Hello and welcome to Aspen Mastermind for October 27th, 2021. Aspen Mastermind is a 501C3 and our purpose is to inform and inspire people with curiosity and an open mind. I'm Greg Lewis, moderator for Today's Zoom, and thank you for joining us. Today's presenter is Dr. Johnny Heward, the Chief Scientific Officer and Director of the Steadman-Philipon Research Institute, the research arm of the Steadman Clinic, which will open its more than 61,000 square foot new $62 million state-of-the-art clinic and research center in Willets, just outside of Assault, on March 1st. Dr. Heward is an internationally distinguished scientist who grew up in a tiny village nine hours by car northeast of Montreal. Destiny for boys there is to become a fisherman, and Johnny Heward did. He fishes in the sea of scientific knowledge, and he is changing the world with what he catches. Let's take a look. The beginning was at the end. Johnny Heward grew up in the province of Quebec, Canada, in the small village of Gaspéssé, which means the end of the land, where the St. Lawrence River empties into the North Atlantic. His first love was Canada's national sport, yet the boy with the wise eyes and curious mind would distinguish himself through science, not slap shots. Though his love of the game and its code of tenacity and teamwork inspire his scientific discovery today. But the underpinning of all science is loyalty to truth, and that came from his adoring parents who instilled the essential elements of character and integrity. Johnny Heward honored their love with a continuing series of scientific achievements that distinguished his entire family.  The esteemed leaders in science and medicine who mentored him early in his career knew this, and they knew their student would surpass them. That was validated in 2004 when Dr. Heward received the esteemed Capedalta Young Investigator Award for his discovery of muscle-derived stem cells. Pioneering achievements followed in gene therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. As greatness begets greatness, Dr. Heward selflessly shares his knowledge through a rare blend of personal compassion and professional collaboration. No wonder he is respected as a thought leader and thoughtful leader. Attributes honored when he recently received his second Capedalta Award, an unprecedented achievement this time for outstanding orthopedic research. Tonight we celebrate greatness and humility, success, and relentless pursuit. We pay tribute to the boy from the little village who became the man-changing ruler. Dr. Heward, it's a pleasure to have you with us, and I apologize for the technological issues. Obviously, you weren't in charge of that. You're coming to Aspen from Vale. You want to talk about what's happening in Aspen or in Willets and why that's significant to this audience in particular? First of all, thank you for having me. I hope you can hear me OK. Yes, I think this is very exciting for us because we are opening a laboratory that's going to be in Willets and very close to Aspen. But we're also going to do a lot of stem cell research in Aspen. We're going to do a platelet-rich plasma bone marrow aspirate. And very excitingly, a few weeks ago, we just got awarded a $2 million award from the Department of Defense, where 100 patients will be treated after hypotroscopy, where we will inject platelet-rich plasma and using different drugs that we're using now to improve the healing process. And we have decided to do 50 patients here in Vale, and the other 50 patients are going to be done in Aspen, Basalt area. So Aspen is going to be a real facility, a real clinic. And are you going to be moving back and forth between Aspen and Vale? Or how are you going to staff in Aspen? So that's a very good question. Right now is my plan is to move people back and forth in the beginning to get started. But what I want to do is I want to do something unique for Aspen. I don't want to reproduce what we're doing in Vale in Aspen. So what I want to do in Aspen is something very unique in the area of stem cells. We would like, we're talking with the Food and Drug Administration right now to set up a stem cell banking, something that's going to be unique. And as you know, Greg, we're very excited about the LT aging program that we have been developing over the last five years. And again, I mean, the goal here is to make you a gel to your end better. I used to tell people that, you know, we're not going to bring you to 25. Although it would be great for all of us. I think that the science is not there. But the science is, can we take you today and make you a gel to your end better from now on by using all the research finding that we are, you know, that we are, you know, having and and to try to apply this to the clinical population. And this is very exciting. And I think Aspen, you know, will have a huge benefit of this new technology that is coming in to make you a gel to your end better from now on. Well, we'll talk about stem cells. But since you finished up with aging and since the individual who has inspired the zoom, Aaron Fleck is about to turn 101 in January. You did some testing with him. Well, let me let me tell a quick story.  And you kind of said, yeah, yeah, yeah, okay, he's 100. He can walk and that's great. And then we had dinner together and five minutes into the dinner, you leaned over and whispered into my ear, I must see his DNA. So in effect, you did. And tell us tell us what kind of analysis you did and what you learned about Aaron Fleck. Yeah, so yeah, first of all, you know, Aaron is a very special individual and we all know that. And one thing that we did here is we have a test. We have developed a test here in the Vail that we will bring with us in Aspen. It's, you know, we have learned, we have studied and we just came back from San Francisco, you know, yesterday we spent a day there with the UCSF crew and the Buck Institute. So we developed a test because we know now that when you age, you accumulate cells in your body that are not good for you. People call them zombie cells. We call them, you know, senescent cells.  Those cells do not become cancer cells, but those cells, you know, trigger inflammation. They release a lot of inflammatory mediators.   And we now know that when you age, you have more senescent cells in your body than when you're young. So we know that. But you know, to come back to iron, so we did some tests on him and the number of senescent cells he had in his body is very low. So, you know, that is probably one of the reasons why he is so sharp and, you know, it's over 100 years of age. But, you know, the reason why he has so little, you know, bad cells in his body is still unclear to us. I suspect, you know, that, you know, nutrition and, you know, exercise is very important for that. We always say that people that, you know, we're trying to find drugs to delay aging, to make you age out here. But if you don't work with us, it's not going to work. So the first thing I tell people is if you eat right, if you have a good diet and you have a good exercise, regimen, this is 50% of the game. So I think that iron has been very disciplined probably with his nutrition or something. And but, you know, we're going to do more tests on iron because, you know, this is just the beginning, but he's a very unique individual. I can tell you that. Well, I tell you, another way he's unique is that the, as we joke with him, the vitamin that he takes the most, he calls vitamin I, which stands for ice cream. So we all should be eating more chocolate and double chocolate and chocolate chip, I guess, because that's what keeps him young, apparently. Yeah. You know, this is very interesting, Greg, that you mentioned that because I told you that those bad cells accumulate in our body. Okay. And I told you that the older we get, more senescent cells or more bad cells we have in our body. And why is it so key for us? Because then we have treatment here that we have developed here at the Stendman Clinic in Stendman, Philippa on the Research Institute, where I can give you a natural supplement and that will kill specifically those senescent cells and reduce them. So, but again, I mean, when I tell you that when we age, we accumulate senescent cells, I tested some people here, and Iran is one of them, that the number of senescent cells they have in their body equals someone around 50 years of age. And I don't understand why, you know, I have some people working in my lab here, they are 25, 30, but sometimes their senescent cells are higher than someone that is double their age. So this is why, you know, we're doing some work with the food and drug administration right now because we would like this test to become a test like, you know, prostate cancer now doesn't kill anybody. And it's not because we have a treatment for cancer, it's because we have a biomarker called PSA, prostate serum albumin that everybody goes through get tested.  It's either one prostate inflammation or two prostate cancer. So this biomarker PSA save lives now. I believe that the senescent cells in marker that we have developed that we can test here will be the best biomarker for LT aging. And we would like the FDA to approve a treatment that everybody over 40 or 45 years of age should be tested. And if your senescent cells increase in your blood, then there is something happening.  But clearly, you know, those cells when they arise, we know that there is something brewing in your body somewhere we don't know where. And this is why, you know, when you have a higher level of senescent cells, we do more tests. We do more molecular tests.  And this is why, you know, it is a very important test to be done now. Is this research unique to you and to the Stevan-Philipon Research Institute? Well, I think, you know, this is an interesting thing because senescent cells, you know, this is a new field emerging in science. Everybody have heard about stem cells, right? I mean, stem cells has been growing for the last 30 years, but senescent cells is new. What makes us unique, though, is, you know, it's funny because we're here in the valley and sometime we cannot do any more experiments here. We cannot do mice and rat and rabbit experiments because we have to do it in Fort Collins at Colorado State University. So, me, without being able to test this in mice, so I decided to start to take the blood of human patients and test their number of senescent cells and, you know, give them phisitin to reduce the number of senescent cells as well. And it's funny because the NIH, the National Institute of Health recently, gave 50 million dollars, put 50 million dollars in a bucket and said, you know, all the people that work on senescent cells should apply for that money because we want to know more about that.  