So, I'm just going to bring back some high school memories, so nothing really new I guess. Let's start. Okay, if you see these pictures, maybe you already watched these both movies. And let's see the Jurassic Park. If you know if you remember the movie, it's done a show there was born due to the principle of genetic engineering. And today we can only synthesize protein from the genetic engineering, but you know that our living organism we've built of proteins, so if we're upscaling it, it's possible to really burn a single organism from the genetic engineering. And this too is an application of genetic modification. If you know at the last series of this divergent serial, they are divided people into this genetically damaged and genetically pure. So in the future maybe that most of the people are genetically modified because they receive this gene treatment to make them like more superior in, I don't know, like more smarter, like more attractive and so on. And other application of genetic modification is we can also make a human to be resistant to disease, to be resistant from a virus or from a bacteria and to design a baby, maybe, and to mute the DNA that make us aging. Now we have this genetically modified organism, as you know, like fruits and vegetables, but of course it's all possible in the future that we also modify the human genetic. Now it's, we only have this gene therapy for a gene disorder, but in the future maybe if some people like infest, we can also possible to achieve these things. Okay. So we're going to talk about what we already achieved today. First of all I'm going to mention about this DNA fingerprint. You know that every people have a different fingerprint. It's also the same case with DNA. So everyone is a little bit different. So there's part of your DNA, which is a non-coding region, also called the Jiang DNA, and everyone has a different sequence in this Jiang DNA. And what we can use from this information is, for example, paternity test. So this is how it looks like like around 20 years ago, firstly, when they first discovered about DNA fingerprint. For example, we have a children and then we don't know which father is the children and this is the mother. This is the mother and the children. And then the two father suspects, father one, father two. And you know that their DNA is passed from both parents, mother and father. So the children will carry this DNA from the both parents. So if you can guess which one is the father. Okay. So you see this bands is DNA from the children. So this band must correspond to the mother and the father. Okay. For example, I'll take these two examples. This belongs to the mother and this belongs to the father. So each of the bands here either belong from the mother or belong to the father. So we can show that yes, the father is the father too. Easy. Okay. The next application is forensic. Suppose you have the murder case and then there's a blood standard. We can also do a DNA fingerprint and see, for example, we have this blood standard in the criminal case and we have seven suspects. We just match and we know who's guilty. And today it was like very classical method and today we can carry out DNA analysis or we can call it genotyping and there's so many techniques already available. The first one is gel electrophoresis is the oldest one and then the southern blood and the PCR. This is the techniques that I researched. My research was. And also the recently is the DNA sequencing. It can give you information base per base in the resolution of bears per base. Now let's talk about the scientific background about it. So what is DNA? Why it's so powerful? What it's can call life. So DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. You might be familiar with this structure, right? Okay. So this structure, we call it double helix. And if we zoom out, it looks like this. Actually the name itself, it stands for what it really is. So here we have something, these two blue and yellow thing here. We call it sugar and phosphate backbone. This is the phosphate part and then this is the sugar part. And what sugar is there is like ribose. So the relative is like sucrose, glucose, fructose. And this is ribose, same as sugar. Then there's this phosphate part here. And then acid, because this gives the acidity properties of the DNA. But the most important part of the DNA is lies here. So if you see, we call it base nucleotide. There are four kinds of base nucleotide and two of them like pairing together. So T is always pairing with A. G is always pairing with C. There are four of them. So this all codes of life, which brings you all these kind of properties, it's only a combination of these four base nucleotide. Okay. So where are they located?  But it really depends if it's the eukaryotic cells or prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells is, for example, plant and animal cells. And then prokaryotic cells is bacteria or one cell organism. Okay. So just imagine cells is just like a bowl of soup.  You have so many things inside there. And then prokaryotic, in the eukaryotic cells, I mentioned that this is from, for example, from plant and animal. Can you tell which cells this belong to? Plant or animal? Animal. Animal. Okay. So you remember a little bit about your biology. Okay. So in this eukaryotic cell, most of you may be think that DNA is inside the chromosome and chromosome is inside the nucleus. That's true. But that's not only that. We have also DNA which is located in another part of the cells, which is called organolar DNA. In the plant cells, it is inside mitochondrial. And in the plant cells, it's inside the plastic, in the chloroplast. It's the part where the photosynthesis happens. And in the chromosomal DNA, it's passed from both mother and father. But in the organolar DNA, it's only passed from the mother. And if you want to do a DNA fingerprint, which DNA you're taking, chromosomal DNA. For example, you want to do a paternity test. You cannot see who is the father by the mitochondrial DNA. And in the prokaryotic cells, if it was chicken soup, then it's just like a cream soup, nothing inside there. So the DNA is just swimming in there. Okay. So actually, how this DNA can shape us inside and out? How this DNA code like everything? So you know that this DNA, it's basically a sequence of those four bases. And it's encode as, you remember, those bases, C, G, T, A. And three of these nucleotide will be translated into one amino acid, one amino acid. And what amino acids together, they will build a protein. And proteins is exactly what builds us from the head to toe. Your hair, your nails, your blood, everything. So it looks like this. How's the processes? Because in the gene expression, it simply looks like this. So DNA. So DNA consists of this coding region and non-coding region. So only the coding region will be transcripted into the RNA during the gene expression process. And in this RNA, we take this out from the nucleus. And then in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus, it will be translated. Each of the, every tree of the nucleotide base will be translated into one amino acid. And all amino acid together will create a polypeptide chain. And then, you know, that proteins characterize your phenotype. So this, only one example, there is a red rose and there's a white rose. So it's a protein which is responsible for these properties. Easy. Okay. So let's narrow the application into the medicine. What really we can do with this DNA? So we can do a gene therapy. Very successful, very successful experiment was like with the XCIT, if you know, the bubble boy. Yeah. You know? You don't know. Okay. So this bubble boy is like a human which is born without any kind of immunity. So it's like genetic disorder. And then there's a successful gene therapy for this.  