With action and suspense out of the Old West comes the most famous hero of them all Huffleong Cassidy starring William Boyd The ring of the silver spurs heralds the most amazing man ever to ride the prairies of the early West Huffleong Cassidy the same hoppy you cheer in motion pictures and the same California you've left at a million times Raw courage and quick shooting have built a legend around this famous hero Huffleong is a name to be feared respected and admired for this great cowboy rides the trails of adventure and excitement William Boyd as Huffleong Cassidy and and declined as California What's our story this time hoppy? I call this one a shot in the dark It was getting on towards supper time when California and I rode into a little town of spurlock We'd gone out of our way in order to stop by and say hello to the niece of Jim Reynolds an old friend of mine in St. Louis Hey hoppy and that much for the place right there Crawford general store Frank Crawford prop Ain't that the name the power of Jim receded met it great. That's it. California looks like a nice store, too Yeah, he better than the store across the street from the look of it Seems funny a young couple with plenty of money would come out and settle in the place like this though According to Jim's letter Crawford's health isn't too good He has to be someplace where it's hot and dry. Well, he comes to the right place then But there must be sort of tough and grace though. This is a far cry from st. Lois Yeah, here's the store. Let's tie up and say hello, then we'll get out of the hotel It's me hoppy and huh. I hope they get a couple of good bags I could use a nice thick steak, too. Yeah, yes, mothered in onions my mouth's of water and already And place looks deserted. Well, there's somebody at the back by the counter. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, it must be grace talking to the shortfellers It looks like she's been crying Is there something I can do for you gentlemen, uh, you're Grace Crawford, aren't you? Well, yes I'm hop along Cassidy and this is California Carlson your uncle Jim Reynolds is an old friend Oh, of course, I've heard him speak of you so often. I'm very happy to meet you both It's a pleasure ma'am and you're as pretty as Jim's later. Thank you. Thank you. I'm afraid. I don't feel very pretty right now Oh, I'm terribly sorry, mr. Cassidy mr. Carlson. This is judge Brian a friend of ours. Welcome to Spurlock gentlemen Thanks, it isn't often we meet up with a judge in these parts. Yeah, we've been kind of lucky Yeah, yes, I think I understand but I'm not really a judge anymore I've gone into private practice again if you need any legal advice just call on me Thanks, we'll do that now if you'll excuse me. Let's be getting back to my office. But judge. What about Frank? Oh, there was something I could do grace, but he won't listen to me when he's been drinking. Are you know that I know? But I'm worried excuse me grace. I don't want to butt in but if there's anything we can do I'm afraid there's nothing anybody can do Frank has changed so since we came here six months ago He's taken to drinking and gambling and spending all his time at the saloon down the street The worst part of it isn't and he's made some enemies a couple of them would assume shoot him as look at him What have they got against him? I'm afraid he started out on the wrong foot here, mr. Cassidy They resent his being from the east and the fact that he's fairly wealthy and Frank's done nothing to make them like him Fact now what she's trying to say Cassidy is that Frank has deliberately been hard to get along with He's made it quite clear to everybody that he considers himself above them due to his wealth and family background Yes, what is it Jake? It's mr. Frank. I'm afraid there's going to be trouble Jake What's the matter? He's in the poker game with Cripp Farrell and big Tom Gorman miss Grace And it looks like they're trying to do time him. Oh judge Brian. What can we do got to get him out of there quick? You'd better do something or he's going to get killed sure Now back to hop along Cassidy and our story a shot in the dark Hoppy in California had stopped at the little town of spurlock to look up grace Crawford the niece of an old friend When they entered the Crawford's general store They found grace talking with judge Brian and worrying about the actions of her husband a short time later A man came in to report that Frank Crawford was in the silver sage saloon and there was bound to be trouble Yes, we'll have to go easy man Frank won't be easy to get out of that saloon When he's playing poker with our mean customers, that's who are they judge They'd assume shoot Frank is look at him Cripp Farrell's a shady character owns the silver sage And big Tom Gorman owns the other general store. He's hated Frank ever since he opened his store here This the place. Yeah. Yeah, this is it come on Ain't very crowded now, that's them three men of the table over in the corner Well, they don't look too friendly toward each other They won't like our trying to break up their game either if only Frank will listen to reason. Oh, well Frank. Yeah It's on your mind judge Frank. It's a it's great. She is well. She she wants to see you Your wife wants to see you Frank.  I Pay you to look after my investments and business affairs, but your job stops there You don't have to stick your nose into my private life. I'm only trying to help you Frank. You know that you're getting on my nerves Judge Supposing you haul out of here and let us get on with the game. Yeah beat it Brian. How about it Frank? You coming? No, can't you see I'm busy. It's your deal time. Oh, pardon me gentlemen. Mind if I sit in Cassidy, what me excuse me judge We're playing a high-stake game cowboy. That's fine.  Let's just look on deal Garmin You and Farrell are seven thousand enemy and I plan to get it back I'll see you five hundred and raise your thousand croffs you're bluffing Farrell. I can win this pot and be even alcohol I'm out. How about you cowboy? I'm afraid that's a little rich for my blood. I'll fold Well, just you and me a croff it Cards To they are the dealer takes one just a minute there Farrell. Yeah, I saw that What are you talking? You slip that card off the bottom of the deck. Hey, you better watch just saying Crawford Why are you tin horn? You're accusing me of cheating. That's exactly what I'm doing Crip Farrell No wonder I've been losing steadily you're asking for it Crawford.  Yeah, what are you horning in for there's none of your affair? Maybe I'm making it my affair. I saw him slip that card off of the bottom. He's been cheating all along That's right.   That's my money Cripps, right? He had the high hand. Here you are Crawford Now get out and don't come back. All right I'll go but those two haven't heard the last of this and neither have you Crawford You'd better get clear out of town while you've got a chance Crawford You'll never scare me away either of you speaking of getting out of town That wouldn't be bad advice for you to follow car boy We don't like strangers meddling in our fairs here. Thanks. I'll remember that. Hey, no attention to them Cassidy You're welcome and spurlock as long as you want to stay Well, we just want to get a room at the hotel for the night judge That is if these gentlemen don't object come along then I'll show you where it is and I'm sure they've got a room You Know how being that's his finest take as I've had him quite a spell sure was Well, I trust you men are being well taken care of. Oh, would you get a room? All right? Yeah, we got one We're about to make use of it to a good night's sleep will do us both good Yeah, I can well understand. I wonder if you'd do something for Frank Crawford first that all dependent judge What do you mean? And I just came from his store, and we've had quite a talk Frank realizes now that you did him a great favor at the saloon and well He'd he'd like to see and apologize. He doesn't have to apologize for anything But I'd be glad to talk to him if he's simmered down fine fine Well, you'll find him in his office to rear his store. All right, aren't you coming along though? No, no, no Frank wanted me to get some things in order for him So I'll have to get back to my own office. Yeah, I'll see you tomorrow before you leave though. All right judge Must be awful being a lawyer and having to work nights that away. Some people think it's the only life Come on. Let's stop by our room and then go see Crawford Just a second Well, I'll be I could have swore a lot that door of when we went out to eat California you're getting more absent-minded every day. Well, nobody could steal much from us anyhow Ah, we weren't going long Everything seems to be in order. So don't let it bother you what you're gonna do or take along your hardware. Sure Mm-hmm.  Mm-hmm. You're not a bad idea there. Let's go and this time lock the door I Looks like everybody works one night here. There's a light and Gorman store across the street, too Maybe he's trying to figure out a way to improve business Why sure I don't mind waiting. Oh, I'm glad you've come mr. Cassidy and mr.   I'm so grateful for what you did mr. Cassidy judge Brian told me all about it Frank realizes I'm glad he understands He didn't seem to appreciate it at the time. I'll go back and see him fine I'll finish waiting on the ground. I'll wait out here with grace hoppy. All right. I won't be long Come in Cassidy. I've been waiting for you The judge gave me your message. I feel like a fool Cassidy. I should have known you were trying to keep me from getting Into a bad spot. Well, don't let it bother you. It looks like you're playing in rough company That's your dog. Yes, that's Colonel.  He's just barking at cats and other dogs I'll close the window so I won't look out Crawford, would you see who it was? Yeah, but Hoppy what happened? It's Crawford. He's been shot Frank Thanks big to me. I I'm afraid he can't grace Frank's. Oh, no, how'd it happen? Somebody shot him through that open wonder. I couldn't see who it was just saw a gun California look after great sure Just a minute cowboy. Where you going so fast out the back way I might be able to run the killer down. Hold on a minute. How come your gun was drawn when we came in why just let me see that gun Look, mr. While we're standing around here Crawford's murder is making a getaway. Mr. Grant Are you insinuating that mr. Cassidy shot my husband? I'm not insinuating anything. Look at this, Mrs. Crawford One of the cartridges has been fired. What I think I'd better just hold you till the chef shows up cowboy on Suspicion of murder Now back to hop along Cassidy and our story a shot in the dark While hoppy was talking to Frank Crawford in his office at the rear of the general store Someone fired a shot from outside the open window and Crawford fell dead with a bullet in the heart Later when the sheriff entered and discovered one of the shells in hoppy's gun had been fired He placed hoppy under arrest on suspicion of murder Now you're making a big mistake sheriff while you wasting your time bringing me here Crawford's murder has gotten away clean What's this all about? I just saw grace and your friend Carlson Sheriff you've got no reason to lock this man up now. See me down judge You ought to know all about circumstantial evidence.  Of course not Well, he'll sure get a chance to prove he ain't before a jury. I'm taking him to the county seat tomorrow And we'll see about that leave us alone sheriff. I want to talk to Cassidy here You've figured to act as his lawyer judge if he likes. Yes. Well in that case I reckon it's all right, but hurry it up I want to get some sleep tonight. It's terrible Cassidy I'll try and get a writ from the county seat tomorrow. We'll get your release from here You don't think I killed Crawford then I of course not What's this about a bullet from your gun? Haven't been fired. Yeah, one of them was fired All right, somebody must have planted an empty shell in my gun while California and I were eating over the hotel This is beginning to add up Cassidy. What do you mean? Big Tom Gorman lives at the hotel You think Gorman might have watched for a chance and then got into our room while we were out Oh, he could have easily enough. Of course, we can't jump to conclusions Now Crip Farrell could have done it too for that matter Both had reasons for wanting to see Crawford dead Well, whoever it was did a clever job making it look like I'm the guilty man I know I know and it's going to be hard proving you didn't do it. Yeah, but don't worry We'll get you out of this. All right.  