Hello guys. Good evening. Can you hear me? Yeah. Yes. So how was your holiday? Good. Yeah. Okay. So last class, I think we were discussing gases, right?  Unit of A and B, all these things we have done. Yes. Could you tell me just check your notes and tell me, have we done the concept of barometer? How to find out pressure due to liquids? Have we done that? Let's check your notes once quickly. Fine. Let it be. So we are moving towards the end of this chapter. Okay. Probably today we'll finish it. Okay. So we are going to start today's lecture with, you know, a different representation of compressibility factor, which we call it as Virial Equation of State. Virial Equation of State. What is Virial Equation of State? Virial Equation of State is actually, it is an expression of compressibility factor. Write down, it is the expression of Z, that is compressibility factor, in terms of, in part series of, series of 1 by Vm. Vm is the molar volume. In part series of 1 by Vm. It is represented by Z is equals to 1 plus, we'll have a constant over here, 1 plus B by Vm plus C by Vm square plus B by Vm cube and so on. This is Virial Equation of State. We are going to find out a very important, you know, result from this equation. First of all, we try to understand what is this, what is this BC and D we have, and then we'll have very important temperature relation, which is very important. So, BCD are constant, B is the constant or we also call it as coefficient, like suppose, B is the second Virial coefficient. Similarly, C is the third Virial coefficient and D is the fourth and so on will go. Okay, BC and D we have. Copy this down. No, we don't have the value of this will have a relation will see that okay. Is this an expression we have given the first term is one. So, like, you can say the first Virial coefficient is one, right, because the first term itself is one. Yeah. Next you see, now, this is the expression we have from the real gas equation because the actual, you know, thing is the real gas ideal gas is the Justin hypothetical concept, correct. Ideal gas does not exist. So we have the actual thing is nothing but the real gas equation that is a vendor wall's equation. Now from vendor wall equation, we'll try to derive such relation of compatibility and then we'll compare what is this BC and D we have. Correct. So let's see first, the real gas equation. What is the real gas equation we have real gas equation is nothing but the vendor wall's equation, which is P plus a by B into V minus B is equals to RT and I'm taking n is equals to one here for one more. Okay. We need to find out Z right see is nothing but it is PVM by RT. First of all, we'll find out P from this. What is P here? It is RT by V minus B minus a by V square V is the molar volume. We can multiply this by PV by RT means we are multiplying with V by RT both side. So V by RT if you multiply will get V by V minus B minus a by V RT. Read out in this guys. No. Just to multiply by V by RT so RT RT will get cancelled and this V and we will get cancelled will have been the numerator denominator. So V by RT is what V by RT is nothing but Z compressibility factor. So this is Z is equals to this further will write one by one minus B by B minus a by V RT. Now this you see this term that we have one by one minus V B by V. So I'm considering this as X. So look at this here. We have one by one minus X. X is nothing but B by V. Okay. So this we can write it as one plus X square sorry one plus X plus X square plus X Q and so on. This is the expansion of it or if this is in GP so some of GP you know at infinite thing then we have this when we have infinite terms in GP the sum of GP is nothing but one by one minus X you can get it from this. Or you can also consider the expansion of this one by one minus X is nothing but one plus X plus X square plus X and so on. This formula we are going to use here for this expression. Okay, so the expression of G will have here is Z is equals to one plus B by B. Plus B square by V square plus B cube by V cube and so on bracket close and one more time we have that is a by V RT, which is we have correct. Okay, now you see if I take this one by V common here from these two terms one by V here and one by V here. So the expression becomes one plus one by V and take common B minus a by RT plus B square by V square. B cube, V cube and so on close. Just we are simplifying it. Okay. Now, you see we are taking the concept like we are taking the condition of low pressure because we know ideal gas. I know, sorry, real gas behaves and ideal gas at low pressure and high temperature. So at low pressure what happens you see low pressure, we will be high. If V is high, then one by V is low. Correct, because pressure and volume are inversely proportional and one by V is low. So one by V square is even lower and one by V cube is even lower than all those right. So all these terms we can neglect at high pressure one by V square one by V all these terms we can neglect at high pressure. At low pressure the expression of Z is equals to one plus one by V B minus a by RT and this term we have neglected. So this is the situation we have. Now for the gas to behave as an ideal gas right for an ideal gas we know for an ideal gas what is the condition. Z value should be what? Z value should be one. Correct. And in this expression you see for Z to be one this term should be zero. Yes or no? This term should be zero then only Z will be one. Correct. So for this term to be zero what we can say for this to be valid Z is equals to one. Okay, we must have B minus a by RT is equals to zero. Can we say that? Yes or no? CLR you can type guys. Correct. So what is T from this? T is equals to it is RB by a, a by RB sorry, it is a by RB. T is equals to a by RB. No one by V we won't take zero because first of all one by V if you take zero one cannot be zero right? So numerator you let it be this one. V cannot be zero because V is the volume of the gas. Correct. It cannot be zero. It will be minimal negligible you can say but zero we cannot say and if you make this V as zero then one by V becomes infinity. So this condition we are ignoring things. We're taking this equals to zero. Right. Okay, so for this zero T is equals to this we get. And this is the formula of T means at this temperature this gases this temperature and low pressure it behaves as an ideal gas and the temperature at which any real gas starts behaving as an ideal gas is called boils temperature boils temperature have asked many times this question boils temperature it is a by RB. Right, it is a temperature right now it is a temperature at which real gas behaves as an ideal gas at low pressure temperature at which real gas behaves as an ideal gas at low temperature. We also is boils temperature we also call it as TB that also you can write boils temperature TB A by RB. Now you see this boils temperature TB is equals to A by RB. Correct. And we know A and B will have different values for different different gas means it is not constant R is obviously a constant but AB value will be different for different different gases. Right. It means the boils temperature will be unique for a given gas means it is it will be a different value for CO2 and we'll have a different value for and we'll have a different value for but the pressure must be low. Right. So boils temperature will be different from different different gases since AB values are different for different gases. Understood. Any doubt in this depends on A and B hence will be different for different for different gases. No doubt. Done. Okay. This is one thing boils temperature. Okay. Sometimes they also ask you the order of boils temperature for a given gases. A and B if you can compare you can compare the ratio of A by B and hence you can compare the boils temperature. Okay. Now the next we need to understand here is right down is the liquefaction of gas. What do you understand by liquefaction? Yes. Conversion to liquid. Yeah. So liquefaction of gas is nothing but the conversion of gas into liquid. Okay. So we need to focus on this. How do we convert gas into liquid. Okay. Now you tell me one thing if you talk about the intermolecular force which one has more intermolecular force gas or liquid. Liquid. Right. So we can say IMF here we have very weak very weak IMF and here we have weak IMF. Right. So obviously liquid has more intermolecular force than gas. So it means what to convert this gas into liquid. We have to increase the intermolecular force. Yes. Right. I have already told you that we have a range of intermolecular force for different different states. Correct. First we have suppose gas intermolecular force is this and then we have liquid intermolecular force and then we have solid intermolecular force.  You'll get a point and beyond this point gas starts converting into liquid. Further you keep on increasing the intermolecular force beyond a certain point liquid is starts converting into solid. So point is when we have to convert gas into liquid, we have to increase the intermolecular force. Right. Now this we can achieve by by increasing the intermolecular force. I hope all of you will agree with me on this. Right. We have to increase the intermolecular force. So what we need to do to increase the intermolecular force first is if the gaseous particles are close enough. Suppose this is the situation. Gaseous particles are like this. And another situation is this. Then obviously here we have less interaction than this. Yes or no. Means if the gaseous particles are close enough, they will have interaction. If they are far away, the interaction will be less. So our objective is to decrease the distance average distance between the gaseous particle. Correct. And this we can achieve by increasing pressure because if you increase the pressure compression happens and the gaseous molecules comes closer. Correct. Understood this pressure we are increasing volume will decrease gas contracts and when gas contracts that average distance between the gaseous particle will decrease and hence the interaction increases. So first thing in order to achieve this. What is the first thing we can do the first way by we can achieve this particular thing conversion of gas into liquid is by increasing by increasing pressure. Right. In this is one line you write down as fresh as pressure increases as pressure increases volume decreases volume decreases. Contraction takes place. Contraction takes place. Pressure increases volume decreases contraction takes place. The average distance between the gaseous particles decreases. The average distance between the gaseous particle decreases and hence interaction increases and hence interaction increases. Okay. This is the first, you know, condition here. The second condition is what we can also achieve the same by increasing interaction and we can increase interaction by increasing pressure plus by decreasing temperature. What happens to decrease in temperature? What happens once we decrease the temperature? No, it's not that. See, we know the kinetic energy of gaseous particle is equals to 3 by 2 kT. k is the Boltzmann constant. If you go back, check your notes, you'll get this. Yes, the kinetic energy decreases. That's right. Yeah, so we can also say that less randomness and hence interaction will be more. We can say that that's fine. But actual thing is what we know the gaseous particles that kinetic energy is directly proportional to the temperature. You see this relation. K e is actually proportional to T. So as you decrease the temperature, the kinetic energy also decreases. Right. And when kinetic energy decreases, the gaseous molecules you see the gaseous molecules process each other at with a less velocity. Right, because the kinetic energy is less. So when they crosses each other, which is slow, low velocity, right, so they will have the chance of interaction with each other. Otherwise, if the two object crosses each other with a very high velocity like this, they'll cross right. So the interaction is less interaction is not possible in that case. Okay, so with decrease in kinetic energy, what happens decrease in temperature, what happens kinetic energy