Thank you. Let us know when you see us. Let us know. Live now. Okay, everybody. This is this week in Science. We're going to do a very much briefer video than usual right now. It's a special video because Blair got something in the mail. And this is something that was inspired by a conversation between herself and Justin a couple of weeks back and one of our wonderful members of our community, Ed Dyer some of his inspiration as well and conversations that we have had over several years moving back. But Blair, why are you so excited about this package? So as most listeners of the show will know at this point I am a color-blind female. This is very unusual. It's only 0.2% of the population of females as opposed to about an eighth of the population of males, I think. Actually, you're more likely to be born with 11 toes than you are to be born a color-blind female. That's true. And it's weird that you're both. I am not both.  I drew all the time. My parents started to get kind of confused when I would color things funny colors and eventually I went to the optometrist and they asked for me to get a color-blindness test and of course the optometrist as every other optometrist I've ever had has said you're a girl, you're not color-blind and my parents said give her the test and I took the test the dot test oh my gosh I forget what it's called the one with the circle and it's a bunch of different colored dots and there's either a letter or a number inside and the optometrist went wow yeah you're color-blind so I was about 8 years old and I remember very clearly the following year I think is in the 4th grade we had this career day at school we all talked about what we wanted to be when we grew up and I said I wanted to be an illustrator and some adult who it was said you can't be an artist you're color-blind no and as a 9 year old I went yeah that makes sense and I gave up I gave up on that completely for a long time now throughout my life some other things have happened I rely a lot more on the location of what light is lit on a stop light rather than what color it is for many many years my entire life until I think last year I thought that on the walk don't walk sign the walking guy was green because of context clues turns out it's white spoiler for me I remember that episode what color is it the green guy yeah I'll be told oh you have to wear black to this concert that we're playing for symphonic band and I'll show up in blue and someone will be frustrated about it but where it really would come up was the St. Patrick's Day when you thought you were head to toe in green and your friend told you aren't you gonna wear anything green yeah so I've gotten very good at memorizing what colors things are I take people with me when I go shopping the thing that was when you shop who can confirm the color and then you memorize it and you've got it categorized in the closet knowing that's the color that they told me it is and I'm trusting this yes absolutely and so when I go shopping by myself I ask the salespeople of course but where it really kind of had a weird unexpected adverse effect on my life was in college which I thought was very interesting because in a lecture hall of a hundred people if you can't read the professor's dry erase marker you're not going to interrupt a lecture with 99 other people in there to go excuse me professor can you please change your pen and the colors of the dry erase markers it's red blue green yeah and occasionally yellow yeah yeah and so from your perspective they're writing an invisible dry erase marker I can kind of tell there's writing but I cannot read it oh my gosh the other problem would be on tests all the time I would get tests and I got better at being my own advocate but I would get tests where they would have you explain the difference between the red line and the black line on a graph or the red dots and the black dots that was something that that was the first time I really had to go out of my way to figure out how to bring it up to professors ask for help it was interesting and you could never then also tell when they highlighted the correct answer in the multiple choice questions with the red writing which is always how I got there everyone oh is that what's happening yeah so I mean not to say that this is like a disability or that it has been this extreme hardship or anything like that but I will recognize that most of the time when people use descriptors for things color is the number one huge huge it's the number one descriptor hand me that red pen oh it's over there next to that green car whatever it is and it's something that people around me even my very closest loved ones will still do it yeah say oh the blue one and I'll have to look at them and go do you want to try that again oh the striped one right at work they came up with a color coding system involving colored dots to identify which animals could go out on a given day and I do remind them actually I need shapes so it's just a thing that I think your average person might unknowingly take for granted that I I didn't think would ever change for me and I'm going to acknowledge that it still might not change for me there is a chance that the thing in the box which I think we can say is there's a thing in a box right here in the box which could drastically or slightly some increment of changing your life might just not work right so this is something I assumed was never going to change there were jokes about some sort of crisper or epigenetic related studies on monkeys that might restore color vision that you know my friends would send me say oh maybe we'll fix you yet or something like that but I didn't really think it was anything that was ever going to change and there I'm getting scared built up is making me very I know I know I'll finish up but but ultimately I still didn't really think it was going to change because these glasses so we talked I think we talked about it on the show before but these glasses were discovered kind of by accident to shield somebody from they were working with lasers lasers yes and so it was an accident and they they had a friend who tried them on for fun and all of a sudden could see colors they were playing suddenly the orange pylons because it was an orange the original lens was orange color it made the orange pylons pop out yes and so they were noticing them for the first time as the boundaries for the frisbee golf course so I don't remember the exact time on this but I want to say it was probably three or four years ago that is first well that they first kind of hit the market as a potential thing that a person could purchase and they've been you know improving them and augmenting them and the enchroma company is now selling these to consumers but they they carry a heavy price tag and I did not really see that as a thing that I could invest in personally and we were talking about it on the show one week when Kiki was not with us and and Justin suggested that perhaps this is something that we should do for the show and suddenly this became a thing that I thought was cool but was not within the realm of possibility and it became one mainly because of Justin but also because of listeners and contributors who decided that this is something that you wanted to see so thank you to all of you in advance this arrived yesterday day before yesterday from Kroma and I'm going to open it finally but you're so good at not eating the marshmallows I didn't eat the marshmallow okay so here we go from enchroma fulfillment I'm going to open this buddy up so the company is named enchroma and they do make these glasses for color blindness and you can take a test online at their website to determine your color blindness type and they have different prescriptions for different types which we did we did it together turned out I'm not colorblind which I always thought that I was so the reason I'm very disappointed that this is all that colors are for a second because we're a science podcast I want to tell you why it's really unusual for girls to have color blindness just super fast it is a sex linked trait it's something that lives genetically on the X chromosome but not the Y males can get it if they just get the one X chromosome that has color blindness on it so that means the mother can carry it but not herself be colorblind because it's a recessive trait so you'd have for a woman to have it she'd have to have two colorblindness X chromosome uh chromosomes so which is really rare because it's not only on the X chromosome right it is on the X chromosome but it's recessive so you have to have you have to have a colorblind father because his only X chromosome has to carry it and then your mother also has to carry it on at least one of hers and that one has to be selected which means her mother has to carry it or be colorblind now my maternal grandmother was super colorblind like more colorblind than me my dad will tell you dad if you're watching I'm sorry this is the science he will tell you he is not colorblind he definitely is not as much as me not as much as me sorry dad not as much as me but he definitely is colorblind which is good because otherwise it no where'd she go don't you break up on me no internet there you are okay you're opening it you colored balloons balloons to help me see well that's weird that they gave you black and white balloons or different color balloons let's see what else is in here I gotta get it in more I can this is my last episode share your reaction trying on enchroma for the first time can be a very memorable experience capture the moments so you can share it with family friends and the community on YouTube Facebook and Instagram don't forget to tag us we want to hear about it we won't forget we won't forget okay so here's the question I'm gonna ask it again should I put them on right now or should I not I think we should wait like three weeks build up every show we'll at the end of every show we'll do a segment like this where you talk about how much you want to put them on and we'll be like I wait a couple more weeks okay so there's enchroma read this first okay step one go outside outdoor glasses work best outside remember to capture the moment with your friends step two put them on the big moment is here put on your new enchroma glasses and take a look around step three keep them on no peeking keep your glasses on for 10 to 15 minutes to give your your eyes time to adjust yeah that's a long video outside right now you can't go outside we're gonna do a follow-up I mean you can put them on but then take them off yeah I'll put them on and take them off real quick um caution avoid flipping the glasses so your eyes can adjust for best results wear them for 10 plus hours over the course of one to two weeks ooh indoor glasses wear indoor glasses and well-lit interiors at the movies or in front of your TV computer screen or computer screen they work best when there is a bright light source okay do you have outdoor indoor guess what what did they send you they sent me to ugh wow okay what else is in here there's a lot did you know this ahead of time this is a surprise I talked with the enchroma people and then they're like well what kind of what kind of color blindness does she have has she taken our test and I messaged Blair and Blair said this is it this is my type and I indoor glasses indoor glass oh my gosh let me put you on the screen again show us those glasses again indoor and chroma glasses those look like fabulous on you they look millennial-ish okay I'm gonna be very honest I'm shaking a little bit okay these are sunglasses sunglasses these actually look like sunglasses you would wear yeah they super do they look like sunglasses I've seen you wear oh man that room bleak is asking what happens if non-colorblind people wear them and I not much apparently you're supposed to see more intense colors like I'm gonna run into Blair I'm gonna have to try them on for a little bit to see what I'm missing if there is anything so I'm gonna really quick I'm gonna turn more lights on and then I'll put on the indoor glasses okay hold on one second okay I'll be right back we'll put on the indoor glasses so we're very excited that this is going on Blair is very excited question though so there's this question of the amount of colorblindness so Blair says that her dad is not is not super colorblind you know and her grandmother was more colorblind than she is so this is genetically linked but they're obviously like there's more genes involved or there are replications of the gene or there are various multiple variations of the mutation so I'm I want to know more about this exactly it could be but I'm sort of taking the hint from Blair that her father has been obfuscating the amount of colorblindness that he suffers from