Hello, welcome back. In today's lecture, we will be focusing on confidence intervals. We have previously looked at point estimates for the population mean. So we get a single value as an estimate for the population mean. However, this population mean is an unknown parameter and the estimate is only as the name suggests a guess value based on the sample you have chosen. Here of course, taking the sample mean and projecting it as an estimate of the population parameter. Suppose I take another sample, I will get another value of the sample mean and since these two point estimates are different, we really do not know which of them is better. Both of them are taken as random samples, the elements forming the random sample are independent. However, they give, they may give different values, they usually give different values. So which one of them is closer to the truth, closer to the population mean. So this is a question which we will be addressing in today's lectures. So rather than giving a point estimate, it would be nice if we can give an interval estimate for the population mean. Now we do not really have to do anything beyond collect the random sample and find the sample mean and the sample variance. Using the sample mean and the sample variance, we can construct the confidence interval. We can construct the interval estimate for the population mean. So what is the term confidence or what is the term confidence interval mean? So this is what we are going to look at today's lecture. So we have all travelled by trains and sometimes we may have gone to remote locations and the trains are very rare or infrequent in such places and we would really like to be in the station on time so that we can catch the train and reach our home without any delay. So the question we may ask the local people would be what time would the train be expected and the person depending on his experience or knowledge may give an interval on the arrival of the train. So the train may have been running through that place for the last 30, 40 years and so there would be a kind of a population mean on the arrival of the train to the station but nobody has really logged in the exact arrival time the last 40 years. So nobody really knows the average or the mean arrival time of the train. So any person when being asked what is the arrival time of the train he may say usually the train comes to the station let us say at 230 or he may say it may come between 220 and 240. Another person may say well to be on the safe side so that you do not really miss the train you may assume that the train comes from between 2 to 3. So the wider the interval given the more safer you are in actually catching the train. So we are thinking that the larger interval of 2 to 3 will capture the mean time of the train arrival to the station. But nobody really wants to go to the station too much in advance it will be very boring to wait in the station. So we would require a precise instrument suppose somebody says that the train is going to come between 220 and 240 it is acceptable some person may confidently proclaim that it may be coming between 225 and 235. So this will help us to plan our journey better but at the same time if the interval becomes very narrow then there is a danger of us missing the train for example the person might have said the train is going to come between 225 to 235 pm. So we may reach the station around 224 and we may be told that the train has left. So we have more confidence when somebody says the train is going to come between 2 and 3 but that is a very vague estimate. So it is not a precise estimate but if you may try to make the interval or the range of arrival very precise there is also danger that the train might have left. So how to construct the interval in which we have a high confidence and it is also precise. So that is what we are going to look in this course. The notation and the basic ideas are based on the prescribed textbook for the course the one written by Montgomery and Runger. So we were looking at only point estimates of the population parameter so far. This idea which I am going to tell you right now is not only meant for the population parameter mu but also for other parameters. But we have to look at their probability distributions. We have to find out the probability distribution of the variance or the standard deviation. So we will be applying the concepts of confidence interval to the population parameter mu based on the random sample mean. Even if we do a random sample and we get an unbiased estimate of the population mean it is only an estimate. It is only an estimate. Another random sample may give a completely different estimate of the population mean which of them is correct. In other words which of them is more closer to the population mean mu. Since the population parameter mu is unknown we really do not know which of the random samples gave the sample mean that was closer to mu okay. So we are really in the dark on which of the x bar values to believe. So rather than giving a point estimate it makes more sense to give an interval estimate. It makes little practical sense to take many random samples. So the nice thing about this concept is we will be basing or constructing a suitable interval around the population parameter mu based on a single sample based on the information provided by a single sample. So we want to be reasonably sure that the upper and lower bounds of an interval we construct does actually encompass the population mean. So we want to know how wide this interval must be. How to also quantify the reasonably sure criterion. One person's reasonably sure may differ from another person's reasonably sure criterion. So we want to quantify this reasonably sure criterion. When the interval is wider we are more confident that we have encompass the population mean through our interval okay. So we have a sample mean and we are constructing a confidence interval using that sample mean and if we choose to make this particular interval quite wide then we are reasonably sure again I am using the term reasonably sure. We are reasonably sure that we have encompassed the population mean. As I told earlier if we say the train is going to come between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m. we are making sure that the person or the passenger is not going to miss the train. So we tell that the train is going to come between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m. So the broader the interval becomes we become increasingly sure that this interval will encompass the population mean. However, there is no sense in making this interval very wide. We cannot be very safe okay. We cannot say that right the train is going to come sometime tomorrow afternoon and you are better off waiting there from 12 noon. So as the interval becomes wider and wider the practical utility of the interval reduces. So this is the key point. We are having only one random sample with us but that random sample comprises of n entities and we can use these n entities to get the sample mean and the sample variance. We may be taking the marks scored in a particular exam or the height of the entities in the sample or the weights of the people whom we have queried. So we are going to have a collection of n attributes or data points and we can use this to find the random sample mean and the random sample variance. Using this information or using the random sample mean and the random sample variance we can have both a point estimate as well as an interval estimate. We can construct the so called confidence interval using the information contained in a single sample. So we define the interval estimate as a range of values around the population parameter with suitable upper and lower bounds that reasonably possibly contain the population mean. We do not claim that the interval estimate we have constructed with suitable upper and lower bounds will certainly contain the population parameter mu. No, we have not made that statement. We only say that reasonably or possibly contain the population mean. So an interval estimate for the population parameter is termed as the confidence interval. We develop a certain confidence that the interval estimate does indeed contain the true population parameter. It is likely that the interval may still not surround the population parameter. The moment I start using the word likely we are introducing the element of uncertainty or we are implying that there is a probability associated with this interval. If we construct the interval in such a manner that we can do it with high confidence then it is less likely or the probability is still small that this interval does not contain the population parameter. So it is less likely that this interval does not contain the population parameter. So there is a typo I will just correct it here. We cannot guarantee that a particular confidence interval does indeed contain the population parameter. Let us take infinite intervals which is not possible. But let us assume that 100 intervals are good enough and let us say that we construct these intervals in such a manner that 95 of them may encompass the population parameter. So this 100 may be 1000 if you want. But to show that percentage confidence I have used 100. If you want to construct a large number of intervals then you have to take infinite intervals and then out of the number of intervals chosen if we assume that 95% of those intervals should encompass the population parameter. 95 is a usual number we use. So if we decide to increase the confidence band more intervals will surround the population parameter. So we will be doing the discussion with the assumption that the population variance sigma squared is known. This is an assumption okay sigma squared is also a population parameter and just as mu we usually do not know sigma squared. But for the purpose of discussion let us take that sigma squared is somehow known. Later on we will see how to handle situations when sigma squared is also not known. So a random sample comprising of random variables x1, x2, so on to xn has a sample mean x bar. Assume that the random variables have come from a normal distribution. So we are making 2 assumptions here. The first assumption is the sigma squared is known. The second assumption is the random variables have come from a normal distribution. We know that a linear combination of independent random variables is also a random variable. The random sample has been chosen such that the elements are independent of each other. If they are taken from a normal distribution then the resulting linear combination of the random variables will also result in a normal distribution. It is important to note that the random variables x1, x2, so on are independent of one another. The sample mean is based on adding the random variable attributes and dividing by the total number. So it is a linear combination. So the sampling distribution of the means is also normally distributed and we know the properties of the sampling distribution of the means. We know that the sampling distribution of the means is centered around the population parameter mu and the variance of the sampling distribution of the mean is sigma squared by n. Here n is the sample size. It is also an important parameter even though n is not present in the population probability distribution function it plays an important role. The sample size n plays an important role in influencing the confidence level of the interval as well as the precision of the interval we are constructing. We will see more on this shortly. Now x is coming from a normal population. A linear combination of all the random variables gives the sample mean and this sample mean is also having a normal distribution with mean mu and variance sigma squared by n. So different sample means will have different x bar values. We are now interested in looking