Lux presents Hollywood the Lux Radio Theatre brings you Herbert Marshall in Sorrel and Son with Richard Carlson and Karen Morley ladies and gentlemen your producer Mr. Cecil B. DeMille greetings from Hollywood ladies and gentlemen our first greetings of 1940 tonight in the Lux Radio Theatre we dedicate our play to fathers everywhere if the father in your own household looks a little incredulous when he hears this you mustn't blame him we've had so many fine plays about mothers lately that we haven't paid much attention to fathers but tonight in celebration of the new year we turn over a new leaf and give you sorrel and son the moving drama of a man and his boy adapted from the novel by Warwick Deeping perhaps we've also slighted the gentleman in our audience by addressing ourselves to the ladies when we talked about Lux Flake of course they're the ones who use it but after all it's the men who noticed the pleasant effect of Lux Flake's on the feminine wardrobe and the family budget in tonight's drama Captain Steven Sorrel had only one thing to live for the welfare of his son Kit and to that end he devoted his life in the role of Steven Sorrel we give you an actor who seems perfect for the character mr. Herbert Marshall whenever I talk with bought Marshall about playing a part he gets that ocean going gleam in his eye you see our first association was making a picture in Hawaii and I think he's always hoping that lightning will strike twice in the same place for sorrel and son however he came entirely by land from the RKO Studios where he's starring in a bill of divorce in the part of the son we have two actors Clifford seven junior will be Kit as a child and Richard Carlson will play Kit as a young man old enough to fall in love for the role of Dora we have miss Karen Morley we now subtract 20 years from the calendar as we begin the drama of Sorrel and son starring Herbert Marshall as Steven Sorrel Richard Carlson as Kit and Karen Morley as Dora the curtain rises on act one the guns of the world war were silent at last a million British troops turned wearily from the blood stained fields of France and looked hopefully toward England eager to begin again their shattered lives but a strange new order awaited them at home a world gone mad a money grabbing material world where power and position were worth far more than decorations for bravery some managed to find a place in this new order but others were left far behind without jobs without money confused and baffled by the mad scramble for existence one of these was captain Steven Sorrel emcee captain Steven Sorrel military cross that should mean something but it doesn't decorations have forgotten now Steven Sorrel educated that eating an ox for that's a little better except that it isn't what you know anymore it's what you've done I've got to realize that I've got to take my place in this cramble of what he's got into this new job or to help it isn't much but when you start at the bottom you've at least got the satisfaction of knowing you can't drop any further the main thing is to keep your feet and not get trampled in the dust thank heaven I've only got one kid are you busy no no no I was just thinking almost train time son got that bag ready I wish you'd help me sit on it sir here we'll try it together now there we are thanks father if we need label of course Sorrel and son passengers from London destination Stanton where are we going to live in Stanton sir oh we'll get a room somewhere or pass Mr. Verity might want us to live over the shop oh it's a nice shop from what I understand antiques works of art quite a respectable business oh yes sir I know wouldn't have anything else shall I go to school at Stanton father of course I expect it'll be a grammar school there will it be a gentleman school father oh yes we must see to that now already yes sir well last look around it have we lived in this house a very long time father let's see a year before the war four years after a long time for you kid all your life did my mother listen to father yes I knew she must have I wish I could remember sir what is it I don't know sir but we're leaving here for good you said never coming back and you feel you're leaving her behind is that it yes I know look kid just think of her of your mother as someone who once loved you very much someone you would have loved very much but she was still here will that help good boy now then off we go okay the small bag father not too much for you is it oh no sir fine on to Stanton that is six river road there it is kids either sign John velity and teeth you better stay here for a moment I'll run in and find out where we're going to bunk we can't be this time of day mr. verity in please mr. verity died this morning he died it was very sorry I've just come down you see I was to be his assistant yes he mentioned it the other day but without him there's nothing of course I'm sorry away from the shop mr. verity is dead kid died this morning so I'm sorry we just have to make the best of it are we going back to London sir well no you see kid let's go someplace we're being set down I like to have a talk we can't go back to London because we haven't any money I thought you had a right to know since we're well we're sort of partners you know I don't mind fine and kid I'm not gonna bother about the peace of my trousers anymore I mean keeping up appearances I don't care what the job is I'm gonna get it it may not be a gentleman's job but we need it you mind no sir I'll never write all right that's it then I was a little afraid you were going to be ashamed of me I'd never be ashamed of you sir yesterday and a long time before I was sort of a shabby gentleman but that's finished from now on we're going to make a living you may not be much just bread and butter I don't mind just bread and butter no jam no sir jam makes you sick sometimes somehow I think all this was worth it at least you and I know where we are and from now on I'm gonna tell you things kid no more make believe and I'll tell you things too father everything fine now suppose we find ourselves some diggings and I'll go out look around for some work there must be something yes sir and I'll unpack the bag while you go kid I'm back kid anything sir I have a job kid I'm a porter at the angel hotel you're a new porter that's right mr. porphy engage me last night yes well you might as well know first off that my husband doesn't engage anybody I run this hotel oh I understood it was definite it's definite that we need a porter but I'm not sure you're the type I'd like the chance what's your trouble been is that any business of yours perhaps not but you say you'd like this job are you married not now but I have a boy this will be rather a come down for you won't it that's my affair what is the job please well of course you're pretty raw the main thing is you won't be able to put on any airs the man who cleans the boots in my hotel doesn't put on airs point number one I clean the boots and carry up the luggage yes keep an eye on the yard and the garage then there's the bar you'll have to scrub that out every morning I see and lend a hand sometimes with the drinks right anything else oh any odd job I may want done and you will call me madam very well madam you'll live in of course and what about my boy please I'm not engaging a boy you can put him out to board somewhere and he can go to school here in the town what I planned on having him it's up to you sorrow I can feel this place ten times over in off an hour well you take it or won't show I'll take it even once cleaning I was just finished number six madam I was talking about seven do it right away see that you do and wipe off the matter there's