I'd like to thank Nuffield and AEWI. AEWI is one of the sponsors of this session but I'm not obligated to do this. I did Nuffield about eight or ten years ago now, eight years ago and I was actually sponsored by AEWI so I'm thinking maybe they still might be getting a bit of their money back eight years on. It just gave me an opportunity to go away, get out of my farming business for 16 weeks and rejig and it really was a U-turn in how I approached breeding and managing sheep and things. My topic's innovation to ensure the Marino's long-term viability. I would certainly not a crisis zone or anything like that yet but we saw with those trends, with those Marino used that Jason put up there that we're certainly losing market share and it's a bit of a concern and she's a great product and she's a great risk management tool so we just need to probably redesign her a little bit to make her better. Now before I go into the nitty-gritty, Jason just alluded to it. I really like this visual here and I use it in a lot of the talks that I do. We've got four pillars. We've got the journal type, the furniture type, the management and the environment. That's them. It's not one of them. You try and make that nice big profit route up there on one or two of them.  I guarantee this is not about the geneticists and you'll put the genetics and I used to be one of these 10 years ago. I'd say it's all about the genes. It's all about this measurement stuff. Then I go to the show ring and I'd say it's all about the phenotype. It's exactly the way it looks. Forget about all that stuff. That's what it's about and then you talk to an agent or half the blokes at the pub and say it's nothing to do with any of that. It's just what goes down their throats. So there's all this thing. It's a combination of all these things and it's four pillars of equal values. I don't even have this debate in industry any more about what's it about. They need to be strong. They need to work on each of them to have that good profit thing and the better you work on them and the more you rejig them, the bigger profit they can support. Now the other end of the deal is a bit of a foundation, production versus fitness. This is a concept, I guess, and I like to put it across there because it's the foundation for just about everything that we do in our brooding programs and things and it's just a matter of sort of understanding. It's the foundation of a house or in this case, you know, that whole profit sort of system there. And that foundation, unless you've got an understanding about that, unless you do, it's like building a house. You can build the builders of the most unbelievable two or three bed, storied house and things, but if that slab's wrong, you're in a world of pain. So I'm just going to spend a little bit of time on this concept of production versus fitness. If you want a definition of fitness, nothing like the Oxford Dictionary, there's no debate in it then, so that's good. So Oxford Dictionary, fitness, the ability to survive, grow and reproduce in a particular environment, particularly that reproduced part of that's pretty important. But obviously to live, to grow, to do these things, it's a lot of the stuff that Josh talked on. This was old, this is a, I probably shouldn't have updated this slide, it seems extremes of production where you could take out its seams because I'm just convinced it's a fact. Extremes of production impact negative with fitness, it's across all species. This is not something that's unique to merino or something. It's across all species and it's just a fact of life. You look at meat boards, I've touched on a couple of them. You can make them grow like you wouldn't believe, but their legs will collapse. There's hundreds of examples. With merino shoot, the problem seems to be we'll cut the head. It's obviously a big profit driver. It's something that we've focused on for 150 years. There's no criticism that that's the way we've gone because that's a profit drive. It makes more sense if that's what you're selling, that's your product. Let's try and get more on the animal. There's, once again, we love a bit of science and things in the sense that when I did Nuffield, I went to South Africa and spoke to geneticists there. In all their database, there was a bit of a negative correlation between those two things, number of lambs weaned and greasy fluselight or clean fluselight, number of lambs weaned, obviously being a good indicator of fitness, that ability to reproduce. So Argentina, the same deal, the sheep genetics database here, there's a negative correlation. It varies, but it's always that little bit negative. The good news is that's not too scary to sort of deal with. So just very briefly, a couple of research, and there's a lot more sort of depth to this, but with time. One that was done in Australia in the late 1990s, in the early 2000s, they just got the split of mobby years, the high clean fluselight, low clean fluselight mobs ran them through. And there's generally, there's a couple of little exceptions, but generally they run that 10 or 15% sort of difference. So it just backs up that sort of negative correlation. When you get enough field scholarships sponsored by AWI, looking at sheep and you're an Australian, it's a little bit of a challenge to go overseas and find something new and bring it back. At the time, the sheep CRC was in full flight. Genomics was about to come on board like all the really interesting stuff in the sheep world was happening kind of here. So I went and looked at a lot of other species and just got a lot of grounded knowledge in breeding and concepts. And one of the places, and it was one of the best places I went was in Holland, the New Holland genetics, an unbelievably long running performance based dairy breeding scheme. It's been going for 40 or 50 years ever since blub technology and breeding and breeding gaze have been available and things. It had a very interesting conversation with their main geneticists there. That red line there is production, so to speak, sort of highlighted as kilograms of protein, so volume and amount of protein in that milk that they're getting out of their dairy care.  That's something that drives the profitability of a dairy herd anywhere in the world, but certainly in Holland. It was interesting that during that period of that focusing on that production, the fertility level mirrored it virtually, but going downwards. And that's a little bit scary, you know. And it wasn't as dramatic, as dramatic as this when you actually look at the scale and where it got to, but I like to say it got to the stage there in about 2000 that they had the most unbelievably genetic dairy cows that have ever been on the face of the earth. I just couldn't get them pregnant. And I'm not an expert in dairy, but I think they need to get pregnant and lactate before they can get any milk. So they had these extreme genetics that were really struggling to get pregnant. And there's a lot of cases that Angora goats were trying to drive that micron down really, really low. Same deal. So any single sort of trait is a bit of a problem. The really good news here in 2000, they realised they had a problem. They just readjusted the levers in their breeding program and things and it started going up pretty straight. I'd love to get an updated thing there. I've emailed this guy a couple of times to try and get an update to where he is, but I've never sort of got a response. But the real joy of that, they managed to stop that trend. But if you look at the production, they didn't have to give anything up. That stayed up at a pretty high level. So I guess the South Africans, when I went there, they had a price signal for meat a lot before we did in Australia and they really changed things around differently. And they were really aware of this sort of inverse relationship between groosy fleets weight and number of lambs wound. And so their solution was let's just take the wool away, which is the doonies and sams and stuff. And this is not a breed comparison or whatever. And they'll tell you happily that they, one of their attributes is a cut less wool for this exact reason. I just didn't think the Australian Marino industry would ever buy that sort of concept and things. So it was just really good for me to know there is a way. You can just need to read through the thing. You don't have to give up on the production, in this case the wool cut, that's 150 years of hard work have sort of done. Okay, those four pillars. I'm just going to really briefly hit those sort of things and some innovation that we think we're doing. So in 2007, all I want to do with those graphs here, don't read too much into them. I was hoping, Jason, what I mentioned a little bit more, but fat, growth and muscle are traits that are really important in this maternal space and for a lot of things for the protein in your meat and whatnot. So I just like to show how powerful genetics can be in the sense that in 2007, I did my Nuffield, I learned this, I rejigged, I came home and I started putting a lot of pressure on those traits in the breeding objectives. And it's just to highlight, you know, the genetic trends that we've been managing to achieve since then. And there's an eye muscle, that's a merino, 10-month old sort of merino thing, and it happens. And if you select for something, you will get it. It just works. And it's just this debate about the sheep industry and somehow she's different than every other species on the planet and Bluff doesn't work with her. It's just, I don't really understand where that comes from because it just works.  It was part of his deal and didn't he eat every about week?  It was part of his package. But the very first time we did it, we were just cutting them up. He just went, look at these chops. And because this had been a gradual process for me, and I didn't really realise, you kind of just accept this as the way our sort of chops were. He just said that eye muscle and the loin and the thing is just really quite extraordinary. So it was just an observation. But so it does work funny enough. So those sort of great things are being achieved by ASBVs. We've got sheep genetics. We're the envy of the world, having that resource there and now genomics to sort of add a bit of accuracy in things. So I wasn't going to talk too much about those specifics, but that's one that's dear to my heart. And I'm just going to spend a little bit of time on that because to me it's a bit of keen. It ties in very, very nicely with what Jason was saying. So some research done in 1994 by Dov and others found that milk production was influenced by body reserves that in the EWIT lambing. Now, if there's any press here, stop the press. Front page news. Look at that. That is unbelievable. What a great scientific discovery that was. Good condition and that helps the EWIT produce body reserves in the EWIT for milk production. That paper that I showed before, Hatcher and Atkins, they found that, and Jason certainly alluded to this, that the High Queen Flaysworth used, the problem wasn't getting pregnant. It wasn't their fertility. It was lamb survival. So the only real difference, the joining rates between those two lot of years in that thing were very similar, but we had the problems with those lamb losses. I also found, when I started to sort of strip that back a little bit, that those High Queen Flaysworth used tended to have a lower metabolic energy status and body fatness. So there was that bit of competition that the energy was being partitioned towards the, towards the fleece, maybe a little bit more or something. So they were running at a lower body fatness, lower metabolic energy status. That's important for milk production. These lambs were dying. Like, it's a pretty simple jigsaw puzzle to put together when the pieces start start falling into things. So another way this happened was a, and a really old guy in