Okay, well, good morning. It's wonderful to see all of you here. Thank you so much for joining us. So welcome to the Global Oil and Gas Dialogue. Today we have three leaders from the oil and gas industry who are gonna give an update on the state of play of the global industry. In short, we'll explore when will we reach peep oil and will peak oil be peak supply or peak demand. Next, we'll talk about what is the role of technology in increasing global oil and gas supply and how did the United States to become to be the world's largest oil and gas producer? And finally, picking up on some of the themes you heard Mark Zoback making, we'll wrap up with a conversation about the role of the oil and gas industry as we decarbonize the global energy system in response to pressing concerns about climate change and air pollution. So joining us in this conversation, we have Andy Swiger from ExxonMobil. ExxonMobil is the world's largest publicly traded oil and gas company. They have major assets around the world and they're also a major player in the unconventional oil and gas recovery in the United States and unbeknownst to many, they are also a global leader in carbon capture and sequestration technology. In addition to that, we have Dave Hager from Devon Energy, the chief executive officer there. Devon Energy is a leading independent oil and gas exploration and production company and their operations are focused onshore in the United States and Canada and they've been a leader in the unconventionals revolution that you've been hearing about. And finally, we have Philippe Sacket from Total who's the president for gas renewables and power and strategy innovation. Total is one of the world's largest oil and gas companies as well it has become a major integrated player in low carbon energies with assets in solar PV, manufacturing and sales, bioenergy and energy storage. So we have a terrific panel here for this discussion. So let's go ahead and get started. So in September of this year, global oil supply reached a staggering 100 million barrels of oil per day. So I'd like to start off with a question for Andy. What is your long-term outlook for oil demand and when will we reach peak oil and what will be some of the drivers in the changes that are to come? Sure. Thank you, Sally. And it's a pleasure to be here. Thank you for the invitation. Great question. We, of course, publish an energy outlook every year, published the last one in February of this year, which looks at that very question along with many others underpinned by a lot of fundamental analysis that's going on for years and years. If you look at the latest forecast that we make, and it's not really a forecast, it's an outcome of all the fundamental work. We see oil demand rising slowly, rising through about 2030, then demand starting to slow significantly. So we get to a level of about 120 million barrels a day, thereabouts, from the 100 million that you said now. So up to 2030, kind of leveling out 20, 40, and so forth. That's the forecast that we have there. What I would also say, though, is that's the product of fundamental analysis but a lot of assumptions, technology, policy. We also publish an energy and carbon summary at the same time, which looks at different pathways, different thought processes behind it. And so you can find some different answers there. For instance, one of the things we said was, if you assumed that the world's light-duty fleet of vehicles was completely electrified by the year 2014, and we ran the case out there and we looked and everything else was held fairly constant and so forth, you were then spined by 2040 at that time, fully electrified, light-duty vehicles, oil demand would be about the levels that it was in 2013. So kind of 95 million barrels a day, a little bit down from where we are right now. We then go on to say, let's take a composite of two-degree cases, coming out of the Stanford Energy Forum, the publicly available cases there. If we take the mean of those cases and kind of put it into the model there and everything, what would the oil demand be then? About 78 million barrels a day, so forth by 2040. We can also construct cases where we get higher levels than our base case, continued economic growth, that sort of thing. But fundamentally, the way we look at it is, our job is to provide the world with the, a growing world with the energy it needs in an environmentally responsible manner. It's fundamentally a dual challenge. Provide the energy a growing society needs while addressing the risk of climate change. And in addressing that challenge, we see the role of technology as being absolutely key. There's a synergy between technology and policy. So if you think about plotting an axis, one side technology, one side policy, and you're trying to drive things one way, lots of different combinations there. So we need the right policy to enable the right technologies, get to the right answer. Base case, growing oil, 120 million barrels a day-ish, 2040. Okay, well thanks, you've sort of laid out a broad parameter space that's really interesting. I'd like to ask you a similar question from a European perspective with dramatic vehicle electrification and very ambitious targets for increasing generation from renewables. What is your outlook in the years to come? And in particular, thinking about emerging economies and decisions they're going to be making. Do you think that growth in emerging economies is going to offset potential declines in demand in North America and Europe? Well, actually, there is a case for that. On our side, we tend to take as reference for the evolution of the energy mix worldwide, what we call the sustainable development scenario, the two-degree scenario of IA. And when we look at this scenario, the obvious trends are significant growth of renewables, and this is why we like to develop ourselves in renewables. You see a slight growth for gas, and you see the oil remaining very significant around 2035, 2040. So what we question vis-à-vis this scenario is, first, the fact that the world is not today following this virtuous scenario because the decisions that have been taken in 2015 have not been followed by the different countries, and you know at least one where we are today. So this is driving more oil demand that is anticipated by the scenario. On another front, we think that the IA scenario is too conservative in terms of penetration of the electric vehicle. So we think that electric vehicle might and should, of course, be developed quicker. And in our own scenario, we see possibility of 20% penetration of electric vehicle on the global fleet around 140. But you have to acknowledge that, yes, there is significant needs in the emerging world, in Africa, where it's not so obvious to use extensively electric vehicle. You can think about Paris, you can think about New York, you can think about San Francisco, but in the middle of Africa, that might be a bit different. And we see potential for a very high demand growth with the number of cars doubling from one billion as it is today to two billion. And this, yes, will draw additional demand. Some of the demand will go to gas because gas is also a better option than oil in terms of emission. And this is why, for instance, we have been investing recently a shared 25% in clean energy, which is the leader in the US natural gas vehicle business. So a part will be taken by gas. But overall, the case for a reduction of oil demand is not so obvious. Okay, all right. Well, thank you for that. So we have a wide audience here. We have many students as well as we have many people who've been engaged in the energy industry for a long time. And if we think back to a decade ago, there was a real concern about peak oil supply. In other words, we were worried that we were going to be running out of oil and that there was a compelling need to think about what substitutes might be. But the reality is that today, even amidst the geopolitical uncertainties in Venezuela and the Middle East, it seems like, at least for right now, the world is really awash with oil. And who would have ever guessed that the United States, who really since the 1970s began to worry about its efficiency of its oil supply, who would have ever believed that the United States would be the leading oil and gas producer? So I'd like to start with Dave. What is this technological revolution? We've heard from Mark Soback. We heard from Arun in the unconventional oil and gas recovery. So can you explain to us what really is this revolution that's taken place? I'll sure try, Sally. And thank you guys very much for having us here today. It's a pleasure to be here to be able to talk about this a little bit. I love this question because, for a couple of reasons, one, I'm an old explorationist and that's what I always did in my whole career is look for oil and gas. And then also, I'm fortunate that I worked for the company who drilled the first horizontal weld that was hydraulically fractured. We started this whole revolution in the Barnett Shale and just north of the Dallas-Fort Worth area in the early 2000s. So let me try to explain what is so different now about the way we used to go about our business. And the old business we used to, I refer to it as the conventional business. And that was where you had to have a combination of factors come to play in a perfect marriage, I'd say, in order to have an oil and gas accumulation. And as an old explorationist, I had the reservoir, source, seal, trap timing, these things that don't mean anything to you guys, but these factors that all had to come together in a perfect combination. And if you're fortunate, you would have a nice discovery of oil and gas. And when you drilled a lot of dry holes in the process of doing this, with the hopes that the one discovery that you made would pay for the cost of all the dry holes and make a little bit of money afterwards. And so that was the conventional business that the oil and gas business has been in since really the beginning of time. What has changed is that we now have combined these two technologies of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. So when we're drilling these old vertical wells that we've been drilling forever, we would drill through zones, maybe 20, 30 feet thick, sometimes 100 feet thick that had what we called very low porosity and permeability. And we didn't really have any technology that was good enough to get the oil out of these zones in any commercial quantity. So we knew there was oil there, but we just kept drilling. It says not enough porosity permeability to do anything with, we're going for the mother load that's down there deeper. So what has changed is first off, now we can drill into those zones and rather in a vertical well, where you're drilling say 20 or 30 feet of vertical thickness of that, you're now going down and turning the well horizontal and staying in that same zone for 5,000 to 10,000 feet. And so now you're exposing yourself to 5 to 10,000 feet of this low porosity permeability rock rather than the 20 or 30 feet that you would in the vertical sets. So that's nice, you're exposed to all this but how do you get it out? Well, that's where the hydraulic fracturing comes in. And so not only do we turn the well horizontal and by the way, we can do this to about a 10 foot vertical tolerance. So just think about we can drill two miles out across the Stanford campus, stay within a 10 foot vertical tolerance with our well and then we hydraulic or fracture with a combination primarily of sand and water and literally just crack the rock to some degree to create their porosity and permeability. And so that's what it's all about. And what does that mean? So all these in all these different areas in the different basins that Martin showed the different areas of the United States that we've drilled all these wells historically, we know there's hydrocarbons there but there's not enough to do anything with we're now going back and said, what if we put horizontal wells in those and hydraulically fracture those? Can we make that economic? So we know the resources there and the good news is there are a lot of those zones with this new technology is working. So that's, okay, so there's a technical explanation but what does it mean for us? Well, I think you've heard it is really helped. It is a revolutionary I feel in the United States for what is provided to our economy. It's important from a self defense standpoint, a national defense standpoint rather, it's important also to lower the cost of manufacturing anything from iPhones to medical devices. It is lower the energy input cost for the United States which has really helped us significantly in a global competitiveness. So I'm proud, I work every day with the guys that started the whole thing. What they'll say is they're pretty sure it wouldn't work. Well, it did. And so it's great to be part of that revolution. Okay, terrific. I'm gonna ask you a follow up.  