This session will be an overview of creating data elements. Specifically, we will go over the creation of data elements, data element groups, and data element group sets. We will also provide a description of the various fields within the data element maintenance. In particular, we will focus on those fields that are mandatory, which we must fill in every time we create a data element. We will also link these concepts with analysis outputs, showing how their creation in DHIS2 links with our eventual outputs in our analysis tools. Let's go ahead and get started with the session. In this demonstration, we will show you how to create data elements within DHIS2. In order to create data elements, we'll go to our apps and search for the data element application. You can see in this example, we do not actually have any data elements created within this system. We want to go through the process of creating data elements, groups, and group sets in this demonstration. Let's refer back to training land in order to see what this looks like after it's been implemented. In training land, we can see that there are a number of different examples of data elements that have been created within training land. These have been further classified into data element groups. These groups have then been categorized into data element group sets. Let's go through this process of creating these within DHIS2. Before we create the data elements within DHIS2, we need some examples to work with. Let's have a look at this syndromic surveillance data collection form. Before we actually create the data elements, we have to identify what the data elements are. This form has a number of characteristics and we will discuss all of them throughout various examples. Let's just focus on the data elements for now. In this particular example, there are six data elements that we can identify from this particular form.  Underneath each data element, underneath each data element is its case definition. We can refer to these later on. We can take some of these data elements and create them in DHIS2. Let's go through that process now. We are now back in the blank DHIS2 system. You can see there are no data elements currently created. Let's go through an example where we create a couple of the data elements from that example form. In order to create a data element, we'll click on the plus sign located in the corner. We can see that there are a variety of different fields that are associated with the data element in DHIS2. Let's describe a couple of these now. Just like before, mandatory fields are indicated with a star next to their name. We can see, for example, that name, short name, domain type, value type, and aggregation type are all mandatory fields. This means we must fill them in whenever we're creating a data element. The name and short name of our data elements have been described in our data element principles discussion. This is where we apply those naming standards to the data elements and then enter them into DHIS2. We can also provide the data element with a code. This code can be used for various purposes that will be discussed in other academies. We can also apply a description to the data element. As an example, we can take the case definition from one of the data elements on our example form and place that in the description. We also have another name type, form name. In the form name, we can take the name as it appears on the form and place it here. This includes any types of codes or any other text that you want the user to see when they are entering data. Next we see domain type, value type, and aggregation type. All of these three fields are mandatory and must be filled every time we create a data element. We will discuss these a little bit more when we actually create the data element. We also have a field for our URL. In the URL field, we can add in an external link. As an example, we can put in the URL for a data dictionary that might have a little bit more description on this particular data element that we are creating. Next we have the category combination field. By default, it is selected as none. Don't worry too much about this particular field as it will be discussed in other academies. During our examples, we will just leave it as none. We then have additional fields, option set, option set for comments, legend, and aggregation levels. These will also be discussed in other academies, so we will skip over them for now. Underneath we have two additional fields, category option combination for aggregate data export, and attribute option combination for data export. These fields apply to data export, so let's leave their description for other sessions. Let's go back to the top and create our data element. We can select two data elements to create as an example. We have already identified the six different data elements that exist within this form. Let's work with two examples, prolonged fever and watery diarrhea. Back in DHRs2, I want to start by giving the data element a name and a short name. Let's start with the prolonged fever data element. In this example, I'm going to start by giving the initials of the program, syndromic surveillance, and then I give the name of the actual data element. Next I give it a short name. In this case I'm just using the acronyms of the program and the data element. We can of course give it a bit of a longer data element name, but if this makes sense, we can use this in analysis later on. I am going to fill in one of the non-mandatory fields, form name. This is because when the user enters data, I don't want them to see the SS portion of the name that I've created. In the form name, I will just put the same name as it appears on the actual data collection form. This can be longer or shorter than the name we've given the data element depending on the data element we are defining. Next I choose a domain type. You can see that there are two domains, aggregate and tracker. In our examples, we will be using the aggregate domain type. The tracker domain is for event and program-based data elements. Those are discussed more in the Tracker Academy. Next I have to assign the data element a value type and an aggregation type. If I click on value type, we can see that there are a number of different value types available. Let's look at some of the different number types that are available to denote the difference between these different value types. By default, number is selected as the type. We also have other number types such as integer, positive integer, negative integer, and positive or zero integer. All of those types will allow me to add number values, but their definition is a bit different. For example, if I look at positive or zero integer, this means that I can only enter values that are greater or equal to zero. If I look at positive integer, this means that I can only enter values greater than or equal to one. I cannot actually enter any zero values in this data element field during data entry. Depending on the restrictions that we want for this data element, we choose the appropriate type to correspond with that description. In this example, I will just select positive or zero integer. This will allow the user to enter any value that is greater than or equal to zero. As there are quite a variety of value types, please refer to the readings to learn a bit more or ask us any questions you might have about the different value types that are available. Next, we select the aggregation type. We can see that there are a couple of different aggregation types available. The aggregation types correspond to how the data element will roll up through the organization unit hierarchy. By default, sum is selected. What this means is that if I am collecting this data element by health facility and I want to see the output by health network. In order to create the value for the health networks, it will sum all of the values in the health facility to provide me for my output for the health network. This is true of the other types as well. If I choose average as my type, then it will average those values for the health facility when we select our health network rather than sum them. So we should be a bit careful when we select this type. We will use sum as our type in this example as we want the value summed through our organization unit hierarchy. The next field we have is store zero data values. The value type is positive or zero integer. This means we are allowing the user to enter in values that are zero. But whether or not these are stored in the database is indicated by this selection. The implications of storing zeros in the database will be discussed in other sessions. For now, we are going to leave this deselected. The next mandatory field is the category combination. As mentioned earlier, we are just going to leave this as none. This will be discussed in other sessions during other academies. So don't worry about it for now. After we have defined all the mandatory fields, we can go ahead and save the data element. We will go ahead and click on save. You can see when I do that the data element appears in the data element management screen. Let's go ahead and create the other data element that we referred to. Watery diarrhea. We will click on the plus icon and we will provide it with a name. This is the name on the form, but we are actually going to change this up a little bit. Note that I have swapped diarrhea and watery.  By naming the data element this way, I can find the different types of diarrhea grouped together when I perform my analysis. Next we assign the data element a short name. We are just using the acronym of the data element and program as before. I am also going to assign this a form name. Remember this is what the end user sees when they are entering data. So we want to make sure it accurately reflects what is on our data collection tool. Next let's select a domain type. We are going to select aggregate as before and we are going to use aggregate in all of our examples. We will have the value type correspond to the previous value type that we selected. Positive or zero integer. We will leave the aggregation type as some. The category combination is still none and we will leave it like that in our examples. Once we have defined the fields, once we have defined all the mandatory fields, we can go ahead and save the data element. Now we can see that we have these two data elements available in our data element management. I am going to go ahead and add in the remaining data elements from that form. And then we can move on to create the data element group and group sets. So I have gone ahead and added in the data elements from that form using the same steps that were shown in the demonstration.


