Yeah, we've got just over 20 minutes for some questions Let's let's go. We'll take three and then we'll get some responses and see how far we can get Thank you Yeah, I'm Julia Messina Thanks for the the very very interesting presentations. I have a question for each of you so for Valentina I Like the paper a lot. I wonder Um This is not very well suited to the deep in deep that you're doing but Do you observe that they are in general more? applicants interested in STEM more women applicants entering the stem after the policy was introduced the question is is this policy Is this policy actually? Simply shifting women towards those two universities that introduced the quarters and the programs or is Actually making women more interested in following the stem to the question to the paper and on Tunisia Which I found very interesting. It's very interesting how similar the results for Tunisia are for some of the things that we've done in Latin America one Aspect that surprised me But this is my ignorance of Tunisia's labor market is that you don't talk anything about in Informality, which is big issue in Latin America. So we're wondering whether that's something That you are considering analysis or whether this is a non-issue in Tunisia and For the paper in Costa Rica. I had maybe one suggestion I think following something similar to what the Tunisian paper considering that you're gonna have this very very different Non-participation of women in different parts of the distribution Maybe you want to do some of these were hack of line the composition that you're doing across the distribution and see whether those wage gaps in those areas where The differential participation has not been that important at the top or in the You know in the upper half of the distribution how those results look like I think that would be interesting Thank you anybody else here in this neighborhood just to add to that from the chair Also, just formally you one can do the a hawker blind on the participation itself, right on the change in the In the participation, right? It just seems like it's an extremely important margin besides earnings actually Yes Yes The way you apply the difference in the friendship at Espada, and they kind of all care to me that they may be some omitted by us in terms of the quality of the intensity or the difficulty of schoolwork for example, I I was I teach a negrary history If a even a particular year I have my upgrade at getting percent of the school and then the following year I have like 60 then it means the group of students I have now For that for better away That's not a good way to use it is that I was going to say no quality, but So what you do is you kept the great are we picking the fact I'm concerned about the dropout We are we picking the fact that we are improving the great It is giving incentives to students to stay in the program and not dropout because we reduce the quality of education If for that if you get where I'm coming from because over the years you sometimes have to cut the great I just finished reading before coming here and I have to attend boys To literally kept a great so what I mean is that I still have students taking my calls But easy because I'm trying to because if I have students like 90% percent of then I don't have to cut They really mean I have high quality student for that year, but the next year Now we have My question is for Valentina Thank you for that paper We have affirmative action in my country. So I was quite keen to learn it's not based on gender It's based on ethnicity. So I was quite keen to learn from your experience now the first point which I wanted to raise was the question of The duration you didn't tell us when it was introduced and for how long This policy is going to be in place in most cases when you do have a firm defection the question of duration comes up And the question of duration comes up because there's a specific reason for that If you have long-term implementation of the policy you can have drawbacks So I wanted to push you on that point on duration and whether that issue was discussed at all when you were implementing it in Chile Chile is it the second question was on the curriculum. I thought this was very interesting You're changing the curriculum to accommodate women's preferences to get women more interested in the cause While I'm all for curriculum revisions my question is this what are the implications of this on the quality of the course This is a professional course And if you change the content of the curriculum does it then reduce the call to such a point that you may actually be compromising the quality of The engineering course that you're providing for the students Those are my two questions for you for the question on Tunisia You raised the point about politics and you said politics is very important, but I'm sorry I I must have missed it, but I didn't get how politics was so important Because it didn't come out in the conclusion too. So could you tell us how does the politics fit into your analysis? Thank you I'll come in on our next round So we Okay, so I'll start So the first question is about The trends I guess so it's the universities that implemented the policy versus they went with it that didn't and this is of course a question That I've asked myself several times. It's not so easy to answer so the first thing that I would say is that It's a different deep and what we're seeing is that there is an increase in the proportion of females attending engineering schools in the true to treated schools and The the trend for the control it remains the same. So at least we're not seeing Like changes. Yeah, exactly. We're not seeing something crazy there Still there could be some some effects going on But the problem is that they are difficult to disentangle because it would say are there women who are choosing now these universities But they would have gone to them anyway This is something that I could potentially see because I see their applications So I see their applications in the first choice and I can see what they would have gone to if they didn't go to the Uchile or book I can see that but because they decided what to apply for they decided to put the University of Chile as the first option I They made up their mind about studying They might have made up their mind about studying engineering. I see this policy I see that engineering that the the best engineering school in in Chile is Calling more women to study there. So maybe engineering is for me I'm gonna apply to their first and then I'm gonna apply to maybe another university So it might be that still although there their second option is a STEM degree It wouldn't have been without the policy. So that's that's why it's a bit difficult to disentangle I would say still that these results are relevant even if These schools are stealing Women from other schools Because these are the two best schools in the country and that means that The graduates from this school are also the ones who make the highest wages So it's still contributing to reduce gender wage potentially is contributing to reduce gender wage gap So the other question about Quality and if it's maybe changing how The professors are grading think this is an excellent question the The thing is that I have variation within cohort and I didn't mention this but these are There are there are several classrooms in each cohort and there is variation of gender composition within those classrooms and the tests that they have to take are the same tests and The grades are a standard dice between the whole group So even if there are groups with more women who might be not as well prepared as their male peers or as their other female peers There is still subject to the same level of quality demands from the professors So in that way, I think I'm not having that problem that much I still think that maybe I should because I am I mean I have also Several cohorts and I have cohorts fix effects too. So I don't think that's what this this is Showing I think it's more of a preferences for being with more women and Then the policy questions. I think the policy questions are very interesting. So but They're a bit out of the scope of my work So the policy was implemented in 2014 and that means this is a six-year degree It's a very long degree a sudden engineering in Chile So we are starting now to see the first cohorts of women graduating the policy is still in place I don't know until when it's gonna be in place. But yeah, the the the idea is that it is a temporary policy Temporary until when I'm not sure And about the courses if the changes in curriculum would affect overall quality of the degree I don't know but what I do know is that They shouldn't so The curriculum it means that they have like minors in this so there is a minor in biomedicine So I guess if the students were choosing this minor that the students were choosing the minor this minor would be affected by By the change, but the ones who are not choosing this minor wouldn't so it shouldn't have negative effects on those students I think but yeah, I mean I'm not really Studying that part and and I don't have that from the students in that university You only have that from for the students in in the other university Thank you so on the similarity between I think Many countries had the same story of increase of tertiary education and Structural change that wasn't at the same pace. So probably kept economies at the same style and then Education premier decrease because the supply is higher than the demand So this maybe explains why there is this kind of similarity on the formal labor. You're totally right I think this is of course It's very important in Tunisia as in the old minor region So this is a good point We can try to see what's the contribution of the chain and many people think that after the revolution Most of the jobs were created in the public sector or in the informal sector because growth was very low So probably both created jobs and I think we can get interesting results to look at informal part On politics. So what happened is that after the revolution the social pressure was very high and so the government totally changed its employment and wage policy the the employment policy was in the decade before was favoring the high skilled so the Number of high skilled was increasing in the administration and the wages was increasing while the wage of Low and medium skilled was decreasing after the revolution. This was totally