But if you see California tell him I want to see him right away, will you? It's me California come over to the window. Oh California, what are you doing out there? Sheriff wouldn't let me give him in to see you well hop in What are we gonna do? I don't know. I sure don't like being cooped up in here You found out anything not much I looked outside that window for footprints, but there wasn't anything I could see what about the dog Oh him found him. All right, just a couple of blocks from the store He was half dead look like he'd been hit over the head with a gun but or something had he broken the rope that Crawford had him Tied with yeah, yeah, he had broke it clean in two then he must have chased Crawford's murderer Huh? Gosh, you're right hoppy. The murderer is the one that liked to kill him look like there was quite a scuffle there Well, yeah, you got any ideas hoppy a couple now. I'm gonna do any good as long as I'm cooped up in here Judge Brian said he might be able to get you released tomorrow. I know, but if he doesn't I don't like to worry you but There's something you know, I don't know what's that? There's quite a crowd over at the Silver State soon Some of them's talking about a lynching. What? Yeah, some of them saying there's enough evidence again You to hang you anyway if they keep thinking that way they they might try it I gotta get out of here, but how go get our horses on a couple of strong ropes. This jail is not too solid Maybe you can pull that window right out bars and all that's a good idea hoppy hurry, California And don't let anybody see you We better hurry that mob over to the Sloan's getting bigger and crazier every minute Here tie this to one of them bars. All right The sheriff's still out in front was when I went by on the way to get the horses There that's tight source mine. I'll give the horses a run at it. Listen. What's that? Sounds like that mob from the Sun out front get going, California I never did like the idea. We're in a hemp neck tie right hoppy here goes Hey California hurry hoppy hurry. I'm coming They couldn't follow us in the dark though, what do we do now? Well, if you were in that mob, what would you expect an escaped prisoner to do? I keep right on a run and I reckon put as much distance between him and the mob as he could for they send a batch of Posse's out after that's just what I figure they'll think so. We're going back into town Procco We're a what? Well, have you gone local? I hope not, California That's the only thing we can do. We can't keep running that sure But what are we gonna do once we get back to spurlock? I don't know exactly while they're organizing a posse It'll give us a chance to check up on a couple of ideas of mine. Are you with me? What are we waiting for?  I just hope you don't walk in here We got a hurry look through that bureau in any place else. They might have been hidden. I'll look through the closets, right hoppy You get plenty of matches. Yeah Nothing here but clean shirts and stuff looking No sign of them hoppy. Well, maybe I was wrong wait a second. Look here. Well I'll be stuck back in the corner there. Yeah, that's just what we're looking for too. Come on. We got to get over to Grace Crawford's house Mr. Cassidy you shouldn't come here Jake just came by and said the whole town's down at the saloon They're organizing posse's to search for you. Well, that's fine I'll save them the trouble in a minute.  You know who it was I think I do but proving it may not be so simple. Is there anything I can do to help? Yes, I'd like to see the dog if you'll show me where he is. Well, of course. He's on the back porch How's he making out by now? Well, he's better, but well come with me and you can see for yourself.  That's right. He wouldn't have anything to do with anybody else Hello timer Poor thing. He doesn't seem to know what's happened. Tell me was he mean or vicious with other people? No, not mean or vicious, but of course. He didn't have much chance to be Frank kept him tied out back of the store and nobody would go near him anyway Do you think he'd come with me for a little while without you or being alone? I don't know. I think so. Why I think Colonel here might help us prove something. It's worth a try anyway He acts like he wants to be friendly anyhow Hi there fellow That's a good old boy, I never saw him do that before licking your hand. Can you get up all right boy? Come on out up boy. He acts as if he wants to go with you, Mr. Cassidy Here hoppy. I want to use this leather strap for leash. Yeah, thanks. Ah There we are old timer. How's that? Yes, that means it's all right. All right. All right. Let's get going You see in the window hoppy. Yeah, must be 30 or 40 men inside the sheriff's talking to him Well, let's get over closer to them batwing doors. Maybe we can hear what they're saying Hang on to that leash California. I got it. Good boy Listen, okay, sir. We're ready. Well, I mean you and proud to take some men down towards the patch of Creek They might have headed that way of direction if they did we'll get them. We can save you the trouble sure Watch it go man. They've got guns.   That's ridiculous sheriff. Come on. Let's get it It's just a stall. That's all it is just a minute Cassidy may have an idea here. You can't prove anything with that dog. I'm afraid you're going about things in the wrong way Cassidy It's worth a try judge. You still think it was either Gorman or Farrell that killed Crawford? Why well, yes, but why you Alright Gorman, suppose you come up here and pet the dog. Come on get a move on. Well, all right, but Hmm nice dog. Good dog there. All right, you're next fellow. I don't like dogs. Why should I get moving? That's a good fella good boy You don't seem to be proving much Cassidy, maybe I'd better consult my lawyer sheriff. Come here minute judge What do you want Cassidy? I cease being your lawyer when you broke out of jail. I said come here now Oh, don't let go of that. Well, it doesn't seem to take to you. Does it judge? I don't know whether it can hold him or not What's the judge he's doing for his gun? Drop it judge Now back to hop along Cassidy Well, the judge is locked up safe Cassidy and you were right One of his legs was tore up with that dog that bit him that Varmint had a right clever scheme worked out to get rid of Crawford and put the blame everywhere, but on himself Yeah, and he had more motive than either Gorman or Farrell for killing Crawford. I declare I never would have thought the judge was an embezzler, but I suppose handling all of Crawford's investments was just too much temptation How'd you get wise to that though Cassidy? I Didn't think of that until I was practically sure he'd shot Crawford I first suspect them the night after the shooting when he came to the jail to visit me You see sir if he told Hoppy and me he was going to his office to do some work that night just to for the shooting Yeah, but what's that got to do with it? Well, I knew Crawford's dog had broken loose and chased somebody and when the judge came to See me. I noticed he'd changed his pants. I got to thinking it was sort of strange for a man to get into a new pair of pants Just to work in at night Hmm and when we look through the judge's house sure enough there was the old pair the dog a torn in his class clear Well, I'm glad the whole thing's settled and oh, I'm sorry about all the trouble you got into I'm afraid oh you're both an apology I'm willing to call it a unit of you are sure called even yeah You owe us an apology and we owe you a jail window I Well the judge was really up against it when he tangled with both Hoppy and a loyal one-man dog in his scheme to solve his money Troubles with a shot in the dark Hoppy and California reluctantly parked company with ten thousand dollars in gold When they walk into a bank run by bandits and gunfighters in a town turned inside out for a gun-hawk convention Don't miss this next thrilling adventure Apollon Cassidy starring William Boyd is transcribed and produced in the West by Walter White Jr A shot in the dark was written by RT Smith with original music under the personal direction of Albert Glasser All stories are based upon the characters created by Clarence Mulford. This is a Commodore production


Okay. Good morning. Good morning, California. On behalf of my co-director, Professor William Chair and myself, we would like to welcome you to our Storage Act symposium again. Professor Doron Alba is a professor at Bar Island University. All the people in the battery field know he has been working on the battery for a long time. It's a very extensive program on many things related to batteries. Let me just mention a few. We all know Doron has been very instrumental and tried to figure out the SEI structure. The whole battery field has been used in vitally. You remember the patterns, the schematic drawing we all cite over all our career. And also Doron's name is also associated, which we call a method in my lab along Alba method to determine the Colombian efficiency of lithium metal. So Doron, your name is clearly associated with that all my students using your name for this methodology. Doron has achieved quite a bit of, you know, I think have a lot of discovery, having educated the whole community quite a bit. He has won numerous awards. For example, the International Society of Electrochemist, she's from King Metal and Electrochemical Society's Alambard Metal Award. These are all highly prestigious award. Dr. Kang, she is from Army Research Lab. Kang is well known for his work in electrolyte. If you look at his publication, right, I mean, I remember when I get into the battery field by reading about Kang's electrolyte reveal, very long one in chemical reveal, I learned tremendously from his reveal. He has becoming a classical papers for nearly everybody in the battery field to read. Kang certainly has done a lot of nice work related to electrolyte interface. He's also a winner of the Battery Research Award and the Electrochemical Society. With this short introduction, now I would like to turn the podium to Professor Doron Alba to start his presentation followed by the Kang. Doron, please come on to the stage and take over. So good day, morning, noon, afternoon, night, any place in the world for all of you. And thank you very much for the Stanford team for this challenging invitation. I'd like to entertain you this time with frontier in R&D of high energy density rechargeable batteries. Here there is a list of my officers, of my group. I should acknowledge collaboration with other groups from my university working on surface treatment, computational work, Solis et NMR. I also should acknowledge collaboration with BSF, with General Motors. And also here in Israel, all the electrochemical, electrochemistry groups working on batteries and in power sources are gathered together in the Eastern National Research Center for Electrochemical Propulsion that I lead. And we, in fact, in Israel, we turn competition to collaboration. So we work together on batteries, fuel cells, whatever can help for propulsion. There are four major use of rechargeable electrochemical power sources. We have portable devices, mobile electronics, communication, power tools. Here lithium batteries are conquering the markets. Energy density is important, of course, safety. Well, this is commodity, everybody depends now on lithium and battery technologies, so this is well familiar. The success of powering mobile electronics led to the next challenge is electromobility. Here we need high energy density, with some compromise on durability, cycle life, safety. And this is, I would say, our main challenge today in batteries to promote the electromobility revolution. We have another issue, another challenge of propulsion, which is very high density batteries, especially for unmanned aviation and robotic mobility. Here we need lithium