Well, hello everybody and welcome again to another OpenShift Commons briefing today. We've got another fascinating new project going on at Red Hat that we'd like to introduce you to called Builda. We have Nalan and Dan from the CRIO team that are going to give us an overview of that and some examples, demos of that as well. We'll have Q&A in the chat and after the brief overview and probably a little demo, we will have live Q&A with Dan and Nalan. So I'm going to let Nalan take it away and we'll get rolling here. Okay. Hello everyone. As Diane mentioned, my name is Nalan Diabai and I work in the containers team here at Red Hat and with us on the phone also is Dan Walsh. Dan. Yeah, my name is Dan Walsh. I run the containers team at Red Hat and we've been working on a whole series of tools to make using and running containers easier and more robust. So I'll let Nalan take over. Okay. So today we're here to talk about Builda, which grew a bit out of the CRIO project. So in terms of background, CRIO exists primarily to be a runtime for the container runtime interface that Kubernetes and OpenShift use and at least as far as Kubernetes is concerned, building an image is not part of that, so it's out of scope for CRIO. So a while ago, I guess it's getting on to several lines at this point. Dan had been telling me about how we really needed something in this space to be able to handle this problem and because it wasn't going to be part of CRIO, it was going to have to probably be something else. And so we knocked something together and the result is Builda. But let's back up a second and see what the problem that we're trying to solve is. Essentially, an image, because that's what we're trying to produce, is just described by the manifest. It's got the manifest as a JSON document and it lists a few things along with information about them, their digest IDs, what type of information it is. For the purposes of the images that we're building, the things we're most interested in are the configuration blob and the file system layers. Now when I say an image, we're actually talking about multiple slightly different formats of images, but for the most part, the tools that consume them are going to be able to consume all these formats also because they're just all out there in the field right now. So the first item in the manifest that we care about is a configuration blob. It's really just a JSON document, another one, yeah, which contains some encoded settings and defaults for how to run the container, you know, which command you're going to run, what environment variables you set for it, who it's going to run as. The key thing here is to note that it is not exactly the same as a configuration that you would pass to a tool like RunC. It actually contains a much smaller set of information than you can pass to RunC. It doesn't even include fields for things like process limits or C-group configuration. So you can't just, well, the upshot is you can't just take it and pass it to RunC and have it go because you have to do some mental processing to make that go. The other type of thing that you're going to keep in an image is file system layers. Notionally, the reason I call layers is because when you're building up the root file system to run your container, you're extracting one on top of another on top of another until you have a finished product. And there's a wrinkle in the way that those work in that in addition to being able to add things like you normally would if you were just untying a bunch of archives, layers include special information called whiteout, which are just specially format entries which say delete this thing instead of creating a new file with this weird name. And that's how a layer can actually remove contents from a layer below it. It doesn't actually make the image smaller, but you don't see it in the final product when you actually go to run the container. The good thing about layers and the primary reason they exist is so that they can be shared among multiple images so that if you're building one image based on the Fedora base image and then you build three or four more based on top of that and you push them all to a registry. They're still sharing the same underlying layers for the Fedora image and the incremental space used by the additional limit by the new images is really just the set of changes you made in them. So it really does cut down space. So if you're talking about building an image, you can start with, well, okay, let me back up a second. So when you're actually going to run the container, and this is a little bit redundant, you're just going to build up the refiles and do some processing using your configuration block to build a configuration for your one time and kick it off. This is actually the simplest part of Cryo and Cryo actually does quite a bit more than this in order to do the things that Kubernetes and OpenShift expects it to be able to do. So the hard part of building an image from your container is, you know, you've got the set of layers that you started with when you created the image and you've made some changes to do with file system. You need to figure out what those changes are to produce a new layer because images are essentially collections of layers and when you're building an image based on another image, you're always adding additional layers. So the new image is not going to be any smaller in terms of this space that its layers use when you're storing them on a registry. And, but at runtime, the container may actually be using less space. Anyway, the hard part of this and the most time consuming piece of building any container image is finding the set of changes to the uppermost layer, well, the newest layer. So how do you do this? Well, if you're using a union file system, something that lets you efficiently compute the differences between layers or actually has layering built into it, you can do something clever. You can extract just the changes for that layer. In fact, originally, and this carries over into the layer format, well, the format of whiteout closely matches the format used by a UFS, which is an implementation detail, which, okay, fine. If you're not using a union file system or say you're using block devices or you're not doing any copy on right logic, you basically walk the file system tree and do the equivalent of a recursive diff. This can be very time consuming. In fact, a lot of time and work has been put into trying to make this faster. So, once you've done that, the rest of it is fairly simple. You create a new layer for your changes. You update the manifest to include the new layer. You generate a new configuration blob, which may include information from the previous configuration blob if you started with another image. And the net result is a brand new image. So we produced a tool called Builder that actually just automates all of this for you. Builder from is a command line. It pulls down an image, generates the file system, creates a new writable layer if you're using copy on right file systems. You can mount that image for, sorry, you can mount that container for direct manipulation. You can have it run commands in it using RunC, and then you can commit your changes producing a new image. Other things it does is, well, one of the other primary drivers of this goal is that we would be able to reuse a lot of the libraries that we're using in Cryo. So, when you pull down an image with Builder, Cryo sees that image. If Cryo has already pulled the image down, Builder is able to use it without having to download a new copy. As soon as you commit a new image with Builder, Cryo sees it because they're using the same storage space. And yes, it can also push to a registry because that's a thing people expect to be able to do with a Build tool. Now, the Builder command line is closely modeled after Dockerfile instructions, but in addition to being able to do things on a command line, you can feed a Dockerfile. It actually uses the OpenShift Image Builder library to drive this. So, the behavior is a little bit different. You don't get multiple layers, you don't get layer caching, but it produces a perfectly workable image. Now, Builder itself is primarily a library that's used by its API, and that's where we're going to be trying to integrate it into OpenShift. Actually, that's the entirety of the overview. It's actually a fairly standard core project. Now, I can cut to a demo or, Dan, did you have any comments you wanted to add? I got a quick question. Yeah, go ahead. Yeah, you know, we have sourced image. I know Builder objective is to really build some Builder image or modifying image without having a big Docker environment or OpenShift environment. Instead of having one more extra tool, is it possible to make it a subsystem of sourced image that way there's one more less thing people have to remember and update or whatever? So, I would like to know what's your idea behind that. Sorry. Yeah, I mean, if you're building in an environment where you're using the command line tools, then Builder is a perfectly usable thing, but longer term we want to just have it built into the building facility that we have in OpenShift. So, you don't actually have to know the reason Builder to do the image builds. Got it. Yeah, so one of the things we've done is most of the functionality can be put into a library. So, if OpenShift wants to call into the library directly, then it could do that or far it could exact the command. So, right now we're, I mean, my main goal with Builder is potentially giving us a more secure way of building sourced image from a, from a OpenShift point of view so that we could potentially replace sourced image not using, not requiring the Docker socket any longer and just be able to do everything internal to OpenShift. Understood. Thank you. Now, one of the interesting things that Dan touched on just now is that we don't use the Docker socket. When you're building an image inside of a container, you're normally having to, well, the normal procedure is to run the Docker client inside of a container and have it connect to a socket to the Docker demon. Builder is not a client server application. So, it's actually doing everything in process and that's a trade-off and the thing that we have to work on in order to be better integrating with, in in order to better integrate with OpenShift is to try to get the set of privileges that it needs in order to do what it does, down to a much smaller manageable level.  