Now they can, like, totally cure with the gene therapy. And then pharmacogenomics, I will mention a little bit. And then gene tests, why it's important because you can predict, like, how much you have risk of, like, cardiovascular disease, like some genetic disease by this gene test.  And what the benefit we can get from that? First we can do, to improve the diagnosis of the disease because we can do early detection. For example, cancer is one form of the mutation. So we can also predict if someone might have a cancer in the future. And earlier detection of genetic disposition, rational drug design, because most of the drug-target proteins, they are targeting in your receptor or your enzyme, they are all proteins. So even the drug response is really depends on your DNA. And gene therapy and personalized are custom drugs. So we can be different in many ways, include this. So for example, there are people, two peoples, with the same symptoms and findings and diseases and different passion and treat with the same drugs and it can result with different effects. How? There are so many factors. This ethnicity and one of them is genetic factors and one explanation is because of this, genetic variation. The most genetic variation which exists in the human is called SNP. What is SNP is single nucleotide polymorphism. So this is a variation in the single nucleotide. So only one single base nucleotide, maybe the C is exchanged to T somehow. And this is, what is different between mutation and polymorphism? In the mutation, the frequency is less than one person, but in the polymorphism is greater than one person, how we can differentiate the polymorphism and mutation. And for example, we have this healthy DNA and then one of the best nucleotide here just changes into another and then one amino acid here is changed and then we got the different kind of proteins, different works, maybe like not even doesn't work at all. So how is it going to happen? Maybe in the future when you go to the pharmacy, you're not going to give the prescription, but you're going to give your DNA squints. Because you know the drug really depends on your DNA. That's it. Thank you. So thank you very much for the beautiful presentation. I think DNA and biology, all in all, is something that we need to learn. So far we have a lot of questions to you. So is it possible to modify humans genetically that were already born? Yes, yes, of course. The XCID was one of the examples, but you know that to modify the human genetically after they're born means that when you're born, you're already grown up, the more cells are in your body when compared to when you're a baby. And when we want to modify the genetic means that we want to modify all of the cells in your body. So the efficiency may be like different, but still, for example, you're sick.  And this protein is encoded by certain DNA. Now we want to fix that DNA. Maybe not all of the cells in the body who get cured with this gene therapy, maybe like 50%, but that's enough. There are still some antibodies that can survive that can't escape from these proteins. But yeah, it's possible, of course. OK, since it's possible, would you like to be genetically modified? I'd like to be taller, maybe. Interesting question. Why are we not designing babies? OK. Right. Yeah, that's a really interesting question, actually. Well, you can. But this is to modify a DNA is such what I call like dangerous science.  Oh, this DNA is coding for the green eyes, and you want to somehow insert it to your DNA. And the problem is the selectivity. Even though now we already have such technology called CRISPR to somehow make it more selective to only, you know, that this property is specifically located in this maybe chromosome number two, LACUS number this and this position. And it needs to be exactly inserted in that region. But we cannot be always 100% sure. If it's like somehow inserted to another region, like we don't know, and maybe this is, if it's not coding region, then it's OK. But if it's coding region and it's coding like something essential to your body, then, yeah, we cannot know what will happen. That's like, it's something to risk. Well, in the future, maybe it's possible if we can somehow deliver this gene into like really specifically targeted into certain region. OK, I have a big question. If we actually genetically modified a baby who is not born, can it come up so that the kids would die? What do you mean die? You said there is a reason. Yeah, of course there is a reason. Yeah. And is a baby? Yeah, maybe. Well, it's just a simple example, maybe, you know, some of the cancer is encoded by some receptor, for example. And then it heats that receptor and then it's like, you know, it doesn't work. And then, yeah, of course, it's possible. OK, I think a big question to all of us. It's about aging. Is there a specific gene responsible for aging? Well, there's some theory of that. And then people try to do research about it. And if you know that, you know, every day our cell divides. And in the division of the cells, some of part of the DNA is, like, taken away. It's not completely same as the cells before. And I'm just going to tell you one theory. It's called the telomere theory. So this telomere is encapsulated by the end of the chromosome. So every of your cells divide. It will cap your chromosome, most likely, into same as the parent's chromosome. But it wouldn't be, like, completely same. There will be, like, several nucleotides, which is, like, you know, thrown away because of the, due to this replication. And there are some research that this telomere itself is also degrade over the time. And the length of the telomere itself can be associated to age. So the older you are, the shorter the telomere. And then they said, when you have no telomere anymore, then your division of the cells is, like, failed.  There's some theory about this. And then people try to do research to make this telomere last longer, like, more preserved. And they can, the length can be preserved, like, longer than the normal. And then they, these theories, like, say that maybe we can, you know, slower the aging by this. But there are also more theories about that. But that's why we call it dangerous science. Maybe the last question for now. So the person asked, should we pay a lot of money to study our DNA so to know what we actually need to eat? Well, it will be associated to the next lecture, I think. It's called biohacking. So actually, there's this study field, which is called, if there's a pharmacogenomics, and also called nutrigenomics, which is people eat due to their, you know, DNA characteristic. For example, it's easy. Example is, is there anyone who, like, lactose intolerance? That's also the form of a DNA expression. So if we do, for example, if you have a baby and you do DNA sequencing and you know that, like, you are lactose intolerance, then, of course, you can eat according to that. So yeah. OK.