Next, we're going to have Rosana Cambron, and she will be giving testimony for our Cold War Truth Commission. She is the cold chair of the National Communist Party, USA, and a coordinator of the Worker's Center in Los Angeles. Rosana. Hi, everyone. Good afternoon. And thank you for inviting us here today. And for this event, which I think is going to be a vital resource for many generations to come. In 1919 was a crucial year in history. Throughout the world, new parties emerged from existing socialist parties and anti-colonial movements. They united around the struggle for socialism and against imperialism. In the United States, the Communist Party USA was born. Many immigrants came to the United States fleeing poverty and persecution. Some had been involved with socialist movements in the lands from which they came. They would be joined by African-American activists who had faced the highest level of exploitation and oppression in the United States, fighting for three centuries against slavery and then Jim Crow. Indigenous people, Mexican Americans, and people of the U.S. colonies of Puerto Rico and Philippines, along with Japanese and Chinese Americans, all of whom were victims of violent, racist exploitation and oppression. U.S. Communist emphasized the oppression of what was then called the Negro people as a cornerstone of capitalist rule. They made the organization of Black rule and urban workers into unions, a central focus of their work. They also organized both black and white working people to fight against all forms of racism. Many of the struggles in which Communists had played a leading role in the 1920s had ended in defeat. The 1926 Pace Act, New Jersey Silk Strike and the later Castonia, North Carolina Mill Strike had been violently crushed, Zacco and Vanzetti died in the electric chair in 1927. But Communists strengthened by the world Communist movement and a political structure of a revolutionary party that united them, learned from these setbacks. The capitalist utopian dream of letting the rich take care of the poor collapsed in the great market crash of October 1929. Over the next four years, unemployment rose to more than a third of the workforce. Wages for employed were slashed and millions lost their savings. In March of 1930, Communists in the U.S. and throughout the world organized international unemployment day to mobilize against this crisis. Shortly thereafter, unemployment councils led by the Communist Herbert Benjamin organized in cities throughout the country to block the evictions of thousands of tenants who could not pay their rent. The unemployed councils were forward came forward with a new idea unemployment insurance, which was so identified with the Communist Party that the conservative that the then conservative AFL leadership initially rejected the proposal and condemned it as a Communist Party program. Beginning in 1935, the new deal program of Franklin Roosevelt elected three years earlier at the height of the depression would enact unemployment insurance along with comprehensive public works, labor and social welfare legislation, collective bargaining units, social security and later minimum wage and wages and the 48 hour work week, the most important victories for workers in U.S. history. While the benefits were significantly less than the Communist Party and others had advocated for, the leading role of the Communist in the unemployed councils and in the unions and community organizations made the Communist Party the undisputable head of a domestic Marxist movement towards socialism. As the new deal government advanced labor and social welfare reforms in response to the working class upsurge, Communist led in the formation of a new civil rights groups. The National Negro Congress, the South, the Southern Negro Youth Congress, both groups sought to build alliances with and through the CIO, the Works Progress Administration and other new deal agencies. Although these and other militant civil rights organizations which Communist helped to build would be ruthlessly suppressed during the post-World War II period, many of their veterans activists would play important roles in the victories won during the great civil rights upsurge of the 1960s. Many civil rights leaders cut their political teeth in these struggles. As you can see that throughout these struggles, the Communist Party sought unity of the working class and recognized that racism was an effective tool by the capitalists to divide the workers. Communist Party activists struggled to build inclusive industrial unions since the birth of the Communist Party. By the early 1930s, a strike wave swept the nation. The roles of the administration responded to this working class upsurge by enacting National Labor Relations Act or Wagner Act, which provided a democratic process for workers to organize trade unions and negotiate collective bargaining agreements. Communist fought to advance the Fair Employment Practice Commission, which the new deal government had created in 1941 to integrate black workers into the expanding war production industries. You can find more detailed history of the party in two recent books. Let them tremble and faith in the masses by Tony Pesanovsky, which recounts how the party despite its setbacks and anti-communism continued to fight for workers' rights. As you can see by this brief history that the work of the Communist Party along with other progressive organizations and individuals were building movements that were achieving important victories, especially around the fight against racism and winning workers' rights. The ruling elite responded to these gains by organizing a coordinated and strategic frontal assault. Though this war on workers started decades ago, these important worker gains called for an escalation. This occurred at the end of the World War II, with the birth of the Cold War. The first step of this assault started as an ideological war. The thinking was, if we can convince the American people that capitalism equaled America, equaled liberty, equaled democracy, then one can deduce that capitalism equals the American way of life. Therefore, anything that is opposite capitalism was un-American, anti-freedom, undemocratic, and should be feared and rejected. Any attack on capitalism is an attack on American values. This successful media campaign laid the groundwork for one of the darkest chapters in our country's history, the McCarthy era. This state-sponsored witch hunt of communists cost hundreds to be blacklisted, thousands to lose their jobs, and dozens of the finest, most militant movement leaders to be jailed. The aim of this fascist campaign was never to silence the Communist Party and its members. Its true goal was to squash and paralyze it. Any and all-progressive and individuals involved in bringing up fundamental political, economic, or social change. This same anti-communism line of attack was later used against Black Panthers, Martin Luther King, Cesar Chavez, and countless others. And although most of the laws and actions taken during the McCarthy period were eventually overturned and demon-constitutional, there is no denying it had a long and lasting impact on the American psyche.  Millions of Americans rejected anti-communist and refused to be – anti-communism and refused to be silent. In time, new organizations were formed and new leaders arose, giving birth to new movements, which brings us to today. So are the ideas of socialism communist relevant and necessary today? I say yes, now more than ever. Endless wars, police brutality, gender inequality, continued racism, increased income inequality, massive homelessness, rampant consumerism, and an impending environmental catastrophe all call for change. The Trump presidency is a reflection of the new and more dangerous stage of struggle we are in. Trump may be gone, but the fascist forces that put him in office are still there and are organizing. But with all of these problems now is not the time to despair. The winds of change are strong and they are blowing in our favor. National organizations are growing everywhere, movements are coalescing, and trade unions are getting their militant groove back. The younger generation is now easily – is not easily influenced by the anti-communist narrative. They are looking for an alternative to the life they are currently living under, climate change, high cost of education, and lack of jobs. Bernie Sanders, AOC and the rest of the squad are countering that negative socialist narrative and making it cool again. Are they still using anti-communism as a weapon 30 years after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the supposedly end of communism? Absolutely. In fact, in the last election, it was Trump and the Republican party's first line of attack. They tried to stir and awaken old prejudices and fears of claiming that Joe Biden and the Democratic Party were trying to replace American values with socialist ones. Another attempt was in a recent CNN article that equated the attack on the Capitol by white supremacists with the communist arrest made during the Cold War. During the last election, several attempts were also made to equate fascism with communism. But much more insidious than all of this was their use of anti-communism to brainwash and mislead many into voting against their own self-interest. They have been able to convince millions of their working class supporters to oppose tuition-free college, a free national healthcare, student loan forgiveness, because these are socialist programs that go against American values. Anti-communism continues to be the ruling class weapon of choice in the battle of ideas. As we move forward, I cannot overstress the importance of building unity, being aware of the tactics that have been used to divide us. Some of their tactics include looking for ways to divide leaders using their weaknesses, both personal and ideological, to promote division. Spreading rumors and feeding egos is another critical form we need to be mindful of. In closing, I would like to invite all of you to join our party in convincing our families, our communities, our country that socialism is not a dirty word. It is our salvation. Sooner or later, we do this. The sooner we do this, the sooner we can begin to organize more effectively to address poverty, racism, gender inequality, war, the climate crisis, and so much more. Thank you. Bravo, Rosana. Thank you so much for your testimony. A couple of things before we move on to another moving testimony is at our first Cold War Truth Commission. We made signs and you could take a selfie and the sign said, fellow traveler, E.K. and what of it. And so I think whatever we are, however we identify, the more allies we have possible and to be unabashed and unafraid of who our friends are, because look at what they're up to, look at what they do, their values. I want to mention someone else who was at the first Cold War Truth Commission. He couldn't be with us now, but he was one of the first African American city councilmen of Los Angeles. His name was Bob Ferrell, Robert Ferrell. And he made a super point that I wanted to just make sure is in the record today also that Rosana spoke of. He says he remembers back in the 40s when the Communist Party, various labor organizers were helping the Black community and that they were considered by the Black community some of their greatest allies. And then he said, and as the Cold War continued McCarthyism, they just all those white allies disappeared.  They got jailed. They had to leave to Mexico, whatever. And all of a sudden the Black community really felt without allies. And I just found that so tragic and immoral. I wanted to bring that up.