we won't tell anyone Blair's dad and if you think about it if I was colorblind I would just be colorblind that's what it would be I'd be wearing ridiculously colored mismatched things all the time the fact that Blair has an entire system for overcoming and finding a way to appear as though not colorblind I don't think her father or grandmother ever would have put time into nor would I I would be the worst at this I'm right now I'm not even wearing matched socks now that's just you it's time for you to be quiet this is Blair's moment I'm going to do this I'm scared there are glasses and they're going to take 10 or 15 minutes to do anything it's going to take a while do you want to spend 10 minutes do you want to spend 10 minutes balloons she can't go anywhere now I don't know I can't tell it's inside it's nighttime they did say it takes 10 to 15 minutes Blair don't flip them up I'm not following directions already already you're like what's working why isn't it working they said 10 to 15 minutes you have to wait we have to be patient these are what these glasses look like you wanted to wear them around the art indoors this is what you were looking for actually that would be a good thing for me to grab and look at the art first impression putting them on any difference at all just putting them on right off the back actually things are brighter they're tinted lenses so they should be affecting the light reaching your eyes so focusing it with reds and oranges and pinks actually I have a bright orange ethernet cable and it's looking like aggressively bright to me right now and I'm just looking at Bleak's comment in the chat room lol it's like someone who's just had mushrooms you're probably in so check this in steps I like the cord the brightness now a good part of color blindness does have to do with the amount of the intensity of the light source that's why they said have bright lights if you're wearing these indoors you want to be in a brightly lit place because you're right intensity has a lot to do with it so the fact that you're wearing shaded glasses and seeing brighter intensity an aggressive intensity of this orange cord is it good huh I feel like it's really hard to tell what could be the placebo effect too that's the skeptic in me is wondering but I feel like I'm seeing things that I thought were the same color yes and now definitely are not I wait that's not the same color yeah it's mostly the reddish items so far are just I have a red pillow and a red blanket and they look very different right now okay reds are a entire spectrum of differentness well so I mean if they had never occurred to you that they were they were separate different shades of red that's actually relevant do you have a Pantone color chart um how about the trophies see as one two three four and then five there is a new one I know you just one more your trophy your trophy platform but do you see the different colors in the trophies yes I definitely do all right um so my Rubik's Cube oh my gosh now you know you didn't solve it after all yeah this is a Rubik's Cube so good at Rubik's Cube no no I can I can solve the Rubik's Cube but here look there it is it's all done but um but these two colors were pretty much impossible for me to tell apart okay you thought they were the same ish yeah I mean yeah it had to be super well lit for me to figure it out they look very different they look different now you can tell them apart yeah you can tell that one is pink and one is purple yes I can and that they're not both pernurple yes exactly I feel like this is what's gonna happen is just as I go about my daily life if I wear these I'm just gonna be shocked I'm just gonna have constant realizations of what color things are and I knew when I was wrong interesting so familiar objects may appear strange because you've never seen this wave before are you checking your clothes? yes I am on what okay so this this picture behind me poster the tentacly thing it came from definitely beneath the sea that's what it is I definitely saw it as kind of a sepia tone thing oh wow that is not sepia nope that's got bright yellow and red and green the tentacles are green yes you've never seen that wow it's starting to kick in it's kicking in it's kicking in the drugs are working oh my gosh this is brilliant okay do you know what the color is already without looking? do you know what the color accent on your headphones is? yes red I knew that are you sure? yes red this is red you wanna take a look? oh it's red I wanna take a look from here it's not from my perspective it's not orange I feel like I just looked at myself these glasses are very bright red which I did not realize that I unpacked them they are kinda looks like I should be at a shooting range with the red glasses and the headphones did you see the cover of this book earlier? that's very red what in the heck that's so exciting now you can see the world through rose colored glasses oh my god even just like this this is very different from when you pull it out that's so exciting what in the what in the did you name those colors? it's really just for me it's been a contrast issue so everything's just muted everything just looks hyper colored to me right now looking at these they look like neon 90's colors to me right now would you only know because of how people have described them but you were just I'm saying like I understand that hyper color is brighter than your average color yeah right so this looks like how I have perceived hyper color until I put these on just now and now these look like that so what's very interesting about this too is that on the chroma's website there is an explanation of color blindness that you can only witness if you're not colorblind because it shows balloons from the perspective of somebody who's colorblind and from the perspective of somebody who isn't and you get gradient back and forth when you cover or uncover the color blindness from these balloons and and that's very much what it was sort of like it was almost as if you had darkened the image or like if you did a color adjustment and removed color and headed it towards black and white you still have color there but the colors are like you say muted and not as obvious now I want you to find more things to look at where's your art show me the calendar yeah calendar look at past calendars too that's a good idea not the one that never got colored in black and white one that's not gonna work I don't see any difference I spent a lot of time coloring this yes unfortunately you only use white I wonder if Brian's home right now she's gonna be running I feel like this is some sort of like remake of of of here in Loving in Las Vegas let's get it we need a calendar now come on now watch out for the places in the bath watch out for the hypnotodes okay yeah what I like that one it's the purple night the night is always purple with you this is what I did as a child why my parents thought I was colorblind no no the purple is perfect the sky is what? the sky is always purple I made the sky purple no Blair that's the right color you haven't been outside yet you don't realize that's the color of the sky you don't know you just happen to get it right that's like midday that's like noon that's the noon sky it's that deep prince purple and the clouds are pink oh that's exactly how it is every day it's a choice that's actually just nailed it by accident unfortunate oh my god I made the sky purple exactly the reaction but it looks like twilight it looks like it's the zebra in the evening oh my god and the clouds are pink in the twilight this is what's okay what color would you call that orange yeah so I definitely thought that was pink oh wow I thought the dominant color on this piece was shades of pink so I think identity 4 has the original identity 4 has the original identity 4 has the original zebra artwork and he says that the color is more blue than purple okay because here's another purple I mean he might just be saying that I think you feel better but that's under the water right it's in the ocean oh wait I know there's a cactus hang on also there's like orange in the oh boy it just looks like a very eclectic choice that's all okay I like that one yeah I like that one these colors look different to me now that was not really true before interesting I feel like you should paint without the glasses on yeah maybe huh all of a sudden I'm seeing I didn't see you before fascinating powerful I have this original I love it I feel like that background is a 60s dress my grandma yeah that's kind of what I was going for oh my god I like that yeah they're all great they're all fantastic I have shoes that have this on it yeah I love that that's awesome so fascinating I bought custom vans that's what I did so this is why we're witnessing an artist seeing their art for the first time yeah I know I think all the backgrounds work but it's just so interesting for you to go that's not what I did that's not what I thought I did but this is my point too like I was talking about how familiar objects may look strange to you if you've never seen them in a color context before yeah and Dave Shorty is saying it's absolutely true there's a lot in color calibration of monitors, projectors, printers, etc particularly if switching color space and so the calendars themselves the calendars that were printed are a representation of your original art so there may be differences in the original art what I have brown hair that's so great stop it now you're killing me this is not real it's definitely okay so listen so I know I don't have black hair I know I have brown hair because I've been told but you didn't believe it because no I just don't see it I just see like if I wear black sunglasses they blend right into my hair and then you tell the world I see blackness it's just all black so I know I have brown hair now you have highlights it's not even that it's like I can actually I see dimension to it I see like my brown hair is different from your brown hair wow that's right that's really weird this is very aggressively bright that's it that's the hypnotic it's the hypnotode I mean that's cool oh right oh my god so I did these oil paintings and I tried to do blending but I can see individual brush strokes which I couldn't really before oh that's interesting I could see some of them but not this many Gord says oh geez Blair you have to rewatch Futurama now yeah I just watched The Avengers Infinity War again the other night and I realized like just now those superhero movies are probably very brightly colored they are and I actually probably now I wow yeah that's the dragonfly you were talking about it's the one I got right here it's so bright red yeah so bright so what I'm loving about this is this is the 8 year old illustrator who's going oh this is what you've been working on I can see brush strokes in this why do I see brush strokes I this blue is like oh it's like really pretty it's so blue oh my gosh there's so many greens on this thing you did a good job it's wonderful what the heck they're really kicking in it seemed like at first when she first put the glasses on she wasn't noticing what I'm going to do now are you ready I'm going to do this just to see yeah can you see a difference you take him on put him off yeah I definitely can it's it's subtle at first but it really is it's what I've described to people always is like you put the sepia filter on something or like you use one of those old timey you see life and that's pretty everything's just kind of more I guess brown everything's kind of more yeah there's less contrast everything's like popping at me now so did this adjustment period was interesting Kiki this is not an affective glasses or the eye this is an affective brain right this is yes the light that's reaching the eye but the brain is responding to the new signal right yeah retina is still the same it's just this is just the light that's reaching the retina going to the brain and we're in is interpreting the signal and and we saw and we saw I mean it's interpreting signals it hasn't entered before and we saw a lag when she first put the glasses on as was telegraphed because they've obviously noticed this and that's when they bothered telling you people put them on and go we just watched the Blair's brain adapt we watched her brain change yeah so this my kind of like soil color on this is like there's pinks and purples in it as is the color of dirt wait till you go outside it's going to be amazing yeah I just like thought all of this was brown really wow that's not brown but it makes a nice background there is something this is a great question for when we have been chromophoton about this delay how's your bear how's your bear Blair in a pit of lava it's in the fall trees yeah autumn but that