The second thing we want to do when approaching someone confidently is we want to make good eye contact And I know there's a lot of confusion How do we make good eye contact with not appearing too creepy and also not appearing aloof? So the simple rule of thumb we have here at the art of charm is we want to make eye contact when we're talking to someone And we want to turn and give them our ear when we are listening to someone that Breaking of eye contact creates a space for your mind to actually process what it's hearing and studies have shown That when we are making prolonged eye contact our mind is not able to process Communication effectively so breaking that eye contact actually allows your mind to catch up and become more engaged in the conversation Your eye contact is a direct window to your confidence in the interaction It also allows the other person to know that you're speaking to them and when we break eye contact We want to break eye contact at eye level. We don't want our eyes darting up and we don't want our eyes darting down It's actually going to distract the person that we're talking to so we want to soften our eye contact when we're talking to them and Break our eye contact keeping them at eye level when we're listening It's going to allow us to be more engaged and allow the other person to feel more comfortable with us


Hello everyone. This week we're going to discuss privacy preserving contact tracing to cope with the current crisis of the COVID-19 virus. And we'll discuss the technical aspects of contact tracing in general, the challenges to gain trust among the population. For instance, in terms of privacy preserving and in terms of robustness and resilience to malfunctioning. So let's first start with maybe explaining the protocol. Maybe you can start first with the motivation. Okay, let's maybe begin with the motivation. Go ahead. Yeah, so as you probably know, currently there's a pandemic due to a disease called the COVID-19. And the reason why this is very hard to address is that COVID-19 is extremely contagious. And this makes like the exponential growth that you've probably heard about. But what makes COVID-19 particularly more trickier than a lot of other diseases is that COVID-19 is actually contagious, especially for like at least a lot for people who don't have the symptoms right yet. Like you can be contagious even though you don't have any symptoms. So it can be very hard for you to know that you should be a lot more careful. And maybe you should stay home because if you go outside, then maybe you can transmit the disease to somebody else. And this is extremely problematic because as soon as you are not careful, then the number of people you contact can be larger than one. And if it's larger than one, then you have this exponential growth and essentially the disease is out of control. So if you want to make sure that there's not this exponential growth that the pandemic will be contained, what you really want to do is to make sure that anybody who's at risk will be staying at home and self-isolate. This is by the way the recommendation by the World Health Organization and many epidemiologists agree with this. And this is by the way how some countries were a bit more successful, such as Taiwan, which arguably has the best management so far of the crisis because people were tested very early and quarantined very early. Yeah. And so to do contact tracing, what people usually do, so the idea of contact tracing is that you should try to identify who is likely to have the COVID-19 by looking at what are the infected people, the people who got tested positive to COVID-19 and who these people who are now tested positive were in contact with a few days ago and may have transmitted the disease to. And usually you can do this, well, still now you can do this by hand with humans, like you can take someone who's positive and you can ask him who did you get into contact with over the last few days. But the problem with this is that it's slow, it's also very costly, you need a lot of manpower to gather this information. And it's what are flaws because people can misremember or people have bad memories. Unfortunately, the human brain is not the best storage system. And the idea of what we're going to talk about today is electronic contact tracing, namely the idea of making sure that this contact tracing is done by algorithmic solutions in particular by your phones. And DP3T is a particular protocol to achieve this while guaranteeing a high level of privacy and security. Actually, I believe the motivations are not well communicated and understood. So you mentioned the exponential growth and maybe we can spend some time on how much non-intuitive an exponential growth it is, even for the most educated scientists. I don't know if Louis, you want to comment on the non-intuitive part of an exponential growth and why we should be really very careful and not be overconfident as, for example, Angela Merkel warned two days ago. Yeah, so to explain to my friends, I use this famous enigma proposal that I heard long time ago, is that in the middle of the lake, there is a flower that doubles the size every single day. After 31 days, it covers the size of the lake. And the question is at what point, at what day did it cover half of the lake? So the answer to the question is sometimes people would say after half the time, so after 15 days, the correct answer is that it was just one day before covering the full lake, it was covering half the lake. And now I put this in parallel with how full are the hospitals right now due to the pandemic. At some point in time, the pandemic was growing with at least doubling every three days. When the hospital is still 50% full, the problem is that everyone would have the impression that, oh, we still have a lot, more than half of the hospitals are free, we still have a lot of capacity. And we have been talking for COVID for one month now. It took one month to get hospitals half full, so we are not at risk at all. But this is untrue to relate to the case of the flower in the lake. Half full capacity is happening three days before the hospital is over with this patient. So yeah, if it takes one month to get half the hospitals full, it will just take three additional days to get them 100% full. And this is why it's really not intuitive to deal with exponentials. And so maybe if, I don't know if you want to comment on the efficiency of contact tracing in the case of Taiwan, or we may just go ahead and discuss the protocol. Yeah, so what I want to stress is, well, I'm going to talk about something else, but what I want to stress is that it's not only about saving the lives directly caused by COVID-19. The current lockdown in most, like in all developed countries, nearly all developed countries in the world, is putting a lot of stress on a lot of different things. It's no longer only about healthcare. Now it's affecting the way businesses are working, like companies are in shutdown for months. Most of them cannot afford this, many of them at least. Some of them have to ask for loans just to stay alive. If the lockdown carries on for more months or if there's a second confinement because there's a second wave of the pandemics, then many of them will probably have to declare bankruptcy. And this will lead to a lot of unemployment. Like in the US right now, it's particularly critical. Like there are tens of millions. I don't know whether figures are right now. 