you're by the biggest businesses in the world how much opportunity is there for a kid student athlete that comes to your school and wrestles for you guys? Tons. That's just one of our really big selling points business school between the junior and senior year our athletes get an opportunity to have an internship with one of those huge corporations Facebook Google some of the tech startups or a lot of the accounting firms. We send a lot of our guys and girls to compete with other students around the area for those internships it's just a huge opportunity to get them exposure. And you guys have both you got women's and men's. Yeah absolutely got a men's and women's program I started in 2001 so still relatively new about girls team took fifth the nation's last year and the guys team took 13th. So the girls wrestle freestyle? Yeah they're in the WCWA. Okay and you guys wrestle regular college style obviously but looking at you know your NAI looking at that that division is always growing it's always growing they're always adding teams it's a challenge in California scheduling life you know because you guys got travel a lot yeah it's a flight everywhere basically. Not necessarily we're driving about six hours north to wrestle southern Oregon we'll drive a little bit more to go to Redding Dressel Simpson University and then we'll drive to Reno but yeah if we're trying to see something bigger competition Grandview in the back east school so depth up and fly out to terms like Missouri Valley and stuff like that. What are you looking for here when you come to this combine it what are you looking for in the student ethic what are you looking for what what's the what's the factor for men low college and to get someone on and wrestle for you guys are the oaks right yes what do you want what are you looking for in a future oak? I mean obviously just like any other school for somebody who's got good grades he's motivated he's a good wrestler we're just looking for something that's going to fit our program and where we're going with our vision something who's going to be involved with the school who's going to be involved in the community who's looking to obviously be somewhere in a business major or a law or or psychology but just looking for the kids are coming out and scrapping right now. The ones that are on knowledge of some of these tough sessions and are really standing out in all these events. Eight hundred kids in your school? Yeah. There's only eight hundred students? It seems small but it's a good environment allows us them to really get to know each other and it's a pretty tight knit community I think the fact that it's about half athletes is something really special a lot of other students don't have. Fifty percent of your student body population student athlete yeah that's very unique it is really unique how many guys on the roster and girls about 35 about 25 on the girls roster we've got a brand new wrestling this year so something really exciting. Sixty wrestlers on campus of 800 people yeah that's pretty good it's a pretty good ratio what you know moving forward here where do you guys where else can you recruit can you go to Fargo do you have that in your budget where do you go from here what's on your schedule now yeah absolutely we sent coaches to the high school nationals in the past back in Virginia Beach we're actually sending coach out to Fargo in a couple weeks here just looking for those next couple of guys making impact all right coach you got guys coming in do you got anything else for me no that's it hey thanks for the time and good luck to you guys moving forward thank you


The narcissist hopes you won't find this out They hope you won't figure this out and that is why they create a false character and the illusion It's intended to deceive you to make you believe that they're on the same page To make you believe that they understand When the truth is that they can't understand because they lack empathy They're only concerned with their own self-interest and needs Which can change from one moment to the next So it may often not even have any relevance to you It may not always be something that you're concerned about Although you may still try to understand it because you do have empathy and you want to see where people are coming from You want to understand the feelings that have caused them to have a particular opinion And they will try to pull you into that by making you feel bad about yourself Because that's exactly how they feel They're full of pride, desire, anger, fear, shame and resentment But they don't want you to know that Because then you wouldn't even want to be around them Once you know that they can't even regulate these emotions on their own Because no normal healthy person would desire to be around someone like that You would rather be around someone who is self-sustaining Someone who is able to continue in a healthy state without outside assistance Which is why they have to create an illusion And immediately the first thing they have to do is make you believe that you're unable to sustain yourself They have to make you feel like you need help or assistance Which is why they will love bomb you to make you dependent on them To get you hooked because by that point you're just like them You're dependent on them for validation So then the dynamic works a lot better Because you're both dependent on each other It's no good if they're the only ones dependent on you And you're running off doing whatever you want to do That doesn't serve them Which is why they have to give you a little bit of something in the beginning To make you feel like you need them But even that little bit that they give to you isn't real It's all an illusion and the illusion is a means to an end It's a process done to accomplish a goal And it may not even be something that they consider to be enjoyable or important They consider it as more of a process than an activity Because they're like robots or zombies They're on a mission to reach the destination So they may not even enjoy the actual process of achieving it But they assume that it is necessary for them to suffer in order to accomplish their real goals Because they're just doing it in order to achieve something else And they will lie to you and use future faking Because that's the only way