You can do, well, if you make it a privileged container, you can, but we're working on that. So, I have a quick question. So, if you're not using OpenShift, can you use this directly with Kubernetes? Because it's a tool that's useful for people outside of the OpenShift ecosystem. So, you can use, so Builder can be used as just a tool that replaces Docker Build. One of the things I think he's going to show in his demos is there actually is alternative ways to building without using Dockerfile. But bottom line, yeah, you can use Builder to build any image using the similar workflow that you've done with Docker Build in the past. Also, since Cryo and Builder can share the same, share the same storage, you could actually build a container into your local storage and then instantaneously allow you to run Kubernetes container, you know, have Kubernetes instantly launch that container in your environment. So, Builder also has some really cool features in that it can store in different types of, you can actually, when you commit and push, you can actually push directly into container registries like Docker I. But you can also push directly into, you know, right into the Docker daemon, you can push into, you can sort of extract it out into tar balls, you can do everything you can do with tools like Scopio, you can also do with Builder after you complete. So, it's built on the same tools that Scopio, Cryo and other tools are being built on. So, it's got a ton of flexibility to it. All right. So, let's see a demo. Okay. As Dan described, this first one is actually just a recording of using most of the command line applications. What this recording does is, first we check to make sure we don't actually have any images on the system. We check that we don't have any containers on the system. These are all commands that are built into Builder after all. So, here we create a scratch container and we're going to use that to install most of the user space. Well, we're going to mount it first because otherwise we wouldn't have access to it. That tells us where it's mounted. We set the environment variable because that's a lot of things to remember. Then we're executing DNF on the host to actually install the entirety of, well, Fedora 26's user space into that previously empty container file system. So, this is going to run for a bit. We'll grab the source package for, nope, that's not what it's called. Nope, that was down. Unfortunately, the package server was down at the time, so I had to download the source RPM from somewhere else. So, in this case, we're having built, well, having downloaded a source package and copied it into the file system, we're able to just run RPM build or YUM build up to install the build dependencies for it inside of it. At that point, we were actually, well, having installed the entire build environment into that container, we're able to rebuild the source package there. Or, rather, we built an image with just the build dependencies. This actually takes a while. We removed that working container. This was the build environment that we generated. Create a new container using that, mount it, copy the source RPM into it, and then just run RPM build to rebuild the source package in the container. This is not entirely dissimilar from the mock tool that people who build packages for Dora are probably already familiar with. At this point, we copy the binary packages out of the container, remove it, create a brand new one, which only contains runtime dependencies. Install the packages for this. This is a much smaller set of packages than we installed in the first image because it doesn't contain any build tools. We installed the binary RPM, and then we run it. But, as Dan pointed out, since, well, a lot of people are more familiar with using Docker build, we wired it in using the image builder library from OpenShift. Yeah, let's hold off from this demo for a second. Can you just deposit? Yeah, so one of the things I wanted to point out in the previous demo, we were using all standard tools that are provided from Linux. So if you're familiar with Docker, you'd have to do a Docker copy to get content in and out of container images. In the demo you just saw, he's using the standard copy command to copy stuff in and out of images. The image is mounted on disks, so you're able to redirect the NF to install, and you can actually do a make install with a dash dash desk directly into the container image. So it basically gives you the full breadth of tools that are available in a Linux distribution in order to build your container image. And then the final output, he showed, one of the big problems with Dockerfile and building Docker images is that the artifacts needed to build the container actually included in the container. So for instance, if you just use any container, it requires DNF to be inside the container or it requires an apt-get to be inside of the container. But really, if you're running in a container that's just going to be running, say a web interface, you really don't want all these tools in.  Lastly, the other thing he showed during the demo was he was doing builder runs. The builder run is kind of an interesting tool in that it uses, it actually launches a container to run the command. So as opposed, he showed you DNF install from the host installing into the container. But if you want to follow sort of the traditional Dockerfile method of running, you know, yum or DNF inside the container, then you can use the builder run command, which actually uses run C on the system to create a containerized environment. Into the little cherooted environment that you have and then runs the commands. So that demo really demonstrated sort of the full breadth of commands outside of using Dockerfiles directly. Now the second demo is going to actually show how you could use, if you have lots and lots of Dockerfiles around, how could you use builder to support that Dockerfile build methods. Yep, so I'm going to un-pause it. And those of you who have built Docker from sources probably notice the first thing it does is it builds a build environment container image just so you can build the entirety of Docker in a container. So as a test case, we actually use builder to build this one. And that's what we're watching here. We're just stepping through the top level Dockerfile that you find in the normal Docker source tree. It's installing, it's building a lot of dependencies from sources. And this is going to run for a while, but this is essentially what happens when you run build a bud or build using Dockerfile, which is the longer version of the command. Now one thing I want to touch on that Dan was mentioning earlier is that we do have a build a run command and that does run, use run C to run a command using the file system that you're creating. What I've found is that people tend to try to use it as a shortcut for Docker run. It is really not comparable. It's much more comparable to, well, the Dockerfile run instruction and how that's handled. Now this compile does take a while. Those of you who built Docker from source are well familiar with that. This is getting toward the end, I think. This actually requires a fix that we haven't yet integrated into image builder and both these demos include some code that we haven't yet integrated into build up, but that's ongoing work. This has been edited for brevity because normally some of these tests take a lot longer than we just saw. So a couple of other interesting things, depending on your use case, builder is either faster or slower than Docker build. A builder for the general developer use case at this point is a little bit slower because we're not caching. So if you're continuously modifying your Dockerfile and then rebuilding, builder will start from scratch on each one of them. So if you're running a DNF command inside of a Dockerfile, it will go back and rerun the DNF where it's currently Docker build. Notice that that command already succeeded and you haven't changed anything up to that point, so it continues later. So therefore, in those cases, for developers sometimes it could be a little bit slower, but in the case where you're starting just doing a Dockerfile directly that's already been compiled. So it's sort of like a build system environment. Builder is actually a lot quicker because it doesn't cache the each step. So if you're running, say you had a Dockerfile with 50 steps in it, each line or each line in a Dockerfile ends up being executed and committed. So every operation is going to be going through a commit. Whereas in a builder environment, you get to choose when you do the commit. So if you're doing a build from Dockerfile, then you end up with just one commit. So you have the start of the container and then the exit of the container. We're hoping to in the future add more of the caching to allow you to optionally specify caching, but at this point it's basically we're doing one commit per Dockerfile.  So there's this cost and benefits of these methods. Just a quick question. Can you talk a little bit about the relationship between source to image and builder? Is builder going to be incorporated into source to image? Yeah, so right now the current plans with OpenShift is, as far as cryo is concerned, OpenShift Online is moving towards using cryo as a replacement for Dockerfile running standardized containers. But we're going to be still using Docker builds for source to image. So it's just that the operations teams didn't want to take on both just switching over both ends of OpenShift Online and OpenShift to it. But in the future we want to replace either using the library directly or just using builder. We'll be moved into source to image so that we can build directly on top of builder, build images using it as underlying technology. So this is basically removing any dependency on Dockerfile? Well, you can still, well, source to image doesn't rely on Dockerfile now, but it removes dependency on Docker itself. Also, one of the other issues not only mentioned in the beginning was around Docker is a client server operation. So if you're running containers, say you're running a Kubernetes environment and you want to leak the Docker socket into the container, then you're really, you're not building the container process is not controlling the actual building of the image. It's really just connecting the client to the Docker server that's doing the image build. Once OpenShift moves to using builder, then the process that's actually building the container is all inside of your source to image container, so that we can better associate the C-group constraints on users using a builder type method than you can doing it through Docker. So if you say that this user who's launching a process to build a container only gets so much of the CPU or only gets so much memory utilization or only use so much disk space, it becomes a lot easier for OpenShift to be able to control those types of items, especially for things like online or even if you're building and using OpenShift in-house. So, and the road ahead too, though, it's, you know, I mentioned this earlier that this is something that you could use just with straight up Kubernetes and curious. I mean, right now it's in the GitHub under Project Atomic. Is there any plans or thoughts about maybe moving this to be an incubated Kubernetes project? Yeah, we've been talking internally about potentially submitting it to the CNCF. Since it's really not tied to Kubernetes, I don't think it makes a hell of a lot of sense to put it under the incubator, but we would contribute it to CNCF if that's something people want. Cool. So people want to contribute to Builda. They just go to the GitHub repo and they can connect with everybody there or reach out to Nelland or Dan via either IRC or if you're a Twitter through Twitter. So there's lots of good ways to connect with everybody. This has been the perfect length of a briefing. I've been trying really hard to get everybody to do it within a half an hour, and you have done it. So if there's not any other questions, is there anything else that either of you would like to add, Dan or Milan? Nope, I think that's it. You have done the nail on the head here in terms of 30 minutes in. So perfect timing. We look forward to more talks. I know we have a talk coming up sometime soon on something called K-Pod as a teaser. And hopefully we'll get that in in the next couple of weeks as well. So one thing in the chat. Oh, just a nice job, Jen. So thanks again, guys, and we'll talk to you all soon. Yeah, great topic. Thank you.