up at the probabilities. So rather than working with different sample means it will be helpful if we normalize them somehow. We use the standard normal variable z. We know that the standard normal variable z belongs to a normal distribution of mean 0 and variance 1. So to normalize x bar we convert it into z using the transformation z is equal to x bar minus mu whole divided by sigma by root n. Sigma is square root of sigma squared. Sigma is the standard deviation of the population. Since sigma squared is known, sigma is also known. This z follows the standard normal distribution. The standard normal distribution is 1 which has a mean of 0 and variance of 1. So what is the form of the interval we want? We want a lower limit for the population parameter mu. We want a higher limit or an upper limit for the population parameter mu. So let us express this as L less than or equal to mu less than or equal to u. This L and u will be different for different random samples okay. So depending upon the random sample you are drawing, L and u will get identified or estimated. So we cannot predict a priori what is the value going to be taken by L and u. It depends upon the sample which is being drawn. The random samples are based on random variables and we know that any combination of random variables is also a random variable. The sample mean is a random variable and if we are going to construct the bounds for mu based on random samples, we are going to then construct intervals based on the random samples. So L and u will then represent random variables corresponding to the lower limit and upper limit respectively. What I am trying to say is the intervals may take different bounds depending upon the random sample chosen. The random sample is a random variable. So the interval we are constructing based on the random sample is also random okay. So different intervals may take different values. Different samples may have different sample means. Different random variables x1, x2, so on to xn may take different values. So what I am trying to say is the intervals we are going to construct also behave in a random fashion. And since these intervals are bounded between L and u, L and u may take different values and hence L and u are themselves representatives of random variables L and U. So with this background, let us define the random variables L and u such that the following condition is obeyed. Probability of capital L less than or equal to mu, less than or equal to u is equal to 1-alpha. We know that the sampling distributions of the means have a probability distribution. It has a probability distribution function. So in this particular case, we are assuming that the sampling distribution of the means is a normal distribution okay. So we have a normal distribution curve available with us and that gives the distribution of x bar values. So using that curve, we define that mu has a lower bound and an upper bound such that probability of L less than or equal to mu, less than or equal to u is equal to 1-alpha. You may ask where is this mu coming from? Please remember and recollect that the sampling distribution of the means will have a mean value of mu which is the population parameter. So the random samples x bar are spread around the population parameter mu. So that is why the sampling distribution of the means will have mu at the center and using the normal distribution curve associated with this probability distribution of these sample means, we can define probability of L less than or equal to mu, less than or equal to u such that it is equal to 1-alpha. Alpha is a fractional value. It is bounded between 0 to 1. So we are constructing the interval estimate around the population parameter mu. We assume that sigma squared is known and the sampling distribution of the means is normal. Based on this information, we define L and u such that probability of L less than or equal to mu, less than or equal to u is equal to 1-alpha where alpha is bounded between 0 and 1. This means that the confidence interval constructed does indeed possess the population mean with the probability of 1-alpha. So if alpha is 0.1, 1-alpha would be 0.9. So the probability that the confidence interval constructed having the population mean is 0.9. We were talking about the 95% confidence intervals or confidence bands. So in order to get the 95% confidence, we have to put alpha as 0.05. So 1-alpha will then become 0.95. So reiterating, there is a 1-alpha probability that the confidence interval constructed from the sample drawn does indeed contain the population parameter mu. Since there is no unique sample mean, there is no unique confidence interval. What is 1-alpha really? We just saw that it is a probability that the sample drawn and the confidence interval constructed has a 1-alpha probability of encompassing the population mean. Montgomery and Runger have an interesting discussion regarding this. They say that the probability here is more of a frequency type. So we are now looking a bit more closely at the 1-alpha probability. We have already defined this 1-alpha as the probability that the sample drawn and the confidence interval hence constructed will have 1-alpha probability of encompassing the population mean. Montgomery and Runger have an interesting discussion on this. They say that once we have an interval with us, it may have the population mean mu or it may not have the population mean mu. When it is present, the population mean mu is present within the confidence interval. It is certainly present. If it is not present in the confidence interval constructed, it is certainly not present or it is certainly absent. So what is this 1-alpha probability really? So 1-alpha is a fraction of the confidence intervals we may draw from the population that will actually contain the population parameter mu. It is quite simple. So summarizing, we have probability of L less than or equal to mu less than or equal to u is equal to 1-alpha where 0 is less than or equal to alpha less than or equal to 1. Out of the intervals constructed from the large number of random sample means 1-alpha into 100 such intervals, interval estimates will contain the population mean. So after we draw the sample, we get the sample mean small x bar and we get the sample standard deviation small s. Using this information, we can easily construct L less than or equal to mu less than or equal to u. We can identify the value of L and value of u. The lower bound L and upper bound u are called as the lower and upper confidence limits and 1-alpha is called as the confidence coefficient. These terminologies are important because when you want to communicate your findings in papers or in conferences or even in group meetings, it is important that you use the standard terminology. So L and u are called as the lower and upper confidence limits and 1-alpha is called as the confidence coefficient. We do a bit of mathematical manipulations here. We have probability of L less than or equal to mu less than or equal to u is equal to 1-alpha where 0 is less than or equal to alpha less than or equal to 1. We may write this as probability of x bar-u by sigma by root n is less than or equal to z less than or equal to x bar-l sigma by root n equals 1-alpha. From this step to this step, it looks a bit difficult but in reality it is quite simple. Let us put a negative sign here and here and here. Since we are putting a negative sign, the inequality sign gets reversed. So we have probability of –u less than or equal to –mu less than or equal to –l and then we add x bar so that we get x bar-u less than or equal to x bar-mu less than or equal to x bar-l then we divide by sigma by root n. I will demonstrate this in the board. So we have the standard definition probability of L less than or equal to mu less than or equal to u is equal to 1-alpha probability of –u less than or equal to –mu less than or equal to –l. The moment I put a negative sign, what happens is the inequality sign reverses. So u comes here, L goes here and then I am adding x bar to all the terms and so I get probability of x bar-mu less than or equal to x bar-mu less than or equal to x bar-l. The probability still remains at 1-alpha, there is no change in that and then we divide by sigma by root n and we get x bar-mu by sigma by root n is less than or equal to z less than or equal to x bar-l by sigma by root n. The purpose of doing this is to get to the standard normal form. Here we have assumed that sigma is known and x bar follows the normal distribution. Since different x bars will have different normal distributions, we want to normalize them in such a way that we can reduce them to the standard normal form. That is why we are having this z term here and since we are dealing with probabilities, we can now use the standard probability tables to get the values. So we can, this is an inverse problem in the sense 1-alpha is given to you. So what should be the bounds for z? What should be the lower limit? What should be the upper limit? Such that the probability will be equal to 1-alpha. So we have probability of x bar-u by sigma by root n less than or equal to z less than or equal to x bar-l by sigma by root n and that is given as 1-alpha. We will call the variables on the either side of z as –z alpha by 2 and plus z alpha by 2 respectively. So this becomes –z alpha by 2 and this becomes plus z alpha by 2. So probability of –z alpha by 2 less than or equal to x bar-mu by sigma by root n less than or equal to z alpha by 2 is equal to 1-alpha. The terminology is again important, z alpha by 2 represents the upper 100 alpha by 2 percentage point of the standard normal distribution. z alpha by 2 is x bar-l by sigma by root n and that value is chosen in a certain manner. How it is chosen? I will soon demonstrate. We are at present defining this group x bar-l by sigma by root n as z alpha by 2 and we call it or term it as upper 100 alpha by 2 percentage point of the standard normal distribution. So if you look back, we have defined the statistic also a random variable x bar which was transformed into a standard normal variable z according to the transformation, z is equal to x bar-mu whole divided by sigma by root n. We have assumed that the sample was drawn from a normal population, the x1, x2 so on to xn were drawn from a normal population and hence the sampling distribution is also normal. The samples drawn were independent of each other and hence the sampling distribution is also normal. For the sampling distribution to be also normal or for the linear combination to be also normal, it is important that the sample constituents were independent such that their mutual binary covariances will vanish. So this theoretical derivation and interpretation we have already seen in our earlier lectures. So we have to define the interval in a suitable manner and then do some rearrangement. Here we have probability of –z alpha by 2 less than or equal to x bar-mu by sigma by root n is less than or equal to plus z alpha by 2 is equal to 1-alpha. We can then multiply sigma by root n on all sides and then subtract x bar, bit of simple mathematical manipulations. So I am just taking sigma by root n here, sigma by root n here and then I will get probability of x bar-z alpha by 2 sigma by root n less than or equal to mu less than or equal to x bar plus z alpha by 2 sigma by root n. So I would request you to work out this transformation yourself and see whether you get the final following form. So at this point we will take a small break and once we come back we will see how to present the confidence interval in its final form. We will also see what is to be done in order to make the confidence interval we have developed also be a precise interval. So we need to look at the issue of the confidence provided by the interval we have constructed but also the precision of the interval as well. So we will meet shortly.