that they can sustain the illusion By presenting a false character to you To make you believe that they're about the same things as you are To make you believe that they enjoy it too And they will act eager and enthusiastic As though they actually feel something When in reality they actually feel nothing positive at all They only feel negative emotions Which is why it will only ever be an illusion or a false character Because positive emotions lead to a positive result It's characterised by the presence rather than the absence of distinguishing features So it will produce something desirable and constructive But negative emotions will only produce something undesirable It won't serve to promote improvement or advancement It won't add anything positive or helpful Anything useful or beneficial And at times it may seem uncertain, indefinite or unclear And that's how you should know that it is a false character It is an illusion It's not even real It's a simulation An imitation of a situational process It's an act of pretending It's deception They're deliberately causing you to believe something that is not true for their own personal game They're giving you a mistaken impression And at times because they're delusional They may even fail to admit to themselves that something is true Because at the end of the day that's all they can do They can only be who they are They can't give you something that they are not But they will rely on their manipulation and deception To make you believe they're about something that they are not And they can be very good at this because they've had years of practice You're not the first person they've done this to So they already know exactly what they need to do To make you believe they're someone or something When in reality they're nothing Nothing that you would want to be associated with If you knew who they really are And they already know it Which is the whole point of the illusion and the false character Because it's the only way that they can give you anything that's even close to what you're looking for Without that they just have to surrender And then they'd be left to their own devices They'd be left unable to regulate their own emotions Because that's what this is all about That's why they spend so much time and effort on the false character And it's why they're so protective of the illusion Because it exists to sustain them emotionally To give them fuel And that's all that it's intended to do You thought it was intended to be something else or something more And that's what they led you to believe But it's not It's just a means to an end so that they can get what they want from you Because their power lies in deceiving you It causes you to hand your power over to them Because you think they're about something for real And you think they're going to reciprocate something back to you Because you believe you're dealing with a real person who actually has something to give When in reality they're extremely insecure They have no inner sense of value So anything you give to them just gets lost in the void And you will never see it again Because they don't even have the means to reciprocate anything back to you They lack the mental and emotional capacity And they lack affective empathy Which means that they're not even interested in you as a person or anyone else The only thing they're concerned about is what they're going to get from you Which is why at times they may seem eager and enthusiastic As though they're really interested in you And they're really looking to build or establish something They may seem composed As though they have their feelings under control They may seem selfish As though they have their feelings under control They may seem cool, calm and collected They may seem understanding and reasonable And not too emotional They may seem kind, generous and helpful And at this moment you're probably getting a better version of them than anyone else Even their husband, wife or children aren't even seeing the side of them Because they're love bombing you They're idealizing you They're placing you on a pedestal They're worshipping you In this moment they're giving you everything they've got And they're leaving nothing out Because they're waiting for a payout They know that you've got something for real And they're waiting for you to hand it over to them And what they want is your attention and validation Your energy and emotions Your power, prosperity and sustenance And once they've got that they will return to low power Where they're using the minimum power necessary to carry out the desired task Whatever is required to sustain it Because at that point they're using all that power for themselves To make themselves feel good at your expense And that's all they come around you for You may not see it initially but in time you will begin to notice Because the illusion isn't sustainable It requires a constant supply of energy from you Which is why if you spend an entire day with them Eventually you will feel drained and lifeless Because they have no inner sense of value They can't reciprocate energy back to you Because it goes into a void So the illusion will fall apart And by that point they will have no use for you They will see you as a lost cause A person who can no longer hope to succeed will be changed for the better When in fact that's who they are Even though they conceal that from you the entire time But in the end that's who you become to them Because you reflect back to them that their false character doesn't exist And that the illusion isn't real Narcissists are catching on to this Many of them are aware of these videos So they're learning more now And they know how to maneuver around it So now they've learned to manage their time around their targets And this is why many of them will often have multiple targets Because they understand that they can't generate their own energy and emotions from within They understand that they are heavily dependent on other people So they will manage their time with you They will cut it off before the illusion falls apart Not because they're expending anything But because they understand that people only have a limited amount of their energy to survive with So they know that it's only going to last for a certain amount of time And then they're going to get