16 million, at least, I heard. And talking about exponentials, it was 6 million and then a few days ago it was 16 million, so almost tripled. Yeah, so all of this is also growing exponentially and the risk of growing exponentially. So that's why it's extremely important to avoid like potentially major risks that we think about the confinement and hopefully doing this not in a too distant future. But it has to be safe. Like it's critical that it's a safe confinement. Maybe just a point about economy because people hear a lot about this dilemma between saving the economy and saving lives. And unfortunately, there are some people who are arguing for saving the economy with sometimes the wrong arguments. Actually, they're not like contradicting objectives. And if we have unemployment figures raising, we would eventually have deaths and suicides and several like in many countries, people's healthcare is tied to their employment. So if they lose their employment, they lose their healthcare. And also like there are many side effects of being under lockdown. For example, domestic violence is on the rise according to many public health agencies. And this is also something that is a side effect of pro-engaged long-term. So looking for a shortening lockdown is not only motivated by basic greedy economic motivation but also life-saving economic motivation. So people really have to take time and think about that those are not contradicting objectives. Saving the economy and saving lives are not necessarily always contradicting. And it's not about the rich. I mean the rich people are going to be fine. This is about poor people who are homeless or don't have a great housing. So you see videos from poor countries where some people are literally asking for the release so that they stop being hungry and not everyone has a safety net and the salary that is popping up at the end of the month while being remotely working. Yeah, yeah. So that's why it's really important to think about how to make the economy. But it's also critical to make it safe. And that's why anything that can help should be at least considered. And in particular contact tracing is estimated to have a non-negotiable impact. It's not going to be life-saving but it's not going to be completely changing the game. But it can arguably, like I've made some rough calculations based on the estimations of pre-sumptomatic contaminations, contaminations by people who don't have yet the symptoms. And if you can reduce this even by 50%, then it can reduce dramatically, or even by 20%, it can reduce dramatically the contamination numbers, the reproduction numbers of the number of people every person who contaminates. And this can reduce the lockdown by month or accelerated by month or it can prevent a second confinement. And this may save in the end maybe hundreds of thousands if not millions of people. So it's really, really critical to do, to at least consider contact tracing. And for this, we need to do it right. Okay, so maybe now let's move to the protocol and maybe just discuss the basics and then discuss specific ones such as DP3T. So the basic idea of contact tracing is that as we all have a smartphone with us, as most of the population has a smartphone with them at all time, a smartphone will be communicating with one another and register which other smartphone to get close to. Then when someone feels sick and make a test and they realize that he is infected with a COVID-19 disease, then he will publish on an online database, let's say its name, and other phones that registered that they went close to that person would then be able to know that they were in contact with someone that was sick plus or minus a few times to know at what time this happened.  One advantage of this contact tracing also that we didn't mention yet is that regular contact tracing without digital technology when we simply ask the sick person who she has been in contact with, it not only has a problem of memory or this kind of human problem, but also that there are a lot of people that you pass by every day but you don't know them so you will never be able to recall and point to them. For example, the person you were next to in line in the supermarket, the person you sat by at the cinema, the person you sat next to you in the bus, all of these you don't know but if your phones are able to detect that they have been in contact, then this person will be able to notify this person so it makes it a lot more efficient. Maybe I will show a cartoon made by Muti Case and with the help of Professor Carmela Troncozo from ETSL. So this is a cartoon about how it works and especially this is a very general representation and I think it's helpful to understand the core ideas behind most of contact tracing apps. So this is what you explained, Alice's phone, so our phones are always like broadcasting a signal to antenna etc. But here in this case it will be through Bluetooth so they will be just broadcasting them. Yes, what I didn't say is that this doesn't work by sending your name to every phone that pass by next to you, but it works using a randomly generated key and ideas that will be updated every few minutes. This is made to avoid leaking outside around you too much private information. So if you take this case for example, this phone is broadcasting those random 5L, POMK etc. And when the two phone owners met they exchanged those messages and they keep track of all the random stuff they received. So both phones remember what they said and hear in the past 14 days. Of course the 14 days can be tuned depending on what epidemiologist and virologist know about the virus and depending how the knowledge on the virus is updated. So then if one of these people, so you can imagine many people meeting many people, so this is your phone, it keeps track of all of the random stuff that it broadcasted and then it keeps track of all the random messages that were received by nearby devices. And then when someone is diagnosed positive in a hospital, they send, so she sends the message to a hospital. It can be a hospital, it can be a public health authority, it can be any abstraction that you can put here. That is not necessarily a hospital. And then, so here you have a database of what COVID-19 positive cases said. And then Bob, who happened to be sitting next to Alice earlier, could, so actually not Bob manually, but the app, the protocol, the algorithm would compare the public record of the random messages said by COVID positive people, but the algorithm would recognize the messages and then it would recognize that it sat next to someone with COVID, that it's important to highlight here that this is not enough and absolutely not enough for Bob to identify Alice. And then Bob would just then, if it's received messages, like for example, saying that, okay, you received this, so you have two hours of exposure to COVID positive in less than some meters, it means that Bob should also self-isolate and with this would divide by two. For example, if Alice self-isolates because she was tested positive in a hospital and Bob also self-isolates will divide by two the potential spread from the Alice case. So to conclude on discussing the efficiency of such a technique, what's important to understand is that this technique would be efficient proportionally to the square of the number of the proportion of the people that are using it. The way to understand this is that every time a contact happens, the