I'm out of here dude. I'm out of here. Just don't don't mention me. Just pretend. I'm not here What? Which way do I blow up? God how's it going everybody dots and I hear back with some more dragon ball fighters ranked matches this time playing the main team Except now we're also including cooler and we're going up against the second highest rank of the game too So if there was ever a time to test this man, it would be now You know what hold on let me see if I can't know that is not how it works, but it still hits that was sick I'm just gonna let it to let this fly then all right. We'll set up for this This is this should give me a reset here if I go for oh, no, no Oh nice Let me deep pee that thing. Oh, I'm already having a good time with cooler. Oh And yonk through makes it so easy for that to connect to oh dude. This is sick. All right We're gonna settle for the same reset again All right not reset, but like that. Oh, that would have hit. I'm still going for it Okay, we have we have definitely played a little crazy beam beam assist actually works step on this man All right decent start for cooler I have not really talked a lot about the character But yeah coolers a character that I feel is pretty rare to see online not because I mean he's not even that bad In fact, I don't think he's bad at all But he is a little you know like it is sometimes unsatisfying how some stuff like it's kind of a double-edged short all of coolers Some coolers moves have so such a big range that a lot of the times you won't be able to chain into lights So I think not being able to hit those combos can be unsatisfying to some people beam Fear is moving, but an air dragon rush hits that wow that was insane um Yeah, I guess I'll just save the bar keeping down That was sick. That was sick. All right. I think we should be able to kill in two bars. Ah Yeah, it's gonna be to it I wanted to get it a bit cheaper, but coolers gonna have to settle for less plant this man in the ground I really wish you'd had an animation where they stayed there. That would be top-notch. All right. Do we make a read here?  Oh, I can't believe you let us get away with that a nice ex elbow evades the punch comes right back Okay, we made a few mistakes there at the end with cooler But he set up a really good endgame for us if we can't bring it home. That's on the rest of the boys Oh, no Cooler did his share cooler did more than his fair share. I don't think he has any spear puncher No, oh no, I regret doing that now All right, I think okay due to these circumstances. I'm just gonna spend all the bar I'm gonna spend all the bar and see if he can take this mix. He's gonna have to block He's on everybody's favorite game show guess the mix And he couldn't guess it right cross-up was the correct option and we're able to walk away with the first game victory Will we be able to close the set though? I feel like we got I don't know if coolers gonna be able to put in that much work Again, actually, maybe if we clean up the clean up cooler. Oh That lockdown beers was longer than I expected. Oh goku assist to get me to the corner as well. All right, nice Yeah, this is already a little bit worse. Oh My god, it wasn't even that scary of a mix. I think I could have just superdashed But it was it was scary-looking. I definitely froze up in fear. That was sick. Oh Nice barrier just in time That he's moving right. He's hitting yonja. I didn't even notice mercy mercy. I didn't see you. You're hitting yonja. Oh my god I'm just Wow, uh, that was sick. Oh my god. Wow Yeah, um, so you guys remember how I said I don't know if we do as good. Oh my goodness What? That was so good. Oh The beam was nice though. I'm still making this comeback. Mmm. That was fake confidence by the way You got to learn to tell the difference between real and fake confidence. That's mostly what this channel is about It's a learning experience Do I go overhead here? Oh No, oh no, oh just beam just beam it out.  No back dash. It's fine We were just slightly out of range, but slightly out of range is still out of range Four bars. I'm so worried about the 17 bit without base Goku assist. It should be a little easier. Oh Just step the beam is really coming in handy. He wants to get to me and mix me So the second I block is when I start losing. Oh my goodness. We're almost we're on the road back I can't believe it Nothing we have will kill here though rock. All right the second we block we lose Oh Get out of the air the no fly zone. I saw 17 trying to style. I had to let him know. Oh That was smart. Oh, I didn't think you'd have the patience there. I really got baited by that orb Oh, no and reset as well. Are we dead? No, we got very lucky the beam again Saved my life like five times, but I want to see six at least beam so stay out make sure you're still around. Oh No, no back that. Oh No, we still got lucky Can somebody get this orb off the screen? It's scaring me Wow that range. I tried to superdash. I didn't want to jump into the orbit. Oh, that was good That was good. That was really good. I did the orb pressure at the end was very scary Actually, that was just a very scary game. Yeah, that was like the haunted house of DBFZ games I'm gonna do I'm here.  I think I just downed. I should I should spark while I'm still alive Okay, nevermind to the corner post the coast. I'll take that. Not bad. I'm switching out just to preserve a bit of blue life He's probably gonna superdash here. Oh No, we were correct, but it's also wrong. All right to the corner. We need to get some pressure going Pressure would be really good right now Okay, he the barrier was so nice it bought Goku plenty of time I panicked we should still be able that drop that drop change things Oh and the bad angle really bad angle means Android 17 is gonna escape death again.  I couldn't see dude. I know not cooler again I got I gotta stop calling assist with 17 around. Okay coolers going to come in with bad blue life But at least he's not dead man. I got it. Okay dropping those kills on 17 was really bad Whoo 17 bad going crazy. Oh, it didn't hit Okay Please mmm. That was risky, but I got desperate. I saw 17 was healing the blue life I was like I got to make my move now. It's gonna come down to just yonks against the world This is never this is never the comeback. I wanted all base Goku assist covers the options We spark here for sure. I mean Here's his DP is really good. It's snapped even oh Wow that combo I am learning a lot. I'm learning a lot about what combos Okay, we got away with a pretty incredible thing there I Think we level three the thing is I don't want to kill my own sparking timer But at this point I have to force these mix-ups What are the odds he DPs? Okay, okay, we got we got lucky no DP Oh once again, I do believe this one's real confidence. I need to believe in myself here. Oh, no season 3.5 almost killed me. Oh Barrier so good. Oh nice extension as well micro dash up Let's me go barrier for sure. I wanted the dragon rush there. I thought I'd be able to time it Are we dead? He wouldn't spark unless he was sure but maybe a drop. I'm out of here, dude I'm out of here. Just don't don't mention me. Just pretend. I'm not here. What? Which way do I blow up? God what happened? I think I don't know what happened. I think I should have just Okay, no, I should have just blocked down back, right? I got mixed I got mixed out of my shoe bro That has to be the fakest thing he has in his bag, but I just have never seen Dude, that scared me to my core. Oh my god. What a great first set. All right, we are back with the next set here I'm hoping we can get a hole. I don't know why I'm starting like this. At least we get a tech at least we get a tech You know, come here. Oh I'm getting desperate again. All right, but at this cube last there to maximize damage All right, I'll take that. Oh, come on. I didn't know I was gonna reset him there What is it matter we are moving right now Can't really do much though, so I'll just take the safe stuff I'll take the safe stuff. I'm okay with not killing in this round, especially if he wants to spark I got mixed there though Frieza versus cooler. Let's go. This is a cannon matchup now. Oh, this is a cannon matchup I'll take it dude Nice beautiful love to see it could have done a better combo, but Why why DP here, right? No, couldn't get the DP Go step on this bit one two, I just do it again, right? Yeah, why not? No No, I was doing it to be plus. I regret it. All right, if we switch out we can sense you beat him up to full health Watch this. Look at the blue life Boom, it's gone, baby sense to beat is so good And I I see a little bit of blue life on a coolers younger brother there interesting Let me go ahead and entertain that a little bit All right, that's Frieza dead while we also got a side switch off that that was cheap Why not let cooler come in to finish off his brother though. Go ahead cooler. Oh, that's my ship in the background I'm taking control of that ship. All right. We have the screw neutral button neutral. I don't believe in it Bardock decided he believes in it Nice dragon rush. I didn't see it coming. I'll give it up What do you do pick you spend half a bar here? Oh, that was not the half a bar. I thought you'd spend All right, we're out guard cancel trying to keep spark alive We'll thank fist didn't get me much. I'm out. I'm out Whoa, hold them down rock assist coming through in a big way. I Didn't knock it. I didn't hide for some reason. I did too well. It's the old bar doc But I can't I can't capitalize on that. Oh I got an extra sliding though. I'll take that pick up in the corner. How do you block? Oh my So he's not blocking he's decided against blocking I think I got since he'd been on that one That's fine. I had a bit of blue life. I wanted to recover anyway Okay, we got lucky there I was trying to bait out a counter, but I definitely hit two buttons that I didn't want to and if you would have countered I would have been dead Okay, why not level one? He barely has any health. We're looking for a chip kill here neutral neutral That auto corrected by the way I definitely didn't do that in that direction, but cooler. Go ahead pick up this cameraman. Hmm. Where are you going? He was the last one alive other than my team. We had to turn our attention towards the camera All right big first game, but we got that last set. Can we actually finish strong here the fun is okay I'm sweating. He did a stamp an aggressive one at that I'm gonna expect he bar rocks us. He didn't Throw neutral on mine on my watch. I don't think so. Wow. That was slow. All right I'm gonna try it again. That is plus, but he didn't block it. We do it again. We got pretty lucky there I can't believe that didn't hit us. Whoo blue comma, but if it hits, it's real. Ah It off me He's playing aggressive now just jumping and lairating. I'll take that. I'll take that every day of the week Why do I keep doing medium done is that I am not thinking? Oh, I couldn't beat out to pick a lower block block block Freeze up freeze the rocks. We got a switch if we live we switch, but he is almost at three bars. I Think our health saves us here. Oh, he missed. Oh, he didn't miss. I thought that was way too high We should still live. I think just based off health Yeah, but barely All right, we're out Bardock. How about you? How about I treat you to some blue life? All right, as long as we don't miss this we're good to go that is another kill We're gonna let cooler stay on the back though. In fact, oh That was so expensive. I regret doing that. I