is the second year to find 1,400 bills between the House and Senate that have slips of paper and a subject of loss. And especially around the beginning of the year, you read the paper and there's reference to somebody's crazy idea. And reporters love those because they like controversy. Most of the time, those pieces of paper don't really pick up the problem so that we have it. And so you will hear people use the term, that bill is staying on the wall. And usually there's more voted out of committee that will come forward to make on the House floor next week. And that was, as you know, everything has to go to the other body and basically start over in the committee process on the other side. So all of those, everything has a ways to go. One of the 40 bills that came out this week from the Commerce and Economic Development Committee is worthy of note because it recognizes that although Vermont has one of the lowest unflit rates in the country, we have that are going unbilled because we don't have people with the skills to do it. So this particular bill would try to set up a unified workforce development system to try to align our co-secondary ed. Includes college but also includes technical training and conventional training for young people and also for people who are taking careers or who the skills have become obsolete. Speaking, I can take a couple of questions, but I don't want to get in the way of your meeting. Go ahead and begin. Can you comment on the Houseways Meet proposal to address the education plan? So I wrote about it a little bit in the report and it just came out on Thursday. It's, it does, it moves a little bit more of the education funding to income by putting an A to 1% to go into the education fund. So the goal is to reduce base property rates for the, not the budget we're going today, but for next year by, actually I may be wrong about the age this year, maybe it is this year, but they've been working on ambitious that would really completely revamp the funding system. And it was particular by from people on all sides that they put that, they put that slide in there. So I'm sorry, I can't be offline, but I know for, does that continue that it's supposed to implement next year? To set the base, the base tax rate for this year. It should be that in January and that's a really good idea. I don't change this year, so it seems to be one of the last and one of the, like everything that relates to money, we seem to have the final votes on those, the day or two before we pass the schedules, which year they come up and I don't know. For a three-year term, auditor for a three-year term, cemetery commissioner for a three-year term, cemetery commissioner for a one-year term, and the law states to hear the auditor's report and to take any necessary action their own. The real estate tax is two equal installments to collect current taxes. Will the town vote to elect a preceptive proposed budget recommended in $80? Articles signed for use of a fast-patch rubbish removal option. Article eight, will the town vote to act in anticipation of taxes? Article nine, to do any other message, Sarah and Margaret Business brought before us Dr. Schlepport, Jim Shantz, our co-chair of the Vienna. Schlepport, give us a... Change, that's going to give us a really good meeting a couple of weeks ago. The real engagement there on that contract will give us something special. If they're going to be... They said they're going to be looking for a compete hold bomb and tilt. Keep the bridge so the numeric seat vehicles are more stretching or police-y if we didn't just shut up, we'd drop it off there, try to save it for as long as we can because we really have no idea when we keep what we can off. We send a lot of state advising on that. That was the... Yeah, it had two trailers on it. Came across the bridge, went up by a can. I think maybe it's because he might have gone to the firewood yard in Bethel and it's too difficult to make that turn off the 107 to make the left. So I think they use it in River Road to say you can come across the bridge and make that right up in the hill. And I don't think that's a good thing at all. I don't know how... Take a paycheck vlog so you can have the thing with the two trailers. Count them all right. You can get it because Genesis is your career. You can, okay. Any way you ever want to look at it, you can turn on the 107 really easily. You can make that. Yeah. In other words, that person would more likely deliver wood to somebody in the back road. There's a lot of wood. What day is that? 10th quarter. I don't remember what day it was. It was Monday. Follow them and see what the lettering of the truck was. Sorry. Just so you know what's happening. Don't stop. I talked to a select man a few days ago and we're looking into making that turn there so that it's possible for trucks to come down and turn right there by what this guy's been doing now. Pre-designed, designed. They're separate. This one's infrastructure, which is the bridge, which is not our... If you get a select board for having it and the equipment, you don't have to switch, switch and switch and we're asking the papers to come in and possibly put them forward. We have the artwork. We build up for our equipment. So when the equipment is going to be replaced and you'll be replaced at the time you're fashioning the same thing for our roads. And I want to say we've been more lucky in there, but we're doing absolutely the right thing. And then Monday through this gorgeous day, but we're going to be hit by the storm. It's Thursday and for those of you who might not be aware of it, this is going to top 100. I moved to the Super Bowl, and then you've got rain, and then you've got snow, and then you've got superculture for the job they do and just drive to a neighborhood town and then compare and contrast what we have for our state food. The staggered option that we're discussing now was just a way of moving some of that from individual households to do curbside pickup for traction recycle and that's all on them. Town doesn't contribute to that. We're just trying to recoup some of the cost of having a sticker you really don't know who's bringing the trash in town and you don't know who's bringing the trash. Would you just charge the people that don't have a sticker? Yeah, it's quite bad. If you have a sticker you can be charged for them. And you're catching up by the end of the year. If we had a lower price then you didn't have the stickers right now. It's still going to be too much. Option of bringing the trash would pay for it. So we could you go because I'm not a still going to the recycle center. Seems like you should pay us to use our town properly to front business. Well I don't think you would find it as really interesting to decide. They need their business to make money. They need to charge $6,000 a year it's the cost of running a vehicle it's the cost of the people being there. I think for that $6,000 to do so I like the idea of a sticker to make sure that it's only stock bridge tax payers but I don't really think we should charge for it just because you know it's expensive and you know we'd rather have people dispose of their trash properly. You know there's a few people on where we live that you know just set their trash out and the animals get into it and you know they don't take it to the dump when they leave for the weekend and it's nice to have a proper way of having your trash disposed other if you're not curbside pickup.  Issues we're trying to address is people just dumping trash my concern is that if the enforcement becomes you don't have a sticker we're not going to allow you to pay to have your trash taken at the designated spot before we're going to drive down the road it seems like there's a lot of open questions here or maybe it's not the time to make the decision although kind of stock bridge requires a sticker delete that has been purchased that opens it up to many different options and we can come up with a better proposal of how this is all going to work. To the audience what are we should check right now? A speed is and that speed can be basal leather it's curbside you've got to go if you take it you're just paying for the baby's hour so you're not getting that money. $6,000 then we should have a proposal of what these stickers might cost the insurance is that people from Pittsfield or Rochester are coming and using the service why not just require that they show their driver's license when they drop the trash off? $0.50 a bag and pay and we can go to that one again not for how are you getting the $1 bag or $3 bag now okay that goes to your app we're going to have to produce and we just charge a little bit more for a bag if we need to and then it's like well we would still have a meeting with the board because it's like yes we're not just free at last are saying one's a vision and one's an opinion because of that this is a democracy we should have an opinion everyone should have an opinion just like it was great that the whole to be easier on a slackman I think it's great for our community to be able to make decisions together with the cities and towns this is the best practice and this is we would have to have a special meeting this is our stage to get down to it okay when I came in to her warning she felt that we actually needed when it gets to us we'd have a discussion and then actually have a meeting there's a select board in the planning commission is this a process you want to see just because other people have asked to have the procedure changed they saw and they served to you know call some conflict that may or may not happen feedback because we want to see interaction having the select board step back input on them but then it's on the town to pick what they want and what they see how they see their future going I am fine with administering it based on having with us here and so I'm fine with being on the pot seat but I'm going to go with what I'm hearing what I'm seeing and the involvement that I'm seeing trying to make the best of We are picking for the town or just listening to the town and I would like to say she goes to her meetings so she would no she's she has great input but the answer to that is many of us that have went to the state sense of how the flow would go it's a volunteer form only by physicians in this town that either are appointed or just straight on with you and when we look around the hall this form is where you get indicating I might be interested in the center I can even go or give the form to Kathy Brandt includes all sorts of that's a school. And then she can have this on file. And if there's an opening someplace, like on a planning mission, she can first do the selecting to go. She, there are five people who might be interested, or five people ahead of waiting on page 75 of any of these 45 politicians, non-elected positions that are best. You're interested, put your name in, tell a little about your background, give it to Kathy, and they'll just keep it on file. You are not obligating yourself to anyone, but it gives the select board in particular an opportunity to see if they've got a farm league of volunteers that they might be able to capture this size of the thing. This is about the size of what we're talking about. Individually, you can help make a difference. And this is something that is an interventionism that people can integrate into the town. And they might be interested in something over the school. As someone who's been filming some different meetings, the democracy process that has happened here today, and this footage actually, your town can download it and save it, and actually use it for 101 democracy class at your school. This is access, it's a channel television in Middlebury, excuse me, Mount Piliar. And this is paid by your taxes to AT&T and something here. So we don't know if we're gonna lose it. This is just a nonprofit. But this is something that the technology is really getting inexpensive and a town can actually do it for yourself. So that I don't know how many residents today were not here because they work, but many of them know how to use a computer and they can access it with a cup of coffee and sit there and get tuned in and educated and you might discover more participation. One of the big things that's going on is the merger. And Rochester Stockbridge, this has brought Orca to Stockbridge, but it's still a gray area because they have made these maps and Stockbridge is in no man's zone, like Granville. So if you like what's going on, you can have yours or yourself contact Orca and encourage them to get involved. Because they're a nonprofit, they may be looking for a little help financially to reach out even further. But like I say, the technology is, you can do it yourself. Thank you. This is also the video tech of all of our merger meetings, our school meetings, and she can also be involved in the school meetings. So OrcaMedia.net, and then you can punch in, it is the Rochester Stockbridge Unified District. You punch that in, you'll see all the meetings. And this particular one, I'm not sure how it's going to be filed, and there's going to be flyers around town. I don't understand the school, the town clerk's office you can take them. But it's exciting because in our business world, this is standardized. Why isn't this happening in our government? It is happening right now. I don't know, that being the school budget we voted on April 24th, the details of that will just be, we're meeting tonight, if you vote someone to replace me, which we're probably, or I would make a big difference, to replace me from town meeting date, today's one of my comments, to June 30th, the Stockbridge School District, we'll see through this, and the school visits will be done by the Rochester Stockbridge Unified District Board. So it's nice meeting, it's more functional and required, and there really won't be really something that's going to be pretty hard. I'm trying to speak. So by the way, on the whole civility,