metal electrode. You want to see the renaissance of lithium metal anodes. Lithium oxygen batteries would be the best if they would work, but we need a lot of research time in order to make it true. Lithium sulfur is better, is working. But today we discussed today the issue of lithium metal anodes in high energy density batteries, and of course there is large energy storage for large energy storage. Here we need huge quantity of materials. We have to use a banner element, we're talking about terawatt hours, if you think about how we really help to use sustainable energy, we're talking about a huge amount of materials. In fact, if I have to think about the best battery for low-leveling application and for large energy storage, lithium iron battery technology can provide the task combining lithium titanate, LTO, and lithium iron phosphate, LFP together. We have excellent batteries for low-leveling application as well. The thing is that if we succeed with electromobility revolution, we will be able to see more and more lithium going to the roads, and there may be a shortage of lithium, but here comes another field which is not competing, but rather complementary, which is fuel cells. Fuel cells, the field of fuel cells, progresses very well, and so the progress in the fuel cells and the propulsion by fuel cells can leave some lithium also from other uses, also for large energy storage. Today, the most important challenges now are we want to show, develop, demonstrate, confirm the best lithium-ion batteries for transportation to promote the electromobility revolution, and here the key factor are the cathodes, and also we want to see the renaissance of the lithium-ion meta-enotes in rechargeable batteries in order to obtain very high energy density. So here solid electrolytes is a very valid option, but I vote for liquid electrolyte solutions with fluorinated solvents. So the cathodes. In fact, I would leave graphite as a major anode material, although we show nice work with silicon, and there are efforts with silicon or silicon carbon composites throughout the world, I still vote for, if you think about electromobility, if we think about safety, we think about durability, I'm voting for graphite, because anyway the key issue is the cathode, and here we have two families, in fact we are converging into two families which can really produce very high specific capacity and together with graphite high energy density, and these are the nickel-rich material, N-C-M, N-C-M is nickel cobalt manganese, this is the major formula here, and here the stoichiometry of lithium is one. What is nice about this compound is that we can extract the maximal capacity, which is quite sufficient, while charging up to 4.3V, not too high, we are not endangering too much our electrolyte solutions. So here in the middle you have the voltage profiles of several compounds, we see plateaus, due to the olivine structure and due to spinel structure, and we see the sloping voltage profiles of the layered compounds. So here the blue one relates to the layered what we call N-C-M materials, and here as we increase the amount of nickel, we can get higher specific capacity but more problems, and we have this very interesting discovery of the so-called lithium manganese-rich N-C-M, so whenever the stoichiometry of lithium is more than one within this compound, we have a segregation, we have a structure which contains also this lithium 2M and 3 monoclinic phase, which is initially inactive, and there is an integral structure here between the warm-bohedron and monoclinic phase that can be activated and with activation we can obtain a high specific capacity that can then approach even 300 mAh per gram. And in fact what was discovered recently is that this, the high specific capacity is because of oxygen activity in this system. So this is the typical first cycle voltage profile. We see here the activation process. We have to push the potential up to 4.6 volts, what endangers our electrolyte solution, so the selection of electrolyte solution is critically important, and we have the high specific capacity. Now the structure is very complex and we can discuss ours, the structure that still open questions, but one thing we discovered quite clearly. A key issue here, because we expose the electrolyte solution to oxygen species and because we have an issue of oxygen evolution and because we have also issue of the solution of transition metal, ketones into the electrolyte solution and these ketones in solution have terrible impact on the passivation of the negative electrodes. A key issue is to isolate the active mass from the solution species. Remember, we have on these materials very electrophilic and basic species, especially when oxygen enter into electrochemical reactivity and in electrolyte solution we have acidic species and electrophilic species like the acyl carbonate, so we have very rich chemistry between the solutions and the active mass, so we have to prefer buffer zone and there are many ways to do so. We vote for ALD, the gas treatment, the ALD and what we can see now, what we can see and what we can say that we have several treatments and we can offer I would say even a plethora of treatments that form good buffer zones that stabilize the material. When we talk about stability, we have two issues. One is the specific capacity stability and also the voltage stability. It appears that the ever voltage fade also, go down and down during cycling due to structural changes within the material. So what I'm demonstrating is that we can manage. Here you can see results of three coatings by ALD. I cannot disclose everything. These are different kinds of alumina compounds in which we look for three different coatings and the experiment is that we do several cycles at low rates then at one C-rate and then at three C-rates. So we fluctuate between different rates and we compare between a reference, the black curve and all the other colored which a curve would relate to coated material. And we demonstrate stabilization. We demonstrate that at least with the green, with the coating number three, the green one, we demonstrate quite nice specific capacity stabilization having more than 200 mAh per gram at one C-rate is not that bad and when we have slow rates, we exceed the 270. And here you can see cycling over 500 cycles which is not too bad. But also what is very nice is the effect on the voltage. So you can see the voltage, average voltage. Discharge, charge along 400 cycles. And here you can see the hysteresis. We also count the hysteresis difference between the discharge and charge voltage. This is also a very important parameter and we can see very, compared to the reference, along 400 cycles we see the increase in the hysteresis and here with the coating we get stabilization. Whenever we have good electrochemical stabilization, it is well reflected by the thermal studies. So here in this charge you can see results of DSC, difference scanning calorimetry, where we react the active mass with electrolyte solution, star electrolyte solution and we measure the onset of reaction and heat evolution and you can see here the number. When we talk about the reference material, the uncoded reference, the heat evolution is by far higher. So we see nicely here the correlation between electrochemical and thermal stabilization. So I would say that here we are going to win with the materials, but there is still a question of stabilization of the electrolyte solution which is not that easy because we have to push the potential of charging to high values in order to extract the high capacity and we have here still a challenge. So we can go to the nickel rich materials. Sorry, I have to go to get back to this. So we have to go to the nickel rich materials. So this is the formula of the nickel rich materials and here the stoichiometry of the lithium is one and we play with stoichiometry of transition metal all together is one. So as we increase the amount of nickel, look here, we go along this road, we go steep, up, up, up with the concentration of nickel starting from one, one, one, which is 33% nickel up to even L and O, 100% nickel and we steep up with the energy with specific capacity, but the road becomes more and more troubling because we have issue of cracking with instability here. You can see images of particles after cycling when we have high concentration of nickel, you see the cracking, cracking is a big problem here because we have issue of phase transition and the stresses, especially when we want to extract the high capacity. Fortunately, we have, we can go up to 4.3V. Here we do not endanger our electrolyte solution, but when we go up to 4.3V, we have stresses in the material and when we have electrochemical instability, structural instability, we have also a thermal instability. Here we can see results of arc, exergent rate calorimetry testing and when we have high concentration of nickel, we have even explosions. So what we can do, in the rest of my talk, I will concentrate on these important materials at two different aspects. So what we can do is doping. It appears that when we dop these materials with our methods like, like zirconium, I'll show you more example, but zirconium is a good example. We have both bulk stabilization and surface stabilization and you will see, you see here several aspects of our results. First of all, we see this is the electrochemical chart with capacity versus cycle number and the red curve relates to our stabilized material. We see the stabilization as better rate capability. Impedance spectroscopy show very nicely the stabilization, much lower impedance. We see that we mitigate undesirable spinel, layer-to-spinel transformation and the computational work confirmed that from an electrical point of view, it is true and this is another, another, this is a voltammetric curves demonstrating the sharper curves of the dope material because the kinetic is better. So the electrochemical response reflected very well. So this is one example. I'll show you another example. The next example relates to here, we take different kettiles. We take the compounds in ethanol solution. So we have organic salts of the compounds. So we evaporate the solution containing the dopant compound. So we have now the coating on the surface and now by heat treatment, we can force diffusion of dopants inside and now we can do like a nearly combinatorial study with several dopants like zirconium, magnesium, titanium, aluminum, sodium, silicon, tantalum and we hear this is capacity versus cycle number and we see the stabilization by the stabilization of the capacity. Now it's very important to emphasize and it's important because of the next stage of my talk that here we concentrate on the cathode. These are experiments which demonstrate the weakness of the cathode. The lithium anode here, it's versus lithium anode doesn't affect the capacity of the cell in these experiments. By line scanning and by cross-sectioning, we can see the dopants all over. So this idea works at heat treatment. Here we can see further results related to in situ XRD. This is less important. So the idea is to coming from the surface, going inside and we can control doping by the heat treatment that provided thermodynamic basis for diffusion of dopants inside. Maybe one more example. The previous one was 811. Now we go further to 85% nickel and here you can see results. In this case, this specific case relates to aluminum. So you can see the difference between reference cycling. This is at 45 degrees C. We get more chance for degradation and problems. So point cycling in situation where the cathode is the limiting factor, we see degradation of the cathode-specific capacity with reference materials. Very typical for nickel-rich materials, but we reach nice stabilization with doping by aluminum and the electrochemical when we derivatize. When we derivatize the voltage profiles, we see this response that demonstrates stability of the cycling while with the reference as the capacity goes down, also the electrochemical response diverses and we see it well by the differential curve of the voltage profiles. Thermal analysis always go well with electrochemical stabilization. Here we in