Always think I'll just throw a few destructed this but those things scale man. They do not let you get away with a Extremely cheap kills there. I'd see beam assist. I'll take that every day of the week. Why not Reason I'm worried about Frieza doing a wake-up level three. I don't know why I don't know why it's not like He's done that in this match, but he's getting close to em Never mind as long as we win here Frieza won't get that chance nice Coolers in the back. We definitely got to bring him in We definitely got to bring cooler in Oh, I'm scared. Oh Beam assist All right, there we go big first hit we got a force that sparking and this might be just a hit to do that Come on pick a little what's what's the move? I'm baiting it. I'm just going for it I'm too slow. Oh I Try to get too fancy pick a little orb. Did it mess it up? Oh Down tech maybe nope. I'm getting combo'd dragon rush. Oh He's trying to take out all of my limit break apart. I Can't let him do this. I got to leave I got to go Yoncha leave man leave yoncha. Oh, no No, I'm gonna keep yoncha out of there. All right now. I'm really stressed Now I am really stressed Oh pillow does so much damage Pick a little why oh a chance an opportunity Counter-level three hit me. Yes Yes, I don't know if that kills it probably won't supernova. I have nothing but faith in supernova Then I'm gonna have to make my read low low Are you tripping? I? Know he says trembling, but I still like tripping better. Oh my goodness. That was a good game Hopefully you enjoyed this. I definitely got to run this team again because mostly because let's be honest This was an Android 17 video wasn't it? I mean it has to be I got destroyed by that 17 But if you did enjoy it, let me know down below in the comment section Also, feel free to let me know any other teams you'd like to see me play or characters and while you're down there Make sure to like button and subscribe to the channel if you like these videos and want to see them Keep coming out other than that There should be some videos on your screen that you can also check out if they catch your eye But I have been Dante do it and I will see you in the next one


The climate justice here in central Davis where there are a lot of government agencies which I tend to think of as ways of accessing decision makers and the powers that be that are helping us try to engage with the climate emergency. And so we're going to be visiting about a half dozen of those, learning something about what they're up to, meeting some of those decision makers and also reawakening as the clutches of COVID less than a little bit and we can get out and about instead of all just distancing and sitting at home suffering from the pandemic. So this is a bit of a reactivization or remobilization. Hey, here's our co-organizer Julia. They take away that it's important for them as concerned citizens to stay as engaged as possible. That good to some good work is being done but we need even more and you know the way we make that happen as citizens is to be present, be attend meetings, talk to your elective representatives, show up for these kinds of events, make it clear that you know how you vote is going to be dependent on the you know the kind of actions that are taken or not taken. So it's really about encouraging people to be engaged and that there are many points of access to helping address this problem. I'm Joe Denencio who is the president of the school board and they're going to talk to us a little bit about what Davis Joint Unified School District is doing with respect to the climate emergency. And I apologize, I'm asked on maybe a little hard to hear so I'll do my best to project. So again I'm Joe Denencio and I'm president of the Davis Joint Unified School District School Board of Education. You may know that about 18 months ago we passed a resolution called for action to address climate change. I was resolution 4719 on June 20th of 2019 and there was a great march that spring as well. We had a wonderful conversation with many members of the community especially members of our student body who we're always glad to hear from and at that time we committed to a number of steps that I'm glad to say we have begun to move forward with. One, Davis has always been a very positive bike friendly town and we have continued to promote efforts to enable our students and our staff to come to campus either on bike or by foot. And Dr. Bose knows I'm a big aficionado with both. I try to get 25 to 30,000 steps a day and I think so many of our community members are super pro walking and pro biking. Second thing we committed to was to focus on education in particular on climate science and on warming the science in K through 12. And we're continuing to do that to make sure that is part of our curriculum. A third thing that we committed to was to move towards more energy efficient appliances and devices in all of our campuses. And I'm proud to tell you that we've been through a process of I believe removing all of our traditional lighting and now fully LED lighting in virtually all of our campuses and looking for replacing HVAC units and other appliances that use electricity with energy efficient ones. And then the last one many of you are well aware that we want to make a push towards solar energy and sustainability for the district. And a lot of community action around this two years ago. We hired a firm, we've developed a plan for implementation of solar energy on virtually all of our campuses. In fact I believe that because the only one excluded is Fairfield which is a little bit challenging because it's effectively a two-room schoolhouse in West Davis. But the plan is to deliver more than 80 percent of our power on each of our campuses using solar. And we're just about done with our plan and our goal is to begin implementing the actual construction of these later on this calendar year. And many of you know we already have solar in a number of our sites including Opportunia High and Outdoor the City. So that's a little bit of overview of what's happened over the last roughly 18 or 20 months since last we were able to have a conversation with the students and community members about this. I'm just I'm really happy that the city is going forward with their Climate Action Plan. They're starting it now. There's a workshop on April 22nd at 6.30 on Zoom. So I hope that people tune in to that and give input and get involved in our Climate Action Plan. Yeah I don't know if you have any questions or Could you say a little more Gloria about how the the outreach is going to work on this updating of the climate the climate what is it called the climate climate adaptation and action plan? Sure yeah so there are some we're going to do the workshops and this is the first of of that set of workshops I'm not sure how many but I know that we've gotten really good at our outreach lately especially through the Healthy Davis together. We've really tried to reach out to groups that we don't typically reach out to and try to get them engaged in the work that we're doing. There was oh right now that we're recruiting for commissions is has it's really shown up there so the because our outreach is different than what it has been in the past and we really wanted to diversify our commissions and so we are seeing applications come through for the commissions that we haven't ever seen before so the demographics of what we're getting on our commission applications are a lot different so we're getting a lot of more UCD students we're getting a lot more people of color we're getting a lot more you know varying ages of people that are coming through and we think that that is because our outreach has changed and so we're hoping that you know going forward with any of the community outreach that we do for you know any any of the plans that that we're putting together that this will serve as well. What are we doing with climate change and that's definitely a very important topic and we have been on the vineyard I would say not only climate change but also climate smart agriculture and that's the term that I do want to do. We don't as a federal agent our role is to work with farmers, ranchers and of course our owners and protecting the environment, protecting the natural resources and providing conservation practices not only to provide uh protect those resources but also sustain sustain them for the long haul and we totally understand based on the science and I feel myself very proud of being a scientist being an engineer being a scientist that we utilize our practices to do that. One of the main practices that we're using or focusing on is on soil health using soil practices to sequester carbon on the ground. Just giving you an example the last uh there was a study conducted by Inazias Science in 2004 and 2018 looking at how many how much carbon is used in the western underground utilizing our conservation practice and we're very very happy and actually very proud of those results that shows that our conservation practice especially those that we utilize for soil health utilize for soil health uh and sequester carbon and greenhouse gases actually reduce the amount of carbon who actually implemented carbon incorporated carbon on the ground and reduce the amount of uh NOx or uh greenhouse gases the equivalent the equivalent to 79 000 vehicles a year being driven in and on the roads in california and also reduce the carbon footprint uh or that equivalent to the carbon footprint of 39 over 39 000 californians oh very good


So, this talk is about lightweight multiplication in finite fields and application to linear layer of block ciphers. And this is joint work with Torsten Kranz and Gregor Leander. So, you probably all know the common block cipher design of a substitution permutation network, which is based on a round iterated key alternating cipher. And every round consists of an S-box layer, which is made up on the parallel application of n-bit S-boxes followed by a linear layer, which is for mixing the outputs of the S-box over the whole state. And today we focus on the construction of this linear layer. And if you want to design it, the goal is always to optimize it once in terms of security of course, and it's a second step in terms of efficiency. And lots of constructions of linear layers we know are based on so-called maximum distance separable codes or also called MDS codes. And lots of ciphers follow this approach. And for example, the well-known AES is one of these examples. And the advantage of this code-based approach is the so-called wide ray strategy, which allows for strong arguments on the security of a primitive. So let me give you an example. What does MDS matrix mean? And it means that it reaches an optimal branch number over two consecutive rounds, which means that we can guarantee an optimal number of active S-boxes for differential and linear attacks. And if you are not familiar with differential and linear attacks, all you have to remember in this talk is that an equivalent formulation is that every square submatrix has to be non-singular. And then the matrix will be MDS. And in this example, you see that if we choose a generic field element alpha, then we can make this matrix MDS for a suitable alpha. And the conditions on this property can be phrased as polynomials in alpha. All you have to do is you have to compute the determinants of all these submatrices. And then you can see a list of equations, so a list of polynomials for which alpha does not need, does not have to, should