is bright didn't make it this bright how is it this bright this is gorgeous whoever on the original is the luckiest person on the planet my mom owns it that's my favorite thing you've ever done I love it the mammoth is wonderful I love it I love it I love it too oh my gosh it's like all of this is so complex there's so much going on up there I love that you did it and you have never seen it like that I have to go to a museum do you understand I've been going to museums my whole ding dong life I've been like oh yeah that art is cool I guess I think a trip to Paris is in order yeah yeah it's just going to pay for that patrons no wait isn't there some sort of sciencey thing we can go to in Paris oh yeah cop something right do one of those things where we do stuff at what's the what's identity for sending I know he's sending images oh the zebra oh that is way different different it's a totally different color interesting thanks for that identity very interesting that might be the printing it also might be the scanning yeah combination of the two even how interesting because in the original it's like blue and like a more contrast in the original there's more contrast in the original and then the the image in the calendar is super bright and vibrant was there did you send these to Patrick before it was scanned for the calendar did you digitize I scanned them myself I went to FedExKingos for their highest quality scan interesting Justin disappeared yeah so the scans yeah Bleak says I bet the scans were saved RGB as opposed to CMYK I'll have to try that this next calendar so maybe your memory of what you created wasn't so wrong I made that more blue but still I mean you've been looking at these calendars yeah but see I feel like when I have this contrast issue the power of suggestion is very strong right so whatever I did I'm kind of like okay yeah that's what it looks like um um I something I'm gonna do when it's bright out I'm gonna go outside but I'm also going to I'm going outside I'm also going to look at my closet yeah yeah I think that's really gonna I think although I want I want a video of a bunch of little clips of you looking at different things your closet just outside at the dirt yeah at the zoo maybe maybe maybe at a museum yes you know go run around and take a bunch of little video clips and then we'll throw them all together or yeah or you can you know share them do brief ones and you can share them on Instagram or something wow and the longer you wear them the more your brain is like digging into those glasses and the new way of looking at the light yeah it just makes me feel like I was living in a world of brown you kind of were wow a world of sepia mm-hmm I find I was really curious to know what you thought of that poster behind your head and it's so fascinating that that yeah totally different from what it looks like I mean recently this happened to me a couple times I was watching a show that I don't know if it was like in low I think it was in low light it was like one of the Netflix Marvel shows or something so it was very dark and I found myself asking Brian if it was in black and white or not he was like no there's colors wow let's see some this is exciting I'm so super happy for you but now it's time to take them off put them back in the box and no no no I think these are unboxed you should keep them on wear them as long as you like and we should do that separate short door glasses with the sun shining going outdoors and seeing cause what do you think about the logos huh no way huh so there's there's there's all these different reds mm-hmm yep get out spectrum of color they're all different all the reds they're all different yep that's different red it's like a pinky red mm-hmm how does my brain even understand how to process this that's what's really fascinating that's the thing I think we need to go back around when we've got the in chroma folks on and talk to them about this because they're so cool oh my god that's great I'm gonna wear these all the time I know you will definitely witnessed a delayed reaction which has to be the brain learning to process new input that the I mean it's there's something deeper going on than a filtered lens oh my gosh so here's my question do I wear once I do these videos and stuff like this do I wear these sunglasses as my main sunglasses just in the world why not it's gonna depend on your mood I tell you you know that when I put on a pair of shades they add a sepia to the world sometimes I dig I like having that on a morning after a long night of doing twists into the wee hours there's times when you maybe don't want the world to be as brightly lit and your choice okay so let's see don't touch the lenses smudge them do not use abrasive cleaners store glasses in a cool dry area okay avoid touching lenses with your fingers as that may build up oil and residue wash lenses with mild soap and warm water rinse clean do not use paper towels store in chroma glasses inside a protective case when not in use store in a cool dry area away from extreme temperatures that can damage the lenses that's good to know do not store the glasses inside hot vehicles absolutely some people will enhance a profound effect immediately while it might take others longer in some cases it may take up to two weeks to see results the effect of the glasses tend to become stronger the longer they are worn when wearing the glasses for the first time allow your eyes to comfortably adjust to the glasses for about 10 to 15 minutes look at this picture that Kiki put up you know what it is it's like I'm noticing I think because the contrast it's definition and lines and shapes that were completely missing yep the detail it's like I put it on and even your faces look crisper to me and I think it's because I can see color better and especially so if you're looking at faces part of the thing of glasses like this is if you're seeing more red that means you're going to be seeing the flush in skin tone better that's so interesting oh my gosh so this is something actually that I had to figure out when I started wearing makeup the first couple of times I put on blush what does that even look like I I think I was with my mom and she was like you need to rub some of that off when I apply blush now I can't see it I kind of just learned exactly how much to put on and I'm like okay I made my two swipes I'm done and if you can't see it that means it's probably fine right I wish there was a way I could see my eye makeup with this on so you gotta stop doing that because the reason you need to stop flipping the glasses is not because of a lens in your eye it's because your brain is now being asked to do somersault Dave Shorty in the chat room is talking about the the light that you're seeing so that the lenses are blocking blue light possibly and so you're seeing longer wavelengths and not such erratic ones so that's changing what you see but then your brain is also adapting to it so any of us but if any of us put on rose colored glasses right after a while you forget that you're wearing those glasses as your brain adapts and makes the kind of brownie weird grass look green again right yeah because your brain adjusts so this says oh during the initial adaptation period objects may become visually distracting always maintain awareness of your surroundings yeah so if you're wearing those sunglasses while you're driving yeah maybe don't wear them while driving yeah be cool I think you'll be okay ooh here's a pretty painting this is good to know in chroma glasses are not designed to pass color blindness screening tests so if you've got a job where you're not allowed to be colorblind I suppose you're not authorized by the maker of the glasses to cheat at the time yes the next thing says in chroma glasses are not certified for use in occupations requiring color recognition such as fields in public safety and or transportation the lenses are not shatter proof that's good to know do not use the safety glasses it doesn't say anything about UV blocking yeah it is outdoor so it probably is I think all sunglasses have to be yeah well there we have it that's amazing in chroma in chroma this is a pretty cool thing that you've created I was skeptical I was honestly to be very honest this is probably not going to work I was very skeptical I'm a little teary-eyed you're not I've seen all these videos of people crying when they see colors I need to go see everything I've ever seen again which I love this enthusiasm I know so you should also know that purple is my favorite color but I have a lot of trouble purple is my favorite color identifying differences between purple and blue which is hilarious because purple I know purple is my favorite color but then all the time I'll accidentally pick out things that are blue trying to pick out things that are purple so that's like its own weird psychological mess it's going to go straight from her closet and go through everything and reorganize it yeah but that's what I was looking at with these balloons which when I go outside I'm going to definitely have Brian blue the purple is so purple and the blue is not purple nope no the blue is not purple I think I'm guessing it's going to be much more dramatic outside but this is already very whoa oh you want to yeah I put that up for you yeah I have to go back to Paris turns out turns out all right pop quiz just verify that this whole thing works yeah I want you to turn around and name the colors on your bowling trophies orange pink gold orange orange red red red that's right very good now is that over here was that already well known to you did you memorize that from before did I give you a bad no I definitely knew those are red but I probably would have called these orange ones red also yeah this is really intense somebody's just taking a hose and it really does the way you're just looking around and everything but seriously it is looking at it looking at the world in a new way for the first time you know it's yeah I imagine I would be standing doing the same thing looking for new things to look at just dumb stuff like here like the dvd spines they're all different colors wow really intense and it seems to be growing because you did a pass on this room you did a visual pass over this room when you first put them on and like I really see a difference but there's definitely an adjustment period that's taking place and you know what else is really interesting I can totally see how in the chat room when people mention me you know their name is red so I know that I know that right but I can't really see it I have to like really strain to figure it out and I can know before I would have to like it would escape my notice all the time and now you've got it I can absolutely see it you should go back and take college again I know it's so interesting you're like I want to go take lectures where people use use those pens on the dry erase board it really I've never taken a hallucinogen but I would assume that this is kind of what it's like because like everything is popping so even just like behind Kiki's head right now the word twist is just like popping off of that orange background this is a very bright sign here in my world I mean I knew it was orange but like yeah it's just very it's just very distinct so the difference between this and the hallucinogenic the hallucinogenic might not necessarily be color balance based but you might be like oh wow oh wow I've never noticed that little bit of wood that goes along the base sports what is that there's a little bit of trim a little bit of wood between the carpet and the wall it's everywhere it's in every room it's like everywhere I've ever been there must be the ability to go to the moon and back a thousand times the amount of this baseboard trim that people have on it so it's making observations that weren't apparent maybe to you that you focus on but yeah I can see that correlation wow watch a movie I think hmm yes watch a movie oh man there's just stuff all over this apartment that I didn't know what color it was before hmm holy heck see it's confusing too because like I just looked at a painting and I was like oh the background on that is blue huh which I definitely didn't know before but the second I take these glasses off I'm gonna be convinced that I I always knew it was blue because I've always done this with myself I like incept myself into knowing what colors things are right hmm oh you know it's gonna be so different this the land I think the zoo might be this different too oh yeah the zoo and the birds brown animal and that's a brown animal and that's a brown animal and that's a brown they're gonna there's a lot of brown animals to be fair but they're gonna look different they're gonna look different I'm gonna see patterns oh my