lipstick on it the missus says you to carry up that drunk to number four yes as soon as I'm done here I can't do everything at once I know she's a hard one to satisfy I've been married to her for ten years and I know don't let her kill you ma'am have you brought the greens in in a minute cook I've got a trunk to carry up I can't start the supper to get the green I know I know yes trees are full again sorrow sorrow we've got a minute to sweep the floor I need to know where the glasses are sorry I've got just on my way out of an hour off this afternoon oh well you deserve it Stephen you deserve it thanks hello son let's see you well looks as if Mrs. Barters feeding you pretty well oh yes sir have you watched time walk the whole hour what about a walk you should go down to the river sir the river it is come on up at the hotel oh I'm getting used to it but it's hard isn't it it is a bit why oh nothing well shall we sit down sir I think I'm getting tired you mean you think I'm tired don't you all right you know it may not be so very long what I've been thinking about it not you know after school thinking about what well I can start work at 15 I hope not son why father I'm going for a kid most people go fast too fast like cabbages see that tree over there beautiful isn't it well that tree wasn't in a hurry and we're not going to be in a hurry but with you working so hard and doing everything I'd like to help too but you do you see your job is to go to school and learn things your job is to grow up strong and decent so I'll never have to worry about you my job well my job is to see that you do your job is that too mixed up let's put it this way I want you to have a chance a good chance to do worthwhile things if you get that chance and if I can help make it for you I'll be very happy oh you'll hear a lot of talk about the school of hard knocks I believe that too some but don't ever get the idea that it's the only way to learn you don't have to cut your hand to find out it'll be and if you can learn through someone else why you're just so much ahead of the game but but I'll be learning through you you'll be taking all the knocks for me well kid I haven't been a father so very long and I can't be sure but I have an idea that that's the way it should be this will do a bit of a hole but it's only for one night I'm tired yes you mentioned that before evening sir evening madam evening want a room please best you have right sir so luggage I mean where's the bar please right inside sir for heaven take Harry do you have to start in right away you've started again too let me alone what room Mr. Paul free number three will you want all the bags madam or just no no just the two small ones very good madam bring them right away just put them down anywhere well how are you Stephen very well so you're the porter here yes forgive me for being surprised it was something of a shock my being a porter seeing you again I was just a little glad that Harry had gone inside by the way would you like to be introduced to my second how long are you staying here oh just the night don't get windy Stephen Harry doesn't know you from Adam we'll leave it at that you've done quite well for yourself I see yes Harry's very generous I said how's kit it's very well thank you is he here no it's cool no use asking you none at all I am his mother you know it always considered a mother's right to see her child he must ask about me at times he thinks you're dead he thinks that was hardly fair of you Stephen what would you like me to tell him that his mother left me because she thought I was a weakling because I couldn't give her the nice easy thing she wanted that she divorced me because another man was better to fit in to care for her than I was when you left kit and me was my job to bring him up to do that I needed his respect I think I have it until he finds out that you lied to him he will find out someday you know I hope you'll be old enough then to understand until that time he won't need a mother you have an ideal which I could hardly fulfill I suppose well you've settled it I see temporarily anyhow you're not going to pretend that you miss him I'll be honest no I I haven't had time you never had time did you daughter I'll have to go goodbye wait Stephen yes here take this it's for kids why I'm something nice you won't have to mention me goodbye Stephen oh yes yes I'm all set here the lady gave me this lady why it's I say two bands we'll split it might I off and off I might I know you can keep the lot I don't need it during this short intermission before Mr. DeMille brings you Herbert Marshall Richard Carlson and Karen Morley in act two of sorrow and son we have a very important announcement to make one that affects every woman in our audience I know that millions of you have been using Lux Flakes every day for years and I've heard plenty of you say how marvelous Lux is but wonderful care it gives your washables but that didn't satisfy us we wanted to make Lux Flakes even more perfect women said it couldn't be done because Lux was already so very very good but all the time they were talking we were trying to figure out a way to do it we couldn't make Lux any pure we couldn't make it any safer but there was one thing we could do we could make it faster and that's just what we've done that's our big news for tonight we've added a new ingredient that speeds up the action of Lux Flakes so that you get faster suds and when I say faster I mean just that it's simply astounding how fast you get suds with new quick Lux I wish you'd try it right away your dealer has it now the same familiar Lux box I have tried it mr. Rueick and I think it's simply marvelous I could hardly believe my eyes the way at first in the suds the very minute I turned on the water well no wonder Sally new quick Lux is three times faster by actual test in water as cool as your hand new quick Lux dissolves three times faster than any of ten other leading soaps tested flakes chips beads or bars I can believe it why I've never seen anything like it you should see the suds I got and ounce for ounce new quick Lux gives you more suds than any of the ten other soaps tested a little goes so far that's why we say new quick Lux is so very thrifty why it cost almost nothing to use faster suds and more suds and the new quick Lux has the same famous Lux safety you've always known certainly is grand well there's no harmful alkali to hurt any color or fabric that's safe in plain water it helps your stockings under things dresses blouses and sweaters stay new looking longer I hope every one of you will try a new quick Lux right away simply marvelous I know because I've tried it I think it's grand and I'm sure you will too remember the Lux your dealer now carries is new quick Lux it comes in the same familiar Lux box ask your dealer tomorrow for a thrifty large box of new quick Lux now our producer Mr. DeMille act two of sorrow and son starring Herbert Marshall as Steven Sorrell with Richard Carlson Karen Mawley and Clifford Saverne Junior the months go by and Sorrell under the unaccustomed strain of physical work grows thin and haggard but his plans for kit keep him doggedly at the job never faltering never complaining and now a bright spot appears on the dull horizon he rather mysterious stranger at the end Thomas Rowland from London between Sorrell and the soft-spoken guest has grown a quiet bond of sympathy and understanding good morning sir what are you doing here so hiding up sir why didn't mean in this room I mean what are you doing in this job I have a boy the job is a necessity place like this yes it must be in the army weren't you sorrow yes any decorations military class I got nothing but a mention in