And why we have been able to do this is I attribute this to two reasons. One, we were not able to do any more research, so we jumped directly, you know, in patience to test our senescent cells. But two, you know, we get some philanthropic gifts, you know, we have been very grateful to have donors that come here, get their surgery, gave back. And because of that money, allow us to go ahead, to become ahead of the science field and to position ourselves to be, yes, we're one of the first team in the country to be able to test this in human by using a test that is reproducible and is being FDA approved as we speak. So how far ahead do you think it will be before we actually have some information that enables us to achieve longevity through either some kind of medicine or some sort of pill or is it just a diet change where we can say, take some positive action to actually extend our life? Yeah, actually, this is very interesting because that's what I want to build in Aspen. I think the good thing about, you know, Aspen and Vale is we're in very high altitude. And two, you know, people are very active in general. So we already put plan together. Now I have people that came to see me, you know, and what we do with test their senescent cells. And after this, we put them on the natural supplement to reduce senescent cells. And after this, we ask them what they want to do next. You know, that's always depend on you, how much, how involved you want to be. We can bank your stem cells. For example, my stem cell was banked five years ago. So that means that my stem cells are five years younger than me, you know, as we speak today. So maybe down the road, you know, I go and skin Aspen, I damage my ECL, then maybe my stem cell will be there to help me recover faster. But the nutrition and exercise, this is something that we're trying to put together a comprehensive, you know, program where we will monitor, you know, what you eat. We will monitor how much exercise you do. Sleeping, by the way, guys, I want to tell you sleeping is one of the factor number one of aging. When we get older, we don't sleep as well. We all get to, you know, wake up in the middle of the night. We anxious and everything. Take sleeping pills, because I'm telling you sleeping is very important for LTAging. And other thing important for LTAging is, you know, when you eat your dinner at six o'clock at night, or at seven o'clock at night, don't try to have your breakfast, you know, 14 hours later the day after. So in other words, if you have your dinner at six, seven o'clock at night, the day after, you cannot have your breakfast before 10. And if you can do this fasting period, it's very important. It's very, very, you know, efficient right now. So yeah, we're putting a program together with artificial intelligence. I would like to build this in Vale, because in Aspen, sorry, because that will be very unique to you guys. So we can connect all the dots. I can look at your biomarkers. I can look at your genes. I can look at your nutrition exercise. And after this, I can put this through an artificial intelligence to look at markers and everything. Not only I can help you to age faster, to age healthier and better, but I can maybe able to predict disease. Think about it now.  It was just starting, you know, and when you find that tumor, this is almost, you know, like 20 years later. So the goal of this program is not only to make you age healthier, but it's also to predict disease before they hit you.  And what if we put a program today that tried to prevent this to happen in the first place? This is what we call, you know, proactive, you know, medicine in a way, because we're trying to predict before it hit you. And then another thing I want to add here is, yes, you have heard about stem cells around the country. You have heard about irritative medicine, but what we're doing it here, we're doing it right because, you know, a lot of those treatment are novel and new. And because they are novel and new, then, you know, we cannot predict if it's going to work or not. So now, you know, we have five, you know, FDA food and drug administration approved clinical trials funded by federally funded by EDU, the Department of Defense, and the NIH. And what we do here, if you fall on those trials, you may get the real, you know, drugs or the drugs that we're trying to test or you may get the placebo. This is why we don't include our friend in those trials because we don't want our friend to fall in the placebo group because everybody told me, doctor, can you make sure I don't fall in the placebo group? And because of that, I cannot tell you because we're doing the trials for that. But at the completion of those trials, if I can really see that the drug works better than the placebo, then this is what I can offer to those patients and say, well, this is an evidence-based treatment. And a lot of people doing stem cells around the country, sometimes they cut corner. They try to get to the patient right away and they don't do those clinical trials. And because they don't do it, then, you know, then this is the reason why, you know, they cannot say it's going to work or not because they have not done the placebo double-blind studies that's going to prove it for, you know, for sure. How much time in the future, how far away are we from having these breakthroughs, do you think?   And I went to see my mentor and I said, you know, if I discover a treatment for muscular dystrophy, do you think I have to do my extra two years to graduate my program? And he told me, he said, if you find a cure for muscular dystrophy, you're set up for life. So why I'm telling you this is because I'm a very enthusiastic person. I mean, if you have to live in a science world, you have to be enthusiastic about what you do. I mean, this is really something that is very important. I can tell you to answer your question directly. They have things we can do today. They have things that we can do, you know, already now. I mean, I can already test your senescence cells. I can already test markers that I know are involved in aging. I can already test markers that I know are cancer-related. I can already test, you know, biomarker for Alzheimer, for example. We can start there and as we get more research in the lab, you know, done and completed, then we can add on to those treatment that we can offer.  I think in the near future, as I'm saying within the next five years, we're going to become your personal trainer for LT aging. We're going to access all your data. We're going to get all the tests done, and we're going to do everything, and especially we're going to talk to your doctor, because all your doctor that you have, your personal doctor, knows the treatment that you had in the past. They knows the medication you're taking. So this is all very important. So what we would like to do is to put this all together, and after this, make recommendation to you. So we will become your personal trainer for LT aging. And that is really something that, you know, we have already, we always have assumed that aging is normal, but aging is not normal. And we always assume that, you know, well, my father, I'm aging. My son is aging. There is nothing I can do about this. This is wrong too. I mean, now we're finding that aging is abnormal, and we're finding why we are aging, and we're trying to develop drugs to delay that. Again, the goal is not to bring you to 25 years of age. The goal is to make your age healthier and better.   LT aging is really the goal here. And that's really, you know, what we are trying to achieve here. Well, I would like to open up the gallery here for questions with that. And I've had a little technology difficulty at my end, and I'm not sure I can see everyone. So I invite you to just kind of jump in and introduce yourself if you have a question for Dr. Heward, because I may not see you if you're waving your hand. So is there anyone out there that has a question? Yes, go ahead, Andrea. And make sure your audio is on. In the lower left, you'll see mute, and you want to unmute. We're not hearing you. Do you see in the lower left, there's a little icon that says mute on the far outside lower left? Okay, your computer doesn't have healthy aging. So we'll work on that. Not everybody has that icon in the same place. It depends on your hardware and your software. Okay, well, if you're on an iPad, it's on the top. Pam, can you unmute Andrea, please? And does anyone else have a question? Elliot Lee, they just raised his hand. Elliot? Oh, the host had to unmute me. Can you hear me? Okay, yes, we can.  That's what happened.  And my understanding, and I've been researching this for a couple of years because I've got arthritis, shoulders all over right now. Wrist is the new place. So in my reading, the FDA was not approving expanding stem cells or manipulating them in any way. And the idea of banking stem cells suggests that there is some type of manipulation with them in the process of storing or is that so? Yeah, well, that's a very good question. I mean, scientists, I've been doing stem cells research for 30 years. So the bottom line for me is I was not thinking about stem cell banking when I started this. I was trying to understand stem cells. Let me give you an example here. If you have leukemia, if someone has leukemia, one of the treatment that they do to you, they do a full body radiation.  They harvest some stem cells before the treatment. And after this, they re-infuse your own stem cells to rebuild your bone marrow, right? So in those treatment, do you know how many stem cells they inject to you? Just give me an example, a number. What do you think? Are we talking about 50 million, 25 million? A billion. So the number of hematopoietic stem cells they inject in you is 500. And you can look on the web. You can look, you know, this is only 500 stem cells. If we inject this in your bloodstream, can you rebuild all your bone marrow? So the question that has been with stem cell banking and you touch upon a very good point is people think that you need to grow 150 million of your own stem cells. It turns out that we call them stem cells for a reason. And the reason is you don't need 150 million to do the job if they are so good. So now we're doing some work where, you know, and we're talking to the FDA that the stem cell banking, what I will do is we will go in, if you go for an ECL reconstruction or bone repair, we will go in and take some fat or take some bone marrow from your iliac crest. I will isolate the cells. I will not expand them and I'm going to freeze them right away.  But the bottom line is those 50,000 will be the good one. Will be the one that you need, you know, to improve your healing process. Will be the one that you need to delay aging. And on the top of that, it will be the one that's going to be FDA approved because the big problem with the Food and Drug Administration is we all know that when you grow cells, you grow millions of them, you create more problem than benefit in your stem cell bank because the bottom line is when you grow them, some of them can become cancer cells. Some of them can become those zombie cells that I told you about. So clearly we are planning to do a stem cell banking. Yes, that's going to be starting. My hope is to start this, you know, in Aspen, where we're going to bank your stem cells. They are not going to be expended. No, you're not going to have 150 million, 50 million stem cells in your bank. And but you're going to have the best one.  That's going to, that's what you need. The problem is people that are stem cell banking, you know, CEO and so forth, they are not biologists. They don't know the thing that you have to grow, you know, 150 million cells and you don't need to. And that's why, you know, we are involving the FDA, you know, the FDA is working with us with all the clinical trials we're doing. We're following the rule of the FDA because I don't want to have patient from Aspen have to go to Mexico or Germany to be injected. I would like to do it right there in Aspen under the FDA guidelines and to try to make sure that everything is safe for you first and also can give you a benefit for your treatment. You're giving a whole new name to investment banking. The, did you have a follow up, Andrea? Well, yeah, well, actually, that did answer the question about the safety of it because I had also read that it was problematic to expand cells. So I didn't know if banking the cells also included the expansion of them. So that was helpful. So then, yeah, I guess I have a question. My understanding and correct me if I'm wrong is, well, you can get it from adipose tissue or the bone marrow. It why used one or the other or do you use both? That's a very good question too.  