inverted. So the government decided to increase the wages of the low skill and for the Employment actually what happened is that many people were working for the government without contracts So or had this kind of temporary contracts and they're huge demonstrations and social movements the government decided to Make all these people civil servants Which created the very huge wage bill actually some people say that Tunisia had probably the highest wage bill In terms of GDP or one of the highest in the world at least this is one of the problems in the negotiations with the IMF today but This is how politics entered the story by this very rapid change In my case in my case is it was just a comment But I appreciate your comment and I will take up the comment specifically Maybe to use you are right to use the drop out the drop out rate Maybe as a control or we can use an an heterogeneity Test and we have many options. The good thing is this method is pretty flexible and we have this data We can more we can do More tests and try to incorporate this important factor, which definitely is one of the main predictors of the differences in Salaries in the gender pay gap during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thank you Great excellent questions and excellent answers. We've got some time for some more Good good afternoon. My name is Atsun. I have two questions one question for Mohammed Mohammed It's okay and one question for Luis My question for Mohammed is that you have presented to us the Like the good the good a good a scenario where inequality has decreased But I would like to know if this has compromised any other economy Performance, I don't know maybe the growth of the economy have decreased it Maybe the public sector have obtained it high levels of debt or I don't know I would like to know how has done Tunisia to increase the the the public the public spend To know in order to have like a bigger picture and my question for Luis is that your final conclusion I In my opinion, I agree because at the beginning I saw that you presented to us An image where we had the Informality and we saw that the levels of informality in male were higher than in female. So Like a fierce idea that that could explain that the women Decreased less the salaries than men, but My question is that I don't know why that good Explained that difference if you are using the headman corrector if the headman isn't tries to Reduce the bias generated by the drops in the in the sample So I don't know why the headman corrector would not be correcting that bias. It's not true to me It's not clear to me. Thank you for your question. Definitely The idea to use HEC man was to try to correct Especially HEC man as as you as you know Correct for the probability Which characteristics influence The probability to be into the labor market. We partially correct using this kind of Methodological tool, but not necessarily because it's pretty difficult to capture these movements in the labor market because there are Pretty speed movements, maybe because of these Kind of rate of dropout Period by period is more accurate to measure the influence of this not just considering the entire effect Maybe it's better to do it period by period. It's a good. It's a good recommendation for our work But we try it to do it definitely and HEC man partially correct Considering all these characteristics also informality as you said because we use this predictor as part of our Estimation and regarding your comments Definitely there are pretty pretty useful As well some of the short comments. We have limitations because we don't have Maybe we don't have this a specific information about the change or the shift from one Industry or sector to another one if I understand if I understand well but We have Maybe we can try it to do it a more try to Understand this is part of our Work to try to understand the mechanism and try to go deeper in the predictors in the Characteristics in the endowments that explain these changes and this is part of the job today Because of the time it wasn't possible to show you but for example Some of the predictors who explain the the gap and specifically during the part of the Related to the COVID-19 pandemic was the occupation the level of the skills for example And maybe this is related with your concern and then is is also our concern We have to go deeper and try to Understand and try to correct in a better way to take in into account. Thank you very much. It's okay Thank you. Yeah, regarding your question. So there are really two periods very distinct Before the revolution the economic situation was quite good and employment figures were bad But public debt for example was very low like less than 35 percent of GDP Today public debt is around 90 percent of GDP. So what happened is that the country bought social peace at the depend of its Depth situation. I mean the government, of course, it's not sustainable anymore And today it has an IMF program and the negotiations with the IMF are very complex so But inequality decreased more in the first period so we cannot say that inequality is The decrease of inequality is responsible of the problems However, when you buy it with civil servants hiring, of course in that case It's it's very expensive for the country and it's very risky because today Situation especially with COVID and the war in Ukraine It's it's not anymore sustainable because the country also subsidizes energy and Bread and all these basic products. So the deficit is becoming totally unsustainable and The situation is very unclear for the next month and weeks even Okay, wonderful. So That wasn't a wonderful conclusion that was pretty daunting for Tunisia, right? Anyway, thank you. We had a inspirational message about solving the gender gap thank you for that and and a very interesting session covering a Range of issues on on inequality including policy issues and the second installment is to come tomorrow as a second in our UNU wider partnership technology and and inequality in the labor market tomorrow morning, but thank you very much to the presenters excellent presentations and to you


Hello, my name is Amos Meeks. I am a town meeting member from Precinct 3 and I want to introduce Article 15 which would create a domestic partnership by-law in Arlington. This by-law would allow people to register a domestic partnership if they commit to mutual support and caring, if they reside together and intend to do so indefinitely, if they share basic living expenses such as food, utilities, household goods, if they are all at least 18 years old, if they are confident to enter a contract, and if they are not married to anyone and are not closely enough related that they could not be married under state law. The idea of this essentially is that rather than a marriage which indicates more of a union between people, this is indicating a commitment to family living together in the same household. And thus, people in a domestic partnership and their dependents are treated as family in the eyes of the town. What this means is that they would have visitation rights at town-operated health care facilities, which currently there are none. They would have visitation rights at town-operated correctional facilities, such as the jail, and a child's legal parent or guardian could give their domestic partner access to the child's school records and access to the child, such as to take them out of school in case of a family emergency. And then furthermore, the term spouse, family, or marriage anywhere in the by-laws would explicitly include domestic partners. I think the main way that this would impact is such as in bereavement leave for the town employees in terms of how much leave they could get for the death of a family member. The main motion would create a fairly standard domestic partnership by-law applicable to partnerships of two people. However, we have also proposed an amendment which would allow the creation of domestic partnerships for two or more people and it would also remove section 10. This is the section that equates spouse in other parts of the by-law to domestic partners. There was concern raised about this from outside legal experts in that it may conflict with state law concerning polygamy and thus be an issue when this by-law is reviewed by the Attorney General. So for now, we've removed it and we'll probably revisit this issue later on. And to answer a few frequently asked questions, can Arlington residents register domestic partnerships in other municipalities such as Somerville? The answer is yes. So right now, anyone, you or me, could go register a domestic partnership with more than two people in the city of Somerville. However, the town of Arlington would not recognize them and so that domestic partnership would not get the rights explicitly laid out in this by-law. While Somerville and Cambridge have passed ordinances allowing more than two people, no other town in Massachusetts has done so. And so if we pass an amendment allowing more than two people to register domestic partnerships, this would go in front of the Attorney General to review. So could she strike the proposed amendments down if passed? Yes, she could. However, state law does not currently regulate domestic partnerships in any way as far as I'm aware. They essentially leave domestic partnerships entirely up to the municipalities. So there's no reason to expect her to find any conflict or issue with the amendments. Would this by-law impact the town financially in any way? No, it would not. It's solely about the rights that I mentioned before and recognizing families as families. And does this force private organizations to do anything? No. All this affects is how people in a domestic partnership are treated by the town of Arlington. Any organization outside the town of Arlington can choose whether or not to recognize the domestic partnership. So for example, healthcare insurance providers deciding whether or not a domestic partner is eligible for someone's health to benefit from someone's healthcare. Or hospitals outside of Arlington allowing visitation of people with domestic partnership within Arlington. That being said, I suspect that in many of these cases a domestic partnership registered in Arlington would- they would choose to recognize it. Thank you very much for listening and I hope that you will vote yes, both on the main motion as well as the amendment to allow domestic partnerships of more than two people.