dispatchers what do you think of hotels Sorrell what's a hotel's the angel and a thousand others just like it what do you think of rather not say sir neither would I the drawers all stick never enough towels hot water variable dust under the rugs the kitchen's enough to turn a man's stomach then why live in them because I want to learn the things to be careful of when I open my hotel I see am I boring you not at all it's called a pelican and I hope it'll be everything these hotels aren't I'm putting all my capital into the show and I'm being extraordinarily careful in picking my people I want character conscience and pleasant faces I'll pay good wages and feed my people well I'll need two porters yes sir I have one already fellow named Buck he'll be the head porter yes sir my one piece of sentiment this fellow buck an ex- sergeant major he saved my life out there and I owe him his chance now what about it so do you think my job might be better than this one if you take me on I'll see that you don't regret it it's only second quarter I realize that you give me a chance to get out of this hole I'm grateful they say gratitude as a slave virtue then call it good wills are that's it Stephen every time to the pelican there's a bag in the back now want the trunk of the carrier right you are fucked my name sir Ed Porter anything you want just let me know I'll need that truck right away right you are here you are take the gentleman's trunk and step lively so he wants it right away step this way sir I can't carry that thing up alone here let me help you look up Mrs. Marks be careful you know sorrow this has got to stop here sit down a moment and rest I'm all right but you're not all right you've been doing bucks working your own ever since we opened he's the first porter Mrs. Marks no that doesn't entitle him to sit around on well it doesn't entitle him to a permanent vacation this housekeeper here I think it's my duty to tell Mr. Roland no no I'll work it out myself Mrs. Marks you'll kill yourself you mean why that buck would kill anybody to get out of a little work he's mean he thinks I'll break under it but I won't rather die than give in to him all right there all right there he's waiting for that trunk you know I'm getting it up as fast as I can you don't look very busy now me lad I was resting quite a load for one man oh I wouldn't say that it all depends on the man if you weren't strong enough for this kind of work you ought to say so well step lively man you won't want to wait all day for it the lazy lout probably pocketed the tip to does he ever share his tips with you know no he never look out Mrs. Marks I've got to get that trunk up I'll get it up if I break a rib bone in my Stephen Mrs. Marks Stephen what's wrong I hate to disturb you this time of night I one of the few might have some sleeping pills or something are you a little pain in my side how long have you had it just this evening you've hurt yourself with those tracks I knew you would well I'm going to call the doctor no no please it's not that bad I'm going to just to see him anything wrong for Stephen's sick Mr. Roland and and he won't let me call the doctor it's nothing at all I just let me see you he's feel as a go sir go back to your room subtle I'll have Dr. Harvey in but it's only run along will you just a place say very well sir thank you do you have Harvey's number Mrs. Marks he taught to be in this book Mr. Roland I've been meaning to tell you about sorrow I know Mrs. Marks about he's not being strong no about bucks share all the work I do see things Mrs. Marks I'm not asleep I wonder now let's have that number you may have to take it easy for a little while I'll try doctor if you're not feeling really better tomorrow come and see me is there anything I can do sir oh hello your boy solo yes looks like you fine boy is there anything sir well now let's see you might make sure he takes his medicine regularly yes sir I will spend it well good night good night doctor good night sir you feel better father of course you always feel better after you have a doctor and did you know that no sir true well no I really think of what I believe it is with most doctors anyway the unknown that makes people feel bad I had a nasty pain it worried me doctor came in and so it wasn't so serious and well here I am feeling better I liked him did you so did I must be nice being a doctor I mean making people well yeah I should think they'd like it ever so much with everybody sort of a pending on them you feel pretty fine when a sick person gets well again you know father I think I'd like to be a doctor do you we'll have to talk some more about this son all right what about them barrels now I've been moving them out all morning all morning for a few barrels of ashes it's a past job you've got a ml add those places I work where the second quarter had moved them barrels in 10 minutes or move out perhaps the second quarter had help what's that and perhaps in the places you've worked the second quarter received some share of the tips what do you mean by that come on now what do you mean I seem to miss most of the tips that's not my fault man if people don't pass it over to you there must be a reason yes I expect there is they pull their tips in the dining room in the chamber maids pool there do you think I'd pull with the chap what works under me I've sweat it from my position my lad and I don't share out with the boot boy I do all the work I'm entitled something to the back of me and if you don't mind your tongue don't like it you can leave I won't leave I need this job and I also need the money that's coming to me if you that's the thing you get coming my lad you more is it you want more do you all right my lad see how you like get up sorrow what's this all about it was him started it sir he struck me sir I'm sorry I had to treat him a bit rough sir go into the office but I will speak to you yes right away sorrow yes I'm sorry sorrow but I had to be sure about back I'm not sure about it did you think I was asleep too I've given him the chance I promised him look it evening father oh just a couple of scratches I've news for you son that's gone well it's not that important but it'll make a difference I'll be able to give you something better than the town school now something that may be a better preparation for medicine you I had an idea that's in Benedict's might be just the thing for you oh I'm only a means to an end I've got an object in life I'm to be ended I know how hard you work I'll try not to waste your money sir come in evening sorrow evening sir sit down how's the boy I had a letter from him yesterday he's doing quite well it's in Benedict take a few days off and run up and see him thank you you'll need a bit of a vacation before you take over your new job new job I suppose you saved a little money so yes I yes I have a few hundred pounds it's for kids well let's talk business the pelican has paid well I'm going to open a second place and perhaps later a third the obvious thing is to turn the whole show into a company with shares held by a few interested people the Roland hotels how's that strike you should be a sound idea so I think you will be running the pelican I shall want you on the board of course you mean me to manage yes well it's a big jump from headquartered a manager a very big jump well shall we drink to it thank you still a bit flabbergasted here you are to the Roland hotels to the new manager of the pelican yes excuse me mr. Stephen Kittis here Stephen what kid he's in your room he can down from school in the back is he sick I don't believe so well what are you excuse me sir quite a surprise seeing you here yes sir you've left the school yes sir sit