South Africa sort of did all of that in a very simple thing. He just said, Andrew, if you've got to know anything about this stuff, you've got to understand one thing when you breed sheep, particularly marooners with a wool component, wool production and lamb survivals are competitors, literally competing on that news nutrition and so is our own survival. So that was a bit of a light bulb moment and I sort of approached things like that afterwards. What's it mean commercially? This was an indirect sort of thing, this fat, and it really comes back to Jason. And I really strongly believe there's another component that LifetimeU doesn't quite go into yet. It's not just the food of Alibi and where she's at too and what's the condition score. This is the sort of genetic influence that you can have. This was an experiment that was done by default basically after the thing. When your wardery started, I'm glad that they've dispersed because it doesn't make this difficult to put up. But I bought over my class of suggestions, 80 classed in years, what a great opportunity. South Australia, big framed and everything used and good outcross and classed in and all the rest of it. And I got them and brought them home against my better judgment because I weren't performance tested. So I should have known better. But anyway, I brought them home and after three months of putting them in by security to make sure that everything was right, health and everything else, they just went to disperse through our flock and ran and that a weak condition score four times a year. Lambing, weaning, probably lambing, weaning, joining and things. And so I thought, well, what I've actually done here is an experiment. This was after the user well and truly began only joined them for two years and then got rid of the things. But I thought, well, I've got that data. I just need to break up those two subsets. What does actually using a breeding value for P fat and Y fat actually mean to the commercial thing with regards to all the stuff Jason was talking about with regards to the condition score. And it's virtually one condition score. It would be the only difference where they sort of converge a little bit at the end there. That's because they dropped under what I think is an optimum level coming into lambing of sort of around 3.2.  And so they actually came back up a bit closer there. So on a scale of one to five, you know, that that's a big difference. And that's a free kick. They just sort of track a bit better there. So that's pretty nice. The second one, phenotype after last night, everyone will probably relate to this bottle of wine. Fetotypes, dead set important. And I used to be quite a knocker of the show scene. And I don't really mind it because they're anymore. It's not my cup of tea, but it's a place where the animals can be certainly assessed and structured and things like that. But when you compare it to a bottle of wine, the bottle of wine itself has got a huge part to play. It's got just the vessel. It has to get from the vineyard to the retail store. It's got to have a label so the consumer can say, well, what's in it? It's got to be corked, or now it's a screw top that make it sealed so the wine doesn't go off like it's got a really, really important functional role to play. Once it ticks all those boxes like the sheep, they need to be structurally sound for rams. Test the three T's, testy toes and teeth. You know, they just seem to be really, really basic. But once you've ticked that off, I'm pretty sure most people here that are like drinking wine, what you're really interested in is what's inside that bottle. So you tick off that functionality role that has to be played and you go to the source, which is the genetics. And it's exactly the same with the sheep. There is some innovation to be done. The horns have to go, the wrinkles have to go, cleaning up their faces a little bit for grass seeds. It's got all sorts of correlations with these sort of traits with lamb survival and things. I think it's what is it, Jason? Eight or 10% for every condition score of wrinkle. You knock off them or something along those lines. It's pretty significant. So that's where we sit. And it doesn't matter if you buy the best bottle of Grainge Hermitage, if it's been corked or something, you'll have a big investment, but you'll be disappointed when it comes to drinking that wine. So once you get those things right, it's really, really important. And I just say, and it sounds a little silly, but it's really enlightenment. It's just an understanding that. Look at the animal. Sure, it has to tick all the boxes. It's got to be functional. But once it's done, don't spend too much time and energy and resources on all of that stuff. Because it's really the genetics that will go forward and create that youth look that Jason is talking about. Innovating management. I can run through these pretty quickly. How about this one? Mix farming in a land is land use. I live at Lockhart. Google sheep wheat belt. You'll see a nice big banana shaped thing going from sort of Queensland right through Lockhart, through Victoria to the South Australia. I'm fairly in the middle of it. And there's a lot of people shifting to 100% cropping. So to think that maybe the concept of a mix farming arrangement in the middle of the sheep wheat belt is an innovative idea is something that's a little ironic, but there's a bit of truth to it. Improved pastures.  We're getting a lot more summer rains. One of the presentations I went to and I'd seen it before, but tropical things coming further south and things like that. So we get big rain events. So I've really given up on that old fashioned pasture curve situation. To be honest, I think it's a very dangerous thing in this day and age to put it up there. But any time of the year with the loosened and improved pastures with the wedge tail wheat grazing crops that winter feed gap that used to really exist in winter with the use of wedge tail as a crop that's now my highest stocking rate period is the middle of winter where traditionally that's been when you should have carried the loose stock because you can just pile them on there. So it's just all these management sort of things that need to be do. Certainly educate yourself, do the lifetime you thing that Jason talked about. Get yourself one of those courses. Just things like that. Adopting technology. We're early adopters and that hasn't really always been a smart idea with regards to electronic tags and trying to get all the different systems that talk. It's just about driven insane at times but we've got there now. But just that an importance of the preg testing, the importance for me to scan to know that fat and muscle so I can pick the animals that are going to take me forward if those traits are important. Just that measuring or whatever and embracing genomics it's just pretty important. And the other one I've done is changing management is six months shearing. I could do a whole hour presentation on that alone. It is extraordinary. That is the biggest signal thing. That and probably the wedge tail weed are the two biggest management things that I've done to change the situation. And it's why those four pillars in a twine so much because I can't do this if I didn't have that genetic base and I put a lot of emphasis on staple length. I've got rid of the wrinkle. I didn't want to lose wool cut. I'm filling up bars with length of staple as opposed to density now. But I needed to do that because you want to aim at 60 mils twice a year. That's really a minimum. We've been lucky enough to get up to 69 in some six month periods and things with good seasons and our flavor and things. But yeah, these things aren't independent. I couldn't introduce this management tool without that genetic component to be able to get me there. Environmental innovation. It's just really... There's two parts to this here. I think there is a lot of innovation given this climate change thing. And what I'm talking about with that condition score thing is my own little hay making. I still obviously make hay and conserve fodder because you'll farm in the driest continent on the planet. So you've got to have a bit of a safety net there. But what I really like about this is those years you saw in that graph with that condition score, they always travel a little bit better. So when things are good, like those wedge tail wheat crops, or if we get seven inches of rain in December, which used to be just rubbish and just everyone would be complaining because you'd have to bring out the boom spray, now that can set up and they'll harvest that themselves which saves me the cost and expense of making that hay and doing the else.  And when you're harvesting that back, you're making money because you're not spending grain to fill up that feed gap and that it really is a powerful thing. So the environment's changing. You've got to be innovating and changed with it. And just you have to really respect the constraints under the environment. This was in the Forken Islands. Once when I was only in Nuffield, I ended up in the Forken Islands, which is a fascinating place. And the little lambs there on your left were the new build things that were going to save the Forken Island sheep flock. They were some doonies. They came in the form of embryos. So they came straight by South Africa to Western Australia to the Forken Islands.  It is just miserable. So they brought these in. The ones on the right, but they're sort of corridor, comeback-y type of sheep with their natural things. They actually, they dropped those embryos right in the middle of their natural joining so they could get a decent comparison. So it was just no respect, basically, for the environment. Those doonies just did not do. They'd born in Mediterranean semi-warm climates and things like that. They picked up as embryos chucked in there as the new build saved the day. And they didn't grow and they were miserable and they just didn't. And I said, really, these are the sheep that are going to take you forward. So that environmental understanding is pretty important. So really, what's it all mean? And Jason's been through that, but you're really going to get, winning percentage has gone up, not just for myself or clients, and we're just seeing it. And that's ethical. That, Jason didn't touch on it, but those lambs that are dying, if we think mulesing is an issue for the sheep industry, if that 2,000 dead, 2,600 lambs or whatever it is out of 5,000 years really became a well-known world type of a situation, that would be a massive problem, obviously. So it's a good ethical way to operate. You get selection pressure and you get increased sales. The U-mortality at home with the six month shearing and that genetic buffer really, really is just about put our U-mortality to zero, particularly since we don't carry the older years because we've got better lambing percentages and younger years coming through. So we sell them on as brooders for pretty handy money.  All those things are obviously down. You've got increased options. They've got the growth and things that you can get the U-lams up to a joining weight at sort of seven months. So you join your U-lams or join every three years, turning off heavier lambs. These are just little free kicks you get along the way. You do this to make your maternal U better by putting emphasis on growth rates and all of a sudden you're where the lambs are going off two months earlier, which means you've got better stocking rates and all the rest of it. So that's my last slide, which is that first one. It just really sums it up. There's those four pillars. There's a huge scope to make small changes and big changes and innovate in all those four areas. And you need to have that understanding of that relationship between production and fitness. But yes, the Marino U has got a very viable future. She is absolutely a cash cow.  Thank you.


