guy now. Base and base. Nice one here. 78 to 99. Jason Richardson. Illustrious Legends for the Warriors. Part of those we believe warrior teams. Slam Dunk Champ. That awesome through-the-legs alley-oop dunk. Got a little surface issue up there, I think. Looks like it's not on the card. I'm going to send an FB Boxing Rapper with the Warriors as well. Just to be safe. Josh Green. Celestial to 149. Mabs. Jamal Murray. And Walker Kessler. And a nice one here. 2199. Max Christie RPI for the Lakers. For the Lakers. Lake Show. Lake Show is right. There's Tyrese Martin to 149 for the Hawks. Tyrese Maxi and Marjan Boudchamp. And 10 of 25. Juan Descano Anderson for the Jazz. Nice JTA. 10 of 25. On the Meadow Auto. Oh yeah, I forgot we can do that. Whoops. There you go. Love them man. On the stand. I know. Got dialed in here a little bit, I guess. Chris is getting into red card territory now that I hate to say it. Chris is moving into red card territory. That is Celestial. Dyson Daniels to 149. Max Struths, Kauai Leonard. That is to 49. Kenny Skywalker on the Astral Catalyst Auto for the Knicks. Congrats, New York. Got five to go. On Divis. True Holiday. Interstellar to 99. Branham and Yannis. We've got A. Jalen Williams. Wow. Radiant Signatures Marble. That's going to be to five. That is going to be to five. That's the thunder again, dude. Kill him. Yep, Marble to five. Jdub to five. Anthony Simons to 149. Aaron Gordon. Rookie Auto. Isaiah Mobley. Aspiring Signatures. Going to Cavaliers. Nice one there. Because you see that J? Threatening red cards for trying to help out this guy. I don't know. Ref saw something he didn't like, Chris. That's got to take that up with the replay committee. There's Orlando Robinson to 99. Peyton Watson and Gary Trent. Wow. One of one. Nebula. Rookie Auto. Musa Diabate. Two Nebula. One of one. Rookie Autos in the break. This one going to the clips. Clippers. Where are you at? That is going to be Boss Z. Congrats, Boss. One of one. Aspiring Rookie Auto. Let's go, man. Two. One of one in this break. Unreal 2. Nebulas in this one break. In this one case. Upset. Shay Gilders Alexander. Interstellar to 99. I'll take that for the stand as well. Lew Dort. Quentin Grimes. Nice. DeKembe Mutombo to 99 for the Hawks. Dude, one of the best signatures. Every Auto has his number and his Hall of Fame 2015 inscription. Deep Space. Nice one there. Congrats. Hawks. Twitter will destroy the ref after the game. Probably. It's a 149. Jalen McDaniels. The YouTube comments will destroy the ref after the game. Don't you worry. They'll take care of that for you. Ryan Rollins. Cole Anthony. There's Caleb Houston. Nice one there. Purple. Rating Auto to 35 for the Magic. Interstellar. Markel Foltz to 99. Wendell Carter and Devin Booker. Two of 10. Gold Usman Garuba. Nice one there. The Goofy Garuber. Going to the Rockets to 10. There is Garland to 149. Benedict Matheran. John Collins. That is a 49. Keegan Murray RPA. Two color. Congrats Sacramento. That's everything. That's Anthony right there. Congrats Anthony. That is a Astral Alphonse Schengoon to 49. Oh and Steph. And two 99. Dyson Daniels on the RPA for the Pelicans. Yeah this was a pretty good case overall man for sure. Again five to go on NT. Everybody that's breaking at the end of the shift here. There's a psychedelic of Devante Graham. Not numbered but it is short printed. A.J. Green. Not the receiver. Keele O'Neill. And deep space meta auto to 25 is Patty Mills. Going to the Nets. The new Atlanta Hawk now. There's a Cole Anthony meta to 25 for the Magic. Magic Johnson. D'Angelo Russell. And then seven of 10. Gold Glenn Rice. Retrospect. Hornets in heat. I'm assuming that's going to be a random at the end. H.U. and then heat. Davis. So yeah that'll be a random to those two teams. Glenn Rice. A Kam Reddish to 149 for the Blazers. Tyrese Martin. Bradley Biel. This is sweet for the Lakers. Big game James. James Worthy. On the meta. Congrats on that LA 20 of 25. Well big game James action. Nice one there congrats LA. Let's do this random really quick and then we'll do a recap. Got the Glenn Rice. Gold between the Hornets and the heat. The other stickies over there. Rice. Heat. Heat. Hornets. All right everybody. Going to roll the dice. Whatever teams on top after six times we'll get the card. One, two, three, four, five and six. Going to the Hornets. Hornets top two meant to be. Congrats Charlotte. Let's do a quick recap here everybody. Just fire. We've got Redemption Sidique Bay. Charles Barkley. That is going to be Max Christie. Caleb Houston. Dyson Daniels. D'Cembe Matumbo. Jason Richardson. Isaiah Mobley. Scotty Pippin. Monte Morris. Davey on Mitchell. Jalen Green. Oseman Jeng. Zach Randolph. Kevin Garnett. Kenyan Martin. Kenny Skywalker. Nick Van Exel. Dorian Finney Smith. Jonathan Caminga. That is Juan Toscano Anderson. Patty Mills. Josh Minot. Usman Garuba. Michael Cooper. James Worthy. Mag Cards. We had Keegan Murray RPA to 49 for the Kings. A Radiant Signatures Marble to five. Jalen Williams. Rookie Jersey Autograph Supernova. Also to 75. So it's going to have this parallel. Jaden Ivy for the Pistons. One-of-one Nebula. Musa Diabate Auto. Rookie for the Clippers. And then one-of-one Logoman Auto on the Nebula. Oseman Jeng. Going to the Thunder. I'm going to do it for the break guys. Thanks again for the fill. Up next we've got iMac Baseball. Which I am amped to see what it is all about. Oh yeah. Take a couple picks. I would say SIG the Logoman, just to be safe. And then they have the Viz. Yeah, SIG Thunder, yeah. And then I think you can find everything else. All right. All right. Full case. Oh, iMac coming up everybody. Very nice. Very nice. Very nice. Very excited to see what this is going to be all about this year. There's always a lot of cool stuff popping out of this. Edward P with a spot in each of the random divisions. Or each of the random teams of iMac Baseball. Say here. Brand new Immaculate Baseball Divisions here. What's going on everyone? Sam here with Lance Sportscar. Just doing the random 423 Panini Immaculate Baseball Hobby. Full case break number one. Random division style. We've got six participants in six divisions. Roll the dice. Going to go twice as a re-roll on snake eyes. Nine times. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and nine. Brandon M down to Larry P. Again guys just five to go on NT random division style. Nine times on your divisions. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and nine. A.L. West down to N.L. Central. A.L. West, Chris V. A.L. Central, Brian G. N.L. East, Todd D. N.L. West, Greg M. A.L. East, and Larry P. N.L. Central. Get these copied over guys. Get started in just a moment. Thanks again everybody. Appreciate that. Here comes your result, the Ronys. Be right back. Everybody give me one sec. I am Diego. I am one Super Fracture. That's so sick. Oh my. Welcome to Slam Diego. Oh my. You go. Congrats on the Super Alvin. So nice. One of one youth quake. Say a Suzuki. Super Fracture Youth Quake for the Cubs. Oh my God. Ray Lewis. Oh, Adley Ruchman on the ultra-violet all-star short print. There you go again. God, dude. Baltimore killing it. Congrats, Diana. We got Papa Dingle is Alex DeJesus for the Dodgers on the first bowman, Papadasha. Nice one there, Dodgers. One of one. Oh, Magnus on the Alex DeJesus. First bowman, one of one. Very nice hit there, Dodgers. Good ahead up to 15,000 on TikTok. What's up? So we could have had like 20 more thousand on TikTok. Oh, I know, dude. I know. Oh my God, bro. I haven't seen it. This is so nuts, dude. I didn't know this was still out there. Let's go, Evan Mobley. One of one, Logo Man Auto. Let's go, baby. Oh, that's awesome, bro. One of one, Austin Riley. Three-color patch with a stamp on it. Big hit braves. And, oh man, that is sick. This goes to Keith. We have Lonzo Balm, and that is a raided rookie black and gold. Come on. It is Jaden Ivy. Holy cow. This is going crazy. John G with the pistons. Jaden Ivy on the raided rookie black gold to eight. Donny got to get the mags going today. Seven out of eight. Boom. Downtown. It's Tom Brady with the bucks. Brady from left field. Nice one there. Downtown's Tom Brady. Oh, Mike Trowell. 23 of 25. Orange Technicolor. Diana. Congrats. Oh man.  This has been a case. This is a crazy case right here, bro. In brown, red to 88, and that is a one of one. That's Nebula. It is Terence Mann on the Nebula, one of one. Go Nulls. Go into the Clippers. Very nice one there, Bradley. Okay. Oh, 209. One minute. I see a platinum, dude. That'd be nuts. That would be silly. Good luck, everybody. Here we go. What's going on, everyone? Sam here with Layton Sports Car. Drippin' 23 Panini Immaculate Baseball Hobby 8-Box Full Case Break number one, Ranmar Division style. So look again at your random results. As always, find those on the website, under the results tab, as well as a link in chat. Good luck. I'mac. No matter what it is, like I was saying earlier, sign me up, dude. There's still two in there. There's one, and there's two. You can see on the overhead empty case. Good luck. Here we go. There's probably going to be some randoms we're going to have to do, potentially for duels. I know there's a couple duel autos in this product of guys on different teams. There's like a Griffey in somebody. There's a Jones in Holiday. So if we get there, we will. Definitely random those off. Nice start here is going to be Brady House on the 799, Prospect Patch Auto. Grats on that for the Nationals NL East. Yuri Perez Immaculate the Material Signatures. He's going to double check. He's a Marlin, but we'll double check that. Yuri Perez, like I said, I know he's a Marlin. I just want to see it. That is a Marlin. Congrats. NL East on that as well. Going to the AL East is going to be at 2499. Spencer Jones. Nice one there. Congrats. Spencer Jones. AL East. Swimming Giants. Let me see. Yes. Jumbo Fielding Glove. That's sick. 14 of 25. Ernie Lombardi. Going to the Giants. That is game-worn as well. Very nice. New York Giants. Later, revert to San Fran and the NL West. Congrats, NL West. I would just tag this one. NL West just be safe. Nice one here. Going to the Rangers. Owen White. Eight of 25 on the Prospect Patch Auto. Congrats, AL West. And three of 10 going to the NL West is Jackson Merrill and the Padres on the two-color patch, Jackson Merrill. One of their big prospects that they kept after trading for Mr. Soto. Box two. This is cool, dude. I'm liking it. I'm liking it. I always do. The England is on card so far, which is good. Which is good. It's huge. I'm definitely in on that. Oh, that's sick, dude. Love it. That's going to be a jersey. Going to the Brewers and the NL Central Ben Sheets. Eight of 15 game-worn. Very nice. Congrats, Ben Sheets. We've got AL Central. That is going to be George Valera. 51 of 99. He's made his debut, so that's cool to see. GV Action. AL Central. Next up is NL West. That is going to be a Michael Bush by way of the Dodgers. 