down don't see your bags I left them up there but I'd rather not go back sir I want to stay on here I could take private coaching sir or go back to the council town please father let me stay I always thought since Benedict was a pretty fine place kid what happened studies too hard no sir masters aren't down on you no sir then why cause if you'd rather not tell me the boy sir they don't like me and I don't like them no use going to school someplace where you don't get along that's why I want to stay here I'd like it ever so much better look at me kid you're running away from something aren't you I don't know what it is and I won't press you but I do know that turning tail won't solve it you can't solve anything that way you better face it and fight it I think you agree with that don't you yes sir what is it son can't you tell me they want to know about you sir they wanted to know what you did for a living yes sir I see and what did you tell them I said I said you were headquartered the pelican good boy I'm not ashamed of it sir I'm not of course you're not and you won your fight already don't you see you face the hard part of the task now go back and finish it see it through you've got to son for me understand for me very well sir I'll go back graduates is a young man who leaves in benedicts with several of our most coveted honors here's to enter Cambridge in the autumn will mr. Christopher Sorrell step forward please room 18 will you be staying long madam I'm not sure by the way the manager here is a mr. Sorrell isn't he yes madam I wonder if you'd ask him to see me later in my room of course thank you so long have you been manager here about four years you're not even surprised to see me I was on the porch when you drove up oh then you haven't read the register is there a surprise there oh you'll met it again yes I was Sam Pitts now I'm Dougan mr. Dougan died last December I suppose I shall remain Dougan is it necessary really that's very gallant of you Stephen not at all I'm grayer than you are you're older than I am that's not quite so gallant well we meet once more but not by accident this time now you're very clever Stephen I wanted to have a talk with you so I looked you up you don't mind Stephen certainly not funny thing life here we are like a couple of strangers you remember those days at Shanklin our honeymoon nearly 20 years ago and therefore dead you've never forgiven me have you for Stephen you married an explosive person but when a woman comes to a certain stage she begins to look back instead of forward do you think so of course it depends but a woman grows rather lonely you're talking about kit aren't you I'd like to know my son I'd like him to know me you think it was advantage oh I do I've got money everything I want I can have him help him have whatever he may want he's at Cambridge now in a few years he'll be a physician the thing he wants to do more than anything else in the world I can help him there too I have friends Stephen rich friends they make good patience do you think you can buy your son back after all this time there's little to be lost by trying then there's my side of the story to you know he may be interested in that he doesn't know mine yet then he still think you must be quite mad Stephen he still doesn't know no then I think it's time he did or are you afraid no daughter I'm not afraid in just a moment mr. DeMille brings you act three of sorrow and son with Herbert Marshall Richard Carlson and Karen Morley out in Glendale this morning a young bride rushed breathlessly to the telephone operator operator quick give me main 702-0-1 mother oh hello darling look I've only a moment but I've got to tell you the good news you know how wonderful Luxe is well you ought to try it now what's different it dissolves faster so much faster it's simply gorgeous it's in a second honestly so fast you'd never believe it the call up the grocer right now and order a box of the new quick Luxe you'll be thrilled to death good news has a way of traveling like wildfire and that's the way the news about new quick Luxe flakes is spreading one woman tries it and tells another they all say the same thing they thought Luxe flakes was so wonderful they couldn't be improved but we've done it Luxe was so very fine we couldn't make it purer or safer but we could make it faster the Luxe flakes your dealer now has is this wonderful new quick Luxe in the same familiar box contains a marvelous new ingredient that speeds up the suds while they're so fast they bubble up as soon as you turn on the water in water as cool as your hand new quick Luxe dissolves three times faster than any of 10 other leading soaps tested and ounce for ounce new quick Luxe gives you more suds than any of the 10 other soaps tested that's why it goes further in fact a little go so far you'll find new quick Luxe is thrifty very thrifty and it has the same marvelous safety it's made it famous for years there's no harmful alkali to hurt any color or fabric that's safe in plain water by a thrifty large box of new quick Luxe tomorrow and we're willing to wager you'll be telling your friends about it too it's so fast so thrifty and so safe we pause now for station identification this is the Columbia broadcasting system we continue our play sorrow and son two days of past and sorrow has gone to Cambridge to see kit in the quiet dormitory room the late afternoon sun streams through the open window where sorrow stands looking across the campus he and kid have been silent for some time almost unwilling to break the hush of the waning day I suppose you knew I had a reason for coming well I didn't quite expect you sir it's almost train time so I'll have to tell you quickly I'd rather you didn't speak it just listen and think it over when I'm gone what is it father a long time ago son we said we'd have no secrets well I haven't quite lived up to that bargain ever since you were a child I've told you all that you believe rather that your mother was dead well your mother isn't dead I spoke to her two days ago father please son I realize this is a shock for you but you mustn't think that because I've never mentioned her that there was anything wrong we just didn't get along together that's all she divorced me right after the war you were too young to know what it was all about and I didn't try to explain I'm not certain now that I was right in handling it that way but at the time it seemed best that's my only excuse kid you can judge it for yourself after you've had time to think it over your mother wants to see you kid gonna be hard on you just remember this just as hard for her right now there's nothing more I can say or tell you I know you'll be fair goodbye son dear father my mother came to see me today it's very strange to hear myself call her mother we talked for a while she invited me to her house in London she's having some people up to spend a few days I can't make up my mind whether I should go or not my dear boy go by all means if you wish you owe it to her and yourself after all she is your mother and she was my wife I know she will never come between us dear may I come in of course I was afraid you'd gone to bed no I'm not sleepy mother just reading I do hope you're having a good time darling did you enjoy the dance I invited Lola married especially for you she's very attractive yes the little devil she just told me in the drawing room that she thinks you're the most charmingly naive person she's ever met really I will never mind Lola now she's had you all evening right now you belong to me and tomorrow I have a wonderful day planned for all of us I'm afraid I've got to leave tomorrow darling there's no hurry well I I have my work you know I'm