mad They're going to start abusing you and lashing out at you So they know they've got to keep it under wraps Because they don't want you to see that side of them But when you do begin to catch on And you witness that as function To the point where it becomes indeniable Now they have to switch it around on you Because now they know that you can see there's more than one side of them So they will own it and accept that they are giving a false character to a game And they will play along so they're not really attached to it And they're not really about it When in fact that is the truth But they think that by owning it They can pull the reins in on it and take control of it But then they will also act as though who they really are is a lot better As though they're keeping this wonderful amazing character away from you And you can't get to it or reach it Because they're just giving you this garbage character who isn't about anything When the reality is that no matter how bad the false character is Their true self is always a lot worse When their mask comes off There's really no telling what they will say or do to you They will say or do whatever they think will hurt you the most They will abuse you They will project and deflect They will gas like you They will put you through hell But they're still cowards So even when the mask comes off they will still have some limits And it's not because they care about you It's because they're just trying to protect themselves Because they're very weak and fragile people But if it gets too hot and heavy and you manage to overcome them They will play the victim and call the police on you Because they are the ultimate cowards And they will only remain unlawful as long as they are winning Because they will use every tool in that arsenal to gain an advantage They will pull out all the stops But the truth is they're actually very weak And they're terrified of being on the other end of it Because they already know they couldn't handle even a fraction of what you've gone through with them And they wouldn't even want to try Because they already know they'd probably kill themselves or go insane They wouldn't be able to deal with it Which is why they will do everything in their power to ensure that they're on the other end of it Because they're weak and spineless, they're cowards Which is why they will make false accusations and start smear campaigns against you In an attempt to control you Because they recognize your power They were feeding from you the entire time So they already know what you're capable of They acted like you were nothing But they were already aware of your value from the beginning That's why they targeted you That's why they did everything in their power to keep you down That's why they always had to be two steps ahead of you Because they knew that if the shoe was on the other foot You could destroy them if you wanted to Which is why they will make it their mission to label you as the one who is bad, crazy or wrong Because then that gives them power over you It gives them the ability to control you And they see it as though the more power and control they have the better Because by this point you have become a serious threat to their false character and the illusion So they may even work with the police And impose a bunch of false charges on you Which is very easy for them to do Because a lot of police officers, lawyers and judges are narcissistic as well So they may all be in it together And while it may seem as though they're all looking for a payout You've only got to look at all of the resources they're expending just to control you To know that that isn't even a concern to them All they're concerned with is your energy and emotions And they have to get that from you Because there are very few people who are able to give that to them You are a rare breed, you're an anomaly But they will play it out as though you're the one who is bad or crazy And they're doing it to prove to everyone that you're the problem And they have to keep people away from you But that is quite possibly the greatest illusion of all Because they already know all too well But it is in fact the other people who are crazy and delusional And they may have even already told you that some selves a long time ago But you didn't listen You thought that they were just trying to isolate you And while that may have been a part of it as well They were actually telling the truth And that's why they chose to associate with them in the first place Because they already know they're not going to get any sane or rational people to do what they do Knowing in the right mind would want to be a part of it and they know it Which is why you may later discover that they actually don't even care if you talk to them They just use that as a part of the illusion to control you To make you think that they've got something that you can't have or be a part of But they actually don't even care about it In many situations you can go out and talk to whoever you want They're not going to care Because they already know these people are no good They know they're not going to make your life better They know it's just going to bring you down and make you worse So in their minds it's like be my guest Go ahead and do it And they will find pleasure in watching you associate with people who they already know mean you know well People who are just as fake and bad as them Because they already know it's not going to lead to a positive result They already know you're not going to be satisfied with that So they will play along They will act as though these other people are better for you When in fact they already know that isn't true They already know you're just wasting your time Because they know that if they have the power to convince people of their delusions and false reality Those people already know good Of course they're fully aware of that Because that's exactly what they're trying to do to you And if they do manage to trick you and get you to change yourself They don't even want you anymore Because they already understand That your power lies in being unfazed and unmoved In not caring about what other people think In not changing your purposeful intentions just because other people tell you to do so Yes They're already fully aware of that Which is why they're