this experiment to see results from DSC measurements, where we demonstrate that with the reference we have much more heat evolution in this experiment, but the most important results is the morphological studies. Here we cut by fib electrodes before and after cycling and we do a cross-sectioning looking at the cross-section and always whenever we have such a behavior, we see cracks. So we see here the cracking, this is the problem of we have. This is the reason for the instability while whenever we have stabilization the cross-sectioning shows that we have smooth situation we don't have cracking and this is because of stabilization it's both bulk and surface. So now I want to move to our next challenge to combine lithium metal with these materials. So the idea is I want to have a lithium metal anode to gain high specific energy and the advantages are clear. The problems are also clear. We have dendrite formation, we have side reactions, lithium is very reactive, lithium may be very dangerous as well. So we have strategies how to stabilize lithium metal anodes in the chargeable batteries and we have modification of the surface by various mechanical, physical and chemical techniques. This is the surface area and then we decrease the specific current density in such a way we have low current density at high surface area. This may help. Also, there is a by selecting catechic etions like a cesium or bilium that act like healing species in this electrolyte solution they can avoid dendrite formation. Of course, sodium electrolyte helps but we vote for modification with fluorinated solvent. These are our two stars the fluorinated ethylene carbonate and defluorinated ethylene carbonate and we demonstrated by using these co-solvents we can stabilize both the lithium and the negative and the negative electrode. So first of all, let's see what the fluorinated materials are doing with lithium. These are slides demonstrating performance of symmetrical lithium cells with two types of solutions. Here, these are solutions containing FEC and this is standard electrolyte solution based on EC and DMC. The experiment is very simple. We take symmetrical cells and we apply high specific current and we're talking about high loading we work on with here you can see something like more than 3 mAh per square centimeter we even can come up to 6 and now we cycle now in standard electrolyte solution upon cycling we see these changes of the voltage profile so we do galvanostatic cycling and we record the voltage profile here we record voltage profile along very long experiment of cycles each line contains many voltage profiles like this one and this one and here what happens with the standard electrolyte solution we see this behavior which means dendrites of the lithium surface while here we see the stabilization stabilization reflected also by visual test of the separator of the lithium electrode impedance so and what happens is because we use the fluorinated solvents we have options of surface chemistry which are very useful the fact that we have fluorine atoms means that we have more options for surface reactions going further now we combine NCM and lithium and here you can see 602, 60% 80% and 100% nickel and here these are tests of a capacity versus cycle number with FEC containing electrolyte solution with standard electrolyte solution the capacity goes down very quickly while with FEC we demonstrate hundreds of cycles and with NNO is a very problematic material and we demonstrate stabilization going further we see that we have a by F19 NMR we can see what is the difference between symmetrical lithium cells and a full-cell lithium NCM we see that symmetrical lithium cells are more stable so by NMR we can see to what extent we have increased consumption of the FEC since we have a little extra fluorophosphate we have like an internal reference inside and this is the initial ratio and we compare what happens between symmetrical cells and full-cells and we see that the ratio increases we see that we have in fact consumption on FEC the signal of FEC compared to the lithium extra fluorophosphate decreases so we have here consumption of lithium consumption of the fluorinated solvent because of the cathode we have cost between the positive and the negative and this it deteriorates this cost of deteriorates the passivation of the lithium so we have more consumption of the reactive species which is FEC going further here we see here we see the case of LNO LNO is a very important example because LNO has a high specific capacity among the nickel rich materials and this is a very problematic material that we demonstrate that can stabilize the material obtain very good capacity of full lithium and LNO cells at practical loading thanks to this combination of electrolyte solution we demonstrate that nothing happened to the cathode after hundreds of cycles we see that both the XRD and the polymeric we have this because we have surface chemistry on the cathode you see here the formula here we have polymerization on the cathode on the cathode also we have nucleophilic and basic species that can extract HF and can promote polymerization and formation of protective surface films so we have protective surface films on both negative and positive which helps us to demonstrate prolonged work with full cells lithium metal versus LNO and these are these can be considered as high energy density cells going further here we can demonstrate the mechanism whatever is in fact that we have cracks in the material these cracks when they reach the surface we have a penetration of solution inside so we have like exfoliation type reactions so we have propagation of the cracks they start with stress but they continue to propagate with reactions with electrolyte solutions and now we can get a complete disintegration of the material in certain cases now it appears that this is work from my colleague and friend and it appears that as we push the potential to 4.3V where we want to extract the maximal capacity it's reasonable with electrolyte solution but it's bad with the material because here we come up to some phase transition which put more stresses and lead to to cracks so what happens with the fluorinated solvents we have coverage we have coverage of the cathode by surface films and now we don't have a chance of the electrolyte solution to go in and even if we have stresses, strains and cracks or micro cracks we don't have this propagation of cracks with solution reactions that finally destroy the particles and the results is stabilization during hundreds of cycles of full sets another aspect so in fact with this with this aspect I think I can start to conclude the talk just to meet one slide more yes so there are two sets of conclusions which are important first of all nickel rich and manganese rich are candidates of most suitable cathode materials in lithium ion batteries for electric vehicle in an oxide of transition metal with this formula as the nickel content increases the specific capacity increases delivering more than 200 mAh per gram at high rates but they suffer from structural instability as I demonstrate and capacity fading during prolonged cycling stresses that develop in cycling little cracks that propagate by reaction with solution species so we can use doping as I demonstrated doping helps both both the bulk stabilization but we believe that we have segregation whenever we have dopants we have segregation so we have different structure at the surface which stabilize most of dopants also stabilize the surface and there are a variety of dopants that were proven to be helpful high energy lithium and manganese rich what we call LMR NCM cathode materials can deliver specific capacity more than 200 mAh per gram however this material suffer from severe capacity and voltage fading because of undesirable oxygen evolution layer to spinel phase transformation so similar structural changes and detrimental surface reactions between the active oxygen moieties and solution species we have developed several types of surface treatments that provide effective buffer layers for these materials that can mitigate oxygen release avoid side reactions between active oxygen moieties and solution species reduced pronounced the dissolution of transition metal cations for the cathode demonstrating impressive stabilization of the of this material so definitely we can say that material wise this cathode this family of cathode can be stabilized but I leave an open question related to the stability of the electrolyte solution now also concluding the lithium rich lithium metal anode high loading and I mentioned and emphasized the high loading practical loading means that we are talking about several mAh per square centimeter and very small amount of solution I didn't emphasize it too much it appeared on the slide so when we say practical loading we mean both several mAh per square centimeter but also very small amount of electrolyte solution so the lithium anode are the limiting factor so it appears that excellent passivation of lithium anode is rich when we have FEC and 2FEC it appears that these species work very well together we can form initially surface field by FEC but 2FEC and then FEC in solution continue to work as a healing agent that keep the surface films at a good shape during prolonged cycling so the presence of fluorine atoms enable elimination reactions that form species with double bonds that undergo further polymerization this lead to the formation of elastic surface films with superb SCI properties so the electrolyte interface properties now in the presence of FEC and 2FEC the cathodes are also covered by protecting surface this is very important so the major capacity fading mechanism of these cells becomes consumption of the electrolyte solution by side direction with lithium but it appears that what happens on the cathode affect not the cathode but rather the negative electrodes we have costoch so the passivation of lithium deteriorates when we have cathode instead of the measurements of symmetric cells there is a detrimental costoch between the NCM cathode and the lithium metal anode species form and the cathode by oxidation deteriorate the lithium passivation we analyze some gases CO2 obviously is being formed and their bi-lithium-lithium cells show much longer cycling than lithium NCM cells at the same loading the use of fluorinated solvents enable excellent cycling of all kind of nickel-rich NCM cathodes because their major capacity fading mechanism is mitigated as I demonstrate due to the protective surface films that avoid propagation of cracks and reactions during now the solution containing both FEC and 2FEC are effective due to synergistic and complementary passivation phenomena first by 2FEC and healing during prolonged cycling by FEC now these studies definitely open the door for elaborating rechargeable batteries with very high gravimetric and volumetric energy density that can deliver hundreds of cycles at 100% the death of discharge they have the chance to outperform also lithium-sulfur batteries due to the limitation arising from the lithium-methylenol they are not relevant for electric vehicles but they can be used for drones so these studies combining lithium-methyl fluorinated solvents within the electrolyte solutions and high nickel-rich NCM materials can demonstrate high energy density lithium ion batteries and this may cover very well the needs of unmanned aviation and robotic transportation and with this I thank you very much okay thank you very much Doron for the very nice presentation a lot of good data right there well we probably have 15 questions right there from audience already let me also share with you these storage axon-positive event now it's becoming the European folks becoming the very nice afternoon evening you know routine now and for US people it's a really good morning you know starting section for California early morning for East Coast just a little bit a few hours later so I want to start from the first question we always have Professor Stan Wittingham in the audience so he I think attended probably of this symposium I will start from his first question he asked is there any chance to eliminate all fluoride containing