rather keen on it oh yes of course you're going to be tremendously clever as a surgeon kid I know it I see if you I see you even brought your books it looks wonderfully technical tell me about your work if well there's nothing to tell I I hope to be practicing in a few years I'll send you all my friends well I I rather planned on hospital work for quite a while it's good training I see go on I'm afraid that's all horrible we seem like strangers I'm sorry I don't see how it can be helped oh kid I know I must seem all wrong to you I do don't I know it's it's just I've been so long with father we are we understand each other I mean I know what you mean I'm an outsider it's just you and him together but I can understand too you've got to give me a chance I want you with me I've always wanted you you're my boy kid my son you know what that means you're my son he's poisoned you against me he's built your mind with lies and deceit he's made you see only his side what about mine it wasn't my fault that I couldn't love him it wasn't my fault that he wasn't strong enough to fight a man's battle now I've got to suffer for it you're leaving me you're going back to him I've got to go but no no you're my son I want to hear I want you with me I'm sorry mother I'm really your bag son thanks well enjoy yourself no not very much oh sorry I don't believe I don't think I'll go up there again father just as you like son and here is some great news father when I'm graduated in June I'll have a job already waiting for me the St. Martha's Hospital in London and to work under Sir Henry Orange who as you know is quite famous in surgery I think this calls for something of a celebration do you to Christopher subtle MD to Captain Steven Sorrell MC who made it all come true how's the work marvelous there's so much to be learned it frightens me but Sir Henry's encouraging not working too hard are you I don't think so why sir I thought you looked a little drawn surgeon has his problems especially a young one I dare say comfort to know I can turn to someone for advice so Henry you me I imagine you're a little grown up for my advice now you're on your own yes that's what makes it so difficult then there is something that all right son I'll do my best is it a woman I thought you'd know she's a nurse at the hospital it was very easily interfere with your job couldn't it I suppose so is that the most important thing it all depends probably not look father it's not just this girl there's nothing serious yet it's it's just well women in general it doesn't bother me so much up at Cambridge but down here in London yes I know it's like going about hungry and seeing a basket of food at every corner I suppose it's pretty low of me I've been through it too kid it isn't low but it can be low and mean sheep but I see beauty in woman father I know that can't be wrong look son go on seeing beauty in woman that's the way of life and it's a border natural way and just try to remember this don't ever hurt anybody I understand I can sit here and advise you over and over still I went and met at the wrong woman and yet she gave me you it's a whole prison model isn't it but if I had it all over again I'd say to myself don't hurry the hurry that makes things go smash our own hungry haste besides you know there must always be one right woman I suppose so now I have a sort of feeling that one goes something to her stick fast to that idea son it's a good one dear father you were right as always a few years of ago you told me there was one right woman and bringing her to see you soon her name is Molly Pantry you Christopher sorrow take this woman is your lawful wife to love honor and cherish to death do you part I do you Molly Pantry take this man come in dear we're almost ready to be I'll come down and see you off you're going to make him very happy you know that don't you money I'm going to try I don't think it's a place we're going to meet thanks so much no it's just a bride so you'll learn to like your father-in-law I think I learned to like him a long time ago when I learned to love you're very sweet money are you coming down come along you'll have to learn not to keep your husband waiting good bye father thanks for everything goodbye son have a good time goodbye Molly goodbye we'll write every day I won't expect it well there goes your partner sorrel it'll be a long time before the back you are I say so what's the matter just just the old pain it'll be gone in a moment come inside man you're sick no just let me hold on a moment I don't want to be the ghost of the feast you see the doctor yes I just spoke to him now don't try to get up why didn't you tell us how long have you been sick I sold Harvey about a year ago he was very kind to me he didn't tell me the truth but I think I knew subtle I'm going to write to Kit he ought to be here no no not yet there's time yet I don't want to spoil anything and Roland yes don't worry about it I'll let you know when to tell him cable to mr. Christopher sorrow who told you pray lahav France your father ill advise you return at once signed Roland very sick will he you're going to leave we'll have to operate after that there's no telling but he'll never be well again not really well no a man has to live that's medicine that's a doctor's job to keep the body alive at any price keep it moving keep it breathing it's all right not losing my grip I mustn't know yes very well that you kid yes anything I can do I don't I don't think so father why didn't you tell me I should have known the day of the wedding but when I asked you you you said I lied to you I broke the bargain again son you let me go off like like a blind fool was my pleasure don't spoil it for me kid yes I'm asking you to keep the bargain how long would you say I had please harm the son we faced everything together I'm not afraid of this how long we're going to operate tonight so Henry should be here any minute he's been very successful with this sort of thing how long kid a month three months a year of the most I I don't know sir I'll be an invalid one time yes don't look so miserable kid I expected it but now I want to ask a favor it's a great favor kid one that will take all your courage yes kid nature has a way of dealing with the old and the sick and with people in pain it's a kind way sometimes she lets them die father don't operate kid but don't keep me alive in pain and suffering father you don't know what you're saying but I do son I told you it would take all your courage I want you to have the courage to let me die now before pain has taken everything human out of me father I can't do that I can't kid listen to me I know man I'm tired I could sleep now the pain's gone a little tomorrow it'll be there again and the day after day after that I know what I'm asking it's the greatest thing and the hardest thing I've ever asked of you please don't fail me let me sleep a kid let me rest please all right father thank you my boy if you don't mind I'll close my eyes now perhaps I'll dream a little it'll be a good team turn off the lights sir thank you good night good night son will you call sir Henry mr. Rowland tell him not to come please kid is he kid he's going to sleep the last act of sorrow and sudden in a moment our stars returned for a curtain call a new year starts today and we hope that it brings peace and prosperity and all manner of good things to you and your family it seems especially fitting on the first day of the year to bring you the news of new quick Lux Flakes because this new improved product will make your tasks easier in 1940 we want you to try new quick Lux tomorrow and see for yourself how really wonderful it is new quick Lux is faster it suds in a