And in reality, if we look at all those old reservoirs, you know, anywhere from say 70% to 50% of the oil is still underground in those reservoirs. How important is this unconventional technology in sort of rethinking about the value of those older oil and gas assets? And so it is important because some of these, the zones that we're now taking advantage of some of these are zones that never were drilled for vertical wells or produced from vertical wells because they were simply not economic. And so we're significantly separated in some cases from these old historic vertical producing zones. In some cases we're seeing that, okay, there were vertical wells produced at very low rates, maybe 10 barrels a day. If we put a horizontal in there, go to about 10,000 but later we can produce this same zone at 2,000 barrels a day. So it's really not damaging the resource that was there at all before. It is just providing incremental opportunities to have much higher recovery from both new zones as well potentially in zones that were just produced before but at much, much lower rates. Okay, well, terrific for explaining that to us. Andy, I'd like to switch to the topic of natural gas. You heard from Arun and Mark Zobac that from our perspective, there are many environmental benefits of switching from coal to natural gas. In particular, it has lower CO2 emissions and it also has lower traditional air pollution if you use it for example for power generation. But to take advantage of this, we're gonna really need a global gas market and we're going to need to move gas around. We're gonna need widespread, liquefied natural gas terminals, imports and exports. So what are really the prospects for developing the opportunity to seriously making natural gas an alternative to coal-based power generation around the world? Well, I think we're very well along the way towards the interconnected world that you postulate in the question there. You think about LNG as being the connector and the provider of gas to gas resource, poor areas, well along the way there. You now have in the world something like, in rough terms, about 20 countries that are exporters of LNG. So you have a lot of sources, some of them quite large, some of them more modest in size but all exporting. And you have over 40 countries now that are importing LNG. If you go back to the year 2000, the number was like 10 and 20, you know, 20 and 40 and so forth and the scale, the industry has grown hugely. It's been enabled by a lot of technology in terms of the liquefaction of LNG at a much larger scale, the transport of LNG at a much larger scale, we were very involved in that. And the development of much cheaper and mobile terminals to receive and regassify the LNG, floating regas and storage units that can be moved into a new market, fairly easily connected up to a grid which allows for further development of the grid and port of the LNG. So we've got that kind of connectivity and the opportunity to displace coal, other fuels in the world is there. Cost competitiveness is the issue. When we touched upon in previous speakers' talks about the amount of coal that's being burned in the developing world and the likely outlook for more of that. And it's because it is cheap, indigenous, it employs a lot of people. There are a lot of barriers towards displacing that. So it's gonna take more competitiveness of gas, policy work on behalf of the countries there, but all the tools are in place. You just need the economic incentive, the business case to continue moving it. It is happening now. Can it be accelerated with policy, with more technology? Yes, but very promising. I mean, you look at the difference that's made just in this country. You think about with the advance of the unconventional gas, which is now more than two thirds of the US gas supply. There's people pioneered that and so forth. What this country has done in terms of gasification, particularly of the power supply, has allowed us to return the CO2 output levels in this country that are back in the mid-1990s range. And you think about the mid-1990s, the GDP was 65%, I mean, we're 65% greater GDP now, we had 60 million fewer people back in 1995 and we're at those levels and actually tracking backwards probably towards the early 1990s and everything. So what you talked about, the benefits of gasification on the CO2 footprint are huge and they can be extended, the tools are there, more technology, more policy, more business case incentive, particularly in the developing world where the challenge really lies to get that gas in there. It's not a supply issue, it's not an infrastructure issue, it's a business case issue. Yeah, one of the interesting, so we had our annual meeting of the Natural Gas Initiative last week or the week before. And one of the very interesting things that they brought up that is the combination of natural gas plus renewables integrated together to provide reliable 24-7 power, that if you look at the cost competitive of that compared to coal, perhaps the equation will change. So if we keep thinking of things as isolated individual fuel sources, perhaps the economics will continue to look unattractive. But if we can really think about these integrated systems, maybe we can help change that narrative as well. And the integration between renewables and gas is so much better than other things because of the ability to spin the gas up and grid stability is such a big issue going forward in time. I talked about our base energy outlook for the 120 million barrels a day of oil. But at that point in time, you've got renewables penetration in the world. That's with nuclear is about 25% of the supply, but it's about 47% of the electricity supply around the world. You've got a lot of locations where grid stability, the activation of this old Tesla Edison grid. I love that terminology, previous speakers. That's a big issue and gas can play a big role there. And there's other ways to crack it, but gas is a big part of that. I just want to follow up. So when you look at projections of the technically recoverable resource for unconventional gas in China, it's enormous, Argentina, Algeria, they all have very enormous resources. So do you have any insights into when and if that might be developed and if it does develop? How does this change the dynamic in the global gas supply? Well, it's ongoing. I mean, we're very involved in, we have a big position in Argentina. It's moving forward. Challenge there is established in the service company infrastructure to facilitate it on scale. China, the NOCs and some IOCs are involved there. Geology is a little bit tougher to crack. And there are other promising spots around the world. It's just a question of, again, this combination of accommodated policies, business case, and then the necessary technology and scale benefits to make it go. What we have here in the United States is not unique. That geology exists elsewhere in the world. It's just a question of getting those factors to line up to unlock that resource. But I think the other point I would make is, well, the unconventionals have been hugely important in unlocking oil and gas resources on the supply side. Sometimes we underplay the big advances that have been made in deep water technology. 30% of the world's oil is now produced in deep water. We've extended the range out to 10,000 feet now where we can drill and produce, probably be able to go beyond that. It's kind of, it doesn't get its place in the sun so much, but it is a hugely large resource that has also been increasing in size progressively along with the unconventionals. So supply is not gonna be the issue. And technology will always find a way to unlock more supply. It's the question is, what are the policies on the demand side? What are the technologies on the demand side? What are the business cases that come together on the demand side to get that right balance? Yeah, yeah, and a really interesting paradigm shift that we're now talking about peak demand as compared to peak supply. So I'd like to move on to the last topic. And I think Mark Zobac set this up very nicely is what is the role of the oil and gas industry in a decarbonizing world? And Philippe, I'd like to start with you because it's very interesting that you now characterize yourself as a major energy operator. And as an example, in 2011, you acquired a majority share in Sunpower, which of course is a company with deep Stanford roots and Dick Swanson founder is here in the audience. So anyway, how do you see totales evolving role in meeting global energy needs in a deeply decarbonizing world? Well, clearly we are, we're ambition to be considered as a responsible energy major. And that means that we have simply the ambition to bring to our customers an energy, so energy, not only oil and gas, but energy. And but an energy which is reliable, which is affordable, and which is clean. And what do we mean by clean? Of course, we mean clean in terms of air pollution. And we mean also, of course, clean vis-a-vis climate challenge. So for us, what does it mean? First, it means developing ourselves even further in gas. We are one of the main company, global company in terms of gas, but we want to push further and there is a real case to reduce the auto emission by replacing coal by gas in mainly in power generation. So we push strongly in gas and everywhere where we try to develop gas markets, be it in Africa, be it in Asia, Myanmar, Vietnam, all these countries in fact do really need electricity. And so through gas, we are not really led into electricity and which is not an issue for us. We have been marketing electricity for four years. We are today with four, five million customers in electricity in Europe. So we intend to push electricity and pushing electricity. Of course, it's electricity. We want to produce part of it. And to produce part of it again in a clean way. And the clean way means gas, of course. And it means also renewables and more