trying to indoctrinate you So of course they already know that the other people are no good Because if they were anything special They wouldn't have been a part of the illusion to begin with Which is why as soon as you accept the illusion as real And they know you're not going anywhere They treat you like garbage They treat you like you don't even exist Because by that point you don't Because you're not being who you said you were You're not staying true to yourself So yes They know That if anyone believes in the illusion They're not real or authentic They're not good for anyone after that Because if they were They wouldn't even get involved They wouldn't even desire to be a part of it They wouldn't support it They would oppose it They would try to tear it down But they don't And instead they become subjected to it They're forced to undergo this experience and form of treatment And it does have an unwelcome and unpleasant effect on them It traumatizes them It subjects them to lasting shock as a result of a disturbing experience Which is why they always look so miserable and defeated Because just imagine if you were on the end of that Just imagine if you had to witness them doing these things to someone else The same things that they do to you It would affect you It would destroy you from the inside out Because it's very damaging and self destructive What you do to another personal thing will always affect you in some way If it's harmful and welcome or undesirable It will always come back to you It's the law of cause and effect It has to recirculate And you can see it on their faces You can see it in their actions and choices They are miserable Which is why whenever you're around them it begins to affect you too Because you're relatively healthy So you're more sensitive to it You can't be around it for a long time You can't relish in it like they do Which is how you should already know That anyone who is healthy and functional would have left a long time ago They would not have chosen to remain in that dynamic Because they would be sensitive to it And they would desire something healthier and more functional Something more peaceful A normal person just wouldn't entertain it They wouldn't want to be around it So they already know that Whoever you're thinking is better or whoever you think your friends with is just garbage as well Because they're still entertaining it They're involved in the illusion So that automatically means they're no good They're already traumatized and damaged Just as you would be if you were on the other end of it If you were forced to do it If you were forced to witness another person's pain, suffering and misfortune Which is something you wouldn't be able to do Because if you are a genuine healthy functional person You would step in You would try to stop it Or at the very least you would try to be around that person as much as possible So that you can comfort and nurture them Because that's just the most human thing to do For people to feel loved We want to be the most compassionate, sympathetic and generous versions of ourselves And flying monkeys or gangstalkers are very good at playing their part They know the difference between what is normal and what is not So they will conform to a standard that is deemed to be usual, typical or expected But it's not instinctual for them It's not something that happens naturally Instead it's thought about and planned or developed by training It's premeditated It's calculated And it serves as a means to an end Because it isn't real, it isn't authentic They're just grooming you They're preparing and training you for a particular purpose or activity Which makes them very dangerous people to be around Because eventually they can't help but expose themselves And that is when they will become abusive And they will set out to destroy you Because they may see it as though you have exposed them Even though that may never have been what you were intending to do You were just trying to build something real But once you catch on it's all over for you after that There is no going back They may switch back and forth between other unsuspecting targets to maintain it But they're going to know that you know that they're full of shit So they're only going to spend a limited amount of time around you Because now you're a serious threat to the illusion And the more time they spend around you the more they risk exposing themselves to other people People who may be their family and friends People who are in a state of delusion Just as you once were as a result of spending too much time around them But this is how you should know That if they were good and everything was okay with them They wouldn't even need an illusion to begin with They would just be themselves Or they would be working towards something better But they don't because they already know that they're condemned And what's already understood doesn't need to be said They don't ever need to come out and tell you who they are Words don't matter Look at their actions What are they doing? What are they trying to achieve? That will tell you everything you need to know about them That will show you who they are And yes when they see what you're doing They will try to jump on the bandwagon and act like they're about that as well But again Can they maintain it for a long period of time? Is this something that they're committed to for a long period of time? Or is it only when you're around? That will tell you if it's real And the more that you try to maintain your authenticity and identity The more that they will devalue and degrade you They're not going to support anything that is good about you Because they're trying to destroy your identity They're like the devil They will try to tempt and entice you into doing things that they know are no good for you They will manipulate and deceive you They will lead you astray Because they know that no human is inaccessible We all have our own weaknesses and vulnerabilities And these can sometimes lead us down the wrong path But that does not mean that we're no good Although that is what they want you to think Because they know they're no good Because they know they're no good And they know there's no going back for them So by default all they can try to do is be on the other end of it Because they already