not be a root of this polynomials. Okay, so for example, alpha should not be equal to zero because otherwise we would have a zero entry, which is a one times one matrix with determinant zero, or if you consider, okay, if you consider other matrices, then you see that these, the other equations have to, have to hold. So then we have two elementary questions we want to address. The first is how to multiply with an element alpha most efficiently. And the second question is how to use the knowledge of the efficient multiplication with a fixed element to construct lightweight MDS matrices. And there is some recent related work on these questions from FSE 2015-2016 and recently from Africa Group 2016. And the FSE papers are about constructing lightweight MDS matrices under polynomial basis for the finite field. And the Africa Group paper focus on the extra count distribution of elements on a more than polynomial basis. And in this talk we also focus on all possible basis for the finite field representation. So let me first go to, go to this question, how to multiply with an element alpha most efficiently. So we have given such an element and we want to consider the function F alpha, which maps an element beta to the element beta multiplied by alpha. And there is a natural representation of the finite field as a vector space within, within components. So if we want to, to consider this finite field as a, as an n dimensional vector space, we have to choose a particular basis for this representation. And if we, if we have chosen the basis for this vector space, then we can, can formulate this, this mapping as a matrix multiplication with a matrix depending on this basis because the function multiplying with a fixed element alpha is a linear function and a linear function can be represented with a matrix multiplication. All, what we have, what we need now is, we need an appropriate metric for the efficiency of a matrix, which is called the extra count of a matrix. We define it as follows. For an n dimensional vector, we consider the linear function x or ij, which does x or the is component to the j's component and stores the value in the, in the is component. And in matrix notation, this is just the identity matrix plus one additional, one entry in the is row and the j's column and all the other entries are zero. And now we define the extra count of an invertible matrix as the smallest number t such that m can be represented as t of these x or factors. And then we are free of applying a permutation matrix afterwards because permutation in hardware does not cost any extra operations. So there is to note that we are also free to apply this permutation matrices after every x or step, but without loss of generality, we can, we can just permute at the end. So now we know how to measure efficiency. We just compute the number of x or operations needed to implement this matrix M alpha. And it is to note that for technical reasons, we here restrict to x or operations without using temporary registers. That means we are using in place operations. So we are not allowed to store an intermediate value in an external register and use it afterwards. If you overwrite it here, then it is overwritten. But it makes no difference if the extra count is smaller or equal to two. And since all of our constructions will have an extra count smaller or equal to two, this makes no difference in our case. So let me give an example of this choice of basis operation. So if we represent our finite field in polynomial terms, which means we represent all elements as polynomials, and then we compute modulo the, an irreducible polynomial, then we can consider the so-called polynomial basis, which is made up on this powers of x. And if we now want to multiply with an element, with the element x, then the appropriate matrix will be of this form. And this is intuitively, this is, you can see why this is the case. It's just left shift if you want to multiply a polynomial with x, then you shift the coefficients one position to the left, and later you substitute the x to the four term by this x plus one, which you can see here in the last column. So there's a special, this is a special kind of matrix, this is a so-called companion matrix of this irreducible polynomial. And in general, the companion matrix is defined as follows. For a polynomial in GF, in GF2, the companion matrix is defined as having all ones in this minor diagonal, and the coefficient of the polynomial in the last column. So back to our question. For a given field element, what is the most efficient basis? We want to answer the following, which field elements can be implemented most efficiently? So we kind of turn the question around. And the first step we did is we tried to identify elements with optimal x-account based on a search. So we randomly generated n times n matrices with x-account one. We know the form of these matrices, so they must be permutation matrices with one additional nonzero entry. And then we checked if this matrix corresponds to a basis and an alpha such that m is this m alpha beta, so the multiplication with the element alpha. So how to check this? You can come up with the following theorem that says that a matrix corresponds to an element multiplication if and only if the minimal polynomial of this matrix is irreducible. And to remember the minimal polynomial is the polynomial of least degree such that if you, such that when you evaluate the polynomial on the matrix, then it will evaluate to zero. And now we can check if this condition here is fulfilled. If we do this, you can see, easily see, there exists this element with an x-account of one for gf2 to the two, two to the three, four, five, six, seven. So the question is, does it go on forever? And unfortunately, it is not the case. So even in this very important field, gf2 to the eight, it is not possible to find an element with a lowest x-account of one. So why is it the case? We can derive the following sufficient and necessary condition given an element alpha. Then for this element, there exists a basis such that we have this matrix representing multiplication with alpha with an x-account of one if and only if the minimal polynomial of the field element is a trinomial of degree n. By trinomial, I mean a trinomial, a polynomial with weight three. So it has three nonzero coefficients. So the first one direction is very easy to see. We just choose this matrix as a companion matrix of the minimal polynomial of the field element. And then by the construction of the companion matrix, it will only consist of a permutation matrix plus an other nonzero entry. So the more interesting case is that having a trinomial of degree n is also a necessary condition. Then the proof idea for this is if we consider an element alpha and a basis b for the field and suppose we have a matrix with an x-account of one, the first thing you can show is then that this matrix is permutation similar to this form. So we know the structure of the permutation we apply. And since the x-account is invariant under permutation similarity, we then only have to show that the minimal polynomial of this matrix is a trinomial of degree n. And this is more easier because we already know the structure of this matrix. And now we see why it's clear that there are no elements with x-account one in this field because there does no exist an irreducible trinomial of degree eight. And so there are much more other fields for this is the case that there exists no irreducible trinomials. And for example, by a result of one from 1962, there are no irreducible trinomials of degree eight k for any natural number k. So for all these fields, we cannot find elements with an x-account equal to one. And so another thing we investigated is if there are elements with an x-account of one, how many elements are there in a field for a fixed basis? And you can see that there are at most two elements with an x-account of one. And the other element is necessarily the multiplicative inverse of the first element for a fixed basis. So what about an x-account of two? Now we characterize elements with an x-account of one. What about higher x-accounts? And in fact, this turns out to be very difficult to understand the structure here. So we only have experimental results here. And in particular, for any field dimension up to 2048 for which no irreducible trinomial of this degree exists, we found an element alpha in the basis such that the x-account of this element is equal to two. Because of our necessary and sufficient condition for the x-account of one, these results are proven to be optimal. So we found optimal x-accounts for fields up to gf2 to the 48. And it is open to characterize elements with higher x-account in general. Because the structure seems to be quite difficult to capture. What we conjecture is that if we want to have an x-account of two, then the minimal polynomial of the element has to be of weight smaller or equal to five. Because in all our experiments, if we have an x-account of two, then we always have a pentanomial or a trinomial in a subfield. And this is also interesting to see if we are in a subfield, which means that the minimal polynomial does not have full degree, then the x-account can never be one. If you go to higher fields, for example, gf2 to the eight, then the x-account of the subfield elements are among the highest x-accounts, which is quite interesting. And what is also interesting is that not every minimal pentanomials lead to an x-account of two. So there are pentanomials which have a minimal x-account of three. Which indicates that this structure is not that easy to see. So now let me come to our next question, how to use the knowledge of the lightweight field elements to construct lightweight MDS matrices. So let me come back to the example. In this example, we have a generic element alpha. And what we want to do is we want to replace this generic element by elements with the lightest x-account in order to reduce the x-account of this MDS matrix. So our goal is to minimize the overhead for the multiplications. Why? Because you always have a static part for summing up the exponentiation results. And what you can optimize is the overhead for these multiplications here. And we concentrate on circuland matrices here with the powers of an element alpha. So if we denote the x-account of some element by this weight x-os symbol, then if we want to compute the x-account of alpha to the power plus minus k, you can see that this is bounded by k times the x-account of alpha. This is because the x-account is the same for the inverse. And then you can always implement alpha k times, and you have implemented alpha to the power of k. So we did a generic search for the MDS matrix dimension up to 8 times 8. And if we denote the sum of the absolute values of the exponents k by w, then our algorithm is as follows. We searched for w1 up to a predefined value w max and constructed all circuland matrices with alpha to some power, such that the absolute value of the exponents sums up to w. And then we can bound the x-account overhead per row by this w times the weight of alpha. And so the algorithm returns an MDS matrix M with the smallest number w. So and in our cases this leads to slightly lighter MDS matrices known so far from the FSE 2015 and 2016 papers, so we're able to slightly reduce the x-account here if we use the knowledge of how to choose different bases for the representation of the finite fields. So this concludes my talk and thanks for your attention.