second in water as cool as your hand new quick Lux dissolves three times faster than any of ten other leading soaps tested and you get such quantities of rich active suds our actual test you get more suds ounce for ounce than from any other soap tested that's why we say a little go so far new quick Lux is thrifty thrifty for all the soap and water tasks you have every day it's safe for everything safe in plain water your pretty frocks sweaters blouses and dainty under things stay new looking longer because new quick Lux has no harmful alkali to fade washable colors or fabrics the Lux Flakes your dealer now carries his new quick Lux in the familiar Lux package ask him for a large box of new quick Lux the first thing tomorrow morning now mr. DeMille is bringing our stars back to the microphone I can't think of a better way to start the new year than welcoming three people like Herbert Marshall Richard Carlson and Karen Morley back to our stage for a curtain call made any resolutions yet CB yes I've resolved that you won't be permitted to take such a long vacation from this microphone in 1940 have you made any resolutions but no I didn't make any and so far I've kept them all what about you Karen well I've resolved to develop my automobile manner is 1940 absolutely if polite driving a car I would be well and talking to a producer the Emily post of the traffic jam Richard let's hear from you I'll nominate Karen for woman of the year if she sticks to that resolution I've been wondering how this business of celebrating new years started an old historian like you ought to know mr. DeMille well contrary to the popular belief it was it was not a nightclub proprietor who began it but one of the old Roman emperors when he's probably turning over in his catacomb right now wondering how they get so many people out to see the gladiators in the Rose Bowl if it hadn't been for the emperor we'd have had one less holiday so here's to him even if his gladiators didn't have the box office draw of USC in Tennessee by the way mr. DeMille what's the draw in the Lux Radio Theatre next week next Monday night we're going to present the two stars who won the two Academy Awards last year Spencer Tracy and Betty Davis our play is dark victory it's the dramatic love story of a brilliant doctor and a society girl who learns that money won't buy everything with Betty Davis and Spencer Tracy in the leading roles dark victory will be brought to you by two of the finest dramatic artists of our day that calls for a red letter on the calendar CB good night and a happy new year good night good night good night good night may this new year be happier than the happiest new year you've ever had in city apartments and snowbound farmhouses the fine old American custom of open house has been king today it's a friendly tradition and we always think of the Lux Radio Theatre as an open house to you not only on this New Year's Monday night but on every Monday night through the whole year our wish for you is a full measure of joy and prosperity in 1940 our promise to you is that we'll try to add to your happiness with an increasingly high standard of entertainment in the Lux Radio Theatre and our feeling for you whoever you are and wherever you may be his real friendship sealed with a national handshake our sponsors the makers of Lux Flakes join me in inviting you to be with us again next Monday night when the Lux Radio Theatre presents Betty Davis and Spencer Tracy in dark victory this is Cecil B. DeMille saying good night to you from Hollywood they were Eric Snowden has rolled in Vernon Steel as Buck Mary Gordon as Mrs. Marks Claire Videra as Mrs. Paltry Kathleen Fitzers Molly Thomas Mills as Mr. Paltry Gloria Gordon as Mrs. Verity Jack Lewis as Sam Fitz Dr. Severn as Dr. Harvey and Thomas B. Bairn Smith as Hotel clerk Richard Carlson will soon be seen in the RKO release and so goodbye our music was directed by Lewis Silvers and your announcer has been Melville Ruick this is the Columbia Broadcasting System


Guillermo Salatier, Director of International Services at HSI, and I am your host today for Perspectives on Energy. And welcome. Today, we'll be talking about, basically, power systems for the rest of us. It is a second in the series of an intro on power systems and fundamentals, right? And welcome to the show. And I know we had the part one a couple of weeks ago, this would be a part two. So thank you once again. Thank you for joining us. And we'll jump right in. So hopefully this, the whole purpose of these series of this one and then last part one really is to get personnel or viewers that are not in the actual energy industry or in the electric utility industry, more familiar with how these systems operate, specifically to get them a better, a better grasp on how this all works, and to give them an understanding of how the language of vernacular the fundamentals in a power system or the grid or how the electric utility work, how systems work so they can get, be better prepared to whether they're engaging in conversations, dialogue, even policymaking or legislation. So hopefully this is helpful on that. There's again, this is just a very small slice of all the content and knowledge areas. But hopefully this gets people in the right direction and it gives them an idea of how these systems work. And let's go ahead and go to the next slide. So I believe I may have had this earlier on in the previous week, but this is an example of how a system generally works, right? You have a generation station over there on the left in black that had then you have a step of transformer. You have in blue is your transmission system, which is the lines that everybody complains about all the high voltage power lines, typical NIMBY problems that we encounter, not in my backyard. And those are things that are very large, unsightly, they take up a lot of space and a lot of real estate. But you need them. They're a vital part of the grid. You need those to be able to move power from a lot, not just one, but several power plants, interconnect the power plants over to where the load is at. And the load is usually everything on the right, all those different customers, whether they're the residential customers, industrial, commercial, and things along the way. Now, mind you, everything in blue is usually stepped up to high voltage. So in black, we start with the generators and they usually start at a lower voltage because of the five of the ways designed. It's easier to design these systems such that they generate power at a low voltage and they step it up. And then the reason I step it up is because easier to transport power across some vast distances. And you also don't need to build infrastructure so thick. In other words, you're moving a lot of electrons without the need to make the conductor so thick. So it's economies of scale and also makes it a lot more economic. Also the fact that it's easier to manage high voltages than it is to manage high current. Remember current, the equation power is equal to voltage times current. So higher the voltage, the lower the current gets to be, and you get the same amount of power. In a nutshell, I mean, AC circuits have a little bit of differences too compared to DC circuits, but that's basically inheriting the basic concept. There's different levels, 138 kilovolts, 1,000 volts, 130,000 volts, all the way up to 765,000 volts. I very have voltage transmission lines that of course just move across vast distances. And then at some point, when you get to the green portion, you get to stations where they step it down. And the reason they step that voltage down is so they can move that into the different areas more like your neighborhood, right? All the power lines you find that are not that tall, they're sitting either in your backyard and in your streets.  