Good evening, aspirants. Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis session by Shankarayas Academy, dated 1st June 2021. The list of news articles covered for today's discussion is given for your reference along with the page numbers in various editions of the newspaper. Now let us move to the article's discussion. The first news article for today's discussion is going to be based on this open editorial article titled, Recognizing Cast-Based Violence Against Women. See, this article is written by a senior advocate in the Supreme Court and in this article, the author talks about the court's need to recognize the role of cast in the offense against women. The author further highlights about the repeated attempts of the courts in setting aside convictions under the Scheduled Cast and Scheduled Tribes Prevention of Atrocities Act 1989. So, in this light, let us see some important points mentioned in this article. The syllabus covered under this topic discussion is given for your reference. First, let us know in brief about the Scheduled Cast and Scheduled Tribes Prevention of Atrocities Act of the Year 1989 in order to understand the article better. See, as the title hints, it is an act of the parliament that was enacted to address the atrocities against persons from Scheduled Cast and Scheduled Tribes communities. See, this act also introduced special courts and exclusive special courts to run trials for the offenses that are registered against the atrocities against persons from Scheduled Cast and Scheduled Tribes communities. In addition, it also lists various offenses like the denial of economic, democratic and social rights, including the discrimination, exploitation and abuse of the legal process that can affect the self-respect and esteem of people belonging to Scheduled Cast and Scheduled Tribes. Know that the act was amended in the year 2015 to specifically recognize more atrocities against the Dalits and Adivasi women, including the sexual assault, sexual harassment and Devadasi dedication. Note that according to section 3 and subsection 2 of the act, if a person who is not a member of the Scheduled Cast or Scheduled Tribes community commits any offense under the IPC that is punishable with an imprisonment of 10 years or more against a person and knowing that such a person is a member of Scheduled Cast and Scheduled Tribes, then the person who committed the offense will be punishable with imprisonment for life and with fine. Simply to say, if the perpetrator knows that the victim of the offense belongs to the SC or ST community and the perpetrator commits that offense only because of the reason that the victims are SC or ST, then the prevention of atrocities act shall be invoked. Now, coming to the article, see the author here brings in the concept of intersectionality or the intersectional discrimination of caste, gender and disability. See, this intersectionality was addressed by the Supreme Court in the Patan Jamal Wali versus the State of Andhra Pradesh case. This term intersectionality seeks to recognize the multiple grounds of marginalization faced by the women. According to this approach, when the identity of a woman intersects with her caste, class, religion, disability and shell orientation, she may face violence and discrimination due to two or more grounds. Or to put it in simple words, when a woman is from a marginalized caste and is disabled, then she may face discrimination due to her sex, caste or tribe and disability where all of these makes her vulnerable to sexual violence. In the next part of this article, the author highlights the repeated attempts of the court to set aside the convictions under the Prevention of Atrocities Act despite using this intersectional lens in cases of sexual violence against Dalits and Adivasi women. Also, the author cites a few examples to support the claim. For instance, in the 2006 Ram Das and others versus the State of Maharashtra case which dealt with a rape of a Dalit minor girl, the Supreme Court set aside the conviction under the Prevention of Atrocities Act on the ground that mere fact of the victim belonging to scheduled caste community would not attract the Prevention of Atrocities Act. Similarly, in Arsharfi versus the State of Uttar Pradesh, the court held that the evidence and materials on record did not show that the rape was committed because the victim was a member of AC community. Note that the author is against all these views. According to the author, the only evidence to prove that the accused committed sexual assault on the ground that victim was a member of scheduled caste or scheduled tribe community is the fact that victim is from a scheduled caste or scheduled tribe community and the accused is aware of this fact. As per the author, even though punishments are upheld in such cases, the repeated setting aside of the convictions under Prevention of Atrocities Act can only aggravate the allegations on the misuse of law. See, this leads to the erasure of the caste-based violence faced by women and moreover, the lack of recognition can make our caste discrimination laws inefficient in the course of time. With this, we have come to the end of this topic discussion and with this information in mind, let us move on to the next part of the discussion. Now, let us take up this news article. Defense Ministry notifies 108 negative imports. See, this article is about the positive indigenization list. So, in this context, it is prudent that we learn about the concept of indigenization list and the steps taken by India towards indigenization. The syllabus covered under this topic discussion is given for your reference. What is positive indigenization list? See, the positive indigenization list is a list of items for which there would be a ban on the import beyond the timeline indicated against them. See, we all know India is moving towards self-reliance in the defense sector. In order to give impetus to the self-reliance goal and to reduce the dependence on imports, the concept of positive indigenization list was introduced. Note that this list was introduced by the Ministry of Defense. According to the ministry, this concept would offer a great opportunity to Indian defense industry to manufacture these items using their own design and development capabilities to meet the requirements of armed forces in the coming years. So, keeping this lofty goal in mind, the Ministry of Defense notified first positive indigenization list for defense imports comprising nearly 101 items that included towed artillery guns, short-range surface-to-air missiles, cruise missiles and offshore patrol vehicles. Note that this was issued in August of the year 2020. Also, this was seen as a big push towards defense indigenization. And in addition to this first list, the defense ministry on Monday notified the second positive indigenization list. This second positive indigenization list consists of 108 items in addition. So, now the new list takes the total number of the list to 209. See, the second positive indigenization list comprises complex systems such as sensors, simulators, weapons and ammunitions like helicopters, next-generation COVIDs, airborne, early warning and control systems, tank engines, medium-power radar for mountains and many such things like medium-range surface-to-air missiles, weapon systems and many more items. See, the second positive indigenization list lays special focus on weapons and systems which are currently under the development or trials and it is likely to translate into a firm orders in the future. Also, like the first list, import substitution of ammunitions which is a recurring requirement has been given a special focus. Also, the second list has been prepared after several rounds of consultations with government as well as the private manufacturing industry confederations to assess future capabilities of Indian industries which will be able to meet requirements of the armed forces. See, in addition, the concept of positive indigenization list recognizes the potential of local defense industry as it also invigorates impetus to domestic research and development by attracting fresh investments into technology and manufacturing capabilities. See, the list also provides an excellent opportunity for startups as well as the micro-small and medium enterprises. Note that the list is planned to be implemented progressively with effect from December 2021 to December 2025. Now, let us discuss some important steps taken by the government to achieve self-sufficiency in the defense sector. Let us discuss one by one. First point, defense acquisition procedure. See, the defense procurement procedure of the year 2016 has been revised as defense acquisition procedure of the year 2020 where the new procedure gives impetus to the vision of Atman Ibar Bharath Abhyan. Second point, opening of North and South defense industrial corridor to promote the setting up of industries supporting defense equipments. Third point, the government took actions like permitting acceptance of sumoto proposals from industries for undertaking indigenous design and development for items needed for defense sector. Fourth point, the government formulated the innovation in defense excellence framework that provides an ecosystem for startups or individual innovators or the MSMEs to engage with the Ministry of Defense or the academia and other such agencies for the manufacturing of defense related items. Fifth point, institutionized the Technology Development Fund and its process to facilitate the DRDO to engage with Indian industry for technological developmental needs. Sixth point, the Indian Army launched the Army Design Bureau on 31st August 2016 where the role of Army Design Bureau is to act as facilitator for research and development efforts and procurement of indigenous developed weapons and equipments. Seventh point, the Army Technology Board which was constituted enables indigenous research and development efforts in accordance with the operational needs of the Indian Army. Eighth point is regarding the Technology Development Fund. See, the Technology Development Fund has been launched by the government to give impetus to research and development projects beyond the proof of concept stage and it has been provided with a budget of Rs 100 crores. The final point is that the Indian Navy in coordination with the Aeronautical Development Agency is pursuing the indigenous development and acquisition of a twin-engine deck-based fighter. With this, we have come to the end of this topic discussion. In this discussion, we saw above the first and the second positive indigenization list and in addition, we also saw about the steps taken by the government towards self-reliance. Now, let us move on to the next article. Moving to the third topic, GDP shrinks by 7.3%. Quarter four, uptick moderates 2020 to 2021 carnage. This news article mentions about the national income estimates released by the National Statistical Office, especially the estimates for gross domestic product and gross value added. So, first let us understand these terms and then we shall discuss the news article. The syllabus covered under this topic discussion is given for your reference. As you know, there are different ways to calculate the income of a nation or an economy and one such way is the GDP. See, GDP is the aggregate value of goods and services which are produced within the domestic territory of the country. In other words, GDP is the market value or the monetary value of all the final goods and services underlying the word final goods and services that are produced within a boundary of a nation during a year. To understand it better, let us know each term in GDP. Here, the gross signifies that no deduction has been made for the depreciation of machineries or buildings and other capital products used in the production. That is, the gross includes the total value of the product. Here, the domestic means the production is by the resident institutional units of the country or all economic activities that are done inside the boundary of a country and by its own capital. And the product refers to the final goods and services, that is, those are purchased, estimated or otherwise, including the final consumption of households, nonprofit institutions, serving households and government. The product also includes the fixed assets and the exports. In all these, final means the stage of a product after which there is no known chance of value addition in it. Remember, in GDP, the income generated by the foreigners in a country is included, but income generated by nationals of our country outside the country is not included at all. Further, the GDP of a country is derived from the different sectors of economy, namely the agriculture sector, industrial sector and the service sector. Thus, GDP is the single most important indicator to capture economic activities since changes in size of economies are usually measured by changes in the volume of cross domestic product. Next term is GVA, that is, gross value added. See, gross value added is a common indicator of an industry or a sector's economic performance. It is defined as the value of output minus the value of intermediate consumption. In simple terms, it gives the rupee value of goods and services produced in the country after detecting the cost of inputs and raw materials used. And this GVA is used to measure the output or contribution of a particular sector. When such GVAs from all the sectors are added together and the taxes are added along with the reduction in subsidies, then we can get the GDP at market price. So, based on this GVA understanding, it can be said that the GDP of any nation represents the sum total of GVA in all the sectors of that economy during the set year after adjusting the taxes and subsidies. Therefore, the GVA is a measure of contribution to GDP that is made by the individual producer, industry or sector. GVA is also measured by detecting the government's indirect taxes from the total GDP and by adding the government's subsidy payments to the amount. This means that the GVA only takes into account all the money spent on the economy, whereas the GDP estimates how many products and services have been produced in the country. Now, sometimes there are debates among the economists about which indicators to be used to measure nation's economic performance. That is, can we use the GDP or GVA to measure nation's economic performance? See, some support GVA because GVA data is crucial to understand how the various sectors of the real economy are performing. But GDP reflects the essentiality on the demand conditions in the economy. Therefore, from a policymaker's perspective, it is vital to have the GVA data to be able to make policy interventions whenever needed. Also, from the global data standards and uniformity perspective, GVA is an integral and necessary parameter in measuring a nation's economic performance. Another reason is that GDP also takes people's tax payment into account. But such taxes need not contribute to the economy directly. Also, sometimes GDP could grow simply because of the rise in tax payment and this could happen by a simple rise in tax rates. Therefore, economists argue that the GDP does not necessarily mean that people actually produced or bought more goods and services. So, in such times, GVA is a more accurate representation of economic growth. But proponents of GDP argue that such tax payment may still play a role in the overall economic health. So, according to them, GDP best measures a nation's economic performance. This is the basic you need to know about the GDP and GVA. Now, let us move to the news which is about the NSO released quarterly estimates of GDP for the fourth quarter of 2020 to 2021. As per this, the GDP at constant prices in the quarter four of 2020 to 2021 is estimated at Rs. 38.96 lakh crore. See, there is a growth of 1.6 percentage compared to the quarter four of 2019 to 2020. So, this represents the second quarter of positive growth as India entered a technical recession during the first two quarters. So, totally the growth in GDP during the year 2020 to 2021 is estimated at a negative 7.3 percentage as compared to 4 percentage in 2019 to 2020. That is, the GDP contracted by 7.3 percentage in the year 2020 to 2021. See, the image here is given for the aspirants to refer the GDP growth rate for the year 2018 to 2019 and the post-COVID times where you can see the differences in GDP growth rate. Also, the gross value added in the economy shrank 6.2 percentage in the 2020 to 2021. Last year, there was a 4.1 percentage rise, which is mainly because almost all the sectors except two sectors registered a negative GVA growth. The two sectors are first, agriculture, forestry and fishery. And the second sector is electricity, gas, water supply and other utility services that register a positive growth. See, the sharpest decline is for the trade hotels, transport, communication and broadcasting related services sector. So, what could be inferred from the low contraction in GDP and the construction of GVA in 2020 to 2021? It means that the sharp recovery projected for the current financial year 2021 to 2022 so far will not happen. Rather, the growth will be moderated. Before IMF and RBI predicted the GDP growth rate for India at 12.5 percentage and 10.5 percentage respectively. But now, due to the second wave, there may be a lower GDP growth rate of 9 to 9.5 percentage for the year 2021 to 2022. Moving to the next news article, EPFO allows withdrawal of second COVID advance. According to this article, around 6 crore subscribers of EPFO can now withdraw a second non-refundable COVID-19 advance. Note that earlier, the first advance are initial provisions for special withdrawal to meet financial needs during the pandemic was introduced in March 2020. See, according to the employee's provident fund organization, the subscribers are allowed to withdraw money equivalent to 3 months basic wages plus their dearness allowance or up to 75 percentage of the amount standing to their credit in their PF account, whichever is less. Also, the EPFO has allowed members to apply for less amounts as well. Those who have already availed the first COVID-19 advance are also free to opt for the second advance. Note that the provisions and the process for withdrawal is the same for both the advances. See, the first COVID-19 advance has been a great help to EPF members during the pandemic, especially for those having monthly wages of less than Rs 15,000. As on date, the EPFO has settled more than 76.31 lakh COVID-19 advance claims. Note that the EPFO has disbursed a total of nearly Rs 18,698 crores so far. Now, the muco-microsis epidemic during the second wave of the pandemic has caused greater distress to our people. So, by enabling the subscribers to have a second advance during this pandemic, the EPFO has come out again as a savior. So far, we have covered the news in this article. Now, let us see about the EPFO in brief. See, EPFO stands for Employees Provident Fund Organization. And EPFO is a government organization that manages provident fund and pension account for the workforce engaged in the organized sector in India. Note that a provident fund is a government managed retirement savings. See, EPFO is one of the world's largest social security organization in terms of clientele and the volume of financial transaction undertaken. This employee provident fund came into existence with the promulgation of the employee's provident fund ordinance on the 15th November 1951. And later on, it was replaced by the Employees Provident Fund Act of 1952. Note that this act is now referred to the Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act of the year 1952. See, the EPFO is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Labor and Employment Government of India. This organization also have a well equipped training setup where the officers and employees of the organization as well as the representatives of employees and employees attend sessions for training and seminars. Note that there are three major schemes under EPFO. They are the Employees Provident Fund Scheme 1952, the Employees Pension Scheme 1995, the Employees Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme 1976. With this, we have come to the end of this topic discussion. Here we have discussed about the first and the second COVID-19 advance of EPFO and also we saw about the EPFO in brief. Now, let us move on to the next topic. Now, let us take up the final news article for today's discussion. Maratha community brought under EWS quota. See, in order to extend the relief to Maratha community in the state, the Maharashtra government has extended the benefit of reservation for the economically weaker section to the socially and economically backward class. So, in this light, let us see some relevant facts about the economically weaker section and also the constitutional provisions related to it. See, the 103rd Amendment of the Indian Constitution officially known as the Constitution Act of the Year 2019 enables the state that is both the central and the state government to provide reservations to the economic weaker sections of the society. And in addition, this amendment act amended Article 15 and Article 16 and inserted Article 15, Section 6 and Article 16, Section 6 in the Constitution to allow reservation for the economically backward in the unreserved category. But remember, it is left to the decision of the concerned state government to decide whether or not to provide reservations to the EWS as per the provisions under the Article 15, Section 6 and Article 16, Section 6 of the Constitution. See, the state government can decide whenever it comes to the appointments in state government jobs and for admissions to the state government education institutions. Following this, a 10% reservation under economically weaker section category is applicable to those persons who are not covered under the existing scheme of reservations for the SES, STs and the social and educationally backward classes. And note that this was based on the Simho commission report of the year 2010 which highlighted the presence of a substantial section of the unreserved category living below the poverty line. However, this commission never explicitly recommended a reservation for economically weaker section, but was only empathetic about ensuring that the EWS get access to all welfare schemes. Know that the economically weaker section includes Indian citizens who are not covered under any SES, ST and OBC reservation category and whose gross income is below 8 lakhs per annum. This also includes the family earning from all sources such as agriculture, salary, professional, business, etc. Now, let us know the eligibility criteria for the EWS. Firstly, the beneficiary should be an Indian citizen who belongs to general category. And as said earlier, the beneficiaries' income per annum should be below 8 lakhs. Apart from this, other criteria includes the beneficiaries' agricultural land area should be less than 5 acres, whereas the residential flat area of the beneficiary should be less than 1000 square feet. In addition to it, the residential plot area should be less than 100 square yards in the notified municipalities. Know that the beneficiary can avail the benefits under this section by producing the certificate of income and asset issued by a government authority. So, these are few important facts that we have discussed regarding the economic weaker section. With this, let us move to the next part of today's discussion, prelims practice questions. First question, consider the following statement. Statement 1, GDP of any nation represents the sum total of GVA in all sectors of that economy during the set year after adjusting for taxes and subsidies. Statement 2, income generated by both foreigners in a country and nationals of a country outside the country is included in GDP. Which of these statements given above is or are incorrect? The options given are option A, 1 only, option B, 2 only, option C, both 1 and 2, option D, neither 1 nor 2. See, as we have discussed earlier, the GDP at market price is equal to the aggregate gross value added at the basic price plus product tax minus the product subsidy. Now, consider the first statement. It says the GDP of any nation represents the sum total of GVA in all the sectors of that economy during the set year after adjusting for taxes and subsidies. Yes, this is the correct statement. Now, let us move to the second statement. See, this statement which says income generated by both foreigners in a country and nationals of a country outside the country is included in GDP is an incorrect statement because the income generated by foreigners in a country is included in GDP. But the income generated by the nationals of a country outside the country's border is not included. See, we call this income as remittances and it forms a part of income from abroad. So, if this income from abroad is added to the GDP, it gives us the gross national product of our country and not the GDP of our country. So, the answer for this question is option B, 2 only. Moving to the second question, consider the following statements with reference to employees provident fund. Statement 1, it is administered by the Ministry of Labor and Employment. Statement 2, it is a retirement saving scheme applicable to the workforce engaged in the organized sector in India. Which of the statements given above is or are correct? The options given are option A, 1 only. Option B, 2 only. Option C, both 1 and 2. Option D, neither 1 nor 2. See, we have discussed this earlier in the articles discussion. There, we saw about the EPFO and three schemes which are implemented by EPFO such as employees provident fund scheme, employees pension scheme and employees deposit linked insurance scheme. This question is related to employee provident fund scheme. See, this scheme is a retirement saving scheme that is applicable to the workforce engaged in the organized sector in India. See, the second statement is correct and we have also discussed that this EPFO as an organization and various other schemes being implemented by the organization is implemented by the Ministry of Labor and Employment. So, the first statement is also correct. So, the answer for this question is option C, both 1 and 2. Moving to the last question, consider the following statements about the economically weaker section. Statement 1, the 103rd amendment enabled the state to provide the reservation to economically weaker sections of the society. Statement 2, it includes Indian citizens who are not covered under any SC, ST and OBC reservation category and whose gross income is below 8 lakh per annum. Which of these statements given above is so or correct? Option A, 1 only. Option B, 2 only. Option C, both 1 and 2. Option D, neither 1 nor 2. See, the 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act provided reservation to the economically weaker sections of the society. It also amended the Articles 15 and the Article 16 to allow reservation for the EWS category and we also discussed regarding the eligibility criteria where it says where the person who wants to avail the EWS reservation should be an Indian citizen and he or she should not be covered under any SC, ST and OBC reservation category. Along with it, we also saw that the gross income of the beneficiary should be less than 8 lakh per annum. So, from this we can conclude that both these statements given in the questions are correct and the answer for this question is option C, both 1 and 2. These are few main questions that are given for your practice and you may write and post them in the comment section for peer review. That's it for today's discussion. 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Let's see if this works. One, two, three. Ah! So I got something in the mail today and I'm excited. It's not wine, it's something else different. Sorry, I know my, I just got out of the shower, my hair is a mess, my tasting area, my workroom's a mess, but I'm really excited to do this. So obviously not this year, but in normal years, I'm traveling full time. That means I carry everything with me. I have to be very cognizant of the gear that I have, but I found a couple of things a few years ago I wanted to get there on my wish list and I finally picked them up. There are a few lights to add some accents to the background, some fill lights, and I'm gonna show you from Aputure. I'm so excited, this is not a sponsored video. I actually purchased these wines with my own money. What we got here, we got some Styrofoam. Ah, didn't even come close. Anyways, let's see what we got here. First kind of a basic Aputure light, we have the Aputure M1M9. This is a light that can go on top of the camera and an accent light, I'll be playing around with it. But this is what I'm super excited about. This is the Aputure MCRGB light to see right.  I'm not a tech channel, I'm not a super hardcore techie, but I do follow a lot of YouTube tech channels. I think it's so interesting and how passionate they get about gear and what kind of cool stuff's out there. I'm gonna open these up and then I guess see what they can do. Okay, what do we have? A paper, box, random little card that says inspection qualified also. Nice little pouch, cool. So I know it's a tiny light. I'm excited about this. What do we have here? Cable, oh, mount for camera, nice. The light itself, super small, like a credit card, a little bit thicker than a credit card, and then some gels and diffuser. This light can come off, the light cover can come off with a magnet and then you can stick diffusers. Now the light I'm super excited about. This light was a little more expensive in Europe. I think in the US it's about 90 bucks in Europe, it's a little bit more. Ooh, says the credit card, heavy, has magnets, awesome. See what else we have in here. Instructions, another cool little pouch. Ooh, this time with a carabiner, diffuser box. Let me see how this goes on here.  Velcro, let's charge them up, see how they work and see if it adds anything to the ambiance of what's going on here. Hurry up, charge, charge, charge. Charge, come on. So I'm just sitting here waiting for the battery to charge.  I just want it to be finished. Charging's done and we're back. There's plenty of tech reviews about these lights out there but I'll go over a few basics for the Amran-M9. Amran-M9, this is only one color temperature, 5,500 degrees Kelvin plus or minus 200, just an on-off switch, just an up and down brightness level. And I got this, not as a key light but something like a fill light. I think the most powerful thing is to use it as an accent light. For instance, I'm gonna put it down here. There, does that make everything look okay? Just a fun, inexpensive light. I think I've seen it around on Amazon for 40, 45 bucks, a little bit more in Europe. But this is the light that I was most excited to get. You know, the M9's a little bit plasticky, a little bit flimsy if I had to be critical. This Aputure MC RGB is substantially meteor. It feels heavy, feels like metal, feels meteor. But that's not why I got this light. That's not why I'm shooting this video. This light has such a cool feature. You download this app called the Citus Link app. You sync it up via Bluetooth. And look at this, and using the app I can, oh, I can raise the temperature, intensity, and change color. So that's what's really cool, the app's easy. If you have multiple Aputure lights, you can get these lights to talk to each other like a little mini network. I think on full blast, this says it's supposed to last two hours, fully charged. I think the M9's supposed to be one out 1.75 hours. But this app has a cool feature where I can actually scan a color and make it show up on this light. I just go to white, and then on the screen we're gonna go to Picker, and we're gonna see if this works. I'm so excited. So let's say that I just want to match up with the color of my Corvin, this nice red color. Let's see if this works. One, two, three. Ah, how cool is that? We're gonna actually try and see if I can pick up different wine colors with this app. So it's cool, I have a white wine and orange wine and a red here. We're gonna try to match them up and see if the light changes color based on wine. I don't know, but just thought it would be fun. This Falanguina from Tenuta Cavalier Pepe, Santa Vada, it's a barrel fermented Falanguina. This is actually my favorite Falanguina I've ever had. I'm not a huge fan of the grape, but this is an exceptional wine. So, ah, I'll deal with it later. Kind of a pale yellow color. Still smells good. Let's pick it up and see if the light here will match up with the wine color. Let's give it a try. I think I gotta put it up against something white here. Oh, much better, I think this is gonna work. Ah, decently well, that's kind of tough. Let's try an orange wine. Good thing I have my trusty Corvins here and plenty of glasses. Cool, with the app it makes it, maybe if you're not even into filmmaking, it makes it like a cool little party trick. If you're into being a YouTuber or video making, you can use this as a cool accent light. This is significantly darker in color. So, let's see if this will pick it up here.  All right, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh. Okay, a little bit more orangey in color. I guess it's hard to see, so to speak. Let me flash it down. There we go. So you see the bottom, it starts to be a little bit more orangey. Let's say we wanna go back to more of a whiter color. Now we're gonna try with a red wine. I have an Amorone here, so it's gonna be significantly darker in color. This is what I'm really curious because, you know, red wines, especially big red wines are not necessarily red, they're kind of almost like black in color, so to speak. I actually did a video breaking down and explaining Amorone, you know, it's a wine that I really enjoyed when I first was starting to get into wine. I've kind of not drank as many Amorones or tasted as many lately, but I wanna start getting back into it because obviously it's one of Italy's greatest wines. It's a wine that's very popular and a lot of people like. So this is significantly darker in color, but I wanna see if this light will pick up this color. Let's give it a go here. The app's kinda having a hard time picking up the color. It keeps changing different shades of red here. Ah, there we go. So there's a shade of Amorone right there, so not too bad, right? What do you use these for? Use these for accent lights. Let's say I wanna kind of add a little bit of color. Or maybe I wanna, I don't know, add some kind of highlight, odd color there. Try one thing here. Let's see if it kind of picks up the maroon color in my shirt here. Ah, not so bad. Anyways, I'm gonna use this kind of as an accent light. Let's turn up the intensity. I promise I'll play around with it more. You see it in the background there. We'll change up, see how we can use these lights in a little bit better way, make the videos better. When I started my YouTube journey, when I started making videos, I was only using an iPhone 6 and some Sennheiser wireless mics. I travel around the world full time. Well, not now with all these crazy times, but hopefully when the world starts to open up again, I define different products that can give a good result, but don't weigh a ton. The thing that's annoying is you accumulate more electronic stuff, more gear, you have to deal with the cables and all that kind of stuff. I'd like to know, if you had any of these lights, do you find, could you find any use for them? What do you think I should do with them in these videos? I'd love to hear your comments. So stay tuned and I will see you at the next video. Hello, thanks for watching. Hey, you made it to the end. Make sure to subscribe to our YouTube channel, click the bell so you know when new videos are out, if you like content like this, check out our Patreon page where you get some behind the scenes exclusive content. Thanks for watching. Cheers.


RCA Victor, world leader in radio, first in recorded music and first in television, presents transcribe the Phil Harris Alice Fay show. Your enjoyment here is the Phil Harris Alice Fay show, written by Ray Singer and Nick Chevrolet, with Elliot Lewis, Walter Tetley, Robert North, Janine Ruse and Whitfield, Walter Sharf in his music, and yours truly, Bill Foreman. In the old days, going to a dentist was an ordeal, but today with modern dental techniques, a visit to the dentist is nothing to dread, except to Phil Harris. He's still living in the dark ages, and he considers a visit to his dentist like going to see Bella Legosi. More about that later. First the word from RCA Victor. What style of interior decoration do you prefer? Would you give your living room the warmth and grace of French provincial? Would you do it in ultra smart, sophisticated modern? Or would you choose something in between? Well, whatever your taste in decoration, remember this. Your television set will be the most looked at piece of furniture in the room. With this in mind, RCA Victor has created the greatest selection of truly beautiful cabinets in its history, a choice of 42 different combinations of styles and finishes. Within this wide selection, you're sure to find sets that seem to have been custom designed for your particular room. The new RCA Victor Prentice, for example, may be one of them. This 21-inch console model blends regency with contemporary styling in a charming bow front cabinet. And the beautiful Prentice is available in your choice of mahogany or limed oak finish. See the great new line of RCA Victor television receivers at your dealers tomorrow. They're America's most beautiful sets, yet prices start as low as $199.95. And when you buy one of the new RCA Victor television sets, you can enjoy America's finest installation and maintenance through an RCA Victor factory service contract. This exclusive factory service is another reason why, every year, more people buy RCA Victor than any other television. And now the stars of the RCA Victor program, Alice Faye and Phil Harris. Going to a dentist affects many people in many different ways. Some don't mind, others are timid, and still others are scared stiff. But Phil Harris reacts in a way all his own. Two minutes ago, he received a phone call from the dentist reminding him of an appointment this afternoon. And now as we look in, he is telling Alice about it. I ain't gonna go.  They're the only thing I got left of my youth. Ain't that the truth, though?  There's nothing to going to a dentist.  It's easy for you to talk. I'm scared and I'm not ... Hey, wait a minute. What am I afraid of? I just remembered. He didn't say the appointment was for me.  Who was the appointment for? You. And you were ... me. Oh, Phil, I don't want to go to the dentist. I'm afraid. Afraid of the dentist? I'm surprised at you. Only cowards are afraid. Why come all of a sudden, you're so brave? Because all of a sudden, I ain't the one who's got to go. Honey, you got nothing to be afraid of. The dentist just wants you down for a cleaning. I know, I know. But when I get down there, he'll find something wrong. He'll want to drill or pull a tooth. Nonsense. There's nothing wrong with your teeth. Let me look at them. Come in. Come on, honey. Open your mouth. Let me see. All right. Open a little wider. Hi, Curly. Hi, Elliot. Hmm. Very interesting. What are you doing, Curly? Looking in Alice's mouth? What's the matter? Your television set going to blink? Mind if I take a peek? No, be my guest.  Curly, why aren't we looking at her teeth? Never mind. Open wider, honey. Yeah, they look good to me. Nice and sound. You've got teeth like a two-year-old. Isn't she, Ellie? Yeah. Her fetlocks ain't bad either.  She does have ankles like Native Dancer, doesn't she? You can stop now. Honey, I'm only doing it to get your mind off of going to the dentist. Oh, that's why you're looking at her teeth. Yes, I have to go to the dentist, and I'm afraid. Oh, that's ridiculous. There's nothing to be afraid of? What do you have to have done to your teeth? But I have to get down and have them cleaned, and I don't want to go. Oh, no, Alice. If you don't want to go to the dentist, you don't have to. I'll take care of everything for you. You will? Sure. You just give me your teeth. I'll go have them cleaned and bring it back. Please tell them to stop. I certainly will. Elliot, you ain't going out of this house with my wife's teeth. I ain't going to have her walking around here with a nude mouth, gum on her way through dinner and gum on her... Now, I don't have false teeth. Oh, I didn't say you did. I was going to pull them all out, have them cleaned, and then glue them back in again. Well, you don't have to go to all that trouble, Elliot. Hers are on a zipper. Every night, zip, and they're out. One night, her tongue got caught in the zipper, and for two weeks, she was talking like, I'm free Bogart. Like then, she says, now move over there, because I don't want to pull it down. Well, I'm warning you, if you don't quit, I'm... Look, Alice, I'm just making a joke of it. I'm doing it for your own good.  That doesn't. I'm not going to go. Honey, will you stop? Pay no attention to him. It's not an ordeal. Well, I'm going to be scared of that. I'll tell you what. Elliot and I will go with you to comfort you. You'll hold your hand, and I'll sing to you. All right, I'll go. Good. Now, come on, honey. I'll drive you down to Dennis and my car. I'll sing to you on the way down. Now, you go put on your hat and coat, and I'll go out in the car and get the band out of the glove compartment. Glove compartment. I used to keep them in the radiator, but they drank all the antifreeze. Possibilities, possibilities. We're living in a world that's full of possibilities. Make no miracle too impossible for anyone who sees the possibilities. If you recall your history, then you will find that all its famous men turned out to be the kind of men who never stopped to look behind. They looked ahead to see what they could see, and they saw possibilities, possibilities. They never overlooked a single possibility proven naturally. Possibility is for the one who sees the possibilities. Each time we try to solve a new phenomenon, the skeptics say it's just a dream I know.  Yes, there are possibilities, possibilities. If you will only make the most of your facilities, folks will idolize, even eulogize the little guy that sees the possibilities. Christopher Columbus proved the world was round. He called Queen Isabelle on his return. She said, now tell me, Chris, about this place you've found. He said, well, Belle, as far as I'm concerned, it sure got possibilities, possibilities. I tell you, Queen, I've never seen such possibilities, and I really feel we should make a deal before somebody sees its possibilities. When little Abe was growing up in Illinois, to be a big success was his intent. He studied so much harder than the other boys, till one day he became our president. He saw the possibilities, possibilities. He never overlooked a single possibility proven naturally. Opportunity is for the one who sees the possibilities. I guess by now, there ain't no doubt about the point I'm bringing out. So if you'll open up your eyes, you are bound to recognize the possibilities. Possibilities, we're living in a world that's full of possibilities. Ain't no miracle too impossible for anyone who sees the possibilities. I'm getting cold feet. The closer I get to the dentist's office, the more scared I get. Alice, I think the reason you're afraid is that you have no confidence in your dentist. May I make a suggestion? What? Why don't you go to my dentist? Oh, that's all she needs, your dentist. What's wrong with my dentist working on her teeth? I'd rather have her bite into an electric fan while it's going. Just a moment. My dentist happens to be an expert. He's done all the work on my teeth. Look, I am. How they look. Real sharp. He filed them all to a point nicely. You needn't be sarcastic. He also put this gold cap on my front tooth. How's that look? Rather rural. Kind of abnerace of lemon abnerace. When you smile, it looks like a sunrise over a picket fence in Martha's vineyard. All right, girlie. Here's the building my dentist is in. Let's go in. Say, that's a coincidence. My dentist is in this building too. Alice, I wish you'd change your mind and see my boy. I guarantee he's absolutely painless. Look, you can forget it. I am not going to let Alice go. Wait a minute, Bill. Wait a minute. Did you say he was guaranteed absolutely painless? Guaranteed. You'll love him. You'll have a lot of confidence in this man. Everybody has confidence in this man. She wants a dentist, not a confidence man. Don't be a wise guy. Dr. Hertz is a very good dentist. Dr. Hertz? Yeah. You must have heard of him. Dr. O.O. Hertz? I know I'm a fool for asking this, but what does the O.O. stand for? Ouch. Ouch. I know that. That's not my dentist. No, I was only kidding, Alice. His first name is Oscar. And I promise you, you won't feel a thing when this man takes care of your teeth. He's very gentle. Well, it won't do any harm to see what he's like. Where's his office? It's right down the corridor here someplace. One of these offices. Here's his office. Very gentle, huh? What's the patient screaming for? I can't understand it. Doctors, stay away from me.  Look at her go. Little thing, ain't she? That doctor's pretty fast on his feet, too. I think he'll catch her. Elliot, what kind of a doctor is this? Chasing these patients down the hall. Don't get excited. She's not a patient. She's his nurse. He's always chasing her around the office. Oscar is a fun-loving fellow. Now, then, Alice, would you care to step into his office and wait until he returns from the chase? Get away from me. I'm going home. Now, wait a minute. No, you're not. Now, you're going up and see your dentist. Now, come on. Let's get in the elevator and go up to Dr. Branigan's office.  Please open your mouth. Mr. Harris, I've had your wife in the chair for a half hour, and she refuses to open her mouth. Does she act like that at home, too? Doesn't she ever talk? Are you kidding, Clyde? She's a regular chatterbox all the time.  Yeah, her mouth's always gone. Last week, she was down at the beach, and she taught so much. Her tongue got sunburned. That is a joke. I thought it was funny. This is all very amusing, but I'm a very busy man. Now, Mrs. Harris, once more, will you please open your mouth? Mrs. Harris, I'll prove I'm not going to hurt you. I'll show you what I'm going to do to your teeth.  Okay. Who, me? Yes. You. Oh, you must have a leaky gas line to light the jet, bud. You've been sniffing that stuff and don't know it. Please sit down, Mr. Harris.  I ain't going to be no shill for no chopper chipper. Mr. Harris, I'm not a chopper chipper. I suppose that means something, but I don't have time to figure it out now. Now, Mr. Harris, just please sit in the chair. I'm not going to do anything to you. All right, all right. But if you promise not to hurt me. I promise I wouldn't do anything to bruise a little old cream puff like you.  I... That's a good book. Now, you see, Mrs. Harris, I'm just going to look into your mouth like I'm looking into Mr. Harris' mouth right now and see, eh, well, what have we here? I don't know, and I ain't hanging around to find out, so long, doc.   I want to take another look at that wisdom, too. Now, let me see. Oh, am I going to get a fee for this one? What's the matter, doc? Do I have a cavity? Cavity? This is a regular Carl's bad cavern. Oh, I'll have to pull this one, I'm afraid. That makes two of us. Now, look, doc, as long as we're both afraid, let's forget the whole thing. I'll have to pull this one right now. What are you laughing about? I can't help it. Hey, doc, isn't this funny? Mrs. Harris came up to have her teeth looked at, and he ends up having his tooth pulled. Yes, it is funny. Mr. Lewis, would you mind laughing again? Just a little wider, please. I'll be glad to. Oh, wait a minute, what are you looking at? Mrs. Harris, you'll have to get out of the chair. This one's an emergency. I'm going to have to extract a few teeth. Which ones? Just the upper row. Doc, do you mind if I say something? No, what? How would you like a sock and a snoot?  This really is funny. If he hadn't laughed at Mr. Harris, I wouldn't have seen how bad his teeth are. This is really a scream, isn't it, Mrs. Harris? Very funny. But you're not going to get me to open my mouth. Well, shall we get started? Which one of you is going to be first? She is. No, no, no, Mrs. Harris can wait. Harris, I think I'll take you first. I'd love to, doc, but you see, I've got time now. I have a four o'clock appointment to have my appendix removed, and I don't want to keep the doctor waiting. Yeah, I'll go with him. Why do you have to go with him? I'm his doctor. Yeah? I'm going to hurry, doctor. The pains are coming closer now. You think we're in time? Oh, don't worry. I have my pocket knife with me, and we'll take the appendix out in the elevator on the way down. Oh! That sounds like fun. Oh, sit down! Now, come on, Harris. Open your mouth. Now, wait a minute, doc. Please, please.  You go away from me. You stop flashing around like that. You're going to... Mr. Harris, why did you kick me in the stomach? Well, it seemed like a good idea at the time. And I'll do it again if you come near me. Well, if you won't sit still, there's only one thing to do. Doc, look, I tell you that I don't want to have... What are you doing? Strapping you to the chair. Oh, no. Look, Kelly, he's got me strapped to the chair. Don't worry, Curly. He hasn't shaved your head yet. Besides, I'm keeping the telephone open to the warden's office, and if the governor calls with a reprieve for you, we'll have you home. Doc, what are you... Hey, what are you doing? I'm strapping you in, too. If you need attention, I'm going to see that you get it. Dr. Branigan, are you going to pull their teeth now? Yes, but I'd better not do it. The way I feel about these two jokers, I'm liable to do something I'll regret later. I'll let my associate pull their teeth, and if you'll excuse me, I'll go in and tell him to get ready. Hey, look, Doc, you can't do this, Doc! Hey, Alice, don't let him pull my tooth. You know I can't stand pain. Oh, come now, fellas.  Just relax and I'll sing to you. I don't feel like hearing you sing. Force yourself, because you're going to hear it anyway. Oh. You're the cream in my coffee, you're the salt in my stew. You will always be my necessity, I'd be lost without you. You're the starch in my collar, you're the lace in my shoe. You will always be my necessity, I'd be lost without you. Most mental love tales, and each phrased of tales. You've heard each known way, this way is my own way.  You will always be my necessity, I'd be lost without you. We're not good poets, how well we know it. We've never been great ravers, but when we speak of you, we rave a bit, it's true. Our heads are turning, and just from learning your estimation of us. What sugar does for tea, that's what you do to me. You're the sailor, bring out each flavor, so this is clear, dear. You're my worster, dear.  You will always be my necessity, I'd be lost without you. I came out here to ask you something. Is it going to hurt Mr. Harris when he has his tooth pulled? No, it won't hurt a bit. My associate is an excellent extractionist. Oh, who is your associate? A young man I just took into my office. I expect him any minute. I thought here I am.  No, of course not. Hi, Miss Faith. Hello, Julius, what are you doing here? I came to pick up my father. He's having all my mother's teeth pulled.  I'm waiting for Mr. Harris and Mr. Lewis. Poor fellas are inside. You see, they're going to have a lot of teeth pulled. Oh, isn't that splendid? Hey Doc, how are them two yellow bellies taking this? Like yellow bellies. They're afraid to have their teeth pulled. In that case, don't pull. No, they've never seen him, but I... Say no more. Share them up, do you? I know. Go right ahead. Thanks. Now, Julius, Julius, I don't want you to scare them. I don't want you to make them nervous. I ain't going to get caught on them.  You're going to visit me patience. I guess you're right, Curly. We're acting like a couple of babies. There's nothing to having a tooth pulled. Nah. I bet it don't even hurt. It's the green hornet. Julius, nobody asked you to come... Hold it. What do you mean you're the one who's going to pull them? You're waiting for the doctor's associate, ain't you? Yes, we are. Certainly they're too tight. We can't even move. We can't even lift our arms. You can't pull them if we don't want you to. Yeah, I guess you should have a say in the matter. Tell you which one. In that case, I'll just go in. You're not? I'm going to do the job. See, you see... Thank goodness. As long as a real dentist is going to do it, it's...  Which one is the best dentist? Branigan or Barker? It's a toss-up. Whether you're off on a vacation or just staying around home, you can listen to all your favorite records, easier and better, with RCA Victor's automatic free-speed portable phonograph. This remarkably compact Victrola is styled along luggage lines, has a comfortable handle for easy carrying. Take it to the shore, to the mountains. Play it anywhere there's an AC outlet. It plays all records, all three speeds. Thus centers the secret. 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The study found that 118 million women have been targeted for HPV immunization since 2006, but only 1% of those women live in low-income or lower-middle-income countries. Additionally, 47 million women have received the full course of vaccine, representing a total population coverage of 1.4%. Furthermore, 59 million women have received at least one dose of the vaccine, representing a total population coverage of 1.7%. Despite this, the impact of the vaccine will be higher in upper-middle-income countries, 178 to 192 averted cases by age 75 years, than in high-income countries, 165 to 333 averted cases. This suggests that there is a need for further efforts to ensure that all women, regardless of their geographic location, receive access to the HPV vaccine. This article was authored by Dr. Lya Bruni, M.D., M.E.I.D.Rs, P.H.D., Leslie Bionueva-Roses, M.D., and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


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