know you don't want to see who they really are They're dramatic and chaotic They're petty, emotional and aggressive They're arrogant and entitled They're all knowing and all seeing They always have to be right And yet they're impossible to reach or understand So with that being said All they can really do is become the self-fighters vigilante This person who always has their nose in other people's business Where they try to discover things that don't involve them Things that they shouldn't even be concerned about Because they have to discredit you They have to convince everyone you're wrong They have to turn everyone against you To maintain their false self and the illusion Because they already know that they're full of shit They're missing the key ingredients To what makes a human being And they already know it Which is why they're so mad Because they already know that no matter what That means they have already lost They've already been defeated They will lose us from day one Which is why the game never ends As they constantly try to prove themselves as something that they are not Because the reality is they just don't have it They have no soul They have no heart They're dead inside They're not even human And some people may be aware of this They may have witnessed And what happens in those situations As I've seen in my own experience Is that they will set out to destroy those individuals Unless they can completely ignore them But if you have a voice and you're speaking your truth They will do everything in their power to shut you down Because they don't want people to know the truth about them And the truth is that they're heartless They have a complete lack of feeling and consideration They were dead a long time ago And that is what they don't want people to know Because by that point it's game over It doesn't matter who you are or what you're supposed to have done By that point they've already lost and they know it Which is why they deliberately set out to prove a point To show you and everyone else that you're not who you say you are Because that's the only thing that they can do They're not going to take it upon themselves to be better people You're the only one who's going to do that Because that's actually who you are You're the real deal and they know it Which is why they set out to destroy you So that they can bury the truth It's why they deny your authority in certain situations It's why they take away your power Because they know that if it stays where it rightfully belongs They're not going to have a leg to stand on You're going to tear them apart But you're going to do that with love and compassion Which is no good for them because they see that as a weakness And they're trying to find strength by controlling you Because that's the only thing they can do They lack empathy They lack that instinctual drive to do something right The very thing that makes us human And they already know it They know it's game over for them after that They know they're fighting a losing battle Because once you're so caught up in what other people have done You've lost yourself You've just gone and sold your soul to the devil By feeling like the world is against you And as though everything is unfair to you Because now you're thinking about harming people You're going out of your way to bring other people down Which is exactly what they've done And it's exactly what they're trying to do to you But that's something I will never do I will never sell my soul Thank you for watching If you found this video helpful please give it a thumbs up Share your thoughts in the comment section Hit the subscribe button to receive the notifications If you would like to support the channel You can donate at paypal.ne slash NARC Survivor You can book a one on one with me on my website It's NARC Survivor the code UK Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon


This paper presents a systematic review of ongoing research on the application of blockchain technology in healthcare, showing that while several use cases have been proposed, there is a lack of adequate prototype implementations and studies to assess their effectiveness. The review highlights the state-of-the-art in blockchain applications for healthcare, their limitations, and areas for future research, emphasizing the need for more research to better understand and evaluate the utility of blockchain in this industry. This article was authored by Cornelius C. Agbo, Kusai H. Mamoud, and J. Michael Eklund.


President Mohammad Abouhari has met with the Director-General of the World Trade Organization, Dr. Ngozi Okon-Joywela, ahead of the 76th session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York. The discussions between them centered on getting manufacturers of vaccines to invest in production in Nigeria and Africa at large and help economies recover faster. The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Geoffrey Onyema, accompanied him to the United States alongside other appointees. The Minister spoke about the speech to be delivered by President Bouhari while addressing world leaders on Friday. Mr. President will share his global vision on key issues of priority like development, climate change, security, women empowerment, good governance, anti-corruption, illicit financial flows and restitution. The main event, as you know, is the general debate. And this is where all the presidents address the world. And Mr. President is going to be addressing the world. And so what we'll see from this is Nigeria's vision, Mr. President's global vision, and on key issues of priority. So you know, things like the developments, where we are with that, or the climate change, with security, with women empowerment, what we're doing in support of that, and good governance, anti-corruption, illicit financial flows and restitution of funds. Then also, you know, even reform of the United Nations itself and Nigeria's position on that.  And then also just to show the efforts that we are making in Nigeria change the narrative. You know, we feel that the narrative is not always fair to Mr. President and to Nigeria and to put forward also the facts of the challenges we're facing in our country and the very honest attempt and also it's very successful in many areas to address all those national challenges.


Well, good morning YouTube. This is Alex with my long-awaited review of the southward Pagota pick set. You may have seen a few of these in a couple of my previous videos. I've been fiddling with them for you know, five days or so since I've got them. J.M. Murdy did a nice review of them the other day. But just a few impressions that I've had of the law of the the picks. So they're you know, pretty standard southward construction. The metal is 0.023 inches or for those of you in metric speaking countries 0.58 millimeters to almost 0.6. Pretty standard. That's a seems like a pretty good thickness. They get in most keyways pretty well. I thought I'd give you or attempt to give you a close-up of the This is the three-point Bogota should be in focal plane now. So you can see it's actually finished reasonably well. This is pretty smooth. This is the top edge, which is what you care about. It's reasonably shiny. I know some of you will take this to a mirror polish, but I think this is more than you know, sufficient. The bottom how well you can see but there's still a little bit of ridging from the etching process, but they do seem to have done something along the top to finish it a little better. Some of them look like they might have even beveled them a little bit. I'd say the shape is also pretty nice, but they're nice and pointy, which I like for Bogota or fake Bogota. And you know, this guy's worked pretty well for me, I'd say. So I would call all of these here this whole set Bogota style based on the shape of the little arcs of them. I don't usually find this one particularly useful for my picking, but you know, it may change. The two and the three seem to work pretty well for most applications where the Bogota fits. And yeah, just to give you a comparison in shape, this is the Sparrows Bogota, I believe. Yeah. So the pitch is a little bit different on these. It's a little further apart. I believe that's a that's a Bogota. I hope that's not the snake. They're kind of hard to tell apart, but the pitch is a little bit different and the um, yeah, and the tips are not as pointy. This is from the Liz Wasel collection. It's actually one of the first sets of picks I bought, but you can see that the Sparrows is a little less pointy. That's the the southward is a little pointier, and I think that's good because it gets you a little better reach and nice deep cuts. So I think that's a nice design. This, I mean, Sparrows works just fine for me. So I've had a lot of good luck with that. Now these guys are also, you know, in the Bogota category based on their shape. And I think the, what is it, Ray or the gentleman who makes, who sort of invented these, he has a couple that have this general shape with sort of random, well not random, but differently placed things, so where they have a gap. I understand the point of these, the idea being that if you have a if you have a lock where the, you know, where the bidding is maybe high, low, low, low, high kind of thing, or you've got a couple high set pins in the back, low ones, and maybe something in the front, that could be pretty useful. Sometimes the regular one will just kind of get in the way in the middle. The criticism I have of these, particularly these two here, you know, they're, the construction's just as good as the others, but this is a, this is a seven pin best key. Okay. It's from, I think it's from one of the locks that Bill sent me. Okay. This, the shoulder is there, so that's about as far, and I mean, that just barely is long.  You wouldn't be able to get this, these two points further in, and on a most of your other typical keys, you know, like this, which is a, just a Y one, if you look at where the shoulder lines up, you can barely get this peak in. Same deal with this one. So, you know, if you can ram this in past the back of the plug, you might be okay, you might be okay, but I find them a little too long to be where, to where you could actually use the, all of the humps on them.  So maybe that works for some locks, but I haven't found those to be particularly useful. So of these, if I were just buying them separately, let me swing over a little bit, if I were buying, you know, if I were buying them individually and choosing which ones I was going to get, of course it's more expensive, but I would probably just buy these two. And these other ones are more curiosities for me. I haven't really found those to be particularly helpful. Now this pick, which I've been calling the katana, but I have no idea what they, what, if it has a specific name in, in their product literature. Focus, nice sharp focus on it. I've actually had really good luck with this. It works nicely. It's better for narrower keyway, or for keyways, we have a little less room. If you look at the height, it's just a bit shorter. Where's my tool? So the regular Bogota registers about inches, please. About 150. So 0.1415 inches. This guy is more like 11. So 10. So it's about 50,000 shorter, which doesn't sound like a whole lot, but that's actually a ton of room in a tight keyway. Nice little