18 of 25. Patch Auto. And on card. I like that. Very cool one here is good ol' Big Poppy, 505. That is game-worn. Game-worn, David Ortiz. Empty box and wrapper coming your way. There is a smudge on that. Very nice one overall, though. Congrats, AL East. Uh, Mackie is super clean. Greed on that. Chris, very much. Very much agreed. Next up, this is cool. Ted Simmons. That is going to Cardinals, 12 of 25. NL Central. It's a pretty big one, actually. NL Central. I would say you can get a Mac ready for this redemption here. It's going to be a number to five. Wow. Premium Patch Autographs Green Jordan Walker. Card number two. Go into the Cardinals and the NL Central. That's going to have a nasty patch on it somewhere. Hell yeah, man. Congrats on that. NL Central. Killing it, man. A couple of cards coming your way. That is a jumbo sock signature, 11 of 25. Diego Cartaya. Going to the NL West. NL West. Diego Cartaya. I believe he is also. Yep. Card number 34. Going to the NL West. It's going to be Bobby Miller. Bobby Miller. Mackie, the material signature should be number two. I believe 99. Nice one there. We just give it to them. We give it to them. I don't know yet, Zach. Rich, he's going to put it up for personals today when he's able to get around to it. He's got a bug in here, dude. Come on. That is Emmanuel Rodriguez, 10 of 10. Jumbo Bat Auto. Nice one there for the twins. NL Central. NL Central. Next up, let me just double check again on Team. I believe he is a Met. Legends material. Yep. That'll go to the Mets. Legends materials of Gil Hodges. Congrats on that one there. Nets. What's up? Yes, sir. Gil Hodges. God. Yeah, A.L. Central is going to be Prospect Patch Auto. Jayce Young. Congrats, A.L. Central. Going to the NL East. James Wood, 18 of 25. Three-color patch. This bug is going to drive me insane, dude. Insane right now. Nice hits in that box there as well. Again, here is your Link 2. NT. 5-2 go, everybody. NT Divis. NT Divis. Nice time for this one. To 15, A.L. East. That is a junior Kevin Aro. 7 of 15. Usually mashing right now. Is he double or triple now? He's triple. Again, to 99, we hit one of these earlier. That is a George Valera for the A.L. Central. George Valera. Nice one here coming up for the NL East. Three-colored RPA of Kevin Perrata. 21 of 25 by way of the Mets. One of their top Prospects. Not top top anymore after their trades, but top five, top three maybe still. I'm assuming Akunya and Clifford are above him, but this is pretty cool. That's nasty. NL Central, 18 of 25. Jim Edmunds, Scott Rowland. Gameworn on both. Wow, dude. That's freaking awesome. That's cool. That is freaking awesome. A.L. Central. One of one. Paul Canerco. That is Gameworn. Gameworn. Catch Auto. Hell yeah. Chris V. Congrats, man. Dude, that is so freaking cool. Holy cow. I wonder if that's like a tag from like the year from 2011 maybe? Dude, that is absolutely gorgeous. Absolutely gorgeous.  Dude, come on here. Oh, wow. We can add this. One, two. Dual material signatures. L.E. De La Cruz in Noel V. Marte. Wow. NL Central. Congrats on that. Of course, they're both reds in this product, which is really awesome. Makes it a lot easier. I'll just double check, make sure that they still don't have Marte as a mariner, but I believe he is now a red in this product. Yep. Both of the reds to 99. Nice one there. Wow, man. Back to back. Absolute bangers. Oh, you can add Canerco as well. Yeah. Pretty much any one-on-one. Unless it's like a plate. Depends on the plate. That was a great box of iMac right there, dude. This stuff is awesome, dude. I am bought in as I knew I would be. One-on-one. L.E.s, Grayson Rodriguez. Three color, three color patches. Congrats on Unreal, dude. Unreal. Unreal, man. Good lord. Congrats on the gray rod. Another patch auto going to the NL Central. Pete Crow Armstrong. Four of 25. Little PCA action. PCA. NL Central. Kevin Alcantra. Kevin Alcantra. Another nice one coming up here. Ten of 25. Zach Veen. Jumbo patch on that one. Team logo. That is pretty sick. Congrats. NL West. Todd D. Nice one here. Patch auto. 29 of 99. Going to the A.L. Central. Coulson Montgomery. Montgomery. And going to the NL Central. Fergie Jenkins. Three of 17. And that is game-worn patch auto. Game-worn patch auto. Right there. This is nuts, bro. Unreal, dude. And the L.E.s. Hot, dude. That is A. Robert Hassell, eight of 10. Three color patch. NL East. That's right. I forgot your earcubs guy, right, Chris? I need this is what I need. I think he's a filly, but a little checked. Yes. Going to the NL East. Redemption is Mick Able. Prospect patch autograph. NL East. Mick Able. Zach Veen. Nice one there. Three colored patch auto. Clearly for the NL West. There is some a little bit of damage on that. I'm going to send an empty box and wrapper with the NL West as well. NL West. They don't already have one. Do that. Okay. West. We'll get to that one. Going to the Yankees. A.L. East. That is going to be 23 of 25. Charlie Keller. Nice one there. Congrats on that. Still root for the Cubs. Nice. There you go. NL West. Nice one here. That's going to be Brandon Fatt. Three colored patch auto for the D-backs in the NL West. Another guy who made his debut this year. Able 10. Three colored patch auto. Colton Couser. Going to the A.L. East. A.L. East. Colton Couser. Very nice. Congrats on that to everybody. Again, here is your link to NT Football Five to go on Divis. That is a Jim Edmonds for the Cardinals. NL Central at 25. Empty lid there. Jim Edmonds. It's going to the Cardinals again. And the NL Central. Mason Wynne. Four of 25. If Mason Wynne. Jumbo bat autograph. Pretty cool right there. That is going to be Angel Martinez. 44 of 99. Going to the A.L. Central again by way of the Guardians. Angel Martinez. Got a nice sig. That's pretty nasty. 41 of 41. Cam Collier. Cam Collier. That's going to the NL Central. Oh, that's cool. These look nice, dude. I like these. 10 of 10. A.L. West. Edgar Martinez on the Hall of Fame in Ducati 2019. 10 of 10 for the A.L. West. This bug, dude. Trapping me insane, dude. And 13 of 25. Brooks Lee. Prospect patch auto. Going to the A.L. Central. Brooks Lee. Nice one there. That's A.L. Central.   I do not respect 2K, and it stinks. That is going to be 9 of 25. Andy Rodriguez for the N.L. Central. That is a great take. Prospect patch autograph jersey number. That is going to be James Wood going to the N.L. East. I'm just going to make sure he's a national in this. I don't see why he wouldn't be, but we will confirm. Yep. Nationals. James Wood. So N.L. East there. A.L. West is going to be A. Zack Neto. 9 of 25. Another guy who made his debut. We've got two 15 Fergie Jenkins on the game-worn jersey card. Fergie Jenkins. N.L. West. Nice one here is A. Samuel Zavala. Two-colored patch auto. Prospect patch auto. And great way to end it for the A.L. East is going to be a Masataka Yoshida. Clearly Prospect Auto. 14 of 25. Again A.L. East. Congrats on that one. A.L. East. Very nice. Okay. Let's do a quick recap here. We have Cam Collier. Andy Rodriguez. Charlie Keller. Jim Edmonds. Zach Veen. Jim Edmonds. Scott Rowland. James Wood. Ernie Lombardi. Junior Camonaro. Gil Hodges. Ben Sheets. That is a Jackson Meryl. Robert Hassell. And David Ortiz. The five. Also had A. I'll take a Fergie. Fergie Jenkins. No problem. You got it, Larry. Yeah, you killed it, Larry. I know Central smoked it, dude. Smoked it today. All right. We've got James Wood. Mick Abel. Bobby Miller. Yuri Perez. Brady House. Angel Martinez. Colson Montgomery. Spencer Jones. George Valera. Samuel Zavala. George Valera. Kevin Alcantara. Brandon Fatt. Jace Young. Michael Bush. Diego Cartaya. That is a Ted Simmons. Pete Crow Armstrong. Zach Veen. Got Owen White. Masataka Yoshida. Mason Nguyen. Brooks Lee. Zack Neto. Kevin Ferrada. Fergie Jenkins. Edgar Martinez. Colton Couser. And Emmanuel Rodriguez. We've got your Magged Cards. A Elie Daylock Cruz. And Oelvie Marte. Dual Signature for the NL Central. NL Central again. Jordan Walker. Premium Patch Autographs Green. Number to five. We had a one-of-one Grayson Rodriguez for the Orioles. And coolest card I think we've pulled all day. Maybe outside of the logo, man. One-of-one, Paul Canerco. Game-used Patch Auto for the A.L. Central. So cool, man. That is going to do it for the break, everybody. Thanks again for the fill. Coming up next is the next number two. Case number two. That's solid, dude. Oh, yeah. For all prospects this year, I know everybody's a little bit kind of like hesitant on it, understandably. Dude, this looks good, dude. This is just fire-solving. Okay. I would just bet everything, I think. Do it. Why not? Probably with the amount of other stuff they had, he might as well. Okay, get that uploaded. Type this in real quick. W. Daniel Lee. Nathan Y. Royale. Stephen L. Todd D. Todd D. It's going on, everyone. Sam here with late four cards. Doing the random four, 23. Penny Immaculate Baseball Hobby. Eight Box Full Case Break. Number two, random division style. Six participants. Six divisions. Let's roll the dice. How many times are we going to go? It's going to be seven times. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven. Nathan Y. Down to Stephen L. Seven times on your divisions. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven. A.L. Central. Down to N.L. Central. We've got Nathan Y. A.L. Central. Daniel E. A. Lee. Todd W. N.L. Lee. Todd D. N.L. West. Roy M. A.L. West and Stephen L. N.L. Central. Get these copied over, guys. Get started in just a moment. Thanks again, guys. Appreciate it very much. There you go. One second, everybody. Be right back. Patch card one of one. Austin Riley. Three-color patch with a stamp on it. Big hit braves. And, oh man, that is sick. This goes to Keith. We have Lonzo Ball and that is a rated rookie black and gold. Come on. It is Jaden Ivey. Holy cow. This is going crazy. John G. with the pistons. Jaden Ivey on the rated rookie black gold to eight. Donny got to get the mags going today. Seven out of eight. Boom. Downtown. It's Tom Ivey with the bucks. Brady from left field. Nice one there. Downtown's Tom Brady. Oh, Mike Trowell. 23 of 25. Orange Technicolor. Diana. Congrats. Oh, man. Jaden.  