Okay, folks, we'll start chortling, if you see an empty seat beside you towards the center, please move so that the newcomers can squeeze in. Again, if you can see a free seat next to you towards the center, please move. I can see one there, one there, one here. Good morning, Rachel. Thank you very much for your cooperation. Excellent. Okay, I think we can start our next talk. The next talk is federal server expanding through our galaxy, presented by Steven Gallagher, who is a long-term community member, Dora community member and participant in multiple different open source projects. And general purpose troublemaker. Good morning, and thank you everyone who decided to come here instead of having lunch. Okay, that sounded funnier in my head. So, a number of years ago now, at Red Hat, a group of product managers went and performed what we call a gap analysis, where we look at all the things that our competitors were doing, and figure out what are the things that they are doing better than we are, and how can we improve on that, and how can we make life easier for our customers? Of course. Sorry, I'm a bit under the weather. So one of the things that we took a look at was, of course, for both rel and Linux in general, our primary competitor in the server space is of course Microsoft. It used to be Unix, but we won. So the next big move we had to make is how do we position Linux in a world that is, you know, at the time I think it was 15% Linux and 85% Windows. So one of the things that happened was that the product managers went and they asked customers and non-customers, you know, what were the reasons that you were, what were the reasons that you didn't adopt Linux, or what were the reasons that you didn't adopt more of Linux? So one of the big things that came up was, customers would tell us at Red Hat, well, it's too expensive to hire Linux experts, and we'd look at that and say, that's an answer to a different question. The real problem that they had was that the set of available people that could manage Linux was very small because Linux wasn't very manageable. So we spent some time looking at different ways that Microsoft and other companies made Linux more accessible to people so that it required less training to get at least an entry level administrator up and running. So one of the things we took a look at was a program called Microsoft Server Manager. When you boot up a Windows Server fresh after installation, you get a login prompt, and then as soon as you log in, you get this screen. This screen immediately tells you, hey, you've got a Windows Server.  You don't have to have three certifications at a PhD to set up a Windows Server. However, when you installed, historically, when you installed a Linux server, be it Rel or Fedora, this is what you saw when you log in. Now, I don't know about you, but that seems to me like it's less welcoming. So, okay, so if you were a user, and this is your first experience with Linux, what would your next action be? Okay, well, okay, that's a bad example. I probably should have pulled up Rel, because Rel doesn't have that, but that is jumping ahead, but panic. Or maybe if you're feeling particularly clever, you might type help. It depends on the distribution. I mean, a lot of them don't, really. But in any case, this is what you get with, if you just type help into a freshly installed Linux server. I've been using Linux for a long time, and even I don't find that helpful. Not in any meaningful way. This very clearly identifies a place where it is hard to get people started on Fedora and on Rel. They have absolutely no idea where to go once they have installed onto this disk. And I know if you're using a desktop, you might have a live image, and so that's a little more approachable. But if you wanted to actually set up a web server or set up a domain controller or a DNS server, this does not help you do that. At all. So, what are we going to do to improve on that? And what have we done to improve on that? The first step towards this was, of course, we needed to, and Adam alluded to this when he cheated earlier. The first step to this was, we needed to have a more welcoming interface. So, what we did was we built Cockpit, which is now installed by default on all Fedora servers, and is available on all Rails servers now. Cockpit is really, really cool. It is definitely nicer looking, first of all, than server manager. It can do basically, at this point, it can do very nearly anything, as we might have done in a GNOME session on previous versions of Fedora. You can use it to manage your network configuration. You can use it to set up and partition storage. You can use it to, in a limited way, you can use it to set up users now. There's another one I wanted to call out. Oh, of course. You can manage Docker containers with it. You can access the Docker registry around containers and just start stuff up. That, and it's approachable. If you look at the screen, it's pretty clear what each button does. It's pretty clear, if I want to set up a rate on my server, I'll hit the storage button, and I will then create a rate array, and it will walk you through the entire process. This is a huge step forward.  When you log in, you still have, the best you have is a link on the login page, but at the same time, it's becoming standard. People now know that port 9090 exists, and that that is the maintenance port for a headless Fedora server. Okay, so I had a page on the networking stuff, which is complicated stuff to set up in general. If you're using, five years ago, if you wanted to set up a bonded network connection with Network Manager, I don't even know what to tell you. I would just advise you not to do it. Two years ago, if you wanted to set up a bonded network connection on Network Manager, you would use NMCLI, which was a huge improvement. It was still hard, even for an experienced administrator, but it was a lot easier. If you wanted to set up a bonded network connection on a Fedora server or a REL server today, this is how I would tell you to do it, because it will take almost no effort, and it will perform extremely well. So Cockpit has been a major, major piece of how we have improved the, at least initial experience for Linux, and it's providing a way that we can start telling people, yeah, it isn't necessarily the entire domain of the really long bearded folk. It really is approachable to just about anyone now. So the next step we wanted to do, this is great for basic system functionality, it's great for network management, it's great for storage management, but it doesn't help you actually, yet, deploy real services outside of some limited capability with Docker that has improved that, but it still requires you to know what you're looking for and know how to configure it. So we had a few false starts implementing what we were calling server roles, which is a general concept that what we want to be able to do is, in Cockpit, be able to hit a button and say, I want my machine or that machine to become a domain controller, and I want that machine to become an NFS share server, and this one to be a Samba share server. So our first pass at this was a service called RollKit. This was something that a few of us put together, it was a Python service that basically all it did was provide a common API for taking in answer file and turning it into whatever was necessary to actually install a complicated system like free IPA. For the six or seven people that ever noticed it was there, they found it very useful, but ultimately it did not achieve any adoption, got backburnered and is functionally, it's on life support, it's still there in Fedora, it still works, but nobody's actively working on it. It was beneficial in that it was our first step at trying to have a converged API that allowed us to manage a whole bunch of different, well, it wasn't our first try at a converged API, but it was our first real attempt at having a unified installer of sorts for Linux, and it was relatively simple. It was a trivial D-Bus API, the answer file was a very, very simple JSON. The basic policies behind it were that it must be possible to install with no arguments, which included, even with free IPA, we would just auto-detect the domain and give you a random password. But ultimately, as you can see, we had a bunch of problems with it. It had fairly heavy dependencies. It was Python, it depended very tightly on Network Manager, it depended very tightly on Firewall D and on basically the entire Python stack. It was forward-looking, but it was really not possible to... Oh, sorry, I mentioned... It was also reliant on system D, which meant that basically it could not possibly have been backported to anything earlier than, say, REL7. It would have been interesting going forward, but we also needed things that would be able to work on existing systems. We can't always assume that everybody's going to upgrade to the next thing. In my job work, I still have people, when I occasionally visit customers, who are still trying to convince me to tell my management to push out a patch for REL4. So we needed something better than that. So how do we get there? What is our better choice? Well, the other part of that, of course, was that we had no client support. We had a CLI that was basically intended for testing. We had always intended for it to be powered by Cockpit, but the API was never exactly what Cockpit wanted, and really what we wanted out of it was something that looked more like this. We wanted to be able to go to another simple tab in Cockpit. This is a mock-up of work that's being done right now to build an NFS-shared service in Cockpit. We want to be able to just say, pick this directory, make it available to these people and these machines, and that's that. That is actually much more complicated than it sounds to do it yourself on a bare system. But we have all the technologies out there to make this effectively automatable with very little human interaction, asking a couple of simple questions. So why haven't we been doing that? And again, the problem is just, well, first of all, we didn't get there yet, second of all, we didn't have any kind of a unified API for it. So the NFS server is the first one that we're really using as a proof of concept of a new approach that is going to be driven from Cockpit first. Before we do any kind of development under the hood, the idea is we're going to be user-focused. We're going to have Cockpit's designer, Andreas, and collaborating with other teams to figure out what does our user experience need to look like, and we're going to build a role around that. NFS server is the first. We're prototyping that. We expect to have that available for Fedora 26 from top to bottom. Coming down the line, we are heavily invested in producing a domain controller role based on free IPA. And I hope Demetri is listening very carefully because that is very important to us. I'm sorry? Well, we'll talk about it afterwards. Anyway, other popular roles that have been requested by our users, we want a Samba share role, which will be very similar to the NFS one. I expect that the interface will be almost identical. People want a system deployment. They want to be able to take a machine and say, this machine is now a server that will pixie boot an install of my preferred layout. And of course, no collection would be complete without a database server. So, how are we doing this without roll kit? Well, we had to replace it. We wanted to find something that we could do that was similar in purpose to roll kit, something that would provide us a common API that we could use to talk to a variety of different systems. And we wanted to produce something, or we wanted to use something that also might work on a variety of different operating systems, be it operating system version, or completely different families, things like Ubuntu and BSD perhaps. So, we switched to Ansible. At this point, what we are doing is we are working with the Ansible teams and their upstream, and we are developing a series of new modules, Ansible