generally a combination of renewables of gas to cope with the intermenancy of renewables and of storage. And this is why we invested and thank you to remind us about our taking participation in a majority stake in the St. Power years ago. We came to rescue St. Power as Lafayette, rescue America some century ago at a time when St. Power had difficulty when this country was starting to decrease subsidy to solar. But now we've extended our footprint in renewables to a lot of our companies. We are also in wind. We have been working in solar for more than 40 years but wind is more recent for us but we want also to push in the wind. We want to push strongly. And even more recently, we invested in batteries with a quite 100% of Saft, which is a high-tech battery company. We have very strong market share for batteries, for the satellites, telecom, defense and all this high-tech and but we want to develop Saft now in the energy storage segment in synergy with our other companies in renewables. And globally, what we see the evolution of total and we have been publishing recently in our yearly climate report that we published in September, we have been publishing our trajectory in terms of carbon intensity of our future energy sales. And what we anticipate is to reduce by roughly 15% the carbon intensity of our energy sales from now to 2030. So roughly reducing by 1% per year and going even further in 2030, we anticipate to decrease even at a quicker pace developing carbon compensation, carbon, of course, capture and sequestration. It has been reminding that yes, we cannot imagine a neutral carbon world if we don't have a big development for CCUS and so we are already developing big projects in this field. And overall, what we end up at this horizon is with a company that will still, of course, be important in oil. And we would anticipate to have around 240, between 30 and 40% of our energy sales in oil. We will be much bigger in gas. We anticipate to have roughly between 40 and 55% of our energy sales in gas. But we'll have between 15 and 20% of what we call low carbon electricity sale, which means a mix of renewable and off gas, everything being allowed by also development of electricity storage. And this is why we tend to portrait ourselves not as an oil and gas company, not even as a gas and oil company, but as an oil, gas and low carbon electricity company. Okay, terrific. Yeah, one thing we haven't really talked about at all is cooking fuels. And if we look around the world, there are about 2.5 billion people who still use solid fuels. That could be coal, it could be biomass, wood, animal done, and cooking is done indoors. It's very smoky. It causes all kinds of health problems associated with air pollution and eyesight problems. It's really a terrible tragedy.  I believe that Total's done a little bit of work in looking at LPG distribution or CNG distribution for clean cooking fuels, I think primarily in Africa. Could you just say a tiny bit about that? Oh yeah, we are today the major, the main major involved in energy distribution and all distribution in Africa. And more and more, yes, we are developing LPG as a substitute to traditional biomass, which is, as you mentioned, a catastrophe in terms of health for this population. And we are also pushing more and more on gas for massive electricity production and more and more also on solar associated to batteries for distributed generation in those countries. And this is clearly making a lot of difference. And this is already close to be very economical with very few subsidies because on this continent, you don't have, in fact, networks that are developed. So when you can install directly distributed generation, you save the cost of developing also the grid. It's at the same time, it brings a lot of benefit to those populations and it's starting to be very economical as well. Okay, all right, terrific, thank you. So Dave, I wanna switch to the topic of methane, natural gas, it's a very highly potent greenhouse gas. And if we have only about 4% of the methane leaking into the atmosphere, it offsets the benefit of that coal to gas switch, which we've been talking about. So I was wondering if you could say a little bit more about what you're doing to reduce methane emissions and how are your practices changed? Yeah, and just first off, we care a great deal about this issue. This is important to us. We wanna develop our energy in an environmentally sustainable manner and in a way that really provides the opportunity for high quality of life, not only today, but for many generations to come. And this is a fundamental question around that. Let me give you a few ideas of how we address it. But I think the most important thing or even tell you those ideas is remember, methane, that's what we want to sell. So we're aligned there. We want to capture as much of the methane as we can because that is what we actually sell. That's the natural gas. So we have all the incentive in the world to capture as much as we possibly can. But specifically what do we do? The first thing I'll say is as we move into more full scale developments in some of these plays that we talked about, we are drilling large number of wells from a single pad. And we're also having much larger facilities that actually handle the initial separation of the oil, gas, and water. And so there are larger facilities centrally located so they are much easier to monitor than if you have much smaller facilities that are distributed out over a large geographic area. That's the first big thing that we're doing. The second is that we are also using, and we're a member of an environmental initiative where we're using infrared cameras. So we're using infrared cameras looking for leaks and then gives us the ability to fix those leaks very, very quickly when we do have them. We've also voluntarily, again, because we think it's the right thing to do, replaced a lot of what we call pneumatic controllers, high bleed pneumatic controllers which vented off a larger amount of gas or replaced those with low bleed pneumatic controllers. Kind of wonky probably this crowd, but it makes a huge difference in the amount of natural gas that's emitted. And finally, I'd say we're also a participant in what I would call the internet of things where we're actually using our devices that we have out there as data sources. And that data is then transmitted back to our regional production offices where they are actually seen in real time a lot of the information that is important to see in order to minimize the methane emissions. So all of those things are really, really important. If I could, I'd add one other thing you didn't ask directly, but I think it goes right along with this is about flaring. And flaring is a, frankly, is a pretty efficient way to burn so you don't have much methane emission, but you do have CO2 emission. And frankly, it's a waste of resource at the same time. It's a waste of resource. So we minimize flaring wherever possible. And you can even argue in today's economics in certain plays, you're making essentially all your money off the oil. You're making very little money off the natural gas with depressed natural gas prices because we've found so much of it. So there's not as strong an economic incentive in some of our plays to capture and sell that natural gas. But I can tell you as a company, we have made a policy that we are not gonna produce when you have wells that produce oil and natural gas, have the ability to produce both. We are not going to start the oil production unless we have the ability to produce the natural gas at the same time and not to flare the natural gas. We just fundamentally think that's the right thing to do. And so that's the way we approach the business. Okay, terrific, that's interesting. So Andy, ExxonMobil has been involved in a number of carbon dioxide capture and storage projects. And how important do you think this technology is going to be for decarbonizing electricity and industry? And what do you see as ExxonMobil's role in helping to scale up this technology? It's, if you look at any pathway to two degrees or any aspiration there like that, it is gonna have to involve carbon capture one way or the other. Carbon capture, utilization, sequestration. And we've been involved in carbon capture and sequestration for many, many years, trying to expand the technology on that front on the existing technologies, aiming based and so forth. A lot of experience with that, working with more low pressure streams, more contaminated streams, how to get better. What we're now focusing a lot of attention on is what are the breakthrough technologies in that? How can we go beyond that? You've heard us talk publicly about the work we're doing on the molten carbonate fuel cells, which not only captures sequesterates, but also produces electricity at the same time. Number of other novel technologies being pursued using new materials to separate and capture. I'd also say that when you think about the totality of carbon capture and sequestration and the previous speaker described it really well, the policy space is important too. We have to work in that. And the final thing I would say is it probably can't all be sequestration because the scale is so big as was aptly described. I'd make a big pitch, particularly the young people, researchers and so forth, utilization. What can we do with that CO2? Can we turn it into materials? If it could be a replacement, if a carbon base replacement for steel and concrete at scale and at the appropriate cost, that would be a huge change for the better. Get out of those old energy intensive industries, novel materials to replace those in the construction industries and so forth using carbon dioxide streams of the same case. These are the kinds of things we're looking at. Again, in sort of a kind of breakthrough technology mode while continuing to expand the state of the art in our existing carbon capture operations. But fundamentally important to the future. Okay, terrific. Well, I hope all the students here took note of that. We just have a very short time, like 30 seconds, but very quickly, carbon pricing, both ExxonMobil and Total have signed on to the Climate Leadership Council, which is promoting a carbon tax. Can you say really briefly, one sentence, what motivated you to sign on and why is this approach better than some of the other ones that have been put forward? For us, it was easy. For over more than 10 years, we've been advocating. If you want to get that right and mix of policy and technology, the best thing to do is cut through the patchwork of regulations, mandates, hidden taxes, all that kind of stuff and establish a transform, uniform, predictable cost of carbon. That will motivate innovation big time. That's why we support it. Yeah, and Total? Hell, if you want really to speed up the reduction of CO2 on this planet, you really need to send an economic signal. And I don't know anything much more powerful or more efficient than the price for carbon. And this is why when we co-founded the OGCI in 2014, advocating in favor of the price for carbon was one of the key elements that united the co-founder of OGCI. Yeah, well, that's terrific. So our own Secretary Schultz has been a real champion for as long as I've known him for a tax and dividend scheme, a revenue-neutral carbon tax. So we're delighted that you've signed on. Anyway, it's time to wrap up. Please join me in thanking our fantastic speakers.