materials as they create PFAS species I assume that's a per fluorinated you know LQ species right which create problem of cycling that's his question I'm not sure that I really understood exactly the key points in this question what I guess is these fluorinated compound start to polymerize generating those you know long chain containing fluorine organic compound first of all is that a problem second of all if it's a problem what type of problem it can create on the recycling when you do recycling of the batteries I guess that's probably what Stan mean well I don't I'm not at this moment I cannot discuss recycling if we recycling means to extract back the transition metals and all the elements so I'm not there yet I'm still struggling with performance and performance wise I think that a fluorinated solvents open the door for a very impressive performance so we can demonstrate pronounced rate capability and specific capacity and we have here we take the lithium batteries to their horizons I think at the edge yeah got it so the next question what is the mechanism behind the doping stabilization what are the principles for choosing the element I think this is a good question yes so we are I have to confess that we started our work with let's say trial and error we found that when we have a multivalent cations like zirconium tantalum tungsten niobium this can be even vanadium this can be helpful and indeed we found that with many multivalent cations we are able to demonstrate stabilization and then we turn to computational work now we are guided by computational work so computational work definitely can show which dopants first of all can affect the structure for instance avoid a possible a layer-to-spinel transition in the material and also now we explore the segregation situation we have evidence that whenever we use dopants the last process is a heat treatment at nearly 800 degrees C where segregation and the dopants go to the surface and we have surface stabilization and this is something that we explore but I would say that now after we did enough experimental work we can be guided by computational work and we can select more judiciously the elements for doping yeah next question based on energetic calculations yeah I understand this is still in the process of trying to understand this chemistry so the next question what do you see as the promise in chemistry that could enable us to get more than 99.9% columbic efficiency and lithium metal cycling is fluorine based chemistry the enabling chemistry here not necessarily I think that we demonstrate that in terms of cycling we are limiting whenever we have a liquid electrolyte solutions we have a lot of gains but we have also disadvantages in terms of unavoidable reactions sooner or later a major problem would be the cells would become dry because there is no way to obtain hermetic passivation so I believe that solid state batteries solid state batteries can bring us to very nearly 100% cycling efficiency but we pay a price we pay a price of we may pay a price of rate capability and also cost effectiveness and limited usage but with with electrolyte with liquid electrolyte solutions and lithium metal I think we always will be limited and what I show is maybe close to the horizon that we can reach yeah okay so actually just a minute let me just add of course when we talk about solid state we talk also about polymers polymers I only got to go back polymers is also an option and definitely even a combination of ceramic and polymeric materials serving like composite polymeric matrices can also help to reach very nearly 100% cycling efficiency of lithium metal yeah this is good point future will bring in more speakers on the solid state batteries as well previously we have Linda Nassar and Yogan Jannet already will have more of that topic so continue on the fluorine chemistry so what is your hypothesis behind the effect of fluorinated solvents in mitigating dendritic deposition of lithium metal so we demonstrated that from the very beginning from the birthday of lithium batteries it was clear that passivation is a key issue and sometimes we have to use even reactive solvents in order to have surface reactions that will form passivation so in some cases one would say let's use the least reactive solvents so we'll mitigate or we'll avoid surface reaction but it's not true here with lithium lithium compound, even lithium graphite little silicon we need passivation we need reactive materials so we need reactive materials that will react properly at high enough potentials and will form the solid electrolyte interfaces with good properties now what is the best properties that we can think about is flexibility we want a surface film that will accommodate the morphological changes this is true for silicon this is true for lithium metal where we have pronounced morphological changes when we charge discharge and we dissolve deposit lithium so when we have fluorine we have more health we have more options for we have elimination and then we form double bond and then we have polymerization so we may have different kind of polymers we have of course a reduction of the fluoride the fc bond we have a lithium fluoride we also have some lithium carbonate so we have a very interesting situation in which we have polymeric matrices only lithium compounds are embedded and these matrices are flexible and allow a reasonable transport of lithium reasonable transport of lithium iron through them and I think don't go on speaking of that this is a really interesting point speaking of this and indeed another question related to this is FEC decomposition can produce lithium fluoride and polycarbonate product an audience ask which of these two do you think is the critical SEI ingredient from FEC is it lithium fluoride or is it polycarbonate it could be both not necessarily I'm not sure that lithium fluoride is formed anyway and when we have small enough particles of lithium fluoride despite of its intrinsic impedance for lithium migration this is not a good material for lithium migration but since we have nanoparticles, small particles embedded with the matrix we have more than one mechanism of lithium iron transport through the surface fields so I'm not sure the carbonate is not the only one necessary option we have several type of carbonates we have we have alken and alkan type carbonates for sure and also we have polycarbonate as well so we have several blend of polymers and this blend of polymers is good it provides the right flexibility of the entire matrix that protects the surface in the case of electrolyte solution containing FEC let's start this panel with both of you right here I have a few questions very interesting one also from audience also for myself to discuss with you first question is this is from the audience I think very interesting he asks does kan agree with DORON that electrical vehicles must use graphite end nodes and that lithium matter will not work and also asking me I mean kind of discussion is supposed to be having a little bit of debate as well it's okay to have different opinion kan do you want to start and then I will have DORON to also come back to comment on this yeah actually despite the factors that I am in the battery 500 program I still I'm still very conservative about the lithium matter I observe the thermal runaway of lithium matter and at the end of charging the lithium matter battery in different scenarios both through video and through real thing in my lab so I tend to think that maybe in the near term for the near 5-10 years it's way too dangerous to put lithium matter in the car maybe we can apply those in some other smaller format applications such as UAV or drones but on this matter I sort of agree with DORON your turn I want to I think that what is great about our community and in fact lithium matter is the greatest success of model chemistry and material science because of the reliability and high fidelity we produced today billions of cells we have amazingly good line production lines and we can now distribute billions of lithium matter batteries everywhere in the world we can put our cell phone in the car in the summer it can reach 80 degrees C it can drop on the on the ground it can be abused and nevertheless it will move so we see here the high reliability and we work very hard to reach it I am within this field more than several decades and we are working days and nights to gain this high fidelity to gain this prestige now it's very easy to lose this prestige one successful accident and you are 20 years back so when I think about electric vehicles and I think about billions of cars and billions of cars contain, each car will contain hundreds of cells and we still have to maintain the high fidelity, the high reliability we have to work in a zero fault manner because electric vehicle is very risky and a successful in parenthesis accident somewhere can kill our prestige and we work very hard on our prestige thereby I tend to be conservative I think that with graphite we are in good shape so we can struggle with the cathode I think that we can now demonstrate high energy density batteries with graphite and one of these either lithium and manganese rich better even nickel and ncm and we have and we can drive 500 kilometers the rate capability is being improved so I think we are done with electromobility let's gain experience let's increase our penetration to the market let's see the electromobility revolution accelerating and then we think about more risks so at the moment I think that if we stay with graphite and yet we have some way to go with the cathodes we can come up with extra rich amount of batteries and retain retain the high fidelity retain the reliability retain the prestige this is my point well thank you Doron let me also express my real from a slightly different angle I think I largely agree with both of you when you go to application you need to be conservative because of safety things shouldn't go wrong that's from the application angle from research angle like academia research what can prepare us for the next we can go aggressive we can have different choices but often times people might miss this up from research academia research prepare for the future versus the current application once they miss this up this is dangerous I think we want to do research on for example new annual new cathode prepare for the future but be aware of they are not ready in terms of application needs to do a lot more research before we can get there so that would be my thinking I think largely agree with you both of you in application go conservative but research wise can be much broader to do so so next next question I want to touch upon what is so important from both of you we know the interface is so important like Dong and Kang and this is from the audience this question also myself thinking about that as well I want to ask you so how reliable do you think acetic to SCI characterization is as a community how do we improve the quality we are having a better technique to understand the SCI it's looking into the future what do we need to do to understand this better if each of you give about a minute or two of thoughts of ideas to the audience that would be fantastic Dong first you mentioned EQCM EQCM is indeed excellent and we work hard with EQCM as well we have EQCM EQCM can really provide a very nice to to understand the dynamic situation and we can work with in terms of morphological characterization we have AFM going together with EQCM which is very nice I think that we can do we can do model chemistry we did it all over since the very beginning and so we can do model chemistry and to come up and then compare with the FTIR and XPS FTIR and we have also another important tool which is solid state NMR solid state NMR is becoming a very good characterization for interfaces and we see more and more progress we have an Israel expert we have the legendary Claire Gray so we have now solid state NMR and we can use multi-nuclear more than one nuclear we have fluorine we can do lithium for carbon FTIR solid state NMR Raman is less important for surface characterization and we have EQCM AFM so I think we are in a reasonably good shape in understanding