decreases and hence the interaction increases, or you can also say that randomness, the random motion of the gaseous particles will become less and hence the interaction could be more. Okay, so in order to achieve this condition gas to liquid, we can either increase in pressure, or we can decrease in temperature logic, everything we have discussed understood all of you. Liquification, now you look at this graph. So this axis is the pressure. And this axis is the volume. Okay, all of you draw this graph. Okay, so this is the graph we have for liquification of gas. And this is a different different temperature you see, this is a temperature T one, this is a temperature T two at T three, and so on. Yes. Yes. Yes. Curves are isotherm. Yes, isotherms are those graphs which we draw at constant temperature. Right, so constant temperature graphs are the ISO are called isotherms. Correct. Now you see this at any temperature what we do. Try to understand this. Okay. Yeah, it's a smooth. Actually it is not a curve like this. I have drawn this just to make you understand. What we get we got these these points actually this point this point this point all this points and when we connect these points, we get a graph like this. Okay, it's not like we have a graph first, and then we draw like this. First we have this only at a given temperature, what we are doing here you see pressure we keep on increasing. We are increasing the pressure continuously increasing the pressure continuously and you'll got a point here and at this point you'll get the first drop of liquid where the gas starts converting into liquid. So this side we have gas here we have liquid plus gas and this side we have only liquid. Okay, so you keep on increasing the pressure at this point the first drop of liquid form. And then here we have gas plus liquid mixture and at this point this all the gas converts into liquid and we get a sharp curve here like this. And the same thing we have at different temperature means that T1 we have this T2 again we have the same kind of you know graph we get T3 also we get the same kind of graph. Okay, but the difference in these three temperature is what that the width of the graph is decreasing. Right, the graph goes like it's a bell shaped graph no it goes like this. So width of the graph is decreasing. Correct. So in the width of the graph decreases it means what the amount of gas that converts into liquid is also decreasing. Correct. As we go from T1 to T2 to 23 the amount of conversion or the liquefaction is less. It means what the relation of these three temperature is what T1 is less than T2 is less than T3 means at three different temperature we have done this. So if T3 is maximum, then only we can have this condition possible, because we know at higher temperature, the liquefaction becomes difficult, and hence the liquefaction is lesser over here, least with T3 temperature T3 should be the match among the three. Understood, no doubt. Similarly, as you keep on increasing the temperature as you keep on increasing the temperature, you will get a point, right, you will get a point at that point, you know, or beyond that point you can say the liquefaction is not possible. Right, because you are increasing temperature continuously. So you will get a point, you know, where the interaction among the gaseous molecules becomes zero because you have increased the temperature so much. Ideally, we should decrease the temperature. But here we are increasing the temperature, right, so you will get a point a value of temperature where the interaction becomes negligible or zero, and then the liquefaction of gas is not possible. And that point or beyond that point, the gas starts behaving as an ideal gas, because there is no interaction. And we know the PV graph of ideal gas is like this only because if you remember this, we have done these things. Now, yes, PV graph is this only for ideal gas, and the same nature of graph, we get here you see at this point beyond this point, we get the same graph, because beyond this point, the interaction is zero gas behaves as an ideal gas, and hence the liquefaction is not possible Right, this point beyond which the liquefaction of gas is not possible. This we call it as the critical point. All of you write down this point here as per the graph we have drawn this point here is the critical point. So how do we define a critical point, write down the definition, write down the definition, see both way we can define this, okay, like above this point, it will like beyond this point the liquefaction is not possible, or above this point the liquefaction is possible, both way we can define. Once again guys, guys just two minutes, okay. Yeah, so we're talking about critical point right, so what is critical point, how do we define it, correct, right down it is the condition, it is a condition below which below which the liquefaction of gas is possible. Condition below which the liquefaction of the liquefaction of gas is possible. Okay, we can also define this other way, like condition above which the liquefaction of gas is not possible, both way we can define. So they ask questions like this also, which statement is right or wrong regarding critical point, okay, so both way you must understand both way we can define above which or below which whatever it comes in the option, accordingly you can write your answer. Okay, this is one thing. Now at critical point, we can define temperature, pressure and volume also, like temperature is what write down. Critical temperature, critical temperature, the definition of critical temperature is write down, it is a temperature, it is a temperature above which critical temperature, I'll write down here, critical temperature. It is represented by Tc, okay, write down it is a temperature above which gas cannot be liquefied, gas cannot be liquefied, no matter, no matter how much pressure is applied, no matter how much pressure is applied. So beyond this point, the liquefaction is not possible because you have already increased the temperature to such an extent that the gases particles are moving randomly with a very high velocity, so interaction is not possible, right, hence the liquefaction is also not possible. Right, so critical temperature definition is this, this also in other way we can write the temperature below which the liquefaction of gas is possible by applying pressure, this way also we can define temperature below which or maximum temperature you can also write down, it is a maximum temperature below which the liquefaction of gas, of gas is possible by applying, applying pressure, okay, so must keep this in mind, both way we can define which ones are the, the last definition, I have written it, should I go back, yeah, so this is the, like you know the definition of this. Similarly, we can also define critical, critical pressure, PC, it is a minimum pressure required, it is a minimum pressure required to liquefy a gas critical temperature, temperature. Next is critical volume, it is a volume at, it is a volume at critical temperature and pressure, critical pressure, okay, TC, VC and this, then all these parameters are actually defined for one mole, okay, we define it per mole actually, for one mole all these parameters differing, yeah, done, okay. So what is the condition of critical point, condition of critical point, this one is also important, if you look at this, this graph here that you have drawn, this is the critical point we have, you see, this is the critical point and at this point you see this line I haven't drawn here, it doesn't seem to be parallel to this, but this point you see this line is almost parallel to this x axis, it's almost parallel like this, then it goes, graph goes like this, okay, almost parallel to x axis here. So at this point, this graph is parallel to x axis, so we can write down the slope of this line here, that is dp by dvm, the vm is a molar volume, because axis is p and v, if it is x and y, then the slope is what, dy by dx, you know this, slope of any curve in this axis x and y, it is dy by dx, correct, it's nothing but a slope, you have this idea right, you have done this, no or yes, so like dy by dx is a slope, so here instead of x we have v, and instead of y we have p, okay, so slope of this curve at critical point, at critical point is dp by dvm, this slope since it is parallel, so this is equals to 0, right, this is the condition of critical point, so the condition of critical point here will be, many a times they have asked this question, the first condition we can write dp by dvm equals to 0, and hence we can also write the double derivative of it, d2p by dvm square is also equals to 0, so this is the condition of critical point, okay. Now with the help of these conditions, we can actually find out the critical pressure, critical temperature and critical volume, okay, so we have to find out pc, vc and pc, right, when I write pc, vc and pc obviously it is for critical, you know, point, we also find out the compressibility factor at critical point, so what is the compressibility factor at critical point, z is equals to, it is pc, vc by rtc, this pvm by rt only, but since the pressure, temperature and volume is this, so compressibility factor is this, okay, at critical point, this is at critical point, so our objective is to find out first of all pc, vc and pc, once we get this substitute, all these things here, you will get compressibility factor at critical points, all these things are very important, many a times they have asked this question in the exam, so these things are very important, okay. Now we are going to see how do we find out this pc, vc and pc, correct, simple one you see for n is equals to 1, the real gas equals to what p plus a by vm square into vm minus b is equals to rt, okay, what we need to find out, always keep this in mind, condition we have to apply, so what is the condition, condition is dp by dvm, so if I find out the expression of pressure in terms of vm and we differentiate it, you will get the, you know, expression of dp by dvm, yes or no, tell me, pressure will find out in terms of vm and then we differentiate the pressure, correct, so our like the objective is very clear, we need to find out this and in order to find out this, we will first write down the expression of pressure, so pressure is equals to what, we will have rt by vm minus b minus a by vm square, then we will write down dp by dvm, it is minus of rt by vm minus b square, right, plus 2 a by vm cube, okay, and since the condition is what dp by dvm is equals to 0, we will equate this to 0, so we will get here 2 a by vm cube is equals to rt by vm minus b square, how many of you understood this, this is first equation, first relation, it is not done yet, but here is the first relation is this, we assume this to be as equation 1, okay, no doubt, we have this expression, we can again differentiate this, double differentiation, right, so you see this, when we differentiate this, that is d2p by dvm square, this would be 2 rt by vm minus b cube minus 6 a divided by vm to the power 4 and this will again equate to 0, so we get here 6 a by vm to the power 4, 2 rt by, this is equation number 2, now could you solve from equation number 1 and 2, these two equations, could you solve and find out the value of vm from this, try this once, it's very simple. Yeah, tell me, what is the value of vm you got, is it 3 times the value of vm, is it 3 times the value of vm, 3 times b, is it 3 times b I think, yeah it should be 3b, it should be 3b, check your calculation Shradha, yeah, so when you solve from 1 and 2, from 1 and 2, you'll get vm is equals to 3 times b, you see it depends only on b and b depends upon the gas, so it is also unique for a given gas, right, it's not same for all the gas, this is nothing but the critical volume that is vc is equals to 3b, since we have applied the condition of critical point, so vc is equals to 3b, similarly if this vc you substitute here, right, here you'll get tc then, correct and the formula of tc I'll write down, no need to derive it, just write down the formula, tc is equals to, you'll get 8a divided by 27rb, this is tc, 8a by 