Hey, this is Brett, and this 2020 Ford F350 Crew Cab Dual Rear Wheel Chassis Cab XL is stock number 14345Z. I am here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used heavy-duty truck headquarters. This 2020 Ford F350 has the 6.7 liter Power Stroke diesel engine. It's paired up with the 10-speed automatic transmission. This truck has been fully-safetyed and inspected by our service shop per the state of Wisconsin inspection process. It has a fresh oil and filter change, so the fluids have been checked and topped off. And this truck is 100% ready to go. It has like-new tires all the way around as well, and that's exactly what I'm going to do in this video. Go all the way around, inside, underneath, start it up. Take a look under the hood, show you all the options, and just give you the most accurate representation that I can of the vehicle. Oxford White is the color. I shoot all my videos in 4K. If you like the video, subscribe to the YouTube channel, click the bell notifications, get updates on the videos I do each and every day, as well as have access to one of the largest catalogs of vehicle and heavy-duty truck walk-arounds on YouTube, and stay current on our ever-changing and vast truck inventory here at Summit Automotive. This one comes with the steel 17-inch wheels, and it has Ironman All Country CHT tires. These are LT24575R17s, and they are like-new tires. You can still see where the manufacturing line is, and some of the knobs on there from being new. So very new tires on here. Frame and underbody is exceptionally clean on this truck. This truck is a clean title history, clean car fax, and it's been owned, titled, in Illinois and Florida. Front fenders in excellent condition. Headlight lenses are nice and clear. Front bumper and lower valance are in really nice condition. I didn't see any major dents or dings on there. Looks really good. The grille is in excellent condition as well. And the hood is in pretty nice shape. One tiny little ding on the hood, but nothing too bad. Has the cab lights up top. Passengers side front fender is in excellent condition as well. And the passengers side front wheel, excellent shape. As you go down this side of this 2020 Ford F350, take note of how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror-like the paint is on those doors and cab. Take these HD videos, so if you're far away, or even if you're close by, and you just cannot make a trip down, but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle, you can see the truck here, the truck, and of confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. So this is a chassis cab, and it does have a fifth wheel hitch on it. I don't know if it doesn't really say the weight of the hitch on there, but it does have that. The frame and underbody obviously looks really good. These back tires are like new as well. Has all the remaining factory exhaust, so it hasn't been altered in any way. Looks really good under here. And once again, down the doors and cab here, I didn't see any dents or dings. Then around to the back. Now there is no receiver hitch on it, but it does have seven-pin wiring right here. Looks really good. It's back wheels in nice shape. Does have the bar for the wheel well to put wheel wells on it, and that is disclosed on our disclosure. The cab looks really good. That's where you put your def in. Down on the driver's side, just as clean as that passenger's side, no major dents or dings. Does have the telescopic tow mirrors. They are heated and have built-in directional signals. They telescope out like so, and fold in like that. Taking a quick look at the back seats. They are in fantastic shape. No rips or tears back here. It does have the latch child safety system. It also has the fixed glass rear window with the built-in rear defrost. Once again, seats are in excellent condition, smells very clean inside this truck. I don't think it's ever been smoked in. You get the heavy-duty rubber floor and a nice flat floor back here as well. Side curtain airbags on the front seats. These seats go back down just like so. Child safety locks on the back doors and the inside and bottoms of the doors all look fantastic. Show you the VIN sticker here. No previously owned in Canada trucks here. Inside the XL package gives you the heavy-duty gray vinyl seats. 40, 20, 40 split bench seating, no rips, no tears. Once again, smells very clean inside this truck. I don't think it's been smoked in. Has the heavy-duty rubber floors up front. Auto headlamps, tilt telescopic steering wheel, power windows, locks, and mirrors. So nicely equipped for an XL. Hop inside, check out the miles, radio, and everything that this truck has to offer on the interior. You can see this one has 56,000 and 20 miles. You do get a compass display on there as well. Trip 1, all those different settings on there as well. Instrument cluster is very nice and clean. You get the multifunction steering wheel, cruise controls, information center controls on the left, Bluetooth and audio controls on the right. There is your 10-speed automatic transmission shifter with the optional tap shift. This one has AM FM radio and Bluetooth capabilities, factory exhaust brakes, stability control, hazard lights, turn dial four-wheel drive, factory brake controller, down here your climate and volume controls. You also get a USB and a 12-volt power point right there. You also get a 12-volt power point right here in a 110-volt 400-watt plug-in. Dual glove boxes, passenger side floor and seat are in excellent condition. Once again, that headliner is in great shape, no rips, no tears, smells very clean in here. Six auxiliary up-fit switches and map lights right there. We'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Starts right up. No check engine lights or anything like that other than my hood's ajar. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video, you've been able to verify the quality condition options and, of course, cleanliness of this truck all the way around inside. Now, for a heavy-duty work truck, this thing is in really nice shape, while the cab lights are working nicely at two. Under the hood, we have the 6.7-liter power stroke diesel engine. Engine base is very clean, runs very smooth. Once again, this truck has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop. Has a fresh oil and filter change on the fluid tab and checked and topped off.  Six like-new tires. There is the emissions sticker. And I would highly recommend this truck from a quality and condition standpoint. I'd ship this one back to Illinois, Florida, California, Texas, New York. Whoever's going to get this one's going to be very happy with the quality and condition on it. And to see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 550 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, wranglers, halftones, three-quarter-tons, one-tons. You name it, we've got to go to the website right there. Summitauto.com, full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle all at Summitauto.com. If you want to check out more HD videos, you can go to youtube.com. Click the bell notifications, good updates on the videos I do each and every day, as well as having access to one of the largest catalogs, vehicle, and heavy duty truck walk-arounds on YouTube. And stay current on our ever-changing and vast truck inventory here at Summitauto. In fact, at least a second, you will see a link to subscribe to my YouTube channel on the upper left. A link to all the F-350 videos I've ever done in the upper right. Link to this vehicle on our website on the lower left and a link to one of our latest YouTube videos in the lower right. Click those, check this out. We're super excited to help you with this ultra-cleaning 2020 Ford F-350 crew cab, dual rear wheel, XL chassis cab in Oxford light clear coat. Thanks again for checking out the video. Remember to like, subscribe, and share. On the YouTube channel, I really appreciate it. Thanks again.


On this particular mission we're looking for a helicopter that has known losses. There were about 10 people that went down on the helicopter, four washed up on shore shortly afterwards, so there's six people missing in the ocean. So our job as the dive team is to moor a barge over the crash site and then we do an archaeological excavation dig of the crash site looking for any material evidence or osseous material that can correlate to the six known losses and bring those back to Hawaii, identify them and close the case and bear the people in full military honors. Everybody in the military signs up to go to war. We fight the nation's battles, that's what we do. And I know if I got killed in battle somewhere I would want my remains brought home, to my mom, dad, family, wife and I know they want the same. So we know that there's missing people out there and that is our job to go find them. We dive first, that's our actual job but what we want to do is recover those people for their families because it means so much to me to have them recovered. It's incredible when you see the Facebook posts once somebody's finally recovered and you get the information from the families. It's a great feeling, it's real easy to stay motivated once you see some results.


Okay, good afternoon. I think we're ready to get started here. My name is Kip Balkum. I'm a research agronomist with ARS located at the soil dynamics lab here in Auburn. I'm going to moderate the session this afternoon. I'm going to go ahead and get started here pretty quick. We had a little bit of technical difficulties but we're going to do a little bit different type presentation here as far as over the video conferencing. So it's my pleasure to introduce Dr. Swat or Mark from University of Nebraska and he's going to talk about irrigation scheduling and key aspects. Now I'll turn it over to him. Thank you so much for the introduction and I hope you guys can hit me out okay. First of all I apologize for not being able to be there in person but I hope this will work. Is it okay? Can everybody hear me or? Yes, we are fine. In Nebraska we are involved in many aspects of irrigation engineering and in practical application, evapotranspiration, crop production, crop physiology, soil science and dating thrashians. And today I'm going to present some of the irrigation management fundamentals with respect to a network that I have established about a decade ago and talk about what we have done and where we are at at this point of the network was established some of the progress and impact data and I'm going to mention some of the background research projects that feed that that water management network. Without much background we all know that irrigated agriculture has been a fundamental component of any given civilization going back to 10,000 BC to the Sumerians when irrigation or irrigated agriculture first started on land. Right now, last minus 2 million acres we have 800 million acres of irrigated land in the world and China and India are leading that with 158 to 154 million acres and in our country we have 55 to 57 or 58 million acres irrigated land. When we focus to high things, right now this is the US total, the blue squares and then in high things we have about 23 to 24 million acres of irrigated land. In the grass right now we have 8.3 million acres. This map shows the irrigation well or actively operated irrigation well. Each red dot represents one irrigation well in the state. So right now we are at about 122,000 irrigation wells. All those irrigation activities bring about significant challenges in terms of how to best manage water resources to optimize drought productivity at the same time meeting the increasing demand on increasing efficiency but also meeting the crop for the requirements for optimum yield. About 10, 11 years ago I did see a need as soon as I came to the grass about 12 years ago a need of an organized network where we get together with farmers, crop consultants, natural resources districts, department of natural resources, NRCS, irrigation districts and university faculty to talk about some of the major challenges and see how we can work together to overcome or address some of those agricultural water management related issues. So when I established this network with a few extension educators at the time the