Hey, fellow buddies, thanks for watching. In this video, I'm going to talk to you about what sold on Poshmark. I sell on multiple platforms to include eBay, Poshmark, Mercari, whatnot, and also a little bit of Etsy. I use List Perfectly to crosspost. If you guys want to know more about that, there is a link down in the description of the video that is a tutorial that will walk you through List Perfectly. So check that out.  All one word to get 30% off your first month. All right. So a lot of people only sell clothes on Poshmark. That is not me. I sell everything and you're going to see just what I mean. I sell a lot of hard goods over there. This is in fact a clothing item. It is a swimsuit. I had this listed for a very, very long time and it finally sold. It is an Ann Cole Bikini two-piece swimsuit after fees. I'm going to tell you right now, I probably didn't make much money on this because I think this was a TJ Maxx pickup and I usually paid anywhere between $5 and $15 for the items when it was yellow tag time. So this one I think I paid a little more for. Sold it for $23 and the buyer paid shipping. Definitely not all swimsuits are created equal. This one was a tough sale. The next item is this Collector's Patches The Nature Company Animals. Now I had two sets of these. One set sold super fast and I believe I sold it on eBay a long, long, long time ago. This set took longer to sell, but if you see these Collector's Patches, definitely look them up. This sold faster on Poshmark. Sold these for $20 in the buyer paid shipping. Frederick's of Hollywood. Did I spell Hollywood wrong? Oh my goodness. I have been selling these forever. That's not how you... Spell Hollywood. Hollywood. Oh my goodness. I'm missing an L. Oh wow.  Anyway, Frederick's of Hollywood. Wait a minute. Frederick's of Hollywood. Which Frederick's of Hollywood? Yeah, I spelled it wrong. I'm like, maybe, maybe? Nope. Nope. I just spelled it wrong.  What a big typo that is. And do you know how many times I have featured this in a video? Nobody told me. Why didn't anybody tell me I spelled that wrong? Wow. Okay. So it's a wig and I bought a whole bunch of these and they have been misspelled for a very long time.  Sold it for $20. I have sold these on eBay. I have sold these on Mercari. I have sold these on Poshmark. I believe I have them listed on what not now in my buy it now and not a great pickup. I bought this on the Frederick's of Hollywood website. I think I paid about $8 a piece for these. These were a listed and forget it multi-quantity item that sell on all platforms. Again, talking about lists perfectly. Get those items cross-posted. You have more chances of selling your item when there's more eyes on your item. So check out that demo video down below. The next item is this land of nod hippo plush. It is a knit plush little stuffed animal. I sold it for $25. If you see land of nod, definitely look it up. If you can get it cheap, I would pick it up. This is a coach shoulder bag purse. I got this at a garage sale. I don't remember what I paid for it, but I sold this for $58 and it even had some ink on it. Let me see if I can find it here in the photo. I know I took a picture of it right there. Ink. Ink. $58 plus shipping. The next item is this DKNY jean jacket. It's so old. The photo won't even show up, but I sold it for $25 plus shipping. This was another multi-quantity item. I picked this up at, I believe, Gabriel Brothers, which is now Gabe's, great place to source. I want to say I paid a dollar each for these. Some of them sold quickly. This one took forever, but I sold it for $25 plus shipping still made a great profit. This is a Fisher Price Loving Family Dollhouse plant and it's from 1996. I sold this for $9, not a big profit with the 20% fee plus it's actually more than 20% when you sell something for under $15. Fisher Price Loving Family is another item that sells great on all of the platforms. I have sold Fisher Price Loving Family on Mercari and eBay. Also lots of it. I recently had a Fisher Price Loving Family what not sale. I have another huge tote that I still have full. Probably do another one of these in the future, but I sold a ton of Fisher Price Loving Family. It was all Loving Family. It was a category what not show. If you guys are not following me over there, definitely check me out. I'm Bolo Buddies. Looks exactly like this. You can get $15 to shop with my referral link down below Bolo Buddies on what not. So $15 free money, you don't have to use that with me. If you want to check out the replay, I'm pretty sure that's still up. It's probably says what not Loving Family. And you can kind of see what the Loving Family items are selling for on what not. I did have this sale before Christmas. So I think a lot of people were buying the items not for resale, but as personal purchases as gifts. So definitely check it out. Maybe you will want to sell on what not. I do have a referral link for selling on what not as well. It is a different link. This is Alphabet Island. This is something I only put on Poshmark because it's a heavier item and it wasn't a high dollar item. Probably wouldn't have sold for much on eBay because of the shipping cost. $7.97 is what you pay for shipping on Poshmark and that's also for bundles. So that's great. If you guys are not selling on Poshmark, I do have a referral link down below. You can get $10 to shop when you use that to join and it's great for heavy items. The next item is this QP, or wait, QP, QP. I always say that wrong. QP Cards, Rose O'Neill postcard collection. And you can see this is not in great shape, but it's got these cute little postcards. This is probably a junk journal or that journal, somebody who junk journals probably bought this to use the cute little photos. Sold this for $10. These are 10 acrylic focal shapes for jewelry makers. Sold these for nine. Again, not a big money bolo. Just something that moved pretty slowly actually. This probably would have been good for my what not jewelry show because I could have actually showed the items better and I could have put it in a crafter show more categorized. So long tail item on Poshmark may be a great item for what not, for you what not sellers. Spirit Halloween mouse nose tail got this at the Goodwill Bin, sold it for $12. I think wait, was this the Goodwill Bin? I think it was the Goodwill Bin. It might have been a garage sale. I know I got some face masks that were animal shaped at the Goodwill Bin. This may have been a garage sale, but probably a dollar or less than that. This is a Samantha's Style Shop jacket. I got this when Fashion Bug went out of business. I don't know if you guys know, but that was a long time ago. I think it was before I got married. So long, long time ago. I still sold it for $20, made a profit, had a whole bunch of them. It was a multi quantity item. I went into Fashion Bug and I bought out a lot of their items before they closed at the 90% off price. So I did not have much in this. This is a David's Bridal dress. I bought these retail arbitrage on the David's Bridal website. Would I recommend it? No, probably not. Did I make a nice profit on this? Yes, I sold it for $50, probably had 8 to 10 in it. Retail arbitrage, you're typically going to pay a little more for your items. What I would do is I go to different, I don't do it anymore, but I used to go to Lane Bryant, David's Bridal, Catherine's, Fredericks of Hollywood, and I would retail arbitrage their clearance items usually at the end of season and I would flip those items for profit. It's a way to source from home. You pay a lot more and usually have to wait at least a year for the items to really start selling. Now the David's Bridal dresses, a lot of those sold more quickly because they were the current styles. Now I have to have somebody that's looking for Garnet and the wedding party is allowed to pick any dress they want to sell these items or somebody using this for homecoming or prom, which are other great keywords I should have in my title. This is an engagement ring, costume jewelry. So costume means it is not real. It's just a faux diamond. I don't know what kind of, I don't know if it's glass or what it is, but I sold this for $16. Obviously it took a long time to sell. This is a Burberry eyeglasses frames only, Italy with case pre-owned, got these at the Goodwill Bin, sold it for $70 and the buyer paid shipping. These are wood, white letters, arts and crafts. This right here has yellowing on the packaging. The actual item is fine. Sold these for $19 plus shipping. This is another item that I only, maybe I didn't, maybe I did have these on the other platforms. I can't remember. I got those at an estate sale, pretty much thrown in for free, the letters. Vintage Yamazaki Japan spoon and serving fork. I don't remember where I got these, but I sold them for $13 and the buyer paid shipping on Poshmark. This is a Scarlett dress, black women size eight, full length. It's a really cool looking dress. This I have had listed a very, very long time. It was new with tags. I don't even remember where I got it. Probably Gabriel Brothers probably paid about $3 for it, sold it for 30 plus shipping. This is a word whammer. I think this came from the Goodwill Bin and I sold it for $21. Anytime you find the word whammers and things like that, these electronic games look them up. This one's by Leapfrog. I sold it for $21 and the buyer paid shipping. These are another item that I picked up at Gabriel Brothers, er, no wait. I think this was Gabriel Brothers, either that or Discount Fashion Warehouse. I think it was Gabe's. Usually pay $3 or less for my clothing items back when I did retail arbitrage and I sold these for 20 plus shipping. It was a multi-quantity listing. I bought a ton of these different styles, different colors. Some sold quickly. This one's been hanging around a while. Size, you know, some sizes sell quicker than other. Express skirt. This was a Discount Fashion Warehouse pickup. I think I paid $3 for this and I sold it for 19 plus shipping. And the Vintage Halloween International Sweater Cardigan Vest. This is a vintage Halloween item. Always, always, always love finding vintage Halloween.  There's Christmas sweaters, different things like that. They'll have a vintage tag in them. These are definitely a Bolo. This came from a garage, so I think I paid $7 for two Halloween sweaters. So $3.50 each. And I think the other one sold for more. This sold for $78 plus the buyer paid shipping. All right, you guys, thank you so much for being here. Thank you for watching. These are some of my Poshmark sales. Again, go down there, check out that list perfectly tutorial video. The ProPlus plan is going to be out soon. D-List, Auto-D-List, lots of new features. You can upgrade to the ProPlus plan. I think you can use Bolo Buddies and get that 30% off. Not 100% sure how that works. I think you can use it with upgrades, but I'm not sure. But at least try, right? If you're Nudelist perfectly, you definitely get 30% off your first month with coupon referral code Bolo Buddies. Thank you so much for being here. Check out those referral links down below. They cost you nothing, and they do help me keep the channel going. So thanks so much for being here, and thanks for watching.