This has been a case. This is a crazy case right here, bro. And brown, red to 88. And that is a one of one. That's Nebula. It is Terence Mann on the Nebula, one of one. Go, Nulls. Go into the Clippers. Very nice one there, Bradley. Look at another mag going one of one on the Terence Mann base. Holy cow. One Superfractors. Correa. One of one. Superfractor. Minnesota Twins. Big time. True gold Shohei Otani. Unbelievable. Assuming he wins MVP, that's a big car for that buyback program. Whatever they announce, I'm sure that'll be worth a good amount. Gold to 50, Otani. That is going into a mag. That's beautiful. Trying to get one of these. There we go, Jason. We'll mag this one for you. Milusiatos. Ooh, we have a Super. Let's go. Come on. We go, Alvin. Come on. I see hands, please. Slam Diego. Oh, one Superfractor. That's so sick. Oh, Mike. Welcome to Slam Diego. Oh, my. You go. Congrats on the Super, Alvin. So nice. One of one, Youthquake. Sayasazuki. Superfractor Youthquake. All right, everybody. Good luck. Here we go. What's going on, everyone? Sam here with Layton Sportscar. Dripping 23. Penny Immaculate Baseball Hobby, 8 Box, Full Case Break, number one, number two, number two, Random Division style. Here's a look again at your random results. As always, find those on the websites under the results tab. Also, the link in chat currently. So good luck, everybody. Let's do it. Again, any duels of guys on different teams will be random to the two divisions that are present on the card. There's a good amount of triples and duels and stuff. Few of guys on separate teams or separate divisions. Good luck. Here we go. Imac, number one. Let's get after it, everybody. This is a really good first case. I know. 2-1-1. See if we can get more than 2-1-1 in the case number two here. I think we should go for 3. Kyle Manzardo. Let's go into the AL East. 6 of 10. Prospect Patch. Pretty cool one here. 18 of 25 is AL East. Again, that is going to be Yossiper Zuleta. Zuleta. Congrats on that again, AL East. And AL East. 3 for 3 so far. 21 of 25. That is Carson Williams. Daniel Lee with every single hit so far. Another one is going to be 24 of 25. Earl Weaver. Nice one there. That is Game Worn Material. Congrats on that again, AL East. Switching it up a little bit. Going to the NL Central this time is 2 of 10. Ted Simmons. And NL Central again, 33 of 49. Jordan Walker on the Jersey Auto. Congrats, NL Central. Nice one there. That one should be okay. If it's lower, I'd say it was like 25 or lower, yes, but still a nice score. Still a nice one. Pretty sweet. Going to the NL East. How you Lee. 3 of 55. How you Lee. Not about how I Lee. It's about how you Lee. But AL Central is going to be number 49. That is going to be A. Brooks Lee. Prospect Triple Memorabilia Signatures Red. Yeah, but it goes to the player that's on the card. So that says Phillies, right? Yeah. So that's NL East. Doesn't matter where they are now. Unless it's a collegiate product, those two-evers on the card. That's pretty nasty. Jim Edmonds. Nice one there. That is printing plate. Patch auto for the NL Central. L Central. Jim Edmonds. 2 of 25. That's Bob Gibson. NL Central again. NL West. 1 of 5. Diego Cartaya. That's technically a plate counter to the 101. So that's 1. Yeah, absolutely there's 1. And nice one here. AL Central, 12 of 49. Robin Ventura. Robin Ventura.  Knock on master. Yep. Go ahead and see on the bottom there. That's Taj Bradley, 17 of 25. Another plate, I believe. Yeah, Edmonds does have a pretty cool shake. I agree with that, Chris. Going to the AL East. AL East again is another Yosfer Zulitha. 3 of 25. Two-car patch auto. It is a Brian Rockio, 46 of 99 for the AL Central. True, Timmy. Usually means there's no redemption too, which is kind of nice. Pudge. 1 of 1. Game you Jersey auto or Jersey no auto of Pudge. Going to the AL West. That's AL West. That's Rangers Pudge. You can see there, Texas. Game you. That's 2 of 1. Ryan Zimmerman. That's going to be 6 of 25. Going to the AL East. Nice one there on the bat auto. Player 1 on that. Player 1 slash used material. Player used bat. And 4 of 25. Drew Jones. Going to the AL West. Congrats on that. Nice Drew Jones. Gorgeous SIG on that one as well. And AL West, congrats. Todd D on that one. Thank you again Todd, took a spot in both the first two spots. And I'm act today. Or 2 of the first spots. Ooh, that's nasty. That's really nasty. That is Jacob Berry. 1 of 1 printing plate patch auto. Congrats on that one. There you go. And AL East, this one you could probably play at number 3. Number 1, number 3. And AL West is Bobby Miller. Jumbo jacket signatures. Bobby Miller is a Dodger. And AL West got 58 of 99. That is going to be Daniel Espino. Daniel Espino for the AL Central. 58 of 99. Nice one here. Paul Wanner. That is 3 of 25. Going to the AL Central. Get dinner ready. The plates are out. Oh god. 16 of 25 is Marcelo Meyer. Nice one there. 3 color patch. AL East. Nice Dustin picking up 2 spots in divisions later of this stuff. And AL East. 47 of 49. Mick Abel. Jumbo jacket signatures. AL East to the next box. NB Rodriguez. That is 17 of 25. AL Central. I believe so. Yes, Max. Plates and patches drops Wednesday for football. Yes. Yes. I will be 100% honest with you. Since Bowman Chrome is coming out, I don't know if we're going to rip any plates and patches on Wednesday. Thursday for sure. Friday for sure. But Wednesday we may not rip any plates and patches. We may save it for a few days after. I don't know. I could be wrong. Assuming Nationals. I was thinking of another guy. Prospect patch autographs. That's going to the NL West. Jackson Merrill. I was thinking of Hassell for some reason. That's why. Jackson Merrill. Probably both Pete. Probably both. Probably PYTs. Probably strictly PYTs in the morning here and non-channel 2. And then probably both at night would be my guess. If I had, if I were a betting man, that's what I would bet on. That is going to be a Gavin Williams. 26 of 99 for the AL Central. Gavin Williams. We sent it FedEx signature. Larry. So probably doesn't need insurance. I wouldn't say. Probably wouldn't be one on Wednesday. Probably Friday remarks would be my guess. Most likely Foles. Foles and then choice as well. I would say usually we'll do Bowman Full only. Joe Morgan. That is a 2 of 25. Claire Warren. For the NL Central. This one here is going to be a Prospect Jersey Auto. Six of 49. Tyler Soderstrom. There is a little dimple on the top there. Also an empty box and wrapper with the AL West. AL West. And 12 of 15. NL Central. Robin Yow. Game worn patch auto. Jersey auto. Nice one there. Congrats. On to that. NL Central. Stephen L. But if you want to do insurance, Larry, just to be safe. I would do like a grand maybe. Just to be safe. Because we sent it signature because of those two. Just to be safe. Let's go dude. Another one on one. NL East. Yuri Perez baby. That's awesome. That's sweet man. Yuri Perez one of one on the patches. NL East. Get that into a mag for you. Hell yeah. Nice one. NL Central is Mason Wynne. Mason Wynne. Six of 25. I know Max.  I think Blowout already put a bounty out on the roof for what did you say? 200k on the super. Time in auto is it? Just super. Just super. Nice one here for the AL West. That is going to be Jim Edmonds as an Anaheim Angel. 14 of 25. Jim Edmonds on the signatures. Got 11 of 25. AL East is Colton Couser. Colton Couser on the jumbo patches. Nine of 99. That is going to be Evan Carter. Clearly Prospect Jersey Auto. Going to the AL West. And three of 25. Going to the AL East. Game worn Jersey Auto. Wade Boggs. Very nice as a Red Sock. Wade Boggs as a Red Sock. Not Yankees, but Wade Boggs. Yes. Not Devil Rays, Legend Wade Boggs. Ethan Salas for the Padres is probably the biggest. And then there's Felnin, Celestyn, Brandon Maella, and Samuel Bacello. So that is Mariners, Yankees, and Orioles. Those are like the big, big ones right now. Tamar Johnson, five of 25. Jumbo Fielding Glove, NL Central. And there's obviously a couple other big names as well. Those are the ones that stuck out to me at least when I was looking at the checklist. Bubba Chandler. Is he a royal? I don't know where the hell he is. Bubba Chandler. No, he's a pirate. Not even close. Jeez. Yeah. Going to the NL Central. Bubba Chandler. Prospect Patch Auto's Jersey Number. I swam Pittsburgh. Yeah, for DSL's. There's Gavin Williams. Six of 49 on the Red Parallel. Going to the AL Central. There is some smudging on that. Let's send an empty box and wrapper. Empty box and wrapper. Oh yeah, Nicholas. That's your squad. The AL Central doesn't have one either. No. Six of 25. That is Al Lopez going to the NL West. Yeah. If you wanted to, I mean to be safe, you could always do it, Larry, but we sent it SIG, so you should be, should be good to go there. NL Central again is going to be Noel V. Marte. That is four of 25. Noel V. Marte. Nice one there. He got called up, right? Yeah. And 36 of 49. AL West. Three-car Patch Auto. Jack Lader. Once he ever got our first bowman.  Come and kind of sell. Yeah, I would say so. Nice one there, though. Congrats, AL West. Last box. Good luck, everybody. Yeah, true. Good point on that. Right. That is a Colton Cowzer, four of 10. Nice one there for the AL East. Jersey. AL East again is clearly of Miguel Blase. That is 18 of 49. AL East. Did they have one yet? Because there's, there's some like smudging up at the top. You can't really see it. See, there you go. You can see it right there. Up in the top right. Yeah, we'll send an empty box and wrap it with the AL East as well. It's the one thing. Some of the, some of the surface hasn't been fantastic on these, but at least you have one coming your way as well. Just like to replace that. 15 of 49, Dustin Harris. That's kind of wild. This next card. Going to the AL West. It's quite the patch. That is. Two of 25 team logo. That is going to be a Evan Carter. That's wild, dude. I don't even know where that, that is. I don't even know what that's from. That's sick, though. So the iMac patches always go hard. That is going to be a Colson Montgomery, 23 and 99 for the AL Central. Wow, that is eight. That is one of the nicest autos of his I've ever seen. That is so clean. That is clean. Wow, uh, and L Central congrats on this. This is freaking awesome. Three of five, Andre Dawson. Look at how clean that signature is, man. Holy cow, the hawk. Game worn slash used material as well. That is legitimately gorgeous, dude. The hawk. All right, let's do a recap. We've got jerseys, Earl Weaver, a Evan Carter, Al Lopez, Tamar Johnson, Colton Couser, Joe Morgan, Andy Rodriguez, Paul Wanner, Marcella Meyer, Taj Bradley, Bob Gibson, Colton Couser, Kyle Manzardo, Dago Cartaya, and a Pudge, one of one. Mag stuff back there. Oh, non-mag autos now. We've got Bubba Chandler, Jackson Merrill, Bobby Miller, Brooks Lee, Colson Montgomery, Daniel Espino, Evan Carter, Gavin Williams, Bryan Rocchio, Howie Lee, Robin Ventura, Tyler Soderstrom, Gavin Williams, Dustin Harris, Miguel Blaze, Jack Blader, Nick Abel, Ben Walker, Yosemite Ruleta, Twice, Wade Boggs, Jim Edmonds, Mason Nguyen, Ryan Zimmerman, Carson Williams, Nuelvi Marte, Robin Yacht, Ted Simmons, Andre Dawson, Jim Edmonds, one-on-one, plate to patch auto, and then Mag Tards, we had a Jake, a Barry, one-on-one, printing plate, the NLEast, we had a Drew Jones for the NL West, four of 25, and then we had a one-on-one, Yuri Perez patch on the Platinum. I'll do it for the break, guys. Thanks again for the bill. I think what we're going to do is move NT divisions to tonight. I think Forrest and I had a discussion about that, so NT divisions will go tonight, the NT divisions case tonight will go tomorrow.  When you get to it, you can just fed both, because this goes with the Barry. So yeah, that is going to do it for me tonight, guys. Here is your break schedule you've got Forrest starting in about two hours or so, hour 45. Thanks again, as always, for hanging out. Appreciate it. Thank you, Mitchell, Nick. Have a good one as well. You guys also have a great rest of your day, and I will see you guys again tomorrow.