Here are the top five longest bridges in Africa, ranked by their total length. 5. Senegambia Bridge, Senegal and Gambia, 1.9 kilometers. 4. Mombasanerobe Standard Gauge Railway Bridge, Kenya, 4.5 kilometers. 3. Third Mainland Bridge, Nigeria, 11.8 kilometers. 2. Mozambique Island Bridge, Mozambique, 3.8 kilometers. 1. Sixth October Bridge, Egypt, 20.5 kilometers.


So let's do some factory footage. We are an advanced manufacturing company made here in New York City. Take it away factory. Do this part slowly. Just because in comparison, it might freeze up in there. Once it's in the plan, you're fine. Do some dirt from up. It wouldn't be advanced manufacturing in New York City unless there was a Disney headquarters being built across the street from you. More windows.


So it's always a really funny thing. From one of the OGs of autism content, Amethyst, who I think has about 70,000 subscribers at this moment, the comments have turned off. This was made nine years ago as if this is from one of one of their Ask an Autistic segments, what is echolalia? And echolalia I think is a really interesting sort of aspect of some people's autism diagnosis that I am really interested in. I have taught a few kids when I was especially in TA who were echolalic and we always had a really fun time just echoing each other back and forth. Let's see what Amethyst has to say about echolalia. Hi everyone, I'm Amethyst and welcome to this week's episode of Ask an Autistic. What is echolalia? This week I'm going to be discussing echolalia, specifically the two main kinds of echolalia, immediate echolalia and delayed echolalia. Immediate echolalia is what most people think of when they think of echolalia. It is the immediate repetition of words or short phrases by autistic people. So immediately after somebody says something to us or we hear it, we repeat it. Immediate echolalia is sometimes misunderstood by non-autistic people. It's been said by non-autistic people that immediate echolalia is a sign of inattention in autistic people. Yeah and I think as well if like some people might take it as like you're mimicking them as like making fun of them sometimes, maybe. I don't know many many people who consider to have like ASD1 who are echolalic but whenever I have got into particularly strong meltdown states sometimes I have like been slightly echolalic and I have in the past with my autistic friends like just done it because it's very stimmy. A sign that we aren't engaged with our environment and even a sign of a lack of intelligence or an inability to learn. Like we're just parrots repeating whatever we hear. Now we know that this isn't true and that it can even be a stepping stone to generating unique or original language speaking in a person's own words. Every autistic person is different so I'm just going to outline a few reasons that an autistic person might use immediate echolalia. The first common use of immediate echolalia is a way to stall or buy ourselves time while we process what was just said to us. If you say something to an autistic person or ask us a question and then expect a response there's a lot that has to happen in our brains for us to be able to make a verbal response. The processing delay is strong with a lot of people. It's quite strong with me to be honest especially like when there is a lot of social and sensory factors going on at the same time. We have to hear what you're saying and then make an effort to understand the language that you use and what exactly is it you're asking of us and then while remembering what it is that you just asked we have to figure out what our response is what we think or feel in that moment and then we have to translate our response into spoken language. Basically describing processing but I do think also like from the last video we're talking about that we're watching you know like the point about masking as well. Imagine adding in as well with with the processing issues adding in like the like self-monitoring aspects of masking it's a lot. So using immediate echolalia repeating the question that was just asked of us or a portion of the of the thing that somebody just said is a way for us to buy ourselves time well at the same time processing what was said to us and giving us time to generate our own answer. A second common reason that autistic people use immediate echolalia is interaction. Immediate echolalia can be a form of expression which I'll talk about next. It can sometimes be like a sort of like a way of saying okay I've heard you you know and I do understand like the processing side of things because I know that personally like by myself if I'm struggling to I think anybody if they're struggling to like think about some things sometimes like verbalizing it into the world can help with that. Does anyone know where amethyst is these days? They seem to suddenly stop posting videos. Yeah I noticed that as well. I mean this was like nine years ago maybe it's I would guess I mean considering that the the comments had turned off I imagine that they probably experienced their fair share of negative sort of backlash like just from being on the internet. Maybe that's why I don't know if anybody else has any idea about that. A way for us to process what we're hearing and to think about what we want to say but it can also just be a way to be present with someone and to interact. If you say to an autistic person I had a really good time at the park today with you and they say I had a really good time at the park today with you it could be that they're just expressing the same sentiment or repeating what you said to show that they are there with you and they're listening and they want to engage with you. A third common reason that autistic people used immediate echolalia and a reason that was actually controversial up until the 1980s is as a form of expression a way to say what we're thinking or to make our needs and desires known something to look out for when you're trying to determine if an autistic person is using immediate echolalia to try to communicate with you or ask for something is to look at their body language. So if you ask an autistic person would you like some more salad and they say would you like some more salad and hold out their plate at the same time then chances are they are answering in an affirmative yes I would like some more salad so it's important to keep an eye out for an autistic person's body language which will give you a clue into if they are expressing themselves or asking for something when they're using immediate echolalia another sign that an autistic person is using immediate echolalia to express themselves or in a communicative way is if they echolalia with slight changes in the original question or sentence so if you ask an autistic person would you like some milk and they respond with would you like some juice chances are they are yes I've seen that a lot as well like with my teaching it's really interesting as well like there was one it's one kid that I was working quite closely with and they would only repeat stuff that I said like after I said it so like they would always because they really like bubbles and like playing with water and stuff and so I was kind of like the fun teacher I was like I'll let them sort of stim away like the first thing you know when they get in from school or getting from home rather in the morning you know give them some kind of regulation time just to encourage them to come in a bit more but they really love like the bubbles that like soap made in the water so they would always kind of you know grab grab my hand and sort of lead me over to the the same place and sort of point to the the soap and say oh you want some soap and then they would say soap like and every every single time they wouldn't they wouldn't say soap like to say you know like can I have some soap they would always lead me over and then they would repeat when I say it so I find it really interesting it's like really curious like how their mind worked around that I know I don't want milk I want juice so there's just three common reasons that autistic people use immediate echolalia as a way to process and bias time while we're thinking about our response as a way to interact and engage with people and as a method of expression to make our needs and wants known but immediate echolalia is also used personally by autistic people for our own reasons and not necessarily to communicate with people around sometimes just phrases I guess like they just sound nice you know when they have a certain flow to them you know it can be quite steamy sometimes certain phrases the use of immediate echolalia can be self soothing if an autistic person is in a new situation or they're stressed or anxious they might repeat comforting or familiar words or phrases to themselves just to to help them get through it and and to process and also as a way to to calm themselves and regulate their emotions immediate echolalia can also be for self stimulation purposes in that it's just fun lots of words are fun or enjoyable to say and autistic people might use immediate echolalia personally as a way to rehearse um as a form of rehearsal I do this quite a bit maybe like like social script like kind of an aspect of social scripting maybe yeah it makes sense like and I think it is definitely one of the reasons what because I used I used to watch Alan Fist's video a lot when I was um a bit younger I think it's kind of their videos came out when the internet was perhaps a little bit quieter when it comes to like the autistic community on youtube um so it was one of like the few content creators that I that I watched um when I was kind of going through my own self improvement journey understanding myself and masking and all that always like they have a really good like insights and points about about certain things it's really interesting if I'm asked a question like are you going to church tomorrow I might repeat quietly to myself a few times are you going to church tomorrow are you going to church tomorrow and this is me rehearsing what I'm going to say or it might be a parent telling their autistic child say thank you for the gift and they might say to themselves say thank you for the gift say thank you for the gift and they could be working themselves up to saying thank you for the gift interesting never come across someone doing that like before or any children in fact when I was teaching interesting but the late echo layer is I think something that I have seen a lot get this experience with with um some kids they tend to you know like you have the whole characterization of being like the little professor you know kids with very high levels of intelligence for their age autistic kids mostly they um tend to pick upon words or phrases from adults around them and they repeat them you know and it sounds it sounds it's really funny because when they say them you just don't expect them to come out with like phrases like that especially if they're like really really really complex um so it's it's always a really funny thing the late echo layer is exactly what it sounds like it's the repetition of words or phrases after a period of time so hours or days or weeks or even years after the autistic person heard the original content delayed echo layer is