Good morning or afternoon, wherever today's session may find you. My name is Sarah Ruby. I'm the director for strategic partnerships of plus and I'm delighted to kick off our CNI fall membership project brief on a call to action the imperative for libraries and publishers to better share and understand the APC waiver process. Hello, panelists are Romy Beard from Eiffel and Curtis Bundy from Iowa State and will be spending the next 20 minutes or so walking you through this process sharing a bit more information about challenges and hopefully inspiring everyone to some new actions in the coming year.  Thanks Sarah. So, as Sarah said, my name is Romy Beard and the Eiffel licensing program manager. For those of you that aren't familiar with Eiffel, this is a not for profit organization that works with libraries and library consortia and developing and transition economy countries. And in my talk, I'll focus really on the painfulness of the waiver process. And I'll take you through some examples of what this involves authors. So what are the issues with current waiver programs. First of all, it's an issue of lack of communication and non automatic application of waivers and authors really need to know in advance if they if waivers are available so they can claim them. And it's not always clear on publishers websites, for example, there's no title list that can be searched often it's a blanket statement that applies, for example, to publishers, fully open access journals but then if you look at the details of those journals there's maybe one or two that are excluded because they're owned by societies. So it's always very clear. Often there's no information on the individual journal websites or and or no information during the submission process so the author needs to know what they need to do rather than if they're prompted to do something. Often the terms aren't fair for some countries where there's no funding opportunities and very low salaries. The grants just aren't good enough if you own $400 a month, you've been asked to pay 50% over $2,000 apc it's not really feasible. Then we've accounted issues where the terms change suddenly countries are moved from waiver to discount categories, which again isn't fair on researchers who might be preparing to submit to a journal, expect a waiver and then suddenly they're faced with a 50% discounted apc which is still way too expensive for them. And most of these programs exclude hybrid journals which is then pushing authors to publish in closed access in those specific journals which is not making it equitable for them to publish in open access. I think there should be equal opportunities to publish in any journals. So we think those journals should be included in the waiver programs. So take you through some examples. This is an example from Wiley's website which has a big heading that says automatic waivers and then if you look just a couple of lines underneath it states corresponding author needs to request a waiver, which I think is is wrong if it's automatic it should be automatically applied and they shouldn't request and have to request anything. Then here's an example from a study we've done at Eiffel. So Eiffel traditionally used to negotiate agreements with publishers for access to paywall content. But over the last couple of years we've also been doing open access agreements with publishers. So these include waivers, discounts, but also read and publish agreements including some free read and publish agreements with some of the smaller society publishers. And we've done an analysis this year where we looked at publishing output with four publishers, Cambridge, The Greatest Sage and Taylor and Francis, where we've had agreement in place and compared 2019 with 2020 publishing output for those eligible journals. And the positive thing is that we saw that the OAI could increase as a result of our agreements, which is great, but also there were a number of issues. Firstly, there were some articles that we find that were published in closed access in the hybrid journal despite being eligible for a discount. So this really exemplifies what I mentioned earlier that in some cases, discounts just aren't enough. So if I'm faced in a hybrid journal with a choice of do I pay 50% discount or do I not pay and it goes in closed access in many cases unfortunately authors that aren't able to pay will publish in closed access. And there's also examples of articles that were published in closed access in hybrid journals despite being eligible for full waiver. It's just really, really terrible but again this was an issue of automatic recognition not being available with this particular publisher. So the author had to email the editor at a journal they had to know about this and if they didn't obviously the article remained closed access. So we can see here that this process complicates it for authors and it acts as a hurdle to open access. We've also saw examples of articles that were published in closed access despite being eligible for open access to read and publish. Mostly I think that was again a lack of communication and not being offered as the default option in this case. I've also been part of the way 2020 working group on lower middle income countries and the aim of the group was to do a study looking at the potential for an impact of transformative agreements and lower middle income countries. And we focused on four countries Ghana, Kenya, Ukraine, Ukraine and Georgia, and on the publishing output with three publishers. And as part of the study we contacted authors to ask them about their APC spent. Did you get a waiver? Did you get a discount? How much did you pay? Who paid? And there's a variety of conclusions that we've drawn that other people have talked about. So I've just pulled out the conclusions here that relate specifically to the waiver programs. And most of them are the same as of what I've already mentioned also through the Eiffel study that published that discounts aren't good enough, that discounts changed, that policies changed and that also we find that authors make their decision to publish based on whether a waiver is available or not. So that's something else to bear in mind. And we've got a couple of author quotes here that talk about how painful a task it is to claim waivers because there's so much back and forth if it's really like making a request rather than just ticking a box. And also the last quote at the bottom there, the author that told us we didn't pay any charges, we got a waiver. If they didn't waive the charges, we would have published it elsewhere. And I think that's something publishers need to be aware of. So what can we do about this in terms of a call to action? For publishers, I'd really encourage them to, you know, have clear communication on waivers and discounts on their website, a general page, but also a download of a writer list of eligible journals to make it easier for authors. And ideally, this should be searchable by subject and also include information like impact factors, which are still very important for researchers in developing countries. Also include information on each journal's website. All publishers are working on the automatic recognition and that is happening more and more. So if they're not doing it, they really should. I would also say make it clear how long the terms you're offering for are valid for. So perhaps say this is an annual thing, it might change at the end of the year, just so it's really clear and there's no sudden changes. Suddenly researchers from Ghana expected to have a discount rather than get a full waiver. And then another important point is, instead of just following groups of already like allocated country groups, perhaps do your own research to find out what is realistic if there is funding available or not in certain countries. And by all means include hybrid journals. So it comes to library and consortia and I know Curtis will talk more about this. If you're having discussions with publishers about the equity of their waiver programs, please get them to act on these recommendations. And include that in your discussions to leverage it. That's everything for me and I'll hand over back to you Sarah. Thanks can you guys see my screen okay and hear me okay. Yep. Thank you Romeo that was such a good introduction to the similar challenges that we're seeing on our side at plus as a publisher. So just a brief reminder if you're less familiar about class. We've been doing native away gold open access since the early 2000s everything we publish is open access CCBY. We've been seven titles for a long time but recently launched five this year so a much bigger portfolio now than we've had in the past, and everything that we publish is really predicated on best practice, both around open access but also open science open research. Every title as well is funded both by individual APCs that authors or institutions can pay, as well as models that don't involve any APCs at all, and waiver mechanisms to support authors. If they don't have funding for APCs that said waivers on the publisher side are just as challenging certainly from process perspective, as they seem to be for authors, they're incredibly resource intensive to manage. I'm quite subjective I mean we we have standards around how we you know determine if needs have been evidenced to justify a waiver, but obviously a person is making that choice and to some extent. There's an arbitrary element to it over the long term it's not sustainable the demand always outpaces what we can support. It's difficult to track and manage communications with authors it's difficult to get them to respond so a lot of energy and resources spent around just the wrangling of information. And fundamentally they don't just address the systemic issue right there's a reason authors can't pay APCs, and this is just kind of a bandaid. And I think when plus started we overestimated the ability of a waiver program to address the equity issue around access to funds to publish. And so now we're really recognizing that fundamentally waivers aren't equitable so just to make sure we're clear on what we mean by equity here this is the typical image that's used to explain the difference between a quality versus equity right we tend to argue that the specific process the communications process should be equal, but fundamentally quality is not enough when there are systemic things that make it tough for the shortest person on the box to ever see over the fence. So if you wanted to use the metaphor that the baseball game or the game that they're watching is kind of any aspect of the creation of knowledge, whether it's accessibility dissemination data whatever. So I think of the fence is any barrier to participation. Generally speaking there's a community of folks for whom the fence is not an issue they're invested in it they they've never had problems with it. It works for them. And then there's just sort of everyone else and what waivers really speak to and a lot of cases are this is the cases that are popping up here on the screen whether it's your geographic location your, your research field your phase of your all of that is we're trying to address with waivers but fundamentally the problem right is systemic. So until we address that question something like a waiver programs just never going to be enough and that's what we're trying to figure out a clause. So just to give you a sense of how our Jewish it is