god how neat yeah things are distracting they they were absolutely right like I have a pink spray bottle that I use to water my succulents and it just keeps every time I turn my head over there it's like popping out at me okay oh my gosh well it's 1135 Blair's never gonna sleep again no I'm definitely gonna sleep but I do wonder if I'm gonna dream about colors right really dream hmm so can I ask you this really bizarre question yeah is there a color you haven't seen before like I mean obviously this is what we're talking about but is it is there a potentiality for something that's in this room that's popping out at you that you've seen if it was extremely brightly lit or is this is there something that's new that it strikes you as like I've not seen that before I think I'll have to tell you if I come across it okay that's a really hard question to be able to answer I think because I have I have the vocabulary right like I can look up a color on the internet and it shows me a swatch of that color and so in my brain I've seen that color right so what we're talking about though is an intensity level right right right which I would argue most of what I'm seeing right now I've never seen before yeah I can't wait to go outside this is gonna be great and you can't do it right now because it's night time it's okay I'm gonna have to go on a massive field trip on Sunday my gosh on your day off yes actually Saturday I'm going to a gem fair a gem fair with gems of various colors perfect well all these places are opportunities to wear your glasses and to take videos of them you can either send me the clips or do it yourself but just in iMovie or something to shump them together shump I've never shunked before but I could try alright it is late it is late alright here we go I'm pulling them off for the night you can keep those ones on we don't care about those ones anymore it's already been Justin you're so like fuzzy she'll never be able to live without the glasses anymore now that's just the horrible autofocus on my camera there's nothing to do with it no that's not what it was it does have terrible autofocus it's true wow yeah oh hot red says take a video through the glass for us to see that's a good idea we can see hold on let me get on you it's very it looks very pink that's not what it looks like for me I'll go like further up we have that I'll have to stare at it for 10 minutes it goes the other way what about like that it's the same kind of pink that's different yeah it is a little different isn't it maybe not as pink no it's still very pink you have an incredible amount of face makeup on shut up Justin oh my goodness I'm sure it's the camera the camera is trying to adjust to the light level doing weird things wow well there you go thanks Minions that was totally awesome thanks Enchroma yes Enchroma thank you very much for this opportunity for Blair yeah and we're looking forward to an interview sometime in the future and Blair is looking forward to many more adventures and we're building all these questions for this interview absolutely and Blair thank you for opening this box for us this evening and for sharing oh the pleasure is all mine your new view of the world with the rose colored lenses yes so great so thank you thank you Ed thank you for helping to get this started everyone else thank you for your enthusiasm and yeah this was an amazing moment I think there were a few teary eyes in the house and we're tearing substantially at one point because I was laughing so hard but that was a pretty amazing moment to share with you Blair thank you thank you for being here how lovely it really was and I can't wait to see more adventures of Blair in the world of color yeah this is this week in science and everyone you can stay tuned for Wednesday night shows Wednesdays at 8pm on YouTube live and I guess I'm going to hang up now right say goodnight Blair say goodnight Justin goodnight goodnight Kiki goodnight everyone thank you once again and we'll see you next week


Shaber 1000 here. Today we got some more thrift store finds. Okay let's just jump into it and let's see what we got here. Monkey got that mirror. It's an antique mirror.  So she got that and these are three items I got. She found this so we picked it up. It's all here. Starno cook stove. It's an older one. I'll have to look it up. There's no UPC things on it so it is an older one. But this you know we'll be using. And I got a couple more cameras here. We gave five bucks for this. I'll tell you what we gave. For this one he had 35 on it. I got it for 25 and I got this one for 15. So let's set this one out. This one is a Kodak. It's an older one but it is digital but I guarantee it's not 1080p. I'm sure it's 720. But that's pretty cool to add in my collection because I don't buy still image cameras but this has the like I said I'll have to look it up. This does have the you can record movies or you know film or video with it. It comes with it. I don't have the charger but it will also take regular AAA batteries but it comes with that. It also has an extra one of those down in here as well. The little bag is cool because you got a place to put your memory cards. And we'll check these out a little bit later. So that this one I thought was pretty neat. This one's pretty cool. It says it's dual media. So I looked this up online briefly. I didn't do a lot of homework on it yet. But what it is is here is a you can put you know a little memory card in there. Now this I'm not sure if it takes a disc or a floppy disc or what. So I'll have to do some more research on that. I get the battery out of it right now in the charger. So and I have this charger didn't come with it. This is my charger for my big light that takes the same style of battery. So it's charging. So we got this. Now I got something I'm gonna take you outside and show you what monkey bought for me because I believe I got a pretty good damn deal on it. So we're gonna head outside right now and we're gonna check that out. These will be another videos. I'll probably do these two in one video that in another video. And let's go outside. Alright I got this stand here. Needs a piece of wood on it. So I got the stand. There was something on there but it broke off $185. I know I'm crazy right. But I'll show you what was on it. And that is this thing. Check this out. It's a Scott Atwater. This is with Belomatic. Now I don't know anything about this motor. Got it off front of ours. He doesn't know anything about it. It is not locked up. Here's a card from some sale or something. 16 horsepower. It's a 1955. 16 horsepower. So like I said we know nothing about it. We do know it's not locked up. So let's go ahead and take this cover off. And I'll show you what I did look at. I did look inside of here. We may do some checking with this tonight. I don't know. But what I did find, I'm guessing it lost spark or something. I don't know how hard it is to find parts for these things. Like I said I gave $185 for this. But the reason why I think it's a spark issue is because they don't have plugs in it. And there's only one spark plug wire on it. It goes in there and the other one is supposed to come out right there. But it is not locked up. So I'm guessing there was a spark issue with it. It does have forward and reverse right here. 1955 I had to have it. And I talked about it. I talked about it.  I said really? She was like all right because we we went back and I was like all right look he wanted 204. He didn't even want to sell it. He threw a number out at me and I went back and I said all right I'm here to deal on that. He said 200. He said it's $200. I said no it's 175. He goes all right it's 185 and I said okay then it's 185 and I bought it. I see a screw right there that's loose right up under here. So what we're gonna do is this is not on here real well. What I'm gonna do is try to get this down on here a lot better. And I'm gonna try to I'm sure the pump I'm sure it's gonna need a pump. We're gonna take this off get this off of it. And we'll have to I don't have a set of plug for it but if I can get spark and I may take the plugs out of that one and put in here or just go buy a set if they got them. We'll see if we can get it to start but first thing I'm gonna have to do is I'm gonna have to pull this flywheel off of here and find out what's going on why that's missing the spark plug and why that screw over there's loose. So someone was having trouble with it like he said you know he said Marty I don't know anything about it but he says you know if you ever get rid of that I want first dibs on it so if anything you know I'll sell it back time for what I gave for it. So anyway but I think I can make a few bucks but I thought you know if I get this running good I'll put it on the boat and see which one of these motors I like better and sell the other one. I'll also talk to Monkey about maybe even putting both these on there wouldn't that be cool but that's kind of half jokingly but I don't like I don't think I've got the connection for that the right connection for that but that's not a big deal to you know just to get it running you know we can spray something in the carburetor there. So anyway there you go there's our first store finds now I'm gonna go ahead we're gonna get a screwdriver out here we're gonna pop this off of here see what we can do with it. In the meantime Shea Bear has met the man legend gone for now thanks for watching guys appreciate it if you guys know anything about these let me know I've never heard of a Scott Atwood I haven't researched it yet or anything so I mean I'm guessing it's too strobe we'll just have to see. Alright guys we'll see you in the next one again thanks for watching appreciate it and we'll see you soon bye bye and take care


Hello everyone, nice to be here, so I'm not going to talk about Plutus itself that much or Marlowe, I'm going to talk about slightly the wider context of assurance within Cardano. I mean we've heard a lot today about the importance of building stuff that works and I want to talk about that same topic but slightly more broadly within Cardano, not Plutus and Marlowe specifically. So yeah, my talk is show me the evidence because it's all about evidence based approaches to making sure that our software does what we want it to do. So this is a very difficult space, the challenges in the cryptocurrency space are legion, there are so many ways that we can fail and not just the obvious ones, I mean we can have flawed protocol design, I mean IGLOS is here to make sure that we don't do that but that's one way to fail, you can have an incorrect implementation of a design like Auroboros, it's very easy to do that. There's all kinds of the typical software mistakes that occur throughout the industry, I don't just mean crypto space, I mean just general programming mistakes that people always make. Amateur cryptography failures, that's another way to fail, it's very easy to fail that way. I like to say that amateur cryptography is like amateur brain surgery, not something you should engage in. You can fail in this space by missing performance deadlines, the Auroboros protocol has real time performance constraints, real time timing constraints, they're measured in seconds rather than microseconds but nevertheless there are deadlines. The systems can fail by collapsing under load when lots of people try to use it and hit the maximum capacity of the system, the system can fall over, it's very easy to write systems that do that. There's a failure to scale, if we look at Ethereum, it works, we can argue about the details but broadly speaking it works but as soon as crypto kitties took over then it could not scale to the capacity that people wanted to use it for, that's a way a system could fail or can fail, it's by just failing to scale to meet the capacity needs of all the users. And then there's denial of service, not just distributed denial of service but ordinary denial of service, that's another very easy way that software can fail here. And then there's other more esoteric things but nevertheless things that could cause a cryptocurrency to not succeed, like vulnerabilities to economic attacks. This is a really interesting one, this is where the costs that are borne by the people running the system are not properly compensated by fees charged to the people using the system and if those don't match up people are going to say well I'm not going to bother to run the system, I'm losing money doing so and then the system can fail. That's a very interesting one, Bitcoin has a major problem there with the size of the UTXO gets bigger and bigger and there's no compensation for it. So there's interesting economic attacks on these systems. Then you can have social or voting collapse, this is why we do governance