also often misunderstood by non-autistic people but for a different reason the thing about delayed echo layer is that because a period of time has passed since the autistic person was told or heard the original content the person listening now might not know what they're referencing yeah if they were there originally they might not even remember or they just might not have seen the movie or television show or commercial that the autistic person is echo-lailing from yeah i used to do that with i think there was a there was a reel that i made about like the cow gone adverts like washing machines live long go with cow gone for some reason it just it just it titillates me a lot that that that advert um but i've come across there was this one um particular chap that um i think it was like the end of his sort of uh stay at that's like the special needs school that i worked at and they always used to repeat like phrases around harry potter but i was i really enjoyed like conversations with with that chap because um you know i i would kind of because they had like a particularly like social script around harry potter that they always used to um repeat so i would say like oh harry potter in the chamber of secrets was dumbledore there and they're like yes dumbledore was there in there in the chamber of secrets um and um as our like relationship kind of progressed together and we we we tried quite a bit because he was just like come up to me in the playground and sort of echo lay like like echo lay likely repeat like the same kind of um dialogue um and at one point i i started like asking other questions about harry potter like ones that ones that they didn't um repeat a lot and it was it was really interesting um sort of interacting with them in that way it was really lovely actually so in that way the listener might not actually recognize delayed echolalia as echolalia especially if the echolalia if the repeated dialogue actually fits in the current situation i see this kind of echolalia this delayed echolalia quite a bit in autistic teenagers and adults particularly autistic teens and adults who can generally pass as neurotypical and this is a part of their passing as neurotypical is the use of delayed echolalia and social scripts so this is all very closely tied in with social scripting i mean i don't necessarily think that i do that but you know i could you know there is always an element of language that you pick up from from people that you you watch or listen to you know i don't know if that's necessarily like a common thing for for everybody but if there is a particular word or phrase that i hear about a lot like a lot a lot from someone that i listen to a lot or watch on youtube a lot um it does somewhat worm itself into my own particular dialogue yeah i mean it does does somewhat happen to me but tends to be particular words that just sound nice you know like titillating i've i've heard someone use titillating quite a few times although it's um it's it's someone somewhat induces a sense of embarrassment in me for saying it i i have no idea why i i don't know what you're saying of course like nothing to do with the the word that's hidden within the word let's move on again every autistic person is different but there are a few common reasons that an autistic person might use delayed echolalia one reason is for communication they might use delayed echolalia in a communicative way for example when asked what did you do on the weekend they might respond with don't forget your swimsuit which is something that someone said to them before they went to the pool and so from this the listener might be able to infer that the autistic person went to the pool on the weekend another example would be an autistic person being asked how they feel today and then the autistic person repeating dialogue from a book or a movie that they feel fits their current mood or what they would like to respond with yeah and again this may or may not be identified as echolalia yeah and i found a lot like with the sort of the neurotypical teachers like around me um is that they kind of like pass off this this um sort of alternate alternative way of of communicating as just complete being like completely meaningless but it is really interesting when you do spend a lot of you know time and you kind of you think about it and say why why are they particularly saying saying this thing uh sometimes they're just saying it because it's it's nice and it kind of regulates them and it's part of like like social script but sometimes it does like as amethyst is saying um point to to somewhat like some piece of information that they're trying to get across another common reason for the use of delayed echolalia is for routine or affiliate of completion you may have noticed that at the beginning of most if not all of my videos i start with hi i'm amethyst and welcome to this week's episode of ask an autistic yeah this is a form of delayed echolalia it's kind of funny because this repetition is something that i i guess i do i guess i do then i guess by this definition i i do use a lot of delayed echolalia i think even when i when i started trying to get into doing a bit more streaming uh from doing my podcasts i definitely did find myself accidentally like doing my podcast introduction i originally said so i'm repeating myself but it is a form of echolalia and it's a kind of um comforting routine thing to stick to i don't have to worry about how i'm going to start every video because i can just use delayed echolalia and say what i say at the beginning of pretty much every video so after completing a task an autistic person might say to themselves good job which is delayed echolalia that a teacher or a parent might have said to them a phrase that meant you have just completed a task and you are done now and good job the last example i'll give of a reason that an autistic person might use delayed echolalia is to make their needs or wants known yeah so marvin might ask me is there anything in particular you want to watch today and i might think and say his name is stitch which is a line from lilo and stitch or you might ask an autistic person where they go i do that as well i guess i do my mind is blown i guess i do use delayed echolalia more than i thought i did we're learning a lot today i like to eat and they might sing the jingle or say the slogan of a certain restaurant in this way we're using delayed echolalia to directly express ourselves and make our needs or wants known but sometimes when it comes to the expressive use of delayed echolalia our communication efforts can be hard to decipher for example an autistic person might say do you want some juice when they mean i'm thirsty and not necessarily for juice yeah or okay little amethyst story time uh in my first year at summer camp i went up to the other girls in my cabin and i introduced myself by saying amethyst means the purple stone and what i meant was what are your names but i was using something that i had heard and said before in the present moment to try to communicate and i was misunderstood and in that way it can be frustrating especially for for the autistic person trying to communicate but also for the listener and because autistic people think differently and because our brains make different associations and because sometimes the echolalia and language that we have available to us is limited and that way we can be misunderstood by people it's never happened to me like in a social situation like i've never had that experience myself however like thinking about it even further i probably see that a lot of like the interaction that i have with my dad tends to be a lot of echolalia from films that we both find particularly funny like there's uh this allen partridge there's um a trilogy of films called the naked gun uh which is just absolutely yeah it's actually watched it recently um so funny or uh the big globowski um we tend to repeat a lot of those phrases to each other this one we fancy having a little little laugh together i guess yeah i guess you can sit out to be echolalia too so depending on the context and the situation an autistic person's use of delayed echolalia could very well be an attempt to communicate or to express themselves or interact but again like immediate echolalia delayed echolalia is also used by autistic people just for ourselves personally because it's useful to us or helpful and it's helpful and useful in much the same ways as immediate echolalia it can be self-stimulatory or soothing to us it can be a method of rehearsal allowing us to figure out what we're going to say and becoming more confident before we say it it could be situational and just for fun and that we see a poster of a movie that we really want to see and so we start reciting dialogue from the trailer just because it makes us happy and we enjoy thinking about it and delayed echolalia can be a kind of um what non-assistic people might call talking to yourself a way to process your environment and what's around you and what you're thinking and feeling i wonder um um yeah just thinking about it so i've heard of uh some autistic people talking about like a fantasia you know struggling to um or just having an inability to like have an internal dialogue with yourself it's not something that i experience i suppose maybe there might be instances where you know i repeat stuff in my own head maybe and maybe there's this kind of echolalia that you kind of see on the outside perhaps that's um just some something that people do when they have like more more significant a fantasia maybe just just a thought consideration let's go to the conclusion of this lovely video this has been my video on the two main kinds of echolalia immediate echolalia and delayed echolalia i hope that this answers some questions for you guys and that my examples are useful to you if you have a question that you would like answered in one of my ask an autistic episodes feel free to post your comment in the comment section or message it to me and if you like my videos please do give them a thumbs up and feel free to subscribe to my channel to catch more ask an autistic i hope you guys have an awesome week and thank you for watching my video wonderful video there by amethyst i mean i feel like a lot of people on youtube but especially within the autistic community probably know who they are i mean this video was made like nine years ago really really really good video um brought up a lot of faults and considerations for myself i'm sure it's been helpful to you guys to think about too if you have enjoyed this video make sure to go over to amethyst youtube channel which you know i don't think they've produced videos in a long time but it's always worth going over and giving a like 100% really great video on echolalia