It's very difficult for them to change what they have been doing for 20 years.  We know that, but now we know that fat. What I went through is, you know, I went through a liposuction that they call.   So I think it's more convincing to the patient to say, hey, how about if we harvest some fat instead of drilling a hole in your iliac crest? So, yes, they have, they have a lot. I've been trained in stem cells all my life and I was getting them from the skeletal muscle. Just to tell you, we have stem cells from different organs, but the fat seems to be a good area to get them because it's easy, it's non-invasive.  And they inject 150 millions to their patient. And I don't think that's right. And but, you know, the location to our visitor stem cells, I would say that the adipose arrived stem cell from the fat is a very attractive area to our visitor stem cells. Aaron is up there calculating what it will cost to start a series of franchise businesses called liposuction and longevity. The, Elliot, you have a, Dr. Levy, you have a question? Yeah, I wrote it in, but I'll be happy to state it. Can you hear me? Yes. There's a lot of people around many different cities that claim to use stem cells to make you feel better, to heal your broken parts of your body, to make you look younger. And how do you know who has good credentials, who knows what to do, and what are the consequences if you make a mistake and choose a bad person and get stem cells from someone who doesn't know what they're doing? That's a very good question, too.  So what I do, the first thing start, we take some blood from you, we're looking at your bad cells that I told you, the senescent cells or zombie cells that are very bad for you. So we're looking at this, but we're looking at a lot of biomarkers, because all of us has been exposed to toxicity in our life.  I'm 55 years of age, but my cholesterol is through the roof. And no matter what I do, no matter what I do, you know, exercise, nutrition, my cholesterol is always high. So for me, you know, I need, you know, repata or I need the new drug to reduce cholesterol. So I just tell you that the first thing we do, we do a full blood work on you.  And I can tell you that the people that will not get a good benefit from stem cells. For example, you know, if I test your blood and you have a lot of bad cells in your body, okay, you have a lot of those senescent cells that I talked to about in the beginning, those senescent cells there, you know, they can offset any benefit of the stem cells you have. So the first thing I will do is to reduce your senescent cells. That's the first thing.  And another thing I want to make clear is you should be worried when someone tells you that stem cells can cure everything under the sun, that stem cells can be used for everything. And, and, and, you know, I even heard, you know, recently that, you know, stem cells can be very good for COVID for everything that we go through life.   My goal here is to go in to inject stem cells to try to delay aging so I can, I can push, you know, the joint replacement from 60 year old to 70 year old.  So that's my goal I have. My, is my goal to cure cancer? Of course I would like to cure cancer. It's my goal, you know, to try to cure Alzheimer. Of course I want to. But my goal is to try to delay it. And how I can delay it, then I can remove the bad cells in your body. Then I can probably, you know, give you a good nutrition and exercise. I can also maybe inject stem cells.  I will tell you that stem cells may delay the process of Alzheimer. And at the end of the day, you know, this is what we want. And this is why I talk in beginning about the fact that what I'm very excited about right now is using artificial intelligence to take all your data, pulling this together and predict disease. I really would like to be able to predict disease before they hit you. Can you believe if I can predict cancer 10 years before it hit you? Can you believe how successful I can be to try to treat you?  So I think a lot of people are trying to find treatment to cure cancer and I applaud them. And I think that I'm still working on treatment for muscular dystrophy, for example, in auto disease, incurable disease. But what I believe is, you know, if I can delay the disease process, if I can keep you until you're longer, if I can delay the joint replacement as long as possible.  And that's a big deal. And that is really what we're after, because this thing I think we can achieve. And my goal, and people tell me all the time, and I know this question is going to happen here today too, is am I too old for that? And I tell people that you all, you know, one year, two years and five years younger today than one, two and five years from now. So clearly, it's never too late, really. But the first thing is to do personalized medicine, to look at all the biomarkers.   So what I would like to do is to be able to send all this information to Boston and tell them be careful with this patient. Because, you know, maybe the anesthesia, you know, go light on the anesthesia, maybe do this and that. Because, you know, I have all your biomarkers in my bank, that's really something that I really believe is going to save lives on the road. And again, maybe this is not as sexy as curing disease, but dealing disease, it's a big deal. Richard Hodash? Just some practical questions. Number one, what is the cost to maintain bank cells for an extended period of time? Number two, should we be collecting stem cells at the time of birth?  But the problem I can tell you that all the cost is associated with the expansion. Because, you know, they have to take the fat, RFS stem cells, and take three weeks to grow 150 million cells. So I think that with my, the way we're going after this, you know, it's going to be affordable for a lot of people, because I really believe that it will be within the $5,000 range where, you know, you're going to be sleeping out there, we'll repair your ACL.  And when you come back to see your doctor two weeks later about your ACL reconstruction, you know, how good you have done two weeks post, you know, treatment, then I'm going to give you a code and I'm going to see your stem cells or bank and here's the cost. So by cutting the expansion, I'm going to cut significantly the cost of stem cell banking. And the second question that you ask is, you know, you know, should we do this, you know, from our, for our newborn and thing, this is the best gift you can give to any, anybody out there.  The best thing will be to bang their stem cell, because, you know, you have the umbilical cord there that you have to, you have a lot of stem cells there that may be good not only for the baby, but think about it may be good for the mother as well, because this umbilical cord is a mixture of the baby and the mother. So maybe harvesting the cells there banking them at birth will be the best gift you can give to a patient. But, but for us, it's a little bit too late for that. But I really believe that, you know, for the new generation to come, I really believe that the stem cell banking will become part of any, like you get all the vaccination, right?  Then I think the stem cell banking will be part of the treatment as well, because that's going to be, that's going to save life. I guarantee you that it will. Thank you. George, did you have a question? Yeah, I do. You mentioned earlier that sleeping is really important and I'm 78 and I'm having trouble now, but I had trouble when I was 28. But what about these sleeping pills? You say it's good to take sleeping pills. Ambien, there's a lot of controversy. Do you have anything you recommend or? Well, I think that's a very good point. Actually, you know, I just came back from the Burke Institute in San Francisco and the CEO of this institute. This is the best institute for aging in the world, guys. I have to tell you they have like probably 100 doctors like me working on aging there. The CEO of the institute told me that the number one factor for aging is sleeping. So that just tells you a lot because they analyze pretty much everything out there. Yeah, the sleeping pill, you know, clearly you don't want to create a dependence on them.  You know, I'm not a good sleeper either. I'm 55 and I'm very nervous.   So I can send you, I made a list, guys, you know, that I will be more than happy to send to you a list of LTA aging medication. Some of those, you know, aging medication are a natural supplement to sleep better. Some of them is to eliminate those bad cells that I told you in your body.   And a lot of them are not even pills, like I said, they are natural supplement that, you know, are from planned narratives that, you know, have been shown to be very efficient to do this or that.  Thank you. That's a terrific answer. Yes, Adam. Thank you. I want to ask the doctor of advice or knowledge. There is an institution, Stem Cell Institute in Panama. It belonged to a doctor from Texas by the name of Neil Reardon. And what they do over there, which is not allowed here by the FDA, they taking embryonic stem cells, probably tens of millions and they injecting it through intravenous into the blood. And it's supposed to be curing anti-aging, wear and tear and specific illnesses. I just wonder if you know anything about the procedure. Do you know about Neil Reardon and what do you think about it? This is, wow, you know, the questions are very good. I have to say that I do this type of, you know, Zoom call sometime and I have very little questions. So the questions are very profound here. Let me tell you the reason number one. I don't know this person personally, but I know a lot of people that work on embryonic stem cells in the country. So the bottom line with embryonic stem cells, the problem number one is a cell that they're going to inject to you are never going to be yours. Me, what I do is all the stem cell therapy that we do is autologous. I take cell from you and re-inject them back to you. And why we do this is because we don't want you to reject the stem cell that we are injecting. So the problem number one with the embryonic stem cells, of course, they are taking, you know, embryos, discarded embryos, and that's not going to be you for sure. So clearly that's the problem number one, the immune rejection. The problem number two is those embryonic stem cells.  Those two cells come together that they make those embryonic stem cells. They are very powerful because they can become a cardiac cells. They can become a bone cells. They can become, you know, a nerve cells. The problem is they can also become a cancer cells.  They are making cancer cells.  Yes, we all want to leave LTR and better, but, you know, getting used stem cells, you know, that are maybe, you know, maybe come cancer cells is not good. And the third thing is the location. You're talking about Panama. You know, when someone tells me something like this, I'm always asking the question, you have the best mind in the country in the USA. I mean, you know, you have the best mind in our words, UCSF, everybody around the country working on it. Why do you have to go in Panama to set up a stem cell banking? I want to do it in Aspen, guys, because I want to follow the rule from the FDA. The food and drug administration, people will tell you they are very stringent. Yes, they are stringent, but the bottom line is they want us to do it right. They want us to make sure that we're not going to harm the patient that we're treating.  But why am I doing it? It's because I follow the rules of the FDA. I ask them, can you help me to help those people here? They want stem cells injection. I know as a stem cell biologist, I can help them. Can you help me? And the FDA are coming here. They're going to help me to make it that's going to be safe for you. That's going to be affordable. And that's going to be make sure that, you know, I'm not going to inflict any disease in you. And that is really where we're going about. So when you hear about embryonic stem cells, it has a lot of hype behind and people will tell you, we can cure every disease under the sun. You need to be careful.  And they were all swollen. And I said to them, I said, can you give me the name of the doctor? And the doctor was in Mexico.  And I would like to know which stem cells they have injected.  So that's really the problem. So I want to do it in aspen and in veil, following the FDA guideline. And I want to make sure it may take a little bit longer. You know, I may say that, you know, we're maybe, you know, one or two years away to really being able to bank all your stem cell guides in aspen all together, you know, all at the same time. But, but right now, as I need to follow the FDA guideline, I need to make sure that what I'm doing is right, is affordable, and I'm not as safe for you. That's really my goal here is coming to aspen is going to accelerate this and make you more successful at the same time.  I mean, you know, you may say, well, you live in veil and you love aspen, right? I'm Canadian for me. But I love aspen because aspen as a something very unique about aspen is kind of, you know, holder and, you know, it's kind of more, you know, history behind aspen. But, but what I want to do is, you know, I don't want to build the same thing that I have in veil. You know, I have a labor, we have, we're going to have three laboratories. I have one in Fort Collins, where I do all animal research. I do all the mice, rat and rabbit study. I do this in Fort Collins. The lab that I'm doing is in veil here. I'm not doing any more research, but I'm doing a lot of studies in cultural dishes and trying to test, you know, drugs and things like this here. What I want to do in aspen is all clinical.  And I'm going to start to collect your information. And I want the aspen to be the hub for this. I would like the people to come around the country to come to aspen to have their, their healthy aging personalized medicine treatment to be done. And everything will be stores and computers. And that's really my, I don't want to repeat exactly the same thing I have here in veil, because it's going to become boring for me.  And one thing I want to say also is, Greg, you know, that we organize the veil scientific summit every year. And the veil scientific summit, I'm bringing the best mine in the country, 50 or 60 top professor in the country. And we have been, we organize our six annual veil scientific summit this year here in veil, where the knowledge being shared, people coming from Harvard, MIT, Stanford, California, I mean, every big institution, Cleveland Clinic, they're all coming here. So it turns out that next year, I want to organize it in aspen.  And trust me, the people that are coming to those meeting, they are true scientists, they're going to teach you, you know, the way to do it. And I want this to become, I want to alternate one year can be veil, the order here can be aspen, because what I want to do in aspen is really artificial intelligence behind stem cell banking, behind LT aging. And I think there, you know, I'm going to try to bring mine around the country that are very good at doing this. So that's really my goal. And for me, guys, I like to be, you know, in aspen and enjoying the skiing during the winter too. And, you know, I come to veil, so I really would like to be able to enjoy, you know, both locations because, you know, both location has a lot of things to offer. And I really believe, but I don't want to make something that's going to be a veil, veil satellite lab or something like this. I want this thing to be the aspen lab, where we do this and we're not doing this in veil. We're going to start to do this in aspen as day one. And that's going to be kind of the crown jewel for this program in aspen.  If I have to say that the first time you invite me in aspen, I had a beer with you and Aaron Fleck to that small restaurant. Do you remember that? Yes. That was really where I come from. I mean, I come from, from a small village you saw from the video.  I kind of like that. I kind of, modern thing is good, but having the history behind, you know, building and I see a lot of this in aspen and, and the people in aspen is also different too, because I know that everybody on the phone here today, you know, you're very proud of living out there, but you really want to do something new and novel. I can tell you guys what I'm doing, maybe it's going to tell me more time, but I guarantee you you're going to be proud of this down the road, because it's going to be done right. I'm not cutting corner here. I'm doing it right with the FDA guideline.  I have Dustin Anderson that work at the aspen hospital there. He's a biologics guy. He do a platelet-rich plasma bone marrow aspirate. I know he's on the zoom call here. I've been talking to him. I already want, I don't want to do only work in basalt and will it, because I learned that sometimes people from aspen, they don't want to go further than the runabout on outside of aspen. So I'm going to make sure to make it easy for you guys. I'm going to make something that if you don't want to come to basalt or will it, we're going to do it in aspen directly there. Well, in July, trying to get into town is an act of unhealthy aging. So we, we look forward to you. Go ahead, Steve, you have a question. Aaron, did you talk to Johnny about Richard Steadman's visit here 30 years ago? Does he know that history? I would like you. You're on mute. I would like to hear that. It only took us 25 years to, for you and I, we started 1995 to get the Mayo people to come over here. They wanted to come, but some of the people on the aspen boards didn't want them. And we won't go into the reasons, but now that they're here, we are so grateful and we are looking forward to the clinics and what they are going to do, not only for people of aspen, but for the world. There are other projects that I wish Johnny would talk about some of his other researches and muscle regeneration and everything else. There are at least seven projects that I know that are so beneficial for mankind. So I wish he spent a few minutes more talking about some of those. Yeah. Well, first of all, I mean, you know, I'm aware that they have an history behind and the people from Vale should, you know, was supposed to be a lot earlier than that.  And as you know, you know, we have a lot of people from Vale that's going to come to aspen and Basel to do surgery. So I'm going to come along. Let me tell you just something. We have a lot of project in the lab. So this is impossible for me just to give you an idea. You know, we have seven National Institute of Health grant right here. We have three large Department of Defense then, you know, but one thing I think will be very interesting for you in aspen is we recently found that when you have football players who get concussion, you know, I'm sure you have heard about concussion. This is an epidemic in the sport. And right now is we don't have any way to diagnose it. And we don't have any way to treat it. The only way we do, you know, with concussion, we built element ticker. That's really what we have done. It turns out that, you know, I've been working with the NFL.  So now, you know, we're starting a program that we're going to do with the NFL. And I would do this in aspen because I think you have a brain institute there or you have a group that look at the brain there. I really would like to set up something, not only when you have a concussion, we can test and really make sure that you have a concussion because those senescent cells will rise in your blood, but two, when you recover. Because the bottom line right now is I don't know if you know I was working with the Pittsburgh Penguins.  We have to do a test on you.   You know, the biggest problem we had? He didn't speak English. And this guy wanted to go back to the game because he said, I want to go to the ice. I want to go to score the goal. So this is, you know, really something that can be unique if we can develop a treatment that we can diagnose concussion. But also when we treat you for concussion, would that be nice if we can tell you now you're ready to go back to the game? Because a lot of players, they go back, they still have the side effect.  So that can be something that we can really tie, you know, with Aspen that we cannot really do here in Vail, because we don't do a lot of neuro, you know, brain trauma here. And I would like to set up something that you don't have to go somewhere else. We can keep you in Aspen and test you for this right there. Are there other questions? Because we go ahead, Andrew. Thank you, Dr. This has been wonderful. You mentioned in response to one of the previous questions that you're a big fan of using one's own cells as opposed to going down to Panama or Costa Rica, which I've looked into myself, which now I'm quite discouraged from doing from based on what you say. You also mentioned that taking, you know, stem cells at birth is best. At what age do your stem cells, for all intents purposes, are no longer effective, meaning obviously if you're 25, harvesting cells and storing them is wonderful. At 50, 75, what age is it kind of like you missed the boat? So this is a very good question too. And I don't think there is a age, you know, one thing that we're developing a program here is we're doing personalized medicine. I'm going to look at all the first thing that you will do. I will look at all your biomarkers. And based on that, I may put you on some treatment before we harvest your stem cells. The idea will be that I'm going to do two things here. Let's say if you're 85 and the number of stem cells you have, you know, we can monitor that, you know, it's not very high.  And maybe a month later, we're going to harvest your stem cells. So that's one approach. I think, I don't think there is anybody to hold for this, because you know what, when I look at the blood of, you know, iron fleck, and I found that the number of senescent cell was very low in his blood, you know, tell me a lot. Tell me that aging is only one factor here. But there is a lot of thing you can do. But what I'm saying is, you know, clearly, the problem that I would like you to get out of this meeting today, the problem is with stem cells, quantity do not equal quality. It's like everything else. I mean, guys, you have been in a business world and everything, quantity sometimes do not equals quality. If you have a football team, you can have, you know, 50 players, but if only three of them are really running the team, then those three, the quality of those three, you know, manage to win championships. So for stem cell, the lesson number one is this is not a number game here. This is a quality game. You need someone who are vessel stem cells who has been stem cell biology, not someone who has a MBA from Harvard. And the only thing that they're thinking about is to make money.  Secondly, if I found that you don't have a lot of stem cells, I can put you in treatment before our vessel stem cells, you know. And third, you know, I'm going to do the best thing. And another thing that we're doing as well, and you know, that's very important, is for many years, for many years, you know, we try to improve orthopedics care. We try to improve cardiac care. We try to improve, you know, neurosurgery care. And you know what we do in science? We're trying to do the surgery better. We're trying to improve the success of the surgery. The problem that we have with this is those surgeons are really on the top of their world. They're really good. So me, what I decided to do here is an optimization, you know, a treatment that we do to the patient. I'm saying instead of trying to improve the surgeon, how to cut an ECL, maybe I need to improve the patient. So before you come to our treatment, so what I do is one month before I give you a drug or a supplement to reduce inflammation. So when you come in, I optimize yourself to a better surgery. So the surgeon, when you do surgery on you, you have less inflammation, less pain, better outcome. And when you leave the institute, what we do, we give you another drug called a blood pressure medication that we're using now to block fibrosis. And that is, you know, we have found, and we just got the $6 million grant from the NIH on this. It's an optimization strategies that can be applied to all surgeries, but I'm not trying to improve the surgeon outcome. I'm not going to try to improve the tools using, because you know what to use. I'm trying to improve you. I'm trying to make you optimize for surgery before surgery, reduce inflammation, after surgery, preview scar. And I can tell you guys that to come back to your question, if you don't have a lot of stem cells, I'm going to try to do something to increase the number, to increase the quality. But when you come to be treated with your stem cells, I'm going to try to improve you to be the better recipient of your own stem cell by reducing inflammation, reducing scar. This thing, guys, is brand new. You're probably one of the first group that I talk about this, the optimization protocol. And if it worked for orthopedics, it worked for neuro, it worked for cardiovascular surgery, because the main problem we have with surgery is always the first thing. Pain, inflammation. And the second one is scarring. You build scar in your hip joint. You build scar in your heart. And that's really what created the problem. We spoke earlier about the new facility. When can we start? I mean, I would sign up right away if you were operational. When can we actually call you or schedule visits things along those lines? I'm sure everybody in this call has that same question. Yeah. Now, that's obviously a very good question. And what I want to do is I would like to start now. Yes, the building is going to be ready in March of 2022. But what about to start now? So now I'm talking to Dusty Anderson to set up a platelet-rich plasma bone marrow aspirate facility right there in Aspen, in the Aspen hospital that you have there. The second thing is I would like to do maybe, I would like to go and meet with you in person and maybe in the next few months to talk about more indirect, what is my vision? What I try to build. And I can always tell you guys that sometime what you can help me is to accelerate this. Because right now is our building the facility. So we're well covered to build a facility. But now if you want to support this operation that we're doing, that can accelerate the process. I can hire people faster. I can be up running right away. But my goal right now for the beginning is if you wanted to be part of this, I will tell you, you can come to see us in Vale while we're sitting up in Aspen. That's one alternative you can do. But I heard that some people in Aspen, they don't go far away from the runabout. So I think the second thing will be for me to set up with Dusty Anderson something in Aspen right there. And we can start to test your blood. Because what we do, the first thing as I told you, I take your blood, I look at biomarkers, I look at things in your blood that nobody looked at before. Because now we know all the markers, the toxicities and everything. And after this, when I set up this, then the next step will be can optimize you for stem cell banking, can optimize you for this or that. And the goal thing too is one of the things we're very interested by is you think about it for many years, for 100 years. If you have to have surgery, let's say you plan a surgery for you, a bone surgery or ankle surgery in December. What's going to happen December 6, for example? What's going to happen in December 5, a nurse will call you and say, hey, don't drink after midnight, don't eat after midnight, don't take any blood thinner. Of course, if you stop smoking, that has been the same thing for 100 years. They did this for your father. They did this with you. They did this with your grandfather too. So now what we're doing is, let's see if you have a surgery in December 6, on November 6, the nurse called you and said, we're going to send you 30 pills here. You're going to take one pills a day. And after this, when you come in, then we'll reduce your inflammation. And after this, we send you home with 30 pills. So this thing can be done. I mean, even if you're an aspen and we're not operational, I will be more than happy to meet with you one by one and tell you what we're planning to do, when we're going to be operational in aspen and will it, but also that I can tell you that I can go in aspen, take your blood and test it in VAIL. So there is a lot of thing we can do. My goal is to make sure, guys, that I know in aspen, you have a regenerative medicine clinic, you have stem cell clinic out there. I just want you to make sure that they're treatment. And it's very easy. Go and look, see what they do, see how many FDA-approved clinical trials they have, see, you know, what they have published in the past. That's very important because, you know, sometime we're doing it the right way. And sometime you have people that cut corners and tarnish the field. And after this, we have to pick up the pieces and try to rebuild this field. Stem cells is very important. The LTH gene is feasible. The problem is you have to do it right.  I think Erin is ready to have an ice cream social and then buy everyone over. The, can you stand, stay on a little longer, Johnny? I know you have a busy afternoon and we're after one o'clock. Yeah, one thing I can see, I can see here is that, you know, I have Catherine with me, you know, from my, in my office here. She's based in Aspen. Catherine is basically my right arm there. So in other words, you know, I can make sure that Greg has her phone number. So that would be a person to talk to, to call. And she has direct access to me. So, you know, I will be more than happy to go and spend a few days with you out there. And then during, you know, the Aspen fall, because we, we already got a lot of snow here in Vale. I'm sure you got some snow in Aspen as well. Yeah, I can take one or two more questions, you know, depending if there is a desire for more questions.  Dr, you mentioned that AI is central to your whole program. As you know, you have to train AI and to do that, you need a lot of data. I wonder how a small, you know, is that data that you need available already? Or if not, how are you going to collect it?  Data point, we come for MRI. We're looking at this. We already have a lot of information in our bank. We have all, we have a clinical outcome program where we have all those data points. We have a lot of information already that we would like to feed, you know, put in an AI program. But all this new LTE gene thing that I'm talking about, you know, we don't have a lot of information yet. I mean, we're building. I can tell you that I started this program in November of 2019, and I have 251 person from the VAIL area that are in my book that I did all the full profile that I look at all their markers. So we're starting with 251 patient right there. So I have all their data. But I want to tell you to answer your question directly, too, is there is a lot of thing that I don't know today that I'm going to know tomorrow. So that's also something that I would like this bank of data to be, to be set up in a way that I can feed in that bank, you know, as I wish, you know, knowing that new markers now are coming on, you know, on a weekly basis for LTE gene. But yes, we have a lot of information already, but a lot of things we have 251 patient here in VAIL that has been tested, you know, you know, for senescent cells and, and biomarker for aging. And, and, but I have, you know, to do a lot more and, you know, clearly, you know, artificial intelligence. I really believe that this is where, you know, the future is, because yes, you can have all this information together, but you need to be able to put it all together to try to make sense out of this, you know, the, you all remember the full genome.  And now we realize that that was too much information. We don't even know what to do with it. So now I think, you know, I don't want to make the same mistake that we have done 20 years ago with the full genome. I want to set up something where, you know, I can start small, but I can build upon it. But that's something that we're very excited to build upon, you know, in Aspen. Anyone else with a final thought question quickly? Aaron, let's, let's go to Aaron and let him close this out unless Chris comes on, because Dr. Hewitt is already 15 minutes over. What he said was his limit. I want to thank Johnny. We've been working on this for a long time. And this is so beneficial for all of us to get this information and thank everybody that's been on this call. Catherine, Greg and I have been working on this project. I can't, at least how long, Greg? A couple years? Yes. And we are going to have many meetings in Aspen, maybe dinners. We're trying to plan a few right now. And we will be in contact with everybody that's on the call. And we hope that you'll tell your friends in Aspen about it so we can include them in future meetings, because Johnny only spoke about a couple, but there's so much more that he has done that we should know about. And we want the people of Aspen and the country to know about him. And we're going to do things to promote the information and thank you again. We should have a ski instructor group here. One thing I want to say, first of all, thank you for having me today. And I received a couple of questions from Elliot Levy and Chris Tipton. What I'm going to do is I'm going to answer them by email and I'm going to send it to Catherine and she's going to send it to you as an answer after the call. So again, if you have any more questions, please contact Catherine. She will be the person that you can reach out to and she has direct access to me and I'm going to answer your question as they come. So thank you very much for your time and I'm looking forward. We're looking very forward to start to work with all of you right there in Aspen area. Thank you. It was a perfect presentation. So this is recorded. You'll be able to watch it in a couple of days on the Aspen Mastermind website. We invite you to go up there and take a look. The website has turned out very nicely. If you know of anyone who wants to join us, they can register up there as well. And it's also possible for you to make a contribution to the 501c3 Aspen Mastermind organization, which would be greatly appreciated. I thank you and a great group today with lots of wonderful questions. So join us next week. Thank you all for being such an engaged audience and we'll see you soon.