And that's why it's written, it's painted in green in this diagram. Now mind you, this is one, this is a single two-dimensional cross-section of the grid. In reality, this is many dimensions deep, right? Because it is a grid and there's many power plants attached to many different layers of that blue stuff, right? Of that blue transmission grid. Now at many different points from that blue transmission grid, you have many points where you have those substations that don't transformers, where you're stepping down from transmission voltage down to distribution voltage. And that's usually anywhere you have the load center, right? And that's why that works. So with that in mind, let's make sure we understand, right, that this is a very vast, big system and it's all interconnected, right? Now in places like Hawaii, right, you're going to have islands, literal islands, but then you also have a lot of electrical islands where each island by itself is its own system with its own little, it's also the generators, it's also the load, and they're not interconnected, you know, like they are, for example, in the mainland where a power station in Florida is electrically connected all the way to through the grid to a power station all the way in like Maine or New York. And all that offers support. Whereas in a smaller island like in Hawaii, any one of the different islands, they're more subject and vulnerable to disturbances. And which is when we'll show that in the next few slides coming up. Next slide, please. So talk about that a little bit. Now we have, of course, the operations. We also have a regulatory environment and we just touched on that briefly the last time, but really it's part of not into generation, transmission and distribution. And in between those, you have transformers where they either step the voltage up and they step it down. And that is in a nutshell how the power grid is basically segmented or divided. Now on the distribution side, you're going to be seeing more and more of the distributed energy resources, which is solar and batteries and everything happening behind the meter for a lot of the customers, right? Residential, commercial, industrial. And that will be a new age in our industry. But it's still developing and I'm curious to see what will happen. Next slide, please. And that's illustrated here, right? We're seeing different inverters you see in green in the slide. So everything with that circle on the left, for example, those are all power plants and it depicts a present configuration. You're going to see more and more of these inverter-based resources popping up everywhere, some large, some small, but a lot of them are contributing to the grid. As you see more of those, you're going to see an interesting change in the behavior of the grid as you have disturbances and then some reliability, which is why you have new standards on these inverter-based resources. But I think ultimately you're going to see some of those as well on the residential side where customers behind the meters will be producing power and sending power back to the grid through the distribution site into the transmission system. So it'll be a real different change whereas power is going to flow back the other way in a way that it never has before. So it'll be a really interesting challenge and it's exciting and we'll see what the future holds here. Next slide, please, number five. Right, so generator, right? So as you can see, most generators are connected at this here. We're only showing two of them across one bus, but in reality there's like hundreds and thousands of generators across the entire system. Most of them have the same angle, same frequency, and their balance. Problem is that when you have a generator that's unbalanced or several generators unbalanced, the primary symptom of that sort of imbalance that usually manifests in the fact that the angles are changing between one and the next. They could be either operating at slightly different frequency or they are worse oscillating back and forth for the angle changes. And what you see here basically is that you notice at the rotor angle between one and the other slightly different, well that changes the way they produce power. And if these angles begin to oscillate back and forth, usually on a weird undamped oscillation, you could pretty much work your way into a blackout if that isn't arrested. And there isn't some place to be able to control that, whether they're automatically regulators or more importantly the power system stabilizers. But an unbalanced system usually can be brought about by a simple disturbance. Now the more generators you have in the system, spinning around the same speed and the same frequency, same angle, the more stable you are. As you begin to remove some of those and replace them with like invertebrate resources, this unbalanced situation tends to happen a little bit more often. So I'm going to keep in mind. Next slide please. So here on assistant demand and generator loading, it's basically what we're looking at as far as a typical day in this case from like midnight all the way out to like minutes and midnight and two hour increments. And what it is looking at, for example, your load curve in blue, your X, your generation capacity in green and how the different horizontal bars, units one, two, three, and four, five, six, seven, they are basically units that are run at different times depending on what you need. So when you see unit one, for example, that thing runs pretty much all the time. So those unit two until midnight. And in midnight, that unit kind of basically either backs down or shuts off. Units three and four, they will either back up and shut down. And then units five, six, and seven, those are run as needed. So what's happening now, as you can imagine, units one and two are pretty much inexpensive to run once you're running, but they're very expensive to shut down and start up again.  But the problem is, remember, it's everything has a startup on a shutdown cost. Mind you, one and two have a very expensive startup and shutdown cost, but their cost of running is really, really inexpensive. Relatives with the other units, this is why they kept running all the time. These are known as base load units. So if you are now forced to shut these down, that's maybe twice a day or something, or back them down because you have a lot of exercise generation renewables, then you are then incurring a cost, which is rather significant, and measured in a number of ways, whether it's maintenance, fuel, emissions, and a bunch of different problems. Also remember, as you're shutting these off, you're losing a lot of system inertia, and that's just cycling them off and on. And on top of that, some of these units have a limit to the number of times they can start up and shut down in one day. So one thing to remember, these units are usually running at excess capacity. It's anything that's above that green line that's curving, and then that is your load curve for the day, meaning behaviors, as we, for example, as a society, as an economy, as an infrastructure, we wake up, usually four o'clock, or somebody were getting up, so it's like everybody gets up for six to ten, everybody's either driving or work. Then at ten, I guess that's when all the renewable resources come in, sunlight, wind backs down, and then later on five, all that disappears, and then everybody goes home, turns on their, they call it the cooking peak. A little bit later, you have the lighting peak, which is the sun sets, when you have all the lights turning on, and then everybody kind of stays up for like eight or nine, and then at nine p.m., everybody just goes to bed, and that's where the load begins to drop off again, and then it repeats again the next day.  