So needless to say Matt Gaetz's political career is in a little bit of jeopardy given that he is facing some legal trouble and That's a bit of an oversimplification But let's just say that he's such a despicable individual that one of his own family members his fiancee sister actually Decided to come out and confirm that he is indeed the creep that we all suspect that he was even before His current scandal Gaetz gate or whatever you want to call it So she basically took to TikTok to expose Matt Gaetz and she shared her own experience with Matt Gaetz's creepiness and you know This is not necessarily going to Inform us about the direction that his investigation will go, but it just gives you a little bit more insight and and probably you know it makes the claims against Matt Gaetz that much more believable and Before even show you her videos. He's already having a terrible week because he had his Press event with Marjorie Taylor green disrupted by a whistler and on top of that last week I didn't talk about this on the program But he was ambushed by a TikTok star and troll famous for trolling Republicans and by now I'm sure that you've seen it, but let's watch it again because it's hilarious I don't think he's a pedophile at all. Oh my god. I love Walter Masterson. He is a master troll Love it So that happened and now Matt Gaetz is having to deal with one of his own future family members exposing him is so much more to the story and About like what I know about Matt Gaetz And so I just wanted to like come on here and kind of clarify some things because it is definitely a serious situation Now realize that I use the incorrect terminology. It is not pedophilia. It is epipophilia, which is being attracted to like post-pubescent teens in the age range of 15 to 19 last summer when I was living in DC and interning there Matt just started dating my sister and a friend that I had met and kind of knew That was around Matt's age like had a kid had been divorced and This guy kept telling me like oh Matt told me I should ask you out like that. We'd be great together yada yada So I decided to Confront Matt about it. So come Thanksgiving when I finally had the chance to see him face-to-face. I Was straight up with him and I was like What is up with this and he just immediately got So defensive started yelling at me and my mom. He called me a narcissist was just a thousand percent gaslighting me He went full lawyer on me like I don't have to listen to you. I don't have to answer your questions when everything came out about him I honestly Unfortunately was not surprised and it wasn't just this encounter. I had with Matt when I was in DC I heard kind of through the grapevine stuff about him. You know everything is hearsay, but just he had a reputation for prowling after college girls when he's a grown man and to me that's just kind of weird if I can just Bring some attention to it. So people are aware of what is going on and people can be held accountable That's my goal and as someone who has personally experienced ton of creepy old politician men hitting on me when I was under age and Experiencing sexual assault at that age by people of power it's just very disheartening and I have zero tolerance for people like him and I Think politicians need to be held accountable for their actions and I'm tired of them getting away with this type of stuff and I think it's important that we are just Aware and hold people accountable to whatever extent we can so Roger Solenberger of the Daily Beast reports Representative Matt Gaetz future sister-in-law appears to have had more than enough of the Florida congressman posting three TikTok videos in the last two days Slamming him as weird and creepy and a literal pedophile Roxanne lucky the sister of Gaetz's fiancee ginger lucky was sharply critical of the congressman and his treatment of young women Saying she unfortunately was not surprised to have learned Gaetz was under federal investigation for alleged sex crimes in one video Monday night Roxanne lucky told a story about Gaetz pressuring an older man to court her when she was 19 She called the move weird and creepy and claims Gaetz yelled at her and her mother And went full lawyer when she confronted him after the videos were posted ginger lucky hit back at her sister telling the Daily Beast She had a history of quote destructive behavior reached for comment Monday evening ginger lucky claimed she and Roxanne were estranged a Video posted by Roxanne lucky suggests she was close with her sister and Gaetz as recently as November Matt and I are enjoying our engagement and are deeply in love My estranged sister is mentally unwell ginger lucky said in a text message She has been in therapy for years and our family hopes that after receiving inpatient mental health treatment She will overcome the tendency. She has repeatedly shown to engage in destructive behavior Now there's a couple of caveats here to the story the Daily Beast hasn't been able to contact Matt Gaetz's fiancee sister And this is obviously he said she said they had a falling out and to me I find that sad It's probably over Matt Gaetz But as someone who is an outsider with no knowledge But I do have a political bias against Matt Gaetz because not only do I think he is a creep but his politics are absolutely disgusting and fascistic I think that the sister here is Throwing his fiancee is throwing her sister under a bus to protect her Possible criminal Fiancé it's kind of sad like when I see her say my estranged sister is mentally unwell That looks like gaslighting Like it like she is trying to convince everyone that her sister's actually mentally unwell When we all heard her speak like she seems more articulate and more normal than any time I've ever heard Matt Gaetz speak So if anyone is mentally unwell here, not that that's a pejorative, but if anyone isn't necessarily Credible for whatever reason it's gonna be Matt Gaetz like you could do a juxtaposition side-by-side of both of them and just if I knew no knowledge or had no knowledge of Matt Gaetz or His fiancee sister I would think yeah, that dude is probably the crazy person just based on the way that he speaks I mean this individual basically Asked for American citizens to be extra judicially murdered During the Black Lives Matter protests on top of that he claimed that Antifa was responsible for the January 6th Insurrection this individual is a fascist and probably a sociopath So if anyone in this situation is mentally unwell, it's Matt Gaetz Her sister seems perfectly reasonable, but to me with my limited knowledge of their internal family dynamics It seems like she's taking her fiancee side over her sister's side. Then that's that's pretty sad I mean if it is true that Matt Gaetz Recommended an older man ask her out when she was 19, you know, you you would hope that your big sister I'd assume would defend you and think yeah, that's that's that's pretty creepy. You really shouldn't do that I mean, are you not able to question Matt Gaetz in this relationship? I just I don't understand that, right? It's not like her sister is alleging anything illegal here. It isn't illegal for Matt Gaetz to recommend that his older colleague ask out his His girlfriend's sister who's 19.  So of course, you know, she definitely she has it out for Matt Gaetz I think that's obvious But it seems like maybe that's based on him kind of driving a wedge between her and her sister But I mean either way if anyone Here has, you know a credibility crisis. It doesn't seem like the sister is the one who has the credibility crisis That's it's Matt Gaetz. So she's not saying like he murdered a baby She's saying he tried to hook me up with a creepy guy or she tried to encourage a creepy guy Who's much older than me to ask me out and hit on me and I didn't like that It made me feel uncomfortable that there's nothing wrong with her saying this in fact I think now given the scandal that he's in it's important for people to know this It takes a lot of courage to speak out against your own family. So look We don't know what's going on. We don't have all the details, but does it look like she's engaging in destructive behavior?  I wouldn't want that douchebag in my family He's a ghoul. He's a fascist and I'm sorry. He looks like a creep. He acts like a creep. So Yeah, I don't blame her. I feel bad for her for The sister here in this instance because she seems really distraught that her sister is marrying someone who is a sociopath


So I want to share with you some details of cross stratification. So as usual we have our flow going to the right and the surface right here represents the surface of the ripple. The fuzzy blue line represents the boundary layer with the flow and it is right along the bed on the upstream side of the ripple but it separates from the flow on the downstream side. And so we have those points, particularly the separation point at the peak of each of these ripples where the flow goes from along the bed to above the bed. We have an attachment point at every place where the boundary layer merges with the bed. So there's another one here, another one here. So we know from the Bernoulli effect and talking about sediment transport that when the boundary layer is very compressed there's a lot of shear and there's a lot of Bernoulli effect. And so the zone between the attachment point and the separation point is a place where there is erosion. So that's in this zone right here. The grains get transported from this erosion area downstream into an area where the boundary layer is separated from the flow and the flow speed is very low. And so you end up with deposition immediately downstream of the ripple crest and you get deposition only as far as the grains can sultate or roll down that slope. So most of the deposition occurs very close to the ripple crest. So over here I have this lamina that is thicker near the top and thinns at the bottom that reflects that deposition. So there's a gradation between where you stop getting deposition and maybe only a couple grains make it up this far and you end up with a whole bunch much closer. But there's often a zone where you have neither deposition nor erosion happening between some point in that flow shadow and where the boundary layer reattaches to the ripple at the attachment point. So there's neither deposition nor erosion in this area here. So if we look at what happens underneath the patterns of deposition and erosion track these processes really accurately. So now I've added this green line here right here that shows where the erosion happens on the ripple. If I sort of project that up this upper part of the ripple crest eventually gets eroded away as the ripple migrates downstream and that leaves behind what I've shown in this green line here which is the erosion surface that's created on the upstream side of this ripple. Now it stays right at the surface of the ripple until it gets deposition on top of it. And so that's when you get these grains here and this purple line represents that deposition and every time you have deposition you get a lamina that reflects the shape of the ripple crest that then sort of merges onto that erosion surface. So there's an erosion surface on every single one of these ripples and they stack on top of each other and you end up with a pattern that looks like this one here. So we have our ripples here so the ripple crest is the same but what this bottom one shows is the pattern of the lamina which are purple here and the green lines which are these surfaces right here. So each one of these surfaces that are separating the lamina reflect the erosion that happens at the attachment point a period of non-deposition and then the lamina on the downstream side of the ripples that get deposited on top of them. Thanks for watching.