The National State Chapter of the People's Democratic Party, PDP, has raised concerns following an alleged invasion of agency secretariat in Lafayette by suspected political thugs. PDP Chairman Francis Orugo called for security agencies to be vigilant and for members to remain calm while celebrating the party's victory at a governorship election petition tribunal. There are some boys who came from Apanga. We are in dresses claiming to be Apanga area. I mean, moving us away from their gun boys. They came and they just stormed to a secretariat in a bus. And when they came in, women and youth were shocked because they never seen them before. Thank God the agency officer was there. And then immediately they asked them to leave. And they were holding sticks. So the intention, we don't know. What the plan to go and do, we don't know. But we feel that that is a signal for us to know that anybody can go and manage anything and give him pressure that it is PDP, particularly going to court. So if you want, if you have anything against Lafayette, we'll face him. If you have anything against Orugo, we'll face him. Or any other person among the leaders of the party, we'll face them. Don't rubbish yourself by bringing issues that has no basis. His excellency David Magandou had been tested before, for eight years in the National Assembly and everybody know his positive impact. And before he became a candidate of this party, everybody knew, every local government, outside his constituency, found the impact of his development. And don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Hello everyone and welcome to the Kubernetes SIG instrumentation introduction and deep dive session. I'm David Asheville from Google Hey, I'm Frederick. I'm the CEO and founder of Polar Signals I'm Alana Hashman. I currently work as a principal site reliability engineer at Red Hat And I'm one of the co-chairs of SIG instrumentation Hey, I'm Han. I am also a co-chair of SIG instrumentation and also work at Google with David Asheville Great, so I'm going to kick us off and this is what we're going to cover in today's maintainer tracks session So I'm going to introduce What does SIG instrumentation do? What are we responsible for and then we'll get into some of our current activities status updates on What we're doing for the various SIG components? metrics logs and events Traces and what's going on with all of our SIG sub projects and in each of these sections one of my co-leads will Introduce the topic and what's going on? Then I will close out our talk with some resources on how to get involved in the SIG how to contribute Where to find us in the various Kubernetes online spaces and also share some links to related talks So what does SIG instrumentation do? Our charter and you can find these slides on the schedule So you can click all of these links if you want to get a chance to drill down But our charter in the Kubernetes community repo says that we cover best practices for cluster observability Across all Kubernetes components and as well we develop all of these relevant components So in summary, I like to think of this as working on metrics logs and events and Traces which are sort of our various pillars of observability within the project We're also responsible for a number of sub projects again covered in our charter But some of those that you might be most familiar with include cube state metrics K log metrics server and many more So how do we do it? Our SIG activities usually involve triaging and fixing relevant instrumentation issues Reviewing all code changes for metrics go files developing new features and enhancements and maintaining all of our various sub projects Hey, Elena, what do you call a chart without any underlying metric data? I don't know. What do you call it, Han? Pointless You got to have the drumbeat So in SIG instrumentation, you'll know me either as the metrics guy or the guy who likes terrible puns But you're not gonna hear me tell a pun about insects because they bug me All right, that's the last one Just to side in order to understand how metrics works in Kubernetes, we're gonna have to know a little bit about Kubernetes so just very briefly Kubernetes pretty complicated stack and it has a lot of Dispair components and it gets even more complicated because These disparate components have quite a large number of interactions and this can make it difficult to tell if and when something is going wrong and This is basically where metrics come in and in Kate's we instrument our binaries using Prometheus clients which can look something like this In general, you're gonna have a component that you want to instrument some bit of software and the software exposes a simple HTTP endpoint conventionally slash metrics Which is then scraped by some monitoring agent and inserted into a time series database or backend and For those of you who are already familiar with previous metrics. This may seem Simple and a bit boring And yeah, it is it simple enough We have some software and we want to measure stuff. I mean what could possibly go wrong So well, it turns out quite a lot Metrics can become memory leaks Typically through unbounded paternality and label values Even worse we can have unbounded interpolated metric names and We can get any of these leaks in any of the Kubernetes binaries These issues can be latent and they can manifest through innocuous underlying changes Sometimes our metrics just don't do the job properly like we have inadequate bucket sizes Which don't make any sense. So if you have two buckets for latency metrics, obviously, you're not gonna get Super helpful latency Data sometimes the metric says it's actually emitting seconds, but the metric unit It's actually emitting is in microseconds. So that brings us to the stuff that we do involving metrics in significant First and foremost Due to all of these things that we have encountered in Kubernetes We overhauled our metrics. This has landed in GA recently. If you want to see the cap, it's a Up here And This fixed a bunch of inconsistent and broken broken metrics across Kubernetes But in doing so we changed the API and this caused issues for people who were adjusting our older and broken metrics and so in order to offset this we implemented a stability framework so that People who are adjusting Kubernetes metrics can rely on them with a Proper deprecation policy and this landed in beta and we have slated work to land this into GA in 121 We have Not only do we focus on my broken metrics, but we also focus on improving existing metrics and on the road to alpha we have pod resource metrics, which is slated to land in 120 and Dynamic cardinal de-enforcement slated to land in 101, but our work doesn't just involve fixing metrics and Improving and iterating over existing metrics in the in the cube binaries We also want to make it easier for people to debug Kubernetes clusters and in order to do that We wrote this tool called prom queue, which is basically a in-memory Prometheus client running in your CLI Help you debug native Prometheus endpoints and we have a link if you want to check that out Cool, thanks, Han. That was really interesting So now let's talk about logs and events. I'll start with events. So events in Kubernetes are the way that users tend to interact with Kubernetes objects when they're first getting started as well as when they're just trying to figure out what the heck's been going on To think about it in terms of telemetry It's essentially like writing a structured log message to the API server that Kubrick that Users are then allowed to query and show up and shows up in things like you control top Almost three years ago We found that we were having some scalability issues with events because they can be quite spammy if something is Crash looping for example that will emit a lot of events and so Way way way back then they came up with a plan for how to change the event object in order to make it scale better and add a little bit more structure to it and Now finally three years later. We've graduated this new events API to GA and it's currently in use in many Components in the Kubernetes ecosystem so Great job. We move something to GA For logging. This is probably the most Simple form of telemetry, right? We're just writing things to files. So what the heck could we improve with logging? Well, it turns out that oftentimes you want to know Which things are being referenced in a log message? For example, if I have a log and it's about a pod It would be nice to represent fields from the pod such as the pod pane in a standardized way so that I can if I'm a log-in jester then I'm able to take those and search potentially over those attributes in my back end so sig instrumentation worked on structured logging and The method we chose to introduce this is to introduce new methods into the K log library You'll notice that the info and error methods here are appended with an s Instead of the usual f for format And what this does is it allows you to set a message for your log line and then to add in key value pairs One after the other so for example the key might be pod and the name or and the value might be the name of the pod This is alpha in 1.19 and it can be enabled on any component in Kubernetes using the logging format flag and Because there are certain log messages that people really care about potentially some stuff in the API server or kubut We're starting with those log messages that people find most impactful And if you're curious about the details feel free to check out the the structured logging log post The next set of improvements. We've been working on for logging is related to logging security so as a general rule, it's a very bad thing to log credentials or other secrets into Kubernetes logs and Sadly, this has happened more than once in the recent past and came up in a recent Security review by a third party. So we knew that we had to do something about it And we are taking two approaches in the 1.20 released. The first is dynamic sanitization of logs meaning When your Kubernetes component is running in your cluster and tries to log something that we think is bad That log message will be Blocked or otherwise modified so it doesn't contain the the secret information So that's that's one method And another method that we're going to be applying in 1.20 is static Checking and this is mostly during development So you can think of this as we're basically adding pre-submits and Ede tests that go through or that run Kubernetes components Or know that statically analyze all of our controller binaries And look for points in which the secret information Could be logged Using the K log libraries, so we we try and programmatically figure out where that could be happening And this can be enabled with the logging sanitization flag. I believe that's for dynamic sanitization And you can see more information at the link to cap here now. Let's talk about traces Traces are exciting and new in fact This is the first time that Kubernetes is doing anything with tracing at all So, what are we tackling first? Well, we decided to start with the simple and straightforward Use with tracing API server requests the API server is a big HTTP server that runs at the heart of a Kubernetes cluster and it would be really useful to know how long different requests take and Especially for those ones that don't behave as we