main idea was to implement or enhance technology used in irrigated agriculture for optimum productivity. Since then this network became the largest and most comprehensive agricultural water management network in the United States. These are some of the specific goals. I want to transfer high-quality research-based information, scientific information to the producers, crop consultants and everybody else associated with all the professionals associated with irrigated agriculture and rain-fed agriculture as well. Foster adoption of tools and technologies and one of the biggest challenges was communication between all the disciplines that I just mentioned. Natural resources districts, NRCS, department of natural resources, university personnel, irrigation districts, crop consultants, growers. If we don't have a good link or communication channel between all of us there is not a single entity who can solve or address the water management issues. So these are very complex and require a wide range of disciplines, background expertise to be able to solve those. Another specific goal was to orient part of the network towards youth or next generation producers so that we can have because they are going to take over one day in the new future and they are going to practice all those agriculture related water management operations. And also quantify the short and long-term impact of what we do in our network and these are the partners in the network. Now, as I present this, it gives us in mind some of the technologies that I'm presenting now. We did this 10, 11 years ago. So initially, I have done extensive research on major potential type sensors including watermark sensors. These are economical, durable, accurate, simple tool to implement in any culture. So we started with watermark sensors to monitor soil material potential and then we developed methodologies to convert material potential to inches of water per foot either depleted or available for different soil types. These tools are easy to use, easy to interpret. They can be read using manual meters or loggers where we can load the data on an other basis. All these pictures are from some of our farmer or farm demonstration projects initially about 11 years ago. The good thing about this setup is we can monitor precipitation with this rain gauge, soil moisture, soil temperature, all at the same time. Different loggers are available today. Now, we initiated this watermark sensor initially but in the meantime for the last decade or more, I have been trying to search or research for newer tools and technologies that exist on the market and then test them in our research field. And once I identify another durable, better economical, easy to use tool or sensors to monitor soil moisture, then I talk about this in my extension programs in the network and we implement it into the network. Over the years, I have done significant amount of research to understand how different technologies in terms of soil moisture monitoring work, what they do, what they cannot do, how will they operate in our soil and climatic conditions, crop management conditions, including capacitance sensors. These are some of my research fields where I have, for example, John Deere Field Connect sensors. I have 36 of them installed in this particular field. And then in other fields, I installed about 476 soil moisture sensors, soil temperature sensors and electrical conductivity sensors in my pivot field. To better understand some of the fundamentals of variable rate technology, how do we, what it is, what are some of the fundamentals, how do we gather the data from the field, how do we make a decision and then feed that information to the pivot controller to make a decision on the go to apply different amount of water to different parts of the field. Now, the reason I mention all those components is because my network is not only irrigation management network. It is, you know, everything I know in my scientific background or research background, I talk to my growers or partners in the network, including variable rate irrigation, including evapotranspiration, climate change, impact on all the resources, productivity, craft ideology and many other topics. So this is, this variable rate technology is one of them. So the idea in this NSF funded research is to develop a system where we monitor soil moisture in the field, in locations, in different locations, you know, however location needed for, based on the spatial variability we have in the field, it can be 10 or 5 or 20 or more. So depending on this, we monitor soil moisture in the field and then as the pivot makes the circle, so we gather the data from different parts of the field, feed that into the pivot controller, make a decision and apply the rate or change the application rate as we go. So this is our eight years on this project. It took us about eight years to get this point and National Science Foundation funded us for several years. The idea, let me go back, the idea is, you know, I have been doing irrigation engineering research, evapotranspiration research for basically, since I was 15 years old, started working with professors' fields or at summer house in different research projects. Honestly, I think even at this point, we don't know much about variable rate irrigation, what it is, what are the fundamentals, how do you, where do you install the sensors in the field, how many, what location, how do you gather data, make real time management decision and change the application rate. Another big impact or unknown at this point, at this to me, is at what level of spatial variability that variable rate irrigation becomes economical and also at what spatial and temporal variability in the field justify buying a spatial variable machine. Another unknown is if you vary the irrigation amount and then, you know, people assume they are doing irrigation or variable rate irrigation and that's good, but if you use a variable rate irrigation but six-rate nitrogen management, how good that process be? Is this going to enhance our spatial variability or is it going to make it better? So those are some of the fundamentally unknown processes in this variable rate technology, but I have a live program in my business program that I talk to my farmers in the, in the network about. So the point is over the years I do research with different soil moisture technologies, install them in my research field and test them against either grime sampling or this nitron, nitron probe, which is the most accurate way of major soil moisture, but it is radiation-based, it is not practically used in the production field. These are some of the pictures from different research settings, different types of technologies. I also do extensive research on wireless soil moisture monitoring in my research field and then I talk about them in my, in my network to my network participants or partners. So this is, I don't know, Brenda, if my colleagues can see the cursor, but this is the soil moisture monitoring place in the field. This is the transmitter right here and then this is the receiver. This receiver can be up to a couple miles or I'm sorry, up to 10 miles away from that field, in this case it's right here in the same field, but this receiver can be 10 miles away from the field and we can monitor soil moisture wirelessly and then we can feed all the information data to a website application where user can log in and monitor soil moisture real time. The good thing about this technology is, and I talk about this in my programs, if there are four farms, for example, if those, those, those order section fields belong to four different people, they can utilize or share one system and utilize this as a partner so they don't have to individually buy different components of the, of the wireless network. All they need is a receiver in the middle and then this receiver can, can receive the information from soil moisture monitoring places from many different places. So in this case, this becomes extremely, extremely economical too, if, if you can share the receiver. So this is the brain of the, of my, of my network soil moisture monitoring for irrigation management decisions. I developed this table about 10 years ago. On the left-hand side, this is the metipotential values from either watermark sensor or any other type of sensor that measures metipotential, soil metipotential and, and what it means, those values or readings from the sensor mean for two, four, six, eight different soil types we have in the state. So for example, 100 kilopascal reading is associated with a 0.8 inch per foot division for this soil type, but it's 1.1 inch per foot division for this soil type. At the end of the table, at the bottom of the table, there are two critical values. The first one is water holding capacity for each soil type and then at the very bottom is the suggested trigger point for, for irrigation management using those metipotential sensors. So for example, in case of seedloom soil, if the, and being full of sensors every foot up to four feet, if the top two sensors are reading on average between 75 and 80 for this soil type, and this is the time to, to turn the system on. Of course, this value is going to change with the soil type in sanded soil. For example, we cannot read that from due to very, very low water holding capacity and this number of trigger points will go down to 25 to 30 kilopastial or centroid. Now, if for, for example, we take the average of top two sensors, if that number is between certain range with trigger irrigation, after tassel stage, we take the average of top three sensors and then, and then trigger irrigation that way. After tassel stage, we have enough root density in the, in the soil profile that we have to account for when we determine irrigation timing. This chart came from one of my research fields, just to demonstrate, as the crop is uptick water and, and or water evaporates from soil surface, metipotential is going to increase. And then as rain or irrigation event is going to decrease close to zero, zero value is saturated or near saturation soil. And, and as the number increases, soil gets drier. So we try to maintain for a system soil, metipotential range between 90 and 110 kilopastial or centroid for optimum productivity. Now, all those trigger points that I mentioned at the bottom of the table came from my extensive years of research that provided the, the maximum corn or soybean yield when you trigger irrigation at those levels. Another tool that being incorporated into our network is to, to monitor potential evapotranspiration using etymometers or ET gauge. And, you know, I have done extensive research as to where those tools or, or etymometers should be installed in the field. What happens if you put it in the middle of the field versus side of the field? How will that impact the performance? Then we provide crop coefficients, which is an indication of how big essentially the crop is or at what stage that crop is. So each stage has different crop coefficients. So we provide those to our growers in a table format or, or charts or now apps. We have, we have apps, several apps that our farmers are utilizing in the, in the state. So for different cropping systems, corn, soybean, alfalfa and so on, different growth stages. And then we provide them the crop coefficients. So they take this potential ET, multiply with the crop coefficients and they can calculate daily crop order use. And that information can be used for irrigation management and we teach them how to, how to accomplish that. So my first task was to establish a team. So in my first team, I had several extension educators, four of them. And then I had five farmers initially and then one natural resource of this as a partner. So I will teach our team how to put the centers together, how they work, how do we read them, how do we interpret the numbers and so on. And then we will go out to the field and then to five farmers and then visit each farmer once or twice a week, install the centers and teach them on-site how to install the centers, how to read them, how to troubleshoot them, how to use the information for irrigation management. So for the first year, we had only five farmers, but we were in constant communication almost every other day or