Tumor metastasis is a hallmark of colorectal cancer, CRC, in which exosomes play a crucial role with their function in intercellular communication. Exosomes were collected from healthy control, HC, donors, localized primary CRC and liver metastatic CRC patients. We performed proximity barcoding assay, PBA, for single exosome analysis, which enabled us to identify the alteration in exosome subpopulations associated with CRC progression. By in vitro and in vivo experiments, the biological impact of these subpopulations on cancer proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis was investigated. 12 distinct exosome subpopulations were determined. We found two distinctly abundant subpopulations, one ITGB3 positive and the other ITGM positive. The ITGB3 positive cluster is rich in liver metastatic CRC, compared to both HC group and primary CRC group. On the contrary, ITGM positive exosomes show a large-scale increase in plasma of HC group, compared to both. This article was authored by Weiguo, Yanling Kai, Xianming Liu, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Chapter 1 of the story of Alchemy It is neither religious nor wise to judge that of which you know nothing, from a brief guide to the celestial ruby by Philolathe's 17th century. Preface. The story of Alchemy and the beginnings of chemistry is very interesting in itself. It is also a pregnant example of the contrast between the scientific and the emotional methods of regarding nature, and it admirably illustrates the differences between well-grounded suggestive hypotheses and baseless speculations. I have tried to tell the story so that it may be intelligible to the ordinary reader. M. M. Paterson Muir, Cambridge, November 1902. Chapter 1. The Explanation of Material Changes Given by the Greek Thinkers For thousands of years before men had any accurate and exact knowledge of the changes of material things, they had thought about these changes, regarded them as revelations of spiritual truths, built on them theories of things in heaven and earth, and a good many things in neither, and used them in manufacturers, arts and handicrafts, especially in one very curious manufacture wherein not the thousandth fragment of a grain of the finished article was ever produced. The accurate and systematic study of the changes which material things undergo is called chemistry. We may perhaps describe alchemy as the superficial and what may be called subjective examination of these changes, and the speculative systems and imaginary arts and manufacturers founded on that examination. We are assured by many old writers that Adam was the first alchemist, and we are told by one of the initiated that Adam was created on the sixth day, being the fifteenth of March, of the first year of the world. Certainly alchemy had a long life, or chemistry did not begin until about the middle of the eighteenth century. No branch of science has had so long a period of incubation as chemistry. There must be some extraordinary difficulty in the way of disentangling the steps of those changes wherein substances of one kind are produced from substances totally unlike them. To inquire how those of acute intellects and much learning regarded such occurrences in the times when man's outlook on the world was very different from what it is now what's to be interesting.


Hello world! We are here to reveal the most important and influencing person on coin telegraph first ever top 100 list. He grew up in a small village without electricity or running water. He is 99.99999% sure we are all living in a simulation and his favorite color is black. And the number one spot goes to... Oh really? Thank you so much. I'm really honored. I spoiled the surprise maybe. Sorry about that. Anyway, my first question is what is that you are particularly personally proud of having done in the previous year, 2019? First of all, thank you for ranking me as the number one. I'm really honored and I'm really flattered. I think I got chosen probably because of what Binance did and what the Binance team did. But I think the thing that I'm most proud of is really just leading the team and just bringing the team together. And just sort of constructing that team, keeping the team together, setting a very rough general direction. And then just making sure everyone's going in the same direction. In terms of the real execution work, I really didn't do that much. In 2019, Binance did a lot. Binance as a platform from the IEO in January to Binance Chan in February, Binance Dex in April, Margin in May, June-ish, and what else, July there was something, September with futures. So there's a lot of stuff that Binance did. In the bottom of the bear market, that sort of pushed things along. So I think people in the crypto space generally really appreciate that, the fact that we are always pushing our industry forward. So at least we do our part to do that. There are many other players who do that as well. So we want to work together to push this industry forward. So other than sort of just putting together a really good team and then leading them forward, I personally didn't really do that much. But the team did a lot of really hard work. Okay. So what are the plans for 2020? Sure, sure. Yeah. Absolutely. So 2019, to be honest, we've been really, really focused internally to building the products out. So there were many, many product launches. For 2020, there's going to be a lot of stuff. There's still continue to be a lot of product building and launches. So the open platform initiative is quite key. So we're basically providing more and more platforms for our other business partners to enable access to crypto for the retail. So it's more, before we were more like a B2C model. Whereas in 2020, we're moving towards a B2B2C model where we're working with other partners to enable the consumers to come into crypto. So we have a number of initiatives in that area. We continue to pushing futures, which is a very low cost way of trading. It is somewhat high risk in terms of the liquidations. It requires a different mentality of trading. So you don't want to put all your funds in one order. So you want to split them up a little bit. But futures, it is really a much cheaper way to trade both in terms of trading fees as well as capital requirements to trade. So we're pushing futures very aggressively. And we're also doing something that other people are not doing with futures traditionally. We're enabling futures for many of the altcoins. So this is typically very difficult to do, but our system has been relatively stable and we have some advances in terms of how to handle liquidity. So we're doing that now. We have a very large focus on global fiat expansion, so penetrating and covering global markets. So we want to turn on fiat access in 180 different countries. And I believe a large part of this will have to rely on our partners. And hopefully Binus Cloud can help with that as well. So those are sort of the very high level plans. There's a lot more details to it, but I can ramble on for a long time so I don't want to take too much time. What about personal plans for this year? Personal plan, I don't really have a lot. So my biggest goal is basically within the next couple of years, hopefully I can get myself into an even more unneeded situation. So nothing depends on me. So then after that I can probably relax to travel the world, etc. I'm doing quite a lot more traveling in 2020. I do plan to travel more now. I fixed my back. But right now the travel is more airport to hotel back to airport kind of gone. So I don't really do a lot of sightseeing. I don't do that much sightseeing right now. But I think for me though, I really enjoy what I'm doing right now. So I don't feel it's really work or it's really pressure. I'm pressured to do it. I'm really tired doing it. I feel I'm really lucky to have the chance to be doing what we're doing. Which is to increase access to crypto, increase the freedom of money for people around the world. So that's something I'm really really energetic about doing. I just feel I just feel really lucky to be in a position to be able to do that. So for me, for this year I'll travel around the world to wherever that's required to push more adoption on crypto. Okay, so you're famously workaholic. You're also famously minimalistic. No big houses, no yachts, not even a suit. Well, now that you can practically for yourself, whatever you want, I wonder when was the last time you did something for the first time? I actually can't remember that much to be honest. So my life's pretty simple. I haven't done anything crazy in the last couple of years. How did you celebrate the New Year? Oh, on New Year I stayed home. So I didn't go out to celebrate. Actually, I slept before New Year. I slept like before 12. That's a very rare time for me. It's actually quite rare for me to sleep before 12, before midnight. But actually on that day I got tired and just, you know, it's just another day. I recently passed my birthday. I didn't celebrate either. So I had no more dinner with the people I had dinner with all the time. I'm non-materialistic because it's kind of hard to carry. Anything that's physical, anything that's like tied down, it's kind of hard to carry a non-mobile. I like to keep mobile. I like to be able to sort of move to living in a different city every month if I want to. So that aspect really appeals to me. And with a shared economy, it's so much easier now, right? So you don't need a car. You have Uber everywhere. You have Airbnb's. You have like service apartments. So you don't need that. I don't need to buy a house. And I really, I don't like boats. So if I want to take a boat ride, I'll rent it. It'll be fine. So I don't feel the need to own a lot of stuff to have a really complicated life. Just keep everything simple. Great. Really inspiring. Okay, but we all know that you took a big risk when you sold your house that you had in 2014, if I'm not mistaken, to go all in on Bitcoin.  Still, anyway, that's really kind of nuts.  Sure. So for me, it was actually quite easy. Yes, I did push all in on crypto in 2014. And this is after Bitcoin went up to $1,000 at the end of 2013. And it was kind of on the way down a little bit and going back and forth. So for me, at that time, I started learning about Bitcoin in 2013. And I read the white paper. I went to a few different conferences. The one that was really, really standing out is the December conference in Berlin. It was the December conference in Las Vegas in the US. So I went there. It was a very small conference, maybe about 200 people total. But everyone in the crypto space today were there. Charlie Lee was there. Matt Rosig was there. Vitalik was there.  