modules that will be cross version, cross distribution compatible. They will take the same YAML file, do whatever is necessary on each different version so that we can maintain a single interface that is made public. And then we are going to consume that with cockpit. We are going to have that nice cockpit UI that I showed you. After it asks you its questions, it is going to essentially build an Ansible playbook under the hood and offer you the opportunity to either download it or execute it immediately. And that will make the machine that you are talking to become that configuration. And the best part about that is that it is going to work. We are focusing on Fedora 26 and REL7 first, but there is absolutely nothing there that could not potentially be back ported. You could take that output file from cockpit and presumably you could run it against REL6. You might even be able to run it against REL5. And you would get an NFS server with that configuration out of it. So, the commonalities is important because we can use Ansible as a tool that doesn't require all of our users to learn an individual tool every time they want to change something. You want an NFS server? Yeah, write an YAML file. You want an IPA domain controller? Just a slightly longer YAML file. This will give us a lot of... It is very easy to develop an Ansible script and as long as we continue developing these modules and building cockpit UIs for them, I think we are going to be driving towards a de facto standard on how you would manage a system with a common API. Something that we tried once upon a time with RollKit and we tried even earlier than that with OpenLMI. I think we can actually succeed here because the ease of use makes it so approachable that our users and our customers won't need advanced degrees to figure it out. So, where do we go from here? How do we keep it growing? How do we keep it advancing? And I think we need to maintain communication with our customers, our users, and our developers especially. And one of the things that's moving to Ansible gains us is Ansible has a tool called Ansible Galaxy, which is a repository of user-submitted roles and playbooks for doing common tasks. What I envision down the line is that we expand Ansible Galaxy and embed conversations with the Ansible folks such that you build Ansible roles that are designed as Fedora slash rel server roles that contain not just the playbook but will also eventually contain a module for Cockpit to go along with it such that we should be able to down the line use Ansible Galaxy as a way to have third parties developing their own easy-to-use plugins for Cockpit so you could have SAP builds an Ansible role that will deploy their server giving you the nice installer interface in Cockpit or Steam or any other third party or open source project that wants its face in the system can provide that and it will require very little effort on their part to do so. So I think that's a longer term goal. That's something that I'm looking at and I think we're looking at in more like the two- to three-year range. The initial set of roles that I discussed before the NFS server, the Samba server, the domain controller those we are... the NFS server we intend to have for Fedora 26 I am very hopeful that we can have at least one if not two more of those done in time for Fedora 27. I would very much like domain controller for those two. Back to your question earlier. So that is basically where we're going. I talked a lot faster than I intended to so I've actually reached my questions page. So let's have some questions and then afterwards maybe you guys can go to lunch. Not exclusively. Sorry, the question was that Cockpit, the question I was asking is Cockpit more than just an interface to local D-Bus APIs? And yes, it can access theoretically any standard interface on a system be it D-Bus, be it Arrest API and in this case we are going to be standardizing on Ansible as that API. I'm just going to reset the question. The question was whether Cockpit was going to have to call something like a D-Bus or other interface to invoke Ansible or if it was capable of invoking Ansible directly. And I'll let the Cockpit experts over here answer. There is no need to use it. Is it going to use it directly? Yes. So just for the air recording Cockpit is going to use Ansible directly. I was a little big on that myself. I'm kind of on the side. Basically, you have to talk to the installer. Because I know installer in Fedora and in Threl it actually supports extensions that you can write yourself and just put them to the right directory and it will show up on all the oven spoke screens. And then you can actually and then the initial setup or the initial setup is actually the same thing. It's basically installer after reboot. It would be able to install some of that stuff using Kickstarter or even directly doing the installation. You wouldn't have to do the second step. So the question was have we talked to the installer team about doing this as a plug-in to the extension to Anaconda where you could then just do some of this setup as part of the installation path instead of doing it as a secondary. There are a couple of problems with that. The first of which is you may or may not actually have on the install media all of the packages you need to deploy any possible role. So, okay, let's say maybe we're only doing this with net installs. The other issue with that is, of course, you may not always know up front what system you want. There are lots and lots of people who deploy a system by building it once on a VM and copying that VM out and then configuring the result. So no matter what, we always need to have some way of deploying it on a machine that has been installed. So while that might become a nice to have down the line, it's not an urgent feature at the moment because it's very nice to be able to update that later. I don't see that I understand that... So you take the Ansible script output from Cockpit and you can automate that. Cockpit is just generating essentially generating a YAML file and then it executes it for you. If you can take that YAML file, plug it into your Ansible tower and use it to provision a thousand machines. Yes, but I'm not sure what the exact UI is going to look like for that yet. That's still being designed. Well, I mean, as mentioned before, in some cases we want to take a page out of what Microsoft is doing when it's doing something well and if there's any one thing that Microsoft has done well in recent memory, it's the fact that all of their graphical tools do have all their actual work done by PowerShell. The graphical tool will walk you through the wizard, it gets everything ready to go and then at the very end you can either do it or take that PowerShell script. That is actually really powerful and administrators love having that available to them and if we can do the same thing with Ansible, we really should. I'm sorry, can you speak up just a bit? I can't quite hear you. Can you speak up a little? So I'm going to attempt to rephrase the question and see if I got it right. That the concern is by having a playbook generated by a UI and then exported that while that might be handy that oftentimes it will end up generating something that doesn't really match that may have what you want and a bunch of ancillary stuff that you don't necessarily want. I would personally argue that that is exactly the right moment to use the export button because before you then execute on it you can simply make whatever manual modifications you want it to. If you could look at it and say this UI didn't make exactly what I needed, there's absolutely nothing stopping you from modifying that YAML file and then running it in Ansible yourself. Again, the question here is at that point now you have to understand what's inside and know what to change. What we are offering essentially on the module and the Ansible side is here's an interface that you can use however you want it. On the cockpit side we're saying here's an interface you can use if you don't know what you're doing yet. Here's a good place to get started. Here's how you set up your very first NFS server. Down the line as you learn more and you decide okay maybe this isn't doing exactly what I want it to do now you have more information and you can take what you've already learned and then modify that move to using Ansible scripts directly instead of using the UI for that purpose. Does that answer your question? The question was excuse me the question was in Fedora 26 we are planning to produce a prototype from the modularity effort that we're calling Boltron, Project Boltron that is built out of the base runtime module and a few add-on modules. The question is whether or not we're working with Cockpit to produce a UI to put those modules together. Yeah. The short answer is right now no because we don't know what that's going to look like yet. It may be that in the first pass modules besides those necessary to produce the installed system may just be containers and then Cockpit's existing container management UI is sufficient. It depends on what we end up producing as output artifacts of modules because modules themselves are not a packaging format. They are a metadata format to produce artifacts that are maybe a yum repo and maybe a container, maybe a software collection things like that. So we don't have a unified view of what that looks like yet to tell Cockpit or to ask Cockpit to write a UI to manage it. So once we get that more in order and I think that will happen next three or four months we'll see where that leads us. Does that answer your question? Anyone else? Dominic? The question was right now from what we've seen how much effort is there to implement a Cockpit module for a role? Yeah, of course it's always going to depend on the role. All right. So the quick answer to the question would be attend the Cockpit Hackfest where they will walk you through the process of creating a new component in Cockpit. Yeah. From my personal experience it's not terribly difficult to make new UI elements for Cockpit. I think a lot of the harder part is going to be the design of the interface underneath that Cockpit is going to call. And that's going to be just a matter of doing enough research to figure out what are the best case or what are the best effort defaults to have for these roles. And to that comment the most amazing part about it is that every one of those new pieces is going to be backtesting. Which is a core piece of Cockpit upstream and one of the reasons why it has been so successful and has taken off the way it has is that it actually just keeps working on so many other things we throw into Fedora. Just keeps going. There was a question from this side of the room earlier. Gens? We're not here to question you. We're going to go to Ansible Tower. All right. So the question is to what extent Ansible Tower is doing here? 100%. If you have an Ansible Tower and you want to interact with these same modules by all means, do so. I encourage it wholeheartedly. The fact of the matter is that by the time you have an Ansible Tower we are well into the you already know what you're doing category. And that's not specifically the audience that we're trying to address here. We are making sure that all of the stuff that we do is fully compatible with Ansible Tower because we don't want to you have to relearn anything. How do we get into being the tiniest to something to being the biggest to something? We're missing the perfect way to be the tiniest to something you throw. And that's what this is supposed to provide, right? Exactly right. I'm going to try to repeat that because that was well phrased. Yes. Okay. So the question is we're talking about the I think he used the phrase Rack Monkey. They'll come in they'll hook up the the keyboard and mouse and they'll make a couple of changes on a few individual machines. And then what he's asking is are you envisioning them being able to then add their own roles to this? I'm not necessarily certain that it will be the same