27rb, this is tc and with the help of these two, yeah one second Shradha I'll go back, you can also find out pc and pc is equals to a by 27b square, tell me the value of z at critical point, what is the value of z, yeah that's right, z is equals to pc, vc by rtc, yeah correct Ananya, correct yeah, so when you substitute all the value here, the value of z you will get 3 by 8, this question they've asked many times in all the exam, the value of z at critical point, correct, must remember this, all this formula also you must remember, suppose if they ask you to compare critical temperature for given gases, you need to compare A by B, ratio of A by B for those gases, yeah understood, read out, then all of you, now one more term we have that we call it as reduced, reduced equation of state, see reduced equation of state we define with respect to, we define with respect to reduced temperature, reduced pressure and reduced volume, correct, so first of all what is reduced temperature, t r, right now it is a temperature with respect to critical temperature, it is the temperature with respect to critical temperature, so t r is equals to t divided by tc, this is reduced temperature, similarly reduced pressure that is t, sorry that is p r, this equals to, p r is equals to p divided by pc and reduced volume, v r is equals to v divided by vc, okay, so from all these expression if I find out temperature, t is equals to what, t r into tc, it is very simple, t r into tc, p is p r into pc and v is v r into pc, okay, now we have this thing, copy down this first, we have real equation, real, you know, van der Waals equation, in the van der Waals equation, we substitute this pressure, volume and temperature in terms of tc and dr, tc, pc, vc, we know already we have just not got the formula, substitute the values, the formulas and you will get the equation in terms of reduced pressure, reduced volume and reduced temperature, that is it, okay, not much important, but sometimes they ask this question, what is the reduced equation of state, okay, so we will just write down the final expression that you must remember, the method I told you how to do this and do it easily, so the van der Waals equation that we have, the van der Waals equation is, p is equals to, sorry, we will write down this side, we have p plus a by vm square into vm minus b is equals to rt, see we are taking one more for all these, okay, rt, now p, vm and t will substitute in terms of p, sorry, in terms of reduced and critical temperature volume pressure and we will solve this, so when you solve this, the expression that you get is pr plus 3 by vr square, vm is what? vm is 3 vr minus 1 is equals to 8 times pr, so this is called the reduced equation of state, this is called reduced equation of state, okay, copy this down, done, so this is it, okay, for real gas, now we have to discuss two more things in this chapter, one is the concept of barometer and before that we will do different types of intermolecular forces, okay, because from the beginning in this chapter we were talking about, talking about,


The Mac Observers' Mac Geekab, episode 743 for Monday, January 7th, 2019. And welcome to the Mac Observers' Mac Geekab, the show where we take all the things that you send into us, your questions, your tips, your cool stuff found. We take some cool stuff found and tips that we find of our own. We try to answer your questions. We try to answer our questions with the goal being that each and every one of us learns at least five new things every single time we get together. Sponsors for this episode include OpsGenie at OpsGenie.com, ExpressVPN at ExpressVPN.com slash MGG, TextExpander at TextExpander.com slash Podcast and Captera at Captera.com slash MGG. We'll talk more in detail about all of those in a moment here in Las Vegas, Nevada. I'm Dave Hamilton. And here, very close to Dave Hamilton, this is in Las Vegas, Nevada, John F. Braun. How are you doing today, Mr. John F. Braun?  That's good. I'm not going to say I'm good with Delta, and I think you did JetBlue. And we made it from our various Northeast locations to Las Vegas. Yeah. And it's a, I don't know. I have my reservations about Vegas, my friend. OK. OK. As far as cities to do trade shows in, I'm not a big fan of Vegas. I much rather prefer the little ditties that you and I do in Manhattan or like Backworld Expo, San Francisco. So I'm sorry, but I still like Vegas. See, that's interesting. I think it has a draw in that there's entertainment. There's there's all sorts of things going on with Vegas. Yeah. See, I think Las Vegas is the best city for a trade show because. Really? Yeah. Because New York's a pain in the neck. You can't get everybody in like close proximity to each other. But you know, and I'm talking like a large trade show, right? And and like the Javits, there's nothing near it. So you've got to always travel to it. The and San Francisco is ridiculously expensive, right? For to put on a conference and to stay and all of that. Like, I don't San Francisco was a good location, though, because you could stay right in there. I do I do like San Jose for for WWDC. Obviously, that's that wouldn't work for a show this size. But for show this size, Vegas is great, right? Because you've got enough hotel rooms. It's easy to get around here now with Uber and Lyft. I don't know. I'll give you that. Yeah, I think I like it. I mean, for CES, I would say, and then we'll you will hear our coverage, but CES is it's too much for any one person to handle. And that Dave, I got through my 500 emails from people telling me about all the great things that we're going to tell me about it. 500 in just the last week, you mean? Yeah, something like that. But anyways, the thing is, everybody, if you're on the CES press list. Yeah, yeah, it's crazy. Well, and that's that's why John and I are here, right? Because it it our goal is not to cover the entirety of CES. That would be nobody can do that. It well, it would also be not all that interesting because there's just so much that happens here.  So we'll be doing that this week. There there actually isn't anything yet to cover. But so we have what essentially it's it's interesting. I was thinking about this. We do a while we're here in Vegas. We do a normal show where we answer questions that have come in all week. And then when we get back from Vegas, when we're in our homes in our normal environment, that's where we usually do the show that's about CES. But I was thinking, John, there's no reason we can't do a second podcast this week. It doesn't have to be like a full 90 minutes. Nobody says we can't like do maybe a 20 or 30 minute show midweek if we want from CES about CES after we've been to something. So watch your feeds, folks, because you never know it might happen. For now, let's do this, right? So let's go to obviously we're here in the hotel room. Things will sound a little different, but you've already figured that out. So let's go to Jason and and share a series of quick tips from him. He says, Happy New Year. I recently set up a new machine for myself from scratch, not restoring from backup. And what was amazed at how slow the OS felt working in the finder, I realized why and wanted to share with you what I had previously done to make things very snappy. He went to a site that is a favorite of us here and should be a favorite of yours or it could be defaults dash right dot com, which has all kinds of great little tips for Mac OS. And he in a specific URL, he went to for speed up Mac OS high Sierra. A lot of these things still apply in Mojave. And he says it has a host of commands you can run to turn off or speed up various actions in the finder and other apps. The ones I like best are turning off the delay when showing and hiding the dock. The delay when opening new windows and with quick look. He says running these commands makes my Mac feel 10 times faster, even though I know it's not really and I just wanted to share. So we will put that link in the show notes for all of you. And yeah, thank you, Jason. Cool stuff. There's some there's some great things there, John. Did you check out this? Oh, absolutely. Yeah. And the thing I notice is a lot of them have to do with built in. Protections in the OS to make things seem like they're happening at a different rate than they are. Sure. Yeah, that's right. Yeah. And that's fine. And maybe if you have an older machine, which Dave does not. And he'll tell us about this later, I'm sure. But a lot of older machines do a lot of what we'll call eye candy in that they they show thing and and a lot of these tips address that. And it's like, let's turn off looking pretty. And just remember to stay on the mic, my friend. Yep. Yep. Now again, we're we're both on ice buckets here. Yeah, that's right. We'll post a picture of our of our podcasting set up here. We took our ice buckets and turned them over to made them into Mike's. That is the best strategy for these mics here, which have a yeah, rather lacking stand, but it's a good general purpose mic. Oh, yeah. Yeah. As far as I can tell. All right, cool. So we will move on to Randall here and Randall says, if you run older Apple software, you may sometimes be confronted with having to provide a security code after, say, providing your Apple ID and password for its two factor authentication. But if you're running older Apple software, there is no obvious place to enter it. So this is running something that needs to log into your iCloud account. You've got two factor authentication enabled and this whatever it is, whichever piece of Apple software it is, does not have a place to to authenticate that. I says, this happened to me today when I gave the little used airport extreme at our beach house, a firmware update and an update to my Apple ID password via the airport utility. I entered the password, hit enter, got an error message, and then a code came into my cell phone, my security device. But where to put it? Here's the magic re entered. He says, I re entered the password this time followed by the security code at the very end of my password. So if your Apple ID is, you know, you at me dot com and your password is password one. Well, then you would type password one for your password followed by whatever the six digit code that just got sent to your Apple ID is, and you're good to go at a light chain. So thanks for figuring that out, Rand. That's a good one. That's a good hack. It's a good hack. Yeah, I know, it's crazy. Very, very good. Very good. Let's see, we have a couple of cool stuffs found. But I want to take a minute and talk about our first sponsor, which is Ops Genie at Ops Genie.com. I saw a sign in the airport today, John, that encapsulates what Ops Genie does. Ninety nine point ninety nine percent uptime doesn't happen by accident. You need to be on top of your stuff. And that's where Ops Genie comes in, because incidents are inevitable. You just have to respond quickly. How do you do that? Well, the first step is in knowing that you're having an incident and we humans can't work 24 seven. It's just not how we are. We need to sleep. We need to do other things. So there's going to be other people that need to be notified, even if you are the first in command there. If you're not available, that's what Ops Genie does. Right. It empowers your dev and Ops teams to plan for service disruptions by following through a series of a cascade, if you will, of who's available when who should be notified when if I'm sleeping, someone else should be notified. 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Never miss a critical alert again with Ops Genie from Atlassian and our thanks to Ops Genie and Atlassian for sponsoring this episode. All right, John. Couple of cool stuff's found here. The first comes from listener David and and then two come from me and I'll explain why, but but first listener David sends in, he says, I haven't heard this one on the show, but I've been playing around with it for weeks as an alternative to both Stringify and if. So these are these automation services and it's called WebCore and it's spelled, well, it's spelled like you'd like you'd think W E B C O R E. But it is W E B capital C O capital R capital E. And we'll put a link to the whole WebCore thing. This is there's an iOS app, but it's also, of course, a service because that's how these things work. So we'll put a link to that in the show notes too. Pretty cool, John. I like it because I looked at it and the thing is being a coder or a software developer, I looked at the screenshots in this. Yeah, in this app and it was like, if something, something, then something, something, which is typical. If you're not a programmer, don't be afraid, right? But it looks like you can do you can get really you're not stuck with what can be managed in a graphical interface. You can actually write a path. So, yeah. I guess what I'm saying is that I looked at this and the thing is as a programmer, even if I wasn't, you can look at this and understand what they're trying to do and the language that they're using, which is English. Right. You know, I suppose they. Yeah, some derivative thereof. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Yeah, but it makes sense. They're like, you know, if this happens, then do this. And for most of us, that's kind of life, right? That's how it is. Yeah, exactly. Yeah. Yeah. So yeah, worth checking out. Thank you for thank you for sending that in, David. Cool stuff. That's why we call it Cool Stuff Found. So, John, I've been using this this new MacBook Air that I got. Actually, this is the first show that we're recording from it. And and it's pretty. It is pretty. Well, you you seem to have applied a coding to it. Well, it's not a coding. It's just a plastic cover. Oh, OK.  Yeah, protective. It's a plastic shield. Yeah, I don't. I'll put a link in the show notes to whatever this plastic shield is. I don't off the top of my head. I don't remember what it is, but it was like 20 bucks on Amazon. I'm just putting a note here. No, I like it. For my viewpoint, it's an apple with headphones on it because. Oh, no, no, no. So you're confused by several things because no, no, no. So it's a normal MacBook Air. Then I have a sticker that Bob Levitis gave me years ago that I moved from my old air to my new one, your Bob, yep, that has that has a little headphone thing that it puts around the Apple logo. And then on top of all that, I have this plastic shield to protect the MacBook Air. So yeah, there you go. All right, so I'll put a link in the show notes. It was like 20 bucks on Amazon. But the next cool stuff found is on this air I mentioned I've been kind of going back and forth with dark mode, which seems to work really well for me. On a on my laptop, I do not like it on my desktop on the larger screen, but I really like it most of the time on the laptop.  Busy Cal does not to me look like I just can't function with it that way. So I switched back and forth and I found a little app to let me do that called Night Owl that is at night owl dot cram sir dot X, Y, Z, of course, a link will be in the show notes and and it just puts a little thing in the menu bar to toggle between light and dark and you can schedule it with this. You can also set a hot key so that you can do it right from the keyboard. So night owl and it's a donation where, which is great. So good stuff. Go check it out. You still don't use dark mode, right, John? Tried it. Not a fan. Yeah, but hey, that's just me. Right. No, that's the beauty of it. Right. Exactly. Coolio. All right. So this next one is a cool stuff found, but it it it comes in the form of a question. So it's like the Jeopardy version of a cool stuff found. And it comes from listener Ian who asked, oh, I will find this here. I want to make sure I get this right. He says this past weekend, I had to reset a home kit device and some automation timers and rules were missing steps. The problem is I can't remember all of the steps that I had set up because home data is synced via iCloud. I was hoping to find the data location and possibly retrieve it from a time machine backup. He says, I've looked in mobile documents. It didn't show anything I've looked in containers. I found a folder called apple.com.apple.home, but I couldn't really figure out anything. Do you know of a way to back up and restore the home kit configuration? So the answer is yes. And it comes in the form of a cool stuff found because there really doesn't seem to be a way to if there is a way to do this, let us know. Feedback at MackieGab.com. Dave, did you say feedback at MackieGab.com? Feedback at MackieGab.com. That's right. Yeah. I did find a third party app called controller. It's on the app store and it will back up and restore your home kit configuration. The app is free. The backup restore functionality is part of their pro in-app purchase, which is only 6.99. So unfortunately, though, I don't think this is going to solve your problem in because you would need to have done this before so that you had this backup to use. I don't I don't think you actually have a backup of your home of your previous home configuration. But again, if if we're wrong on that, which of course we could be and maybe it would be good if we were, let us know. So there you go. Thoughts on that, my friend? It's an interesting. So before or actually after I got on my flight, Dave, I then got my smartphone to set my thermostats on my home because I'm not home, so they shouldn't be heating the house. And the thing is before I had smart thermostats, well, I had programmable ones, right, but not smart ones. But now that I have smart ones, which are baked into the Wink ecosystem, I actually did this shortly before I left is that I turned off all my timers saying, sure, is it lower? Raise it. And I said, you know what? Keep it at this temperature for this zone, keep it at this. And the thing is, I can now monitor it. Of course. The coolest thing about the smart thermostats versus the programmable ones. Right. So. Right. The thing is, for those that don't know, I did have a frozen pipe event many years ago, in part due to the fact that maybe the heat was not on at the level. It should have been so if for no other reason, all I can tell you folks is frozen pipes and burst pipes are not fun. Frozen pipes and burst pipes are not fun. No, you have to deal with insurance companies and blah, blah, blah, and water all over the place. But anyways, a smart thermostat that knows these things is is a good thing. Yeah, I agree. And I'm very happy. So cool stuff found slash quick tip here. I went earlier today, actually, and did a carbon copy cloner backup or started one on Lisa's new Mac mini, which like my MacBook Air has the T2 chip in it, right? And carbon copy cloner said, yeah, OK, cool, you can do this. But just know that your Mac will not boot from an external drive. It is configured not to boot from an external drive from the factory. Security. OK, but they said you can fix this. And the way you fix this is you go to I'm going to find it here. Oh, yeah, you go into recovery mode, right? So reboot command are then from recovery mode, go to the utilities menu. And there's a new option there called startup security utility. And in there you have two things to configure secure boot and external boot. So external boot has two options. You can either allow external devices to boot it or disallow. By default, disallow is set. I set this to allow because I want to be able to recover from a clone. Secure Boots interesting. Fulls, there's three options. No security, which lets you put any operating system you want on this machine. Medium security, which allows any version of a signed operating system from Apple or trusted by Apple. OK, and then full security, which requires your current OS or a signed operating system that Apple trusts and it's confirmed you have to have an internet connection at installation in order for this to work. It, by default, is set to this full security. So it needs to be an Apple signed operating system and you need to have an internet connection before you can install. Again, I chose to turn that completely off. I get why Apple's doing this. You can make your own choices about it. But I have it. I had no idea this was there until car and thankfully carbon copyclawner told me. So it was like, OK, great, I know what to do. It's no problem. It's easy. It's all right there. But just bear that in mind. If you've got a Mac with a T2 chip, which would be something with the Touch ID sensor or the new Mac mini has it, then you you want to be aware of this. So is this a facet of what they call SIP or System Integrity Protection? No, this is far beyond SIP. System Integrity Protection is Mac OS protecting it Mac OS. The T2 chip is your Mac protecting it the entirety of the Mac. It's what it converts or it encrypts your SSD if you have one, right? And it does not store the keys on the SSD. It stores them on the T2 chip. So your SSD is completely worthless. Even if you know the password, it's worthless without the computer that encrypted it. So, yeah, no, this is this is a hardware thing. And the T2 chip does some other stuff too. I hear that it does some it participates in audio and video encoding and decoding. As well, yeah. So, but yes, no, this is totally hardware far beyond SIP. Now, do you have one in your sexy new? Yeah, that's what I'm saying is the new MacBook Air has has the T2 chip in it too. Yeah. Yeah. OK, I'm not sure what to think about the new the new hotness here. Wait till you see the screen. You'll blow the thing. I will you sent me a screenshot of your SSD speeds. Yeah, I've never seen a SSD speed being four digits. So that's I know it's crazy. Yeah, yeah, I read. I think the read speeds were like a thousand. Yeah, read speeds were a thousand. Write speeds were four or five hundred or something. Eight eight eight eight eight. Yeah, yeah, yeah, it was. Yeah, it was smoking. Yeah. Yeah, this thing's fast and that Mac mini is even faster, which is great. In fact, I think that Mac mini is. Faster than every Mac available CPU wise, every Mac available, except for the fastest iMac Pro. Hmm. Yeah. Yeah, it's pretty crazy.  I'm going to take a minute and talk about our next sponsor, which is ExpressVPN. ExpressVPN is frankly the easiest VPN that I've ever used. They make this super simple. They have apps for your iOS devices, apps for your Android devices, apps for your Mac. And it literally with one click, the VPN is configured. It's good to go and it's super smart. So. Most VPNs, you know, have you ever stopped to think, does it block IPv6 traffic? Like, could something get by it? ExpressVPN knows this. They block IPv6 from happening. They make sure that your traffic goes where you want it to go. And here's a cool part about ExpressVPN. On the Mac, John, you can actually set it to only use the VPN on certain apps, but not others, and you can configure it the way you want. So if you only want your web browser to go through the VPN or if you only want your web browser not to go through, it works, right?  It creates a tunnel between you and the outside world so that whoever manages your Wi-Fi can't sniff what's going on. And this is why we're going to be using ExpressVPN all week, because we're out here in Vegas, we're going to be on different Wi-Fi. You never know who's running it and you never know who's sniffing it. But you know ExpressVPN is taking care of you. And you can do this with ExpressVPN for less than $7 a month, right? And it's not just us that likes it. ExpressVPN is the number one rated VPN service by TechRadar and even comes with a 30-day money back guarantee. Really cool stuff. I'm totally stoked to have them on board as a sponsor. And you've got to check it out because we've got a deal for you. You protect your online activity today and get three months free at ExpressVPN.com slash MGG. That's E-X-P-R-E-S-S VPN.com slash MGG for three months free with a one year package. Again, visit ExpressVPN.com slash MGG to learn more. Our sincere thanks to ExpressVPN for sponsoring this episode. All right, let's I go. We have a follow up from Andrew from Show 742, John. That it warms my heart. Well, it warms your heart. It warms his time capsule. Yeah, so we were we were talking in the last episode about a guy with an overheating time capsule and he says, I had the same. He says, I purchased an older tower type airport extreme on eBay and cosmetically it was fine. He says, however, when I turned it on, the fan on the bottom went nuts, ran at a very high speed, made a loud noise and the light was blinking. I had never seen this before. He says, I thought it was possessed. Google Foo revealed that the airport extreme was overheating because the bottom was clogged with dust. So I got a can of compressed air and sprayed it into the openings on the bottom of the machine that fixed it. It blew out all the dust. There was no more noise. The fan came on silently and from time to time came on silently from time to time and the light turned green all good. So compressed air might have solved this problem for the other listener. And I believe we speculated that that may be a solution. Yes, when we talked about this problem. It's true. Yeah. I mean, a finger rag at Apple for designing things where you could allow all this dust. So a couple of things. So number one, always check your events or exhaust or whatever you want to call it, Dave, for dust. Yeah. Yeah, that's right. And maybe you get some compressed air. But and another thing I'll mention is in certain environments, number one, if you smoke, don't smoke where your computer is because, you know, the thing is the smoke gets on the chips and it insulates them and they heat up and this is what happens. So you want to pay attention to the vents and the thermal. I don't know how to put it exactly. The thermal exhaust. Well, thermal exhaust. But yeah, just the vents, clear the vents. Yeah, get the compressed air. Yeah, yeah. But it's but no, it was good to hear that we were not the only ones that heard about this heating problem. Yeah, that Apple observed it, which hats off to them. Yeah, a product that they actually said, hey, you know, the hard drive or whatever, you know, this is heating up. It's heating up. Yeah, exactly. Watch the heat. Yeah, watch the heat. All right. Let's see. We have we've got some questions to go through here, John. Listener David writes in and says and asks. He says, upon the migration to High Sierra, I think the system made my email account an actual Gmail account. He says the problem is that I want to where am I getting this? He said, OK, anyway, he I'm just going to cut to the chase here. Sorry, David, for mangling your email. I'm doing this on a it's a larger screen than I've had on the road in the past, but smaller than it. Anyway, David has a Gmail account. He has gone in and assigned multiple from addresses to it in Gmail. He used to just add those in mail as additional from addresses. But sometime around High Sierra. Apple changed the way it dealt with that and it forced even an email account that you put in as an I map account. It basically forced it to be a Gmail account and it treats it a little bit differently. And he can no longer find the place to go and add these multiple from addresses to his account. So he sets up his Gmail account. But like me, you know, I run all my stuff through a Google Apps account that's at one domain, but I have other email addresses come to it. Some of my Mac Observer stuff, some of my Backbeat Media stuff. And I want to be able to send messages from this. So the first thing you do is you go into Gmail and you add them there. But mail doesn't automatically sink all these down. But you can do it. You can put them in there by going into mail on your Mac, go into preferences, go into accounts, choose the account and then click on the email address that's there and edit the list and just put in all the addresses that you want. Now, if you haven't already put these in it at Gmail, you will not be able to send from them. You have to go and authenticate them on Gmail. But once you've done it there, then you mirror it here. And you're good to go, which is pretty cool. Do you do that with your you don't use Gmail as your main filter or you do? Um, I was looking through this and actually I find it interesting, Dave, and that it would seem that between iOS and Mac OS, you can. But as you pointed out that the path to get there is twisted. And that if you go to one setting in Mac OS or iOS, it's not, you don't get an option to add email addresses to the primary account. And I think that's the problem. But they're there and you can put them there. Now, on iOS, there you you can still set up a Gmail account as not a Gmail account, but just as a like a generic IMAP account. That's the only way to get iOS to do this with iOS mail. You cannot add addresses to an account that iOS sees as Gmail. So you just have to configure it as as an IMAP account, you use imap.gmail.com as your server. And then from there, it'll it'll it'll work. And then you can and you can then go and and edit all of the email addresses in that account. So, yeah, gets a little nuts, but it's super handy. I find life is much easier having one IMAP account that I check and just having everything funnel into that makes life easier on the road. And it's a little more efficient, I think, in terms of checking mail and managing mail to each our own. All right, let's let's see. Oh, so again, back to kind of getting this new this new machine configured.  Or not cloned it. I had done migration assistant from a clone of my old air because I was like, great, I just want to get it up and running all good. So it did that and I launched mail for the first time. It said I have to create the indexes and all that. And it took whatever an hour to go through and do all that. Great, no problem. I was doing some searching of mail the other day. And I realized I wasn't getting results before December 1st on this machine. And I knew that I had messages. And so I looked through like I went in, like are these messages somehow not sink down, like what's happening? Nope, the messages are there. Search will not find them. Crap. OK. So I thought, well, before I go on the road, I need to be able to search my mail like that. This isn't I could do other. I could do it other ways. I could go online because I use Gmail, right? I could search it there, but I wanted to be able to search it on my Mac. And I qualify because I know sometimes in the search field, you can do like from color, you can do all sorts of fancy things, which actually I don't have an article and maybe we'll find one. Yeah, that's true. You're right. Yeah, you can. This is not what it was. This was that the index was munched. Oh, and so I ran Onyx. You would never find it because the index didn't have the data. And I told it to delete the mail index and also my spotlight index. And then I rebooted the machine through Onyx. Yeah. Yeah. And that did it. Yeah, really? Yeah. I mean, it took a long time because when I launched mail after the reboot, of course, it said, I have to go through and reindex all your mail. And it took like whatever an hour. And you know, but once it was finished, it was good to go. So, yeah. But it was just, you know, it's just one of those things that things get weird, just how it goes. Cashes, caches, indexes. I mean, these are the things that make your Mac seem faster. Right. So, you know, well, they should. They should. Yeah. Exactly. Exactly. Yeah, yeah. Indexes or indices? Throw down the gauntlet. Yeah, I mean, I've seen both used, right? Like, I don't I don't think is it is it indexes or indices? I don't know. I think it's say indices. Yeah, but like, but both words are correct. Last I checked, yeah. Yeah. So, yeah, I don't know. I don't know. I like indices. It makes you sound like more of a pompous. Yeah, it's that makes you sound more pompous. That's true. That's true. Yeah, I like to sound pompous sometimes. All right, let's go to Ed. This is what you get for. So, John and I woke up in eastern time today and we're a mess. Yeah, we're recording this at 11. It's 11 p.m. ish Pacific time, so you can do the math. I slept a little on the plane. You slept a little in the hotel room. I think we're we're good. Anyway, I slept on plane two. Oh, good. Oh, see. Yeah, we're fine. Delta. I like Delta. Good. They're good. All right. So, listener Ed has a question here. He says, I recently bought a one terabyte SSD from OWC for my early 2013 MacBook Pro to replace the 500 gig SSD that it came with. I want to do a clean install. My stumbling block is reinstalling my apps. My question is there an easy way to identify apps I didn't purchase in the App Store? I know that apps from the App Store will be automatically downloaded. But what about those from elsewhere, such as things like Keyboard Maestro and OmniFocus? It seems cumbersome to print out a list of my App Store apps and then cross match them with all of my applications in my applications folder. Surely there's an easier way. I'm not sure there is an easier way, John. Sure there is. OK, this is why John F. Braun right here, ladies and gentlemen. Well, one thing I would do, Dave, is so if you go to your Apple menu, which we all love the Apple menu and I'm going to be spinning disco boy, I may have to upgrade my computer, Dave. Yes. I mean, it's a stately 2012 MacBook Pro, which still I'm happy with. But anyways, so if you go to your Apple menu about this Mac system report, you're going to see a category a little ways down on the list here called software. And then under that is going to be applications. My humble recommendation is that you take that list and you look at it because the thing that that list shows you, Dave, is not only if an app is from Apple, but it will also show it'll it'll say identify developer, which means it's a developer that has spent the money to get a signing certificate. And I assume the authorization to be in the App Store. So you may want to look at this list just to rock what exactly you have in your machine that's considered an application and whether you should keep it or not. Look at that. But but you can sort this obtained from field too, sir. And actually I'm now seeing I haven't seen in the past before, but Dave, actually some things I see here say obtained from Mac App Store. Yeah, this is perfect. Actually, my first run through on this, I did not see that. I saw a known right means that the developer didn't do their homework. Sure. It also shows the 64 bit status, which, yeah, for those that are paying attention, future versions of Mac OS may not support non 64 bit apps. That is so true. So for anybody that is paying attention. Oh, yeah. Yeah, cool. Check it out. Software applications. Nice catch, man. That's great. Oh, awesome. There's there's a lot of good stuff in this system information. I mean, sometimes it takes a while. Like when I ran it, it took a minute or so. Oh, yeah. This but it's it's good for you. Yeah, it's good. Cool. All right. Let's see. Moving on to listener Michael. I will find him here as I bounce back and forth between all our stuff. Michael asks, he says, I have a large database slash set of spreadsheets in numbers. I like to change the name when I update it to reflect the updated date. It is saved in desktop dash iCloud. When I tried to rename it to the current date and save it to my one terabyte SSD, my internal drive, I got a permissions error saying that I don't have permission to save it there. I don't want this in the cloud. I want it physically on my drive. Where does my file actually live? Is it on my drive but backed up to the cloud? Is it only in the cloud? Why can't I move it to my internal SSD or does it already live there? And who is wheel? That's a good question. Yeah, so let's let's go through some of this stuff. So any sense a screenshot of this, which shows that this file is actually it was just a screenshot of his of his drive. So well, wheel to answer in reverse. If you look if you've ever looked at the permissions for an item, either a disk or a file or a folder, how do we do that? In the finder, highlight the item and go to the file menu and choose Get Info. Good question. You might see wheel listed there. Wheel is a group of permissions that includes all of the system administrator accounts. I don't I know I looked up years ago why they called this group Wheel in the in the Unix, do you remember why they call it Wheel? We have a local band called Murray the Wheel, but I don't think that's due to him. But I don't think it's him. It's a good local band. But I've also seen Dave. I'm just looking right now at a file that I just randomly opened and it has a group called Staff. Yeah, another one that it's kind of mysterious. So I guess my answer to you is I have no idea. OK, choose Wheel.  And I don't know. Yeah. If anybody knows. Yeah, let us know Apple insiders. Somebody had to come up with this. Well, I think no, Wheel is a Unix thing. It's not unique to Apple, but but I still don't know. But somebody out there will know. Somebody allows and we'll we'll report back. So to answer your question, the these files are the best way to think of them is that they are actually stored in the iCloud, but your Mac probably keeps a local cache of that file on hand. Depending on how you have things set, if you have it set to optimize storage or keep all your local files, that would that that's sort of going to define how iCloud syncing works and how iCloud Drive works. But if you have something that you do not want synced to iCloud, but you have documents and data or documents and desktop syncing turned on. I have a plan for you go into your home folder and create a new folder there. Maybe call it on my Mac only right to stick with Apple's paradigms. And then you can save things in that folder and they will not be synced to iCloud because your entire home folder isn't synced, just your documents folder and your desktop folder and some other things, of course. But but that's what I would do is just make a new folder. It's yours. You know what the system didn't create it. And you can put things in there and you know that they're not going to be synced to iCloud because iCloud didn't create that folder. Does that make sense? Good. That worked, John. Good as any. Cool. Cool. Very good. I found a wheel thing. It's it's it's based in the yeah. Based in what? Old computer lore. OK. Back to like about I found a reference to an article and they said it referred to the 10x operating system, which is like. Oh, OK. The heck is that? I honestly, I've never even heard of it. Oh, oh, interesting, interesting, interesting. Cool. I think it was talking about the big wheel. I mean, we all know about the big wheel, right? I drove one when I was a kid. What? A big wheel. I drove a big wheel when I was a kid. I love that pedal pedal operation version. Yeah, that thing rocked. Yeah, I don't think this is that's not what they meant. What they're talking about. No, I think they're talking about the big wheel. All right. The big like the big cheese. Yeah, OK. All right. Going to let's see. Where are we here? Where are we? Where are we? Let's go. You know what? Yeah, let's go to Brian. It's good. Brian asks, he says, some time ago, I wrote to you about beach balls freezing, etc, occurring on my late 2012 27 inch iMac with a one terabyte fusion drive based on some of your responses to recent collars. I suspect my iMac's hard drive might be failing. I have a one terabyte SSD in a USB 3.1 enclosure, which I've used to test my apps in newer Mac OS versions. It's currently running a six month old clone of my iMac hard drive on high Sierra, I would like to use the SSD external to replace my fusion drive by cloning my iMac's existing Sierra installation to it. The question is, number one, do I first use disc utility to erase the SSD using up some of its read-write cycles and then do the clone or do I number two use carbon copy cloner to clone my Sierra installation over the top of high Sierra installation? Number two seems like there are a lot of opportunities for errors. Number one would allow me to get rid of the high Sierra recovery partition. But are there other ways of doing this? So I would go with option one. It's way cleaner and and you don't want to clone to something only to inherit some weird issues. I mean, I think carbon copy cloner would take care of erasing all the things that shouldn't be there. But honestly, I think that's going to impact you more from a right cycle standpoint than just wiping the drive and cloning out to it. Because wiping the drive doesn't really do anything in terms of right cycles. Just basically says, yeah, that the data is irrelevant. Right. You reuse it. OK, good. And then, yes, you're going to like rewrite everything to it. But you're going to rewrite most everything anyway. And at least this way, you're not going through and deleting stuff. And like, I think this is way cleaner. Just nuke it and go. I don't think that's going to be a problem for you. That that's my thought, Brian. John, do you have any thoughts for Brian here? Hmm. No, I think that's good. Yeah. Yeah. I think, yeah, I think he's got a good wipe it fresh, wipe it fresh. Yeah, that's and then and but he could he could take a well, but he's going to clone out to it so he doesn't even need to worry about, you know, what apps to install or anything like that. It's good. All right, I want to take a minute and talk about our third sponsor, which is Kaptara. We've talked about them before. Kaptara is the leading free online resource to help you find the best software for your business, right? It's great. You go to Kaptara.com slash MGG and they have over seven hundred thousand reviews of products from real software users. You can discover everything you need to make an informed decision. You know, it's do you remember 1989, John, the year the worldwide web was invented? You know, we've come a long way in those 30 years, right? I remember this, right? So why does it feel like a lot of the software we use is stuck in the past? It's because we need to find new stuff. That's why you listen to this show to find new stuff. Well, Kaptara is the way some of we find some of the new stuff that we use here because it's fast, it's easy, it's great. There's more than seven hundred specific categories there again at Kaptara.com slash MGG, everything from project management, email marketing, yoga, studio management, right? Like they really have all kinds of stuff there and we use it too. So you've got to check this out. Visit Kaptara.com slash MGG for free. It doesn't cost you anything and they have all kinds of stuff there. So visit Kaptara.com slash MGG for free today to find the right tools to make 2019 the year for your business. Kaptara.com slash MGG. That's Kaptara C-A-P-T-E-R-R-A dot com slash MGG. Just go visit today. You're going to be blown away and our thanks to Kaptara for sponsoring this episode. All right, moving on to Dave, not me, different Dave. We'll go to listener Dave here and listener Dave asks. He says, oh, the woes. I cannot get a wired external keyboard to play nice with a 2018 iPad Pro. I eliminated every variable I can think of by trying a replacement iPad Pro. Well, a USB C travel doc from OWC, a Satetschi USB C mobile hub pro meant for the new iPad I have, Apple's USB C with charge through adapter, Apple's wired magic keyboard, Mac Alley's ultra slim keyboard, no matter the combination, the same thing happens a hundred percent of the time. When the iPad goes into standby mode, aka black screen, after I walk away, I unlock the iPad only to find that Wi-Fi doesn't work. Huh? Yes, that's right. A wired keyboard kills the Wi-Fi on my iPad. I have to unplug the hub. The keyboard is connected to plug it back in and the Wi-Fi works again.  I eliminated hubs as I tried many keyboards. Ditto iPad, yep. And even in iOS, when I received my new iPad weeks after buying the original, when it came out, I had to do an iCloud restore, so that was a fresh OS. Oh, and when I had those original Bluetooth issues on the first iPad, the Apple Genius had me do an iTunes restore. What else could the variable be? What causes a hub and or wired keyboard combo to make Wi-Fi turn off? So I don't know that we're going to have an answer, but I have some thoughts about this, John, because like. I do as well. Like, I don't think it's I don't think it's randomly turning off the Wi-Fi. I think it's. Like, it's possible to use ethernet, right, with an iPad. And you could have a USB-C to ethernet adapter. I have one in my bag. It would plug into an iPad. So is it possible that when an iPad Pro sees a USB device like this, it's getting confused incorrectly. But nonetheless, getting confused and thinking that it's got ethernet and so it can turn off Wi-Fi and just go with ethernet. Like, even though there's not ethernet on these hubs, that's the, I don't know, or is it saying, yeah. What do you think, John? What I think is when somebody says that something happens 100% of the time. That's a good data point because that's good troubleshooting. The thing is, if you've gotten to the point where you've tried all these things and Dave has the other Dave, not me. Right. I knew what you meant. It could be that the piece of hardware that you have is defective or it could be a bug in the OS. Well, but he's he's ruled out the hardware. Two different iPads. And in that case, it could be a bug in a subtle bug in the OS. It's using, I don't know if I call it exotic hardware additions, but maybe they just don't know how to deal with keyboards or a certain device. Or it could be a bug in the device itself. I don't know. Right. Right. Well, yeah, Wi-Fi turns off when the machine goes to sleep. It's just not turning it back on. That's weird. It could be again. Yeah, I'm almost leaning towards it being a bug in the OS and that definitely. Oh, well, should I turn this thing back on that I turned off? Yeah, I don't think so. And it's like, well, no, really, you should. Yeah, yeah, I know you should come back on. It's just weird that unplugging USB then makes Wi-Fi like there's something in there that's saying, oh, no, we're going to use external. But there's a kind of well, the USB. I mean, the USB device or sorry, the Wi-Fi device is a USB device almost certainly. Right. That's how it is on a Mac, right? You know, it's oh, no, actually, it's not that way on a Mac, is it? Has been. It has been. But I don't think it is now. No, it's not. Is it on the it's not on my on my Mac? It's just a Wi-Fi device. Why would USB be getting in the way of that? No, I'm with you that it's a software thing because the way I look at stuff, I mean, look, when something's intermittent, that's when it's hardware, right? And when it's, you know, it like this is software that is causing this to happen every time. It's not bad hardware. It's bad software. Now, it might be bad software embedded in the hardware, right? But this is not just hardware gone bad, right? For listeners, part of the troubleshooting process is do this, do that, do that other thing or take steps one, two and three. Right. If you get the same outcome, that's good. Exactly. If you get not the same outcome like you try something and all of a sudden the problem that you observe doesn't surface itself. Yeah. I mean, the other thing that occurs to me is that I, you know, some people chuckle at this, but I've seen this actually in some accounts that I followed. They're like a cosmic bit flip may have caused the problem. And you may laugh hilariously at my saying this. But the thing is bits within your computer will change and may cause wreak havoc. And there's nothing you can do about it. Mr. John F. Braun, ladies and gentlemen. I'm telling you, man, I will get articles backing up my claim here. Because the thing is, there are situations, my friend. I'm telling you, as a computer scientist. Cosmic bit flip. Yes, you can have. But that's not this like Dave's problem is not a cosmic flip. No, I don't believe it improperly tested software. Yeah. Yes. In this case, I think it's a software bug, but you could have. I'll find it. No, I've had people refer to this. The thing is, you can have cosmic rays impact the energy within your computing device and flip a bit. That is. Yeah, I know. I know you're not wrong. And even though you have the error correction. Yeah. If you don't choose to use it, then you're right. And then I mean, just imagine the chaos if a bit flipped and you didn't know it. Yeah, fair. Yeah, imagine the chaos. Listen, folks, if you wanted to be able to type the term cosmic bit flip cosmic bit flip, but you couldn't remember exactly what it was or you didn't want to munch up the way you typed it, you would use the product that our next sponsor makes, which is TextExpander, OK, because TextExpander lets you take things that you type and save them and assign them to short little snippets so that actually they are the snippets, they assign them to short little shortcuts so that you could type, you know, CBF and then that would expand into cosmic bit flip, right? And then you'd get that right because it's hard to say. It's even harder to type, but there's other things that are harder to type to like typing out an address, right? You don't want to get that wrong.  Or in my case, I tell you every week, I live in Durham, New Hampshire. There is a more popular Durham in our country and it is in North Carolina. Think about how that works from an address standpoint. Durham comma NH versus Durham comma NC.  So you want to get this stuff right. You also want to have like all your customer service replies, you want to have them perfectly honed so that you're not making this stuff up on the fly.  This is what TextExpander does for you. It helps you communicate smarter. All the time. And you get 20% off your first year subscription at TextExpander.com slash podcast. Again, it's not a mistake. TextExpander.com slash podcast is where you go on checkout. They'll ask where you heard about it. Of course, you'll choose Mac Geek out because that's where you heard about it. But go check it out. TextExpander.com slash podcast and our thanks to Smile and the folks who make TextExpander for sponsoring this episode. All right, Kevin has a stellar question here, my friend, and I will find it and I will even drop a time stamp because that's what we do. Kevin asks, just some time ago, I ripped my DVD collection to my NAS using a piece of software called Rip It. The resulting disc images are in video TS folders and play perfectly with Apple's DVD player or with VLC. I recently installed Plex, however, and would like to set it up to make it easy for my non-geek family members to browse our movie collection. However, Plex does not support video TS folders. What's the best way to convert these movies to a folder that Plex does use? So really, the the answer I think is Handbrake here. Handbrake is is truly built to do this. It you can point it at a DVD sort of. But even easier is to point it at this video TS folder. And then from there, it will convert it to whatever you want. While you're at it, take a look at the presets in Handbrake for H.265 conversions, try that because it's going to convert way smaller than the H.264 ones and see if it works with the devices that you and your family are going to use. If so, then I would just standardize on H.265 these days because it'll save you a ton of space. As long as it works with the devices you have to use. Thoughts on any of this, John? I'm no, I'm good. OK. Good. Now, I haven't yet delved into the H.265 world. I'm wondering how that will work with my Tivo. Should I be concerned? Do you play movies from your Tivo? Where do you use your Apple TV? No, actually, mostly I do my Apple TV from from the Synology. Yeah, right. Using their products. So I don't know if it. I don't know if I've actually tried with 265, so I probably should. Yeah, try it out. I know I know the newer Tivo's support support, you know, whatever they call H.E.V.C. or H.265. Oh, OK. There are multiple names for the same thing. Yeah, Apple calls it H.E.V.C. Or H.E.E. Yeah, H.E.V.C. is what they call it. It's H.265 is what that is. And I think I think Netflix uses that too now because it's way more efficient, right, you know, to send. And I'm pretty sure the Tivo Bolt supports that. So the newer Tivo's too. Yeah. All right. What else do we have here, John? Yeah, you know, we have enough Synology users here. Let's let's do this one last one last one from Louis here. And Louis writes, where are you, Louis? I got you. Louis writes, he says, I'm having a strange problem with Synology Drive. And I'm wondering if you can help me. I've set up Drive on Synology to sync folders with my Mac. So for those of you that have Synology that don't use it or don't have Synology Drive is it used to be called Cloud Station. They're effectively the same thing, at least in terms of the way this question is is bringing us. And it's the piece of software on your Synology that lets you set up your own Dropbox, right? So you put Drive on your Mac, you put Drive on your Synology. And you and you can your Mac like my Mac right now, I just saw it syncing with Synology Drive back in my office, right? It works across firewalls and routers and all of that stuff.  So it's like having your own Dropbox. OK, he says, so I've set up Drive on my Synology to sync folders on my iMac and, of course, it also syncs on my laptop and my iPhone. Everything is working as expected between my iMac, my laptop and my Synology, but not on my iPhone or iPad. Using the Drive app, I can connect to my Drive folder on the Synology. But the problem is that I can't see all my files. Certain folders sync other ones. I get the syncing wheel for a moment, then it says no items. Sometimes I try again and I get the files, but certain folders just won't sync at all. I've tried several things and I'm actually not going to go through any of them. Well, because there's there's a better way is what it is. So there is the Synology Drive app for iOS and it has some handy things. But if you've got a lot of data out there and you just want to browse through what you have, a better way to do it is to use an app called DS file. It's also in the app store. It's also available for free. And this will let you browse the folders on your Synology in a much more, I think, streamlined way than the Drive app does. I keep both on my devices and I sort of flip flop back and forth between them. But for what Louis trying to do here, the Drive app is frankly not the one I would use. It's the wrong one. So use the DS file app and I think that'll get you there. You've used both of these, right, John? I actually haven't delved into Drive. So but I do use the file app. Yeah. Yeah. DS file, the Synology apps on iOS are for the most part work the way I want them. Yeah. Yeah. I think they work great. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. It's good stuff. All right. Well, you know, it's late, John. I think especially with the idea that we have about potentially doing another episode, even just a short one this week. I think we're going to wrap it up here. I brought the band. I did. I know. Well, you know, they traveled. They travel relatively cheaply, so we can we can make it work with them. We are here at CES and we couldn't do what we do here at CES with it. Well, without money to be perfectly frank, because it it costs money to travel and all of the crazy stuff. And we have some sponsors for our CES coverage. Text expander is was a sponsor of this episode in particular, but is also a sponsor of our CES coverage. And this is site-wide. So all the coverage you see at Mac Observer and all the stuff that John and I are doing from here, all sponsored by these folks. So text expander, Carbon Copy Cloner, which we also happen to mention in the episode, not not intentionally. But this is how it goes. And also not intentionally mentioned in the episode, but OWC. So text expander, Carbon Copy Cloner and OWC at MaxSales.com are our three sponsors for our CES coverage. Thank you. Yes. Thank you to all of them for sure. Thanks to all of you for listening. Thanks to thanks to you for, you know, sending in your questions and your tips and all of that stuff. It's it's fantastic. We are we're so lucky to send them. Oh, I think we already did that. Yeah.  Visit the forums at MacGeekGab.com forums. We we would love to see you there. So that's what I have. I want to thank Cash Fly for providing all the bandwidth to get the show from us to you. I want to thank our sponsors. Of course, ExpressVPN.com slash MGG, OpsGenie.com. Smile, of course, with Text Expander at TextExpander.com slash podcast, Capterra.com slash MGG. Those are the sponsors of the episode. Then, of course, we have Bear Bones at BearBones.com. Eero at Eero.com slash MGG. Ring at Ring.com slash MGG. Man's getting busy out there, John. I got one more for you, Dave. OK. Which none of the sponsors brought up here. But I think it's a very important point, Dave, especially being in Vegas. And that is that when we are here, we won't get caught.


situational awareness is so important, man. It's so important. Knowing where you are, what the setting is, and how to interact. You know what? Can I say this? It boils down to business etiquette. A lot of people don't know how to practice business etiquette. Or any etiquette at all. I think we also have a problem in this industry of people trying to benefit from other people. People rarely approach me and say, Wendy, how can I help you? It's always, I need you to do this. I want this from you. I want that. I have this great idea. You need to help me bring it to market.


It can't be bought, it can't be sold. I'm actually not gonna do it. Just like for this, I'm sticking his tongue to you. Hey, Kleda's want one. Kleda. The other one right here, he's Kleda. I have worked with some amazing drivers over the years. And even though I will only be able to experience a small part of it, I want to better understand the challenges that are in dirt while living a life on the road. These remind me of beach chairs. It just... What's your antenna sticking straight out the wrong direction? It's pointed the right direction. That's not the right direction. Well, no, okay, like if you see, let's look at another truck. Okay, like this guy? Yeah, like they're straight. Okay, now see how he has those on his mirrors though? Well, those are patriotic. Does that one have one? No, no, they don't come with mounts there. It's an aftermarket thing, so you have to go out and buy it yourself. It's so weird. So, I don't... What's that for? The mount itself. Not like the antenna part. Oh, it's for the CV itself. Oh, because you have a CV in that makes it. You know, that's the first time that we've driven through security and they haven't come out and looked. They know... I mean, my truck sticks out. Because it's white? Because it's white. I've got the black grille. I have different style headlights. I also have that FloBalow kit for the aerodynamics. Yeah, so then there's wheel covers that go over, so it's... Because you want to try and make your truck as aerodynamic as possible because the better fuel comes. Yeah, yeah. And you want to look cool. Yeah, that's the main part. You want to look cool. It's like when you have a truck that... You know people lower their trucks and then put like the... What are they called? Body effects, ground effects. Oh, yeah, yeah, like the body kits or whatever to make them... Do people still do that? I feel like it's not very popular anymore. I think since the whole Fast and the Furious movement kind of died out. It's not a thing. No, but... I mean, I don't get fuel at QT a lot. No. But other places you get fuel, you get rewards though. Yeah. So... Like you can get free showers. You can get free showers, free coffee, you know, points to purchase things in stores and such and so on. So it makes more sense to get those points if you can. I mean company drivers, I think they're suggested to get it at night. Yeah, if you're close to a terminal with fuel, they're gonna... Your fuel solution is gonna say go to the yard. So like your fuel card wouldn't even be open to go somewhere else. Right. If you're a company. Okay. How many gallons would you get? How many gallons do the tanks hold? So on my truck, I've got a 220 gallon tank. So I can carry 240 gallons of fuel. That's crazy. So that's a penny or more. So it's like a couple bucks. So yeah, it's a couple bucks. I mean... Am I calculating that right? Yeah, yeah. I mean if it's a penny difference, you're looking at... You know, let's say just an average fill-up is about 200 gallons. So I mean you're looking at $2. So I mean if it's... If it starts... The price separations, if it starts to get more dramatic... Yeah. Then okay, then it'll make more sense to fuel it in the night yard. How many gallons do you have to buy? I'm getting into the details here. Why? How many gallons do you need to buy to get a free shower at, I don't know, gloves or whatever? 50 gallons. Only 50 gallons. Some places have upped it between either 60 or 75. But most like Pilot Flying J and Loves is 50 gallons. And how much does it usually cost to take a shower? Showers are between $12 and $15. That's crazy. Yeah. So like... So crazy. By getting fuel at QT, I won't be able to get a shower. But fuel at QT is cheaper than it would be at Loves, Pilot, Flying J, T8, Petro. Because they don't have any of those. Right. Do they give you... Do they give you stuff? No. You don't... There's no reward system with them at all. There's none. You just get good snacks. QT has good snacks. Yeah. I think. That's the main reason I stopped. You get those chicken...  The little like... Looks like a taquito. Yeah. And looks like spicy chicken. Yes. Yeah. Those are addicting. They're so good. MSG... There's reasons why it's addicting. Yes. Exactly. I'm assuming. So where do you run? Um... Like what does your route and home time look like? From here to El Paso, in fact... Or I'll go out to El Paso. I do a lot of Phoenix to Southern California and then I'll go up to Northern California. Yeah. Lots of freight in there, huh? There's tons of freight in Southern California. Which... Ridiculous.  Traffic is bad. But for me, as an operator, I can live with the traffic because it pays really well. Yeah. Yeah. You're making money. So... And you can also try to maneuver your pickups and deliveries around traffic. Right? Is that fair? I know traffic is pretty crazy all the time there. They try to get the appointments set up. Yeah. So, I mean, sometimes you have to, you know, let's say you deliver down in Vernon, California. Or Long Beach area. Yeah. Yeah. 8 o'clock in the morning. Well, if you stay at the Fontana Yard, you're going to have to leave at about 5.30 in the morning to be able to get down there at 8. That's crazy. So it's best to just try to shut down. It's best to try and shut down at the customer? Yeah. Yeah. Some places you can. Other places you can't. When I worked in operations, I worked with the customers in Southern California. And I remember all of them would be like, yeah, you can shut down.  You can't shut down there.    Because they know that it's going to be easier if you can shut down in the dock or whatever. Do you have a favorite customer down in Southern Cal? I'm not going to say do you have an unfavorite customer. I don't mind them all. I mean, they're all giving me what I need. They're all giving me the freight. Are there some companies that are known for being more friendly or more driver-centric? Like, they care about you. They have snacks for you. Maybe they even offer a bathroom. I know that's unheard of. Some places are getting better, especially in Southern California, where they'll offer a restroom for drivers, at least. I think it's crazy that that wasn't a thing. No, it definitely wasn't a thing. And there's still places out there that don't offer a restroom for drivers at all.  And that's not the case. Well, I don't want to say any more, but I mean, not the case at all. Look, this guy's learning how to fuel up, too. I'm just kidding. Where are my cards? I'm going to go recruit some drivers. What do you have to do? So what I do is I keep track of all my fuel and everything. So of course, there's an app for that. There's an app. So this app is through Let's Truck, where I just type in my mileage, my fuel, how much fuel I put on, and then whether it's a full fill-up or a partial fill-up. So today I'm probably... Does it help you track your MPGs? Yes. Because if you look on here, let's see. So right now, I'll tell you that my 30-day average in my truck is 7.9 miles per gallon. And then I'm only spending... It only cost me 38 cents a mile to drive this truck. Do you put in your cost? Yeah. And then how many gallons you put in all that and it calculates it? Yeah, and it calculates all that and everything. That's cool. 81 fuel-ups this month? No, no, no. Since I've got the truck and everything, I can go back and look at my older truck and I had 520 fuel-ups. Wow, a new truck. Yeah, I used to be refrigerated. That's why Chris knows you. Yeah, that's it. So, all right, let's add some fuel here. Where's my gloves? Oh, they conveniently clashed with my shirt. Just enough. Just enough. Look at that, this is fun. Let's go meet people. Do you talk to people when you fuel up? Not typically. No. So this is my driver ID. With my ID? Yeah. And we'll sit here and ask you 100 million questions. That's just for the... So, I don't need to fill up.  What makes you super prideful about your career? To me, it feels like you're helping others, I guess. Because you're delivering freight. You're delivering freight. Granted, today I'm going to deliver bubble wrap for Amazon. So if you order something on Amazon and there's bubble wrap in that packaging, I help to make that possible. The ones that they inflate themselves? Yeah. They don't use traditional bubble wrap. They use those big bubbles. Let's say you get your small package in a manila envelope and it's in bubble wrap. Okay.  Oh, I must be ordering their own stuff. Or maybe just too large of an item. Yeah, that's true. I do, yeah. That's really cool. I mean, I feel like you're helping out others. I mean, I'd be lying if I didn't mention that the money was good, too. I mean, because you think about why you do a certain job and you do it to support your family. Yeah, exactly.   Your daughter. My wife, my daughter. My super snoring bulldog. Oh my gosh. Why is that yours? I was like, where is he going? But yeah, they're really my why and kind of what drives me. Yeah. What led you into trucking? Like what you were doing before and then what path you took to get into trucking and to decide to get your CD on and all that. Because I was actually stocking shelves at a grocery store at nighttime. I was... How far back are we going here? Let's see, I started driving in 2000. My driving career started in 2011. Okay. So 2010, 2009, those two years I went from moving cars around at a car dealership to selling gym memberships to then stocking shelves at a grocery store, which I had done previous years to that. And then I wanted to get into something where there's a career where I can do something that has longevity. Yeah. I mean, granted, I don't have that much education background. I don't have my associates at all. But so my thought to myself was what's the best job that I can do without my associates or any type of degree. The most money I can make without, yeah. So and I got, I said, you know what, why not truck driving? I got student loans. Oh gosh, yeah. If you're watching this, don't ever get student loans. So bad. Horrible thing to do. They charge so much more at schools. Like what did you pay $8,000? It would have been like, yeah, it was about $9,000. Yeah. Financially speaking, yeah, you don't need to tell me, obviously. But like how much of an increase, like percentage wise or like two times the amount, whatever, do you see now where you're at compared to where you started? Like not the first couple of months, but when you were like a new experienced driver. Quite the increase. You mean in being a lease operator? Yeah, like three times. When people ask me, I explain it to them this way. Okay, there's days, I'll have weeks where a company driver will make more money than I do. But that could be because of breakdown or because of home time. Different factors can do that. Then there are weeks. As an owner operator that I will make two, maybe three times as much as I did as a company driver. But you'll take hold of that. I'll take hold of that. So it's... It's worth it, right? It is worth it. But doing this you have to be have a little bit of common sense and be kind of smart about it. Yeah. Because you can't just come out here and hammer the pedal down Okay, you... This truck is yours. It's a tool. You need to make sure your truck is properly maintained. You need to do maintenance to prevent any breakdowns at all. Yeah. And you have a maintenance fund for that, right? Yeah. And I got lucky with this truck because this truck is still under a freight-liner warranty. It's about 2,000 miles. That's cool. So... I got really lucky with this truck. Yeah. And... Good old cold trans. Yeah, good old cold trans. And you've got to be smart about it because your number one expense in this business is fuel. Yeah. So you keep your... The less your foot is down, What about advice for somebody getting into the industry or that's new in the industry? Don't be closed-minded. Come in with an open mind about this. Because this is... Is it a job? Yes. But it's also a lifestyle. Yeah. Okay. What was the biggest adjustment that you saw in yourself? Being away. My now-wife and I... We were pretty new when I got into this. And... So that was... That was a big adjustment. And it's not only an adjustment on my part, but an adjustment on her part as well. Yeah. Your dogs. Your child. Like, it's an adjustment to everybody, but your family that doesn't get to see you. Yeah, it was a big adjustment just for... And as long as you have someone in your corner that's willing to adjust and adapt with you, then this... This is easy. So, I mean... What do you guys do now that help with that? Like, you were talking about face-timing with your daughter. Oh, yeah. We get to face-timing all the time. Is that like your secret to making it not as bad? Yeah. Because, like, she'll go to the park with Grandma or something like that and Grandma'll send me a video of her swinging in the swing or something. And as much as I'm home, I haven't taken her to the park to go swing on the swings or go down the slide or stuff like that. So you're missing that first time. Yeah. I missed her first steps. It just happened a couple weeks ago. But they were caught on camera. Yeah. I don't see that. But... See the joy in her face. Yeah. But now, she gets older and everything and seeing the joy in her face, like, when I come home, it's really neat. I mean, it just... Whoa. All right, we are gonna try and work our way in here where people don't like us too much. But we're small enough. I'll smile at them. These are my goats. This is my dream come true.  The term back of the day would be called desoling down. Desoling down. So when was the last time you fed the goats, sir? Oh, my gosh, it's been a while. I'm surprised she didn't come with her on treats all the time. I feel...what else should we get? Want to put your fries number in? Okay. Hey, Tiffany. There's a Starbucks over there. Do you think we can pick them up? Okay. I need a knife.  Do you want another one? Just like for this pet. I think a lot of these babies... Look at this one sticking his tongue through the wall. Hey, clean this one. This. This one right here, please. How are you gonna do this?  Hey, aggressive. Hey, this one's such a nerd. I love it. I feel like they don't know what to do if it's too... When they get too thick. I need to feed me more of those delicious cats. That little one looks like a cow right there. A cow goat. How are the miles at night? They're really good right now. They're like the dad. There's one down there that looks really old. This dude has a serious beard dang going on. Oh, you're cool, bro. Do you like country? I was born country. Let's see. Do you ever forget that you have a loaded trailer? No. No, because you can feel it? Yeah. With this load being as light as it is, so do you know who Chris Tableton is? Yeah, of course. I love him. I said I thought about trying to put this song on my channel, but I still can't get it right. The sound? Not the lyrics, but just the... I feel like I messed up somewhere in the melody and everything. When you sing it? Yeah. Are you trying to be a country star? Really? I almost went out and tried to try it out for the voice this year.  The voice, my transportation. It wouldn't work out with my schedule. I don't think you can deliver a load, hit up a bar to sing. It's more precious than gold.