It's great to see you all, and I want to thank the Surface Navy Association, Admiral McCullough, Admiral Hogg, all the Executive Director, Bill Erickson, and others for putting on a great show. It's wonderful to get together as a community because there's an awful lot to talk about. About two years ago, General Garimazov, the Chief of the Russian General Staff, wrote an article in the Military Industrial Magazine in Moscow talking about military science and prediction. And he said in the current environment, non-military means, the role of non-military means is growing to eclipse the role of military power. Supplemented by asymmetric means such as information warfare, in many cases, military means will be covert or hidden in the way that they back up in their role of force. Some call this the hybrid warfare approach. And as I began to think about what I would talk about today, I preferred to call it, as one writer did when he reviewed it, that we're entering an area of non-linear warfare, that the progressions from phases of campaigns and conflicts are not linear anymore. And we see at one end asymmetric the breakdown of governance, the use of resistance movements, terrorist movements that are happening. You're seeing migration, you're seeing at the other end of the extreme, hybrid warfare is applied in Ukraine or in Georgia. You're seeing now those measures supplemented by a very robust application of advanced A2AD technology taking place across the theater. So as I began to think about what I would talk about in terms of what Europe represents, what's happening in Europe and Africa, I like the description of a non-linear model of campaign and non-linear warfare. So let's use that as our entry as we go forward because it's a very robust, it's a very dynamic theater, it's very volatile at the present time. And the surface Navy has a great role. So what I'll talk about is the two challenges that I spend most of my time dealing with. In the NATO parlance we talk about the challenge of the East, a revanchist Russia which is building great capability that has moved in Ukraine and Georgia, is now in Syria, that has fired the caliber missile from the Caspian Sea and multiple salvos into Syria, has fired from a kilo submarine in the Mediterranean into Syria. This build-up of a conventional capability as well as backed by robust nuclear capability is something we'll talk about. But in the aftermath of the Wales Summit that was the principal thrust of the alliance. So we'll talk about that a little bit. And then we'll talk about the south, as I call it, the southern flank of NATO or NATO parlance, the strategic direction south and the challenges represented there. We'll talk a little bit about NATO response and then to bring it to the audience to think about what are the implications as we see them for the future for the surface force. So let's talk about Russia. What we're seeing being constructed in terms of a doctrine and I encourage you to read the doctrine because I like to tell my staff as we do planning read the doctrine that is being written and published out of the Russian general staff because they are telling you what they're going to do, they are investing in the capability to do it and they're building the infrastructure to do so. We are seeing at present the highest level of submarine activity in the North Atlantic that we have seen since the mid-90s in terms of the numbers of submarines, their proficiency and the tempo of their operations. The chief of their Navy made a quote last year that their tempos increased 50% in intensity over the previous time. This has caused a greater cooperation among the allies. If you were following the press you probably noticed recently we had French, we had Norwegian, we had American aircraft operating out of Scotland and Iceland recently that we haven't done that in years and multiple ASW task forces operating in the Atlantic in November of this year. The Russians are moving six caliber equipped Kilo submarines from the North Sea to the Black Sea. Two are in place, one was the one that fired in the Syria, four more are coming. The stars on there is a construction of a series of bases across the north of the Arctic that as they militarize that space and put advanced air defense systems and other military bases along the stretch of the Arctic. This is going to become increasingly important. I was glad to see Bob Papp on the program because last fall China sent a merchant ship through the North Passage, shaved nine days off the transit and for the first time brought it back through the passage. So think of the economic impact as those lanes start to become open into the future and Russia is getting ahead of that as they look at their own sovereignty claims, mineral exploration as we go forward. Large red circles that we see being constructed. I used a phrase in a speech, I gave the Atlantic Council, I call it the Ark of Steel, but what we're seeing built is in the infrastructure a series of what I call A2AD areas, Kaliningrad, where we view these advanced air defense systems being put in place which encompass part of NATO territory in Poland and the Baltics make it increasingly difficult for the NATO response forces to respond within NATO territory. You see the Crimea and the arming of the Crimea that's taken place where we put the Akhant missile caliber advanced electronic warfare systems, advanced fighters, again an Ark that gives an offensive capability that reaches into Europe. And now Syria where we see an increased presence of the Russian force and when I say building proficiency, they are testing the new systems, operating them and building their doctrine as they did in Ukraine, as they did now in Syria. All this is surrounded by, if you go back to the Garamossov article, about advances in asymmetric means. My assessment is they're approaching near-peer status in terms of cyber, their abilities in cyber. They are working very heavily in the information domain. For every time there's a remark by NATO commander or the Secretary General, you can rest assured there'll be a counter-response coming through some media organ in Russia or in southeastern Europe. This is sophisticated as a whole of government approach and it's something that we're not used to seeing in terms of the information space and the continual battle that's happening in the information space in the cyber. And I think you have to think of the future where the words that I would leave you that we start thinking about is those domains that we took for granted to operate in are now becoming contested. And they're becoming contested in a nonlinear way and the escalation will happen in nonlinear ways. It'll be hybrid backed up by robust conventional escalatory up into the high end of warfare. This presents a significant challenge for the Alliance. When we shift to the south, the meds getting pretty busy. Off of Libya you have the European Union Task Force for the Interception of Migrants. That present is about four to eight ships from those countries supplemented by aircraft from other EU partners and it's primarily focused on the interdiction of the human traffickers outside of territorial waters. We're hopeful that an agreement between the two governments in Libya presenting a unity government will enable us and the EU force to now start to go forward but that is a force operated by the European Union in Libya. And we're involved primarily in counter-terrorism efforts. The red highlights the issues of Daesh or ISIL influence. The French have a large force in Mali that they have been operating for some time. The dark red is territory. ISIL probably controls 200 kilometers of the Libyan coast and if you have read they are now attacking the oil infrastructure off the coast and increasingly presenting a maritime challenge in that environment. NATO of course still maintains the standing naval groups that are operating there. The mine group and then the surface group. But we're seeing the increasing presence of the Russian surface force both the LSTs that many of you remember in the surface auxiliaries that are running the lifeline of supplies from the Black Sea down into the Mediterranean. There's generally a surface action group present in the Eastern Med but the new change is the change of the caliber equipped kilos that are coming to that environment, six of them. And we don't think they'll stay in the Black Sea. As I mentioned, Crimea is being robustly upgraded. They've announced a program in billions to upgrade it for both weapons systems, capability, aircraft and of course the Akhan or Bastion system going into the Black Sea. If you look at these red circles that I talked about then what it essentially is is it's coming from a place of a defensive position with offensive projection into NATO territory and designed for us as a sea denial strategy in both the Baltic Sea around Kaliningrad or the Black Sea. So working in that space has taken a lot of my time. I mentioned the UN, there's a UN task force off of Lebanon that is still operating, the Russian force. We now have the four ships in Rota so that's, you know, as I like to say it represents 12 sitting in the United States and we're very happy to have them. And we're still continuing to do in Gulf of Guinea as AFRICOM divides the campaign, the naval role is going to be focused on counter-terrorism support in the north. Think of ISR from ships in Scan Eagle, intelligence collection, SIGINT collection and then for the Gulf of Guinea our principal mission is interdiction. It can be human trafficking, the pirates or the oil smuggling. Even narcotics, we work with the Maritime Analysis Operations Center which is an EU force in Lisbon in tracking vessels and assisting with them. But in the Gulf of Guinea it's principally working with our partners, the French, other countries that are there, Portuguese, Spanish, Germans to some degree for capacity building in the Gulf of Guinea to interdict. Though the fall of the price oil has really, I think, reduced the economic incentive for that oil piracy that was taking place in the Gulf of Guinea several years ago. We've seen it decrease but the rise of other things. I highlighted migrants. There are two major migrant flows at the peak of it. We were seeing 9 to 10,000 a day crossing through there. This is human migration and trafficking in some cases on an industrial scale where we have individuals profiting from the movement of these people but in the Syrian conflict you have essentially 2 million displaced refugees in Turkey, a million plus in Jordan and the system is straining to accommodate for their welfare. And so the flow paths are into Greece, into Macedonia and up north of Germany or in the maritime sense principally out of Libya to Lampedusa or Sicily. So how did NATO, it didn't come out too well in the visual, I'll read the top one, but in responding to Russia and what we saw coming out of the Wales Summit, NATO really focused on several things. We said one, we're going to do assurance. So we've increased the number of exercises and increased their tempo and increased their high-end war-finding. NATO did its first amphibious exercise in many, many years with 30,000 troops landing in Portugal and Sardinia. 