person. In fact, I'm pretty sure it won't be. But today could a user grab this extended with their own recipes and push it into production in their systems and the answer today is no. The answer sometime down the line with that integration that I want to do with Ansible Galaxy the answer should be a resounding yes. Further questions? So the question was we've talked about an export feature for these YAML files for these Ansible playbooks but do we envision an import feature for those same ones so that you can export it and import it on the other machines? I don't believe we have a direct we have a plan for that today simply because I mean we're designing the UIs to be as trivial as possible you should be able if all you're getting from that output is what you got from the UI it should be almost the same amount of effort to just duplicate it as it would be to import. The purpose of the export really is for those somewhat more advanced users who want to take that and start manually manipulating them and since we don't want to try and guarantee that that will necessarily import cleanly once they've made we'll have them just say run Ansible locally and target the machine. So the question is on server manager it's possible to use a single machine to also connect to and manage other Windows server machines and using the same tools and will cockpit be able to do that? Right now we are focusing on the individual machine case Cockpit is probably a hammer for that screw in terms of doing it at scale there's kind of a gray area on the 5-10 machines do you want to manage one rack or one room with cockpit? I think there's some question there it's not on the immediate roadmap but we'll see where we are in two years. Is there a question back there? Anybody else? You look inquisitive I seem to have used up less than my time but go have lunch. Thank you for coming. This is 4.5 different walls but the extra making is down the road we have 50. You don't want to have 2.3 or a minimum height of this you want to come at the end of the road and you start with 3 and I'm interested in that first the main control so go down I don't want to define the UI these are the three things I'm interested in and it's sort of installed and clear and then it is added so that I can click. What do I offer at all for the system? The last time I mentioned there was the Galaxy API for the system and then you put a button to install the system and then you put a button to install the system and there was a confusion that was sort of I didn't want to there was a confusion about really who both work and installs work because as far as I understand it still needs to have some interface to the Ansible Playbook and interact with Ansible so it needs to port even if it is going directly it's like both codes to make a pair it shouldn't be something that you can do on your own so it can't be any it's not it's not so I have to go out UI is just a gesture and the right gesture is called an API and there is something running on the backend that takes my input and I provide it and does an action so this is a cockpit module a cockpit plug that does the work related to a specific work so it is a separate piece of code as well as your JavaScript UI that reflects the parameters and reflects the steps it doesn't do anything else and it calls then Ansible with specific parameters as playbook and arguments so it goes and sends and does this thing under Ansible there is Ansible in it that does the actual operation in Material 2 which is vital so you really have several layers of JavaScript with a cockpit module which I don't know what it is written in I assume it is then it is Ansible Ansible 2 with Ansible playbooks and words Ansible module under and then the actual command line and the capabilities of the IPM we need to actually do to install this so this is the first step and you can slice this in different ways it is like right ok like now in Italian you can use this to close down the storage and it will already have that close to it and it does not prove to the module that for example it won't make that much of a difference it is the same as calling it with that module but it may have to make a difference I think we always want you to say that between the type of UI the actual experience where you want to connect it between the two types and I assume there is conflict between the module and the module you want to take it on the class and then type it it has to type it in your browser that is running on the system on that system it is still working so on the other side it has javascript, gv, gs so you have a javascript and you have a picture of kx so you are logged in as an user so from javascript actually is that what do you want to say? so there is this thing in between we don't have that other abstraction it is just called ansible is the API ansible is the tool you want to use that is what we are talking about if you want there is not another abstraction there between the ansible and exible so that wasn't clear that there was nothing else just javascript I mean there is basically a transport link since you are connected to the it is all built in a sort of power shell you are really well you have that you don't really have to run the command it just keeps the same before you use it but you already have ccd we have to be able to have it too we have columns we have functions that make it easy to run the command there is something in there to change the transport link that is what it is do you deserve a new shell? I mean they also have the shell you can get a full loan shell if you are talking about it no I know the terminal the terminal so in your opinion who is responsible for writing are we downstairs? are we downstairs? I'm sorry? are we downstairs? no so yeah so what is the bathroom can you just write yeah alright sounds good so do you have access to the slides? there are some free opinions so could you open you give me access to those slides? I just need to present it and I can it for some reason probably needs anything yeah I don't know why oh no it's just messed up okay because there's no play button right it's just real okay I'll request it right now thanks can you read it? okay ciao what? sorry so yeah so thank you it's great you have a great idea No, I don't know, I don't know anything about it. Thank you. So, here I have this. I've changed a lot of settings, and here, the display is here. Do we have a Mac on? No. I'm glad to see it. Do you have a Mac on? I don't know. Do you have a Mac on? I don't know. Do you have a Mac on? I don't know. Do you have a Mac on? Do you have a Mac on? I don't know. Do you have a Mac on? I don't know. Thank you. So, I need to make this primary for some reason. I have to say this, so I need to take a moment. I don't want to break it now, Do you want to introduce Adam? Do you want to introduce ourselves or do you want him to introduce you? Adam. Don't ask me to be quiet. Okay. You will do it. Okay. That sounds good. Okay, now it's...  Why are you doing this to me? So... You're doing this again, so I have to... No? No? Okay. It's okay. He doesn't mind. It's just great. And I still have to put it there. You are Ozu, the part of the modulality, right? Yup. Oh, it was. I had to do it now. Yeah. Okay. Okay, yeah. There are some... I'm just fighting with the displays because it's like shitty. I want something smaller. Oh, just...  Yeah, that's fine. Oh, my God. So... All right. All right. It's just completely broken after some reason. I don't know why, but it's broken. I mean, we want to use your laptop or something. Maybe... No, no, no.   It needs to be two, two. Yeah. Okay, that looks good. Yeah, this is fine. That's what I wanted to do. And also... That's great. All right. No. I don't know. Or a few Macs. Can you get Macs minus the window? No, I can't.  Can you get your laptop out, please? Yeah. Maybe we can use yours.  Like, I would have to restart the machine because I'm just... I don't know. Yeah, sure. Can you close all this?  What's your deck? Oh, deck dash one. Oh, yeah. Probably. That's... Some higher, remember? Oh, great. Okay, do you have HDMI or VGA? VGA. All right, so let's just...  Thanks. Do you have enough battery? Like, can it... Can it... No, you need to plug it. I don't like plug-in. What's that? I don't like plug-in. I don't like plug-in. I don't like plug-in. I don't like plug-in. I don't like plug-in. I don't like plug-in. I don't like plug-in. Okay, that's great. Yeah, put yours in the back. VGA? VGA? No, it's fine. I just need to play it. Is this my way? Yeah, that's your deck. And then the other side. Why there's no editing? Like...


Hey guys! Welcome to Archland and it's Marguerite's time, I'm still shocked with the previous video of how it was really a share of disappointing and yet I was happy, I got shit in the end but this one, hopefully I could get Marguerite in 56 pulls, that's 56 pulls. So after the 56, no more, I will be doing offline pulls for Marguerite because again, this is gonna hurt if I go beyond 56 at this point. So let's start with the 6 pulls first, so we have here single pulls, then we'll go with the 10s after that, probably gonna mix up some single pulls here. So this one is the first one, the one, this is 2, also none, this is going to be 3, I'm now nervous, 3, this is 4, this is 5 and this is 6, so far not a good sign with all blues, not a good sign with all blues, I'll go with 10 this time, 10, 10, 10, I'm gonna go with 10, do not do this to me. Oh, it has rainbow colors in it, this might be her, this might be her, this might be her, just holding my breath at this point. I told you so but I'm happy, I got Nola, I'm happy I got Nola. So 90, I'm gonna restart with 90 again. Told you guys, I told you guys, I told you guys that I wouldn't get my hopes up at this time, so anyway I'm kind of happy that I got Nola, I have 40 more, so my pity resets. Let's go, let's go, let's go, let's go, let's go. Let's go and just do this. Okay, so pity resets, we have 40, I need 50 for full pity, but let's do this, can we do back to back? Can we do a back to back guys? Can we do a back to back? No, not for this one, this is all yellow. At least I got that out of the way early, so there you go. Okay, shall I go with singles? Okay, I'll go with singles this time, so 10 singles, 10 single pulls, and let's see how this goes. No, one, this is number two, this is number, oh, the three, this is number four, five. If I get Marguerite here, this is going to be one of the best videos that I've had. This is going to be six, six, seven. I'm gonna go out here, so seven, seven. Three more single pulls, eight is for nine, only one yellow, so far, and this is the last one at ten. Okay, so we have 20 out of the way, we got Nola, but we still need this girl here, Marguerite. So I'm just gonna do ten here, and we'll see if a rainbow appears. No rainbow, just go and move this forward, only one. Okay, I'm gonna do single pulls here for the 40 pulls, just to give somewhat of a suspense here, so one or two. Got somebody else. I'm actually happy I got Nola, I was actually looking for Nola in her banner, but I wasn't able to pull for that banner, so kind of happy halfway. Happy halfway, so this is for five, I think, no six. So this is for your fifth pull, I'll go, this is your sixth pull, nothing as well. Our seventh, oh nothing, nothing as well, I think I have two more pulls. Oh boy, nothing, all gold, this is the last one. Oh, this is going to be the best video today, and this is her, I'm sure about it. There you go, there you go, thank you, thank you. So so far, to print this one up, and so far I am done for the day. Best video today, by far, by far the best video for today. Okay, so anyway guys, that is it, the one that hold you that far. So again, we have Marguerite, we have Jin, both of them I have. We will have a build video today as well, for each of them so that you guys can start your builds, prepare, and I'm happy actually after this video. So thank you very much for staying this far, take care, stay safe, this is the warden, and I'm out of here.