expected. Maybe they're too slow We'd like to be able to see detailed information about how that request passed through the API server and on to other clients such as at CD So in 1.20, we're going to be adding Distributed tracing to the API server using open telemetry and you can enable it by specifying a configuration file with the open telemetry config file flag if you'd like to read a bit more about it, you can look at the Cap which is linked below alright Thank you David for sharing all this awesome work. I'm definitely super excited about the tracing work. That's happening Unfortunately, I don't have a great joke like how to start out with so let's just take it away and talk about some of our sub projects Next slide So we have three primary sub projects Which are actually we have a couple more but these are this is the selection that we want to talk about this time This time around The first one being coupe state metrics, which I believe may be the oldest sub project of sick instrumentation It is actually it's under the Kubernetes org. That's how old it is Because I'm saying that because things don't get submitted to the Kubernetes or generally anymore Then the other one that we that we're talking about today is the metric server and we'll see what that is a Little bit later, and then the Kubernetes Prometheus adapter, which we'll also see Okay so first off coupe state metrics, I think this is a really exciting component and This really originated from a need where we were talking to a bunch of people in the Kubernetes ecosystem who are also using Prometheus at the time and The gap was kind of People were saying well Prometheus is great and Kubernetes is great But when I actually troubleshoot my applications, I still drop down into coupe CTL and query things It would be really handy if I had a lot of this information queryable in Prometheus. I can alert on it I can do all these automated workflows with it. And so that's kind of where coupe state metrics was born and Kind of the philosophy that we have with coupe state metrics is that anything that can be a metric in a Kubernetes API object so pods deployment state process You can pretty much find metrics about any API object that is available in Kubernetes as Metrics in coupe state metrics and we kind of take everything that can possibly be a metric and convert it into Prometheus Into the Prometheus exposition format and then whenever Prometheus comes around it just scrapes scrapes this output And ingests it and then we can do really exciting things like what we have on the slides here where we can say Well, I have some expected number of replicas and I have an actual number of replicas Of my deployment and if these are not the same then obviously something's not going The way it should be going and we can write pretty sophisticated and really Incredible alerting routes that have definitely helped me run the applications on top of Kubernetes numerous times so this is extremely helpful and And one exciting thing about coupe state metrics is that we're actually just spend Wow, actually over a year almost cleaning up the entire code base And we've started doing a couple of pre releases of a of a new major version of this this project So please go ahead and check this out. Try it out run it on your clusters Give us feedback Both in terms of performance As well as obviously whether things still work that they used to work if you if you may already be running coupe state metrics and The last thing that I think I want to mention about coupe state metrics That's kind of unique about it is we've done a number of really incredible performance improvements Where coupe state metrics doesn't actually use the normal Prometheus client because Because of the nature of what coupe state metrics does it kind of converts every API object to a metric it tends to Get tends to have really huge metrics output. So I'm talking megabytes of slash metrics and points and so that is a different dimension of Even writing bytes out to an HTTP request so if you're interested in kind of performance work There's lots still possible in coupe state metrics So get involved into this project if these are things that are appealing to you But we've already done a really incredible job I think we used to have tens of seconds of latency with really huge clusters and we've brought that down to a handful of seconds In really really huge clusters. So I think we've done a pretty good job, but there's always room for improvement So, yeah, that's what I have to say about coupe state metrics. So going on to the metric server You may some people may not be aware of this component, but we've almost certainly used it or another variation of the resource metrics API because the resource metrics API is essentially the generic description of An API that can be used to request CPU and memory usage of pods containers and nodes So if you've used coupe CTL pod, you've actually indirectly used this API because coupe CTL pod essentially requests a resource metrics API implementation and the metric server happens to be kind of the what we say the the default implementation of the resource metrics API and This this API can also be used to autoscale your deployments on Kubernetes with resource metrics. So as I said CPU or memory and the varying kind of Usages that that you that you can kind of can configure and the the thing to kind of Keep in mind here. This component essentially works very similar to Prometheus, but it's kind of a very narrow scope so it also goes around Each individual cooblet and collects all of these metrics by pulling them I believe every minute and then holds the state in memory and then whenever there's a request Let's say from coupe CTL top for example then it presents the information that has been requested but this component is kind of intentionally very very narrow so that we can We can have very crisp Expectations on the scalability requirements and stuff like that so this is one possible implementation of the resource metrics API and then we have another one next slide Which is Actually something that we've we're just a project that we're just starting to adopt so as as of this recording the Adoption of this project hasn't actually entirely gone through but I expect that over the next couple of weeks This will probably happen. It has already been Accepted by the basic instrumentation as a whole. We just need to figure out some people signing the CLA but essentially what this is is Much like the metric server is the default implementation of the resource metrics API the Prometheus Kubernetes Prometheus adapter is essentially an Implementation of the resource metrics API as well as the custom and external metrics API's which are also generic descriptions of metrics API's and This one as the name already says is backed by Prometheus and Why this is useful is because if you already have Prometheus collecting these metrics anyways You might as well use Prometheus to present these metrics to your users or use it for autoscaling purposes, right? That way you don't have to have this extra process running in your cluster that uses Memory and CPU to essentially collect the same things. This is really only if you're already running Prometheus anyways I would I would say that If you're not using Prometheus, this is probably a too complicated of a setup just to get the resource metrics API in that case The metric server is probably the better choice, but if Prometheus is already your choice monitoring system of choice I would highly recommend you giving this a try So that's all the sub project selections that we wanted to share today and now Back to Elena Thanks so much Frederick. That was awesome So you've heard a bunch about our SIG activities and what we're working on. How can you get involved in that? So first thing is if you're interested in getting involved attend our SIG meetings That's the best way to get an idea of what's happening with the SIG What sorts of things you can work on what sorts of projects are looking for contributors? And get to know all the various people working on the various different components You can also start participating in reviews and issues and documentation All of those things were happy to accept new contributors and you don't need to ask for permission You can just jump in and we will take a look In terms of specific projects Cube state metrics is explicitly seeking new contributors and you can reach out to Lily if you're interested in working on that Both a metric server and the structured logging Implementation are seeking contributors and if you're interested in working on those you can contact Merrick And prom queue is also seeking new contributors So if you want to work on prom queue, which Han introduced earlier You can reach out to him or Sally or you can so how can you find us? We have regular SIG meetings effectively once a week. We have two alternating bi-weekly meetings So our regular SIG meeting is on Thursdays at 9 30 a.m. Pacific time And that alternates every other week with a triage meeting where we go over our PR and issue backlog And those are on Wednesdays at 9 a.m. Pacific time If you want to find more information or reach out to various folks in the SIG you can Visit our slack channel pound SIG instrumentation. You can join our mailing list Which is a Google group which will also give you right access to the meeting agendas linked above And if you need to know who's in charge of what just repeating again The chairs of the SIG are myself and Han and the tech leads are Frederick and David The last thing that I wanted to mention before we close out the talk is some other relevant talks from this cube con That we want to give some brief shout-outs to that go into a little bit more depth in terms of some of the things We cover today. There is an entire talk Discussing the structured logging implementation in kubernetes 119 So highly recommend you give a look at that recording if you're interested in what's going on with structured logging That's been at least a two-year-long effort. So I'm very excited to see that land and hopefully soon become GA And as well the CNCF SIG observability intro and deep dive talk is scheduled I think at the same time as this talk So if you're watching this one, I recommend you take a look at that if you want to look at Observability things in the wider cloud native ecosystem There are of course many other related talks I don't want to talk about every single talk at cube con But you can check out both the observability and maintainer tracks for more talks on kubernetes observability and instrumentation And thanks so much for joining us. I hope you had a great cube con