probability that we detect this contact, it will be the probability that the first sick person is using the app multiplied by the chances that the second person is also using the app. So this leads to, for example, if 70% of the population is using this contact tracing app, we would get 70% to the square, so 49%, approximately, so it will detect approximately half of the contacts, and we can expect it to reduce the exponential growth of the pandemic. But on the other hand, if only 10% of the population is using it, it only detects 1% of the contacts, so it would be, in that case, not worth it to use such an app. Yeah, the effectiveness of contact tracing is critically dependent on its wide adoption. And fortunately, like right now, it's still very hard to foresee how many, what is the fraction of the people who are actually going to use it. A scary number is that in Singapore, there was like around 20% of users, of people in Singapore using this app, at least in the beginning of April, I don't know if the figures went up, I hope they did. So if we want this ocean to be effective, it's extremely important that we communicate well around this. And people gain trust in the system and they're willing to use it, unless it's made mandatory, that could be another way to go. But so far it seems like there's a strong push, maybe it's going to change, but there's a strong push for this not to be mandatory. Yeah, so there's a big challenge here in terms of communication, and the other challenge is that if you want to convince people to use this app, then it's also extremely important for it to have guarantees of privacy. God, it's important in general, I guess, but especially in this case, privacy and very good privacy is extremely important so that it's like people really think it's a good application and also because it's going to be allowed to protect the different users and the P3T in particular gives a huge emphasis on privacy. A lot of the protocols are designed so that even... So there are two kinds of attacks we can think of on the system. One kind is called curious but honest. So this would be typically spies, people who are trying to find information by poking into the system. And then there's this other kind of bad user, which is a user that tries to screw up the system. Sometimes we call them Byzantines in computer science. And you want the system to be robust to both of these kind of attacks. So in terms of privacy, the main trick is this idea of random ephemeral identifiers that we've already talked about. And I guess there are a few additional tricks and subtleties maybe that I won't get into. But as well, I think the Byzantine resilience of the system is extremely important. And it has been criticized, like maybe the system is not going to be resilient enough because typically the basic attack is that anyone can create a lot of identities and just say publicly that it has contracted COVID-19 so that it scares a lot of people and makes the system eventually not reliable. So this is prevented by using... Essentially you need a proof that you have been tested to the COVID-19 to be able to say that you actually contracted the COVID-19 and this is based on interaction with health agencies. But there can be other kinds of attacks, for instance replay or relay attacks. So essentially, as soon as you see a name appears... So one kind of attack is as soon as you see a name appear in the list of COVID-19 confirmed cases, based on this information you can compute the ephemeral ideas of the people who contracted the COVID-19 and you can replay or relay these ephemeral ideas to scare people off so that people will think that they've been in contact with these ephemeral ideas that are associated to someone who has contracted the COVID-19 and this can create a lot of people scared for bad reasons. So defending against all of these attacks is really a big challenge and I think DP3D did an excellent job at mitigating a lot of these challenges. But my main concern right now is about these Byzantine resilience. You can imagine that this system is not going to be very popular among some communities that may maybe fear some privacy issues with this app or maybe they just don't like technology in general and I think we should fear that some people will try to screw up the system because of this and because of this I would be more confident if the system was more Byzantine resilient. But maybe if you want to really guarantee that it's more Byzantine resilient then you need to sacrifice something else maybe in terms of privacy. For my experience in researching Byzantine resilience and fault tolerance in general everything has been equal it's harder to achieve it if you also want to preserve privacy and vice versa it's harder to achieve Byzantine resilience if you want to achieve more privacy and it's harder to achieve more privacy if you want to achieve more fault tolerance because and again this is very high level specific situations can make this change but in general when you want to achieve privacy you want to obfuscate who is saying what and when you want to achieve fault tolerance and being resilient to malicious inputs etc you want to spot misleading input from the group of other inputs and by spotting it you might de-anonymize it. So it's a very hard challenge to combine privacy preserving and Byzantine resilience it's not impossible as it is it's extremely hard. Yeah it makes a lot of intuitive sense like if you're trying to set up an organization if you want to make sure the organization with people I mean if you want to make sure the organization is working well intuitively the more you know the different people and the strengths and the vulnerabilities the more you can make your system robust and secure but conversely this means also that you're going to learn more about the other people which is a violation of privacy. Yeah so I think for this kind of thing it's important that we're not being too deontological I think things are not going to be black and white it's not there's not going to be like fully privacy fully robust Byzantines and I think there are trade-offs and we need to acknowledge that there are trade-offs and maybe express our different preferences regarding these trade-offs and another thing is to do not like it's important not to lose sight of the fact that at the end there's also an effectiveness problem you want the application to be effective at identifying contacts between infected people and susceptible people and yeah I think it's important to take all of this into account when judging whether this application particularly DP-30 let's say should be widely promoted should be widely used in societies or not And now maybe another challenge that we would have is the multiplicity of protocols and applications because as we explained in the beginning the power of contact tracing grows quadratically with the number of people who adopt it so again if you move from 10 to 20 you don't double the efficiency but you multiply it by 4 so keeping that in mind you would like the contact tracing protocol used inside a geographic region to be widely adopted and ideally inter-operating so that we're not a pocket of people using protocol A and another pocket of people using protocol B and app B and this is a very hard challenge now we face where the multiplicity of protocols and app could also be a barrier to the efficiency of contact tracing so what do you say about that? Yeah at the time we're