3,000 US Marines participated here this past fall that we did that. I was doing an exercise at that time in Poland and we're trying to improve on speed and responsiveness. One of the things that we saw this past year with the Russian naval forces is an increasing number of SNAP exercises where the entire force gets underway or we move 30,000 troops by airlift in a very rapid way. And if you look at that type of model where speed is of the essence, NATO created a very high-rated task force in order to be able to move very rapidly and so we're putting that in place, but then on top of that, exercising at the high end. Trident Juncture was won. I'll show you a film clip in a second from Joint Warrior where we did the first ballistic missile defense shot in Europe. We shot out of the Hebrides Range in the United Kingdom and did that test. And we're bringing back this year major ASW exercises into the Mediterranean which will start again this summer between the Allies. So that's the assurance piece. The exercises, the practice, the gigant force. The adaptation really talks about how do we build a credible deterrent in the Alliance and how do we create more responsive structures to face the threats that I outline, the information campaign, the cyber, the asymmetric, and have a NATO force that doesn't generate in 120 or 180 days but can generate much faster and have maritime forces that are on call to do that that are trained and ready to go. A work item we're working on now is the Southern Flank Strategy which means how does NATO and the U.S. be involved in the challenges of the South? And then the real focus has been the focus on A2AD. I would tell you right now the U.S. effort is principally focused on the counter-ISIL-DIESH fight, the migrant issues being handled by the European Union and their forces and we're focused on the ISIL piece. So let me talk about three areas that are going to be important for the surface Navy. That's Romania there. We accept it in December on the 18th. Think of it as a ship custody transfer where everything works, it'll fire, they'll find themselves at ball tops one week, they'll find themselves following a kilo through the mid to the next week, they're up in the black at sea being over flown and do an intel collect and then a week after that there are 14 miles off the coast of Syria doing freedom and navigation ops and so they are very, very busy and they're very, very happy but ballistic missile defense will be for the surface Navy our first strategic level mission for the defense of Europe and be on call for them. Very important transition. ASD-15 is what we did. Many of you in this room may have had a hand in this and doing this exercise. The engineering deserves a lot of credit for it as does Phil Davidson for helping make the assets available but we wanted to build the architecture and bring our allies into the ballistic missile defense world and so we had eight ships, eight nations contributed ships. We put the BMD software into the Spanish Aegis ships. They worked with us to have that load put in them for this exercise. The other ships were testing their tracking abilities as we go forward. The Germans sent a staff officer but you'll see that we're represented with the major allies Italian, Brit, French, Spanish, Canadians. And so what we did was a BMD scenario with a cruise missile scenario built into it to test our allies in the stream rate. So we will show you what that looks like. It takes a few seconds. Here we go. I think this will work. So these are the ships getting out. They're based out of Faslane in Scotland. When they came out, we did significant investments to make the Hebrides range ready. So we had a group up to the long range search and track group with our allies. We had a firing group separately to the south. You'll see Ross. We had Mount Whitney underway with observers and Strike 4 NATO. And then we had, you'll see our BMD shot going. And then we'll shift to the simulation so you can see what happens. There's the BMD target coming off the Hebrides. The missile's coming. And then shortly from the other ships, you'll see two cruise missile targets fired at the force. So we got rocket motor separation here. And you'll see the kill view will come out. This was an exo-atmospheric shot, the first one outside the United States, which was successful. Now we shift back. Sullivan's was doing an engagement on the cruise missiles that was designed to miss so we could do a subsequent engagement with the allies and then the Canadians fire. So very successful and great work to a lot of people contributed and allies. But the allies now see the value of ballistic missile defenses. We go forward. But more importantly to me was the testing of the architectures. We now integrate the ships in the East Med with the shore site in Romania that we now bring this into the NATO architecture and we now prove that it will function and operate and the allies now, they want more of this. And so this is going to be important as we go forward as they see the threat evolve as well. The second piece that I talk about in this asymmetric environment is we have to change the culture of the surface force. When you sell the COs in Rota, when you get underway, it's not a decision of what you turn off anymore when you get to sea. It's a decision of why you're turning something on. Why do you have to have that radar? Why do you have to have? Because in the environment we're in, the days of you get a cyber attack against the network, you can't shut down the network because you have a mission to do in ballistic missile defense. You have to execute the mission. So maybe we isolate the rest of the gig and we have to figure out how to fight through. So it has spurred tremendous creativity for the folks in the first couple of rows who remember this from the old days. The COs very much like getting mission orders. They like not having the chat rooms turned on the headquarters. They like being able to have the permission to, you know, how do I get information to the ship when the satellite may not be there, when GPS may be jammed for example, how do we start to work in that environment? And we are running exercises taking those capabilities away. And now investing in other systems that help us in the PK to operate in close to shore against advanced cruise missiles, be able to execute the BMD mission and be able to fight through the cyber or the network attack. This is the area when I look at the asymmetric piece that we have to be ready to move into. It will be more unmanned, it will be more distributed, it will be more cyber focused as we go forward where the ships have to understand that and have to maneuver in this space. And so weaving the asymmetric into our day to day operations is a big thrust of our operations in Europe and the young generation loves it and they're having a great time with it and coming up with some really marvelous ideas. Unmanned, as I look at the CT fight that we're in you can greatly assist me in helping the range and reach of the ships in Rota and the assets I have by being unmanned. And unmanned in a sense of more than electro-optical sites but SIGINT packages, ISR, the ability to get out with other sensors into the battle space. You may have read that we struck the head of ISIL or Daesh in Libya with some F-15 fighters out of Lake and Heath. They were enabled by surface ships flying ISR to do positive ID of the target and to go forward. So this type of capability is what's needed in the CT fight as we look at ISIL as we go forward particularly as they spread their reach along the coast. This is where we can contribute. So as I look at NATO and the maritime flanks, so what are the things that I'm working on principally? First of all it's reinvigorating high-end joint warrior bringing the nations back to bold alligator here in the United States getting carrier operations in the future in the Mediterranean taking our high-end exercises that we run on BMD, ASW and now integrating asymmetric approaches into those. Take the network down from a cyber attack, which we did last year. Take some of the other systems that we've come to rely on with the mindset of the things we assume for granted as uncontested will be contested in the future and then how do you fight through and do that? I talk about it's unmanned and distributed and I think that the biggest thing as we go forward was that now the surface Navy let me tell you the debates I have as I travel around Europe is can you put that Aegis BMD ship off my coast? Is it going to be here if I need it as a threat? So the demand for those ships and the capability they bring is going up and I just think it's a great challenge for the future as we go forward. It's a theater of innovation and we have to be in terms of the pacing of these threats that are both asymmetric coming from the south, coming from the east and then all the way up to the high-end threat coming from Russia. Again, I want to thank the SNA for letting me have a chance to chat.


The DNR's live fish exhibit is one of the state fair's most popular attractions. Started in 1905, the state fair's first live fish exhibit using aquariums purchased from the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis. This year's exhibit is expected to display about three dozen species of fish.  We put minnows in there so it kind of looks like maybe you see in a lake possibly. We wouldn't see this many species or this many fish but so it's like looking into a giant outdoor aquarium. It's basically what it is so it's people just love to look at fish in aquariums so here you go. Here you're going to see more than you're going to see in any other one probably. One of the most popular fish with fairgoers has been the paddle fish characterized by their long paddle like bill. Paddle fish are found in the St. Croix River and in the lower Mississippi River below Minneapolis. Paddle fish grow to be quite large with fish up to 200 pounds being recorded. The largest fish in the exhibit is the lake sturgeon which exceeds 50 inches. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.


Hello, so in the first section of the tutorial 5, we were trying to understand about what is speckle and how to deal with speckle specific to the allospalcer data sets. So we were using the allospalcer data as an example to infer about how mean filter can be applied to reduce speckle and how median filter can be applied on the image to reduce the speckle. Now let us try to understand more about a third kind of filter known as Gaussian filter. So we are all well aware that in the field of statistics, the most important continuous probability distribution is that of the normal distribution or Gaussian distribution which has a bell shaped curve. So the density function of a normal random variable with mean mu and variance sigma square is given with respect to this expression. So here x is the random variable, mu is the mean and sigma square is the variance. Now let us try to understand how to use this to blur an image using the Gaussian distribution. So before I create a Gaussian filter, I need to define a function known as convolution. So before I understand about a Gaussian filter, let me first create from the scratch a function that performs spatial convolution. Now why it is required will be more clear once we move ahead. But for now, I am again going to use the DEF for defining a function termed as convolution that requires two inputs old image and kernel. So the rows of image and columns are of image are read into image underscore H and image underscore W. Similarly, the size of kernel is read into kernel underscore H and kernel underscore W alright. So now let me use the np.pad function which is used to perform padding in NumPy arrays. So this particular function that is np.pad, it returns the padded array of rank equal to the given array. So I am going to type np.pad old image comma going to specify the pad underscore width floor division is used here again because the line of code was lengthy. I am just trying to type in the line below going to specify mode equal to constant and constant underscore values equal to 0, 30. So let me just pull the line to the front so that all the lines of code are easily visible. So what did I do? I used the np.pad which is used to perform padding in the NumPy arrays. Now that I have specified H and W, I can use np.zeros which creates an array with zeros of size as that of image underscore pad. So that is why I have written np.zeros within brackets image underscore pad dot shape. Now to perform the convolution operation I am going to go with for loop. In tutorial 1, we have already covered the basics of what is a for loop. So I am not expanding in detail here. I hope that you are understanding the for loop by now. So once I use for loop I can also try to use the flatten function. Basically flatten function is used to flatten a matrix to one dimension in Python. So let me first finish typing x and then I try to flatten x in one dimension and then I can try to use the sum. That is once we define the list and pass the list as a parameter, I can pass it on as a parameter to the sum function to get the sum of list of items as return. I am going to type if h equal to equal to 0 return image underscore con within square bracket h colon W colon W underscore end W equal to equal to 0 return yes. So in the first tutorial we have also covered the use of for loops as well as return and then finally return image underscore con within square bracket h colon h underscore end and W colon W underscore end. So what we did just now was we have defined a function to perform spatial convolution from the scratch. Now let us try to understand why we did that. Our main aim to understand about convolution was finally we need to create a Gaussian filter. So now once we run the command and make sure that there are no errors, let us try to define a Gaussian blur image function using DEF which takes inputs as image and sigma. So I am going to use image dot from array and then NP dot as array, NP dot as array it converts input into an array and also we have to define the filter size. So once we define the filter size, let us try to create Gaussian filter as a 0 array to start with. That is why I am going to use NP dot 0s and denoting M as filter underscore size floor division 2 and N and I am using a for loop. Now the aim of doing this is that each time when the filter operates it has to compute whatever we are trying to code and it will be saved in the Gaussian underscore filter. So we need the weights of the Gaussian filter and that is why we have written the spatial convolution function before. So let me type the expression that is NP dot exp x square plus y square by 2 into sigma square. This is nothing but the expression that I had showed while explaining about Gaussian distribution. So now I want to enter the values into Gaussian underscore filter for that I will simply use I have already defined x1, I have already defined x2. So I am going to use 1 by x1 into x2. So here NP dot pi P i is how we type the expression for pi. So now let us try to bring everything together. I need I am underscore filtered that is nothing but convolution that is the function we defined in the previous slide image and then Gaussian underscore filter okay. So what we did just now was in the previous slide we tried to write