Well, so thanks Chris for that introduction. He took seriously my threat that I have just as much material on him as he has on me, so so he didn't tell you the really good stories about about and I'll probably refrain from that too, but in any case it really it's great to be back here. It's there's nothing like a couple of years in Washington to make you realize what a special place this is and how nice it is to be able to live and work here and so So in the next few minutes, I'd just like to talk about sort of three things. I want to look back a bit at where we were I mean Sally did a very nice job of this and purses did as well, but I'll try to give you my Perspective on what's transpired in the 15 years since we we started GSEP and Look a bit at the world around us as well And the second thing is to consider where we stand in this global Transition that's ahead of us to make the world's energy systems much cleaner and to have much lower Greenhouse gas emissions and there's some some good news there And then the third is to imagine where the path might Take us in the future and what the roles of the the many G sub-supported universities and research teams might look like as well so so Chris Chris is right he we We competed for the project that ended ended up in at Princeton the carbon mitigation initiative and we didn't get it And so then we backed up and we said well, okay, what? Which what are we trying to do here? So? We we started a conversation actually the very first conversation was was slumber J But then we very quickly moved to to ExxonMobil as well and It was pretty clear that there was this recognition amongst all of us in one way or another that the the supply of affordable clean energy is really an essential foundation of modern societies and that that we That that universities should have a responsibility to be working on these and to to be trying to be to think about the bigger systems as well as Making progress on all the individual pieces it takes to transform all of that so there was a series of meetings and details discussions that really started in the fall of 2001 and then There was a lot of conversation here and it and actually it was It was very useful part of all of this. We're ready to announce the the formation of GSEP in the fall of 2002 And the goal was really just to bring together Talented research groups here at Stanford and at many other institutions around the world To work on this challenge of supplying the energy the world needs but with much lower greenhouse gas emissions Now I I can say with absolute authority that the conversations with the companies were hugely helpful and not just for the financial support that support of course was You know certainly got plenty of attention here on the campus and around the world I had a thousand emails the day after the the announcement was made my favorite of those was the guy who said 200 million dollars Tiny against the the size of the the challenge Invest your money with us and we'll return it ten times over and you'll be fine We didn't do that So in but in any case the what we were trying to do here was to think much more carefully about how to talent Harness the talents of university researchers to work on a pretty big challenge And to make that effort be more than the sum of the parts Now for for all those conversations at that time and in the years that followed the the original sponsor companies ExxonMobil, GE, Slumberger, and Toyota and then those that joined later DuPont and Bank of America They have my personal heartfelt thanks and And And I know the thanks of Stanford and all the institutions that were that became part of GCEP with their support So when with the agreement in place we went to work here to try to figure out how to attack the challenge I Remember saying at one point that I thought the toughest initial challenge was to get an account number out of the Stanford accounting system But we did eventually accomplish that And we settled on a process that that Sally described with workshops the talented members of the research community around the world To define areas where we thought we could make a difference with the scale of the investment that we could make And we issued calls for proposals in a variety of areas and but always kept a little aside for the proposal that Didn't fit in any of the areas, but was so interesting that we just had to To to do it. We did try to avoid violating the second law But but otherwise we were we were open to the idea that that we could make Make some bets that would be interesting and impossible to find in the standard risk averse federal review system So we built a peer review process to identify proposals based on high quality science or engineering science That had a pathway for impact on greenhouse gas emissions if the worst search was successful and that we're step out in some sense The idea was to encourage projects that might involve high technical risk Could but had could have big impact if successful And you've you'll hear about lots of so I gave a lovely review I'm about I want to steal those slides by the way Sally. So I warning you now the the There's just there's just been so much that's been accomplished We there are annual reports for all of this from the project hundreds of published papers and More presentations that can be counted at least by me and lots of patents. So But I think the real product of all of this has been the talented people who have flowed through these programs The leverage that comes from the students the postdocs the faculty members And both here and at the other institutions They multiply the impact of the support from GCEP many many many times over And I know it also that this turned out to be quite an education for me in the energy R&D landscape And that actually came in handy when I went to Washington If I was qualified for that job at all which I have some doubts It was GCEP's fault This was this was quite the the the useful Education for me and and I have to say a totally reliable joke at DOE was to say that 25 years of trying to lead an academic Institution where no faculty member ever did anything because some dean or Institute director Told them to was good practice for working in the federal government So Now I need to take just a moment and say a word or two about the people here at Stanford who worked so hard to make this possible Chris Edwards you know He was Signed on at the very beginning as he pointed out He most of the good ideas about how we figured out how to do stuff were his so Thanks for all that he he and I traveled the world one of our sponsor reps Bob Wimmer suffered through What must have been an hour-long conversation in a taxi in Kyoto about how we were going to manage the peer review system? I'm sure he thought we would we academics would never actually get to a decision But we did eventually get there Nancy Sandoval and Maxine limb joined us soon after we got going And they're still here contributing today Richard Sassoon of course joined us We we told him at the time that we were hiring him to do all the work that Chris and I were supposed to do but didn't want to And that that turned out to be right didn't it Richard? Yes, so turned out there was enough for all of us to do And we put together a small team came to be known as the a team the analysis team that To help us think about this whole question of where the research opportunities are and where you know Where should we try to engage? I mean it's pretty clear that you can't do everything and Then and Steve Jobs once said well deciding what not to do was is every bit as important as what you do do so So that included folks like Wes Herman and Emily hung and hallow both are then AJ Simon and Jenny Milne Jenny is still with us. The others are are doing interesting things in all kinds of places And then Lee Wood joined us from the administrative side to set up a new unit in the university That may not seem like a startup, but in fact it is and it took a lot of care and feeding in the early days And then of course the team continued to involve as we formed the pre-court Institute and tried to broaden our scope across the university as a whole and And so that team deserves my thanks for making it look like I accomplished something that was really done by all of us together So now some of us have moved on to other challenges including me But then adding Sally Benson and Arun Majumdar to the GCEP pre-court group illustrates nicely the important principle that Organizations do fine as long as the old folks are replaced by smarter new ones And so thank you to for for joining us as well And then finally of course nothing would have happened without the the enthusiastic support of the and Responsive the Stanford students and faculty. So where do we stand now? Well, I'll start by saying that really what Persistrell said GCEP transformed this university from an inch an energy standpoint We had lots going on it was widely scattered across the university Some of us knew each other Chris and I obviously didn't know each other I remember a conversation where the I was standing there with a group of these guys It's the same meeting and they were all like two feet taller than I am and and I kind of walked up and said That could I join the the conversation and Chris said well, it's a very high-level conversation Which established that he had enough of a sense of humor to be able to survive the the startup in the university But what G said did was to provide a vehicle for bringing people together in in interesting ways And we you know, we never said in any calls for proposals This needs to be interdisciplinary We didn't say that but what we did say was we wanted stuff that was step out and the way that groups Figured out how to get to the step out requirement here, which was going beyond what had been done in that research group for the last Decade or so all that's very important, but we wanted to try to occupy a different niche They often banded together with other Research groups to work on some problem that neither group thought they could pull off on their own and and that created a whole bunch of links and it did so Whether or not G set funded the project Because the teams had such a good time Figuring out how to propose this that if they got funded great if they didn't they were they were disappointed But we provided lots of feedback on the proposals and then they went back and either sometimes came back to us Sometimes got them funded somewhere else And so what this did was to provide a whole lot of cross-linking across the University In a way that really has been hugely productive and way beyond the the amount of support that jeeps have provided Directly so so that challenge putting that that challenge in front of a bunch of really talented creative people was exactly the right thing to do And then eventually of course we decided That it made sense to give this an organizational home and the pre-court Institute for Energy was the the result the way that Stanford has dealt with this question of How do you work on hard things that cut across the whole University has been to form? Interdisciplinary Institute, so we did the same thing in the area of the environment We have people all across the campus and reorganizing the whole University to bring them together seemed like that was hard So instead we've we've used the interdisciplinary Institutes as a way to bring people together so at that point of course I had this the challenge and Opportunity of a second organizational startup on campus Obviously, I don't learn lessons rapidly But that's a lot of work But it has been great fun to watch the pre-court Institute develop and I You know Jeff Kossoff was mentioned he and I spent our whole careers at Stanford ignoring institutional boundaries And this was another another case of it because so we we pull some parts of the the Energy research effort into the pre-court Institute and other parts kind of stayed where they were but we created a An executive committee that had all the people that led those programs On the executive committee