research and the system can fail to make progress because no one can agree or there's no mechanisms to help people to agree. And then macroeconomics and the list goes on and on and on and you need all of these problems that are soluble but they all need different specialties like cryptocurrency, cryptographic design one area or software. You need experts, all these different areas, it's a highly multidisciplinary space. So that's what makes this space really interesting and really challenging and very hard. And the sad thing is that the software industry as a whole, the quality is not what the reputation is for in the software industry I think. When was the last time you had a software update on your phone or your laptop or something? To fix some critical bug in Patch Tuesday or whatever. We get these patches all the time because those are flaws in the software that was already deployed and that's actually the stuff that's of a relatively high quality where they bother to patch these things. Most random apps that you're using or other bits of software behind the scenes that you never see are full of problems all over the place. And just the other day, the O2 network went down. These kinds of things are all over the place, we see them. So normal industry standard software, which is what we deal with, interact with most of the time is not great. If I was in a less illustrious company, I would say something about industry standard. But safely say I consider industry standard to be a badge of shame and not a badge of pride. So industry standard software is not high assurance. We don't have any assurance that it does what we think it does. It's not terribly reliable, has design flaws and bugs. And if you follow industry standard software development practices, you get industry standard results. We do the same thing and this should not surprise us. I mean, doing the same thing over and over and hoping that the next time it will be better. And as you do something different, that's not going to happen. And this is a real problem for the cryptocurrency space because you can't do Patch Tuesday in the cryptocurrency space because they will steal the money before next Tuesday. Before you had a chance to find the solution, write the patch and deploy it, and someone at the back was saying $5 billion overall has been lost on Ethereum smart contracts that were written badly. They will steal your money before you have a chance to patch it. So assurance and quality in the cryptocurrency space is even more important than it is with your mobile phone network working, perhaps. Well, it depends. I mean, people's lives are at risk with mobile phone networks not working. But here, there's lots of money at Stated Core. If we believe that it's real money, then we ought to treat it as such. So this leads on to the question of assurance. Now, I would say that most software products follow the faith-based assurance approach, which is to say, I have total faith in my team of crack engineers that they know what they're doing and they will produce good results. That is to say, you don't really have any assurance approach at all. You're just crossing your fingers and hoping and hoping that you can patch the software before something terribly bad happens. Or you can say, well, it's open source and people will find the bugs, so it'll be fine. And it's probably true. They will find the bugs. But you don't know who will find the bugs first. And it's quite likely that the people who want to steal the money or take the system down will find the bugs before the other people that send you the bug reports discover it. So that is not a great form of assurance for these systems working. So what's the alternative? The alternative is evidence-based assurance. We use evidence-based policy or evidence-based medicine. And the same thing here. You want to look at that you have evidence that the thing does what it's supposed to do. So in this case, what does that mean? It means objective evidence. And it's objective evidence about the software artifacts. This is not about the process. This is not like, I don't know if it's ISO 9000 or 9001. Someone will know. There are sort of standards of how you build things, the process by which you do. But that's not what I'm talking about. Assurance about the objects that we run, the software that we actually produce at the end. So it doesn't matter how it was made in a sense, so long as we produce evidence that it does what it's supposed to do. And that evidence should be objective and it should be reviewable by any sufficiently expert third party. And that holds us to a standard. If you take that approach, it's not that you can't produce good software without producing evidence. But having to produce evidence forces you to take an approach which produces high quality. So I think it's very important for us to take this approach of generating evidence and asking our users to demand that of us. So then, of course, the development process itself does have to generate that evidence about the artifact that it produces. So let's go into more detail and talk about what does that mean? And then how are we doing that? Or approaching that within Cardano? So what does good evidence look like? We use well-founded computer science techniques. Phil Wadlow was talking earlier about 80 years of academic research and programming language design. There is vast amounts of good computer science that does not get used in everyday industry standard software because people think it's too slow, it's too hard, they want to do just stuff quickly. But if we want to do things well and produce evidence about the code that we've written, there are actually lots of techniques out there that we can use that generate evidence about the software artifacts. So key things are specifications and formal specifications, not just long documents with lots of words. But when we say formal specifications, we mean specifications that use mathematics, generally, or a combination of pros and mathematics. And the key idea of a formal specification is it says concisely what the system is supposed to do. It has to be concise because it has to be comprehensible, at least by a large enough group of experts. It's no good if your specification is as big as your implementation. That doesn't help you with checking that it's right because you can't fit either of those things in your head.  This is without any pros around it to explain what it does, but it's a precise mathematical formal specification in a mathematical notation. So that's the approach we want to take for many parts of our system where we want to generate evidence. So we want specifications about as many bits of our, at least the important bits of our software, the important components within the system. So then, OK, so you've got a specification, and then you've got some code that runs that is the real thing. And you want to be able to link those two together. So you want evidence that the implementation and the specification agree with each other in some kind of sense. The one is an implementation of the other, or there's different notions of exactly how they relate. But you want some evidence that gives you reasonable assurance that these two things are equivalent, or that one is an implementation of the other. Implementation meets the specification. And there's two basic approaches to that. One is kind of the gold standard approach, which is mathematical formal proof. And that is great. But it's also still, even though we've made a lot of improvements over the years, it's still slower and more expensive than just like hack, hack, hack. So there's another approach, which is a compromise, which is testing evidence. And that is not as good. It's not as good as proof. It's not the gold standard. But it can be really quite good, especially when compared to industry standard, remember, which is right down there at the bottom. So the testing is a sort of lightweight method. It's much cheaper and quicker than the proof gold standard. And so it's much higher quality than industry standard. So it's a compromise. But at least it's a compromise between perfect and pretty good rather than a compromise between pretty good and industry standard. So it's a compromise on the right side. OK, so that's the two basic ways, like gold standard and kind of lightweight methods, particularly testing. But testing in a rigorous manner, which I'll talk about a little bit later. So within Cardano, how do we approach this? So as people have discussed this morning, and Agloss talked about, we start with a lot of peer-reviewed research. That's the starting point for us in Cardano in many places, in many areas of the system. And this includes things, of course, like Auroboros, protocol design, but also game theory and incentives, and the various other areas of research that Agloss talked about this morning. So that's the starting point, some really great ideas, research papers. And then we have, as I said, we want to write these formal specifications in a concise mathematical style of what is it we're actually going to build, having got some ideas from all these papers. And then we want to design our software, not just there's a spec, and then we go and write the software and then try and compare them at the end. That doesn't work. You have to design the software with that specification in mind so that they can be compared later. It turns out, for many years, of people trying to do them totally separately and compare them at the end, it just doesn't work out. It's too hard to compare an implementation that was designed completely independently of its specification and try and compare them at the end. You have to have your spec, you can co-evolve your implementation and your specification, but they have to be done sort of together to some degree. Otherwise, they're just incomparable. And then at the end, we want evidence that links our implementation with our specification. And for Cardano, we are taking a dual-track approach. Remember, I said that this is like the gold standard, and then there's a kind of the pretty good. And we're doing both. And we're doing a very different time scales. So we are doing the sort of fast approach, the lightweight formal methods approach. And then we're following up with, in certain areas, where it's particularly critical, we're following up with higher standards of evidence using more formal approaches. And I'll give examples of those a little bit later on. So just before we move on to, I want to go through in a bit more detail one particular example about the ledger layer, the ledger rules. But just before I do, there's also a very interesting problem here within our industry in general. And we see this problem quite concretely within an IOHK. Is that there is a massive gap, actually, between the output of academic computer science research and what ends up in products. It's sort of interestingly symbolized here within the room. So Agloss is sitting over here. And Phil and Manuel are sitting over there. And they're at sort of opposite ends of computer science.  But actually, being within that sphere myself, I know that those are even they are quite a long way apart. Their notions of proof are look different. One is a kind of logician's proof and one is a mathematician's proof. And that might sound like the same thing to you. But to a logician, they look at many mathematical proofs and they go, oh, I wouldn't do it that way. And on the other side, the same. They're not wrong. They're just different. And then if you imagine, all right, they're that distance apart. Now what about the engineers? In the next street over there, there's the distance apart in terms of the language, the culture, what we focus on. It's surprisingly large gaps. And this is a problem we have throughout the entire industry. So you can't just, and so IMHK funds lots and lots of research, as Charles was saying this morning and Agloss was saying this morning. But you can't just write papers and then just chuck them to a bunch of engineers and say, all right, go implement that. That does not work out. So what have we done to bridge that gap? So one of the things I'm most proud of of having helped IMHK with is to try and help bridge that gap by putting in place a team in between. People who can understand the needs of engineers and the low level details and also can understand, at least to some degree, enough, can understand the papers that have been written.  