several times a week. These are one-on-one interactions and then we did the same thing for the ET gauge, how to use them, how to field them and how to field them with water, how to troubleshoot them, how to incorporate this into irrigation management. So the first year it was extensive travel to different parts of the state. I'm going to start sharing some impact data. These are a number of farmers we have or partners we had in my network over the years. In 2005, we had only a few, but every single year it did grow substantially. And as of two weeks ago, we have over 1,300 farmers or partners in my network, which I think is fascinating. Now, our farmer partners represent 1.78 million acres of land in Nebraska. So it's a big, big network. Every year, I have to mention this, every year we do extensive communication or survey or phone calls or get together in the coffee shops or in the town hall, and then we get feedback as to what our farmers did and what kind of impact they can provide so we can evaluate our network. We do this every year. So based on extensive data we see from our partners, the reason I say partner is because this became more than just a number of farms in our network. We have established, I will say, great personal communication and in many cases, friendship too. So this is more than just a number of farms in our network. I know many of them by name. I've been to houses or places or farms that adopt those 1,300 people throughout the state. I've been to each single county over the years in at least maybe 100 or 200 fields in each county. So I used to travel 25,000, 30,000 miles every summer to manage this network. So this slide is very critical because based on the real numbers we receive from our partners, every year you can see on average we are reducing irrigation water withdrawal by 2, 2.2 inches per growing season. This is a very big number. This is a very big number. And then if you multiply this with 1.7 million acres, that's a huge amount of water. But there is another point, important point in this slide. Over time as our partners learn more about the tools and technologies and be more confident in terms of using them in the field, then you can see the impact in terms of reduction in water withdrawal increases over time. So as they have more confidence in the technology, then they can be more effective. So this is the total reduction in water withdrawal with irrigation. This is cumulative over the last nine, ten years. Just to give you an idea, the largest lake we have in Nebraska is Lake McConna, which has 1.7 million acre feet capacity. If you take 2012, for example, once a dry year, you can see the total reduction in water withdrawal was about 310,000 acre feet. So this is about 20% of the capacity, total capacity of Lake McConna in one year alone. So this is, the impact is very, very big. As I mentioned, every year we get feedback from our growers on many different topics. You know, the after-year age group and why they decided to be part of our network, why they decided to stay in the network, what kind of property produce, what kind of irrigation management they have, surface irrigation, pivot irrigation, subsurface drip or other, what kind of field type they use to pump water, how much energy they invest into their operations, and also some social impact data as well. What do they see as the impact or the most value in this network, how it can be improved? And so many different questions and they provide very good feedback to us. In the last nine plus years, ten years, the total, and these are very conservative numbers, total energy saving due to reduction in irrigation water withdrawal has up to about 80 million dollars. As I mentioned, we have a website and several years ago, we developed smartphone app. It is used extensively and I'm not going to go into too much detail on the specifics of the app but it basically allows, in fact, encourages the grover to enter some of the sensor data, real feedback from the field, answer to the app and then this app will calculate how much water they have in the soil profile and what is the suggested irrigation trigger point date and how much water they suggest them to apply. Based on the soil motion information they enter to this app. Our website is about 10 years old now but we provide essentially everything we know about this management tool to our farmers online. Each partner, 1200 plus of them have access to this. They have their own username, password. These are, as I mentioned, these are not just a number of people in our network. We know exactly where they are. I've been to at least 1000 of those sites myself personally, interactive with our farmers, with their families. That's why, you know, that became more than a partnership. It's a friendship too. So we know exactly where they are. We know the elastics, longitude of each field and they provide ET gauge information, some soil motion information online and we share this with everybody. The idea is, for example, if I go back to this map, let's say this person is our network partner but there is another person right here who is not. Well, this person who is not our partner or not participating in the network can utilize his or her neighbor's data information to manage their own field. So that was the idea to share everything online and it has been working great. We didn't have any problems so far. So we provide ET information or evapotranspiration, some soil moisture, but crop coefficients, crop order use on a weekly basis on our network website. Now, there are several things that I have to mention about impact. Ten years ago, we have 23 natural resources districts in our state and I visited every single one of them and I told them as best as I knew that this network is going to grow because there is a big potential for better managing our world resources in the state. So can you guys cost share to the best of your resources? Some of the tools and technologies we utilize in the network. So far, I have been fortunate enough to bring 18 of those 23 NRDs to cost share soil moisture sensors. It doesn't matter what kind of sensor. It can be watermark sensor. It can be chemical scientific. It can be life or it can be John Deere field connect. It can be any type of soil moisture sensor. It can be any type of evapotranspiration, measurement gauge or ET gauge. So some of the NRDs cost share goes up to 70% of the total cost.  Now, we try to get together at least twice a year with our partners in different parts of the state and talk about how the network is progressing. Are there significant concerns about our tools and technologies that we implement into the network? And then so we have direct feedback from our partners and which part of the network is working okay, which part needs improvement, which part doesn't work and we need to do something else. So we talk about those. As I mentioned, 1200 farmers in our network, but the challenge continues because based on the information that was published by USDA last month in November in Nebraska, we have 7391 farmers who are using some kind of technology for irrigation management, which is great, which is all-time high since 1983. You can see that in 2008. The second highest number, 2013, the highest number. So our network is having significant impact. But if you look at on the hand-feel method that is used by farmers, it is still about 7000. So there are 7000 farms in our state alone that use hand-feel method for irrigation management. Even though we increase that number significantly, we have a long ways to go to educate and work together with those people to enable them to stop using the hand-feel method and develop some kind of technology for management. I had to mention we are number one irrigated state in the United States, but number two in terms of farmers using technology for irrigation management, California being the first for very obvious reasons. In turn, Brenda, you can stop me at any time if I'm exceeding my time, but I will try to finalize in the next 10 minutes or so. As I mentioned, we get together with our farmers in the indoor as well as outdoor in my research field and talk about many different things. Not only irrigation management, but we talk about crop growth. This is alfalfa, for example, plant physiology in terms of water relationships, climate relationships, climate change impact on water resources, agricultural productivity, evapotranspiration, many different topics. We visit with them in the field. Now, this was a brief summary of the network, but there is an extensive research behind that network that I use that to help farmers to better manage their resources in the field. So everything I tell them comes from the research field and my research field and scientific programs. I do extensive research and some of the topics that I talk to them about is, you know, subsurface drip irrigation. And also, I have a large evapotranspiration measurement network in the States. I have 12 towers that I operate on different surfaces, vegetation surfaces, including subsurface drip irrigated corn. During the season, we focus on growing season, but after season or after harvest, transportation components may stop, but evaporation never stops. So our towers run every single hour, nonstop for 12 months, and some of them have been running since 2004 every hour. So we measure evaporated losses or evaporation losses during the non-growing or dormant season as well. Another field, as an engineer, I cannot only know about corn or soybean or alfalfa. I must know everything or the most that I can know for other crop existence as well, including irrigated grassland. So I have a tower that operates over the irrigated grassland. We have 23 million acres of grassland or prairies or a similar type of crop existence. And then another tower that is side-by-side irrigated versus rain-fed grassland, same type of grassland, so that we can get consumptive water use for grassland. Another tower right here on rain-fed winter wheat, irrigated winter wheat. In fact, this is one of the first fields that is irrigated using soft surface drip irrigation. So this is the first field that I irrigated with soft surface drip winter wheat. So there aren't many fields in the United States that are irrigated, I mean winter wheat that are irrigated using soft surface drip. If we are going to do water resource management, we have to know about other crop existence, other plant systems too. So I have another tower that operates over riparian vegetation with cottonwood and fragmites and peach leaf willows. So we monitor consumptive water use for the riparian corridor as well. So you can see that in the picture, we did this research with the vegetation for five years and then we cleared all the vegetation, bring it to a nice natural sand bar, and then monitored evaporated losses without vegetation so that we can see the impact of vegetation on water use. We instrument each side extensively. Another tower for soft surface drip irrigated soybean field and then during the season, soybean evaporation from residue, soybean evaporation from residue, standard pivoting against the alfalfa field. I have a 130 acre switchgrass field where we monitor input versus output. There is a discussion about said elastic ethanol from switchgrass and it is being done, but nobody is looking into how much resource of this switchgrass uses from the environment to produce X amount of or gallon elastic ethanol. So we are looking at those dynamics. I have another field with seed corn and cover crop rotation field. This is our fourth year of research. We look into many different variables, the impact of cover crop on soil quality and water use and crop coefficients and runoff, instantiation, organic matter content, 20 plus nutrients and micronutrients. It is a very, very extensive research. Dr. Mark? Yes. I believe we're going to stop there in interest of time. I apologize. I know we started just a little bit late, but we want to try to stay on track here if we can and we certainly appreciate your time, but I do have, if anybody's got a quick question or two, we'll certainly take those before we move on. Well, we certainly appreciate your presentation and I guess we're going to sign off on this end. Okay. Thank you so much. Thank you very much.