what's going on FTIR and solid state NMR together we can enter and provide fingerprint of surface compounds which may be valuable we have been trying to work closely with the instrumentalist and spectroscopist so I mentioned the EQCM work there there's another work I briefly mentioned but didn't emphasize that they are liquid seams in the NAL group that turns out to be very very useful for the very first time that we observed the change of the inner Helmholtz layer when you change the electrolyte composition and change the potential one example shows us even we use the traditional analytical tool adding new twist we can still get a lot of new insights into the ACI this is an entirely new frontier we should spend more time on this well that's really good I think these two of you thought adding together is just fantastic let me add in a little bit as well to this question so from the ACI looks like we need a technique we need to understand the solvation structure coming in and then the ACI also need to have spatial resolution down to nanometer scale or molecular scale both in their depth resolution as well as the lateral resolution so besides thinking in mind like some of the two you already mentioned of MMR can you just mention about the Sims technique I think there's a new technique coming out has been demonstrated quite useful in the past two years is cryogenic electron microscopy the cryoEM that can stabilize the ACI to a certain degree so you can study that that one now having spatial resolution having some chemistry functional group can be identified by doing either ears or elemental analysis or EDX and so on so I think probably more tools will be needed I really want many people in the audience right there to think about one new tool starting this problem that would be fantastic so with that, I think I really like to thank both of you Kang and Doron for your fantastic talks and also very nice discussion and I learned a lot today for the next symposium that's on July 10th on Friday remember next week, next Friday July 3rd we don't have it because it's close to July 4th the national holiday here in the United States many people are probably nodding on July 3rd so we'll have it on July 10th we'll have Professor Yeming Chang for MIT certainly a very well known scientist to join in and it also looks like it's my turn to do some really hard work to also give the presentation in the next symposium at the end let me thank all of you all the audience particularly the people in Asia stay very late with us every Friday and also for European people you have probably very nice dinner time go along with this speech let me also thank Kang and Doron for fantastic talk and participation thank you very much thank you for the invitation for this nice discussion leadership very nice I second that I also want to thank Justin and Tracy for supporting alright I'll see you in the next symposium bye now


Assalamu alaikum viewers, welcome to virtual university. One of the things you have to learn in studying English is how to express yourself in more than one ways and this is best done by practice in paraphrasing. In today's lesson, you shall learn how to paraphrase, a paraphrase is the expression of the meaning of a passage in a different way. Paraphrasing is a writing skill, mind you a writing skill in which an idea or ideas or information which is written you rewrite it in another way but without changing the meaning. It is in other words writing the given information in different words that is you rephrase the words without changing its original meaning. And paraphrasing is often used in place of directly quoting what a writer has said. It is a skill, I am repeating this again and again it is a skill and it is used to rewrite short selections series of sentences or paragraphs and a paraphrase is usually as long as the original text and why because you have to communicate its full meaning, the full meaning of the passage and a paraphrase we find is usually as long as the original text. Now we will look at some techniques that can help you in writing a paraphrase. The first thing is that your paraphrase it may contain some words from the original passage but try to use synonyms wherever possible that is the first thing. The second is that you change the direct quotations to indirect quotations that is you write in reported speech and the third thing is that you have to keep in mind is that you change active sentences to passive sentences and vice versa. Now when you are required to write a paraphrase you should step number one read the passage carefully a number of times till you understand it fully. Your first reading as always shall be a quick read, your second reading could be slower and concentrate what the points are in the text. The second step is after your reading that you look up words that you do not understand right you look them up in a dictionary try to find synonyms for them just underline the words that you do not know look them up in the dictionary some dictionaries have synonyms some do not. So if you are a good student you should have a thesaurus with you a thesaurus will give you synonyms and antonym sometimes antonym as well. So step number one read the passage carefully a number of times till you understand it fully number two look up words that you do not understand look them up in the dictionary and try to find synonyms for them. Step number three jot down the main points of the passage right step number three is that you jot down the main points of the passage and step number four you make an outline with the help of the points you have jotting. You have the points and then you make a rough outline. Now we shall look at a passage I shall read it out for you and you shall see how a paraphrase of this given passage can be written it is the season of football so this passage is about football it is said that when in 1998 Brazil lost the world cup to France the Brazilians was so disheartened that one had the impression that a big national disaster had taken place and the country itself had died they say that many did die of sadness defeat in championship matches has often caused heart attacks and the despair of the public is usually so great that many take their own lives such is the passion of football fan now that was a very simple passage now you have to make an outline and when you make an outline before you make an outline just find out what the main idea is and then the main supporting ideas are points and the third is the primary and secondary supporting ideas the detail now you have read that paragraph on football you write the paraphrase using your own words without omitting any essential idea and the step six the last step is that you polish what you've written by polish I mean you go over what you've written see if your connectors sentence connectors are right see if there are any ideas that you have missed out and that is polishing what you've written now shall we make up an outline of that passage now that passage was about Brazil losing the world cup in 1998 that was idea number a that was the first big idea the second big idea or the main idea is that possible defeat causes strong reaction and the third major idea is that football fans are very emotional so this is the kind of outline that we looked at when we were looking at essay writing right major point Brazil lost the world cup and then you've got two supporting ideas the first is that the entire country became sad the second is that there were some deaths as a result of the losing the world cup point number two is possible defeat causes strong reaction and this is generally here it's not talking about Brazil itself it's just talking about how championship matches defeat in championship matches what is the reaction of the public and the reaction is that there are heart attacks and some even commit suicide so point number two be is possible defeat causes strong reaction and that is again divided subdivided into two points heart attacks and suicide and the third major point is that football fans are very emotional that's the third major point now you've got your outline and you can write a paraphrase based on that outline now a paraphrase with that outline would be something like what you can see on your screen and it is in 1998 Brazil lost the world cup to France the entire country was overcome with sadness some people even died defeat in championship matches causes strong reaction among fans from heart attacks to even suicide football fans are very emotional about the game now if you noticed that you have said the same thing what was said in the original passage without changing the meaning you have expressed it in another form in another way and that is what a paraphrase is about you rewrite something that is given you and you say it in your own words without changing the meaning and you may use different words right now let us look at another example this is a longer passage and here because in the last passage if you notice there weren't any difficult or big words that you might not have come across in this passage we do have a number of words which some of you might not have come across the passage is there for you to read and I shall read it for you as well and notice some of the words that you find are difficult the best approach to students cooperation is the organization of thrift societies the principle of thrift is as important from the cooperative as it is from the education educational point of view thrift gives a basic foundation to character and it is easy to form this habit in one's early life in the process of the formation of this habit the young student will have to exercise rigorous self-discipline which will not only have a great effect on his own spiritual life but will react on his family and through the family on society as a whole now in that passage there are a number of words which you might not have come across words like thrift words like rigorous now think of another word for thrift for thrift you can have the word saving you can have the word economy and rigorous there are synonyms for rigorous but you have to be careful when you are choosing synonyms choose the one that suits the meaning that would fit into the sentence rigorous could mean firm it could mean demanding it could mean strict now if you know the meaning of these words that was step number one the next step is that you write an outline the first line outline that you saw was in the form that you learnt while writing an essay now this type of outline that you will see now is what they say a sentence outline you could have something like how students can best cooperate thrift society three fold value of thrift foundation of character formation of habits exercise of strict discipline and the result or effect of thrift it is deeper influence spiritually and financially right that is another way of writing an outline and if you string those words together keeping in mind the sentence connectors you can form a very interesting paraphrase let us look at another paragraph again in this paragraph and this paragraph is taken from Albert Einstein this is a quotation from one of his books very interesting paragraph there are a number of words that you are that you may not be familiar with the passage is each of us is here for a brief so John for what purpose he knows not though he sometimes feel sometimes thinks he feels it but from the point of view of daily life without going deeper we exist for our fellow men in the first place for those on whom one depends and next for all those unknown to us personally with whose destinies we are bound up by the tie of sympathy a hundred times every day I remind myself that my inner and outer life depends on the labours of other men living and dead and that I must exert myself in order to give in the same measure as I have received and I am still receiving a philosophical passage but very interesting if you read it carefully you will not have any problem in understanding what Einstein is saying over there now which words did you find difficult the words are so John destiny exert measure and you should look up the different meanings for the word so John it means to stay to rest so a stopover even a visit and for