And it's the same crew. It's the same sort of people. The group of people is really, really nice. And I remember one guy teaching me about repo. And repo was pretty complicated to use. You had to set up gateways, you have to trust them, stuff like that. And the guy was teaching me about how to set it up. And in the process, he transferred some repo to me. And when I was done, I was like, OK, now I understand how to use it. Let me transfer this coins back to you. He said, well, no, you can keep it. And you can use it to teach the next guy. I looked at it. I was like, well, the coins at the time was about $500, US dollars. So it's not a huge amount of money, but it's also not a small amount of money. So I thought that community was really, really nice. So at that time, I had a really high confidence in Bitcoin succeeding, in cryptocurrency succeeding. So I understood the technology. I understood the financial aspect of it. And you already had a really nice community behind it. And also for me personally, the situation was I sold my house. Not only did I sell my house, I also quit my job. So no house, no job. But I was only jobless for two weeks. So I was looking, I quit my job before getting a new job, but I was looking for jobs in the cryptocurrency space. I bumped into blockchain.info very quickly and landed a job there in two weeks. So for me, it was like, OK, I can sell my house. I can live without, I can afford to pay rent, and I can afford to take care of myself and whoever else, my family that I need to take care of, just by my salary. And even if the cryptocurrency goes down, I can always go back to the banking industry and get a job there. I'll be fine. So it's not like I took a job where my living standard would be severely impacted. Again, I was not living luxuriously, but I had a decent lifestyle. It's not luxurious, but a decent place to stay, etc. So for me, the risk was totally tolerable. I know 100% that if even crypto fails, I can get a job in a bank. It's not a big issue. So for different people, that risk appetite and that risk situation is different. So I would not recommend people who are struggling to pay off mortgages on their house and who need a guaranteed income from their investments to pay off some loan to sell their house and to go out on crypto because crypto is highly volatile. But for me, so when I went in, I sold my house, bought Bitcoin, Bitcoin was $600 US roughly. Within about three months, Bitcoin dropped to about $200. So I lost 2 thirds of the house. But my lifestyle didn't get totally impacted. Psychologically, there's an impact, but my lifestyle didn't change that much. And it stayed at $200 for two years.  But my lifestyle was still okay. So I was still doing other things and things were okay. So basically, my advice to somebody else is that you got to look at your own situation. If you can tolerate that kind of risk, if you can handle that kind of risk, then it's okay. If not, then don't push all in like that. Were you always able to handle risks?  I don't know, do you meditate or was it some learning process for you? Or you are born like this. So I'm always a very calm person. So in my working life, so in Binance, I've never shouted. I've never shouted. I've never yelled at anybody. I've never sort of become really agitated. There were times where there were very high stress. So like I can tell you, Binance, when you're running the change globally, there's a lot of stressful situations with different regulations, with security hacking, all of those situations. There were very, very high stress situations. I'm usually very, very calm. I also have a low heart rate. So my resting heart rate is like 50-something. So in my working career, I never really yelled and screamed at other people either. So I have a calm demeanor. I don't know why, just sort of the personality, I guess. I don't meditate that much. I find meditation a little bit boring to be honest. I don't need it. I'm already very calm. I'm also usually very optimistic as well. So I've tried many different startups and a lot of them have failed. But even in those situations, even at the times where we had to dissolve a company, I was incurring debt. I know I had to pay back. And I did eventually, but at the time I remained relatively calm. So there's a couple of things that helped me mentality-wise. There's one phrase where somebody told me that had a really impact on me in my early years. So when I was younger, somebody said, Hey, Sizi, do you know what happens when you're at the bottom of your valley? So sort of if you look at life and you're at the bottom of the valley, the origin is like, let's say if you walk to the bottom of a valley, what do you do? And the answer is pretty simple, just keep walking. As long as you keep walking, then you eventually get out of the valley. So that was very, very useful to me. So whenever I feel like a lot of stress, I don't know why I just keep remembering that story. So that helps a lot. There's many other little things I do to help myself, but yeah. So there's a lot of different stuff. Tips from Sizi, how to stay calm in the crypto world? Well, great motto that you shared. Thank you so much.  How much time do you spend programming nowadays? Yeah, so for the last year and a half or so, I've not done any coding. So I didn't write any code that was using Binance. So all of the Binance code base was written by somebody else. So when Binance started, I was kind of already leaving the coding kind of stage. Whereas even in the early years of Binance, like a year and a half ago, I still wrote some scripts to do some random stuff for myself. Not so much for Binance, but in the last year and a half or so, I haven't really had a lot of chance to do coding at all, which is something I really want to go back to and try it. But with coding, you've got to have a chunk of time that you've got to sit down and look at it, stare at the computer screen, uninterrupt it. Unfortunately, right now, my time is really, really segmented. So there's a lot of interrupts. I tell other people that now I have a memory of Goldfish. I can't remember anything longer than seven seconds. So everything's like in segments. But it is what it is. It's kind of what the job is right now, and it's okay. I'm fine with it. So hopefully in a couple of years, when things settle down, I can go back to learn some new programming languages and learn the code. But do you think that in the modern crypto industry, in order to find a startup, it's better to have a programming background or an MBA? I think both are okay, to be honest. I think we have seen successful cases in both cases. Having a technology background really helps on the... I would say you typically want to have both, to be honest. So even an MBA who doesn't have a technical background, but if he could learn a simple programming language, just some basic stuff and write a very simple program so that they understand a little bit and read a little bit about the high levels of the technology, how to deploy servers and how to run a cloud. Just sort of very high level stuff. When you start a business, you are forced to deal with everything. You've got to deal with technology, you've got to deal with business. You've got to deal with business models, BD, business development, deal negotiations, you've got to deal with marketing, you've got to deal with customers' servers or post-product sales service. You've got to deal with compliance, legal, accounting, finance, HR. So you have to deal with a lot of these things. I would say today I'm definitely not an expert in any of those areas. But as an entrepreneur or a CEO or a leader of an organization, you have to know a little bit in each place. So I definitely come from a stronger tech background, but I've been doing startups for, I don't know, 10, 15 years before I started Binance. So I do have a little bit of the business acumen through experience. And then the other stuff like all the HR and the main finance stuff, they're important as well. So I'm not super strong in any of those areas. So I rely very heavily on our back office staff for those areas. So I think basically you need a little bit of everything when you want to run a startup. Two years ago you told us that you try very hard not to be number one, because it entails a lot of problems, stress, as you said also today, especially with regulators. So do you still agree that it's difficult? Is it still difficult for you to be this number one or you just gave up and decided it's okay? Actually, so today I think, so two years ago it was mainly the regulatory uncertainty and also not enough. Crypto is only the beginning. Crypto is not really widespread. So crypto still only reaches a very small percentage of users. So I think the situation around the regulatory front has changed a lot. I think today many governments are pro-blockchain, pro-cryptocurrency. There are much clearer regulations on how to run a cryptocurrency exchange and what to do and what not to do, etc. There's still a lot of room to improve and there's just a lot of uncertainties, but today is much, much better than two years ago. So I think today it's okay to sort of push forward, get market share and you will not be the lonely one at the top then all the regulators go to you. But today it's actually much harder to do that because there are a lot of exchanges all over the world and you have to compete with literally thousands to be conservative even probably more exchanges all around the world. So I think the risk of being the biggest exchange is much, much smaller now but at the same time it's much harder now to be the really big exchange all the other exchanges are competing very fiercely. So I think that's changed. But we're still at the early stages, we want to see more exchanges because right now for example all over the world if you can see more exchanges we can see more people coming into crypto and most of the local exchanges will not be able to provide the full suite of products that Biden provides. For example if you look at futures, margin, staking, lending a lot of these products are very hard to do for smaller exchanges where they mostly focus on fiat to crypto, mostly the local fiat to bitcoin. And if they can do that well they make the