Hello and welcome to project obsidian. This station is a cyber threat hunting station The title of this section is called sniffing compromise Hunting for bloodhound presented by me cereal or serial killer a Little bit about myself. I've been in the security space for about five years. I Also enjoy playing video games. I enjoy music. I used to love playing live as DJ When I'm not doing those things. I am trying to expand my knowledge of all things security technology and life in general In this section, we will learn Briefly about threat hunting or at least an intro into threat hunting What is bloodhound? What it does what it's used for? We'll also be talking about what the ingester is What it actually does wouldn't the ingester's ran a brief overview of the UI not too much but Yeah We will also be covering how to hunt for bloodhound, right? And we'll be using network and hostable activity to detect this So threat hunting. What is it? to me threat hunting is a practice to Proactively look and search and understand what you know, and we don't know within an environment right, you can use start hunting to confirm that Windows event logs are actually going to your scene right that would have been unknown unknown and Unknown would be if somebody within your organization had to turn off the shipping of those logs from windows to your scene And you could use threat hunting to discover that Or if some of the data is misconfigured corrupted any of that kind of stuff Now that we have a short understanding of what threat hunting is Let's talk about bloodhound so bloodhound is a tool used by Many security professionals. They're either on the red team or blue team But it's also used by adversaries and the reason for this is because bloodhound gives a Great view of the data when it comes to Windows Active Directory So it's used for enumeration. It gives you access to information like user groups Workstations servers that are connected to a Windows AD It also gives you the ability to query this data with its own query language So bloodhound is comprised of two components the UI or the GUI the graphic user interface, which this is usually installed on Workstations that are ingesting the data and this is what it looks like. There is a search at the top left Each thing within an AD is represented as a node. So here we have three user nodes on the left to hand side and a group node on the right hand side The lines between them is a relationship between them so you can query for Misconfigurations and relationships between different nodes or different OUs users servers so on and so forth and You can see this picture on the bloodhound read the docs website The other part is the ingester or the collector right, so the ingester the collector, right? It's Usually binary egg or a script There are two There's like three methods of ingesting the ones that we are currently looking at is the dot exe which is called sharp pound and The PowerShell script which is sharp pound PS1 The ingester or collector what it does it queries domain controllers via LDAPS and It's trying to gather information using Windows APIs For user information to create groups domain join workstations and servers The other thing that it does is that it connects to workstations that are online And it talks to them via RPC via SMB and What it's trying to collect is user sessions logged on users more workstation information and local group members Now that we have a Good understanding of what Bloodhound is and the various parts of it and the components of it Let's talk about how it's used or what it's used Usually it's used by adversaries After a compromise has happened or once they get into a network Let's say they get access to a server or workstation This is when they would run bloodhound to see if they can find a misconfiguration an overly permissive security group or a user that has access to a lot Any of those things the other way that it's used is By security teams and they do an audit of a Windows AD or at least some of the organizations I've worked with That's what they do but For us what this means is that if we are hunting for bloodhound we are assuming That the adversary has gotten it Right, and we want to see if we want to know if they have Brand bloodhound or if they're if they have it What how can we tell if they Will right like what kind of detections we can set up there so Now that we've talked about bloodhound and how it's being used and a little bit of about what threat hunting is I Say let's go hunt. Let's go find this within the data set that we have Didn't want to use too many slides. So this is gonna be a somewhat prerecorded live demo. So let's go hunt Okay We are now inside my Virtual machine that has access to our Splunk instance that's containing the data that we're gonna be working with today So on the top Left hand side under apps we have search and reporting. This is where we want to go so that we can conduct searches Well, the first thing we want to know it is What kind of indexes or data we're working with? So we're gonna go over here and go to date range. We're gonna choose between and we're gonna select February 18th through The 20th I'm doing this because this is when we ran to our simulation and the simulation is just a An activity with Somebody within your organization or third party comes in and pretends that they are an adversary It's a good way to test your detections and your threat hunting. Alrighty. So let's start with what I'm entering here is a Query that I found online to get all the indexes and That exists within this time frame. Awesome So here we see you have HTML main OS query p-caps summary sir kata syslog sysmon Velociraptor one event lines and Zeke Awesome Alrighty, now that we know what kind of data we have available to us. Let's start with a simple Query let's start with bloodhound Okay, so we get a singular hit It's happened on Saturday for every 19th, but if we look at this This is Not well parsed So there's probably a problem here Okay, so we see that this is an imposter, right? Well, I always like to take notes on everything that I do Especially for threat hunting like notes are very important So let's go over here to visual studio code and let's start a note. I like to use markdown for everything that I do You choose your preferred method So what did we do? We ran ran bloodhound And the result is an unparced But we do get a hostname, right? So let's save that name rdp0 well now that we have this well usually when bloodhound has run it's either Ran in memory or it's ran from disk In order to run it from disk or from memory. We need to download something so I remember back when we did the other search That we had cisp on and win event logs. I know From working with cisp on and win event logs that cisp on has an event ID For file creation. So let's see if we can find that First let's figure out What do we have inside those indexes? So here I put index in so this makes it an array that it's searching in both All right, uh another way that you could do this Is by using or so you could do index equals cisp on or capital or index Equaled when event logs This will give us the same results I just prefer the other way that I did it It's much cleaner to read Alrighty, so looking at these events we see that this is a file created It has These fields a directory an extension a name a path It seems useful for what we're trying to get But this I don't want to keep looking through Every single event like this So let's see if we can come up with another query that will help us and clear things up a bit So we can do index in and then Let's do stats Let's get a count by win got event ID so this will give us the The count like how many times a certain windows event log ID Has happened during this time period Okay, so we get a bunch of them here With event ID one we got 3,000. Oh, no 5,000 keeps going up So we'll give this a little bit for it to finish Alrighty, so we see A lot of different windows event IDs here But I specifically said sysmon, right? So let's let's see if we could figure out sysmon file create event event ID Here we go. So like sysmon event ID 11 is for file create Okay, taking this let's go And put this into our search Right All right, so if you want to So we can append this to the top of our search So win log dot event underscore id equals 11 That means we're looking specifically really at windows sysmon event ID 11 Let's see how many we get Okay, looks like we get around 8,000 events 7,000, I know 77 7,000 events, okay, that's quite a bit of events Okay, we can look at the events over here. That's the same we got file information Let's see if we can make this into a pretty table that will help us identify a bit more as what's going on here Okay, let's add the table So what things do we want to table? And I'm pretty curious about this information So let's do host dot name. Let's see where it lives file dot name File dot path I think that's good for now to start Okay, we get a bunch of Events a lot of dat files Looks like some sort of health check That's cool We see that there is a File dot extension So maybe we can use that To our benefit, right? We're just looking for dot exes and dot ps ones which is power shelf scripts So let's go back up here And let's add file dot extension All right, let's do the same thing. Let's do in exe and ps one Right, let's see All right, that's much better. We got four thousand thousand events a little bit over We get a bunch of information on exe's a lot of temp files Probably updates who knows But this is a much smaller data set that we can work with. Let's see if we can Continue scoping down our search and seeing if we can figure something out If you remember we did take notes So let's see if we can use this to help us with our search Well, we have this hostname that we know Showed a singular log that Had bloodhounded it so Let's why not just take this and uh Put it in our search I mean, this is a place that we suspect Let's see, okay We get some results 700 730 ish Not been But still looking at all this Nothing really pops out and we can go through all this or we can You know Look for file name and we can do something like bloodhound Dot exe Oh, but is it bloodhound dot exe? I don't think so. Let's go look at The github. Let's go see what the collector is actually called Then we have these collectors here. Oh, it's sharp hound. Let's copy that over here See if we get any results No The other one is dot ps1 Let's give that a shot Doesn't look like it Maybe it's case sensitive or insensitive who knows Let's try try it all It's okay So looking at this doesn't seem Like sharp hound was downloaded or created on the system But we do get a lot of different Events here, right? so myself being detection engineer something that I would set up here is Hey, I want to know if and when sharp hound dot exe or sharp hound dot ps1 Is being ran within my environment So we could do something like this where we have this type of search Maybe not this host name All right, but we would look for file name in We can do sharp hound dot exe sharp hound dot ps1 And then if this ever returns a result Hey notified so Since this is a pretty good Search I'll put this over here in my notes our file creation This is markdown I'm gonna do this right So this gave us no result Either we did not log this or bloodhound Such a sharp Memory right Okay So what do we do now? well If we think back to it to our first query When we were looking at indexes we did have pcaps Zeke We know his query, right So maybe sharp hound will work there So let's just do a broader search Oh Get this So this Is coming from Windows PowerShell logging awesome That's another way we can search for this right Windows PowerShell logging Let's see if some things are being run And here's another event that doesn't look parsed but Looks like most of this is Yeah executing a remote command From the same host name This is coming from WinLog event logs, right? Yep, WinLog event logs WinLog event 4104 Interesting Interesting Okay, so index Equals WinEventMogs What is the event ID? 410 Okay Yeah 1,000 Results from this Okay Okay This is cool But we're looking specifically for sharp hound This is Doesn't Like maybe this There's a couple places where this sharp hound's showing up So this is another way that we can set up a detection for this All right, we can do There's not much We get the scripts, but it's not necessarily parsed And there's no file name to this either So I think this would be a broader Detection The other place how we can look for Is in Zeke Network telemetry or network index So let's see what's going on With Zeke Okay, I get a bunch of information Well If you remember back to my slides We know that Bloodhound uses SMB and L Dap S I know that SMB Uses 4, 4, 4, 5 and 1, 3, 9 So let's see If we can find any of this Okay This search shows us About 11,000 events. That's quite a bit It looks like we have a pretty big spike here So let's see if we