whether or not they they were a formally a part of the Institute and then made that the group the Group that worked together and so again that kind of helped bring us all together And we have a lot going on here others Persis mentioned it Sally did as well So I won't go through my list of all the cool things that are going on But it really has been exciting to watch And I think it has tremendous Potential for the future and I would say that there's been lots of similar kinds of development at other institutions I've lost track of how many talks I gave at other universities about about the kinds of things that we were trying to do and and Certainly the funding that GSEP provided helped make that point at other universities as well I don't think GSEP deserves all the credit for that obviously, but I do think we had some influence And so I think we've made some significant progress on one of the goals of GSEP Which is to harness the talents of good university research teams to work in a focused way on the energy and climate challenge And we have made a lot of progress in the last decade here if you think about it the if you just look at the cost of Some of the renewables Wind powers down by about 40 percent over the last eight years Utilities scale solar down by 64 percent LED lights now are 94 percent cheaper than they were less expensive than they were Years ago that I think that says something about How to get to scale when the unit cost is small versus if you buy a lot of Light bulbs you don't buy a lot of nuclear power plants. So it's a different different scale of things But it does say something about the question of getting to scale in the market And in in a transition from coal to natural gas power generation this last year coal Was down to 30 percent from 50 percent eight years ago and and natural gas was 34 percent so So there's there's really been a big change in all of this and it's it's fun to see how that That will develop going forward So and if you think about for example appliances and vehicles And more and better efficiency When we also have a better Feeling for why that benefits all of us. So I think the transformation is is now well underway Things are measurably cleaner already, but we still have quite a lot to do So now the international situation has also evolved rapidly since GSEP was established in 2003 Chris Edwards and I traveled the world Meeting with university groups to encourage Proposals to GSEP We went to lots of institutions in Europe and Asia and we were welcomed everywhere absolutely But it was clear that opinions varied quite a bit as to the urgency of the work that we were Suggesting on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and in China for example Researchers were much more concerned about questions of air quality improvements than they were about CO2 emissions In fact, the truth was they didn't really want to talk about CO2 emissions I think it's astonishing that in here 14 years later China at least at the highest levels in the Chinese government has taken on a leadership role and I think their announcement of willingness to Come to Paris with a nationally determined contribution along with the US Help make all of that possible, which is that's not to discount the challenges that still remain there But the fact that the Paris agreement Was agreed to by 195 nations is I think a significant step forward think back to Copenhagen and where that didn't go This was a way to get forward and even Granting the varying degrees of ambition amongst the countries I think it's a significant step and I think it will continue to be an important vehicle Even if the US follows through on its announced intention to withdraw So what about the future? Well, it's good to pause once in a while and say great, you know, we actually made some progress But I'm here to say that there's a lot more to do What is it was it Sally that said the 36 billion tons more to do? Well, yeah, there's a there's a pretty big challenge I think we'll look back on this time as one of a real acceleration in the in the kind of progress that we Need to make but it's accelerating from a pretty small base. So we we need to go much further The developing world, of course, is less far along and seeing its activities as Profoundly linked to life in society. So there are some challenges there And gosh, there's the politics. I have no intention of trying to to describe all of that or Or resolve it, but I will say that We're in the midst of one of those disagreements now about how much and how fast to work on energy environment problems And you know, there's been for those of us who work on it. There's been some disturbing news of late deep budget Reductions for the science and energy Part of the US federal support is part of that But I'm reminded of a lesson that I learned pretty quickly in Washington and that was that the the president's budget is not necessarily what gets appropriated The Congress thinks they're in charge of the budget and guess what they are So so I think you know, there's something to be said for all of us being willing to talk about what's important And why the work needs to be done? And if that conversation involves members of Congress fair enough So what are we trying to accomplish anyway? It seems to me that the overall goal for the US energy system Is something that's efficient diversified clean secure and resilient economically competitive and environmentally responsible and we can do a huge amount with with Current technologies that are available, but that are making their way to scale But I think we also need to take advantage of the creativity of folks that are here for more innovation and Indeed economies that that are are good at the energy innovation because it's woven through The basis of modern societies those societies will be better able to compete in the economics of the world And so I think that's a responsibility that all of us have some role to play in Energy is supplied and used as a commodity So costs and markets and competition do matter and indeed if we're going to get to scale They we have to do it on the basis of cost you can subsidies can work for a while, but you really do have to to get to to scale if you're going to and the the International Energy Agency says there's something like a 60 trillion dollar international energy market to be captured between now and 2040 and And at least 15 billion 15 trillion of that will be clean energy kinds of things So I think the US should be in a position to lead the way in that market and that we have the talent and capacity to do it If we can support the work appropriately. So, what do we do? Well, first of all We remember that we're in this for the long haul We really do have to take the long view here, but we also need to retain a sense of urgency Changing human systems and economies to interact in a more benign way with the environment does not happen overnight Although we've seen pretty good progress at a surprising rate recently and putting off the changes We need to make to protect health and security will make the transition harder and more expensive Second we just need to recognize that there's just this wonderfully huge opportunity space for innovation You know Sally talked about a bunch of the areas energy storage chemistries a Modern grid I probably spent more time trying to persuade Congress to invest more in in the grid Than any other topic I worked on and there were lots of different ones in Washington You know, we need to be able to accommodate the intermittent Renewables distributed generation be resilient to weather insults and forest fires and and cyber attacks We've been reminded of that in Puerto Rico and California here And we need more efficient water purification and better sensors for methane emission reduction We need to reduce the cost of carbon capture and storage and we need to focus on wide-ranging energy efficiency and absolutely everything we do We've left ourselves a lot of room to do better on energy efficiency in this country So we need to put together the the fundamental science of catalysis and nanostructure materials to make devices that range From batteries to fuel cells to chemical reactors better And we need to develop the next generation of advanced scientific computing that will support all the other disciplines and To tackle the many challenges of complex systems of systems that support modern societies But the good news is that there's a huge well of human Creativity to be tapped to work on these challenges. I just know that's true from watching the students Who come to us here at Stanford? Investing across a portfolio of technologies of systems of markets of time scales for application and funding sources and Also of research players is an essential element of progress at the kind of rate we need to demonstrate So fostering a seamless interaction of fundamental and applied energy research is fully consistent with the way GSEP has operated and we need to take that as a model of how to go forward We should continue to build on that strength here and elsewhere And the kind of work that has been done with GSEP support is every bit as important now as it was when we started And we need to stick with that effort going forward And third we should remember that innovation isn't a single event of invention At least most of the time it isn't Instead, it's a it's a fabric of ideas devices technology regulation markets consumer preferences and behavior, that's the hard part and scale of deployment Progress on hard problems as faster when we bring talented people together with very different skills and perspectives together to attack the challenges in new ways and Asking hard questions of very inventive people is an essential component of that So I'll stop here, but I'll say at the end that there's an urgent need to work on global problems of energy in the environment at a truly vigorous pace We humans can be incredibly inventive when we make up our minds to work on a challenge And I think we'll look back as I said as on this time is one that reflects a real acceleration in the pace of deployment of cleaner human systems So let's pause and say thank you to the companies that supported G-SIP take a minute to appreciate what has been accomplished so far by so many talented Students and faculty as well as the companies in their own efforts and then charge ahead We can do this. So let's get to work. This is like class, you know, you just need the first student to Ask a question and then the dams broke it Why why not continue the project? I mean that provides a vehicle which has Structure and and energy behind it. Yeah, well, we are we are continuing. We were just changing the format a bit So it's this is this absolutely is going to continue The sponsor group will change and the format will change some but but but we're certainly continuing And we're continuing to build and support the pre-court Institute. So we're not stepping back in any way Some years ago, I think about halfway through G-CEP's career the state California did a study about what we need to get to the kind of 80% less CO2 and As I recall the results they got about 60% they could see the technologies and the economics getting about a 60% cut But that last half going from 40% to 20% was going to require new things Has G-CEP's analysis or others you did at DOE Confirmed that or and are