cake for us bigger as well so we encourage other exchanges to come to launch and to run their businesses. So that's kind of the situation today. Okay, thank you very much. You are definitely one of the most famous crypto people in the world. So my question is do you like being a public person? What is the most exciting thing about this and what is the biggest challenge for you? So to be honest if I had a choice I would probably choose to be personally I would choose to be like not famous but I think for the way we started our business we did the ICO so we had to have a public face we were raising money from like public so we raised money from like 20,000 people and so we need a public face and for Binance to continue to grow having a face does help I was actually hoping there would be a better face to be honest I don't think I'm a super good, I don't think I'm a very good public speaker I also don't think I'm a very, they're much better looking people much more polished people but unfortunately for Binance it's me So Binance is kind of stuck with me for now. That is not true, you are a great speaker, public speaker. Yeah so but I think because we do hold people, we do hold custody of the funds and Binance.com is a custody exchange we hold custody of people's crypto and having a face is really really helpful for establishing that trust that's just human psychology I know we're in an industry that technically we don't need trust but there's still a lot of trust that's needed in a lot of different places and also almost every other Binance person doesn't like to be too public they all like to be like really they're already hands down working on delivering building products so I'm kind of forced to be the public face so I'll do what I can Okay, if you could clone yourself or make a digital copy of yourself and like make this other you do everything that you do now and be free to do whatever you want, what will it be? I would love to make a clone to do all the work I think I'll make a lot of clones to do a lot of work and then we can do like I don't know 10 different interviews at the same time but I should clone myself as well then so yeah but it's not possible right now but also if I really freed myself up I think most likely I am quite interested in two other aspects number one is biology, actually biotech I think as humans, as our species so one thing I'm doing right now is increasing the freedom of money which I think will help our species to advance significantly I'm doing a little bit to contribute in that whole thing but I think as a whole if you can increase the freedom of money then our species will advance and when our species advance on that front then we'll have more money, more funding power to do much more research like biotech, like space exploration, like AI, a bunch of other things I think Elon Musk's doing the space exploration thing I'm actually less interested in that I'm more interested in biotech and potentially AI I think that in both of those areas there could potentially be a lot of more research and more improvements to be made I think I would want to do, there's a lot of people doing AI already so I think if I have nothing else to do I may want to look into biotech as sort of the next thing to look at learn about, potentially invest in a few different startups or research projects, et cetera that could potentially help us to understand ourselves better and cure some of the diseases better, et cetera so with the coronavirus going on right now we don't have a vaccine for it I'm sure the vaccine will come in due time but maybe we can help fund it to speed it up and we can do more genetic, bio-genome type of projects to understand ourselves better so I'm kind of interested in those areas too Speaking about cloning, it made me think that I think I've heard that you like the simulation theory is it true? Yes, yes, so I believe 100% we're leaving a simulation well basically 99.999% we're leaving a simulation so mathematically it's basically 100% and what does it mean? Like for you as a person who creates a whole empire within an industry what does it mean that we are living in a simulation? Sure, sure, so let me share this a little bit so the reason I believe in simulation, I believe we are in a simulation is the world we're taught in we have a couple hundred billion years of history and so that's the time spent that I think our universe kind of exists and if I look at my life, when I was born, there was no running water there's no electricity, I was born in a little village and then when I was a kid, so when I was a kid I was pumping water out of the well so later on we had running water, we had electricity we had computers, we had cell phones, we had AI we now have Alexa, all this advanced stuff but that just happened in the short history over the last 40 years and if I think about the next 40 years would it be possible for me to say hey, I want to lie down there and I want to simulate my life again? I think we probably will be able to do that and there are other simulations that's going on as well for example, if you look at Nintendo Super Mario we can simulate the guy moving forward and moving backwards the tricky part is I don't know what kind of simulation we're in are we being simulated by a higher being in a different dimension or are we just sleeping there dreaming simulated by ourselves or our own kind but either way, both of those simulations are possible guaranteed within 100 years from now and if you look at say 100 years, let's say 500 years so in 500 years that's guaranteed to be possible with the speed that technology is advancing right now and within 500 years we can realize that what are the chances this is the first 500 years within a couple hundred billion years so probably 1 in a billion if you do 1 in a billion, then mathematically it's 0.99999% that we're in a simulation and mathematically it's basically 100% we're in a simulation but whether we're in a simulation or not it doesn't matter too much to be honest it does have some impacts on how you think about life just because we're in a simulation doesn't mean life is not important it doesn't mean that if I die I'll wake up and nothing matters maybe we're in that kind of simulation but we don't know at least I don't know so maybe we die, we're like Super Mario Super Mario dies but he doesn't jump out and talk to me the next respawn may or may not be him, we don't know so just because we're in a simulation doesn't mean it doesn't matter it still matters very much so we still want to live a good life or live a meaningful life make our contributions and do what we're supposed to do what we're supposed to do as a human at least in this simulation that I mean I believe that human species are supposed to help other humans or almost any animal species are designed to help other animals of the same species so we're designed to help other people so we're designed to help ourselves and help others and what about climate and nature? doesn't mean that actually climate change doesn't exist within the simulation theory? it probably means that it does exist so the tricky part is we don't know what kind of simulation we're in so we could be in a simulation when some things are partially simulated and some things are not simulated and even if we're in a full simulation where everything is simulated the climate problem is still a problem that was thrown to us it's a challenge that we need to resolve we need to help solve so even if it's a full simulation everything in the simulation still matters there's a coronavirus that matters there's a flooding in places, the climate changes all of those things are challenges that thrown our way and we should try our best to help where we can it doesn't mean that we're able to solve every problem even if you're in a game, you don't solve every puzzle but I think the current simulation we're in we should do our best to the ability we can and for me it doesn't mean I will solve every problem I'll just focus on a few problems where I can make the most impact but that's how I believe that's why I do believe in simulation theory very strongly but there's another aspect of the simulation theory have an impact on the way you view this world and life especially with the early topic you talked about when you deal with how do you deal with difficult situations stressful situations, etc sometimes you say it's just a simulation, it's just a game you just got to keep doing what you're supposed to do and there are certain parts of luck, there are certain parts of randomness and there are certain parts of maybe designing the simulation that will set you back so all of those things are present but your role or at least my role in here is just to do the best I can so I just got to keep putting one foot in front of the other and keep marching forward so that simulation theory takes a much lighter view I'm not the center of the universe but I'm here to do what I'm supposed to do and let's just do what I'm supposed to do so it makes life a lot easier actually that's fascinating, thank you so much okay, last five minutes I wanted to dedicate to some lightning questions sure not in terms of lightning networks but in terms of flash questions see your mountains I'd probably choose mountains if you ask randomly like that I do like ocean sports as well, I do like a lot of ocean sports okay, beer or wine? beer scent valentines or a usual day? a usual walking day, yeah I didn't doubt about that McDonald's or Burger King? Burger King because at least some of them accept Bitcoin and Biden's coin great, okay black or yellow? black okay, because we share the same colors within our logos yes, yes, actually I have a coin telegraph hoodie and the color scheme is the same, yeah okay, snowboard or work? I think now it's mostly work I really enjoy snowboarding but you can't snowboard all the time you can do like a couple days a year, yeah, it's good enough okay, the last question, simulation or reality? it's definitely simulation, yeah we are in a simulation, there's no reality thank you so much, there is no reality but there is CZ the winner of Top 100 of Coin Telegraph and I'm very happy to have passed this hour with you thank you so much, that was a great pleasure thank you so much for having me, cheers, thank you thank you everyone, this was CZ and check the full article on cointelegraph.com and don't forget to like, subscribe and hodl subscribe and hodl


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