And that group is there exactly to bridge this gap. And this is not a new idea. I mean, this has been done before in, for example, Microsoft Research. Microsoft introduced this entire new group to help them bridge the gap between their engineers in Redmond hacking out code all day and trying to get more ideas from academia pushed through into their products. But we're doing the same thing on a much smaller scale within IMHK. And so far, that seems to be working out pretty well, I would say. OK, so that's part of our story. But let me focus, in particular, go into a bit more detail about how we're doing this concretely for an important part of our system, which is the ledger rules. So the ledger layer is the layer that sits above the blockchain and says what data is allowed to go on the chain? What makes a valid ledger? Can you add this new transaction onto the end of this ledger? Is that valid or invalid? And there's lots of rules for that, because it's not just transactions that go on the chain. There's all kinds of other bits and bobs. And you need to specify very clearly what those rules are. And then, as I said, we have this whole chain of evidence that we want to. So what is this chain of evidence? This is credit to Phil over here for the top quality artwork. So we have a, as I said, at the very high level, we've got specifications and implementations. And we want to link those two and have evidence that they are, in some sense, equivalent and some reasonable quality of evidence. This is not going to be the gold standard proof style evidence. It's going to be some testing, some manual checks. But it's nevertheless reasonably good evidence that, in principle, third parties could repeat these checks. So over on the far side, we have our specification document. And then the next step across is a Haskell executable specification. And we need to produce evidence that these two things are linked. And then at the far end, we've got the Haskell implementation, the real implementation. And again, there's a link between that and the Haskell executable specification. And we're going to a bit more detail about each of these steps in turn. But that's the big picture. We've got the specification document on one side, which is like a PDF with lots of rules. At the far end, we've got the real implementation that really runs and operates the system. And in between, I'll come into a bit more detail about what that is exactly. But let's start with the, let's start by thinking about the specification. So specifications are not God-given. They don't just ha ha ha in point of enlightenment. They are iterated in the same way that programs have developed. You start by scribbling down something and you go, oh, no, that's not right. Let's do it again. And you share it with your colleagues and you think. And you go round and round. And then you halfway through, OK, you've written some of it down in a more precise way. And then you go through multiple rounds of review and talk into other people. And it goes round and round and iterates and iterates. So this is still very much an iterative incremental process of producing a specification. But it has to be produced in this formal mathematical style. I'm not going to go into the details of exactly what's on this slide. It doesn't matter. The point is more that there is an iterative process of writing these things and reviewing them. And then finally, eventually, you've done enough iterations and you've done enough rounds of review. And you say, OK, this is pretty good. We agree this is actually what our specification is. I like these ones because it fits on one slide. And these are the rules for UTXO and UTXO with witnesses. And they fit on one slide. And that is actually very nice. If you want me to read off what one of these things means, let's look at the example. In figure 10, this is the rule that says that you need to have witnesses for a transaction to be valid, that each input has to be signed. Or rather, you have to have a signature for each input, corresponding to each input, that signs the entire transaction body. So someone who did first-year mathematics and had read this through a couple of times could read this off and turn it into English language in their heads and go, yeah, that sounds right to me. So let's read it off. So it says, for all I in transaction inputs, so that's for each input, each input in the transaction, there exists a verification key and a signature in the set of witnesses such that we can verify on the same signature on the transaction body, that that signature and that verification key, those verify with the transaction body. And the address in the UTXO of that input corresponds or equals the hash of the verification key. So that is exactly what you need for the witness to be a witness for that input. The witness has to correspond to the hash of the verification key, corresponds to the address, and the signature and verification key together can be used to verify, they do verify, with the transaction body. So that's in one line what witnesses are. And what's really good about that is it's really compact. This is so small that you can fit it on, as I say, like one slide. And more importantly, you can fit it in your head. And multiple people who are with different backgrounds and experiences on the problem can fit it in their head and say, yes, that is actually what we want. It's no good if people don't understand these things. Then it's just like squiggles on a piece of paper. It has to be in a language, precise language, but in a language that enough people can understand it, enough experts at least. And that is a challenge. But enough people can understand it and say, yes, those actually are not only are they self-consistent rules, but they are sensible rules. Those are the rules that, in fact, we want. So it's very important that when we choose the language in which we express these rules, that it's language that people can understand. It's no good if we write it in some awesome theorem proof that only three people can read. It has to be readable. All right, so that's that first bit. So that's Charles and Agloss over on the far end there saying, yes, these are the ledger rules that we want. Not only are they self-consistent and they make some kind of sense, but they are the rules that in fact we want to deploy on the chain and they can read it and they can understand it. So that's okay, we've got our specification. And so there's a lot of effort as you see that goes into getting the right specification. The other steps then are actually a lot easier. So the next one is the link between the specification document and the executable specification. The executable specification is very important because it's what we will use later for testing. So this is our step of going from this style of rule on paper into something that actually runs. And so this is an important transition. And we do this by writing them in very similar styles but in different languages. The one was, well, here we go. The top one is the one that I showed you a second ago. Well, actually it's the first of the two rules I showed you earlier. This is the main UTXO transaction rule without witnesses. The other rule was the witnesses one. And then the other part in the gray that is the Haskell executable specification. And they are supposed to be equivalent but one of them we can actually run and the other one is just looks nice. Well, the other one is more readable to other people. So this step requires people to read both and say that yes, those are the same as each other. And that might sound a bit dodgy that how can we really check? But they're written in such a way that they really correspond very closely. And we can do by code review, we can compare the two and they're not that large. This is only a few pages that we have to compare. So let's just see how they match up. So each of these things on the, I'm not gonna go in, it doesn't matter. We don't have enough time to go into all the details of like every single bit here but the key point is how they correspond. So each of these things at the top is a predicate and that corresponds to the Haskell code. So if you look at that, so transaction ends as a subset of the domain of the UTXO. Okay, so in the Haskell code, it says transaction inputs of the TX set dot is subset of. Okay, that's equivalent to the mathematical subset operator is equivalent to DOM of the UTXO. That's nice. So those correspond quite closely. The question mark, bad inputs, that's an additional detail that's in our executable version that says if it fails, why did it fail? Which the mathematical version doesn't say, it just says it must satisfy all of these things, otherwise it's not true. Whereas in the executable one, it's useful to know if it failed, why did it fail? Because that lets us get good test coverage later. We can make sure that we generate ledgers that cause each individual failure to happen. And so it's useful to be able to classify those failures. All right, so that's one of them. And then the same thing with the next one. They correspond. Each of those predicates at the top corresponds to one of the predicates in the Haskell code. There's a little bit of translation, but they're really pretty close to each other, as I think you can see. Same again. And then finally, this one down the bottom. So the ones above the line were predicates, things that must be true. The thing below the line is a state transition that says, if you were in this starting state, so long as all the predicates are true, then you move to the final state. And again, these things match up really very closely, particularly closely because we're using unicode Haskell operators to correspond to the special operators in the mathematics. So we can get this very close correspondence. And so the manual process of checking that these two things are the same is doable. The reasonable degree of reliability. Some humans have to do it, but it's doable. And anyone could repeat the process. So that's the hairy one in the middle doing that, because that's me. I'm Philip over there, and various other people. And then the final step is this step between the Haskell executable version and the real implementation. So now we're in a setting where two programs, both in Haskell, they both run. They both can be evaluated. And we want to check that the real implementation, which has lots of detail and concurrency and performance and real cryptography, corresponds properly with the specification. But it's an executable specification. And this we now do using testing. So the people in the middle there are saying, yes, the tests pass. And so let's talk about what those tests are. So the tests use this idea as follows. We have, at the top, we've got the executable specification. At the bottom, we have the real implementation. And these we're modeling here as functions. Of course, the real implementation is more complicated than a function. And it still goes from some state to another state. So it sort of inputs, outputs, very similar idea. And what we needed to be able to do is say, for any state of the real implementation, we have an abstraction function that takes that to a corresponding state of the executable specification. And so long as we can do that, then, if we generate hundreds of thousands of transitions in the real and executable specifications. So what does that mean in this case? That means ledgers. If you take, it generates an example ledger. And you feed it to the executable version, the executable spec. And you feed the same ledger to the real implementation. And starting in an equivalent state, they should end up in an equivalent state. And you can tell their equivalent by applying the abstraction function and checking that they're equal. So what that's telling you is that for not all possible, that would be proof. But for many, many, many correct and incorrect ledgers, if you feed the same one to the real implementation and the spec, they give the same results. They end up in a state which is equivalent. So that's not proof. That's not for all possible ledgers. But by testing with generators that produce, we can generate as many ledgers as we like. So long as we get good coverage, then that kind of testing evidence is really pretty good. And that really finds the bugs. And this technique has been used for decades. This is a well-established technique. And it's very effective in finding bugs. It's not as good as proof, but it's really pretty good. So that's the story with the testing. Beyond that, I'm not going to go on too much longer now. Beyond testing, as I said, we are taking this dual-track approach of, in certain cases, where it's really important, we're going to use more, or we are using, more than just lightweight methods and testing. So in particular, there's four examples, at least, that we're doing this with. For the Cardano wallet, which we started rewriting from scratch at the beginning of this year, following a formal spec approach in the spec we published back in the spring, we are now following up that work by