ht well in three years it might not be his yeah but I think that's not that's almost I mean the word I was going to use is not good I don't think that's a valid argument anything can happen but that doesn't matter it's what is now and you're the you're the developers of this you're the owners and so I would think you should be responsible even if you sub it out to somebody you're still responsible well mark is mark was the original idea of this language to specify actual people you're asking me yeah was that to me Frank yeah that's addressed to you because you seem to be the one familiar with where this language comes from I think it's no I'm not a response to what has gone poorly in the past and that's why I asked mark but what are we asking for exactly we asking for an organization chart for who's who with names the buck stops yeah about who's who's responsible well it says to include all principles or entities with direct control over responsibility for the financing permitting construction and completion development under the master plan is it something we ask of all applicants for master plans all applicants under the new ldr's I'm not sure there's been a master plan right it's gone through this yet we're the first so well let's drill real drill down a little so it's possible to do that to create essentially an organization chart with responsibilities attached to the box to the people in the boxes but with the understanding but that's the present organization box without restricting without restricting the the ability to transfer the property later in that hypothetical so you could do that right yeah it's really the plan right now is this understanding that that may change if if if the property chip but there are assigned roles whether you know whatever the individual names are attached to right and those roles were identified on page 31 of 32 in the original submission under section 9 management plan we we acknowledge in there that the land owner is the airport that the developer is beta that the capital assets are divided as we described here and there are no community assets in in the way that they're being deeded to the community there's community assets that are part of them the master plan but they run with the land owner they don't get transferred to the city so that that struck that piece minus the three boxes frank is what's described on page 31 of 32 in the original in the application okay but i think the the requirement is looking for something a little more granular is it not more tomorrow i guess the reason we made this comment is because it talks about direct control and responsibility for completion of development under the master plan and they specifically say in their application that responsibility for future phases is uncertain and so i think that what john's point is is they should say well for right now we're saying beta is responsible or we're saying the airport is responsible for those future phases and we may sub that out we didn't say it was undetermined what we said was development management responsibilities for the balance of the master plan will be determined based on the specific ownership structure of that parcel slash project which is no different than what community drive did um when in that industrial piece right they didn't give you part and parcel for every parcel they those parcels were intended to be sold off and as you said this is a new requirement i don't i think that i think that the point that the board is making is that it doesn't have to represent who will ultimately build it it just needs to be who's responsible for holding the ownership of the master plan until it gets legally handed off to someone else in other words if you're concerned there we would say it runs with the land it's not the entity that holds it is the land the beta and the airport are inconsequential in that we're the ones acting on behalf right now but at the end of the day the permits all the terms and conditions all the decisions facts but all of that runs with the land right but the new requirement seems to be asking to to sign that further under agreed it's just that that requirement is is broad and doesn't provide any specific end goal in terms of what it's trying to do outside of what the city or the purpose of the ldr's already which is to create findings of fact a decision that runs with the land to ensure that what we've brought before you at some point unless it's amended or lapsed that that's what gets built regardless of whether it's the airport beta or a third party yet to be determined okay yeah i guess the the land isn't a principal or an entity though so i think my root of this is based on the discussion is they're looking for a backstop of like if when that if that's not but there's no way to back stop it's a real estate development project i i yeah but there's no backstop the backstop is the permit on the land which then if somebody buys the land or wants to develop it differently they have to come before the board and ask for a change that makes sense to me i i don't know i don't know that we have to be to death all i can speak to is if we if we're not saying the current CEO of beta is responsible for 10 years then all we can say is what they've said i think isn't that right if i could maybe jump in i think i think part of it so if you want to build it differently you got to come back for a master plan amendment but who do we go knock on the door if number seven doesn't get built i think that's that's for for us from a planning zoning site like that's a that's an attractive building it's right on the street i understand it's the last phase it's also maybe the most financially well complex phase maybe the thinnest margins but who do we knock on to talk about south burlington acting in the face of some interaction on the part of a of a permit holder i mean you know presumably the the the the planning department is the planning and zoning is responsible for enforcement however they go about it but who are we directing that enforcement action with the seat to the boss but it's a master plan what's the enforcement action the this is a master plan this is a vision on how we see this campus coming together it's not an absolute it's not intended to be an absolute in fact you go through the regulations and everything that that the LLARs ask for it's a framework for something to be done on a piece of property which happens to be the 40 acres that we're talking about it's much different than what it is that you're asking for that's not the intent of a master plan it's not the intent of what at least as we read the regulations what they're trying to get at there's no it could change in three years it could change in five years it could change in 10 years the goal is to be collaborative in terms of how we responsibly develop that piece of property to the benefit of the community the environment and beta not in other words it can lie fallow look right it can lie fallow until somebody wants to do something and then whenever whoever that person is that wants to do it at that time has to comply with the master plan and they become responsible if what you're looking for though and here's here's where i think the rub is coming if i'm this is confusing but if i if i understand it correctly what you seem to be concerned about if there's some public amenity you want like a piece of infrastructure that's been deferred to a later plan traffic signal is in this project all right but if it's been deferred to a later plan presumably it's not let's look at the logic of it and it may not be correct it may not be what you mean if it can if it's been deferred to a later phase in the plan then presumably we have determined it's not really necessary until that phase is developed and if that phase and is not available then it's not necessary but the minute somebody wants to develop it then they have to provide the amenity you might want the amenity in advance but if you do i mean you got to say so now right okay so for instance and i know we're short on time here so we're not even short we're beyond short on time you know the good example along those lines is the the artwork piece that the installation that i talked to paul about right there is a requirement that prior to beta opening phase two of the building in order for us to use the second part of the building the public art installation has to be complete there is a there is a piece similar to what you were referencing now you could get very technical and talk stormwater and all of those things could fall into exactly what you outlined there frank and that's our view of the master plan process and and those commitments as well not whether or not a building is going to get built but what are the the infrastructure pieces or the the public components that are important to the project at a specific point in time as the project grows yeah if we had it i think i'm getting close to get my mind around but if we have a concern about a specific specific piece of infrastructure absolutely getting built i think we have to locate it up front in a phase that we know is going to get built south village is a classic example of this it's in my backyard i mean they're the roadway network when when the road extensions got built were not should have been determined based on certain housing quantity triggers after you build this house you gotta build that road water under the bridge it's all done now but that's more in line i think frank we're you're trying to get to here in this yeah okay i don't know this is a bit of a red herring for me this this yeah we're not going to resolve i think we need to i think we need to think on this i think we need to just um think on consolidating the red and green phases and then we need to think and then we need to circle back to um some of the ones that we said we were going to circle back to so we're going to need to continue this and we're going to need to vote on continuing um so i was looking at schedule um i have an hour that i can give to stuff this and the other one on the next meeting as long as you're not going to submit anything new beyond what you handed us tonight we would not submit anything new we pick up where we left off just cleaning up and summarizing what was said tonight and that sort of thing yep okay um then it wouldn't be a big lift for staff to put this on the next agenda i think an hour is probably enough to get through this in the site plan feels feels about right okay okay all right so um i'm going to move that of the board continue uh applications mp2102a of beta air and site plan application sp22056 of beta technologies to an upcoming meeting on March 7th second second okay all in favor of the motion say aye aye opposed okay the motion is carried and let's just take a second to see if anyone has any public comments hearing none thank you for your patience and we'll see you back here in a couple weeks likewise this is not an easy thing to do it's complicated that's for sure especially being first out of the gate on on new regs on both sides so thank you thank you um do you want to do minutes at another meeting yes okay i am would you like to officially end the meeting the meeting i am going to officially end the meeting you can okay yes thank you all all right meeting ended at 10 106 thank you


The United States Army once issued this hat to its soldiers. They were a standard item to the uniform and the era. Today they're out of date, and a soldier would look strange wearing one. Yes, times change, and so does our army. There's nothing old hat about its equipment or its thinking. Today's soldier is a member of a vast team that must work together. The hat or the uniform does not indicate whether the soldier is regular army, a member of the Army Reserve, or an Army National Guardsman. It signifies only that he is a soldier, part of one army, an army which is an integral part of our nation's security and well-being. To examine this growing need for one army, we need to examine our past, our present, and our future. Army presents The Big Picture, an official report produced for the armed forces and the American people. Back in the dim days of the mid-30s, the country's main concern was having fun. We were emerging from the Depression. A happy, prosperous future free from worry was, to quote a popular song, Just Around the Corner. In this carefree civilian world of over two decades ago, the soldier was an outsider. The uniform, the military life, made him a breed apart. To the civilian, the soldier existed in a never-never land, a warrior without battle. Within the army itself there were outsiders, the National Guard, the reserves, soldiers upon occasion, but essentially a part of the civilian world. To the public, they were often little more than members of a somewhat exclusive fraternity. To their own way of thinking, they were civilian soldiers. And to the unjust cynics of the regular army, they were sometimes soldiers. But the false security of the world was not to last. Greedy men, ruling their lands with a spiked boot and words of hate, spawned the seeds of world disaster. Theirs was a policy of one world, their world, a hundred percent share of it. They marched and the world grew smaller and more dangerous. We were awakened from our dream. Just around the corner had meant running into a nightmare. Some still said, but we have two oceans protecting us. That trouble is all far away. Maybe so, but better play it safe anyway. The first number is serial number 158. Number which has just been drawn is 192. We were suddenly aware of the necessity of military life. The uniformed man no longer seemed an outsider and added to the army career man, the guardsman, the reservist, was a fourth component, the civilian draftee. To the ex-civilian, the life was new and strange. Even to the guardsman, it was different from the meetings of the local armory and the relatively relaxed discipline. And to the reservist, it meant vague recollection of things he had learned long ago. Training? Oh, it was pretty rough. But there wasn't much chance of getting seriously hurt, not with beer cans substituting for bullets. They were more apt to injure themselves in their leisure time. Letters home, they wrote. Sometimes it's kind of like a big game played by a lot of grown-up guys. In the fateful day, the opposition began playing for keeps. Mr. Clare, that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese Empire. An isolated nation protected by two oceans. And all at once, we were fighting for our very existence all over the world. Guardsmen, reservists, RA, draftee, all were summed up superbly in one word, soldier. An enemy bullet didn't discriminate. It was all together now, or not at all. These gallant men made the army unified at last. Some made it so the hard way. But once we were unified, once we were one army, there was no stopping us. We showed them that as a single hard-working, hard-fighting team, we too could play for keeps. With the job well done, the majority of the team heard the call of civilian life and home. There were quite a few who had become attached to the army who found military life to their liking. They stayed in. And with the coming of peace, there was time for relaxation after a hard day's work. Time for the great American pastime. And there were some who were torn between two choices. They wanted to soldier, but the lure of civilian life was also mighty strong. The National Guard seemed to be the answer. Still others desired to keep their army ratings and also be a part of a cherished tradition. They joined active and inactive army reserve units. And thus, the situation became almost as it was before the war. Three separate army components, again knowing little about each other. The war had brought them into contact, but now the division was once more evident. We had finished the war to end all wars. But had we? From a godless land dominating one quarter of the Earth's surface, there came ominous rumblings. Resentment against the free world was stirred up in their homeland and elsewhere. Once again, the world had the jitters. No more talk here of two big oceans separating us from our potential enemies. Not in the age of the long-range bomber and the super weapon. To protect ourselves, we had to protect weaker, less fortunate nations, ill-equipped to withstand the onslaught of propaganda, sabotage, chicanery, and deceit. Korea, a primitive, obscure little country. We didn't know much about it. But after June 25, 1950, we were to know a lot more. The seeds of destruction, dissension, and hate sown in other lands blossomed here. Korea became the center of the world's attention. At the UN, lights burned brightly into the night as the debate went on. In Washington, there wasn't time for debate. A friendly nation had been attacked. We moved fast. The president committed U.S. forces to action. For the reserves. Once again, active duty. Five years wasn't too long to forget. Men of the National Guard and the reserves, who had been in before, remembered their lessons well. Nevertheless, it wasn't easy. This was a new kind of enemy. Perhaps more formidable, more ruthless than before. Once again, it didn't matter. It's all one army when the heat's on.  Never mind what outfit the other guy came from. You're in trouble together, and you help each other. In this kind of fight, you had to work together and endure hardships together. Guard, reserve, RA, they all meant soldier. How about it, Mac? You from a guard outfit?  Well, over here, there isn't much time to discuss respective merits. There's a job to be done all together. And then came the conference table and a new kind of combat. Now, the arguments, proposals, counter-proposals, more arguments, men's lives hinged on a sheet of paper. Finally, it came. A truce. Bob was done. We packed up and said goodbye to the land we never quite understood. So long to the men who remained to carry on. Farewell to those who would never come back. We learned the bitter truth. There is a continuing constant threat of aggression, both physical and psychological, hovering over the free world. We dare not become soft or lazy, or careless or apathetic. We're in a hard race. The stakes are high. We know they're good. We must be better. Today's army must fill and maintain maximum requirements. It needs first-class men, ready for any emergency, only in the event of war, but in the fight for peace. The army must keep abreast of the most recent technological developments in a rapidly changing world and constantly strive for the most modern military system. One of the most important factors in a modern army is the ability to function as a team. It did so in wartime. It is now imperative that it do so in peacetime as well. The key phrase today is one army. This concept comprises the three army components. The Army Reserve, the regular or active army, and the Army National Guard. The Army Reserve is one of the main sources of extra strength. In the event of an emergency, men of the Army Reserve, the reserve units themselves can be rapidly called to active duty to support the active army. For example, during summer training in a field exercise called Operation Ready Freddy, units of the Army Reserve were integrated speedily and smoothly with units of the regular army. Reservists took over and maintained the duties of active army personnel. The experiment was a complete success and is due to be repeated. Another vital part of the reserve program is the ROTC, the Reserve Officers Training Corps. The classroom is the starting place for future leaders of the country. Under today's ROTC program, the student can become an important part of America's strength in reserve. Under supervision of Army instructors, today's youth can ensure the country's future and benefit himself in many ways at the same time. The Army Reserve offers modern training, a chance to use brain as well as brawn. It develops the quality of leadership while allowing the reservist opportunity to engage in normal civilian pursuits. He has offered the benefits of the finest specialized technical training and opportunities for advancement. He will make friends with similar backgrounds and interests. Above all, reserve training provides ample opportunity to be a good citizen and an important one. The strength and readiness of the U.S. Army Reserve divisions are the highest in history. With skills and preparedness, the reservist is of utmost value to our nation's defense and security. Three components that make up today's Army, the history of the National Guard is the oldest. As the militia, it was formed over 300 years ago to withstand Indian attacks. Therefore, it has been in existence longer than our country. Made up entirely of volunteers, it is the only non-regular military force provided for in the Constitution. The Army National Guard has served with distinction and courage from the early Indian skirmishes through World Wars I, II, and Korea. Although officially under the jurisdiction of individual states, the Guard is federalized in time of war. In peacetime, today's Guard has many duties and responsibilities. When disaster strikes, the Guard can be countered on to give its best. 400,000 officers and men in the Army National Guard throughout the United States and Puerto Rico. It is comprised of 21 infantry divisions, six armored divisions, and hundreds of other combat and support units. Guard training is carried out under supervision of the active Army. New enlistees without prior military service are required to take six months active duty training. Today's Army National Guard has also reached the highest degree of service in peacetime history. No matter where, they are ready. You'll find them in sunny climbs like Hawaii or in our outpost state of Alaska. No matter where, the men of the Army National Guard are trained, modernized, and aware of their vital mission. And in keeping with today's one Army concept, the Guard is equipped to maintain important military installations. Fortunately, this alert is only practice. But in the event of enemy attack, the services of the Army National Guard will be invaluable. Its discipline, trained personnel are organized and equipped to aid devastated areas and expedite both civilian and military recovery. Truly, the Army National Guard is an indispensable part of today's one Army. In Washington, a recent conference was called the Army Wilbur Brucker. Attended by senior commanders of the various Army components, ideas and recommendations were put forth to draw the three components closer together into one fighting force of top effectiveness. Said Secretary Brucker, the unfolding of the Cold War has posed a common peril which has brought us closer together in the realization that we are in fact in the front lines of a new and perilous conflict for years to come. Therefore, it is important that the public recognize and understand the status of the National Guard and the Army Reserve. Not separate and distinct forces, but rather integrated components of one Army. I wish to make it clear that no thought is being given to dispensing with our present Army system. Many of our active Army, Army National Guard and Army Reserve units appears to a gallant tradition of service to the nation. Nothing will be done to weaken or destroy these invaluable sources of pride and spirit. There is, however, an urgent necessity to increase confidence and mutual trust among all components and branches of the Army and thus present the single image of the soldier regardless of the component in which he serves. End of quote. The Army, ever ready, America will continue to be the leader of free men in the hearts and hopes of all the people of the world.


your board to the beautiful almost 4th of July parade brought to you by the Rotary Club here in Waterbury. It's an excellent afternoon. I would like to caution you it's pretty hot pretty humid out there so let's do this the Vermont way and if you check your neighbor make sure that they're okay if they need some water or something help them out with that. On behalf of everybody at Radio Vermont we want to say thank you very much for having us here today and again just a spectacular day and it's Waterbury's way to say happy birthday America. We're just minutes away from parade time so we want you to get a good seat have a little snack maybe a beverage and just enjoy the afternoon so on behalf of the Rotary Club have a good time this afternoon let's let's just pick it here shortly. A great big thank you to the Waterbury Fire Department. Next is a 1929 Plymouth Touring convertible with the Grand Marshal Harry and Charlie Grenier. Let's get Harry and Charlie around the plot. You're looking good. Plymouth Touring convertible. Ladies and gentlemen I'm proud to introduce the American Legion Color Guard. I knew that I just didn't tell you. Policing up that brass thank you. Is the governor of the state of Vermont let's hear it for his honor Phil Scott. Too many states where you can get up and close and personal like this and the governor. Always wonderful to have him here. Next ladies and gentlemen the Waterbury Ambulance not only do we clap our hands but we bow to you thank you very much for all the work you do. Waterbury Ambulance ladies and gentlemen this is Waterbury Fire Department Rescue 1 all polished up looking sharp. This is Brana with a 1492 Grove Street remember me if I call. Next in line is the Waterbury Fire Department. Engine 2 Robert Grace Engine Company all signed up and looking good. Okay kind of hard to do everything so if you could just like write it out for me. Would you mind? That would be lovely. Thank you. It's my pleasure to introduce the Waterbury Community Band. Lucy asks. The best of the team goes back in the city number 74. Back in the day excuse me 74 most of our team is number 21. Okay okay okay yes I hope I remember I'll do my very best. Ellen Sandy Lewis in the classic Mercedes Benz with over 300,000 miles. Yes sir. This is back when an automobile is an automobile. The Vermont automobile classic car meet is coming up August 10th 11th and 12th this will be the 61st classic car meet this is a lot of fun. Oh she's beautiful Ryan. Hi. I'll slide down. Nice to see our friends from Middlesex Electric here today. That vehicle's older than you are isn't it? It's younger. You're younger? Okay. And now it is called Strolling of the Tractors. It's the tractor delegation this afternoon. They're out in their finest. The Strolling of the Tractors here. So we dress up like cows. So what? Building supply. This is the best of theme today. They won the best of theme for back in the day. Let's give them a round of applause. The best use of theme back in the day. Station Lumber. For the Sona Mountain. Yes I do. Brothers telephone come on back in time right there. Thank you for bringing all those great memories to us this afternoon. I'd like Governor Scott's entourage. I'm still thinking of that Conti's furniture and appliance. Excellent. How about Fred's place? That's great. The Rialto? Rachel, how are you? See my friends. There we are. You said that out loud. Is the pug running for anything this year? We'll find something, okay? Hand in hand. They're ready to rush those vehicles. I guess we know what's happening here. Haven't heard of them. Ladies and gentlemen, let me welcome the folks from Ben & Jerry's. Here's indeed. Nothing says Vermont like a scoop of Ben & Jerry's. That's my story right now. I'm not kidding. This is part of the Pines Slice Tour. Hey, brother, thank you. Much appreciated. Jay, still come ask any questions here today. We've got a good group going on. Thank you.  Ben & Jerry's speaks. Everybody listens. For this, these are the sons of the American Legion Enduro car. If you folks, if anybody out there has never been to Enduro, your life is not complete.  This is the sons of the American Legion Enduro car. Thank you. I know, I know. Stop talking. Eat the ice cream. I've got it. Things and gentlemen, coming up next is the Harwood Hockey Game. Now, this takes the support of an entire community. When you go to a Harwood youth hockey game and you see people there that have no kids involved and they're just there to cheer their neighbors, you know you're at Waterloo. How's that? Yes, sir. I'm not kidding. I'm not kidding. Oh, they do bring it home year after year. They're great. Want to welcome Amanda Pelkey, what she's done for the state. Waterbury Fire Department Engine number three, Richard White, Engine Company. And they've got their best going on today. Let me tell you. The 4th of July is always the time when the fire department, they take a bath, they change their clothes and they look good. And ladies and gentlemen, I'd like to tell you right now that Waterbury Engine 3 is getting the entertainment prize. You've got to tell me that one. I'm sorry. Green Mountain Performing Arts. Oh, I have to correct myself. After them. Never mind. They didn't do it. Now they're not going to bathe again till next 4th of July. Sheesh. I know. We have to stay on top of this. Ladies and gentlemen, coming up next is the Green Mountain Performing Arts. And I'm just told that they have won the most entertaining award. Let's give them a round of applause for winning the most entertaining float of the day. Green Mountain Performing Arts. And just as I say that, the dancers sit down. Timing is everything in this business. All right. Check this out. Oh, precision. Put your hands together for this. Come on. Let's get this going here. Rock it out. Nice job. Get your groove on right now. Happy birthday, America. Cha-cha-cha. My God. Don't smoke in my father-in-law. Now, Bernie Sanders. Nice to have you here, Congressman. It's not a parade without Bernie. This is Brad. Peter Welsh. Always great to have you home, sir. Lieutenant Governor. Lieutenant Governor Zuckerman. Always nice to have you in Waterbury. LT. It's good to have her with us. The Vermont Democratic Party coming in there. Lots of people here today. Nice to have them in. I'm in the groove right now. Let's check this out, folks. Without the Shriners, no. I think it's illegal to have a parade in Vermont without the Shriners. Ladies and gentlemen, give it up. They never get acknowledged for it. It's incredible. We are all proud of you. We are all so proud. And then all of a sudden come parade night. And the Shriners come out from behind the curtain. And here they go. Our Shriners remind you to be at Shrinernow.com. Check that out. There's a lot of meetings and fun stuff. Every child loves the Shriners. A lot of Shriners here today. The Motor Corps is with us today. Don't forget Shriners Hospital for Children. Crowd supporters of our troops and our veterans. And always remember that the Shriners are helping kids. And they ask for nothing in return. Crazy clouds. Five kids. Give them five. They're all fun guys. Yeah, what a good time. Everybody. Here's Sinai Joe. There's the guys running up and down the street. Dressed up like they're going to the Christmas party. In July. For you right there. Always good to take a break and shake it a little bit. You know what I'm saying? Nothing like a little rhythm and a little shriker. It's going to bring a little rhythm up here. Don't be shy. Shake it out a little bit.  The dads have rhythm. The booty's shaking. I'm surprised it is to have Jerry here. Here's my favorite. Thank you, my dear. It's getting any better than that. It's just another way for Waterbury to say happy birthday America. It's our favorite. These today. This is Christmas in July, you know it? One part about this is there are as many adults in the world as there are children. It's a true story.  You know the story? They wash the trucks. They polish the trucks and they take a bath every 4th of July. You can count. Put it on the calendar wheels. What wonderful people they are. How about a round of applause for our Meals on Wheels? Thank you, folks. What a wonderful part of our community you are. Just outstanding. There are so many Vermonters. That when they see that vehicle, they're happy. Thank you again Meals on Wheels for taking care of our people and our community. Thank you. Moretown Fire Department. Engine number one. Everybody is excited. We got the dog spark today. I'll tell you what, Moretown got the dog spark today. Engine number three. Volunteers always there when you need them. Little rock and rolls. We head up Main Street today by these communities. Always there when you need them. Our question, ladies and gentlemen, Bolton is here. All shined up in their best. Nice accoutrements. Just a reminder, all of you, don't forget we've got two bands playing in the park right afterwards. Come on down. Get your groove on here in the park to Waterbury. Two bands after the parade. How much fun is that? Applause for the Bolton Fire Department. Thank you, Bolton. There are in Bolton outstanding.  Stuff is Bolton Fire Department Rescue One. A summer afternoon, a pretty girl in an American flag. Jackpot. Flash of lights and then suddenly hearing the bg's. Waterbury Winterfest 2019. Nice to have them here. Holy cow. I just don't want to think about it. Welcome. Howdy, January 25th through Sunday the 3rd. Good reminder. Uh oh, look at this. Well, you know what? We're saving the environment, increasing the muscle mass. Let's give them a round of applause. They look good. They look good. I think I just got a, oh dear. Sunset limo service. Cool is cool. That's all there is to it. Say no more. We all know that I arrived in a limo this afternoon. Right. 1998 Ford. But don't forget sunset. I'll tell you what. The epitome of cool right there. This is what we need today. Medic! Nice to have you here today. Green Mountain Military. Nice red. It goes without saying that the American Red Cross is also always there when you need them. Don't forget the Red Cross, ladies and gentlemen. Donate whenever you can. I should have mentioned that our truck pullers were from CrossFit Waterbury. Actually, I was too busy groaning to say anything. 24th of July, Gala is an absolutely must see afternoon. And what a great afternoon we're having here. Many, many thanks to the Waterbury Rotary. Anybody been thinking about joining up? Make sure you talk to somebody with a rotary shirt on. I think they could be bribed for cold water at this point. And once again, Red Cross coming into our area right now. You know when they're here, you know that they need you. Back to Tropical Storm Irene and the American Red Cross right there for Vermonters. The 20th and 29th? The 9th. And just a reminder, CrossFit Brook, July 9th, 11 to 4, the blood drive. Don't forget that, folks. CrossFit Brook, July 9th, from 11 to 4, critical needs. Ken has a roof on his car with flags in it. And I like it. Notice I quiet right down now. Because coming up is Mabel. Mabel is a 14-year-old Belgian mayor. And I am in love with Mabel.  And right there, I've got... Well, that's Mark Foster there. And then Darcy Foster, of a 9-year-old Arabian pinto. Oh, what beautiful animals. Mark and Darcy, thank you very much for being here today. They are just handsome. Again. Just a reminder to everybody, when you come upon horseback riders on a back road, always give them plenty of room. Don't tilt your horn. Don't rev the engine. Quietly go by. Always allow the horses the right of way. Give a lot of respect to those four food animals. A tow truck driver, always. Who's going to come out when it's 20 below? And you haven't put on your winter tires yet. Ouch. Next is a group that always has fun. They bring fun wherever they go. And it's always a pleasure to see the stuff-in-time line dancers. It's infectious. You just can't get away from it. They are so much fun. Gosh, we've got a little funk this year. I'm digging it. Jumps into 189. You know where that is. Ladies and gentlemen, step-in-time dancers, bringing it home today. The sisters getting it done today in the parade. The Mississippi Scalp Corps. Summertime at Bolton Valley. If you haven't tried it out, get up the hill, give it a shot. Bolton Valley is something for everybody all season long. We're at Bolton Valley. The Winooski Lodge, number 49. The Masons. Always glad to see the brothers here. Welcome, brothers. What's a parade without a little milk? Thank you very much. Always proud to have you here. Let's give it up for these guys. Yes, sir. These are our own. This is part of 4th of July. Plus, that is a cool weapon. The prettiest kids in Vermont. This is what it's all about right here. One of these children in the front row next to the road is going to go to sleep until midnight. Fitness. Keeping the community fit. They've been serving Central Vermont since 2002. Owned and operated by your friends and neighbors. Dave's Community Fitness. Boy, here comes a treat. Let's be honest. The cute meter just went off the scale. Let's give a round of applause for all the folks at the Wallace Fire. Just the sweetest little cat. Is there a kid in the crowd that doesn't like a digger? Landscaping. Give them some dirt. They'll dig it up. Excavating. Landscaping. Five-star. It does it all. Listening pleasure. Ladies and gentlemen, the Hannaford fight and drum. They probably marched right down this way as well. In traditional gar. The address is the crowd. As warm as it is for us on the side. Just a quick reminder that that sun on that pavement and yet they performed flawlessly. Just an absolutely spectacular afternoon in Waterbury today. It's the Rotary has done it again. First to wish America a happy birthday. Afternoon they provided us another reminder folks. Don't go home after the end of this one. Got a couple of bands in the park. We're going to kick it a little bit. Wonderful folks from Let's Grow Kids coming up. You want to talk about an incredible organization that's Let's Grow Kids. Probably an automatic place in heaven for those folks. A reminder as we get towards the end of the parade. Please do not rush to your vehicles. Take your time. Ease your way out of here this afternoon. Make sure and add a little bit more. A little added respect for your neighbors. Everybody wants to. Come back when you find work. In the Hannaford fight and drum corps. Everybody to hydrate, hydrate, hydrate. That's the key of the day. Thank you so much for being part of our day today. Waterbury Mission. Everyone's coming in here now. Thank you to the fire department. Thank you to the Waterbury Fire Department for all your help today. These are some tremendous folks. And I've said it a hundred times. You're going to say it again. They're always there when you need them. Hats off to the Waterbury Fire Department. Tremendous job. Let's also give a thank you to the Memorial County Sheriff's Department. Thank you Roger Marcu and crew. Good to have you here today. We thank you for helping us with all the details. Ladies and gentlemen, thank you very much for coming out this afternoon. It's been an absolute pleasure to have you here. Please make it a little longer. Stay a little bit. Grab a bite to eat. Cold beverage and enjoy beautiful Waterbury. Until next year, thank you very much for coming out. Happy birthday America and so long Waterbury.