So, in this class we will see the 4 different electrolysis technologies. So, the first one is alkaline water electrolysis. This alkaline water electrolysis is a major technology and it is most widely used global technology for producing hydrogen by means of electrolysis. This is a safe method, this is reliable and it is less expensive compared to the acidic electrolysis, it involves lower cost materials, components as compared to the PEM electrolysis. Now this alkaline water electrolysis, this was used as early as 1920s and at that time this was the technique to produce hydrogen in various chemical and fertilizer industries. There were several plants of capacity as high as 165 megawatt at that time and these plants were located on the close to the hydroelectric power plants to supply the required electrical energy for the process. These plants were located in India, Canada, Norway, then Egypt and there were several other countries when such large scale electrolysis units were commissioned. But these all got like the interest went away on and these were decommissioned in 1970s when the more efficient, more cost effective method steam methane reforming that came into picture. So, the first method of electrolysis or the first technology for water electrolysis that we will study is the alkaline water electrolyzer. This electrolysis has seen large advancements, several advancements, several improvements over a period of time and these improvements have been like in terms of increased current density which reduces the CAPACs, the capital expenditure and then it has also seen like improvement in terms of the efficiency which results into like the reduction in the operating expenditure. So, OPEX price. There have been improvement in terms of the materials, the diaphragm material, the electrocatalyst which have been used, the cell configuration which has been used. So, as such the process is where we have an electrochemical cell and an alkaline electrolyte. Now if you look at the cell, there are two electrodes, a separator and then current collectors. So, water is fed onto the cathode side where it forms hydrogen, the hydrogen gas is evolved and hydroxyl ions are produced on the cathode side. Now, these hydroxyl ions which are produced onto the cathode side, they migrate through the separator or diaphragm and then they reach onto the anode side. Now, at the anode side these hydroxyl ions recombine to produce oxygen, water and two electrons are liberated. So, this oxygen is evolved in the process, the two electrons which are liberated pass through the external circuit making the electrical circuit complete. And this is how the alkaline water electrolysis reaction takes place. Now, the electrolyte used in the electrolysis is 25 to 30 percent of aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide and the purity of hydrogen which we can achieve in the process is 99.5 percent to 99.9 percent. The oxygen purity which we can achieve is 99 percent to 99.8 percent. In the alkaline water electrolysis since the medium, the electrolyte which is used it is less corrosive than the acidic electrolysis therefore, we can use non-noble metals. So, the anode is typically nickel or nickel based material with catalyst, electro catalyst this could be 2 or 3 non-noble metals, it could be cobalt, manganese, nickel, molybdenum, iron or even noble metals can also be used like platinum, palladium, aridium oxide, ruthenium oxide. The cathode side is having nickel or nickel based catalyst and the separator or the diaphragm this is generally Xirphon, ZRO2 based, Xirphon per LUTP 500, it can also be polymer or ceramic based as well. Now, in this process since the electrochemical reactions are taking place at the interface as such the interfacial area between the electrode and electrolyte needs to be this needs to be maximized and this can be maximized by having a like increased surface area and as such porous electrodes with different perforations with several perforations are being used in the electrolysis process. A convective circulation is established in the process and this arises because of the temperature gradient and the liquid which is conveyed with the evolution of the gases. So as the gases are evolved because of the convection in the liquid, this is a liquid electrolyte that is used in the process. So this results into many benefits this convective circulation however this is natural circulation it is dominant at the lower current density. This advantage of this convective circulation is that it not only homogenizes the electro active species, the reactants, the products being formed are evolved out so the gases it helps in evaluation of the gases it helps in better heat transfer in the process. Now if we look at the alkaline water electrolysis this is as I mentioned that it is a mature technology it is quite reliable and safe it is having a high life. So the recently reported one it is like it can be of 30 years as well since in the electrolyte used is less corrosive than the acidic electrolyte we can use less expensive catalyst in the process of alkaline water electrolysis as compared to the polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis. Since it is a liquid electrolyte it could be exchangeable as such the durability of the electrolyte of the process of the cell is higher. But since the in the process hydroxyl ions are transported across the separator the process has a slower response towards the power fluctuations. This is because the ion transport occurs in a liquid electrolyte and these ions they have a they show our little inertia and as such as the power fluctuates the response change in the electrochemical reaction is comparatively slower and the current densities and pressure these are here limited due to the intermixing of gases. So there is a porous diaphragm in the process as such it cannot operate at a higher current densities or a higher pressure because at those conditions there will be an intermixing of the gas resulting into the crossover of the gaseous products. Now the second electrolysis technology is the polymer electrolyte membrane or proton exchange membrane or solid polymer electrolysis process. This technique for water electrolysis this was first commissioned by General Electric in 1960s although the membrane based technology were used earlier in 1950s as well. But for first electrolysis process was demonstrated by General Electric. Now the process is we have a membrane which is polymeric membrane and it allows selectively ions to flow through it. On the anode side the reaction is that it produces half O2 plus 2 H plus plus 2 electron. So the oxygen gas is evolved on the anode side there are hydrated protons ions which are produced on the anode side and 2 electrons these are liberated. So the electrons follow the external circuit and ions they permeate through they migrate through the membrane. When they reach on to the cathode side the proton they undergo a reduction and reduce hydrogen. So on the cathode side hydrogen gas is evolved. The overall reaction that takes place is water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen the component gases. In a typical polymer electrolyte membrane the most commonly used membrane is nephion which is a per fluorosulfonic acid membrane. The other options are fumaperm, flemion, acyplex but the most commonly used one is the nephion membrane and this particular membrane has several advantages. These advantages are it has a high strength, it has high efficiency, it results into high oxidative stability, it is thermally stable, good durability, it has a higher proton conductivity. Now on to both the sides of the membrane there are electro catalysts present for the hydrogen evaluation reaction and the oxygen evaluation reaction. So the electro catalysts which are used for hydrogen evaluation reaction or hydrogen oxidation reaction on to the cathode side these are platinum nanoparticles or platinum which is dispersed on large surface area carbon. Here like the carbon is Vulcan XC72R. On the other side the anode side for the oxygen evaluation reaction or the oxygen reduction reaction the electro catalyst is LDM based. So the LDM based oxides are dispersed on to a corrosion proof support which is generally titanium mesh or foam. This the medium of the electrolysis is acidic in nature as such there is a demand in terms of materials the materials which are used are either titanium based or noble metals. So this method of electrolysis is more expensive compared to the alkaline water electrolysis. This anode, cathode and membrane they are integrated together to form a unit which is known as membrane electrode assembly. So all the three anode, cathode and membrane they make together the unit which is known as membrane electrode assembly. Now the major components of the PEM electrolysis polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis are this membrane electrode assembly which is the ionomer solution, membrane and the two electrodes, the current collectors which is the GDL gas diffusion layer and the separator plates or the bipolar plates. Now the membranes are such that they have high current density, they have high durability, good proton conductivity they should be mechanically and chemically stable and this is because of the component membrane electrode assembly and its structural integrity mechanical stability that the two compartments the hydrogen side, evolution side or the cathode side and anode side they can work at differential pressures. So the hydrogen is evolved at a higher pressure this could be 70 bar or 80 bar as against the oxygen evolution side or the anode side where the oxygen is at the ambient pressure. So high differential pressure could be achieved at the same time because of the mechanical integrity the chemical stability crossover is less intermixing of the product gases is much less in case of PEM electrolysis. The another component is current collector or the gas diffusion layer. This gas diffusion layer need to be corrosion resistant it should have good electrical conductivity and this is because of the acidic media also it is having a good electrical conductivity it should provide high mechanical strength to the membrane. There are separator plates or the bipolar plates and these bipolar plates provide path for pumping water as well as the gases to come out from the electrolytic cell. It should have a high strength, high thermal conductivity, low resistivity and low levels of corrosion. So these are the requirement or expectations from the bipolar plate. Now in PEM electrolysis although there are several advantages but there are several challenges also. Since the electrolyte involved is acidic and the electrolysis is carried out in an acidic media there is a harsh environment that the materials have to face. So the materials requirement is they should be able to withstand these harsh oxidative environment acidic environment and as such more expensive materials are required for the electrolysis to be carried out. As against that there are certain advantages also of the process it has a low gas permeability. So less of crossover it is a high proton conductivity, we can get high pressure hydrogen from it. So it can enable high pressure operations because of the stability of the MEA, it can operate at a differential pressure and as such this type of electrolyzer can be used on a at places where they can give hydrogen at a higher pressure and the additional compression unit for compressing can be avoided at places like it can be used at a refueling station, it can be used for at places where high purity hydrogen is required but at a higher pressure as well. These units are more compact, they can provide high current density, PEM has a high efficiency at the same time it has a faster response. So any power fluctuations, the response to the power fluctuations is very fast because the transport of charge carriers is much faster. It has a smaller footprint requirement, it has a low