formalizing the spec that we did on paper, formalizing it in the Koch theorem prover, and proving the properties that we only tested previously. So that's going along the same path that we did previously, but now to a higher standard. And so far, what's really nice about that is that we've not found any new bugs. We did find bugs when we ran through the tests, when we did the quick-check testing approach, the same technique as I showed a second ago. That technique did discover bugs in our implementation, but so far, the formal proof has not found any new ones. And that's actually a good thing. That shows actually how effective the testing was. But the proof is, of course, a higher standard of evidence. So that is something that we're following up with. And we're going to do the same thing with the ledger rules. We haven't yet, but that is something that's on our list. Now, in addition, we have people working on formal approaches to the development of Auroboros, new versions of Auroboros. We are doing this lightweight do-it-quickly approach, but we also have people working on the slower, more formal approach. And the way we're doing that is by re-expressing Auroboros in terms of a process calculus, and then formalizing that process calculus in the Isabelle theorem prover. And we will prove properties about that, and we'll prove relationships between the abstract version and more concrete versions. So again, it's trying to link lower level implementations with higher level specifications. And James Chapman, over in the other track earlier, was talking about this last one, about formalizing Plutus Core in Agda and proving properties about Plutus Core using Agda, in particular progress, preservation, decidability. I'm not going to go into the details there, but again, Agda is another not exactly theorem prover, but in this case, we are using it sort of as a theorem prover. And this, again, gives you a very high standard of evidence, even better than testing. So before you entrust billions of dollars for patient safety, you should say, show me the evidence! And then get independent expert review of that evidence. And additionally, we are trying to follow through on that. And I think what's important is that people who are interested in these systems and want to use them should demand this, not just of us, but of everybody else. Hold our feet to the fire and everyone else's and say, show me the evidence. I want to see that your system does what you think it ought to do. And we are trying to do just that. Thanks very much. So today, we've seen a lot of interesting work from the Plutus Immoralea teams on fleshing out the Cardano ecosystem. I would like to look towards the future. I would like to ask what is the significance of this moment in time? In 2100, when we are writing history books on the history of programming, what will be the import of this work? And I think if we've done our jobs well, it's going to be the sea crystal of a dramatic change in how we write software. Not just software for blockchains, but software in general. So right now, the current cost of an error is relatively small. You do have bugs which can cost you a lot of money. For instance, if your rocket blows up, that will cost you a lot. But that happens pretty rarely. The costs of these bugs are spread over time and in some sense over space because you have bugs affecting more things rather than big things. However, oh, additionally, the organizations that have large, costly bugs typically have insurance to deal with this. Smart contracts are changing this. So the Dow did not have insurance. I mean, who was going to insure it? It was very expensive compared to the amount of code involved. It was dozens of lines, not hundreds of millions of lines. And so the costs are getting larger and more immediate. Today's work aims to ameliorate this problem by giving us ways to write better software, better languages, formal methods, machine verification. But the ultimate user is not academia, it's not NASA, it's smart contract writers, all smart contract writers. And so what that means is many orders of magnitude, more people will be using these techniques than other techniques, other related techniques. And so more people will be exposed to these techniques than ever before. What are the implications of this? Again, not for Cardano, but for programming more broadly. So I think there are at least three. The first being the normalization of these techniques will lead to higher software quality overall, partially by using them directly, but also because as people who use these techniques on a regular basis already know, it changes how you think about writing software. Your thoughts themselves become more rigorous and it changes the thoughts that you have, the kinds of thoughts you can have. Second, as there are more users of these particular tools, it will generate demand for newer and better tools. Again, partially directly by demand, but also because you'll just have more people exploring the frontiers of what's possible. You'll get better things just because more eyeballs are looking for them. And thirdly, there will be more incentives to educate people. It's been said that you sort of need a PhD to use dependent types to prove anything about your programming languages or your programs. This is sort of no longer true, partially because YouTube has lots of great courses that people have taught. Also, we have books like Type Driven Development, which if you go to hacker spaces around the world, people are reading Type Driven Development and having little study groups and it's just average people. The work today will drive even more changes like this. You'll get more popular books on formal methods, not just on functional programming, but on theorem-proofing and the tools associated with it. You will also get more blog posts, more tutorials, more online courses, MOOCs on all of these things. And you'll get more web playgrounds for people to experiment with them. You can go to Repelit right now and run Haskell, which is pretty cool, but what's next for Repelit? Will it be Agda and Cock? Who knows? This won't happen overnight, but I think it's probably inevitable. And so I would like to thank the Plutus and Marla teams for planting the seeds of this change and for helping to bring about this very interesting future. I would like to invite all of you to join with us to build that future. And I can't wait to see what you build with Cardano. Thank you.


Luzoco Antilaco Biography and Wikipedia Luzoco Antilaco was a South African entertainer who had endure malignancy before. He was a renowned cast of the TV arrangements Ring of Lies, Moveango, and Zone 14. Luzoco Antilaco's passing is affirmed by his sister Namso Antilaco this Tuesday, June 22, 2021. Presently entire South African film industry, alongside fans from inside and outside the nation, is grieving the abrupt end of Luzoco. Luzoco Antilaco's demise causes as yet not freely checked. Perhaps Luzoco's family are grieving and not prepared to speak Luzoco Antilaco's reason for death yet. All things considered, it was proclaimed that Luzoco was facing a conflict with mind malignant growth. Already, he was determined to have stage four of the mind tumor and was in a state of extreme lethargy in the ICU for around seven weeks. Additionally, his burial service game plan is likewise still not reported openly. Luzoco Antilaco didn't have a spouse. In addition, there isn't any data open about Luzoco's past connections also. Most probably, Luzoco was single and zeroing in on his vocation just as for great well-being. Luzoco Antilaco has passed away at 36 years old. He was brought into the world on February 16, 1985, in Sevokan. He was of the Sevokan, Goteng identity, and lived in Johannesburg of late. The star Luzoco Antilaco was a business person and entertainer. Luzoco learned at WIT's TECH inspecting his schooling. Luzoco was learning at WIT University in Tourism Management however ended in 2002. Luzoco was highlighted on the ASBA banking application too. Besides, Luzoco Antilaco was conversant in various dialects, particularly English, Cosa, Zitsanga, Zulu, and Soto, which dazzled his fans a lot. Late Luzoco was adored by numerous fans for his remarkable, fun character too. Luzoco Antilaco's precise total assets aren't expressed on the online locales. Be that as it may, he had been ceaselessly captivating on TV arrangement and brand supports for such a long time. Furthermore, the late business visionary Luzoco Antilaco was was additionally the proprietor of the modern slash instructive performance center alongside an advancement organization. Consequently, it very well may be said that his total assets should be noteworthy. Instagram account


Hi, I'm Alan Stein Jr., professional keynote speaker and author of Raise Your Game, High Performance Secrets from the Best of the Best. Having spent my entire life involved in youth sports and activities, both personally and professionally, I'm excited to share with you three tips on how to make sure your child can get the most out of their extracurricular experiences. In addition to being the proud father of 10-year-old twin sons and an 8-year-old daughter, all three of whom have been doing sports and activities for several years now. I was also a professional basketball performance coach for almost 20 years.  I created this very brief video series to support you, to guide you, and to encourage you. I'm so thankful to be a part of the Parenting Fraternity and I hope these three tips help you raise your game. Question number one, why are youth sports and activities so important for children? Youth sports and activities are important for a child's development for four primary reasons. Number one, they're fun. The kids enjoy them and it makes them smile. Number two, they're a wonderful way to make friends and improve social skills and awareness. Number three, they are an ideal way to reinforce traits like work ethic, respect, accountability, and sportsmanship. And four, they teach life lessons and high utility concepts like mistakes and failure are part of the process. Be the type of teammate you want to play with and if you want to get good at anything, you have to practice during the unseen hours. Question number two, what is the best thing I can say to my child after a lesson, training session, practice or game? I love to watch you play. That's it. Those are the most impactful and empowering six words you can say to your child after any lesson, training session, practice or game. I love to watch you play.  I also recommend you ask them the following four questions to make sure you are emphasizing and reinforcing what is truly most important so that they benefit from life lessons and high utility concepts. Number one, did you have fun? Number two, did you give your best effort? Number three, did you listen to your coach or trainer or instructor? And number four, did you help someone else? Were you a great teammate? If they can answer yes to those four questions consistently, then their participation is well worth your investment. Question number three, what are some of the mistakes you've seen very well intentioned parents make? I have nothing but love, respect and appreciation for my fellow youth sports and activities parents, but as well intended as they may be, I've seen many of them make the following six mistakes. Number one, they hover during a lesson, training session, practice or game. It's so important that you give your child some space and the freedom to make mistakes without judgment. Number two, they coach from the sideline. It's so important that your child only receives instruction from one voice. The coach, trainer, teacher or instructor. Number three, they push too hard. The love and desire needs to come from your child, not from you. Your role is to support and encourage. Number four, they focus on the outcome instead of the process. If you want your child to maximize their development, don't get caught up in winning and losing. Focus more on praising a great attitude and a great effort. Number five, they want their child to specialize in a sport or activity at a very young age. Early sports specialization is actually a myth. It's in your child's best interest to try as many sports and activities as they can for as long as they can. And number six, they over structure and they over schedule. Give your children some autonomy and let them experience the magic of free play. Thank you so much for watching. I truly appreciate your attention. I hope you found these three tips helpful so that your child can continue to have a magical experience with their youth sports and activities. For more from me, check out raiseyourgamebook.com or follow at Allen Stein Jr. on all of the major social platforms.