Hello, I'm Rachel Zenberry, chair of the Arlington Redevelopment Board, also known as the ARB, and I will be taking you through warrant article 38 is owning by law amendment for energy efficient homes on nonconforming lots for the 2021 annual town meeting. This article seeks to address an issue identified by the net zero action plan by establishing industry standards as thresholds and a reasonable process to address the limitations of the existing zoning bylaw for residential structures for nonconforming lots on the R0, R1 and R2 zoning districts. The amendment will only affect existing residential structures in the zoning districts. It does not enable the creation of new nonconforming lots. It does not enable new home construction or an existing principal structure does not already exist. The net zero action plan started as a commitment by the select board for the town to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The Clean Energy Future Committee is staffed by the Department of Planning and Community Development. Together with the department, they secured the services of the Metropolitan Area Planning Council to prepare a greenhouse gas inventory and develop the net zero action plan. The net zero plan identified buildings as a top contributor to community wide emissions, particularly residential buildings. This zoning amendment was identified as a high priority measure and key to reducing building related emissions by 2050. The Clean Energy Future Committee noted that this zoning amendment makes Arlington property owners of nonconforming lots equally eligible as property owners of conforming lots for certain federal and state incentives and tax credits that are only available to those who build high efficiency homes. With our current zoning bylaw, the above-ground portion of an existing single family, two family, or duplex dwelling can be rebuilt or replaced on lots in the R0, R1 and R2 zoning districts. However, homes on nonconforming lots, those that do not meet minimum lot size or frontage requirements cannot replace the below-ground portion of their homes. 28% of homes in the R0, R1 and R2 zoning districts are nonconforming lots. Most of Arlington's residential inventory is older and not energy efficient. On this chart, higher means less efficient. A typical home in Arlington scores somewhere between 120 to 200 on this chart. Lower indicates more efficient. Applying the existing bylaw to these new homes, renovations, or additions, homes on an existing foundation are three to five times less efficient, even if brand new windows, insulation, and other energy efficient measures are applied. If we follow the recommendations of the net zero action plan, we can achieve lower home energy rating scores, which means lower greenhouse gas emissions. The zoning amendment would allow property owners who seek to reconstruct their home and foundation to the identified energy efficiency standards to reconstruct the foundation if the parcel has at least 5,000 square feet. If a property owner wants to include an addition of up to 750 square feet, the home and foundation also can be reconstructed. If a property owner wants to include an addition of over 750 square feet, the property owner will still need a special permit from the ZBA in accordance with section 5.4.2B6 on large additions. A special permit is also needed if the lot has less than 5,000 square feet and there is an existing structure. This amendment would not create new non-conforming lots or allow new home construction where an existing principal structure does not already exist. This amendment only applies to existing buildings with foundations in R0, R1, and R2 zoning districts. The ARB voted 5-0 at our April 5th meeting to recommend favorable action on Article 38. Thank you.


Hey parents, it's the most wonderful time of the year. That is of course when we're getting ready to send the kids back to school. We're here today with Dr. Gregory Corcoran, Medical Director of Emergency Medicine at Hack and Sack Meridian Bay Shore Medical Center to share some back-to-school safety tips. Dr. Corcoran, thanks for taking time with us today. Thank you for the introduction, Sean. It's very nice to meet you today, and I just wanted to talk about some safety tips as children go back to school. First, I want to start off by talking about the trip to school. So when traveling to and from school, I want to encourage parents to teach their children to be vigilant when traveling on their bikes or walking or taking the bus. For those who ride bikes or scooters, parents, it's important to educate them on the proper way to wear a helmet and avoid injuries. When walking or riding bikes, always choose the most direct route with intersections that have crossing guards whenever possible. Try not to text and walk, especially when you're crossing the street. A distracted pedestrian can quickly be in danger. Other things that are very important is to try to walk to school with other students. There's always strength in numbers. And for parents, teacher children should recognize and obey traffic signs and signals and pavement marks. And again, only cross the street at designated crosswalks. Always walk and never run across intersections. And most importantly, always avoid talking to strangers. Parents, you can teach your children to get distance between themselves and anyone else who tries to approach them or make contact with them. If a stranger does approach your child, make sure they know to immediately report the incident to you or your teacher. Teach your children to never get into a vehicle with anyone, even if they know them without your permission. This is great information, doctor. You know, some of the tips could also be helpful for parents, correct? Yes, that's true. I also encourage parents to create an emergency action plan. Make sure your kids know your phone number by heart and have a way to get in touch with you should the need arise. Know what the emergency plan is at your child's school in case of a disaster or an unforeseen event. And if that occurs, develop a family emergency plan so everyone will know who to contact, where to go, something happens while children at school and parents are at work. And lastly, take one of our classes to learn and practice first aid, CPR and stop the bleed so you can help save a life. Doctor, thank you so much for sharing some of your tips with us today. Take a virtual tour of the new Dr. Robert H. Harris Emergency Care Center at Bayshore. Visit BayshoreMedicalCenter.org. Thanks so much for taking time. You're welcome, Sean. It was a great meeting.