destiny you have the words like lives fate fortunes for exert you have words like effort apply and for measure you have words like amount portion share share now that was the first step the first step is read the passage carefully step number two look up synonyms for difficult words words that you do not know the meaning of and the third step is that you write a brief outline and the fourth step would be after having written the outline you write in write the passage in complete sentences having written it you go over it and polish it look at all the bits that are missing or what something you feel like adding and at the end read what you've written and see if it is conveying what was said in the original text now in this passage from Albert Einstein the outline would be something life our life is brief the purpose of our life is unknown but simply felt our first relation our first relation is with those with whom we are intimate then it is with those we are allied with sympathy and then he goes on to say he talks about his own life and he says that the dependence of his life on the labor of the living and the dead and he feels that it is his duty to give and take right to give and take and that is what the whole passage is about you may string that string those words those phrases into complete sentences and you will find that you have said exactly what Einstein said but not in his words but in your own words to be able to write to express meaning in your own words is a skill which you will learn only through practice let us look at another passage in this passage you follow the steps that were given to you earlier the passage is Kaleem Umar the journalist has studied Japanese business customs and habits he says that the Japanese prefer to work collectively as members of group rather than individually this he says is one of the main reasons for Japan's economic success now read it carefully there were not many difficult words if you think there are any difficult words just underline them just put them and write them down and try to write an outline in sentence form there are two main ideas one is that Kaleem Umar reports that Japanese work in groups not as individual and the second point of that passage it was a short passage the second point is that this is the reason for their economic success just two points in that passage number one that Japanese prefer to work in groups rather than individually number one number two that this is the reason for their economic success and look at the paraphrase that is given you which has been written on the two major points the paraphrase is Kaleem Umar the journalist says that the Japanese like to work together in groups and not singly he believes that this feature is one of the most important factors responsible for Japanese economic success now did you notice that the paraphrase is very close to the original text it is it has been rewritten in different words but the meaning is the same that is the crux of the matter when you paraphrase you do not change the meaning you say the same thing in your own words right now shall we shall look at a poem this is an example of a verse a piece of poetry that has been paraphrased a very famous very famous lines lives of great men all remind us we can make our lives sublime and departing leave behind us footprints on the sands of time footprints that perhaps another sailing over life's solemn mean a forlorn and shipwrecked brother seeing shall take heart again maybe you need a second read read it again and I'm sure you've got the general gist the first step is look up the difficult word the difficult words over there are sublime solemn mean forlorn right now the first thing that you should do is substitute other words for sublime sublime you've got words like lofty exalted eminent grand noble right forlorn forlorn means abandoned deserted friendless and solemn solemn means serious sober grave and the word main MAIN main now main if you've got a good dictionary with you you will know that main has many meanings over here it means the open sea this is an obsolete use of the term now why I have chosen this for you is just to give you practice you must read different kinds of writing so that you learn to express yourself in different ways lives of great men all remind us we can make our lives sublime and departing leave behind us footprints on the sand sands of time footprints that perhaps another sailing over life's solemn mean a forlorn and shipwrecked brother seeing shall take heart again now you know the meanings of the difficult words the central idea in the above in these lines is that the lives of all great men remind us of certain duties right that was the central idea now the third thing that you have to do is that you remove the inversions because in poetry things are usually written in an inverted way and rewrite the sentences in the same order now if you can do that you will find that your outline would be something like we may make our lives great while living how do we do it departing we may leave behind us footprints on the sands of time there may be footprints which may be seen by a shipwrecked brother and may help him to take heart again now if you were to write a paraphrase based on that outline it would be something like what you see what you can see on your screen the lives of all great men remind us that we may also live noble sublime lives now you've got the word we may live instead of make and instead of the word sublime you use the word noble the lives of all great men remind us that we also may live noble noble lives and that when we die and you use the word die for the word departing the poet has used the word departing meaning that when we die and depart from this world we may leave records of our actions now the word footprint the poet over here is speaking metaphorically is using a metaphor to denote to show that our actions are like footprints on the sand and he says that we may leave when we die that is when we depart from this world when we die we may leave records of our actions which are footprints in this world sands of time you can use substitute the word world for the phrase sands of time like the marks of footsteps left by travelers on the sands of the seashore these records these footprints and you can use another word for footprints and that is record earlier on we use the word action for footprints now we've used the word record these record may be noticed by some unfortunate person remember what word was used in the in the poem the poem use the word a shipwrecked brother that is the poet s way of saying someone like us someone who is unfortunate right to be shipwrecked he doesn't actually mean somebody who is fallen off the ship what he means is that somebody who suffered a lot these record may be noticed by someone by some unfortunate person who has no one to guide him the poet uses the word forlorn and you have substituted the word one who has no one to guide him and may encourage him the poet uses the word the words to take heart now that that phrase means to encourage take heart what we say in Urdu poslakar in Punjabi we say poslakar and may encourage him in his distress or sorrow now I shall read the paraphrase for you again and you notice that the paraphrase of the poem says exactly what the poet has said but in different word and the paraphrase is like this the lives of all great men remind us that we may that we also may live noble lives and that when we die we may leave records of our actions in this world like the marks of footsteps left by travelers on the sands of the seashore these record may be noticed by some unfortunate person who has no one to guide him and encourage him in his distress or sorrow now that was the first draft if you were to polish this you would you there is always room to polish what you've written if you were to polish the paraphrase it could be something like the lives of all great men inspire us so that we also may live noble lives and that when we die we may leave behind us records of our noble deeds like the marks of footprints left by a traveler on the sands of the seashore these records may by chance be read by some unfortunate person who having made a wreck of his life is in the grip of despair and this may give him fresh encouragement in his loneliness and misery to make a new start in life now if you notice that the polishing part gives the passage a smoothness the idea remains the same right now shall we look at another now this is a news item notice what is is given in the passage and if you were to paraphrase this news item what is it that you would concentrate on the news item is and it's from Karachi APP Associated Press of Pakistan rescue workers located the body of a new Karachi teenager on the beach at Clifton one day after a sandbar where he was walking with his friends washed out in the rising tide police sources said the body of Muhammad Irfan 15 was recovered on the beach on Sunday morning the body was found two and a half miles away from the area where he fell about 6.15 p.m. Saturday afternoon the boy and his friend Ali Zaman were walking on the sandbar with other teens when the sand washed out from under them said the victim's mother Zainab Khatun passes by pulled Ali Zaman to safety witnesses said now if you look at that passage a lot of information is given there but there is some information which you may easily leave out without changing the meaning of the passage not a difficult passage very simple this is journalistic writing the kind of news that one reads every day in the newspaper notice it is not a philosophical passage like the one from Einstein or like the poetry bit that you had this is ordinary English but again you can leave out certain information without making any changes in the meaning let us look at the paraphrase you can see the whole thing in two sentences on Sunday the body of a young man who was drowned while walking on a sandbar washed away by the tide was discovered at Clifton Beach on Saturday afternoon his friend who was with him at the time of the accident had been rescued by passers by now notice you've got two sentences and you have conveyed the meaning of the passage right now you have some more examples of paraphrase look at the first quotation and that is from a quotation from Walt Whitman the American poet very interesting it is one sentence in which he says the narrowest hinge on my hand puts to scorn all machinery the narrowest hinge on my hand puts to scorn all machinery you've got two words over there which you might find difficult the word hinge right hinge and the other one is scorn what is he saying the poet is saying that the smallest joint in the bones of my hand is far wonderful it's a far more wonderful thing than any machinery you can say it in your own word the poet is saying that the smallest joint of the bones of my hand are a far more marvelous thing than any machinery made by man right now here is another example the main argument in favor of keeping the death penalty for murder is that it will frighten men out of the desire to commit the crime in other words it will act as a preventive right two sentences you've got the main idea the idea is that hanging people for murder does not solve things it has not stopped people from committing murder so that is the main idea now you say it in other words in your own words and you can say something like the main argument for retaining capital punishment for murder is that it will act as a deterrent right number three sample number three this is a quotation from Benjamin Franklin there are no gains without pain then help hands for I have no land or if I have they are smartly taxed there are no gains without pain then help hands for I have no land or if I have they are smartly taxed what is he saying in very few words he's saying a lot of things there are no gains without pains he is saying that you can't earn anything without work without labor nothing can be gained nothing can be earned nothing can be got if you want to use very simple English nothing can be got without working for it that if you were to write stylishly good English you would say nothing can be earned without labor simple English nothing can be got without work without