speaking there's a proposal from a French and German computer science organizations about the inria and the Fraunhofer institutes and inria from one hand and then you have to They propose an alternative to DP-30 called Robert so we haven't had time to read the details so far It was just posted today I think there are differences that are important enough so that they're not clearly compatible the two of them so at some point I think there's a coordination problem maybe in the future there may be different proposals so I think so far it's fine to have a lot of different research I think it's even desirable because maybe you haven't explored all solutions so far but at some point when you move to deployment it's important that there's an in-coordination problem and you don't want people to speak between these two different apps because of the context So ideally you would like a thread of deployment that is global and centralized and multiple threads of exploration research that should be cut free in the future but there's consensus about one protocol ideally this protocol should be the one deployed and this raises another challenge which is very general which is global governance and we've seen it with the World Health we are very fortunate to live in an era where we have the World Health organization despite all what we can say about how it did not or did maybe something less good than it should have been done etc if we didn't have a central global organization such as the World Health organization I think this pandemic would be a nightmare we have examples from the past Yeah So I would strongly argue as well that the World Health Organization has been critically relating information calling for stronger measures and this kind of coordination is a huge challenge and it's going to be important especially for content So we could imagine for example so research going on independently several research groups coming up with different protocols but in deployments ideally it should be for example the health authority in Switzerland that organizes the deployment in Switzerland that the health organization in France organizing the deployment in France etc and eventually when they come up with improvements on each deployment they have interoperate operating apps because eventually borders would be opened and people would be traveling again and this might happen sooner than vaccines arrive So one thing we didn't mention about the contact tracing app also is that a second goal of this project DP3T is to collect data from but on a voluntary basis from whoever using the app would be who accept to to give this data to epidemiologists because today we are collecting already quite a lot of data but somehow there is a delay between the data we are collecting and what really happens because we collect data on a most likely patient that already go to the hospital or already have symptoms and it comes after 5-6 days of being infected So using these apps if epidemiologists would have the opportunity to collect much more interesting data data that's more on time and for example as we were discussing different measures to reduce the confinement over time and if we want to know if we are doing the right thing we want very quick feedback on the measure we are taking like if we reopen the cinemas we want to right away know was it a mistake, should we go back but the problem with the data we collected today the problem is that we will know 6 days later and because of exponential growth parameters it would already be a huge mistake by the time So yeah, sorry, we would know but with the delay that is extraordinary dangerous so we would know but with the 6 days delay which is given the exponential we kept repeating since the beginning would be a dangerous delay and arguably the delay is longer than this because if you look at the confirmed cases we would say 14 days maybe more in the order of 14 days than on the order of 6 days So yeah, real-time estimation of the reproduction number in particular is critical like to see if our interventions are good enough to contain the pandemic or not A lot of people are scared about the privacy concerns about this application so I think DP32 is like excellent but maybe it's still hard for some people to estimate the privacy concerns and I think it's interesting to compare this with the privacy leaks that we have by using other kinds of applications and particularly you can think of Google or Facebook, Amazon or Tinder or whatever like all the apps you're using on your phone DP32 is designed to violate a teeny tiny fraction of the privacy that you are leaking through these other apps Some friends, all of them academics on Facebook were discussing the privacy concerns with DP32 and they just said exactly that like this is a fraction so you're here, you're giving your real names etc, location and also so if you see the allowance you would give to DP32 it's like it's epsilon, it's like tiny and microscopic compared to the allowance so people are now renting against the privacy concerns with DP32 using social media that is already they publish it on brands on Facebook which is a bit weird I think it's important to have a more quantitative approach to these notions of privacy because if we don't we can miss out on the fact that yeah, there are going to be privacy leaks but they are so negligible compared to giving away to other apps and maybe the counterpart of this is that right now there's a lot of uncertainty about a lot of things going on for instance, are people following rules? How many people are there outside today in New York City or whatever city you think you're having in mind? and like I haven't seen Google, Facebook and so on being involved in these kind of thinking even though they have data that are so relevant to this actually Google published and Apple published Mobility Reports I agree with Mobility Reports I think you missed that yeah, we've seen it today I agree with that, yeah that's helpful that we could have better data also now published machine readable version of that data for researchers, so CSV instead of PDFs it's a bit counter intuitive because in proximity tracing you can just let the app know if you met person if Alice met Arno but it won't need to know where they met the location where they met even though some countries are using location we might argue that that's not necessary so you only need to know if A met B you don't necessarily need to know where they met and what did they say or what did they talk to each other so with way less data just whether A met B you can have valuable epidemiologic information while social networks are accessing way more data and not necessarily giving researchers anything to use yeah, there's an application by MIT called Private Kit where you actually have exploited GPS data to do content tracing somehow I think it's a bit of a shame that there's so much data about these companies and fortunately maybe like I don't know all the details but maybe these companies did not do enough effort in trying to work with health agencies and help them but maybe on the other hand researchers did not do the effort of going to these companies and asking them I know there's a lot of legal concerns also doing this especially on the GDPR it's quite a complicated problem but given the scale of the problem right now I would hope that there could be more kinds of food full collaborations along these lines next week we will be talking on other AI algorithms that can help fighting the Covid disease in particular to test different proteins, different molecules and do research for I guess vaccines these are a few ideas listed by Jürgen Spithuber who is one of the founding fathers the most influential researchers especially on your networks good bye