My name is coach Coco and I love volleyball so much so my channels But with tips tricks hacks and anything you can ever need to know about volleyball So one of the things that I've noticed both coaching and online is we never really talk about the hand placement when we're overhand serving When we're overhand serving It's such a complex movement that involves so many parts of your body that we want to make sure that we're doing it As completely as we can one of the things we're going to talk about today is our hand placement when we're overhand serving Some mistakes to avoid and to make sure that we get the most complete hand placement when serving. All right, let's get right into it Teaching overhand serving for a very long time and one of the things that I really like talking about is the hand placement I've often seen players who have a closed hand or a crap claw I've seen players who hand their hands a little bit arched over the ball I've seen players who try to do that knuckle. That's very dangerous that we don't want to talk about But we want to talk about the five points of contact On a volleyball, a volleyball is a curved surface. That means that it does have a curve to it We do not want to overhand serve by having our hand flat to the ball This right here is what we do when we're trying to float serve If you were trying to do a typical standard serve We want to make sure that we are having a ball shaped hand.  When we are contacting our hand on the ball when we're serving This ball shaped hand ensures that all of our fingers are on the ball appropriately That means that I have five points of contact. I have one two three four five all five and my palm A lot of players think that when they're contacting the ball when serving, they're just using their palm here No, you need all your fingers. We want the ball to soar over the net We don't want it to be something that just glides slowly over the net So that five points of contact is very important So let's talk about what happens if you're trying to serve the ball and it's going over like a rainbow and it just drops Or it's very short of the net and it's almost there, but it doesn't go over Let's talk about it volleyball has a little bit of math involved and it might be surprising But it does we want to think about the angle when we think about angles and math We can see the angle on the calculator or the angle on the paper when you're drawing something But let's talk about the angle and volleyball if I were to stand right here at five ten And this is a co-ed net if I were to stand right here And I'm contacting the ball and we know we want to serve at the highest point and I contact the ball right here It's gonna go into the net If I contact the ball in the middle of the ball It's going to go into the net in order for it to go over the net if I'm closer to the net I have to hit it a little bit underneath the ball so it will go up and over Typically when we're overhand serving from the serving line players will contact the ball underneath the ball And then they'll see that rainbow ask serve that goes and it falls real short of the net Something to note the closer you are to the net the more underneath you need to hit the ball if you're not jumping I'm not jumping here in order for me to get it over I have to head a little bit further away you are from the net The more in the middle of the ball you're gonna hit so that way it can get enough speed and distance to go over the net So let's go to the serving line So what I want to make sure that I'm doing is that I'm further back that means that when I'm contacting the ball I need to contact the ball towards the middle of the ball So that way when I use all of my range of motion all of my serving form I hit it and it will go and soar over if I contact the ball underneath the ball It's gonna fly up into the air and drop down to the middle. That's not something we want to happen So I'm gonna contact in the middle We've talked about previously in previous videos contacting the ball the highest point that means that when you're doing your serving form You're meeting the ball at the highest point We're here here now if I go here and I contact the ball here. Where's it going? Straight up into the end. It's gonna drop straight back down. That's not what we want here If I contact it here full ball shaped hand then I can ensure that it's going to go over So before we start this let's do the drill Hitting the ball at the highest point. So you're just gonna get into your serving form stand And wait catch it. Let's do it five times four And five now I'm gonna try to hit the ball with five points of contact Towards the center of the ball using full range of motion on my shoulder Stepping into my serve to get it over starting here and then went over. Whoo. Let's try it again Shoulder open I'm staggered stance hips are out. I'm looking forward high point of contact Nice job. Now. Let's see what happens if this is your serve. We can talk about why it's happening ball And it's looking like this That's underneath the ball and you're serving the ball that's going down like into the net That's on top of the ball. So with this video I really hope that you do something that you can work on in your spare time so that way you can learn how Contact the ball appropriately and get the right point of contact with everything I hope that you like this video. Please like comment subscribe and I'll see you guys next time


Hi everyone, my name is Steph. This is Little Bookish Teacher and welcome or welcome back to my channel. Today I'm really excited to share five picture books with you that I have found that talk about the celebration of Ramadan which begins on March 22nd. Now Ramadan is not something that I celebrate and it's something that I'm constantly learning more about and as a teacher and educator that's really important for me because a lot of my students and a lot of the students within the school where I teach do celebrate Ramadan and I think it's really important that we have texts that we can use within classrooms to help other students understand because quite often that's a new thing for them as well but also to acknowledge the celebrations of all students, not just the major ones from the western world. To that end I have five beautiful picture books that are all about Ramadan that talk about why people fast during Ramadan, about what actually happens during Ramadan, the idea of waking up before dawn to eat the morning meal and then fasting until the end of the day and the sun has gone down before you have your community meal at the end of the day. They talk about the purpose of Ramadan being a time to help others without personal gain for yourself and to make positive changes in your life and I really love that. The other really nice thing about all of the picture books that I'm going to talk about today, they all have information about Ramadan at the end of the book that you can use with students, that you can use to build your own understanding and I think that is incredibly powerful. So the first book I'm going to recommend is actually an Australian text that is the month that makes the year by Inda Ahmed Azari which you guys will have heard me talk about in my recent releases picture book video at the start of the month but I wanted to mention it again because it is a gorgeous book all about the celebration of Ramadan. This book is about Dini who is fasting for the first time during Ramadan and it's about the challenges that she faces, the way that she grows throughout the month and she learns more about what it means to be an active participant in Ramadan and it is absolutely wonderful, it's beautiful and gentle, it has absolutely gorgeous illustrations and it was a delight to read. Another one that I found that I don't have a physical copy of is Hannah and the Ramadan gift by Kassim Rashid and this one was illustrated by Alilah Jaleel. This one has the tagline, a story of good deeds and kindness and it's about Hannah who is eight years old, she's not fasting yet but she wants to know how she can participate and help during Ramadan and so her grandfather talks her through the process and they spend the month donating to others and helping them out and Hannah learns that sometimes when you help other people it's not for personal gain, you don't necessarily get recognition and she struggles with that at times but then at the end when they have their big celebration she realizes that she has made an impact in people's lives even if she didn't realize it at the time so it's a really beautiful lovely story about participating in Ramadan without fasting. Another one that I don't have a physical copy of is the gift of Ramadan, this one is by Rabiah York Lumberd and illustrated by Laura Kay Horton and this one is about Sophia who is fasting for the very first time and it doesn't always quite go to plan and at first she doesn't make it through the first day and she feels really disappointed in herself but her family remind her that she's not expected to be able to get through the whole first day because it's her first time and she needs to get used to it and her body needs to get used to it. Again this one goes through ways of participating and celebrating Ramadan. Sophia learns throughout the course of the book that even just helping out her family has a really profound impact on her. This one was beautifully illustrated as well, it was just a lovely story. Then there is Under the Ramadan Moon by Sylvia Whitman and illustrated by Sue Williams. Again this is a really beautiful story, this one is a deceptively simple text, it goes through what happens during Ramadan so we fast by day under the moon under the moon under the Ramadan moon and there's a lot of repetition in here so rather than an actual narrative about a particular person this one is more about what actually happens during the month of Ramadan and it celebrates the fact that all of this occurs beneath the Ramadan moon because Ramadan is defined by the new moon at the beginning of the ninth month which is their most holy month all the way through to the next new moon. So everything that they do is done beneath the moon cycle and it was a really gorgeous book. The illustrations in here are absolutely lovely as well so again this would be perfect to read to a younger class because there's not a lot of text and it's something that you could definitely unpack each of the different facets of Ramadan. And then the last book is probably one that's good for middle and upper primary school readers and that is Leila's Lunchbox, a Ramadan story by Rin Farouk and illustrations by Leila Lyon. This book is about Leila whose family has recently moved from Abu Dhabi to America and she's in a new school, she's starting to make friends but for the very first time she's participating in Fasting for Ramadan. She's so excited about it and her mum gives her a note to give to her teacher to explain why she's not eating lunch but when she gets to school Leila begins to feel that sense of hesitation because everyone else is eating and she doesn't know how to share that information with others and it's quite confronting for her which you know causes her to clam up even more but during lunchtime she ends up in the library and she feels safe there and she talks to the librarian and lets her know that she's fasting for Ramadan and the librarian is really supportive which was what she was concerned was not going to happen with her teacher in her class. She's given the idea to write a letter to her teacher to explain what's going on and so that's what she does and she leaves it for her teacher at the end of the day. I not only love the story surrounding Ramadan and fasting and Leila's connection with her family but I loved that this one really did place an importance on libraries and librarians as being safe places for people and for students who recognize that librarians, being keepers of books, being keepers of knowledge are a safe space and that was a really lovely little part of the story that I wasn't expecting but this one is definitely a text that would be suitable for older readers. There's a lot more to unpack in it particularly around friendship and feeling self-conscious about things so this one is well worth checking out as well. So those are just five picture books that I have found about Ramadan and I'm definitely going to be on the hunt for more throughout the next month and hopefully I'll get a chance to share some more of them with you. If you have your own recommendations for picture books for Ramadan please please please share them down below. As I said I'm still learning, I'm still finding out more about all of this and I want to be able to recommend things not only to you guys but also to the staff and students in my school. Any recommendations you have would be amazing. If you want to let me know that you're here but you don't want to leave a comment feel free to leave a moon emoji down below otherwise I hope that wherever you're on the world you're staying safe and healthy and I will see you in my next video. Thanks so much for watching. Bye everyone.