a function that does spatial convolution from the beginning and in this particular slide we wrote a function to estimate Gaussian blur image okay. Now to visualize the image as before I can apply the Gaussian blur image function to the sigma h h image not the complete image but a part of the image and I can also specify the sigma as 3 and as before I can use the same commands to display the image. To visualize the image side by side as a subplot wherein on the left side I have the unfiltered image and on the right side I have the image that has been subjected to Gaussian filter. So here the code that you have just seen it computes the weight each time and then when you use the convolution function spatial convolution is being performed using the weights okay. That is why we have created a zero array to begin with and what is the need for padding. So all these concepts will be covered once you try to understand how to create a Gaussian filter. So what I am typing is how to display the plot side by side using PLT dot subplots using dot I am sure okay keeping color map as gray and adding a title okay. So as before we can visualize what we have just created towards the left side you have the unfiltered image and towards the right side we have the output image after it has been subjected to Gaussian filtering. So say I want to visualize all the three images side by side to understand which gives me better visual clarity whether it is the mean filter, the output after median filter or the output after Gaussian filter. Only a small change needs to be made here let me show you that. So instead of PLT dot subplots 1, 2 I am going to type 1, 4 say that which means in one row you will get all the 4 images side by side okay. The commands are more or less same so let me just copy paste so that it is quicker. So I have defined the first image towards the left it should show the unfiltered image and the next that is AX within square brackets 1 it should show the output after median filtering and AX within square brackets 2 it should show the output after mean filtering. So I am just making those specific changes AX within square brackets 3 that is the figure towards the right most corner that should display the output after Gaussian filtering. Let me try to change the text accordingly and maybe I will try to display the sigma values as well. Let us try to visualize the results yes. So we have the unfiltered image, the output after applying median filter, the output after applying mean filter and the output after applying Gaussian filter. So to summarize in this particular tutorial we learnt about speckle and in particular we dealt with spatial convolution using mean filter, median filter and Gaussian filter. Now speckle filtering can also be carried out using snap toolbox or any other image processing toolboxes but then for better understanding of each step we have learnt how to code the same using Python. And there are many more filters which can be used to tackle speckle in radar imagery. In this tutorial we have covered just three examples however feel free to explore about more filters if interested. I hope you found this tutorial informative. We shall meet during the next lecture. Thank you.


As is customary in Australia, I begin today by acknowledging the traditional custodians of the land on which we meet and pay my respects to their elders past and present. I extend that respect to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples here or online. Welcome to the signing ceremony. Today we will view the signing of the India-Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement. I would now like to invite the Honourable Dantene MP, Minister for Trade, Tourism and Investment of Australia, to make some remarks. Prime Minister Modi, Prime Minister Morrison, my good friend, the Indian Trade Minister Payush Goyal, it's wonderful to be joining you on this historic occasion. Can I say to both Prime Ministers, thank you for what you've invested into this agreement through your friendship and your determination to bring our two countries together. We find ourselves at this historic moment. To my good friend Payush Goyal, thank you for your friendship over the last seven and eight months. Ever since we enjoyed that wonderful lunch in New Delhi, three hours one on one, where we set ourselves the task of concluding this agreement, we have worked tirelessly with our negotiators to make sure that we've got to this occasion. We are very confident that this deal will see our two-way trade, the trade between our nation's double in the coming years. We also know that this agreement will underpin the economic stability of the Indo-Pacific. It is an agreement for its time. It is an agreement for this moment. And it's wonderful to be able to join with you to sign it. And what a wonderful occasion to be doing it on India's new year. This will create a new dawn for our nations, but also it is wonderful to be able to celebrate it on such an august occasion in India. Thank you very much. I'd like to invite Shree Piyosh Geyul, Minister of Commerce and Industry, Consumer Affairs and Food, and Public Distribution and Textiles of India to make some remarks. Thank you. Your Excellency, Honourable Prime Minister, Mr. Scott Morrison, Honourable Prime Minister, Shree Narendra Modiji, my friend, Minister Tehan, India and Australia are natural partners connected by shared values of democracy, rule of law, and transparency. Like two brothers, both nations supported each other during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our relationship rests on the pillars of trust and reliability. Happily reflected in our deepening geostrategic engagement through the Quad and the Supply Chain Resilience Initiative. Today is a historic day for our ties as we sign the Economic, Cooperation and Trade Agreement, Indus Ekta. In a way, it started when Prime Minister Shree Modi visited Australia in 2014. And I remember his words, Australia will not be at the periphery of our vision, but at the centre of our thought. I see a great future of partnership between India and Australia and a shared commitment to realise it. Recently, the leaders met virtually for the Indus Summit and within 10 days we are here to witness the signing of the Indus Ekta. I'm grateful to our leaders who guided and motivated us to complete the agreement in a truly cooperative spirit, understanding each other's sensitivities. My deep sense of appreciation goes out to both teams for their outstanding work. In the time difference between the two nations, the negotiations would run into late nights with either side remaining awake on many occasions. The Indus Ekta would remove barriers to trade and will open up plethora of opportunities in both goods and services for both nations. It is expected that the bilateral trade would go from the existing 27 billion U.S. dollars to nearly 45 to 50 billion U.S. dollars over the next five years. There is huge potential in areas like textiles, pharmaceuticals, hospitality, gem and jewelry and IT, amongst others, creating huge employment in both countries. I am confident that this multifaceted and forward-looking Indus Ekta will take our ties to greater heights. Thank you very much. Namaste. The document will now be signed by Minister Tian and Minister Guil. I will now invite Honourable Prime Minister of the Republic of India Shree Narendra Modi to make some remarks. Prime Minister Morrison, Trade Ministers of Australia and India, and friends from both countries who are here with us today. Namaskar. Meeting my friend Scott for the third time in less than a month. Last week, we had very productive discussions during our virtual summit. We had instructed our teams at the time to conclude talks very soon on the economic cooperation and trade agreement. And I am very pleased that this important agreement is been signed today. I warmly congratulate both the Trade Ministers and their officials for this extraordinary achievement. I would also like to specially commend Australia's former Prime Minister, presently Prime Minister Morrison's trade envoy, Tony Abbott. It is thanks to his efforts that this process could be accelerated. Friends, the fact that we were able to agree on such an important agreement in such a short time shows how much mutual trust there is between both countries. This is truly a watershed moment for our bilateral relations. There is immense potential for economies to fulfil each other's needs. I am confident that this agreement will enable us to benefit fully from these opportunities. On the basis of this agreement, we will together be able to contribute to increasing the resilience of supply chains and to the stability of the Indo-Pacific region. Friends, people-to-people relations are an important pillar of India-Australia friendship. This agreement will facilitate exchanges of students, professionals and tourists between us. And this in turn will further strengthen our relations. Once again, I congratulate the teams of both countries for their effective and successful negotiations on the Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement, the Indo-Augther, which in Hindi means Indo-Unity. My heartfelt thanks to Prime Minister Morrison for being present at this event and my best wishes for the successful organisation of the upcoming elections in Australia. My best wishes also to Australia's Women's Cricket team for the World Cup finals being played tomorrow. Namaskar. I will now invite the Prime Minister of Australia, the Honourable Scott Morrison and Peay to make some remarks. Your Excellency, my dear and trusted friend, Prime Minister Narendra Modi, to Minister Goyal and to Minister Tien Namaste, but also Gidei from here in Launceston in the island state of Tasmania. I feel it's a very timely and relevant place for me to be because this is the home of crayfish, of sheep meat, of our wall and the many other berries and other things that form part of this agreement. I'm so pleased to be able to join you here from Tasmania today. As Prime Minister Modi mentioned, it was only last week that we were meeting as part of a very productive annual virtual summit, but this was of course not the first time we've met. We've met on many, many occasions and I go back to 2014 where I had the good fortune to be seated next to Prime Minister Modi then, Prime Minister, when I was then the Immigration Minister and it was Prime Minister Abbott who introduced us on that day back in 2014. And I also want to join with Prime Minister Modi in extending my thanks to the former Prime Minister Tony Abbott when it comes to the agreement that we've been able to reach on this day. I said then at our virtual summit last week that the pace and scale of our cooperation since we announced our comprehensive strategic partnership has been remarkable. Some 282 million in new initiatives that my government has announced, including at the summit, which will drive our expanding cooperation. This is the single largest Australian government investment in our relationship with India, but it won't be the last. And now we mark another milestone in that relationship, the signing of the Indus Agreement, the Australia-India Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement. This agreement further develops on the promise of our economic relationship, realises it, will facilitate cheaper Australian goods to India, wool, horticulture, coal, LNG, amongst many others, supporting India's economic growth and development. It will unlock deeper cooperation in critical minerals and rare earths, which I know is an area of increasing importance to India's growing manufacturing sector and a very common topic of our discussions as part of the Quad Leaders Dialogue, which I share with Prime Minister Modi. And it will further deepen the warm and close ties between our people by delivering increased work, study and travel opportunities. Importantly, it sends a powerful signal to our businesses and investors alike that one of the biggest doors is now open to a great economic partnership, two dynamic regional economies, like-minded democracies, working together for mutual benefit. It also delivers a clear message that democracies are working together and ensuring the security and resilience of our supply chains. I very much want to commend both of our ministers, Ministers Goyal and Minister Thien, and the many officials for their great work and their impressive efforts in securing this outcome. I thank also our High Commissioner Barry O'Farrell, who was sent as our High Commissioner by myself as a dear and close friend to be our ambassador to my dear and close friend, Prime Minister Modi. I welcome our agreement to date as a first step towards full co-operative economic cooperation agreement between our two great nations by the end of the year. And I thank you for your commitment and perseverance in securing this great achievement. I thank you also, Prime Minister, for your kind wishes in relation to the Women's World Cup. And we look forward to continuing great friendly competition. But when it comes to our economies, we are very much on the same team, same team pursuing the economic advancement for both of our peoples. I'm jealous of only one thing and that was I wasn't able to be at that what sounded like a very nice lunch in New Delhi between our Ministers. And I look forward to being able to join Prime Minister Modi hopefully in the not too distant future where we can speak again, but this time face to face. Thank you. That concludes the signing ceremony.