It is now time for member statements. I recognize the member for Ottawa Center. Well, thank you, Speaker. It's an honor to rise this morning. And I'm thinking of a Paralympian back home, Kevin Frost, who recently did an interview on the CBC radio morning news program. And Kevin has represented our country at a high level in Paralympic sport. But he's at his wits end right now, Speaker, because he can't get access to optometric care. And what he is saying, plaintively, to this government is that for every day, we don't have an agreement with optometrists in this province. We are depriving him his ability to move in our city, to access the things he needs, to get around, to move around. We're implicitly telling him, go to another province, go to another country, maybe, to get your optometric needs met. And I just want us to reckon with the fact that Kevin's not alone. We have people with disabilities and seniors and kids urgently needing optometric care who aren't getting it. In the same radio program, Speaker, a member of this government, MPP Marto, spoke. And when she was asked and told what the government had said that it's trying to negotiate in faith and they're waiting for the optometrists to come back to the table, MPP Marto said, you know what? That's not true. The fact of the matter is, when the optometrists went to the table and they opened up the Zoom screen, they saw a blue screen with nobody on it. So Speaker, as Kevin and others reckon with how to resolve this mess, can we just please get back to the table because people with disabilities, kids, seniors, they deserve optometric care and they need it now. Thank you. Member Stavins, the member for Scarborough, Rouge Park. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. Today I rise to speak about an issue that has impacted many of us, especially in our schools. This coming Sunday is the start of Bullying Awareness and Prevention Week. Ontario has designated the week beginning of the third Sunday of November as Bullying Awareness and Prevention Week to help promote safe schools in a positive learning environment. Bullying is aggressive. It is meant to cause harm, fear and distress. Frankly speaking, Mr. Speaker, it hurts. Over one in five Ontario students reported being bullied at school according to a 2018 study from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and this often leads to mental health issues. I have heard from many constituents from recently in my writing of Scarborough, Rouge Park about instances of bullying that has happened in schools. A young child may not know the word bully, but they do know when someone is hurting them or being mean or making them feel sad or scared. And that's why, Mr. Speaker, the Bullying Awareness and Prevention Week is so important. I encourage everyone to promote healthy relationships, to prevent bullying and create a safe and accepting environment. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. Thank you. Member Saban, the member for Hamilton Eastern. Thank you, Speaker. The upcoming increase of the minimum wage is $15, is at least three years behind the times and less than it should be to add insult to injury. The decision still forgets about a large group of workers in this province who will not see their lives improved by this announcement, injured workers. A quick thanks to Chris Grayway from the Injured Workers Community Legal Clinic, Carl Craver and Paul Statcio from the Hamilton and District Injured Workers Group for bringing this issue to my attention. For many years, the WSIB has used a practice known in the community as deeming. Simply put, with deeming, the WSIB dreams up a phantom job that it claims the injured worker could get in theory, takes away the wages the workers deem to be earning and leaves the injured worker with little or no compensation benefits regardless of whether the injured worker is actually employed or not. For example, a welder earns $34 an hour when he suffers a permanent back injury and cannot return to his old job. While recovering, he receives full benefits, 85% of his net average earnings. The WSIB eventually tells the injured worker that it's time to go back to work after some retraining. The WSIB deems the worker in a 40 hour week, 15 minimum wage job as a parking lot attendant despite the fact that he's not working. The welder will lose hundreds of dollars per week as a result of the wages from his deemed job. The WSIB's practice of deeming injured workers has to stop now. Member for Peterborough, Coortha. Thank you, Speaker. I rise today to honor a gentleman from my riding that I've already spoken about a few times. Marie Weytung is the first nation, second World War veteran that I named my private members bill after. The act would create an award for cadets in Ontario to celebrate volunteerism and citizenship, something that Marie exemplified. The award would also give us the opportunity to educate some of our brightest young leaders on one of the injustices that Canada did to first nation individuals. More than 7,500 Métis, Inuit, and first nation individuals voluntarily joined the armed forces to fight for Canada in the first and second World Wars. And any one of them who spent more than four years away from their reserve fighting for Canada's freedom were stripped of their status. Marie would be celebrating his 100th birthday at the end of this month. Unfortunately, Father Time tapped Marie on the shoulder last February, and asked him to perform one more civic duty. Shomis Weytung passed away within minutes of the death of a young lady from Curve Lake. And like the gentleman that Shomis was, we believe he chose that time so he could escort her safely to celebrate of what life well lived in the honor of all that he did. I'll be reintroducing that act later this week. Member Statements, the member for Thunder Bay, Attacocca. Thank you, Speaker. Today I want to bring to the attention of this House the Northern Health Travel Grant. This government continues to ignore many of the ongoing issues with this grant and people are falling through the cracks. You cannot just ignore people in Northern and rural communities across this province who deserve equal access to medical care, just like residents in larger cities like Toronto. I think of my constituents, like Margaret Ray. She has to go to Manitoba monthly for specialized treatment. She's on her 11th year of doing this, and it has caused her grave financial problems as she is net on fixed income. The actual cost is far greater than the mileage reimbursement she receives. Another constituent, Sandra Filion, a former police officer from Attacocca, she was referred from by her specialist to a physiotherapist, but the health grant won't cover it because they do not recognize it as an OHIP facility. When she appealed, she eventually found out the travel grant wasn't hearing appeals during much of the pandemic. Travel for autism parents and therapies are not covered, leaving those parents on the hook for that. The big family who had an infant son needed a special therapy recommended by their pediatrician as their best outcome for their son. Northern Health Travel Grant denied it, leaving them thousands out of pocket. This week I reintroduced my bill, 46th, the Northern Health Travel Grant Advisory Committee Act. When will this government act to fix the broken Northern Health Travel Grant system? Thank you. Members statements? The member for Ottawa South. Thank you very much, Mr. Speaker. And November is Lebanese Heritage Month in Ontario, and it recognizes the many contributions of the Lebanese community across our province. So I'd like to thank MPP Sattler and Minister McLeod for cosponsoring Bill 60, Lebanese Heritage Month, which I introduced, and we passed into the law into 2017. Lebanese Canadians have been coming to Ontario since the 19th century. They have contributed greatly to our prosperity and to the economic, cultural, and academic fabric of our province. Lebanese Heritage Month is an opportunity for Lebanese Canadians to celebrate their culture and traditions and to recognize and educate future generations of the great contributions the Lebanese community has made to our province and our country. Every year on November 22nd, the Lebanese community celebrates Lebanese Independence Day. That day in 1943, Lebanon was declared a sovereign nation. And in my writing of Ottawa South, we have a strong and deeply rooted Lebanese community. Every year, there are many celebrations of Lebanese culture in our city, especially in the summer. One of them is in Ottawa South, the Ottawa Lebanese Festival at St. Elias Cathedral. So they combine the five S, which is faith, family, food, fun, I think I missed one, faith, family, food, fun, and friends. Thank you, there we go. So it's one of my mom's must-dos every year. And so we went this year and she hadn't been out in a long time to a restaurant and they treated her so well. They made you feel very special and I want to thank them for that. So happy Lebanese Heritage Month. Thank you. Member Statements, the member for Renfrew, Nipotzi. Thank you so much, Speaker. 99, 98, the clock is ticking and the countdown is on for the Ontario Winter Games to come to Renfrew County on the weekends of February 24th to 27th and March 3rd to 6th, 2022. The air was filled with excitement Tuesday when Minister McLeod joined local dignitaries and other invited guests to officially start the countdown to Ontario's 2022 Winter Games. Renfrew County is getting ready to welcome about 3,500 athletes, coaches, and officials to what promises to be a spectacular couple of weekends. The games are for up-and-coming athletes ages 12, 11 to 22 and will provide developmental experience to prepare them for national and international competitions. While organizing events such as this provides a significant challenge, our folks in Renfrew County are up to it. We were also thrilled when Minister McLeod awarded us the games. Not only will this be a tremendous sporting event, it will bring significant economic benefits to local businesses. I know that everyone is excited to showcase what we have to offer in Renfrew County and Minister McLeod got a taste of it a couple of weeks ago when she and her staff came to visit. A gigantic thank you to Games Chair Peter Eamonn and Games Manager Cindy Burwell for their leadership. All and all the numerous volunteers that have stepped forward to offer their time and commitment to make these games a truly remarkable experience for everyone involved. Thank you. Greetings to members for Hamilton West and Caster Dundas. Speaker, it was 90 years ago during the height of the Great Depression that the first Hamilton Day was held. It was organized to boost the spirits of local residents and to boost the local economy. And by all accounts, it was a great success. Retailers of the day reported record sales. So fast forward from 1931 to 2021 and what a great time to re-induce Hamilton Day as we are once again trying to rebuild from another global crisis, which is the COVID-19 pandemic. This Saturday, November 20th is Hamilton Day 2021. A day to celebrate all things Hamilton just as the holiday shopping season gets into full swing. This one day event is a fun way for all Hamiltonians to show community pride, to celebrate local independent businesses. Our small retail shops, cafes, bars, restaurants, theaters, artists, florists, fitness studios, personal services, entertainment stores, and so much more. This is your opportunity to support your favorite local business or try that new restaurant or store that has just opened up. Folks can go to the website, HamiltonDay.ca to get more details and share online your favorite local spots to shop, relax, and eat. My riding is home to wonderful and historic BIA districts like Westdale, Ancaster, and Dundas. And I'm looking forward to a busy day, a croissant from Caniche Bakery, browsing the books at Mixmedia and maybe the best nachos from the Collins Brewhouse. We've all been through so much, Mr. Speaker, business owners and community alike. 90 years ago, we showed our local spots some love. It's time we do it again. Member Statements, the member for Halliburton, Corothea Lakesbrock. Mr. Speaker, and I'm pleased to rise today to recognize and thank the Royal Canadian Legions in my riding of Halliburton, Corothea Lakesbrock, and Legions across the province of Ontario for hosting Remembrance Day ceremonies last week to honour and remember Canada's fallen veterans. Legions are so important to our local communities. In my riding of Halliburton, Corothea Lakesbrock, there are 15 Legions and countless volunteers who dedicate their time to supporting all who served Canada, promoting remembrance, and serving our communities and country. Every year in November, Legion members distribute millions of poppies and collect donations to raise money in support of veterans and their families. Their campaign and dedication of time is so important to annual events, and it does not go unnoticed. Through the Legions, compassionate volunteers help to support seniors, raise funds for local initiatives, and so much more year-round. We cannot thank you enough for all that you do, and as Premier Ford said last week, our Legion members truly are salt of the earth people. I encourage everyone to support their local Legions, take time to learn from their members, and take a moment now and then to remember the brave men and women who served and sacrificed for all that we have today. Thank you. Thank you very much. That concludes our Member's statements for this morning. I'm very pleased to inform the House that today's Page Captain is Page Felicia Pugulian from the Riding of Brampton North, and we have with us today at Queen's Park her mother, Diane Pugulian, and her father, Russ Pugulian. Also, we are joined today by the father, Page Alfie Tabachnik from the Riding of Davenport, Scott Tabachnik. Welcome to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. We're delighted to have you here. I understand the Leader of the Opposition has a point of order. Thank you, Speaker. Speaker, I seek unanimous consent for the House to observe a moment of silence for the 64 Ontarians who have succumbed to COVID-19 since we last paid tribute to the victims of the pandemic on November 5th, 2021. Ms. Warfath is seeking the unanimous consent of the House to observe a moment of silence in memory of the 64 Ontarians who have succumbed to COVID-19 since we last paid tribute to the victims of the pandemic on November the 5th, 2021. Agreed? Agreed. Agreed. Members will please rise. Thank you very much. Members may take their seats.


So we put two icebreakers in here, what's the most surprising thing you've learned so far in this course, and most surprising thing you've learned so far in your career. And if anyone has any other icebreaker ideas, please. Well, you can also propose your own questions there. I'm trying to think of something specifically related to today's materials, which is a bit. We have a wide range of topics. Yeah, so what's our summary so far? Where have we come from and where did we go? We started with day one, and it seemed like it was pretty normal Python stuff, like Jupyter numpy pandas, I mean, doing Python code. Day two, did we start getting exciting? So day two started pretty normal with pandas and matplotlib. So again, using normal Python code. Towards the end, we started seeing more interactions with the rest of the world. So the data formats, emphasizing how it's not just about the code, but how you mess with this other, how you read and write data outside of Python can matter. And then of course the things like the lintrace and so on, which is user interface. But then yesterday, I mean, yesterday's the kind of stuff which is really important for using Python, but you wouldn't see in a typical course. So things like making the scripts, well, you might see that in a Python course, not a purely theoretical programming course, but Yeah, can introduction to programming with Python might not even use Jupyter, it might use just scripts. And the library ecosystem and dependency management. Well, that is, I mean, that that's really getting to the kind of stuff which we use, and we support people with on a daily basis. So my estimate has been that about half of our total support request are helping to install software on the cluster. A lot of which is in Python and could, in theory, be done independently. But it's so confusing and hard dependencies are a complicated topic and big unsolved problem. It's also the reason that all of these libraries that fact that they exist is the reason why Python is good. I mean, the language itself is good, but the main reason people actually use it is because there are already all of these libraries available. Hello from my side as well. Yeah, like I was just thinking myself at that, like, quite often when when using Python, it's more about reading what some other person has done, like a package and then reading how they want you to use it and then just using it. And it's like, is this, can you call this even like coding when you're like calling functions from other libraries and that sort of stuff. But of course, you are coding but but like coding is coding. Yeah, and and and using using like it would be wasteful to not use the capabilities provided by the other people. So it's like, and it's usually the thing you find is not exactly the thing you want, but you can coax your data to fit into that and kind of use it or modify it slightly to make it what you want.  And you can of course, like just follow the instructions and do the set that you have bought or whatever, or you can go wild and do whatever you want with them like combine the blocks in an unexpected way and create something new. And that's what like usually happens, but you don't start molding the Lego blocks yourself like that would be waste of time like getting like a 3D printer to like mold. Of course, if you want to, you can go like you can go to Python libraries and and like start writing C code and that sort of stuff. But then you're coding C code and you're not coding Python, right? So I think we need to do a volume check. Um, so, well, let's start with an order me Cmo. One, one, one, two, two, three, three. So I think Cmo is too loud. I can also drop it here. I'm actually not at 100%. Is it better now? Oh, you still seem pretty loud. Okay. Better. One. Oh, yeah, one, one, two, two. Okay, is this better? Okay, might be just my enthusiasm, rubbing off. So I'm liking these icebreaker answers here. I just thought of these last minute, but it's good to see what's surprising in the course. And also, I like these career lessons also. So last time there was some problems with a blurry screen. And one part might have been. Which, but also it might have been so people are sharing by zoom and then I render it on the screen. And then capture it. And then it gets rebroadcasted. So there might be a little bit of blur that comes here. So if you see a problem, let me know is it really bad or like a little bit of anti aliasing around the letters. And let us know right away and we'll try to fix that. Yeah. On your side, I recommend in the Twitch, there's like this cork icon at the bottom right of the video where you can click the video quality and you can make it to appear a source, source quality, because otherwise it's automatic. And then it might be graded based on the network performance that you have. So you might like get suddenly a blurry, blurry flash because it's buffering or something like that. So, so setting it to force it to be the highest quality might mitigate some of the problems. Okay, well it's 1001. Any comments from these surprising things or should we just go on. Should us instructors say the most surprising stuff. Maybe we should just go on, we can answer this in the panel discussion. Okay, in the wheel getting reinvented. But yeah, we'll talk about, well, at least we will talk about how to package your own stuff so that other people don't need to necessarily read themselves later. But first we have some parallel processing. Okay, so I'll head out. Yeah, I can take the share if you capture from my screen. Okay, see it.


Welcome to All Hands Update. I'm Petty Officer Tyrell Morris. These are your headlines from around the fleet. USS Constitution commemorated the 200th anniversary of the warship's victory over the Royal Navy ships HMS Cyan and HMS Levent during her final battle in the war of 1812. In celebration, Constitution sailors gave visitors historic accounts of the battle. USS Constitution actively defended the sea against global threats from 1797 to 1855 and is the world's oldest commission warship still afloat. To learn more, visit the Naval History and Heritage Commands website. As an odd year, 2015 is not considered a voting year. However, there are still several election sailors can be a part of. There are many statewide elections as well as some special elections for Congress. Visit the Federal Voting Assistance Program website for more information.


Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, and sorry I could not travel both, and be one traveler. Long I stood, and looked down one as far as I could, to where it bent in the undergrowth. Then took the other as just as fair, and having perhaps the better claim, because it was grassy, and wanted where, though as for that the passing there had warned them really about the same. And both that morning equally lay, and leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day, and knowing how way leads on to a way. I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh. Somewhere ages and ages hence. Two roads diverged in a wood, and I, I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference. It was many and many a year ago, in a kingdom by the sea, that a maiden there lived, whom you may know, by the name of Annabelle Lee, and this maiden she lived with no other thought. Then to love and to be loved by me, I was a child, and she was a child, in this kingdom by the sea. But we loved with a love that was more than love. I am my Annabelle Lee, with a love that the winged serifs in heaven coveted her and me. And this was the reason that long ago, in this kingdom by the sea, a wind blew out of a cloud, chilling my beautiful Annabelle Lee, so that her high-born Kingsman came and bore her away from me, to shut her up in a sepulchre, in this kingdom by the sea. The angels, not half so happy in heaven, went envying her and me. Yes, that was the reason, as all men know in this kingdom by the sea, that the wind came out of the cloud by night, chilling and killing my Annabelle Lee. But our love was stronger by far than love, of those who were older than we, and many far wiser than we. And neither the angels in heaven, above nor the demons down under the sea, can ever deceiver my soul from the soul of the beautiful Annabelle Lee, for the moon never beams without bringing me dreams of my beautiful Annabelle Lee. And the stars never rise. But I feel the bright eyes of the beautiful Annabelle Lee, and so all the night tied, I lay down by the side of my darling, my darling, my life and my bride, in her sepulchre, there by the sea, in her tomb by the sounding sea, tiger, tiger, burning bright in the forest of the night, what immortal hand or eye could frame thy fearful symmetry, and what distant deeps or skies, burnt the fire of thine eyes, and what wings there he aspire, what the hand dare seize the fire, and what shoulder and what art could twist the sinews of thy heart, and when thy heart began to beat, what dread hand, and what dread feet, what the hammer, what the chain, and what furnace was thy brain, and what the anvil, what dread grasp, dare its deadliest terrors clasp, when the stars threw down their spears, and watered heaven with their tears, did he smile, his work to see, did he who made the lamb make thee, tiger, tiger, burning bright in the forest of the night, what immortal hand or eye dare frame thy fearful symmetry, my ears are deaf, and yet I seem to hear sweet nature's music and the songs of man, for I have learned from fancy's artisan how written words can thrill the inner ear, just as they move the heart. And so for me, they also seem to ring out loud and free, in silent study I have learned to tell each secret shade of meaning, and to hear a magic harmony at once sincere that somehow notes the tinkle of a bell, the cooing of a dove, the swish of leaves, the raindrops pitter patter on the eaves, the lovers sigh, and thrumming of guitar, and if I choose the rustle of a star, all the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players. They have their exits and their entrances, and in one man in his time plays many parts, his act being seven ages, at first the infant, mulling and puking in the nurse's arms, then the whining schoolboy, with his satchel and shining morning face, creeping like snail, unwillingly to school, then the lover, sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad, made to his mistrist eyebrow, then a soldier full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard, jealous in honor, sudden and quick in quarrel, seeking the bubble reputation, even in the cannon's mouth, and then the justice, in fair round belly and good cap on lined, with eyes severe and beard of formal cut, full of wise saws and modern instances, and so he plays his part. The six age shifts in the lean and slippered pantaloon, with spectacles on nose and pouch on side his youthful hose, well saved a world too wide, for his shrunk shank and his big manly voice, turning again towards childish treble, pipes, and whistles in his sound. Last scene of all, that ends this strange eventful history, is second childishness and mere oblivion, sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything, to be or not to be. That is the question, whether it is nobler in the mind to suffer, the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or to take arms against a sea of troubles, and by opposing end them, to die, to sleep, no more. And by asleep we say we end the heartache, and the thousand natural shocks that flesh is here to, tis a consummation devalued to be wished, to die, to sleep, to sleep. For chance to dream, ah, there's the rub, for in that sleep of death, what dreams may come. When we have shuffled off this mortar coil, must give us pause, there's the respect that makes calamity of so long life, for who would bear the whips and scorns of time, the oppressors wrong, the proud man's quantumly, the pangs of despised love, the laws delay, the insolence of office, and the spurns, that patient merit of thy unworthy takes. When he himself might his quietest make with a bare bodkin, who would these fartles bear, to grunt and sweat under our weary life, and that the dread of something after death, the undiscovered country, for whom's born, no traveler returns, puzzles the will, and makes us rather bear those ills we have, than fly to others that we know not of, thus conscience does make cowards of us all. And thus the native hue of resolution is sickled over with the pale cast of thought, and enterprise of great pith and moment, with disregard their currents turn awry, and lose the name of action. The coming of the end of the spring day is already reflected in the lakes of the cow's great eyes. Bessie Bighead greets them by the name she gave them when they were maidens, conceived in milkwood born in a barn, wrapped in paper left on a doorstep. Bighearted and bass voiced, she grew in the dark, until long dead Gomer Owen kissed her by the thigh when she wasn't looking, because he was dared. Now in the light, she'll work, sing, milk, say the cow's sweet names, and sleep until the night sucks out her soul, and spits it into the sky. It is all at once night now.  Then Captain Cat climbs into his bunk, like a cat he sees in the dark, through the voyages of his tears. He sells to see the dead, and Mr. Waldo, drunk in the dusky wood, hugs his lovely polygarter, under the eyes and the rattling tongues of the neighbors and the birds, and he does not care. But it is not his name that polygarter whispers as she lies under the oak, and loves him back.


So, I have been leading this network softwareization working group, so today what we are showing here is from academia and also there's a company called Oki Electronics, so it's a joint demo. And what we are showing is that we tried to softwareize everything that consists of eNOTOB, EPC, and the remote radio hair and UE, so all combined, we tried to create ENDOTOB and the software solution. And we have been working on the network slicing for a long time, more than 10 years. And now we are applying this network slicing technology to the 5G Mobile Network. And should I explain the detail of the demo? Yes. Okay. So, here we brought these two pizza boxes, it looks like a server, but it consists of two kinds of processors, inter-processor and many core processors. It has 36 cores, it's called a many core processor because it has many, many cores. And then we divide the software into control plane and a data plane. So it's called a CU separation, C plane, U plane separation. And we put every piece of software like ENDOTOB and EPC into two parts, control plane and a data plane, it's running separately here. So it's called an end-to-end slice. We do believe that this is going to take over the world like network softwareization, not just our demo, but the whole set of interesting research efforts regarding network softwareization and network slicing. So it's going to happen in 5G or maybe beyond 5G, but it's going to be happening very soon. To analyze the future applications, like there are very different kinds of applications that with the different requirements, for example, enhanced mobile broadband and ultra-reliable and low latency application and also massive machine type communication. In another words, it's called IoT Internet of Things. So they have very different requirements. So if you want to accommodate these very different kind of applications, so the single kind of infrastructure doesn't make sense. So using the single infrastructure and we virtualize and create a network slice per application, so then you can nicely accommodate very different type of applications. That's what network slicing is for.