the technologies that you're targeting Fitting into doing that last half of the reduction. So the answer to both of those questions is yes that that right toward the end of the time I was in Washington, we took a look at The what would happen if we just met all the GC the current DOE goals for technology cost reductions mostly and and technical improvements and And that that made quite a significant Contribution, but if we really wanted to go further we had to do more we could we could see a pathway for pretty deep Carbon reductions associated with electric power generation, but it was quite a bit harder for transportation and For industry and then in both of those settings. We really needed Some more advances, I mean you could see lots of areas to work on but we certainly needed to do more I think that's still true in in California and it it both illustrates the the opportunity and the challenge for People that do the kind of work that's done here and at the other institutions. She said has supported What can you say about the most pressing issues in energy and climate in the developing countries and opportunities? Well, I think the first challenge is access That it's we really need to be thinking about how to provide Access to to what all of us take completely for granted this electricity and and all the and Air conditioning and all the refrigeration the the modern energy services that that we all take for granted The second challenge is that the and maybe it's an opportunity as well that particularly if you look in Africa for example And when we have we have a grid here. That's resilient. Well except for Puerto Rico and it We can get things going again in many places in Africa. There is no grid so so that's a place where Distributed generation micro grids use of even some power India's another version of this Can really improve lives in a in a big way at at modest cost for now even as the systems are built going forward and there are plenty of of sort of Political and regulatory and rule of law challenges to be addressed at the same time there So I don't discount the the magnitude of those challenges But I think we have a responsibility as a world to try to work on them and to and to make some progress This is the traveling salesman problem. So which which which is passive I'm hi I have a question for you about the kind of global politics of energy You were talking about how China you felt was able to take the lead in a different way than the United States currently is I worked in the auto industry and it's interesting how China was able to unilaterally Provide fuel economy requirements for their vehicles concerned with air pollution. Do you Wanted to ask a kind of question about which is there a style of governance that may be more effective for improving? climate policy Where didn't we prohibit the hard questions? these well You know, I think actually I mean if you look across the spectrum of Europe in the United States and then the I don't know the chaotic democracies like India and the US Or China, you know, I think they're their existence proves for making progress in all of them and They're you know in some ways it's easier to work on some problems in one setting than then and others I don't think there's there's any Obvious advantage of one or another and I don't want to pay to pick a rosy a picture of China because I mean China is busy investing in all kinds of Renewable technologies, but they're also in the one belt one road out there flogging Culp-fired power plants around the world and building more than a few of those themselves. So so It's you know like like here. It's not it's not simple And the human systems that we used to organize societies All have to wrestle in one way or another with the same kinds of problems China I think I said that that I came away from that trip that Chris and I meant did in 2003 thinking that the only real hope for for engaging China at that point was air quality Concerns and I think that's a big part of the motivation. That's that's moving them now and for very good reason I mean in some ways their cities now or like ours Pittsburgh and Houston where I grew up and LA were like in the mid-1960s that the air was really terrible so I Would point back to that time as one where where we had a dispute in this country over air and water quality that Really echoed many of the same kinds of Conversations we're having now about the climate challenge And what happened then was of course that California said well heck with you feds We're choking to death. We have to do something and some more states went along and to Over-simplify a big complicated process eventually industry was in Washington saying look 50 sets of rules not okay Give us give us some rules some certainty that all of us comply and we'll do it And so the Clean Air Act passed and and here we are, you know 47 years later We haven't solved every air quality problem, but gee it's a lot better than it was So I think the the message is that you start you work on the things that That makes sense economically at the time and you stick with it over time and and we can make progress It's hard to do overnight. These are big systems But I think you can deal with that in almost any of the the government systems if you have the right political will to do good morning, I Wanted to point out that the city of New York has a an aggressive goal of reducing their Greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by the year 2050 a large part of which will be accomplished by the deep energy retrofit of over 90% of built Existing stock in the city of New York and I was wondering what you can tell me about the university's efforts and understanding how we most cost effectively and Yeah cost effectively learn how to Retrofit our existing building stock to reduce that use of energy. Yeah This is actually a problem that we've had some experience with here at Stanford And I'm certainly aware of the of the New York effort. It's a hugely big Challenge given the the age of the building stock there, but Stanford we have a Stock of buildings some of which were built a long time ago as well And we've just in the last few years revamped our energy system here on campus completely So we it's based on the idea that all year round we we take Thermal energy out of buildings with cooling and at the same time put thermal energy back in in Heating somewhere else and that if you use heat pumps to take the the thermal energy out of the Chilled water stream and push it back into the the hot stream You don't buy a whole heck of a lot of fuel for a long time now You have to have electricity to do this But if you also work on which we've we've done on purchasing cleaning electricity and installing our own Renewables component there then we the the the CO2 reduction from this just this campus is really quite remarkable At the sides it's close to 70% from our peak And it's well below the 1990 levels for the university. So so it just says that there's a there's a big target there Some of the lots of energy efficiency things have negative amortized costs That is they pay them pay for themselves But others the kind of deep retrofit that New York is talking about it's going to cost actual money. So We do have a team here working on energy efficiency and and buildings. So I Grant you that it's a big area with with lots of potential to go forward Okay, hi, I'm Warren Lenny. I'm with the drawdown project Paul Hawkins group and also the healthy climate initiative I just returned from the forest fires in Sonoma County helped a lot of friends family evacuate I think it's clear that just reducing emissions getting down Even by 36, you know mega ton gigatons We have to actually start drawing down some of the CO2 in the atmosphere reduce these hurricanes and potential forest fires DC that this would be the new emphasis of GCEP to Actually do a lot more Drawdown technologies, which I know we're all working on right now, but that could be I think the real push that we could provide Yeah, so some of the technologies that we're talking about and thinking about particularly on the biological side Offered the opportunity to do some drawdown I'm I remain unconvinced that That capture of CO2 directly out of the air makes any sense with mechanisms other than plants just because the the thermodynamic cost of working with that low concentration is And and and those devices don't ever self-assemble the way plants do So so I think the biological pathway for direct air capture is is one possibility But but there there are many many many other options and they're certainly included in the technology ranges of technologies that we consider And GCEP really works on the technology side, but the pre-court Institute works across the the full spectrum So there there's plenty there to do and the drawdown project I think is I'm just been contemplating how to use that in my my my sophomore seminar with the That deals with the technology in the greenhouse. So thanks for all the work that was done there. That's very helpful


So what do y'all send me a video from a channel that I've never seen before? And it's called Black Nat Geo Laughing. So let's get there. It's been one of the most astonishing cultural phenomenon in sanctuaries. Do other races just not get the joke? Or is there something... Eugh! ...of laughing while black? We must first start where it comes from. Which physically creates more room for sound. Sounds don't only come from the mouth though. The use of the hands is very important to do with your laughing while black. When African Americans clap, it's a warning sign that, hey, my tribe is here. We're enjoying ourselves. You should move along. But don't be fooled. Blacks love to slap things, people, and basically any object in near proximity when laughing. While most races establish closeness with laughter, black men are known to create distance between each other. Hey, y'all, come look at this. As a people, blacks are known to laugh the loudest. But the loudest laugh in the world can only emit from one being, your old-ass auntie. I can't stand the old-ass auntie laugh. It's usually heard at family gatherings. Your old-ass auntie's laugh can reach up to 140 decibels. That's comparable to a jet engine. Your old-ass auntie too. I'll probably end up being that though. Become extinct.  Haha, I'm dying. Half-time week. Left it so hard I just shouted.  I saw people texting too.  This generation of blacks probably won't laugh as much as previous ones. So why do blacks laugh louder than other races? Maybe they laugh the loudest because they've seen the most struggle. Maybe they do it in protest, saying we don't care about your stereotypes. We'll still live our lives to the fullest. Or maybe the shit's just fine. I'm Ben Prudin and this has been Black National Geographic. If the last ever goes extinct, at least you'll know that you can always come to my channel to get it. Katla? Whoa, what's that? I'm gonna have to watch that one next. Whatever that one was, y'all know what I'm talking about. Anyway, y'all can always come here to see the classic black laugh.  Hey, whenever the mood strikes, you know what I'm saying? Post your comments down below, let me know what you thought. If you enjoyed my reaction, hit the like button, subscribe and share. If you did not, you really just don't have a good sense of humor. One million subscribers. Woo!


You went viral with this man. You meant to knock him in Major League 2. I'm impressed with him, not me. What would you say are your top three favorite baseball movies of all time? Major League is up there. I loved The Natural because it was kind of from my era and it was funny because I actually got to play in double A in the stadium where they filled him in Buffalo and Bull Durham. Those were the first three that came to my mind.


I sometimes wonder what kind of music I would listen to now if it weren't for the rise of streaming platforms. The music industry has changed dramatically in recent decades, and this has been a bane and boon in unequal measure. Many artists have seen their income slashed, while others have gotten an opportunity that they likely never would have otherwise. Would hyperpop exist, as it does, with the reach it has without the likes of Spotify? I kind of doubt it, and if there was no hyperpop, what would I be listening to? Because that platform's hyperpop playlist is how I've found many of my recent faves, whether they technically qualify for the genre or not. For example, Alice Glass is definitely not a hyperpop artist, despite being friends with many people in that scene, but the second single from her debut album still ended up amidst the likes of Glaive, Midwest, and Dorian Electra, the latter of whom she collaborated with on the banger that is Iron Fist, though I think Lil Mariko's addition to Ram it Down is the best feature on any Dorian Electra track. I had a great time seeing them in concert a couple months back, though there was some music unrelated things that happened at the venue that caused some pretty serious psychological damage, and I was immediately hooked. Love Is Violence is quite the introduction to an artist. It's opening lines, Love Is Violence, You Taste Like Rotten Meat, Sips of Spoiled Milk, I Know That I Won't Give It Up, are delivered with a trademark abrasion alongside a video that features a couple literally disemboweling each other. I mean, how can you not be into that? And it turns out that this song is not an outlier on the album, or the EP that preceded it, or I expect the years of music preceding that, but I don't actually know about that last one. I've rarely been as unsure how to approach contextualizing a review as I have this one. Usually it's a matter of determining my critical gaps and understanding that I have of a subject and doing whatever extra reading, viewing, listening I feel is necessary to make my point meaningful, i.e. the bare minimum, right? When it comes to music, that means listening to an artist's discography, hearing their growth over time. But I can't do that here, because the artist herself has disavowed much of what got her to this moment. It's an offshoot of the separating art from artist debate that hadn't really occurred to me while writing my polemic on the subject. You see, Alice Glass came to prominence as the vocalist for the electro-punk duo Crystal Castles. But after the release of two self-titled albums and another Roman numeraled three, she left. Her initial statement posted on Twitter at the end of 2014 was pointed, but vague. Sincerity, honesty, and empathy for others is no longer possible in Crystal Castles. Three years later, after the band had reformed with another vocalist, she clarified that statement, accusing her bandmate of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse. He has, of course, denied these allegations, but I believe her. And I would believe her, even if his first public comment about her departure back in 2015 hadn't been what it was, but it was.  I wish my former vocalist the best of luck in her future endeavors. I think it can be empowering for her to be in charge of her own project. It should be rewarding for her, considering she didn't appear on Crystal Castles' best known songs. Like what the actual fuck? When someone shows you who they are, you should believe them.  So obviously I'm not going to listen to anything associated with that guy. But it sure seems like she became the performer that I now know her as in that project. Hell, this first solo album has a Roman 4 in the title, placing it on the Crystal Castles continuity, because as she told Bandcamp, she sees it as her fourth LP. In the same breath that she said she no longer endorses Crystal Castles, Glass called it her life's work. But I have to act as though musically speaking, she came out fully formed with her solo single, 2015's Stillbirth. What a debut though, right?  Last FM tells me that there were a couple of live recordings of the band formed when she was just 15, but no one seems to have made any of these recordings actually public, so I don't know if they were any good. Which instills in me a desire to categorize her as blank core, with the blank almost definitely being the word survivor. But I know what survivor core sounds like. I mean that's as good a classification as any for lingua ignota, likewise for Banshee. These were women abused and disillusioned by metal scenes who returned to them to process their pain. Alice Glass isn't doing that, she brings the survivor narrative instead to a particularly aggressive brand of electropop. You probably wouldn't spin this alongside Dua Lipa, but more from a lack of imagination than anything else. Levitating remix featuring Alice Glass would be a lot more interesting than levitating featuring yet another homophobic rapper. I mean right from the start you've got a self-titled track that's less a song than it is the background of a club scene in some one-on-many action movie. Ideally, women led, but I could see John Wick doing some massacres beneath it. Pinned Beneath Limbs sets the tone more clearly with its lyrics written from the perspective of an abuser. And hearing, don't talk to your friends, don't talk to your family, don't tell anyone, you're not worth believing, delivered with song-through condescension, it feels bad. And it's even worse when she returns the role of Gaslighter in Fair Game as she drops the lyrical pretense entirely and seems to just be reading things that she was told almost certainly by her former collaborator. The closest thing to a chorus is a repeated where would you be without me matching these spoken line with screams of the same. It is, it's effective, but I don't actually enjoy listening to it. The same goes for Suffer in Peace whose relentless hi-hat and moving at seemingly quadruple time really just grates to my ears. And it wouldn't entirely surprise me if that was at least somewhat intentional, but at the same time this isn't some actively antagonistic music that will fight your every intent to engage. It comes from trauma, but where an album like Caligula seems to be recreating the horrors that led to its existence, Prey 4 feels more defiant. Despite the subject matter, this is unabashedly pop music. You're supposed to like it. Heck, you're supposed to like it so much that you never let it end. The album was structured to be infinitely loopable. The final track, Sorrow Ends, does not literally flow back into its opener, Prey, but the transition between them is still fairly smooth and you probably won't even notice it's happened until you're a couple songs in the first time or two. And even if there are tracks that I am cool on individually, there's nothing that I would skip on a full playthrough. I mean, that's the benefit of short songs. Thirteen tracks takes just 32 minutes to complete, with the longest song conveniently being one of my favorites. I love how the music box melodics of everybody else mix with her more subdued vocal performance. It's a rare case of Glass completely foregoing her chouts. And it offers a nice stylistic contrast, which adds some melancholy to an album more generally steeped in anger.  And songs like Suffer and Swallow, with its violent fantasies of literally breaking down another person, hit their mark with crystal clarity. But it's an important reminder that there's more to this than anger. Pain manifests as a wide array of emotions, and this album runs through pretty much all of them. On Wednesday, Glass posted about how meaningful it was to her that people have responded to the album as well as they have, and specifically how much she appreciates the way people have related to her vulnerability on the album. Because it drops some of the pretense of her early solo work that the pain was fleeting. Even mine, a song about self-harm, feels more empowered than some of the tracks we get here, since it's specifically about using that harm as a way to regain lost control. It puts abuse in the past tense, while Pray 4 is clearly set in the present. And that immediacy is why people have responded to it as they have, why so many feel seen by her work. It is Survivor Pop. And it's easy to argue that Survivor Pop shouldn't exist, but I think this album makes clear that it needs to, that there should be more of it in this and frankly every other genre of music, because there are people who have gone through shit like this in every scene, and people should have the ability to hear music that reflects their experiences, even if they're not into traditionally heavy music where this sort of thing more often resides. Alice Glass has shown a way to do that, proven that it is possible to make catchy music you could play in a club that confronts this head-on. And I'm sure she won't be the last. 8.5 out of 10. Thank you so much for watching and thank you particularly to my patrons, my mom, my cat, Cat Saracotta, Benjamin Schiff, Anthony Cole, Elliot Fowler, Greg Lucina, Kojo, Phil Bates, Willow, I Am The Sword, Maddie Zimmerman, Claire Bear, Taylor Lindyce, Andrew Madison Design, and the folks who'd rather be read than said. If you liked this video, that's great. If not, I don't care if you want to see more, please subscribe. Hope to see you in the next one.