The study examined parental intentions to vaccinate children against COVID-19 in Hong Kong under three conditions, no policy restrictions, vaccination rate considered for school resumption, and more choices of vaccine. Results showed that levels of vaccine hesitancy are high among Hong Kong parents, with higher education backgrounds and family income being less willing to vaccinate their children. Effective vaccines campaigns should consider the characteristics and preferences of parents who have little intention to vaccinate within a specific social context. This article was authored by Eva Ye-Hun-La, Jian Bin-Li, and Er-Win King Chung-Chan.


Next question TV, we the latest updates, Kata updates the list of the COVID-19 Red Health Major Countries. When we talk about the Red Health Major Countries, we are talking about the Red List Countries. Remember, this latest update will come into effect on 26 March. In the latest update, the Minister of Public Health has updated the list of the countries subject to COVID-19 Red Health Major. The new list comes into effect on Saturday, 26 March 2022, at 7pm arrival time in Katal. Mofa removed Georgia and Jordan from the list and now there are seven countries from the Red List and this include Bangladesh, Egypt, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines and Sri Lanka. Thank you so much for coming back to Siano and thank you much for supporting the Siano. This makes from the next question with the latest information and the latest updates. To our self, take care of yourself and follow the Prokosa Red Health Major.


We're listening to DJ Carrie Raji's sound himself, the official DJ. For Hip Hop Thursday, you heard the official weekend starter. We have saved the best for last. This guy is a producer, never knew he was a producer.  Kariboo Sana.' Kariboo, it's been a long time. I had Asom on set and we got impressed. DJ Raji was based on Asom Kwa Paonir. nakawezu. So, 2 thirda of hot box music. 2 thirda Asim Mwawe What about the other guy? Salim Salim Alright, Salim is a singer or a rapper? Salim is a rapper, singer, adopatist. Adopatist? Alright, so you cooked the beats? Ya, I cooked. Asim engineers, most of the engineer. Most of the engineer. And then Salim Rapa? Salim, Salim utan patektu yoda tata dandi yata fana I feel that, I feel that the hotbox is moving as a unit Ya, it's a unit You guys have been working, working, working kabesa Mbaasan Alright, take me back Take me back Transiawapi Transiawapi Transiawapi Plz flalili kwa nomedunga uniform On Instagram On Instagram ya Official government clothing So ya, I used to be in NOS Ya, nili enroll in NOS That was back in like 2013-2014 Do you want to be in the armed forces? Ya, I really did Ya, that was my plan B actually Nikon meza maistori yungo, maiki kani kami Yendi po Meningi plan B Plan B was me in the armed forces Ya, so I went and rolled in it was NOS I subbed for a year and a half Ya, after apo nika tokapo nika itwakanjo Ya, city council kidero used to be like ya Tokapo mi nika en dan kaji pangapitu zam Ukasema ikai Nika, nika chani zamampu Nili chokam Alright So, at what point were you making music while in the forces Ya, I tried doing that But most of the time Una una time ya Una time ya maisha ya It's not a bad thing It's not a bad thing It's also a end of course But if kama konakitu Una jwa Go for it Una zingine zinia For me, it's like people want me to go there But miss kwa naka fahituka ezo ya Una chokako hafamiliya Ya, hafamiliya If I wasn't to be a lawyer I was supposed to be a fan I would have to cover it How does it feel to be free as an artist To make whatever you want to make And just do whatever you want to do Make beats in the morning Or late nights Nezakambei It's weird Me, me, I actually live in a studio Me na to kwa kwa bedroom Ne gya kwa studio So Nezakambei This is the most free Una za kwa na maisha free Kama kwa na maisha This is what I love This is what you love This is what you love All right You long guys Sanadze your hotbox music last time But I like to get your perspective of it Ya, I think I will come explain last time Hotbox is just like Basically it's an umbrella of artists I want to say where you are Not where you are in the sense But I want to say everyone With their own different Yes, yes, of course So I want to say where you are Individuals But we are still under hotbox You're still under hotbox You have a music studio You have video guys You have audio engineers You have beat makers And everything It's a movement What's your role in this SHRAP movement As hotbox music SHRAP movement As I say See one of those people Who actually play SHRAP All right It's really taken off The guys that were in You interview me Peter I can categorize that It's a SHRAP music It's a SHRAP beat They're rapping in sheng and all that It's taken off And how does that make you guys feel For me, ya na fanya kazi na kwa rahisi At some point At around last year Last year kuna mtuni ngambia I'm into production Or whether I'm an artist I used to be like Behind is some guy But I took a scene I think it's a rock But I say I say I say I say I say I say I say I say I say I say I say I say I say I say I can name them I say I say I say I say I say I say I say I say I say Alright Naito What about Naito I've seen you have a song with her Ya I'm born Then there's a song with you And Asim and Naito Yeah Naito actually Yesterday 3 months ago Actually we had a session With the butros Now our gang To this bilmiyorum And I've got the whole gang I personally came When I come along Naito We were supposed to have projects together after she was in Kenya. So I was doing parka by then the track parka. So it was supposed to be my feature with Butros. But I dropped bars just for bars. It's done. That's how it happened. Organic, natural. Sok toka po, rekod lebo liyao. From the UK, nito blare kod boga kuwa. Like very interested. So they even sent us the beat in Bona. So that's the future. Like Naito Sok bichering me and Asam Gagi. You and Asam. All right. Who style the suits man? You guys look really good man. Umse, umse, umse. Anito Alan, Alan the Deva. Instagram, yeah. He's a dope stylist. And the dope stylist. Yeah, he's a very dope stylist. All right, uh... Fapto Hotbox. Yeah, he says, yeah. Kwa rakatit, kwa rakatit. I feel that. All right, so you guys recently dropped an album as the collective. Yeah, no, actually to me drop ito mingi of late. To me drop album in ito Alka Bagdad. That is Hotbox. That is Hotbox as a collective sasa. Like featuring most of the Hotbox artists from Skinny Jay to Dr. Jay to Asam Gavi to Tayumuas. Na jua. Like everyone ako featured the album. Alka Paul being the lead producer. Na jua. Peminiko in the production side but not as much as whatever. Alka Paul did. But the project itself ni like tulifanya kila kitu. You know, like from scratch. From scratch. From the ground up. From the ground up, yeah. Hotbox means... And this is what we expect to see from you guys in the future. Sheki. Atua as jindan bia gaji wa atu. Sheki mi fika point every week to Natua Kitu. All right. So it's either... What was... What was Kipap? I'ma back in you. I'ma give up. I'ma give up. Give up or give up. All right, so talking about every week to Natua Kitu. Today something is dropping. Yeah, like to Natua Kitu. Yeah, we actually did this video three days ago. Like Juzi. Tulishu the video Juzi. The edits were done yesterday. Overnight. And then it's dropping today. It's dropping today. What is the title of the song and how can they get that music channel subscribe? Wakili kila bel? Sheki. Tune to Hotbox Music Kenya. What's Sheki tukwamashupale? Yeah, Hotbox Music Kenya. I'ma Hotbox Music Ages. Google Tatupata. Yeah, yeah, so... Subscribe? Subscribe, yeah. Finiu Belmos. Finiu Belmos, Finiu Tatupata. All right. Sheki. So what is the name of the track that is open to making? The track in it always do Kitu. Always do Kitu. It's under of the album. Yeah, of the Alkabag Dad. So Alkabag Dad, I don't know. Sounds a little bit aggressive. Yeah. That is the intention, yeah. Yende intention. Like kunangoma kadazikopi. Like Alkabag Dad is to mukpati abalans. To mukpati abalans of hard and soft. You can go through it and I'll go through it. How can I get to the stream it? Yeah, it's all the platform basically, all the digital platforms. And IG music? Yeah, IG. But IG can put your links to the social... To the streaming platforms. So Alkabag Dad is on that. All right. The Collective Yo EP. Yeah, it dropped in last week. Like na kumbi auto easy keep up. See, as I said, Hotbox is an umbrella of artists. Kili mta kuna projects. Kili mta kuna edits. Venyanafanya mambuzaki. So, as much as it's nearly dropped, Alkabag Dad, bada mini kuna projects kama sa the Collective Yo EP. It's a 1.0. Genmita 1.0 juu, basically, it's asa ni jui. Otbada ni jui. Achen se mawapu elei. Ani lei batae. Batao na kujua. Aukuona. Batao wajapu elei abzuri. Batao na elei abzuri. So, that was me explaining whoever that you must is. I feel that. So, apa evimi upenda, which is a games from time to time when guests come around. But we don't have so much time. So, I'll just like to get your opinion. Freshman, double XL Freshman elei drop ya 2019. Okay. So, tu kuna waseka tha apu from Satyala. Tu kuna YBN Kodei, tu kuna DaBaby, tu kuna Len Mozei, tu kuna Blueface, tu kuna Ghana, tu kuna Miga Nostalian, tu kuna Tierra Wack, who have never listened to Komethazine and Roddy Rich. So, I'll pick the ones I've listened to. DaBaby, Roddy Rich. Blueface. Miga Nostalian, Ghana, tu kuna YBN Kodei. Give me your first two. YBN, tu Ghana. YBN and Ghana. All right. Blueface, give me. Ah, kusaha. No, I've seen so many kids. But, it's only a coincidence that they come. I feel that. All right. Another thing you'll do for me.  