working for it so set to work then he says then help hands for I have no land or if I have they are smartly taxed so you would say so set to work my hands he addresses his hands he addresses his hands and says to them so set to work my hands for what land I have is heavily taxed right sample number four no man is so void of understanding as to prefer war before peace for in the latter children bury their fathers in the former fathers bury their children now in that passage you have to be very clear what latter stands for and what former stands for former stands for peace and latter latter stands for peace and former stands for war and you can rewrite this in simple English by saying no man would be so stupid as to prefer war over peace for in peace the young bury the old which is normal while in war the the old bury the young would I fighting in war now in this paraphrase exactly the same meaning has been conveyed but in different way let us look at a few more samples and these are the following two are samples which were seen in a hospital a notice in a hospital the notice said applicants are requested to state the reasons for any exceptional treatment they require now this could be paraphrased into very simple English by writing applicants should state why they need special treatment there is another notice this is again taken from a notice it says all drivers and visitors to the hospital are strictly forbidden to park in or on the verge of the road attention is drawn to the fact that a public car park is available in Millet Street now that was a very roundabout way of saying something you can say it in simple English that no parking on this road use the park in Millet Street right now there is another sample and you will find this very funny this is the type of notice that officials usually write it says civil personal will halt here and report their presence at the guard room they will on no account proceed further till vetted and granted clearance by the security officer on duty offenders are warned that any failure to observe these regulations will result in detention and prosecution now you can say this or write this in simple English that all civilians will report at the guard room for permission to enter I mean it is it sounds very very rude offenders will be prosecuted right here is another example and here this is taken from a circular a school circular these are the kind of notices that the government sends to schools in cases where the school day is terminated earlier than the normal time owing to the necessity to get pupils home before the onset of monsoon rains a careful note of the relevant circumstances must be made and transmitted to the education officer at the earliest possible opportunity again a very roundabout way of saying something which could be said in a more direct manner said in simple words you can paraphrase this and say that in case the school day is shortened owing to monsoon rains the education office must be informed immediately that is one way or you could re say it in another way something like the education officer or the education office must be informed as soon as possible if monsoon rains make it necessary to end school earlier than usual right now in today's lesson you looked at different samples of paraphrase you looked at different samples you looked at some single sentences you looked at short prose passages you looked at a poem and a news item and you looked at notices car car parking notices notices in hospitals and you were given plenty of practice you've seen all these and you've noticed how you can rewrite rephrase what is written in your own word now you have to remember that paraphrasing takes time it cannot be done history number one number two in a paraphrase on no account must you introduce anything which is not in the original however much you may wish or want to do that what you can do in an essay in essay writing you can do that but not in a paraphrase number three remember that you don't have to change every word that is in the original some words simply cannot be suitably replaced and number four remember that a paraphrase is neither an expansion nor a summary right and in today's lesson you learned how to express yourself in a different way paraphrasing is a very useful writing scale and it goes a long way in helping develop your writing ability Allah Hafiz see you next time.


We're out, though. Of course no one knows how to say our name. It's AUKZERO! We're out zero. Of course we also sometimes forget our passwords. Mom, what's grandma's paternal grandfather's maiden name? We're out zero. Of course you can make your login box blue. I mean cerulean. We're out zero. Of course we know identity is so much more than a login box. Can I enable MFA? Of course. I want RBAC. You got it. Can I add social login? Yeah, for sure. Give me pass keys! We will. We're out zero. Of course you can get started with a few lines of code. I think you can write my novel now. We're out zero. Of course we'll help protect your app from bots. We're out zero. Of course we wrote a hundred-page white paper about identity.


Death is not something that happens to you sometime in future, it's happening to you all the time. If you're unaware, you're ignorant, it comes to you sometime, you do not know when but it'll come. If you're aware, in every moment both life and death are involved. If you as much as breathe little more consciously, you will notice with every inhalation there is life, with every exhalation there is death. If you're not getting the point, just do the next inhalation and do not next exhalation and do not take the next inhalation, you will get the point. Every moment, even beyond the breath, every moment it is happening. It's like the ticking of the clock, life and death, life and death, life and death. It's all the time happening. One who is aware of this will naturally become aware, there is no such thing as life and death. Life is death and death is life, they are not different. It is only a question of the womb, the crawling out, growing up, taking the loan from the planet and putting it back. But it's just life or it's just death. We need not have invented two words for this, it's just one thing. We can call it the life because they're not two different things. It is out of a very gross sense of unawareness about the life process because the wonderful gifts that have been showered upon humanity, we are using them like toys, it feels this way. This mind, this brain capable of incredible things, but we are using it like a toy. No, I think people enjoy toys, isn't it?  It took millions of years to evolve to this state of mental capability.  But a conscious mind is a fabulous thing. Why would anybody want to give this up? Because they do not know how to handle it. If you knew how to handle it, if you knew how to handle it, you wouldn't want to get rid of this. People are seeking peace. I don't know. If you walk straight on this pathway through the school and beyond, there we have some very peaceful creatures. Did you see them? You didn't see the ashram cows? Please go and see them. They are really peaceful especially at this time of the day. They are mulching what they ate through the day and very peaceful. More peaceful than a lot of saints. Just a full stomach, so much peace. Just gross. See this is all you have to do because not much of a mind. Even to create turmoil, you need a mind. It's certain capability. So this mind has become a problem only because of so many silly assumptions we have made about life. So many kinds of camouflages we have put upon life. Not seeing it just the way it is, all kinds of inventions about it. Too many philosophies, too many ideologies. Oh, I'm going too far. A lot of people are just living by some silly slogan that they read somewhere. This happened in an African village. There was a man eating lion, bothering a certain village, grabbing men, women and children off and on and having… making breakfast of them. Or dinner. So they did not know how to deal with this lion because it was a very ferocious animal. So they called the big time celebrated hunter from Zimbabwe. His name was Kolamandal Smite.  So they invited him for a great big fee. He came, he walked around the village for three days. The lion didn't turn up. He had other contracts. So he said, my time precious time is going away. So let me do one thing. Bring one of your cows here. They brought a cow with one slash of his hunting knife, big hunting knife, slash the animal's throat and then skinned the animal, took the hide, fresh hide and put it over his body as camouflage, hid his gun in this hide and went and started pretending like he's grazing up on the field. So the villagers were really impressed with this and they were waiting that he'll get the lion today. Then they heard blood-curdling screams from Kolamandal Smite and all of them ran to see what happened. They found a strange situation that the bull was upon him.  So you don't know which way it'll get you. Death is like this. You don't know which way it'll get you unless you have become aware that what you call as life and what you call as death are not two separate things. One who does not embrace death will not know life at all. If you sit here, I don't want to die, I don't want to die, I don't want to die, all that will happen is you will not live, you will anyway die, but you will not live for sure. It's not that I want to die today, but if I do, it's all right with me. I'll do everything to protect myself, to nurture myself, to take care of myself, but if I have to die today, it's okay with me. Now I can step out and live, otherwise I cannot live. Basava, a Kannada saint, a great poet, a fabulous devotee, a very beautiful devotee, a sage and a mystic wrote hundreds of poems, but constantly he treaded many, many things he wrote about death, lot of things about life, but many things about death. This is a translation, it loses its some of the beauty of poetry, but you get the meaning. Basava said, Sacrifice a lamb brought to the festival, eats up the green leaf brought for decorations. Sacrifice a lamb brought for the festival, eats up the green leaf brought for the decoration. Not knowing a thing about the kill, not knowing a thing about the kill, it wants only to fill its belly, born that day, to die that day, but tell me, did the killer survive for Kurala Sangamadeva?  As life is, death is.


clustering techniques are commonly used to group similar objects together from a large dataset. However, when dealing with time series data, such as building energy consumption patterns, it can be difficult to determine which similarity metrics should be used. This paper examines the effectiveness of different similarity metrics in clustering time series data, and proposes a new method called clustered vector balance to validate the performance of different clustering algorithms. This article was authored by Wolfgang Kastner and Felix Iglesias.


Commissioner of Police Biosas State Command has advised Biosas who seek the services of domestic staffs to carry out a thorough background check before allowing them into their homes. The CP said some of these persons are criminals who serve as informants to their criminal gants. It gave the advice when the command paraded suspects who committed various crimes ranging from stealing, kidnapping and robbery including courtesan. The CP has valued that $2 million at his residence and escaped through the back door and jumped the fence. The intensity of the fence is relatively wide, yet she had the man to jump it. Now I also want to advise people who want to seek services of rehearsal to submit them to thorough background check. As you have observed, some of them are criminals and can be used as informants of their criminal gants. As a matter of fact, the person whose house was boggled to me that the boyfriend of the suspect, the female suspect, he used to come to him. About three times he came to him for employment and each time we look at him we ask why he dressed like this, you know. So even himself wanted to have thorough access to the house in order for them to carry out their operation and he means we weren't going to carry that kidnapping of the man or just me I see.