peaks on it. The finish is about equivalent to the other ones. The criticism I have of this, if anybody from south or just watching my video, is that something to point with another southward pick. This bit here, this point, which is nice because you can kind of use it as a hook. But the problem is that when you're trying to get into a keyway, you have to kind of angle this thing up, which sort of defeats the purpose of it being narrower, because this thing wants to just ram into the pins. Whereas the Bogotas, I use a lot of diamonds too, with this slope, they just sort of scoop under the pins. And so I found this guy to be a little bit annoying in some keyways. So a version of this where the last lump, maybe it was stuck out a little more, or maybe they just put a little extra bit of metal there to slip it down. I think that would make it a little bit more usable. Or a version of it like that would be kind of neat. But I like this pick. So I'm going to add this to the set of picks that I have found that I use more frequently. And I'll set this here. Then you have your two more traditional picks, a what I'd call a deeper hook, a medium hook, and a reach diamond, or a deforest, what you want to call that. This is nice for really getting up in wacky spots, but the tip is so fine that it doesn't like to sit on the pin. It just likes to rock right off of the right off of the pin. So it's all right, but it doesn't really get used that much, fiddling with it. This is a nice reach diamond. I've got some other other reach diamonds. It's just fine. Finish on it is not as good. Maybe in a little bit of raking light, you kind of not intended. But there's a little bit of roughness in here, which you really don't want. And that the back of the pick is a little bit rough. Pardon my filthy fingers, but I've been doing a lot of stuff in the garage. So not as happy with that, but the sides are all right. So I would put this in the useful category. And then it comes with four tensors. They're all the same width, nominally. And I think they're the same thickness. Let's check. But nice if I'd done this before I shot it. But so they're 33,000s. 33,000s. Yeah, they're all the same. The difference here is that, if you can see, one of them of each of the sets has been tapered a little bit. They've chamfered off a little bit of the metal there. So the difference in width on the regular one, the stock is about 0.11. And on the reduced one, it's about 0.08. So about 30,000s narrower, which could be good for getting in some keyways. And since with Bogota's, you typically want bottom of the keyway tension, that's nice.  But they're pretty nice. And to go in this set, it's not bad. And then these are the same tensors, but with a little flex twist in them. So you get flexier feedback. Here's my impression. It's a nice set. I think it's a good value. I can't remember the exact price, but I don't remember it being too expensive. And so I thought it was worth buying. I don't usually buy pick sets. I usually buy individuals. But I would say that of the picks, these are the four that I would use. The tensors are nice, but you've probably already got a bunch of those. These picks might, I mean, maybe this single Bogota or open diamond, whatever you want to call it, that might be, I'll put that sort of in the middle, that might be helpful. But I usually, if I'm going to come in with a diamond, I'm going to use a diamond. These three, these four here, I think are pretty, I'm not going to say useless, but I'd say they're of limited use. Limited use, yeah. So pluses, the Bogotas themselves are very nicely constructed. They're probably not quite as well shaped and definitely not as well finished as the originals. But the finish is good enough that I think about five minutes with a couple pieces of sandpaper and you'd have them to something you'd call pretty perfect. You know, standard southward handles, pretty good. I like a little thicker handle, but that's fine. So I was happy with the fit and finish overall. I think if you just want to get some southward Bogotas, you might just, assuming they're available individually, you might just get these guys, these three. That's what I would have done in retrospect. I'll play some more with these. And if I find that they're these sort of spaced out ones, if I find they're useful for something, I'll let you know. But so overall, not a bad value. It comes in a little, you saw the case from the other video, but it's nice, keep them separate. So if I had it to do again, to be honest, I probably would have just bought maybe three or four of these, probably these three. And if you already have Bogotas, I would look at this one assuming you can get it individually. This is kind of a cool one. And I might even file that little tip off. But that's a nice pick. But if you want to get a pick set with Bogotas and a few other picks that make it kind of rounded out, not a bad value. And, you know, as always, Southward makes good products. Anyhow, thanks for watching. This is Alex. Have fun and please keep it legal. Cheers.