The first one is Nairobi. Nairobi. My town, my city. Your city, your town. All right. Darisalam. Darisalam, kwantiyangu. All right. Joadisbag. Xenophobia. Trap music. Good music. Shrap music. New music. Barak Jacuzzi. Clout. So, set up. So, set up. No beef though. No beef though. No beef though. All right. But, what do you think about the incident that happened? Hey, your story. Your story by Cheki. You have to talk about it. Yeah, we actually do. Nojwa, kama tuneza kwa na that type of like, kipindi kama hiyo. Tata Bamba. You said Bamba. Yeah, I've been. That's what you left with? Yeah, I was left watching you kitu over and over. Junior Bamba, yeah. And they're getting views and they're trending. Yeah, he's clout as he said. All right. So, we need Barak. And we need to buy. Keeping up with Barak. And then there's the story. You know that. Social media. And then remind them how they can get to be the first people to listen to the track that you guys are dropping today. Okay. So, today to not drop Uesidu Kitu from Alka Bagdad. The album is called Digital Performzote. You can buy it from my Mook Pia if you for the support. Nojwa. So, miwoneza nipata Instagram is Tayumos everywhere Tayumos. All right. Raji is a DJ. This is our DJ. You need an email by the way. Yeah, of course, of course, of course. Kabisa, kabisa. Raji, as we wrap this up tell us a form and then you will talk about it. First of all we are in a mad bit. We are in a mad bit entertainment. We have an academy in Paletao. DJ academy. We will talk about how they can learn to DJ. Yeah. So, we will talk about it. So, what one is the end roll? Yeah. KCSC una pagoli. Pata nene. Kacho. Just come through. We will talk more on that. We are located in Tabeta Road. Tabeta Road? Yeah. We will talk about TASKIES oposite akibs. TASKIES yo akibs. So, that you can get to learn and be as bad as DJ Raji. Yeah, yeah, yeah. We will talk about it. Then we can check out my social media. Afragize it easy. Toad it. Yo, my social media. Yeah, yeah. We will talk about it. Alright, mixes. Raji is the DJ. Raji is the DJ. Yeah. Thank you very much. Uh, her. Mr. Thayumasuji, producer Angu Anachezangu Magani. I left. You guys have dropped. Whatever. Ilesongita play. Tacheza.  Thayumasuji is going to be performing live. For the first time on Y in the morning on Hiphop Thursday. Tomorrow is social Friday. We bring the internet to your television. You don't want to miss it. Don't touch that dial. We still have a lot lined up for you on Y2F4. Bye-bye. Yeah. Yeah.


Alright, now as everyone gets out of the cozy new year and festive season overhang, getting down to business, the question is what's going to shape the media, advertising and marketing industry in 2016. The rollout of Bach, phase 3 radio auctions, the continued spending power of e-commerce as a category, the growing importance of Facebook and Twitter as well as Instagram as marketing platforms and some major media account movements both in India and globally. All of these, some of the landmark events that impacted this space in the year 2015, the year gone by, but how will 2016 pan out for the industry, what are the big bets for the year ahead, we'll get the answers in this our top story. 2015 was the busy year for the ad and marketing industry with big changes in the television ratings measurement, radio and social media spaces and we're likely to see all this and more in 2016 as well. From industry giants investing heavily in startups to the digital domain fast turning into a promising playing field for brands, the year 2015 has changed a lot of rules for marketers. 2016 will provide further momentum to this trend. So the first trend which I'll look at is mobile and mobile first, with larger penetration of mobile and the smartphone coming in and the Wi-Fi's and 3G and 4G coming in, I think mobile content will become the key and mobile advertisement will really really be key for most of the marketeers. The second one is social, social is there for quite some time, but again you know linked with the devices, linked with the data speed, social is no longer like you know is a social media kind of thing and social can actually become a channel, social can become a distribution channel, social can become a channel to reach out to your customer. I think there are a lot of things which will happen along with the Facebooks of the world and the LinkedIn to connect with your customer in a much more real time basis. The third trend is like content, again you know the content will play a pretty important role in the marketeers mine in 2016. Another trend which is released I see is more about video, to be honest like you know India's only 10 to 15% people who can really read and write English together. So most of our content today available is in English with mobile coming in and you know the video will become a much more important format where the vernacular content can go through video and you know most of our conversation or our content will go through a video route. What we see as a trend is that with the advent of better connectivity, 4G as well as LTE services coming in, we see there's going to be a lot of noise by all major infrastructure providers and telecom companies in going out and talking about data and the fact data is being made available to users in a ubiquitous manner. That will result in a lot of services being pushed and we believe video is going to be one of the biggest themes which is going to drive that. We also believe short form video will still continue to be the winner. Johnson and Johnson, Dr. N. Gamble, Volkswagen, Visa, Sony, Coca-Cola, Airtel and Dabur made big news. But this year for media agencies in India, the traditional avenues of growth may take a back seat as new areas like user generated content and programmatic buying take center stage. The first trend is of data becoming extremely important to make key decisions and also getting used to build either digital assets or even content. We call this the interplay between trinity of content, digital and data coming together and we see very many examples already in place towards the end of 2015 and that's going to continue. The second big trend that I see is of content itself becoming very, very important moving away from advertiser's hands in some way and control more by consumers. So the user generated content space is actually going to boom and brands will have to learn how to actually navigate it's space. The third trend which I see is this entire space about programmatic buying. While a lot has been spoken about, we see a big number of advertisers actually using programmatic buying in a big way. The opportunity in 2016 is to take programmatic buying into actually as a planning thing also where you can get lot of insights about consumers to use and plan for both digital and even offline campaigns. So that is something definitely we expect to happen. These are the three clear trends which I see coming in 2016. Creative agencies seem to be waking up to the fact that their competition now includes consulting firms, start-ups and even technology firms who are after the same marketing dollars as them. 2016 is slated to be a year of hyperactivity as advertisers and content creators try to find their place in this fast changing media landscape where the consumer will always move faster than brands. Sir, it's not just Bollywood or Hollywood that is like a copycat industry. I think marketing is too. I'm pretty much sure there are a lot of brands and marketers are going to jump on to this so-called branded content, digital video kind of thing which takes a cause that's larger or social issue that's larger than the benefit of the brand itself and do some feel good or feel funny kind of videos on that. So I expect to see more of that. The other thing is speed will become even more of an essence. The idea of sort of perfecting something before you do it, that's going to get compromised and that's a good thing and a bad thing because I think a lot of times the speed is because of bad planning. But when the speed is intentional, when you plan this, this, this and you plan moments for you to learn from what you've put out, react to that and change it up and put it back out there and that's good speed. So speed is both good and bad and I think you'll see more of it and people will learn how to handle speed as they go along. And I expect to see people go fast and crash as a result of fear them for sure.