Next slide, Gertrude. Living buildings are surprisingly rare in this day and age, but there are some buildings that the uneducated consider alive. These structures are more likely, possessed by some thaumaturgical, demonic, or spiritual force. How does one find a building that is truly alive? Next slide, Gertrude. Most living buildings, particularly houses, are very old, rundown, and usually abandoned. Look for more modern neighborhoods, post-1950s especially, that have buildings in them that seem to date back before 1900. If you see Beaver Cleaver's house next to the Atom's families, there's a good chance the latter is alive. Next, they're going to generate waste. That means it's going to smell squalid. This is a picture of the basement of a specimen of Colonialis Gigantis from Louisiana. As you can see, the dung resembles that of an elephant, but with, Gertrude, next slide, but with inclusions of human bone and what we believe to be a small dog.  No matter. Happens at least once a year. Next slide, Gertrude. Post-mortem Assurance Specialist.    Now, if you'll direct your attention to the screen, after the preliminary exam but before the autopsy, the first course of action is to, naturally, remove the extremities. You start with the head. Firstly, you drive the colon's device, the spike as the lab techs turn it into the brain stem and remove it. Then you remove the head. Unfortunately, the easiest way to do this is with a guillotine, as you'll see now. Now, for the removal of limbs, the hands and feet are removed individually and stored separately from the forearms and upper arms, and the calves and thighs respectively. Yes, we are that thorough. You there in the orange shirt. Question? Yes, there have been cases where we have found that the calaver was, in fact, still alive as he was being dismembered. That's why we removed the head first. Anomalous game tester. This is one of the riskiest jobs in the Foundation. Don't laugh. I've had people have heart attacks from being sucked into a game and trying to figure out how to beat it and possibly neutralize the anomaly.  I have. Arcade games are easily the most dangerous. Back when they were popular, unscrupulous designers would do anything to get an extra buck. About 200 of the original gauntlet cabinets were co-designed by Prometheus Labs and embedded with a cognitre compulsive message that made people withdraw half their bank accounts to beat it. Hell, even some of the original breakout cabinets have an inherent anomaly in them. There's a bar in England that was destroyed after the ball escaped from the cabinet's screen and bounced around the room, killing 20 people. The ball itself is currently somewhere in the Oort cloud. And that's not even starting on the weird sh** Nintendo got up to in the 1990s. Three words. Living f**king Pokemon. Containment cell maintenance specialist. That is what happens when the power grid isn't properly maintained and why you should always be protected against electrical surges when you work at site 44. One of the most common problems we get in maintenance, especially in bio-sites, is flesh or other biomatter spreading into the air ducts. Thankfully, it's well filtered enough that it doesn't spread to the rest of the site, but it means that air can't come in. That's a problem. What you do is this.  It'll reek to high heaven. Probably release some carcinogens, but in case it isn't clear, I'll say this again.  That's half the seminar right there. That. Wear protection. Don't snicker, you know what I mean. Computational epidemiologist. Computer viruses spread much faster than a virus among humans. This is especially true of viruses that are anomalous and it is very difficult to distinguish between an anomalous computer virus and a mundane one. Both of them give you a computer the digital equivalent of herpes, but more often than not, an anomalous computer virus is usually just a trugin that can interface with a human covertly. Your fingers on the keyboard are the agent of infection. I've seen entire companies have their databases destroyed by the spread of unchecked organic interface viruses. Some of the more famous computer incidents you know about were caused, or almost caused by OIVs. The Y2K bug wasn't so much a bug in the computer sense, but more of a bug in the Achu sense. Script Kitty in Iowa made it, and it's one of the earliest examples of an OIV. Harmless to humans can make a computer commit subpoekoo. If anyone here is from Kansas or Iowa and your internet sucks, how you know why? Do OIVs mutate to infect humans? They can, but rarely do. When they do, imagine the data structure of a computer trying to impose itself on a human brain. It's not pretty. Imagine your brain replaced with a can of Campbell's Chunky Soup. Now imagine that can being dumped into the Marianas Trench and bursting under the pressure. It's not at all like that.  Most victims of mutated OIVs actually survive. But that's why we have computational virologists. That seminar is in this room at four. In case any of you want to stay and see that. Practical Demonologist Contrary to popular belief, some demons do in fact have some remains that they leave behind once they've expired. Most of them amount to piles of ash with some teeth and horns. But in some cases, specifically, if they're eliminated in extreme cold, they leave behind more intact specimens. This one, for instance, is, yes, I know, it's mostly made up of phalluses. Quit laughing. This is what an incubus looks like without any glamour on it. We managed to dissect it and found that its structure was not carbon-based, silicon-based or even sulfur-based. This is an arsenic-based organism. You may have heard about the discovery of an arsenic-based bacteria by Felicia Wolf-Simon's team in 2010. Unfortunately, that was discredited. But this, this gave new light onto the shores of hell.  This one, when it was alive, took the form of a 55-year-old man wearing a rather tatty wolf costume in the middle of a convention hall. Naturally, nobody would be alone with him, and he was booted out by the staff. In case this point has been made clear, the forces of hell are not the most intelligent. The devil inside is, honestly, the most accurate portrayal of demonic possession we've seen put to film. Oh, neurologist. This is a dream diary. It is the most useful tool in your arsenal. Despite the fact that we study dreams, we take this very seriously.  But dreams being dreams, it's almost impossible to remember them. Hence the dream diary. We all know about lucid dreaming, and that is an incredibly useful skill, one which keeping a dream diary will help you train. There is a second skill you need to learn, which is both difficult and rewarding. The ability to fall asleep and wake up on command. We'll go over that in the next bit, but for now, I'd like to give a practical demonstration. I will fall asleep and record my dreams in my dream diary. It'll be a minute at most. Is she okay? Medic! In hindsight, she probably shouldn't have done that standing up. Counterparenzic Accountant. Now the foundation runs at any given time, about five to six thousand shell companies that it uses to launder their money. I know that we've been trained to stop this kind of thing, but what would you rather have? A million dollars go missing from the profits of a tech firm in Kansas, or a nuclear warhead going off, because the foundation couldn't hire enough guards for the third quarter. That's what I thought. Every now and then, we get the IRS or another tax agency on our backs, and it's your job to shake them off. One of the easiest ways is to confound the paper trail. You can make an or a borse of shell companies feeding off of each other. For instance, SNC Plastics is a shell company for soy corn produce, which in turn is a shell company for Samson and Cooper Pharmaceuticals. And that is a parent company of Southcoast Publishing, which is a shell for spicy crust pizzeria, which looks back to SNC Plastics. They're all legitimate businesses. We do actually deliver pizza, make pharmaceuticals, and produce plastics. They just all fund us, and we can't have ourselves discovered. Of course, failing this, there's destruction of the documents. Excellent question. Shredding is an incredibly inefficient method anyway. If a document needs to be lost, you burn it, and shred some decoys. There's an incinerator in literally every location you'll work, and if it's down, just ask someone in the morgue. They've got three for burning body parts per site, at least. An art historian. Good evening, ladies and gents, and welcome to...  Three years? Three years in a row in no audience. My department makes botany and occult studies look well funded. There's not even a projectionist. F*** sake. I'm just talking to myself, aren't I? I could talk in gibberish for the next hour, and still get paid. I wonder how much trouble I'd get if I put a normal lease on. End of file. To learn more about the SCP Foundation, subscribe to SCP Orientation today, and turn the notification bell on so you don't miss any of our videos. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye.