Hello. Yes. I'm Natalie Whitaker. I am new to the the galaxy team. I'm the communication specialist for Johns Hopkins. But, you know, in my downtime, I am also a PhD student at Florida International University. I am actually familiar with Galaxy because I study population genetics and genomics. Right now I'm working on population genetic studies for magromythraxidemis, which is a Caribbean king crab. Those who have talked to me before know I am utterly obsessed with crabs right now and how stinking cool they are, and how important they are to be ecology and biology and overall health of marine ecosystems. So I'm super excited to share a little bit more about me and then some of the research I'm doing right now. A little bit of a disclaimer, I have did not use Galaxy in this chapter of my dissertation, however, I am incorporating it into my last two chapters. So it's not going to be totally about Galaxy but everything I'm going to talk about can be done in Galaxy. For my current research, I did have to use a different platform because a previous researcher that I needed his data from use that platform and so but now that I've used all that, I'm going to begin going back to Galaxy. But you guys will see a little bit about what I have done with Galaxy in the past and mostly about my current research. So yeah, thank you guys for coming today. My topic is called King of the quarries and I'm investigating the origins of quarry populations of the Caribbean king crab to advise coral reef recovery in the Florida Keys. A little bit of a special shout out to Dr. Mark Butler and Dr. Heather Bracken Grism and Dr. Pedro Perez, who are at Florida International University and they have been my mentors on this project. So, oh, it's not letting me switch. Okay, I guess I have to click there we go. Alright, so just a little bit of my background. I got my bachelor's of biological anthropology from the University of Central Florida back in 2019. And I always knew I wanted to pursue higher even higher education and go to graduate school but I wasn't sure what I wanted to study yet. I actually am a Johns Hopkins alumni I received my masters of environmental sciences and policy there in 2021. And basically immediately discovered that I loved the human relationship with the environment and specifically our marine systems and the ocean. So I transitioned over to Florida International University to work towards my PhD. But I am thrilled to be back with Johns Hopkins. Like I said I am the new communication specialist with Johns Hopkins so you know repping my, my old sweatshirt there from my master's time. And so yeah that's just a little bit about my background. So, I'm new to the galaxy team, but so far it's been a total blast. I've been learning a lot more about the galaxy project in general and the amazing team that's behind its function. I've relatively experienced galaxy user. So most of my experience with galaxy comes from things like sequencing assembly for genes and gene analysis. And but I do hope to become more of a regular galaxy user as I learn more as I'm learning more about the capabilities so I'll be kind of going back to galaxy I'm super excited about that because I'm very passionate about open science. I'm also familiar with using galaxy training so it's actually been a fantastic tool for me to help my undergraduates and my interns in the lab, learn about the basics behind sequencing editing gene alignment analysis, and all that fun stuff. So you guys know all about that sort of thing. So, yeah, here we go. But now that you guys know a little bit more about my background. I'm excited to talk to you guys about my research so let's talk about crabs. All right, so our story begins, close to home for me, I am in Miami right now. So just south of me is the absolutely gorgeous Florida keys and some people probably don't know that the Florida keys are actually home to one of the largest barrier reefs in the world. Depending on the research you look at were either the third or fifth largest barrier reef. So it really depends but that also comes from the fact that it's currently declining. So the Florida reefs foster a diverse and absolutely gorgeous ecosystem. But as I'm sure we are all aware coral reefs around the world are disappearing at an astonishing rate, and the beloved Florida keys are no exception to that. So actually, the Florida keys have lost 95% of their coral cover since 1975. So that's, that's pretty shocking. It's pretty disturbing. So the reefs have undergone an ecological phase shift that's caused by anthropogenic stressors like eutrophication, pollution, climate change, all that fun stuff overfishing. And as a result, there's actually been an increasing presence of macro algae that is now dominating the reef systems. So there's efforts all around the globe aimed at restoring and conserving the remaining coral reef ecosystems. But we have a kind of more novel method of coral reef recovery that might be a little crappier than you think. So meet the Caribbean king crab magma my tracks been a system is the Caribbean king crab is in the spider crab family and its populations range from Venezuela all the way to North Carolina so it is native to Florida and the Florida keys. And it's currently accepted that the distributed populations of the Caribbean king crab have low to moderate genetic diversity due to short polygic larval duration, and they're limited migration ability. So they are not like these guys, but they are not like the brightest right so they're, they're kind of they're kind of dumb little crabs, they don't go very far compared to other crustacean species, their larva when dispersed into the water column does not live very long. So they are very much segregated populations of when you look at their genetics. So, what makes these guys extra unique is that they actually are the largest in in herbivore in the Caribbean. So they love to eat the dominating macro algae that's currently plaguing the coral reefs in the Florida keys. So actually a study by Dr Mark Butler and in his lab at Florida International University's Biscayne Bay campus have actually identified that the Caribbean king crab, when it's in slightly larger populations on the coral reef actually reduces macro algae cover by 50 to 80% which in turn has shown to influence a three to five fold increase in the mass spawning of coral sperm and eggs into the water column, the dispersal of coral larvae and coral reef fish community abundance and diversity. So these findings are super cool. And they indicate strong potential for successful large scale coral reef recovery in the Florida keys through the introduction and maintenance of the Caribbean king crab populations. So while populations of the Caribbean king crab are found naturally in the Florida keys there are also populations found in isolated saltwater quarries like the ones you see here. And these quarries are distributed throughout the region so these are human made structures that are filled with saltwater are not connected to the ocean directly. And they have been invaded by the Caribbean king crab. So it is proposed that these quarries be used as sort of aquaculture reservoirs for breeding the crabs for release on the coral reefs. However, our current understanding of the population dispersal the Caribbean king crab obviously hints at that separate populations throughout the Florida keys including within these quarries could be could have low genetic diversity. So that's something we need to investigate before we do any sort of conservation or restoration utilizing the populations. So genetic diversity plays a significant role in ecological processes and thus influences ecological consequences to populations communities and entire ecosystems. And presumably as a result of low genetic variation populations with low genetic diversity have limited adaptive potential, such as like weekend response to a changing environment of environmental circumstances, which would make them less suitable for conservation efforts. Therefore, to better inform and hopefully fingers cross employee deploy these innovative conservation and restoration efforts, we wanted to understand three main objectives for the first chapter of my dissertation. Number one would be what is the origin of the quarry populations do they come from Florida. Logically, we would think yes of course they came from Florida they're this close to the ocean. However, people are known to release species into into the wild or into quarry populate quarries. And we needed to confirm that they actually came from Florida because we do know that they're genetically distinct and within their the species natural range so from North Carolina to Venezuela. Secondly, we wanted to know do the quarry populations have lower genetic diversity when compared to the Florida reef populations. That is incredibly important we need to make sure they are they still have genetic diversity, and are still hopefully connected to the reef populations for that introduction because we don't want to be mixing different genetic populations together. And is the relocation of the populations of the Caribbean king crab in from the isolated quarries back onto the native coral reefs a viable conservation and restoration effort. So these are kind of the three things that I'll be going over with you guys today. And basically outlines chapters one and a half of my dissertation so to answer these questions. We collected 260 individual crab samples. They were collected from six different reef locations, which are outlined here, along with four different quarry locations. And we used data that was previously collected and analyze from Dr. Antonio Baez, which he had 78 samples from Mexico Costa Rica and unspecified Florida locations. So together, we had over 300 different samples that were used in this analysis. So for with each of the new 260 samples as well as the 78 previously analyzed samples, the crabs DNA was extracted PCR is for run and we use Sanger sequencing to calculate haplotype and nucleotide diversity as well as to build a haplotype network that would allow us to visualize the genetic diversity amongst the species populations. So for PCR three mitochondrial genes were chosen to be amplified partial sequences from 12 s co one and 16 s were chosen to conduct population level genetic comparisons, because their evolutionary rate is faster than the nuclear genome, which makes them the ideal choice for population genetic studies such as this one. If you were to be doing a similar study to this on a population that was not a crustacean different genes would be used but these are the top three genes that are regularly used for crustacean species and population genetics. Sanger sequencing was chosen because we wanted to target a smaller genomic region in a larger number of samples. Additionally, it's fast and it's cost effective which is, you know, great for an entering PhD student, which allowed me to include more samples from more population locations in the analysis. So in this study the program genius was used to evaluate and edit the resulting sequences to create alignments and to concatenate the three resulting sequences for each of the almost 300 samples that over 300 samples that we have. They can easily be done in galaxy as well. So using the concatenated alignment DNA SP was used to calculate the number of haplotypes as well as polymorphic sites per location. And in addition, the DNA SP was also used to calculate genetic diversity using the metric haplotype and nucleotide diversity also per location. Finally, the software pop art was used to estimate a concatenated haplotype network using the TCS statistical analysis. All right, so here we can see the most recent haplotype network for the Caribbean king crab for people who have not, you know, looked at a haplotype network before or maybe unfamiliar with what it is. The haplotype network visualizes relationships among DNA sequences within a population or an entire species. So, just to kind of tell you a little bit about how to read a haplotype network, the size of the circle correlates with the number of samples that have that one specific capital type. The color represents a different population location, and each tick on a branch represents how many mutational steps occurred between haplotypes. In this case, we can see that there are 66 haplotypes among the tested populations and that quarry populations are most closely related to Florida populations therefore it is most probable that the Caribbean king crab populations that initially invaded the quarries did originate from Florida. So this could have happened in a number of ways either they were released there by fishermen, or you know just general citizens, or maybe hurricanes with flooding they washed into the quarries. But it's nice to confirm that they did in fact come from Florida. Also, there is a clear distinction between populations from Mexico, Costa Rica and Florida, which does, you know, put out some concerns there about the genetic connectivity. However, we can see that all the populations do still share one main ancestral haplotype. So this is actually called what this result for a haplotype network shows it's a star shaped, meaning they are all still closely related genetically, even though there is some genetic variation amongst the farther sites in the populations that we studied. And we do also see unfortunately that the isolated quarry populations have developed unique haplotypes that are not found in the reefs. So this raises some, some concerns about their use in aquaculture for release on the coral reefs. But you know, we'll get into what exactly that means in a little bit. It's still exciting, I promise don't worry. Additionally, we calculated the haplotype diversity for each of the populations and then found the average for the reefs in the quarry separately haplotype diversity represents the probability that to randomly sampled alleles would be different. So when considering the relocation of the Caribbean king crab populations that are in the quarries back onto the native reefs for coral reef conservation and restoration purposes, ideally we would like to see relatively equal haplotype diverse haplotype diversity between the reefs and the quarries. But as you can see the quarries do have lower genetic diversity than the reef populations, which is, you know, that's not great. But, and then if we, we also calculated nucleotide diversity for each of the populations and found the average for the reefs in the quarry separately again. And then nucleotide diversity is the average pair wise difference between all pairs of individuals in a sample so it's a little bit more robust than just haplotype diversity. And once again, we do see that the quarry populations do have lower genetic diversity when compared to the reef populations. When we considered these results alongside our haplotype diversity calculations and our haplotype network. It becomes clear that the quarry populations do have lower overall genetic diversity than the tested reef populations. So that all said and done, but what does it mean. So if we go back to the quarries that were sampled for this study. These results show strong evidence of genetic consequences caused by the founder effect. So essentially, these quarries were invaded by the Caribbean king crab at an unknown time and from a previously unknown location. And since these populations are now isolated, unique haplotypes have been established and, and exchanged that were not that are not found on the reef populations. So while these genetic consequences don't seem, you know, drastic they do raise questions and concerns about the genetic health of the populations in the quarries, and the potential implications that could arise from their use in relocation to Florida's use for restoration purposes. The founder effect is a extremely powerful force it even drives an entire speciation events, but all hope may not be lost, which is fantastic news for me and all of us. So, in the, in the case of the quarries, we do see genetic evidence of continued connectivity to Florida reef populations. So we don't know how this is happening. I'm interested in kind of figuring out how maybe doing more analysis to see which haplotypes came first, doing some branch diversity analysis to try to see more. But there is, you know, three haplotypes that remain connected to the Florida Florida reefs. So again, maybe these quarries are flooding. They're connecting to each other. They're connecting back out to the reefs, even whatever is happening. It's fantastic news when considering the proposal, the proposed coral reef conservation restoration efforts, because we can see that some of the haplotypes are already shared naturally between populations. And then furthermore, going back to our haplotype and nucleotide diversity analysis, we can see that a few of the quarries, most notably kujo key east and big cockpit key may have that lower genetic diversity, but the calculations are comparable to a few of the reef populations. So this does give us even more evidence to believe that it is possible to use the quarry populations and coral reef conservation and restoration. So let's recap. We wanted to know where the quarry populations of the Caribbean king crab originated from and we found that they most likely originate from Florida. We wanted to calculate the genetic diversity of the reef and quarry populations and found that the quarry populations have lower genetic diversity than the reef populations, which is most likely a consequence of the founder effect. And finally, we wanted to know if relocating the quarry populations the Caribbean king crabs onto Florida's coral reefs is feasible in terms of conservation and restoration and we determined that this conservation reference conservation restoration effort is still viable. However, further research is needed to better understand the genetic diversity and the genetic connectivity of the populations. So you know, as all science goes we now have more questions than we do answers. So where do we go from here now that we have identified these potentials can concerns but have also identified that coral reef recovery is still plausible. Additional genetic studies are needed. So this is where I'm going to be incorporating galaxy back into my research. So from here we have already begun expanding our genetic studies using DD rad sequencing and modeling gene flow to further enhance our knowledge of the genetic diversity and the connectivity of the Caribbean king crab. So by using DD rad sequencing we will be able to identify specific locations of the genome that have strong selection and identify any environmental variables that may be impacting the genetic diversity and connectivity of the Caribbean king crab. Additionally, we have plans to collaborate with a fellow lab at Florida International University to sequence the entire genome of the Caribbean king crab. This is extremely exciting news, I know I'm kind of a nerd. But by creating an entire genome we're going to have the ability to conduct a whole slew of re sequencing analyses with a reference genome to refer to. And this will truly expand and strengthen our results. I'm very excited about this. So it's even going to I'm even going to be able to use this full genome to redo the analysis from the first chapter of my dissertation which we just kind of went over to kind of confirm and enhance those results as well. So one of the main, one of the main techniques that I'm hoping to use once we have a reference genome is called high C. High C was actually talked a lot about in the last galaxy community call so hopefully you remember a little bit about that and how important it is to genomic studies and populations and species. So high C will allow me to perform comprehensive genome research, such as identifying interactions and variances in specific parts of the genome. So by taking these new strides in our population genetic studies, we hope to develop a vast understanding of the Caribbean king crabs overall genetic diversity and connectivity in order to best inform and hopefully employ these novel conservation efforts at the Florida keys, desperately need. So while this story isn't over yet we remain optimistic that the king of the quarries may just be the key to saving Florida's coral reefs. So thank you guys so much for your attention. I'm happy to happy to answer any questions that you have. Sorry, my presentation was kind of short, but I'm always happy to talk about crabs with you guys. Awesome. Thanks so much Natalie for this presentation and he's really informative. I'm going to open up open it up now does anybody have any questions. I guess I'm. You mentioned it, but I'm not. I don't think I connected all the dots. Why do we need the equal levels of genetic diversity or population diversity to sort of release and back like or is there a threshold right I mean by those numbers were within 20% like what what like if they're not the same is 20% acceptable like you know maybe. Yeah, so that's a big question and it's something I'm researching right now so this has not been done with crustacean species before which is why we're kind of moving on to larger genetic studies with DD Rad and full genome sequencing. So it has been done successfully with, with, with populations that show that sort of differentiation between the genetic diversity with haplotype and nucleotide diversity, but those were in species like bats and butterflies and things like that so there are crabs. And the coral reefs are already so sensitive we need to confirm that, okay we see the lower genetic diversity we don't know what the threshold is. So we need to get as much information under our belts as possible in order to inform these conservation and restoration efforts. It's a huge deal right like the populations in the quarries. Yes, our inbred, but that's to be expected right they're not connected to the ocean, but how inbred is to inbred to be released back on on the reefs. So, as, as you like going back here, you can see no name key right down here is out of the question we can we're not even looking at no name key anymore for this possibility because actually until we got more samples no name key had zero nucleotide diversity which was very concerning, but even though we're looking at like big copper key and kujuki east and and kujuki west. Those are relatively more equal to the reef population so we're kind of concentrating our efforts on to those right now. And what's actually super neat about kujuki east and west is they are literally spitting distance from each other. So we suspect that they're actually exchanging them amongst themselves as well. I have like an exact answer for you, I, I, we don't know how different is too different, which is why we're trying to get a better understanding. We also are going to try to identify if the other than inbred and being inbred, we're trying to identify if the reasons that the quarries are different from the reef populations is the environmental influences. So I'm actually going to be doing seascape genomics with my DD rad analysis, and I'm going to be projecting the genetic connectivity between the populations along with environmental variables like salinity pH temperature all that fun stuff to see if any environmental changes are even you know anthropogenic cause is influencing the genetic changes in the, in the quarries and so if they're suitable to be implanted back out onto the reefs. So yeah that is the question of my basically entire dissertation, and I just don't have an answer yet I'm sorry. How long do they live. The Caribbean king crabs, not very long but they grow very quickly so to we estimate two to three years for an individual as an individual's lifespan here. They are fairly regularly eaten by by by predators, but they grow very quickly so they start out obviously small little tiny baby crabs and within six months they're already bigger than golf balls so that's kind of what we're hoping to be able to implant is that is that size of the species. But yes it's, it's sad that they don't live very long because I mean we're also we're raising them in our lab we have an aquaculture reservoir in our lab where we're raising them to study them more. And it's good for the reefs though right because when we're with that we can easier control the population we know the larva is not going to go anywhere we're no they're not going to migrate very far if at all. And we know that they're going to die within two to three years which makes the populations easy for us to control and manipulate from, you know, conservation perspective. Sorry to dominate the one more thing. What's their radius, you said they kind of stay local but do you know what like in terms of the miles, how far did they move. So, not very far at all. We used to have an estimate of not even miles I mean we're talking a couple hundred yards from the coral reef, if that was a center point. However, after Hurricane Ian, we went back to the reefs, and some of the populations we had been studying are actually gone. So we're trying to determine okay did they leave, or were they brought somewhere else as a result of the storm. So we had an answer for that but now we're questioning it again. Now we need to kind of confirm. Sorry, this is my first like big presentation I've done for my dissertation so I know it's not the greatest I'm still working out all the kinks. How big is the genome is that something that we might potentially feed to the GP. So the genome, we don't know for sure yet because we haven't sequenced the whole one yet however spider crabs in general are between two to three billion base pairs long. They're pretty good size so we're estimating because with the sky about three billion base pairs. And what about sex determination is that how does this work.  X, Y, or yes. Yeah, they're X, Y.  If they were a grab it and all that fun stuff so there's a lot that can be done, but I'm super excited about the full genome. I probably were saying this but what's the heterosagosity that you estimate. Sorry, what's the heterosagosity that you. I don't know yet. Yeah, I'm sorry. That seems to be my answer for everything we're not we're not sure yet. We have so much more work to do. What was your workflow like. I think that was the initial part of the study. I think you were mentioning that you didn't initially use galaxy because most of the data were not. There was kind of a different way that you were accessing it so. And then in your kind of future plans to use galaxy with the whole genome sequencing and and that what is that going to look like. So, oh, I'm so excited about it so I am going to now that I have access to his entire data collection, Dr Antonio's. Now that I have access his I have it all saved on my my school computer and with all my hundreds of individuals as well. I'm going to be using galaxy for the DD rad portioning of my sequencing for my analysis to start so we're going to be uploading all the data I'm going to be kind of filtering out identifying areas of the genome that are under song strong selection. And we're still working on funding for the whole genome part it's it's getting wrapped up right now so we kind of move forward with DD rad, but once I have a full genome the full genome will be uploaded to galaxy and that will be the reference genome. I think I put a little something here. Whoops, yeah here right here. So it's going to be we're going to have our set of reads and our genome, the reference genome and I'm going to be mapping it all and I'm going to be hopefully identifying areas where environmental stressors have influenced the genetic diversity of the of the Caribbean and then I'm not sure I have to kind of decide it really depends on what kind of results we get because to be honest, what we found with this first chapter. We were not expecting to see so many different haplotypes in the quarries so now I have left the end of my next chapter open for what kind of analyses I'm going to be doing so if anybody has any suggestions. Or anything like that I'm absolutely always open to knowing what you guys are going to do, which you guys think I should do when it comes to especially since I haven't done full whole genome analysis at all yet I've only been working with with individual genes or small collections of genes. So I'm not going to be doing another haplotype network but I am going to be doing seascape genomics and so I'm going to be also using GIS to map the species and into the future. And I'm, I'm just, I'm excited to contribute with galaxy and learn it more. So, I'm super excited. You mentioned that there are similar studies with bats and butterflies in terms of understanding the diversity and whether like reintroducing them into a different area would be successful. Did they do like similar studies and analyses that you kind of leveraged for this analysis. Yes. So those were, they were similar studies in that we, they took genetic information from the different populations, however it was a little different in that the reason they were aiming for reintroduction was for habitat fragmentation right so the, like the, like for the butterflies and the later patches were too far apart so they were trying to figure out if they could kind of move them all together so that they can expand out again. So yeah I did model a little bit off of, off of them. I also modeled it after Dr Pedro Perez's PhD work where he did work in Brazil with a crab species there that was separated by in a current in the water and found that they were actually very very different from each other. So I modeled it a little bit off of each right because crustacea is is so picky when it comes to picking genes and things like that. So I use his genes and and all of that from his study also Antonio study for like my primers and all that and then I use because it hasn't been really hasn't been done with crabs or actually I don't even think it's, I haven't seen much about it being done with marine species at all. So, I mean, not even like you know the megafauna the charismatic megafauna that everybody love the whales and the dolphins and things like that so I kind of took a little bit of everything this is, this is relatively unique. I mean, he followed closely by NSF and Noah and Sea Grant and all those, all those fun people so I'm trying really hard to make it worth it. That's really cool. Thanks. Yeah. Any other questions from folks. Once, once I've gotten through, I'm almost done with my DD Rad right so I got maybe like another month, month and a half of actual wet lab work for that. I will know much more about how I'm using galaxy in it, but we kind of need to see what exactly our results are going to turn out like or if we're going to get another big surprise like we did with Sanger. So, so hopefully I'll have some more answers and not too long. That was a random fun question. If you could as the user from user perspective if you could add one tool or feature for your research anyway to galaxy. What would it be. Oh my goodness, I should have anticipated that question from you Michelle. I'm not sure yet. Can I get back to you once I've I've done DD Rad for it. Yeah, I was just thinking you know in the course of working with it. You know, maybe you had something that was like a, just an interesting learning that you had. I can tell you that my undergrads are very appreciative for all the training tools. I mean it has been an absolute blessing in our lab to have it there where they can because some of the students that you know we bring in have, have barely finished you know genetics one on one. So it's been absolutely wonderful for them to actually get hands on experience on a platform that has so much information so many researchers, resources for them. So I mean I can I can actually I can ask you know some of the interns they they just graduated so I'll give them, you know the weekend to celebrate, but you know, I can definitely ask them to see if they had any, you know, thoughts about what what could be improved improved or anything but yeah I don't I don't have anything at the moment. But maybe they do but I don't know they all love it so final questions for Natalie. If not, and thank you so much for this presentation I learned a lot about crabs and the Florida keys. And really looking forward to this future work that you're going to be doing with Galaxy so obviously you know the right people to get connected to so yeah thanks again. Let me know if anybody has any ideas. Thanks everybody for signing on our next community call is going to be on May 25. Yes, same time on Thursday, and we'll be hearing a presentation on TPV from new one. Thanks everybody for joining and we'll see you in a couple weeks.


Today in our show, we are going to be talking about India's quarterfinals and with us to tactically break down and help us understand what the keys to victory are is former captain, coach and Olympic gold medalist Vasudevan Vasudevan. So question, against the Dutch, who will be the key cog for both teams and who basically can they nullify each other? No, for me Manpreet is a very key player for Netherlands because so far I have seen him a different player because though he is in the name, when the starting level starts, he finds his name in the back four. But he doesn't start at the back four, he starts at the front three. So that's one good thing happening for him because he is a ball player who loves to play. He is not a good man marking man. You know, he likes to expose himself with a speed, good stick work and all. That's one advantage for India. Use more Sunit. You know, because Sunit is another outstanding player, using more and for that, for defence to be very solid. If they are going up, there will be a lot of space for the opponent too on a counter-attacks. So counter-attacks, India has to be very careful on counters and you want to re-counter it, you need to be very careful. But I want a forward line to come into the game today because they have not come into the game so far. I am not criticizing what I thought like Akash, Dilpe and Mandip. Maybe I think they did do re-tackling everything but that's not the job. Now in the current talk, the job is also re-tackling is good but their job is also strike the goal. So I think these are the key will happen for Netherlands. Netherlands also will have a different idea to come and out to mark Mandip or out to imitate him or out to get him a yellow card. He has to be very careful on the card because I know Mandip is a very aggressive player but aggression has happened many times for India where Mandip was out 5-7 minutes or no. That's going to be very costly for us. I want some of the players like Armin Peeth. We don't have, I am not seeing much of your Amit Royzas. So I think these are key players who will be used in a better way maybe and next is all. But again like you mentioned earlier, in India I have 4-5 key players and you are playing against a team which has 11 key players. I think that could be there with any team also. If you are collectively giving 60-70% my always beg with the players is that please give 70% or players. I wrote in 100%. 70% you give the team is winning. If somebody is giving 50% then I think you are not only doing a league matches level. So I think that's where we stand. Hopefully all the boys give 60 and above person and India should win.  You have to match it in those small small moments as simple as that. And you also brought up this like very interestingly you spoke about Poland in 2000. Your assistant coach of the time is now the coach of India. You think have you seen anything in him now like have you seen like an evolution in the way that he has perhaps learnt from there. Is there anything? Yeah I think so because I think because they finally see whatever he has learnt from where he was there about in the Asian games also. But the players have to do what they want to do. The coach is not going to play. But I think all the years for last because you've been there for last five years juniors, seniors and all those things are as improved as a very seasoned coach. He knows where exactly the players are. He has selected a good side and it's definitely good to see my good friend. First of all he's a good friend of mine and he is into hockey you know like any other coaches in the world. He is breathing hockey I would say because he is always into the you know past games and the past performance, penalty corners, goalkeeper strength. All those things he keeps collecting. I think that's how the coach has to be for India because we don't have to have it because I was not a professional. I was a coach because I was a coach maybe I could coach rather. If I was a professional like Arendra, if I was a professional then I would have definitely done better than. Now I realize if I had a lovely supporting staff in 2000. But at that point the entire culture towards coaching was different in any case. So most of the coaches who come for the national team like you would have your regular departments or take leave from there come at the last maybe a one month camp whatever. And then also Arendra has that luxury to work and understand the team like you mentioned. And so getting into India now and the World Cup. So you mentioned earlier about destination now. So India's destination is pretty clear. Actually it's pretty simple now for India what they have to do. They have to win matches. They have to score. They have to win matches. So and they are most likely to play Netherlands in the quarterfinals. So as a coach and a former player who have been at the IS level you understand what the pressures are going to happen. So what should India do? What does it take for them to now take the next six or eight steps towards the meta? Well I think the very important thing they are doing is that Netherlands is a very solid country like India playing hockey at the IS level. The highest level hockey is played in the world is Netherlands. The league is very of a high order and all the players know collective hockey. You know normally it's collective hockey is the team. So this is where the club teaches them at the club level. So most of the players are well equipped at the Netherlands. Not that India is not well equipped. But what India should do is that not allow them to too many spaces to move on. Because they allowed to move with the spaces Netherlands because they have good stick work. They also have eliminating skills like India. But they have one better advantage is that they are good in striking circle and 23 yards line. Because that's where you get the ball to put there. So they realize 23 itself is a striking D. 23 yards so they don't lose the ball there. So I think that's the strength of the Netherlands team and the German team. But Netherlands team is much more capable of holding the ball much better. So I think Indian forward, Indian plays should start again. Nevertheless to me is that don't defend more. Because it's an awkward state. We have four quarters. It's the advantage for you. It is that what you want was the first 15 minutes. You want to attack, please attack. You don't want to concede. Go and don't concede. It's easy to say from here but it can happen. 15 minutes if you try to lose the ball then you will be having problem in second quarter, third quarter. So 15 minutes first quarter try to dominate. You don't get a goal. No problem. You try to control the ball. Don't allow them to more room to play. Try and close them down. Very close them down quickly. The outletting should be very good. Indian outletting should be very, very good because we have good ball players. Simranjeet, Manpeeth are lovely outlet players. I think we have to use them very good. And this where the Netherlands will have problem of doing that outletting passes stop by Manpeeth or Simranjeet. I think they are two key players for Netherlands. But for India, who are the key players? The entire team is key for Netherlands. So I think we need to, we definitely need to accelerate higher and try to be quicker in the feed. Because this is an awkward stage. We can't say a league match.  I know that's a sick, sick language I got. I know. I know. I know. I know. I know. I know. I know. There is no verbal talking about it. It's all quick or fast. I mean, the quickness of that day against Netherlands will be the key for me. Because goal scoring both are good, penalty corner both are good, goalkeeper both are good. But the quick fitted passes quickly, how to eliminate quickly and use the width of the game. Very important because Netherlands will use the width of the game because our wing-ups are not playing study hockey. Our wing-ups are more attack good. They are attacked. But our wing-ups will be tested that day. Actually that's true. Like Netherlands really spread very wide. And they slide to play the slip ball on the edges of the goal, on the side. Because that's where the Europe team play now.  And they play a lot of indoor hockey. I think that's where they get the goals. Tide spaces. Tide spaces. And they go to the end of the game because there's no offside. Yeah. This is where I tell, you know, don't allow them to do anything on 23, 25 yard line. Allow them to play upper on the midfield. So you'll be successful, but never try to miss chances. I want all my forwarding to be there on the goal scoring chart. Don't say that every time we miss chance and I'm sick of it. Don't say after the game is over, miss chances. Oh, yeah. There is no miss in the other countries. Yeah. There is no miss. So actually this idea of like missing chances, like what is it? Is it down to basics? Is it just match pressure? What is it? No, I think, you know, I think it's basically after playing 150 matches, it cannot be basic. Yeah. It's a mental strength, you know. So it is match pressure. So you see a lot of, you know, the top players in the World Cup now. Who are the scorers? The expected boys who are playing the forwarding to score, they only are scoring. Yeah, exactly. Not from the, not from the blue. The people who are supposed to score, they are selected there for the team to score. Yeah. That's the way of the team. Yeah. So we have strikers in the team, so to score, so we have to score. So that's where the Indian team's plus point will come. The minus point will not be there more because it's going to be an awkward match. I think Arendelle will do a lovely warm-up with all the, you know, pressure and minus. I think India, I have a 10% advantage over India because, not, don't go with the crowd. Don't play with the crowd. You lose the ball. You've done it before also. And in the world hockey series, you've done it one day before also. You play, you moved with the crowd in the first two quarters. You played with the crowd. Or you don't play with the crowd. Let them shout. Playing with the crowd is the most dangerous hock in the world. Because you may have support. But you know, don't try to run with the ball.  You're not supposed to run with the ball because they're much faster than you. So I think these are things which have to be noted on the quarterfinals. I mentioned that applies even if India progresses because the sides are going to be... Yeah. We might, if we cross quarterfinals, we might be playing in Australia again. So there is no relenting in as far as intensity is concerned from now on. And Arendha, in his press conferences, I've been talking about that. But you mentioned that India should take initiative in, say, as in go play attacking hockey. And so something like if they do, if a match situation arises in the knockouts, that something like what happened with Belgium, the first half, India was invisible. So if that kind of initiative is given to, given in knockouts, will India be able to make that turn around? Well, listen, it's a good observation. But I personally feel in a knockout, that's a league match. When you could come back on third and fourth quarter against Belgium and get the two goals back, why don't you do that in the first quarter? Why don't you do that in the first quarter? When you have got energy, when you have got energy to do and you've got confidence in the players, why don't you see, my point is that four quarters is very good for any coaches to plan, any players to plan. You know, if you plan the first quarter, what do you want to do? Don't concede goals, try to get attacked. You know, that's very important. The moment you do that, then they'll be under pressure. They'll have to change their options. They have to change, the opponent have to change their plan. So if you don't try to options to the players or the coaches to stop something happening there, then you are at loss. If you have a lovely grip on the nervous team, then you should start attacking. Now mind, first quarter, you don't concede goals. Attack means if you attack, you don't concede goals. There is a formula that you don't play full-press.  So there are two issues. One is that they may try to play full-press or you have to play full-press.  You try to win the ball more, try to snatch the ball from the defender. I think these are the issues. Small, small issue is going to be a collectively important Indian team. Snatch the ball, release the ball quickly. Passing skills to be very good.  I would say schoolboy's error. It has been happening. Sometimes you do schoolboy's error. That is dangerous. In a quarter-final match, you know, you are not supposed to lose a schoolboy. I think, for example, in AC games, I don't have to hit the pass. You know, that aerial ball passes. You should have gone straight away to the 60 RC aerial pass. You came to your own half. That's a schoolboy's error. So I think these are the issues with 5-6 points. I think, I will definitely know about it. But I think you have to implement with the players. Tell them, give them confidence. You do this. Allow them to play the natural hockey. They will play better. And as far as the team dynamics is concerned, you have observed these boys up close as well. And probably you would have gotten some information while discussing with your friend. What is the dynamics like? Like comparing it to your winning team. When you mentioned that you are a senior player and a lot of youngsters who went on later to do great things for India. So, do India have that kind of leadership presence in the middle as of now? Who can actually take charge and guide team in situation of pressure arises? Because that's what... Actually, it's a doubtful for me to start about we are a dynamic person in the team. But we are only in captain. We can play Manpeer, who is a great player with attacking skills now. He is only playing the natural hockey now. He is not playing what he had about 2 years back. He was not allowed to play this hockey, where Adnan is allowing him to play one.  Number two is that, you know, at every given time, get together quickly. For example, if you are... Now, if you say something is happening badly in first 5 minutes, you try to communicate with the team that, okay, no, you have to wake up.  That's called dynamic. We need to understand what to do if you are getting one goal lead. Where do you understand? How do you do it? If you are getting, you know, one goal down, how do you restart the game? So, I think these are dynamic things that are happening in the ground. In other games, you can always have a talk. But in this 15-minute court, you've got 2 minutes to go. By the time the players come out and listen to the coach, it will be one and half minutes only. So, what do you do? So, I think these are the situations where in that break, we need to analyze. That is where I want the coach to come in. Because players can't do that. One of the minutes, what first is that? Not to correct them. Not to tell them what next option A, next B. Because in hockey, in most of the game teams, like, you know, the dynamic player in the ground may not be always a great successor. Somebody will start shouting, whether somebody will not like it. Because the generation is changing. You know, in my days, the generation was only shouting. You know, it was mostly played with Punjabi guys.  Hard, very hard. The tackling is very hard. You know, the natural talk is that, Rakdo. You know, stronger. You play stronger. You know, these are the words I mean I came from. And now it's, I think this, not no time, we have to be very strong. All the players are very strong in the right time.  You need to be very strong in the ball. Very strong in deleting the players. Very strong in tackling. Very strong in management walking. You know, strong is a very important word again in Netherlands. In Europe, because first you don't get room to play. So, further you have to be very strong. Snatch the ball stronger. Pass the ball stronger. No off. You know what I mean? It's like hitting a dead snake. So, that's all should not happen. These are the things I think I could only advise the players to do that. Thank you. Thank you sir.


the other way that you might look at a delayed credit would be a situation for example usually you create an invoice and then you receive the payment but you might have a situation where you've received the payment first possibly like getting a down payment on a sale that you're going to make so now you've got the money first and accounting terminology we call that basically an unearned revenue situation usually but and we'll talk more about unearned revenue in the future but usually if you get paid first you want to record it as a liability


Following President Buhari's move in transmitting to the Senate, a bill to increase the retirement age for teachers in the country from 60 to 65 years. The immediate past president of the Nigerian Union of Teachers Michael Olukwaya says it's a welcome idea, which is long overdue. Plus TV Africa's correspondent Destiny Momo has more. There is no doubt that teachers constitute an essential part of institutional building. Hence, their role cannot be overemphasized. They transmit knowledge from day to day, which ultimately transcends one generation to the other. President Mahmoud Buhari has transmitted the bill concerning teachers' retirement age and service year to the Senate. Now the citizens are asking if this bill is very important at this time. You see, if you check the work of teachers, it's more or less of standing. And there is no way you can cheat nature. I'm strongly supporting the bill, increasing the retirement's plan age for teachers. If they could extend the age of the teachers, the young ones should not get more chance to get into practice. So it will be unfair. We don't need teachers to retire now. We don't need that at all. What we need is how the economy will move forward. So I don't understand how the Nigerian economy and teachers relate. We don't need teachers to take over the cities and take over the cities, so things are very hard. It's a better thing that the government did. Michael Olukwaya praises the president's efforts in transmitting the bill, saying it will be for the good of teachers and the public, as young graduates shy away from the teaching practice. He says he looks forward to the reality of the bill. A lot of young ones are not interested and are not motivated into the sector because of what you know, what you and I know will fail. So it can be extended in years of service right now, with that irretaining better hands and the community's effect of that is that quality education will be further enhanced. Our teacher will request it to be under anonymity, says she prefers AFTI to pay gratuities instead. So they find it difficult to adapt. All the Instagram pages and all that, they're not really into it. But when you employ new young staff, they are still very strong. They can teach 20-30 years of study. The decision to increase the retirement age in service years of teachers was posh run to section 58, subsection 2, after the 1999 constitution, as amended. Destiny Momo for Plus TV Africa.


Hello everyone, welcome to Chanakya IS Academy MCQ's. Let's see today's questions. Question number one, which union ministry organized the Technology and Bharti Abhasha Summit? The options are A. Ministry of Science and Technology, B. Ministry of Education, C. Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, and D. Ministry of Culture. The correct answer is Ministry of Education. The two-day Technology and Bharti Abhasha Summit was organized as a part of the Bharti Abhasha Utsav by the Union Ministry of Education in New Delhi. The aim of the summit was to facilitate a smooth transition from the current education ecosystem to one rooted in Indian languages in line with the vision of NEP 2020 and to set the course for a technologically bright future for Indian languages in education. Question number two, which states Yak Charpi has received the geographical indication tag? The options are A. Jammu and Kashmir, B. Arunachal Pradesh, C. Uttarakhand and D. Himachal Pradesh. The correct answer is B. Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal Pradesh, Yak Charpi has received the geographical indication tag. It is a naturally fermented dairy product crafted from the milk of Yak's. Charpi is a traditional food of the tribal Yak herders in the state. It is rich in protein and has been a lifeline for them in the harsh condition of the Himalayan region. Question number three, which country won the gold medal in the mixed doubles squash tournament at the Asian Games 2023? The options are A. India, B. Malaysia, C. China and D. Japan. The correct answer is A. India. India's Deepika Palika and Harinder Pasandhu won the gold medal in the mixed doubles squash tournament at the Asian Games 2023 in Hangzhou, China. The defeated Malaysia's Aifa Azwan Mohammad Syafiq Kamal 2 by 0 in the final. This is the first time a squash mixed doubles tournament has featured at the Asian Games. Question number four, with reference to comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty, consider the following statements. One, CTBT is a multi-tellateral treaty which prohibits nuclear weapon test explosion, whether for military or peaceful purposes. All permanent members of UNSC have ratified the treaty except China. Select the incorrect statements. The options are A. one only, B. two only, C. both one and two and D. neither one, no two. The correct answer is B. two only. It is a multi-tellateral treaty that bans all nuclear explosions, whether for military or peaceful purposes and the improvement of existing nuclear weapon designs. Its negotiations started in the 1990s and it opened for signatures in 1996. It will enter into force after all 44 states listed in NX2 to the treaty have ratified it. Once it enters into force, it will be legally binding against nuclear testing. CTBT does not explicitly define nuclear weapons and nuclear explosive devices. India, China, the USA, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Iran, Pakistan, Israel and Egypt have not ratified CTBT. Question number five, POSA 44 which was recently in use is related to the options are A. jwaar, B. wheat, C. paddy and D. barley. The correct answer is C. paddy. It is a paddy variety which was developed in 1993 by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. By the end of 2010, it had gained widespread popularity among farmers across the Punjab covering approximately 70 to 80 percent of the area under paddy cultivation. Farmers claim that POSA 44 yields nearly 85 to 100 months per acre while other varieties yield average. Let's see the concerns. It is a long duration variety taking around 160 days to mature. This is around 35 to 40 days more than other varieties requiring five to six extra cycles of irrigation with Punjab facing severe groundwater depletion issue of stubble burning in the state. We conclude today's MCQ here. Tomorrow we will meet with few more MCQs. Till then, please like, share and subscribe our channel. Thank you. Don't forget to like, share and subscribe to our channel and press the bell icon to never miss an update.


Mary says, my organization has many guest users. She's bragging already. We don't know you, Mary. Why do you don't start a conversation like bragging like that? I've just run across that their search results are not the same as mine, owner admin. Guests are not seeing all or files. Is there a way that they can see the file search results? Is it a permissions issue? It's important that guests get to search and find files too. Thank you. You're welcome. Yeah, I had some notes on this. I've run into this before. It's kind of back up to another question that we answered today about permissions, checking the permissions on things. But specifically knowing some of the history of the site with the content. So one, going through and being able to find within the search results, there's a number of different things that could have happened that could change the accessibility of that content. So if there are sensitivity labels, if then Azure Information Protection is enabled around that, and where that could happen, if you're like, no, look there, I don't see anything here clearly, but if content was migrated, especially with a lot of the third party tools that are very resilient, what they move across and keeping the labels and permissions and historical changes that were made to those documents and list items, that those rules could still be in place, which could be causing this issue. This is why, again, a third party governance and administration tools are really good. My company has one, others that have them out there that allow you to go in and look at the document level and say what is attached to this? What are the permissions around it? Who's touched it? What rules are in place? Where were the rules applied? What labels are in place? What's turned on, what's turned off of all the various capabilities that are out there? So you could then strip it bare down and give access and make sure that it's open to everybody. But also, as an owner admin, doing a search, you never want to get the same results as a guest anyway because you've got access to all the SharePoints and OneDrive and everything. So it's not unrealistic expectation to be able to also do, they want to be able to search and find all the files too. Well, no, they're a guest. If they're not a guest, then actually create them as a user within your organization if they need to be able to see across the business. Well, and that's all, to your point, it's always going to be the case. Even people, the four of us are in the same company. We're going to get a different view of things based on our permissions, based on the access levels to everything that we're seeing there. So if the complaint here is that, here are these 10 files, and these guest users should have access, and I've given them permission, but they still don't have access. It's because there are other rules at play. And so you need to understand what else is out there. And there's a number of places that you need to go and look to understand why for those 10 files that they should have access to, why they don't. And it's not just about having that first level of the permissions. That's the first step. Then it's sensitivity labels. Then it's other information protection rules and any other life cycle management things which could restrict their viewability. Yeah, we're getting to the point where Microsoft 365 really needs and the equivalent of Active Directory's RSOP tool. Result and set of policies so that you actually see everything that influences the object you're interested in, what access you have to it, and what is driving that. I'm pretty sure I just saw something about that. Did you? I did. I did. I'd have to look up the link real quick to find out what it was when I did it. Oh, no, I'd hate to add effort to a snarky comment. I'll put it in the link so it's not a recording. Yeah, it'll be there eventually. Oh, yeah, Microsoft for you. Oh, yes, the change. Oh, yeah, the new changes, the stuff that we've... Yeah, we've not yet seen questions around, but yeah, so that is Microsoft's new branding where they've combined Azure Information Protection and other compliance and records management capability into one solution. So you have one place to go to find all those different pieces. So that would be another place. I don't know that it does exactly what we've described, but that's something that I definitely need to go do some research on. I am. Yeah, thanks for the link, Sharon. I feel like that is, that's the gist of where their headed is trying to basically a one-stop shop around compliance. Very cool. Well, that folks is what is in the link down below. Yeah. Everything comes back, Sean, everything. The circle of life. It's the circle of life. The circle of life. I always see things come back and I'm like, oh, wait, I know what you're talking about. What once was old is new again. Yes, yes.


And my guess is the inequality goes this way. So we have the oil producing countries. They get a surplus value greater than this.  And my guess is this is greater, plus whatever expenditures they have to get this monopoly position. So my guess is that their inequality goes this way. And what that means is that the monopoly revenues of OPEC become larger and larger and larger. Why? Because they charge a higher price for the barrels of oil to the refineries. So the refineries, in turn, have a monopoly position. And they're able to charge higher and higher prices for the consumer goods that they sell. That's gasoline at the pump. That keeps going up. That's the price of the V-good greater than the unit value, as well as the price of the C-good that they're selling to other capitalists. And so these swell in the stainless oil of New Jersey in the companies that are purchasing the oil from OPEC and refining it and then selling it as either consumer goods, or as means of production, as raw materials to other capitalists. And so you can see what would happen in this example of what the economists sometimes call sequential monopoly. A higher price for barrels of oil gets translated into higher prices at the pump as what the company that's refining the oil has the power to pass on the higher prices into higher prices at the pump and higher prices from raw material to other capitalists. And the end result of this is something that people worry about right now, which is that the workers have a higher price for the V-good that they have to spend. That would be gas times the gas that they purchase for their cars. And then, of course, there's everything else. I'll just put everything else down here. So all there are other consumption here. So this is gas consumption, OK? Gas consumption plus everything else. Well, you can see what happens. As the price of gas goes up, and they can't really drop this too much. If you get it on a bill, what are you going to do? You can't push it with your foot. You need gas. So this is a very inelastic demand. And as this goes up, people worry about cutting into other kinds of expenditures. All these other consumptions would fall, and that may hurt the recovery. Say, by the same logic for the other capitalists, they now have to pay, these are now the buying capitalists, they now have to pay a higher and higher price for energy. So that's the seagull that they're buying over here. And if that keeps going up, then these may fall, OK? So on the consumer side, we get a drop in consumption. Over here, we get a drop in these expenditures. If one of these is delta C plus delta V, if that falls, then you have, as a result of a higher price for the barrels of oil set by Cartel, higher costs to the oil refinery companies. So they have to pay a higher cost. Let me get that in here explicitly. For the raw material oil. So that goes up, because they're paying a higher price. The increase here is a result of these oil companies paying a higher subsume class payment. That's where this extra revenue comes. But then the oil companies offset their higher cost to OPEC by charging higher prices for gasoline and for raw materials. And so their revenues can swell above and beyond what they're paying to OPEC. But the end result of this on the US economy is a terrible, if you want to think of it that way, tax on workers and tax on other industrial capitalists. And that could lead to a recession. So that's how we might make use of this kind of surplus, or value and surplus value analysis to understand something which is going on in the US economy right at the present. And I shall stop with that.