All right, I'm doing another test in my little boat here. First thing I'm noticing right away is that I don't have pedals. So I couldn't reverse pedal out of the canal here, I had to paddle, which is totally fine. It's not worth having pedals just to pedal backwards out of my parking spot. All right, I also brought an amp meter. So I'm going to connect that across my switches and see how many amps I'm actually using. Hopefully I can get that on camera so I don't forget. Let me just back up and get straightened out here. Although while I'm at it, look how beautiful this place is.  And I keep having compulsion to pedal, but I have no pedals. There are no pedals, Jamie. OK, I got to paddle backwards for a second here, so I don't hit any mangroves. All right, well, as long as I steer, it should be fine. First speed, second speed. And I think that's it. That's a noticeable difference after I took that propeller out. All right, full power. Oh, I love this boat. Oh, this is so awesome. Oh, I love this boat. You have quiet it is without the pedals now. Still hear the motor a little bit. OK, now I want to get this amp meter out.  I need to turn my solar panels on. I just realized that I was running on only battery and the sun's out. So, yeah, now I'm running on. I've got two solar panels charging the batteries all the time. And I've got two solar panels connected to the motor. And you know what? That should change my low speeds, too. So right now, the battery is totally disconnected. I'm running just on two solar panels. And if I the sun is over there, so if I tilt my thing, yeah. All right, let's see what the slow speed is like now. And I've also got the solar panels on. Yeah, that is noticeably more. I need to remember to connect that solar panel switch. All right, second speed. Third speed should not make much of a difference because it's just maximum power on the motor. However, with the bit of extra energy coming in from the solar panels, the battery should be able to maintain a slightly higher voltage. So it will have a slightly higher top speed with the solar panel on. All right, top speed. This is awesome. I think it's too far from home. Man, it's crazy how far I got just in that short period of time. Another thing I'm really happy about is the steering on this boat. Rack and pinion steering that's like up under there. I'm not putting the part down there. That sounds about right. OK, that's I think that's yeah, sounds good. All right, 30. Oh, we're going to go over 40 on the high speed. That's 34 on the medium speed over 50. That's not a good sign. My speed is over 50, but that was when I'm accelerating. So it's going to use more electricity while I'm accelerating. I'm not sure how much energy it's going to use when I'm actually going full speed. It'll it should be reduced, but I don't want to leave that amp meter connected because it's content. I mean, just holding the context up to something that's doing 50 amps. It's going to melt something. All right, what did I say? Twenty two thirty five, I should be able to I don't know, hopefully this fast speed is somewhere around 50 though. That's definitely a little high for this motor because the motor is rated for 39 like 40 amps. Maybe I should shrink my propeller a little bit. I don't know. Well, there are two different ways I could deal with this. I could just shrink the blades a little bit somehow. You know, maybe trim up a bit on the end, reduce the pitch a bit. That means go like this higher pitch would be like this, lower pitch would be like that. Higher pitch is like switching to higher gears on your bike or more. This way is a lower gear. I kind of feel like I'm running in too high of a gear. Which is overloading the motor. It's not real bad. Like I could just deal with it. However, I don't want to reduce the life of the motor. And plus I'm I'm pretty sure I'm wasting energy since the motor's not running and it's optimum RPM's probably. So if I make it a little bit lower gear, then should be able to spin easier. I might even get more propulsion with less power, which would be kind of nice. I think that's the best choice to try to change the pitch a little bit rather than just trim some off. So if I want to change the pitch a little bit, like I kind of need to file off a bit here and a bit there and just kind of try to get the thing a little bit more that way. That's a nice propeller. I made it out of fiberglass a few years ago. Nice thing about a fiberglass propeller is you know, it's pretty easy to to file it and sand it and change the shape a little. And if I really wanted to, I could add more fiberglass to this. So I could take away and add.  It is an option before someone asks in case anyone missed it, I made this propeller by making a stepped plywood thing standing one side. And that's the shape of each propeller blade. I could just, oh, you can actually see the outline. I waxed this really well, obviously, and then put fiberglass right along here. And that's the shape of each blade. OK, I'm thinking I can grind off this back edge kind of like up to this line and I've drawn a line on each one so I can make sure they're the same. Hopefully I just remembered I have this aluminium aluminum propeller which has a lower pitch. So maybe I should put this on the boat and test it. Hmm. Yeah. Maybe I'll hold off on cutting that up. Just give this a nice sanding. Make sure it's nice and smooth. Make a fitting that fits in there. That's the same diameter as this. And then to mount it, I just need a hole. I can drill a hole through that. Oh, it's got a hole right there. Cool. So I'll need some mounting thing that comes up to the front of here because this helps hold the bearing in place. All right, let's do it. I'm pretty sure that if I take these over to a lathe, I can make something that'll fit in here and work. OK, well, it's on there. So I can take this boat out for another test as soon as the water level comes up. It's a mighty low tide right now. I could probably smooth out the water flow a little bit by putting a little collar around up here. And I'm not going to worry about it right now. So I'll do another test drive. Check the amperage with my amp meter. Hopefully it'll use less power and go pretty close to the same speed. Of course, I don't actually have anything I've been using to measure speed other than, oh, it looks so fast. All right, I'm back in the boat with the new propeller. Let's just do a couple of quick tests. I turned my solar panels on. I wasn't expecting to get any energy, but I am getting a little bit. The motor's on. Now I'll turn the solar panels off. OK, just battery power, low speed. Well, I would say at low speed, that's that feels like it's faster than the old low speed. But that would make sense because the the propeller should work better at lower power. So probably the second speed is going to be noticeably faster, too. That seems pretty good. All right, let's full speed it. I can't tell if it's any faster than before or not. But man, either way, it is still cooking. Man, we are still moving either way. So I was hoping that when I change that propeller, I'm reducing the amount of power the motor uses. I brought my little amp meter. I'm going to connect that, check the power again. If I remember correctly, the low speed was twenty two amps. See if I can hold this in place there. I think it was like so. Well, it's like 20 amps. So there is a reduction in power. And I think I'm actually going. Come on, stay. I think I'm actually going faster at this speed. Yeah, if I look over here, it's right about 20 amps. All right, let's get second speed like thirty two, like thirty one. Thirty one about and it was thirty five before. So I'm definitely saving some power. I don't really want to use this on the full speed because it's still going to be pretty high for this thing. I don't know, let me let me put the camera down and I'll do it with both hands so I can get a really good contact. All right, that's that's medium speed. So now I just need to touch this from here up to there. Yeah, between this and that. All right, we do it off camera. Well, it's still maxing out my little meter here. So it's above fifty. It's got to be better than it was, though, because the lower speeds, it went from twenty two to twenty. Is that what it was? And then the second speed went from thirty five down to thirty one. So it's an improvement. And there doesn't seem to be any noticeable decrease in speed at the high speed. High speed still seems, I don't know, it just seems fast. So I guess I'm going to go with this propeller for a while. Go have some fun first speed. So this is thirty what, thirty one amps, right? With a hundred amp hour thing, that means I could do this speed for three hours. Oh, you know what else I need to check? So at this speed, there is electricity going through my speed controller here. Yeah, not the front part, just the back part. And it is definitely hotter than I want to touch. But the bolts up here are not too hot. It's pretty hot, but yeah, the bolts aren't getting too hot. So it's not going to melt anything up here. Yeah, I think it's fine. Pretty good speed. Hours over three hours. OK, back inside, where I don't have to worry about the wind and messing up the microphone. Yeah, sorry about that. So I think I'm pretty happy with how it's going right now. I can still add some speed to the boat, obviously, if I get the barnacles off the bottom, they're almost all off. And you know, there's a little bit left. So if I get those off, I'll get a bit more speed. And if I did something around the propeller, like in front of the propeller and behind the propeller, like behind the propeller, maybe make, maybe cut off that pipe so it's not sticking out so far and make a bit of a cone just so it's more streamlined and then in front of the pipe, just put a collar so it's just just streamlined the whole thing, you know. But it's working pretty well. And the lower speeds. So I'm definitely getting more speed at the lower speeds with this with the lower pitch propeller, which was to be expected because at a lower pitch with less power, you'll have better performance than with something that's kind of pitched for a higher power thing. I did consider briefly just using the old propeller with the higher pitch and putting in a bigger motor because I have the motor out there as a one horsepower and I have a one and a half horsepower motor, which, you know, by my rough estimation would probably like pretty well match that faster, the higher pitch propeller.  However, I'm not going for maximum speed. I need I need good speed over a long distance. So I want to keep the same size motor and I'll use the lower pitch propeller. And another thing that I'm very much enjoying is getting the boat in and out of the water without the pedal propeller. And I could not get the boat out in the in the water level I did today and yesterday with, you know, before when I had the pedals on because the pedal propeller would have totally bottomed out and hit the bottom and gotten wrecked. So that's really nice. The the tide was actually still pretty low when I got the boat out and I got it out, no problem. So that's very exciting.  Although next I have got headlights to put on the boat. On both boats, I have a bunch of them. Oh, that's exciting business. But that's for future.