from the author side, the author experience tends to be limited to some extent by the submission process. In our case we need to know this information at submission so there's quite a lengthy section on any of our pages around how you can get support for an APC so as you can see already a lot of text that authors have to read. On top of that, they have to decide which waiver program they want to participate in fee assistance, or our global participation initiative. So we have to follow all of these steps. If they choose the global participation initiative it's relatively easy. If they choose the root of publication funding assistance, there are a lot more steps that we ask them to to make there's a lot more we ask them to read. We ask them many, many times you know are you sure you have no other way to pay for funding, because this is essentially us paying for their paper, if we choose to cover their fees for them and in most cases, we can't cover the entire fee we do some combination of reduced fees to spread the money as much as we can which again is frustrating for everyone because if you some cases, it doesn't matter if the fee is $2,000 or $200. If there's no money there's no money in other cases a discount is is good but it's, it's, it's not enough. So we make the author do all of that and then on our side. We're just dealing with the challenges of engaging with authors to get the information we need it's a means tested program in the case of our publication funding assistance program. We need to see the evidence. So that process is hard to make wholly positive when you're constantly constantly chasing the author for for information or questions you have about their application. The internal systems we have are not yet super well connected. So, you know, an author may be applying for a waiver when they're already eligible through an institutional agreement. So we're actually giving a waiver when an author was already covered through an agreement that doesn't happen a lot but from time to time so there's a lot of to Romy's point, automation that could bring real could dramatically improve this experience that we we haven't effectively we're working to build now but isn't in place. And then of course you have a lot of folks who have no issue with the APC when they apply but by the time their paper is accepted that their funding is gone. And so you have a difficult situation where post acceptance a waiver is needed. And in many cases because the author has no mechanism to get that funding we just end up taking that on as bad debt when an author just doesn't pay for a paper so there's a lot of things that can be improved we're working on them but but the overall experience isn't great on either side which really makes the case for moving away from them. So, in terms of an overall picture of our waiver outcomes in the last four or five years, the vast majority are approved, as I said, largely through discounts and the elimination of the fee, if they're denied. It's usually because they either haven't ever gotten back to us with the evidence that we've requested, or they realize they do have funds, and just, we've realized they've had funds and they weren't aware of it. So the vast majority we do try to accept, but it's never at the amounts that that folks want. So that said, if we are treating waivers which we are right now as a kind of intermediary solution to a final destination that we hope moves away from this model entirely. The numbers are going in the right direction. So if you're looking at our fee assistance over time by region, we've done we're dramatically reducing the amount of assistance that we can do in sort of global North countries and really increasing you know research for life, South and Central America, and Africa, the African continent and the least. This is not to say that there is not need in North America, Europe, Asia Pacific there is and again researchers at early career researchers in field with no funding researchers that aren't institutions. But if we have to make a call with limited resources our inclination is to shift towards geographies that are underrepresented at plus. Slide. So fee assistance by dollar amount is reflecting the same thing so the money that we're spending for those underrepresented communities is going up. It's diminishing in global North countries. So moving in the right direction but overall the amount of money available obviously is going down, which which brings us back to the same challenge. And then if you look at distribution over the subject area, one of the things that is notable about this in 2020 is you could ask yourself well why are the 2020 number of waivers reduced and what what I'm what we think happened we're still kind of unpacking this is because it's such a strange year. We actually granted fewer waivers but higher dollar amounts where possible because discounts weren't going to move the needle for a lot of authors so we didn't grant as many individual waivers but each represented a deeper discount off of the, the actual fee. And so the call to action that we would bring to this conversation both to libraries and vendors and other publishers is there's really more stakeholders in the community and involved in this process than authors and publishers and so solutions really need to reflect that funders need to be active stakeholders institutions need to be stakeholders there's a lot of other folks that could could help with this and that's what pluses new business models are trying to to synthesize. Similarly solutions that help whole regions, whole organizations and not just one author are going to shift the systems more equitably than sort of individual, you get a waiver you get a waiver you get a waiver if we really want to see systemic change broader, broader solutions for groups are going to be important. When you make things means tested or means based. It's, it's a really challenging thing to do it in a way that feels objective and fair. And ideally, the amount of friction that we generate for authors should be less than what the waiver process currently brings which, as I showed you is quite quite labor intensive so happy to hand it over now to to to Curtis to to reinforce some of the things libraries can do to help us with this. Thank you. Great. Thank you very much, Sarah and thanks from me I think that that was a great overview of the problem that we're facing and what what I'm going to do with with my time is focus in on you know what is the role of the academic library in all of this and I think that the libraries have kind of been on the sideline in the development of waiver programs I don't think it's until we really started making open access agreements that this became something that we're paying more attention to. So, just real quick I want to talk just a little bit about Iowa State because I think the approach that we're taking could be a model for other libraries to take and how they're thinking about this. We're a library that is committed to transitioning our subscription spend to open access where public land grant university our mission is to not just create and apply knowledge but to share it to make Iowa in the world better places. And what you're looking at here is a in this bar chart is the amount of open access articles that are being centrally covered by the library and just in three years you can see the growth trend here. And we really are at a point in time right now with the number of publishers that are adopting open models where over the span of one renewal season a library can make a significant shift in their their spending from subscriptions to these open access models but these open access models do include the apc based models so the reading published that Cambridge is doing the reading published the Wiley is doing if a library wants to support the native pure away publishers like Iowa State is doing we pay for example to cover our authors publishing and plus one we pay for them to publish in frontiers. And these waiver programs are an actual huge issue because we are committed to inequitable and sustainable transition to open and I think all of the problems that that Romy and Sarah pointed out with these waiver programs are a problem and it's a pressing and it's an urgent problem that we need to address. So, I'm going to talk just briefly about some things that I think that the that the libraries can do and one of these is working toward having in a waiver program expectation clause and what you have here if you don't try to read this this has nothing to do with waiver programs is actually an accessibility clause but you can see that we can get quite detailed in what we asked publishers to include around things that we care about and and for Iowa State waiver programs are now one of those things that we want to talk about during our conversation during our negotiation we were just on the phone with with Wiley this week and we talked probably for 20% of the time about their waiver program and how they can improve their waiver program and we're going to be doing more of that, but I think to really inform what a clause like this might look like.  We've taken that a step forward this idea of convening a conversation. It's an inclusive conversation with authors who are actually having to request these and use these programs. You know with not just northern libraries driving the conversation but pulling in our colleagues from, you know, low and middle income countries for example to have this conversation I think out of that I think we can actually pin down. What are the best practices what are the standards for these and then pulling it back to our negotiations and getting this embedded in our contract that we're going to hold publishers to actually doing this. And I fully agree with what Sarah said that, you know, when we're doing waiver programs on the back end to address equity problems because on the front end we haven't implemented a model that is equitable from the start. That's an issue and I subscribed to open. I think what plots is doing with their cap model I think what lyricist is doing with the OACIP Open Library of Humanities with a cooperative models we do have models now that have equity baked in and don't require a bandaid fix on the back end but the reality is APCs are going to be here with us for some time. Read and publish style agreements are going to be with us for some time. So it is pressing it is urgent that we figure out how to make these programs the best that they can be for all of the reasons that Sarah and Romy have talked about. So, again, libraries I think now that we are making open access agreements we are part of this conversation I think we can push this forward. So, Sarah and I in Romy are talking about this all over I think that what we're trying to do is stimulate a conversation. I think you will see perhaps opportunities for participation and in conversations on how we improve these programs next year. So keep an eye out for that. And thank you very much for your time and attention. Great, fantastic. We will close with sharing our information again I guess I can pop the slide up that has our contact information actually I don't have it so I will circulate our information for anyone who wants to get in touch with us. After this session we are looking forward to questions and feedback and wishing everyone a great rest of this DNI virtual and in person conference. Thanks Romy, thanks Curtis. Bye.