temperature operation, the hydrogen produced is ultra pure in this case 99.999% purity of hydrogen we can get. At the same time we are getting oxygen as a byproduct which can be used for various medicinal applications. There is a low crossover which is observed and it can operate under variable power requirement. So as if there is a power fluctuations then the response to the proton transport is much faster. The proton transport we know that it is 3 times faster than the hydroxyl ion transport as such it can operate under variable power. And as such this has the favorable characteristic to be integrated with the renewables where the renewables intermittency can be matched along with using with the PEM electrolysis unit. The third technology for electrolysis is solid oxide electrolysis. This is an advanced electrolysis technique which is stream electrolysis wherein the reaction takes place, the electrochemical reaction takes place at a higher temperature. It could be 700 to 1000 degrees centigrade and the water is in its vapor form so steam electrolysis and the energy which is required to produce steam or to take water from the liquid state to vapor state can be supplied by means of either a waste heat or by means of nuclear or by means of a solar thermal plant. Now the basic reaction that occurs in a solid oxide electrolysis are on the cathode side the steam undergoes reaction such that it produces hydrogen and hydrogen gas is evolved on to the cathode side with oxide ions produced which migrate across the solid electrolyte. So, as the name itself suggests the solid oxide electrolysis the electrolyte used is a solid oxide or a oxygen permeable membrane which allows the oxide ions to flow through from the cathode side to the anode side. Now as these oxide ions migrate from the cathode towards the anode they recombine to form oxygen. So, the oxygen is evolved on to the anode side and producing or liberating two electrons. These electrons again flow through the external circuit and ions they flow through the internal inside the electrolytic cell. Now these electrodes since they come in contact with steam it has to be a reaction such that the electrochemical reaction needs to be faster and that can be done by maximizing the interfacial area between the electrode and the electrolyte. The electrodes these electrodes which are used these are porous so as to have a higher interfacial area. The electrolyte generally used is yttria stabilized zirconia and this is a high oxide ionic conductivity at higher operating temperatures which are there in the solid oxide electrolysis. The cathode used is a serment generally nickel and yttria stabilized zirconia. The anode used is a composite of yttria stabilized zirconia and perovskites various perovskites like LA-MNO3, LA-FEO3 or LA-COO3 and these could be partially substituted with strontium. So, the solid oxide electrolysis this is a high temperature electrolysis or a steam electrolysis which takes place at a higher temperature. This is an advanced technology still under development so very small capacity demonstrations have been there. It is having a high efficiency the reason being the required temperature as we have seen in the earlier classes that total required energy for the electrolysis to take place can come from electrical energy and from thermal energy input. If the energy which is provided by means of thermal energy input it increases the required electrical energy input reduces. As such the efficiency of the process is higher with a lower electrical energy requirement since the temperature of operations are higher as such the reaction kinetics are much faster under these operating set of conditions. The medium here can be is not very corrosive as such we can use cheap materials, non-lobal metals and even the required temperature can be provided by means of waste heat through different processes. But the major challenges which are faced in solid oxide electrolysis is at such high temperature there are degradation related issues, there are issues related with the sealing at higher differential pressure, there are problems associated with the contamination from the sealants at such high temperature, there are additional contamination issues that arises from the interconnects, from the piping, from the sealing. So there are these challenges needs to be addressed so that this can be taken up to the commercial scale. Now a more recent the latest technology of electrolysis is ion exchange membrane electrolysis. This is a technique which uses the advantages of both PEM as well as alkaline water electrolysis and in the process of this electrolysis again this is a membrane based method but it allows an ion exchange across the membrane. So the reaction that takes place is on the cathode side water, so on the cathode side water is being fed such that it forms hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in this case. So this membrane is permeable towards hydroxyl ions, on the cathode side the hydrogen is being evolved and the hydroxyl ion which are produced they migrate through the membrane an ion exchange membrane on to the anode side. On the anode side these hydroxyl ions combine together to form oxygen which is evolved producing water and electron. So these electrons they again pass through the external circuit. So these are the reactions taking place on the anode and cathode side and the overall reaction is water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen its constituents. This membrane which is an ion exchange membrane allowing hydroxyl ions to pass through it this is usually the polymer with polyaryl ether ketone backbone and cyclic quaternized ammonium cationic moieties. This type of membrane it provides good mechanical properties and limited hydrogen crossover to there is a problem associated with the ionic conductivity however that can be improved by impregnating with QOH but that also affects its durability. The various electro catalysts which can be used for an anion exchange membrane electrolysis like on the anode side for the oxygen evaluation reaction these are transition metal oxide like CO3O4, CO, CO3O4 on the cathode side for the hydrogen evaluation reaction rare earth metals could be used their oxides can be used like nickel, cerium oxide, lanthanum oxide deposited on a micro porous carbon paper. Now this is the most recent technology the latest technology and as I mentioned it combines the advantages of both alkaline water electrolysis the advantage that it has a less corrosive environment wherein the electrolyte used or the membrane used is a hydroxyl ion permeable membrane the environment used is less corrosive compared to the PEM and it has combined advantage of PEM of having high efficiency use of non-noble metals because of the less corrosive environment it because of the use of membrane even we can achieve high differential pressures so high hydrogen pressure as against the ambient oxygen pressure but then there are challenges towards its commercialization these challenges are in terms of the mechanical and chemical stability which can lead to unstable operation and reduced lifetime. At the same time there is a problem associated with the slow kinetics and low conductivity of the anion exchange membrane and this the low conductivity can be considered by adding COH or NHCO3 but then that affects its durability. Now to compare all the three major technologies alkaline water electrolysis PEM electrolysis and solid oxide electrolysis in terms of the various parameters we can see that the electrical efficiency in terms of the percentage lower heating value for alkaline water electrolysis this lies in the range of 63 to 70 for PEM this is 56 to 60 however for solid oxide electrolysis this is higher because this is a high temperature electrolysis and a part of the required energy come from the thermal energy input so the efficiency is 74 to 81 percent. The operating pressure which can be achieved in an alkaline electrolyzer is 1 to 30 bar however it is much higher in PEM electrolyzer which is 30 to 80 bar and this is because of the compact MEA being present which allows a differential the membrane presence of this membrane allows a differential high differential pressure or hydrogen pressure however in SUEC this is 1 bar the operating temperature for alkaline water electrolysis between 60 to 80 for PEM it is 50 to 80 however solid oxide electrolysis occurs at a higher temperature 650 degree to 1000 degrees centigrade. The stack lifetime or the number of operating hours for alkaline water electrolysis this is higher 60,000 to 90,000 hours of operation for PEM this is 30,000 to 90,000 hours for solid oxide because of the materials degradation this is somewhere between 10,000 to 30,000 hours. The load range in which it can be operated that the percentage relative to the nominal load so it can operate at a lower load at the same time higher load so 10 to 110 percent however PEM electrolyzers they have a broad range wherein they can operate between 0 to 160 percent of the load they are faster in response they can be easily integrated with the renewables they can very, very they can change adept with the load variations for SUEC this lies in the range of 20 percent to 100 percent. The plant footprint which is required in meter square per kilowatt of electric is 0.095 for alkaline but it is smaller for PEM because these are compact so it is 0.048 for PEM electrolysis. So the CAPEX cost this we will see in more detail in the later classes. To summarize this part we have seen the various electrolysis techniques technologies which are there among them the alkaline water electrolysis is the most widely used and mature technology. The polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis it provides high current density it is compact and we can achieve higher pressures with polymer electrolyte membrane based technology. With solid oxide electrolysis this is a high temperature electrolysis this provides higher efficiency but then there are issues related to the material stability at that high temperatures. There is a recent technology which is anion exchange membrane electrolysis this has several advantages but then at the same time there are challenges associated with it which are in terms of chemical and mechanical stability of membrane unstable operation and reduced lifetime. Now the stack capacities for SOE which has been demonstrated is about 10 kilowatt compared to about 6 megawatts for alkaline electrolysis 2 megawatt for PEM electrolysis. The lifetime of alkaline water electrolysis is higher and it has a annual maintenance cost which is much lower compared to the PEM electrolysis. The conditions inside alkaline water electrolysis being non-corrosive and there are less expensive materials being used. So, it is alkaline water electrolysis is less expensive compared to the PEM electrolysis. The PEM electrolysis however these systems are preferred when the requirement is that of a dynamic operation. So, they change or they adapt to the load variation very fast. So, where there is a dynamic operation required we can use PEM electrolysis systems where there is a short startup time at that point it can provide a broad load flexibility. So, there the PEM electrolysis set ups will be more suitable. Thank you.