can manipulate this data So we can understand it a bit better And now we're going to do Values And this is just so that we are looking for a specific Account of a certain value I'm going to do id. Response Port And I'm getting this from This right here Okay, so let's see Oh, awesome This is Pretty indicative that something's going on with rdp 01 Like 340 counts for using 4, 4, 5 Is an rdp host. That's Pretty strange, right? Let's see if we can use other Stats here I remember that there was Type There's an IP address And there's very different types of source types. This is these are connections So let's see what type of source type zcabs source By service Okay So there's a bunch of connection Just do my source type actually That didn't work Sorry about that Okay, so we have connection three connection summary dns files and tlm SMB SMB mapping Let's see if we can find the events for this Okay So this is for A file A file server File open, file open Okay close use Until that let's let's see what this has I guess it is connections from Workstations to our file server. Oh, this is interesting So this is rdp talking to workstations Okay So maybe We keep this source type Let's see if we can do a stats Okay, let's find values Using a host name Right Let's see a host name by server dns computer Did I misspell something? Oh, there we go. Awesome So if we look here We see that rdp01 has been getting around Bunch of events going to workstation One two three So on and so forth it looks like mostly all of them That's interesting So I think this is another Query we should probably save in our notes This looks like Interesting Connection right It's me like something like this is something that will also try and convert into a detection, right? especially When or I guess it depends on your environment A rdp host or a jump host is making these types of connections Like I expect something like files To have this many connections from various different hosts But all these hosts to have Connections from an rdp host when it's not an smb server or something That's sort of Abnormal so That's Probably a good way to detect this right Even this could even cover Not bloodhound this could cover Manual enumeration from an attacker if they are trying to be stealthy and they don't want to trigger downloading bloodhound They could do a manual enumeration But we could still see this on the network side and all these types of connections I think I have shown Different ways that we can be hunting for bloodhound and Or other windows enumeration. This has been pretty interesting But now that we I think we have concluded that rdp host 01 Has been compromised and has been doing this type of telemetry. We would have the forensics team run Forensics on it or Seeing what other kind of things we can hunt for Let's close this out. I think we should do it cover The threat hunting template So this is something that I like to use and other members of the blue team villains like to use It comes with threat hunting And it's pretty basic. Yeah, there's a playbook title the matter of tactic the matter sub technique The hypothesis, we didn't really go into detail about hypothesis, but There are other recordings and other stations Or within this station That will go over hypothesis And then there is a proposed detection query Simulation details if there are any The limitations Observation notes from what we conducted right like we did find certain things like Certain logs not being parsed or Not being able to find certain logs Yeah and then our Conclusion right our findings of like what we found when we're going through this So we can fill this out right We're going to title this title this bloodhound being run thin art I don't think I spelled that correctly so the mitre tactic All right, so we can do A quick search mitre All right, so mitre is a framework for different techniques and attack paths and Uh, there are plenty of resources out there on understanding what mitre is But what we need from here is What tactic is going on here? All right, so there's a bunch of them here Usually the one I go for is this one, which is A count discovery because that's the best use case at least in my eyes For this so there is This Which this is just a count discovery And local count discovery to be specific at least with the sub technique my hypothesis And a event System Attacker Yeah So what is our proposed detection query at least for on the network side we'd have something like this Is this actually Maybe we can switch this around Do this and then Do post name here Yes, right there you go This is much nicer So let's take this or actually let's uh do this where count Is above and what's like This is like when it comes to Files right like we're gonna get some false positives here, but anything. Let's see above 100 Like we want to get alerted on Let's take this Put this detection query here Markdown There are no no simulation details here Um, what are some observations and limitations? So a limitation that we add here is Some logs were parsed incorrectly and the person correctly Did not Failed creation For the bloodhound binaries, right? I think that's both correct It is So What else can we say that we observed? I think that covers it mostly As to findings well, we found that rdp Mosto one has been making Various connections to other workstations, right? This is Normal for This type of workstation, right? And that's it. That's our Threat hunting template filled out With everything needed And I want to say thank you for joining me on this journey And if you feel like continuing this conversation, please join us On the blue team village of discord Thank you


The XF-92A Convair Model 702 is a research airplane, a part of the XF-92 program. It is presently being flown at the U.S. Air Force Base, Murat, California. The purpose of these flights is to gather data concerning the characteristics of a new configuration designed to meet the requirements of an interceptor fighter operating at transonic and supersonic speeds. Extensive study and research by Convair engineers some time ago led to the conclusion that the best aerodynamic configuration for this type of operation was one utilizing a 60-degree delta wing. The wing plan form promised several major advantages. First, low drag at transonic and supersonic speeds. Second, smooth handling characteristics and freedom from buffeting at transonic speeds. Third, satisfactory low speed handling characteristics. And fourth, a structural form ideal for attaining high rigidity, lightweight, and simplicity. Numerous tests of models and wind tunnels and in free flight have confirmed these conclusions. Full-scale confirmation, however, is essential. The Model 702 airplane was constructed to obtain these full-scale data. It has a 60-degree delta wing and a similar vertical surface. The airplane is powered at present by a single J33A-23 jet engine with 5,400 pounds thrust for takeoff. Although this is less thrust than is obtained from more recent power plants, it does permit exploration of the airplane's characteristics at high subsonic speeds and level flight. Still higher speeds are obtained in dives. To establish correlation between theory and practice for this new wing plan form, a Flutter study is being conducted as a part of the program. A major problem in the design of all aircraft capable of transonic speeds is that of providing satisfactory control forces. The 702 utilizes a 100% hydraulic boost system with no feedback. The pilot senses stick forces which are produced by an artificial field system. Forces are made to vary automatically with airspeed. The comments during flight tests are taken on a wire recorder and a telegraph and movie photo panel installed in instrumentation compartments comprise the other principal means of recording test data. Perhaps the most outstanding characteristic of the 60-degree delta wing is the low drag rise encountered at transonic speeds. A comparison of the increases in drag coefficient of conventional swept-back wings and that of a 60-degree delta wing near Mach 1 is presented here. The maximum value of the drag coefficient C sub D for the conventional wing is approximately four times that of the delta wing. Even more significant is a comparison of thrust requirements in the transonic and supersonic speed ranges. It will be noticed that the difference in speed between the 35-degree swept wing and the 60-degree delta wing is small at the lower values of thrust. However, at the higher thrust, representative of future power plants, the advantage of the delta wing becomes very impressive. Air planes with conventional tail configurations experience a reduction in elevator effectiveness on approaching Mach 1, whereas a delta wing with integral control services does the opposite. This means that the maneuverability of delta wing aircraft will not be objectionably diminished at transonic and supersonic speeds. Another advantage of the delta wing is that gusts produce lower structural loads. Presented here in graphical form are comparisons of the effects of negative and positive gusts of two intensities. Weight at supersonic speeds with the best turbojet power plants now being developed is practical only when wing thickness ratios are five percent or less. At five percent thickness, the wing weight per square foot of a delta wing is less than half that of a conventional wing with sweepback. Simplicity of construction inherent in the delta configuration is demonstrated by a comparison of the aerodynamic control services required. The controls in the pilot's compartment are conventional. Elevons form the wing trailing edge and move up and down together to produce elevator action when the stick is moved fore and aft. When the stick is moved from side to side, one elevon moves up, the other down. This provides aileron action. Pedals control the rudder which operates in conventional manner. Initial flight of the 702 was made at Murock Air Force Base in the latter months of 1948. In such testing, precise scheduling of operations is required. Other test projects utilize the same facilities. Coordination of all test activities is performed by the Air Force. Before the airplane is taken from the hangar, film is inserted in the instrument recording cameras, batteries are charged, and numerous other items are serviced or inspected. In order to have full tanks for flight, the airplane is towed to the runway before the engine is started. The pilot, flight inspector, and other project personnel necessary to the performance of a flight leave for the runway. Air-to-ground radio communication is maintained throughout test flights. Radio truck receives and transmits pertinent information to observers spaced along the runway. Wind velocity and direction are measured immediately before takeoff. Prior to the first extended flight, a number of high-speed taxi runs and straightaway flights just off the runway were made to provide data for adjustment of the control sensitivity. To become familiar with the airplane's handling characteristics and to develop a technique of flying at the high angles of attack associated with low aspect ratio wings. The first tests were conducted on the 7-mile Lake Bed runway. Subsequent flights have been carried out from time to time on the main concrete runway and the shorter Lake Bed runways. The combined efforts of the Air Force, the NACA, and Convair have been devoted to the launching of this new type aerial weapon. The first takeoff is uneventful. A chase plane is used to make close-up visual and photographic observations of the airplane and its behavior in flight. The two pilots maintain contact by radio. Movie cameras within the fuselage record control movements, airplane attitude, throttle setting, speeds, pressures, temperatures in short, every aspect of the flight. Approximately 1,500 pounds of instrumentation is carried. This represents more than 10% of the airplane's gross weight. The gross weight of takeoff is about 13,500 pounds. The fuel burned in a 30-minute flight reduces the weight to 12,000 pounds for landing. Completion of the first flight marks the beginning of a period of adjustment, calibration, and research testing. Records must be removed, reproduced, and studied before another flight. The study, planning, and preparation of instrumentation for each flight takes much more time than the operations connected with flying. Limited tests to date show lower drag and higher performance than predicted. Difficulties encountered up to the present time all appear to have reasonable solutions. No problem has yet arisen which compromises the basic advantages of the Delta Wing configuration. This airplane is the one design now flying in which a pilot can operate transsonically with no undesirable aerodynamic disturbances. With the inherent low drag and good aerodynamic characteristics at transsonic and supersonic speeds, the Air Force now has a weapon which can be developed tactically with confidence.