Hi and how are you all today? My name is Priyanka and the question says present age of father is 42 years and That of his son is 14 years find the ratio of firstly Present age of father to the present age of son Secondly age of father to the age of son when son was 12 years old C part age of father after 10 years to the age of son after 10 years and finally Age of father to the age of son when father was 30 years old so this is a little long question Let us write down the present ages of father that of the son present age of father is 42 years and Present age of son is 14 years Right now for the first part we need to find out the present the ratio of Present age of son or Present age of father to the present age of son so the required Ratio is is to 14 that can be written as Dividing it by their HCF and that is 7 So sorry the present age is the HCF is 14 So the answer is 3.1 that is 3 is to 1 Now proceeding on to the B part here the required Ratio is age of father to the son Age of father is 42 and son when he was 12 years Old when son was 12 years old that means two years ago father will also be 42 and not For it he should be 40 and not 42 So let us divide these two by their HCF and here in this case The HCF is 4 So the answer comes out to be 3 upon 10 upon 3 that is 10 is to 3 Proceeding on with the C part Here the condition Given to us is we need to find out the required ratio Age of father after 10 years so after 10 years right now he is 42 years old So after 10 years you will be 52 so the son will also be 24 that is 14 plus 10 dividing them by their HCF and The answer of HCF is again for so we have 13 by 6 that can be written as 13 is to 6 and lastly We need to find out the ratio age of the father to the age of son when father was 30 years old That means 12 years ago right now the son is 14 years old right and before 12 that means 12 years ago He will be he would have been two years. That's it So dividing by their HCF here the HCF finding is very easy that will be 2 So we have 15 over 1 that is 15 is to 1 so these are The required answer that is 3 is to 1 for the first case 10 is to 3 for the second 13 is to 6 and then 15 is to 1 for the last and final part. Hope you understood it Well, take care of your calculations and have a good day


Thank you very much for having me. It was a very last minute, but I made it and it's great to be here So I'm presenting a vision that is being very much materialized And be released shortly and it's a platform for collaborative scientific discovery So instead of it's it's quite a generic solution for a lot of scientific problems And it's got a lot of access along which those problems are solved so instead of starting with the list of problems which have been listed on many occasions during this conference already I'll start with a vision and As a scientist Or as a thinker as a person I want to contribute to the body of knowledge in any way I can and anywhere I can and by anywhere I mean not like on the beach, but Rather any way in the body of knowledge or whatever I can see solution That's the kind of generous approach To I think participating in research or knowledge production, and if I see a solution I you know ideally I feel generous I want to offer it and then people can go away and use it and I'll be happy for that but current system prohibits me from doing that because I'll be screwed over and I will never get any benefit from that And if I'll just be generous I will not earn any living so to be Generous I need to trust people that I work with or the people that I offer solution To and I need to trust the knowledge that I build upon so The knowledge you know the solutions that I provide They need to come from a solid knowledge base Which is not false. Otherwise the solutions will not work and I will have wasted my time and people's time And also in this situation. I want to be earning some Revenue and be rewarded for my activity But still going back to discussing the problems in science a little bit I want to point out why do we have these problems and What is science I define science more than as a method rather than a subject So if you're looking down the microscope, I don't think you do in science necessarily It's only if you're applying the scientific method to it then you're doing science You're validating you making some assumptions you're coming up with hypotheses and then you testing them and That that is science not a specific subject so to Scientific method is quite hard. There's a logical structure and observational structure. There's measuring to tools which need to be sensitive and valid So to maintain scientific method we build hierarchy of people who we trust To be very logical and to know what the good measurement is. That's how historically Arisen and they maintain this method by Controlling the people that they work with and validating them. That's what the hierarchy of scientific research that we have But unfortunately It all evolved into gaming the system. So all these people who are high in hierarchy the actors bottlenecks of Flow of knowledge and if you're in a typical lab, there will be postdocs and PhD students And the BI will be on top and you can only communicate your knowledge through publications Which the PI will control whether you can do it or not and the funding Is also controlled by the PIs for example in the UK. You cannot apply for a funding if you do not have a tiny position And then in terms of collaboration with other people if you belong to two labs and you do your PI's do not Get along you cannot possibly collaborate So you can see how this hierarchical structure instills the bottlenecks of the knowledge flow and Stops collaboration which I think prevents Faster progress And they all do this of people in hierarchy do it or we all try to do is to leverage our position and reputation for our own benefit rather than for the advancement of knowledge and progress and a lot of our Production contribution is evaluated on our name on our reputation Which is an indirect measure of knowledge so This is the old system or the current system that we're talking about which is on your right And it's a person-centric system and a lot have been said about standing on shoulders of giants I'm not sure about that but definitely what we're doing is we're standing on each other's shoulders And that's how the current system is structured. So we have a very highly structured people organization Which produces a lot of output? that via the publishing Infrastructure goes out into this poorly organized body and here I represent the Hierarchy or research establishment in the center In a pyramid and then the output goes out into this cloud of papers which are Very tenuously linked to each other So what I'm proposing is to reverse this structure and To build a knowledge centering system where the knowledge is highly structured and it's at the center of this Organization and then you have the protocols Which are secured by the technology that we're discussing the blockchain. So we're transferring the Guardianship of the scientific method from hierarchy to the protocols and then we no longer need this hierarchy and then people can be in this cloud instead of the knowledge and I don't know about you, but this reminds me of some sort of visualizations of entropy and entropy is related to How many possible combinations each System can have and in the person centering combination System the knowledge has lots of permutations. So because it's not very highly structured. It's like a gas So there's a lot of uncertainty about the knowledge and that's what we're experiencing with poor reproducibility and stuff whereas In in the knowledge centric system the knowledge is much more structured. So it's has a lot less uncertainty, but The people structure has lots of permutations. So you have lots of possibility for collaboration I Do not have a formal proof to this, but I'm working on it So here it is in the system represented. You have certain sees we building the system along Around the knowledge graph, which is tightly kind of structured system of knowledge and you have protocols that are shared and enforced by the network And you have a value distribution incentivization that's built around the graph and The freedoms that you get from the system is the project participation. So each person from this cloud can via different protocols can Make a contribution to any point in the graph There is no reputation. So the whole system is anonymous. So it's impossible to leverage your position like why the name or anything like that So it provides more freedom and more opportunity for collaboration this is the Basic structure of the system. So it's a fully decentralized peer to be a network And you have machines that run what we call a peer and you have users represented here in as human Human figures they can either own the machine that runs a peer or they can connect to nearby peer and kind of the stack is We use hyperledge fabric for blockchain and network IPFS for storing heavy kind of data Loaded files and raw data sets Then we have an IPI and UI that communicate to each other and to the system components To allow use interaction. So we We try to make the system as adaptable as possible because as we can see from many presentations People have different use cases and they design different protocols before that was genomic protocols So you have specific needs like protected data structures and Limited access to it and different validation protocols that you need to apply to that data So What our system allows which is quite different from previous presentations is You have custom protocol specifications. You can write your own protocol.  So you're not limited to a Smart contracting of the fabric platform or whatever you choose And you can run the code regardless of the environmental operating system So this is what we call modules Modules are those bits where you kind of specify how your system how you want to run the system And you have as I said, you have validation computation analysis and graphing functions and any user can choose To interact with the system with whatever this would be like a selection of different modules on the system And you can plug in any analysis of computational software Into this core system with a blockchain so that any Open software or any other software in for scientific Research and computation that already exists actually can be used on the platform You have then customization protocols and custom graphs. So you can do graphs manually or can you can design Functions that draw the graph for you for example phylogenetic graphs or I don't know molecule chemical molecule relation graphs You have customizations like your draft. So basically you can adapt the user interface to your specific Use case so that it's really useful for you And you can play with custom token value distribution Which we keeping open at the moment it wouldn't work in a big system But because we're designing the system and we don't know what the protocols would be best suited to scientific research in an open environment. I think that's important to keep open so to give an example the When you have a contribution to submit to the network you define you specify. What's the contents on the node are so you have Datasets some sort of logic claims and the logical relations between those and You also specify the position of the node that you prove the contribution that they're proposing in the graph so I specify the contents and the nodes connections and When it will be accepted you You know your authorship will be permanently linked to that node So you both know what you have contributed, but also more importantly you would know Where a contribution lies in the context of the rest of the knowledge and it's quite fixed So if you think for example when you buy a real estate property the land registry records not only what your house is And maybe it's like less interesting even But you know you have a balcony and whatever three bedrooms, but it also tells you what the address is and it's very important just if you Only specify, you know the contents of the house you would not be able to find it and you're not really protected So when you submit the node it has to go to validation and the two types of validation machine validation and Human validation machine validation Wherever we can use it for to validate analysis or graphing functions I mean outcomes of the graphing functions and the human validation is pretty much a peer review which we have adapted and We have a kind of game theoretical protocol for peer review where author nominates a bounty and then the peers or reviews are selected from a fraction random fraction pool, so you have minimized the potential for Kind of rigging the system by your friends reviewing your positively for example Reviews have to pay stakes Before they doing review and they have opportunity Well, there's probability of them losing them if they do not perform well if they do not produce good work around time or Even for example in cases say for example, we have six reviews and four reviews voted yes and two voted no Of valid and valid then the minority will lose their stake and the majority will receive it so that everyone Maintains an interest in actually doing work in this validation protocol and then afterwards anything Within the graph can be challenged so Peer of you can be challenged After this protocol and all the nodes and their connections can be challenged and remodeled and there is a kind of curation market slash Game theory protocol or behavioral economics behind it So and that provides accountability especially in the case of peer review because usually what happens now Is peer review is done and that's it you forget about it and nobody talks about it anymore so Lots of peer review is kind of an unfair, but there is no way to appeal about it and Once the validation has come through and if in case of acceptance the network then reaches the consensus on the node Content and its position on the graph and consensus on the graph itself. So everybody on the network Has exactly the same information about current state of knowledge This is kind of the basic Workflow of something that would be similar to a paper Submission thing so How the community can engage with it with this platform? So say for example, you have historic literature put it into the platform and then Small or slightly larger community can resolve it into a more efficient graph Then they can put proposals on top of it represented by P's here and then Ideally that would go to a funding body. So it's almost like making review and getting your implications from the historical literature and then you go to a funding body say well this proposal seemed good Could you allocate potential funding to this and the funding body can allocate? Money where which in case could be tokenized or transferred in tokens They can allocate the funding by instead of allocating to one lab It would allocate it to a body of knowledge that can be produced in the future and anyone within That domain can get the share of that funding So you never bet only on one horse there and then in the end You know after some time passes the community the funding is allocated the community builds extension to this graph and You know new data produce any nodes produced and then some milestones or breakthroughs reached like discovery or a molecule for example and the funding arrives at that node at that point in the graph and it trickles down to the rest of the Discovery chain that participated in the production of this Graph so in that way you no longer need to hire what are you doing? In isolation Until you reach this breakthrough point you can contribute at any point of this graph and let somebody else Reach the major breakthrough but it would still be rewarded for your contribution in this chain of discovery and a slightly more So that that's kind of a general View of how the platform could function In the same way like we're writing research papers, but on more granular level But here's a more specific example where things are a lot more specified So this is a this is a project that we work with with pathogen surveillance network and these graphs are representation of Ebola outbreak and each node represents a sampling at clinical centers of different pathogens of Ebola virus and then it's Assembled in these phylogenetic graphs, or you can you know specify where it is Geographically or you can have also time series and see how the Spread of the disease happened so what I'm trying to communicate here is On this network with this software that can be plugged into the core you can have distributed computing so say for example somebody sequence genome in Africa and The genome sequence you put on the network There are some machines that can come in and analyze it for a genetic variants to see Which clones are which and whereabouts they are in the geographical locations? You have automatic graphing functions, so you no longer doing it manually like in the historical literature example But The network what network allows you to do is to reach consent consensus of methods. So say for example, you all know that the genomic Sequencing data is valid and it doesn't have huge differences that would allow artifacts And you have again a consensus of graph data So everybody knows that the graph that we're working on is this one and not some other graph that you generated locally And you can use these graphs for custom value assignment economic incentivization So say for example, you found that the new particularly infectious clone is emerging is in Guinea You can incentivize that whole part of the graph Or you can increase the incentivization and hopefully a lot more sequencing Contributions will come from that area So we've got a functional release that's coming out in February 2019 where we'll have two modules this kind of paper module and then pathogen surveillance module then will experiment With the network and see how we can play with real situation and see what the outcomes will be and We'll invite anyone to engage with this by you can come and write your own modules or experiment within your communities in terms of research Both on science or on behavioral or economical models. Thank you very much So We are quite well on time maybe we can have two questions and then we have a coffee break and for half an hour So I I can ask a question. So are you at which stage are you currently with the like? Implementation of this is it Well, we developing it And it's the functional version will come out in February. So the stages I mean we've done quite a lot of kind of back-end and network establishment and communication between IPFS fabric and design some ways that and tested some ways that allow You know programming language agnostic interaction of different components I Didn't understand where the content will come from are you going to start by new findings with new findings or? Well, you probably start with historical literature. I mean nobody starts with new findings any papers has introduction so You always have to put your findings into a content. I mean you can probably if you want start with new findings historical publications I meant Sorry The access to historical publications to publications that have been published before Yeah, scientific findings. So I didn't get how you will bring them in into your system Manually or by some sort of scraper It's I mean say for example you you have something to contribute and you want to put some historic literature that you take five papers you put them into the System if you want to resolve them into more granular graph if you don't want You just leave them as they are Thanks. I wanted to ask in your peer review section. You mentioned Things like all the bounties and you also mentioned like Random fraction polls.  So there's a native token on the platform. So I say I don't tend tokens which will be equally divided between peer reviewers and then to select the peer reviewers a call goes out to a random fraction So the you can never predict who is who is actually gonna receive a call And then let's say you specify that he wants done a five peer of yours. So they come in The first five to self-recruit Will be in your review pool. That's how we're doing it at the moment, but maybe there's a slightly better Model of doing this. I don't know. So I love the idea and organizing knowledge. That's pretty great How to how are you going to make sure do you have any plan for it that if people put in Their knowledge their pieces of knowledge, whatever it is going to be data or Publications in this sense also historical that they're not going to be Overlapping so that in the end we really make sure that we build up on the knowledge and not just built kind of parallel chunks So they're not connected Well, the community says there's like what you call a curation market and I call network cohesion protocol So they you know anyone any user or all the users are incentivized to make the graph more Coherent so resolve redundancies or where you need maybe some nodes are too chunky you need to separate them and create two out of one and also, you know Maintain the right number of connections and make sure that they complete Does that answer? Who are going to be those curators that sense? Anyone the the users on a platform are anonymous and anyone can participate In that process, so it's not there are no there's no reputation. There are no experts They're only economic incentives for right behaviors and their penalties for wrong behaviors on the platform so if you choose to do something you Have a chance of earning something but also you have a risk of losing it So it's up to you if you feel an expert enough to go for it Thank you Will does this or will it have an AI system associated with it? It can have yet. So you can have actors could be a eyes I'm not specifically building a eyes Here but the AI's can be plugged in and into here. Yes, and would that be open source? Would the algorithms be open source? Well, the platform will be all open source You know the core and all the modules will be open source And you can build your own modules and we're building like a dummy module which can easily be Taken and build up into whatever you need. Thank you. Thank you very much