All right, I was saying you probably heard me say already that I'd like to thank the NHGRI for organizing this meeting It's it's sort of bittersweet in a way. It's been great to work with everybody in the mod-encode project on the NIH side And also all these scientists. I'm sure we'll work together in the future but it's nice to have a meeting like this to sort of Put everything in perspective at the end So today I wanted to talk about how specifically about how the mod-encode data the mod-encode chromatin data might inform us about human chromatin and I wanted to sort of start off by saying that there's no question. I mean, there's no question about the fact that These model organisms in particular flies and worms have informed us about The function of human chromatin. I think it's safe to say that most of what we know about the function of human chromatin Was learned in model organisms. I don't think that's that's really in doubt. So that's sort of the baseline From which we're working specifically in flies You know, there there are people sitting in this room Sally who you know discovered or characterized DNA Hypersensitive sites in flies in late 1970s In early 1980s a polycomb try thorax heterochromatin protein one all these things that we know about Were learned about in models and that continues to be the case today And in worms, of course RNA I micro RNAs a lot of things that are associated with chromatin Were discovered in worms as well Okay, so We have generated a lot of data in the mod-encode project We've just to just to give you an idea of the types of data that are out there For worms we have a total of 291 data sets that mostly over three developmental time points. So these are whole animal Experiments mostly early embryo third larval stage an adult although there are other stages and We've done 133 different profiles of 30 different histone marks 147 profiles of 72 different non-histone chromosomal proteins a couple of which I'll talk about today And we took a we took a strategy of generating antibodies to these proteins So we generated a total of 451 polyclonal antibodies 288 of which were validated by at least one assay that that meets the consortium standards. So that's immunofluorescence or Western blot and a subset of these were the ones that were used for these chip experiments. So they work in chromatin IPs as well and most of this data was from from our group and Gary's group Along with I think this includes some data from Dave Have 601 fly data sets mostly over three cell lines So they have the advantage of having cell lines which are not available in worms plus some whole animal experiments and embryos larval stages and adults as well, and so they have 288 profiles of 28 different histone marks and 313 profiles of about 50 different non-histone chromosome protein. So we have a Fairly compatible data set in terms of scope and size But I'm not going to talk about how we can use all this data together We've already heard talks about that From Mark Gerstin who talked about how we can use all this chromatin data to try to predict gene expression states For example and build networks and from an oliskelus about how we can use this Data to create states. So how combinations of these marks work together to specify biological function Instead what I'm going to do is Just talk about two stories that I think led to unique insights that that were were generated by the mod-encode project and how the mod-encode data might be used by researchers to Really translate into human knowledge Oh great Thank you All right, so the first has to do with centromere specification So how centromeres are specified centromeres are obviously the DNA sequences that allow chromosomes to segregate during mitosis and the second has to do with interactions between chromosomes and the nuclear envelope and and in both C. elegans and And how that might relate to to human disease Okay So the first thing to know about centromeres is that centromere DNA is not conserved So you might think that this is a horrible place to look to use model organisms to study human biology in budding yeast For example the centromere is only 125 bases long. It's it's exactly the centromere is one nucleosome wide Whereas in fission yeast it can be from 40 kb to 100 kb fruit fly It's 400 kb and and there's a lot of repetitive sequence involved and humans can be up to five megabases of repetitive DNA mostly alpha satellite but also other repeats But the interesting thing is that this alpha satellite DNA is neither necessary nor sufficient for centromere function So whatever whatever is specifying centromere? Activity is not conserved and is actually not even necessary or sufficient for its activity And these repeats cause a lot of problems in studying human centromeres, right? Because repetitive DNA is just very difficult to get a handle on So C. elegans along with some other insects and plants have a different strategy Which are which is they're called holocentrics, which means they don't have a point centromere the centromere is essentially the entire chromosome And in worms this as you'll see allows us to study Centromere function because there's we can get around all these repeats So the what is what is conserved among all these organisms are the components that make up the centromeres so Kinetic cores, which are the protein component of the segregation machinery Assemble on chromatin containing a histone H3 variant called Sempe So this is just an alignment of Sempeh with H3 and basically if there's a lot of variation in this immunoterminus and so This Sempeh molecule substitutes for histone H3 in the altered nucleosomes at at the kinetic core So in C. elegans you can see that the entire chromosome actually acts as a centromere It's it's coded by these kinetic core proteins And this is this is Sempeh in red in Drosophila you get sort of a traditional kind of point centromere with Sempeh incorporation there, right? I'll also just mention that Sempeh and its and his chaperone Are overexpressed in many human cancers, and if you overexpressed Sempeh Or chaperone in flies you can you can get ectopic kinetic ectopic kinetic cores and miss miss aggregation of chromosomes and aneuploidy Okay, so so how does it look just to give you an idea so here's the DNA over here, and this is the centromere There's a structure called the interplate and the outer plate The centromere chromatin is thought to be arranged like this where Sempeh is Incorporated into the DNA and patches that are then looped in a way that presents them to the outer Surface of the interplate, okay So so there's there these domains But they form sort of a continuous surface when they're arranged properly and a big question has been how do you? Propagate this organization from one cellular generation to the next or in an extreme case in the first very first division In an early embryo and the idea all it has been that you do it by looking to see where the old Sempeh is and wherever there was Sempeh before you just put a new batch, right and so after DNA replication There's Sempeh some Sempeh associated with both strands and And then you just incorporate new Sempeh sort of where the old one is to fill in the gaps This has been shown to be uncoupled from DNA replication itself It occurs late in anaphase and early in G1 in mammals in Drosophila and it's known that this Process whatever it is requires special specialized machinery, which is also conserved Including a protein called K and L2 which I'll mention in a second again now There's some evidence that this old to new strategy may not or Hypothesis may not be entirely accurate because there are some very interesting cases all of their rare of Neocentrum neocentrometers that occur in humans So for example, this is a two-gen these are chromosomes from a two-generation family in which This is a chromosome for and normally the centromeres here and you can see that the alpha satellite DNA is still here But the Sempeh is which is in green has moved to a new location and this they're perfectly in this family is perfectly normal They have their chromosomes segregate normally, but the centromere just moved right and so this this happens occasionally And in addition to that centromere repositioning is common among very closely related species so centromeres can move around even away from the repetitive DNA that's usually Considered to be a hallmark of centromere function, okay Secondly if we look in C. elegans The question is how do you how do you set up these domains in the early embryo? There's no Sempeh and C. elegans sperm Okay, and so this is true by microscopy So what what this shows is the sperm are over here and if we have a Sempeh GFP, right? We can see there's no Sempeh in in sperm at all and This is just to show that there's some background Fluorescence in sperm But basically there's no Sempeh and sperm but it's all in oocytes and we can do this by quantitative Immunoblotting to where we have recombinant Sempeh and we can titrate it down and show that with purified sperm You get basically no band and this would tell us if we had it So this can tell us that we have less than 300 Sempeh molecules per sperm so We can all there come there's also experiments that show that the sperm chromatin when so there the C. elegans oocyte is fertilized by the sperm and eventually the sperm and oocyte nucleus merge together and undergo the first division and What what has been shown is that so here's the? Wild type oocyte and if we look at the sperm Nucleus which is what we're looking at here. You can see that it acquires Sempeh only after it enters the oocyte cytoplasm, so it recruits Sempeh from the oocyte cytoplasm if Sempeh is depleted from the oocyte Basically, there's no Sempeh that gets in that that gets incorporated for the first division Okay, so Nios the the neo centromeres the fact that Sempeh is absent from Mature sperm and recruited from oocyte cytoplasm at fertilization and the fact that which I didn't show you that Sempeh is removed and reloaded In my at a pro phase kind of all are argue against This idea that old Sempeh is used to mark the position of new Sempeh So if it's not old to new then then what is it?  And at the time we were using genome tiling arrays, but the data look beautiful and And here's just a representation so you guys all know the chip procedure we put them on very high density oligonucleotide arrays and And here's what the data look like so Sempeh. This is just shown as a z-score display of a log of log two ratios and you can see that there are these very discrete regions Where Sempeh is incorporated across the entire length of the chromosome There's a very broad distribution of Sempeh 47% of the genome seems to be covered by Sempeh And we also also chipped KNL2 which is the protein I mentioned before this conserved and the pattern is identical Between Sempeh and KNL2 so this independent verification of this Now this brings up and so here's the relationship between KNL2 and Sempeh, so that's good This brings up a point that was made yesterday in the panel discussion, which is what does occupancy mean? So how do you interpret this? signal right What our shot did again by using quantitative immuno blotting was showed that Show that given the number of Sempeh molecules and per nucleus Maximally 4% of the nucleosomes can be Sempeh nucleosomes So what that means is we but we enriched for 47% of the genome, right? So how's that possible? well What the reason is possible, and I imagine this is true for almost every chip experiment is that you're not actually chipping You know where the protein is in every cell right you're you're chipping regions that are permissive For the binding of that protein right so what this means is that if we see a region like this that we're calling Sempeh positive actually it's actually Incorporated at low density in that region Maybe one in ten nucleosomes in that region or Sempeh, but they can be incorporated anywhere within that window, right? So these are the kinds of experiments that are required to actually start to interpret what occupancy means and So what what defines these permissive regions? At first it looked like in embryos that it was simply a matter of of Basically an inverse correlation with RNA polymerase 2 and gene expression so for example This gene CLE1 is a gene that's not expressed. This is Sempeh data from early embryos This is a gene that's not expressed until after embryo after embryogenesis Whereas these genes are expressed during embryogenesis and it looked like could be the case that Sempeh is just Excluded from regions that are transcribed in the embryo. That's a very simple model for how you set it up, right? And we looked at RNA Paul 2 we got this beautiful inverse correlation between RNA polymerase 2 distribution and Sempeh So that was consistent with that interpretation But there are some puzzling aspects to this model that Make it seem like it might not make sense. The first is that there's no significant zygotic transcription until the 30 cell stage But in fact this organization is Present during all the early divisions. So how would you set that up? The early divisions are also completely normal if you inhibit Paul 2 RNA Paul 2 completely So that didn't seem to be consistent with that model And there's no and the other thing is that there's no change in Sempeh pattern during development from the from the early 8 cell stage To the to the greater than 250 cell stage even though gene expression patterns are very dynamic So these all argue against the simple model that polymerase is just kicking out Sempeh And the other places are retaining it so the clue to What might be going on came with when we started dividing up genes in in embryos and asking about the relationship between RNA Paul 2 and Sempeh and the The if we took different categories of genes you can just focus on this ubiquitous. We saw the typical Relationship I just showed which is that if you have a lot of polymer if you have a lot of RNA Paul 2 You don't have a lot of Sempeh, but there is one class of genes where you didn't have RNA Paul 2 in the embryo and you also didn't have Sempeh and These genes were genes that were expressed only in the germ line and not in the embryos right So this was a clue to what to what was happening and Here's an here's another example of these doubly negative genes So these are these are all genes these four genes are all genes that are expressed only in the germ line But not in the embryo and what you can see is that there's no polymerase in the Embryo and there's also no Sempeh in the embryo. So basically these are reasons of exclusion that also don't have RNA Paul 2 So the model based on this now was different, which was that it's actually germ line Transcription that defines the regions from which Sempeh is excluded in the embryo So we're talking about a truly epigenetic phenomenon now where the maternal germ line Defines the centromere positions essentially in the Developing embryo and so if germ line transcription was on Then it was not permissive for Sempeh if germ line transcription was off. It is permissive for Sempeh And we can test this model by driving ectopic expression in the germ line where it shouldn't be using this Mutant that is not required for fertility called met one and that Causes certain genes to be over expressed in the germ line This is one of them is three hundred and seventy fold over expressed And we can also measure H3K 36 trimethylation in the embryos which marks germ line expressed genes throughout embryo genesis And this was shown separately by Susan strome and Bill Kelly. So here's a gene that's Ectopically expressed in the germ line and we can and we can show that there's no RNA polymerase 2 at this locus in embryos right So then we can ask is this locus particularly depleted in Sempeh in the embryo and The answer is yes So here's the wild type Sempeh pattern and here's the pattern in met one where this gene is expressed in the germ line But not on the embryo and we can see that Sempeh is depleted from this region even though It normally would be if if this gene hadn't been expressed so there's many many examples of this that we can show in fact out of We were able to show over 75 of these that have this relationship out of out of a hundred and thirty two that were kind of classified in this category so So that sort of confirms that the mechanism by which regions permissive for Sempeh incorporation are determined occur by a Memory of what genes had been transcribed in the maternal germ line and there are many candidate mechanisms for this some of which depend on other modern code data that was generated by Which is h3k36 trimethylation data and also the distribution of mess for which is an h3k36 methyl transferase Which is also published and there's also an interesting connection possibly to this protein called CSR one Caesar one, which is an Argonaut and these 22g small RNAs so we don't know the mechanism yet, but It is a truly interesting phenomenon that would never have been possible to discover in human cells And furthermore, we don't know yet Whether or not this mechanism is relevant to humans But the fact that all of the chaperone machinery and the components of centromeres are conserved Make it at least a strong possibility, especially given the fact that you can get neo centromeres and so on without The the repetitive DNA that's often associated with centromeres Okay, so the conclusions are that Sempeh nucleosomes can be guided by cues that are not pre-existing Sempeh nucleosomes We have a truly epigenetic phenomenon not a Not just in name. So it's transgenerational epigenetic memory of gene expression that regulates histone variant incorporation And finally germline expression which genes are expressed in the germline might influence which sites are chosen for centromere repositioning during evolution So this is a just one example of a result that really required a model organism to get to the bottom of Okay, so now I'm gonna I'm gonna in the Last five minutes. I'm just gonna quickly tell you about a story that has to do with Mapping interactions between chromosomes and the nuclear envelope and Susan mango alluded alluded to this earlier And it's connection to a human disease Hutchison-Gilford, Virginia and other laminopathies okay, so C. Elegans is actually a nice model for for nuclear Lamina function because it first of all it has a nuclear lamina unlike Servicier so yeast don't have these proteins it has only one Lamin not to like humans and so it's probably the simplest Model for nuclear lamin chromosome interactions that there is Instead of lamin we use the protein called lem-2 which is in a nuclear membrane protein that interacts with the lamins and also with With with chromatin and did chromatin IP. So we have a you know, very nice antibody against Lem-2 and We got this really striking result that Susan Introduced which is that the arms of the C. Elegans chromosomes are kind of really highly associated with the nuclear membrane in the centers They're sort of looped out and so these are just representations of the chromosomes Also these large lem-2 domains consist of small subdomains So if we take a closer look at these regions at the arms, they're not continuous So they're these discontinuous associations and there are small gaps Within that break up the subdomains in these in these larger regions And here's just another kind of example of these gaps And a typical gap is about 12 kb or as a typical Subdomain, you know might be 60 kb and what we And so you end up with a picture like this The the x is a little different from the autosomes the autosomes are sort of plastered for the most part against the nuclear membrane But if you zoom in there are these little loops that emanate out from the membrane And what we found was that in those inside those loops by by by putting the data together So here's here's the lem-2 by array and here's the lem-2 by seek the data is totally consistent So if we take a gap like this and we look what's in the gap you see RNA polymerase 2 in the gap H3k4 trimethylation HTZ1 right so so basically you see all the marks of transcription in the gap And what we think might be happening is that these And we also show that the size of the gap is inversely proportional to the level of transcription So the smaller the gap the higher the level of transcription tends to be and so these little bubbles might be Wells to concentrate factors Maybe for promoting higher residency times and component recycling at the membrane but importantly and this is why the The connection is a little bit different in this case to human biology What this did was made us comfortable with working with nuclear membrane proteins And we developed protocols to work with nuclear membrane proteins and it inspired us to apply for another grant To the progeria research foundation to try to do chip experiments on human lamins and the reason I'll just say that this is these relationships are conserved among different organisms the reason that we apply to the progeria research foundation is that Hutchison-Gilford progeria is caused which is basically a It's more complicated, but it's a premature aging disease average lifespan of 13 years and the cause of death are causes of death That you'd normally associate with aging. It's a heart attack and stroke and so on. It's a rare disease mostly caused by spontaneous mutations and Those mutations occur in the lamin A C gene The human lamin A C gene and basically it's an activation of their dominant mutations Activating a cryptic splice site that causes deletion of 50 amino acids and interest this protein is farsalated And the mutant version typically retains Farsalation whereas normally it's proteolytically cleaved off so so basically this this these dominant mutations can cause a Deletion of the region that is recognized by a protease that would normally cleave off the part that's farsalated Okay, there's also many other Laminopathies as well and so We were able to successfully chip lamin A from human cells and basically this is as far as we know the first successful genome-wide chip of lamin A and Basically, we can show that it associates with active regulatory region So it overlaps with marks like H3K27 acetyl. So this is different than Lamin B, which is sort of the expected result and It's inversely correlated with the distribution of Lamin B. So we get clusters Lamin A association where Lamin B is missing and Of course the next experiment was to look in Cells that were derived from progeria patients that have progerin which is the mutant form of Lamin A C and for the most part the results are the same but we do identify regions of Chromosomes that lose their association with the membrane in in progerin cells And we found there's there's many many more regions that lose association Then gain association with the with the membrane which is a little bit surprising and we're also there's a drug currently in clinical trials that's a farsal transferase inhibitor for progeria and we're currently doing chip experiments in Cells that are treated by with that farsal transferase inhibitor the interesting thing about that drug is that it partially relieves the symptoms It relieves many of the cell morphological symptoms. It partially relieves symptoms in cell culture and in mice The clinical trials ongoing in humans, but it's clear that it doesn't rescue all the defects So it would be of great interest to know Which of the membrane chromosome interactions might be rescued by this drug and which ones aren't Okay So I just told you two stories one about centimere specification the other about understanding interactions between chromosomes and the membrane that I think really Model organisms made unique contributions to understanding what the situation was in human biology and This is the people who did the work So the Sempe work was completely or was done mostly in our shot to size lab These are the people in a redo in our shod's lab and Andreas and Susan Strom's lab really drove this Forward I was recently published in Cota, Ecigami and my lab had did the Lem2 and progerin work And he also has done some really nice work on nuclear pores that I didn't talk about And here are all the PIs and the warm chromatin groups the arranger Dernberg Desai And Strom labs and our data analysis folks are surely Lou and Aron Segal and The fly chromatin group which I didn't get a chance to talk about the fly stories But Sally Gary Mitzi Kuroda Vince Prada Peter Park who's doing a lot of the joint analysis and Dave McAlpine has a separate grant but Associates with these with these guys a lot. So thank you very much That was great Jason. I'm just wondering about how you think about the fact that worms are diploid Yeah, there's one set that came from the father one set that came from the mother So you have maternal germline expression you have paternal germline expression And I know it gets cleared off those the sperm don't come in with with SEMPE so it seems to me that either The domains that are mapped in the embryo are actually separate There's a separate set of paternal domains in a separate set of maternal domains Or alternatively that that in fact the RNAi Component is is significant and that it's maternal RNA That does the job on both the paternal and the maternal chromosomes. Do you have any? Yeah, it's really intriguing There has to be some sort of trans factor right that acts on the sperm Chromatin to specify the maternal expression state and so we don't know what the mechanism is but What you're saying is true either there's I don't think that there is probably not the cake My guess is that there are not two separate states and that there's some trans factor in the oocyte That specifies the positions on the sperm chromatin but it's difficult to see how you we can distinguish the Paternal and maternal chromosomes it maybe you can use polymorphisms. Yeah, we're doing some stuff with interspecies crosses that might be useful for that Yeah, I Wonder if you can distinguish whether it's germ law the lack of germline transcription That's specifying centromeres or the late replication of Those regions in the germline Which might be a strong correlation, but it's good could be a completely different mechanism right Just off the top of my head that my initial response to that is that these domains are relatively Short and they're demarcated by gene boundaries pretty specifically so they correlate with the gene transcription units pretty tightly


Welcome learners. I am Smetishika Soutri from Krishna Kanto Hantikoi State Open University. Today I will be discussing with you the first unit of BBA First Semester Course that is Principle of Management and Organizational Behavior. The unit is Introduction to Management. This video lecture is divided into three parts. So in first part we will discuss the basic concepts of management then in second part we will discuss the levels of management and in third part we will discuss whether management is considered as science or us and the administration of management. In this video class we will discuss about the following concepts. First is introduction about the management then meaning and basic concepts of management, nature and characteristics of management. So let's start introduction. In the present day industrial world management has become universal. With the increase in the complexities of management of business concerns the importance of management has increased enormously. The principles of management are being applied not only in managing business concerns but also to manage various other institutions like hospitals, educational institutions, social institutions and other government institutions. Management occupies such an important place in the modern world that the welfare of the people and the destiny of the country are very much influenced by management functions. Let's discuss the meaning and basic concepts of management. When we define the meaning of management different researcher has defined it in different ways. Let's start it. George Artieri has defined management as management is a distinct process consisting of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling performance to determine and accomplish the objectives by the use of people and resources. As George has defined management as management consists of getting things done through others. Manager is one who accomplishes the objectives by directing the efforts of others. Peter Drucker has defined management as the first definition of management is that it is an economic organ of industrial society. It means taking action to make desired results to pass. From these definitions it is clear that management means things done through others by directing their efforts in an integrated and coordinated manner in order to attain business objectives. It is a process consisting of functions such as planning, organizing, actuating and controlling business operations in such a manner as to attain the predetermined goals. So in general term we can say that management is getting things done through others in a systematic way so that we can ultimately reach our desired goals. So from this diagram you can see management includes so many things. That means we need to get the outcomes, we need to decide things, we need to acquire knowledge, we need to achieve the goals. So all these are part of the management. Now let's discuss nature and characteristics of management. So first thing is management is an activity. Why we say management as an activity? Because management is a process of organized activity which is concerned with the efficient use of resources of production. Source may include your money, material and people in the organization. Next we consider management is getting things done. Definitely because in management we have already discussed that throughout the process of management we get the things done in the organization. It involves decision making. Management involves decision making relating to various aspects of management. It is said that management is the decision making process and the decisions are involved in all the functions of management because in every step we need to take decisions whether in planning states, whether in manufacturing states or whether in implementation of any planning. We require the decision making. Then management is a universal activity. Managers irrespective of the enterprise in which they are working and their place in the organization structure make use of management principles. It means that the techniques and tools of management are universally applicable. Maybe slight variation is there but every principle may be considered as universal. Then it is an integrated process. It integrates man, machine and materials for carrying out the operations of an enterprise and for achieving the stated objectives. Then next we consider management as both science and arts because it requires some concepts and it is also the application of the concept. So about this management as science and arts I will be discussing in later part of this unit. Then management considered as an interdisciplinary approach. Why we consider management as an interdisciplinary approach? Because it takes the help of both social science, psychology, sociology, anthropology, engineering, everything. That's why we consider it as interdisciplinary approach. And then lastly I say that it is dynamic but steady because management adopts itself social changes and also introduces new ways of doing things. That's why every day the concepts of management are changing. We will discuss the following concepts in my video lectures. The scope of management, levels of management, management as science and arts and administration and management. So let's discuss the scope of management. Management includes these following aspects. As we have already mentioned that the functions of management are planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. So what is planning to perform any activities we require some kind of planning. Then comes the organizing. That means how we will perform the plan we need to prepare some blueprint. Like how many people will be there in one department who will perform what task designing that part is considered as organizing. Then comes our staffing. That means how many people are required. So the recruitment and selection, transfer, promotion all these things will come under our staffing. Then comes the directing. That means who will lead us in which direction. So someone will be the subordinate, some will be the superior. So the managers they will guide the subordinates. So here comes the things directing. Then to check the performance of the employees. Whether we are going as per our plan or whether there is any deviation. To check these things we require controlling. Controlling tries to find a gap between the actual performance and the desired goal. And based on that we will again replan our activities. So let's discuss the scope of management. First is subject matter of management. It consists of various management functions such as planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling which I have discussed. The next the functional areas of management. It consists of many areas depending on the size of the organization the functional areas of management varies. So let's discuss the core functional areas of management. First is financial management. It includes post control, budgetary control, financial planning, management accounting, standard costing etc. So it includes all the aspects related to finance. Then comes our personal management. It includes aspects such as recruitment, training, transfer, promotion, retirement, industrial relations, social security etc. So these things includes all the activities related to human resource management. Whether we need any employees, whether the number of employees were more and then what kind of training they required all these things comes under personal management. Then comes purchasing management. So it consists of purchasing of raw material etc. Then maintaining of records, material control, issuing materials to deliver etc. So here in any production unit we require some purchasing management. Then comes production management. It deals with aspects such as production planning, quality control and inspection, production control technique etc. So as we know in any production unit the production takes place. So here the main thing is to check the quality, whether the product's quality were good or not. If it's not good then ultimately customer will reject the product. So product quality inspection then production control technique, whether the techniques used in production unit were proper or not checking those things were very important aspects of production management. Then comes our marketing management. It includes marketing of goods and services, price determination, channel determination, market research, sales promotion, advertisement, publicity etc. So what are the activities of marketing management? Basically they try to sell the goods or services. So for that what they required? They required the proper price of a product. It depends on the competitor's price also and whether this product is new product. So then also we need to consider about the advertising cost, then different channel like a cost like whether it will go through wholesalers, distributors, retailers, then market research cost, sales promotion cost. All these things we need to consider while doing this marketing management. Then comes our office management. It is concerned with office layout, staffing, equipment of office etc. So in some organization they give more importance to the layout of the office. Suppose for example in hotel industry. So the physical visibility of the hotel's atmosphere is most important thing for any hotel industry. So depending on the type of the organization the requirements for office management varies. Then maintenance management. It relates to the proper care and maintenance of the building, plant and machinery etc. Then transport management. It includes packing, warehousing, transportation of goods and services by any mode of transportation. Depending on the type of the product we can use under rail, road or air transportation. Next is our management as an interdisciplinary approach. For the correct and effective application of principles of management a study of various other subjects such as economic, sociology, mathematics, psychology, behavioral science statistics are necessary. That's why we consider management as interdisciplinary approach. So all these whatever I have discussed so far where the scope of management and are applicable to any kind of organization. So let's check your progress whether you have understood this video lecture or not. So my first question is choose the correct answer. Whether management is concerned with which of the following? Formation of goals, accomplishment of goals, performance appraisal or all of the above. Then my next question is management is a group activity or a decision making process and integrating function or all of the above. Then my third question is functions of management is keeping records or planning, controlling or whether both planning and controlling. So if you have understand the video lecture I think this will be very easy for you to find out the correct answer. Thank you. See you in my next video lecture.


We keep training for the for now fun command for the dog to lie down to Plots in motion when I'm sending him out and I tell him to Plots while he's running he needs to go down immediately so the next progression is that now I want to dog to learn I want the dog to learn to lay down when I tell him the command rather than running back to me and lay down in front of me that was the previous step now I'm reinforcing it and I'm forcing him to lay down immediately as soon as he goes down I toss the ball and so what I do for this is that first all my command is more aggressive and I have to repeat command sometimes twice which I don't really like but for now I'm kind of trying to really push the dog down with my voice with my command so when I tell him to Plots I kind of move towards him like I'm running towards him which makes him stop and then I stop as well and then he goes down I reward him let's see how we do come on I good boy you guys didn't see it all day of the camera I let me do it here now yes good boy very good that's very good he did excellent actually I very quickly so if the dog is not down you say Plots start making moves towards him like you're angry at him so usually my position is when I say Plots I go like this so when he's running I say Plots and I start like toward jumping towards him which will stop him from moving towards and you'll need to do it a couple of times for the dog to figure it out but more or less he loves this exercise so far and he's getting better and better happy training