Next slide, please.  You've got to remember, right, the reason they burn the coal is just really it's actually generate heat to heat up that boiler, where you have water going through some pipes, and those boiler tubes they call them, and then eventually that water heats up, becomes superheated steam, goes through the steam lines, spins a turbine off to the right, and that turbine is mechanically connected to the generator, as that turbine spins at a certain specific speed, that generator produces electricity, and then the electricity goes off to the step of transformer, and you have power. This is one example, not every, most of the power plants are the same from the boiler off to the right, they usually have some kind of heat source that's heating water, with the steam, to spin a steam turbine, it spins a generator, and that's how your water is produced, so the less of that heat source that varies, that can be nuclear, that can be gas, that can be some other different kind of thing, but this is your typical boiler fired steam turbine generator, and power plant in this case is coal fired, but usually these boilers pretty much you need a heat source to heat up that water to create steam. All right, let's go to the next slide, and as a close up some more, more simplified, this is of course a combustion turbine, and here what they've done is that they basically replaced all that steam, and what they do instead is actually treat this like a jet engine, so they're putting fuel into these turbines, and then they're compressing the air, igniting it, and then now it's spinning like a jet engine, again this is still connected to a generator to produce electricity, but the spinning of the turbine here is done with actual combustion, and combustion turbine, and it operates like a jet engine basically, so it takes in air, it's compressed, it's mixed in with fuel, it's ignited, spins this turbine along the shaft, and as it spins then they have exhaust coming out the other end which is hot, keep that in mind, this is wasted heat for now, we'll recover that in a different type of process, but this is a very simple cycle they call it, and there's a combustion turbine, and these are really really quick, they start them immediately whenever they need them, they're expensive in some cases right, but then what they do is they run them as needed, they shut them off when they don't need them anymore, and they're pretty handy to have around, and these will run anywhere between 30 or the way to like 200, 260 megawatts about right depending what they need, usually those are GE7FAs, I think they just make a lot of them in different sizes, but they're pretty much the same, and they dominate the industry quite a bit, most of these are gas fired, natural gas, and they're easily built, easily deployed, easily run, they do require maintenance quite a bit, you know with these turbine blades, but that's your combustion turbine power plant, otherwise known as a simple cycle, what are the next sites please, so now we go from simple cycle to combined cycle, and here we have like a very, the first stage is the same as your simple cycle combustion turbine, except you know here you are capturing that heat, right, so this first stage is connected to a generator and it's running, but then the exhaust gases are captured, and remember the whole boiler thing that I showed you earlier was the same thing, that those exhaust gases are heating up all this like water and tubes in this boiler, those boiler pipes it would create are capturing steam, the steam turns to turns that the steam turbine, and that steam turbine then spins the generator to produce electricity from this heat that otherwise would have been wasted and bent into the atmosphere, so this is called a combined cycle power plant, and that whole second stage where you have that boiler is called the heresy, it's a heat recovery steam generator, so this is a very efficient system, great to have, and there are a lot of them in the grid out in the U.S. in the world, take a little bit longer to build, but they're highly efficient, the problem with them is that cycling them off and on is a little bit more involved, and it incurs quite a bit of a cost, and then they do cycle them off often, but not as often as the simple cycle CTs, right, and certainly not like these, but they will cycle these before they cycle a base load unit, okay, next slide please, okay, now here we go with the nuclear power plant, an example here basically is you're using a nuclear reaction to basically heat up water, and you're heating up water to the point that you create steam, that steam goes to the steam, the steam is an steam generator, spins the steam turbine, steam turbine then spins the generator and you get power, same thing as before with the whole boiler system, right, but you're heating up water to spend the steam turbine, so again what you've changed here is the heat source once again, right, let's go to the next slide, okay, so there's different types, there's a pressurized water reactor and this is pretty much most of the western world has this so much safer system, not your Chernobyl's, and in this case you have a containment building, right, which pretty much prevents a meltdown, contains a steam blast, whatever that is, and you have, for example, you're reacting with the control rods, that's where you have the nuclear material and then there you have a lot of heat generated and water is running through there, you see the pump down there, you have a water line and that water runs in and out of that steam, out of that the, that reactor, and the steam generator is basically what that is, the heat exchange, where you have a lot of these pipes are wound together but the water is never coming in contact, the two different water circuits are not coming in contact, they exchange heat but they don't come in contact, so the steam line that goes outside that containment building is not radioactive, and which is important to keep in mind, now mind you, there are some losses here, considerable losses, it is not as efficient as the next system I will demonstrate, but in this case it's then from this point on, the turbine onwards is the same as the other boiler system, where you're just basically heating up steam to spend a turbine that in turn spends a generator that by any produces power, so this is a pressurized water reactor and so keep that in mind, it has a pressurized steam generator and that has a heat exchanger to heat up the steam or the steam line on the outside, next slide please, here we have a boiling water reactor and this is somewhat like Chernobyl's, a lot more efficient, but the problem is that you are now getting radioactive water coming out to the steam turbine and back into the containment area in the reactor core, so the issue here is that now the actual steam turbine is hot, hot meaning is radioactive, so again there's no losses as much as the pressurized water reactor, but this boiling water reactor is a lot more efficient but you also run the risk of having more exposure of those like radioisotopes and particles and radiation outside of the system, so again this is closer to the Chernobyl design and you don't see too many that use any more, but these two are the large-scale nuclear reactors or nuclear power plant in the US, the pressure of water reactors is designed that pretty much is dominated for decades and it's safer and that's what we see the most, okay next slide please, hydroelectric here, there's no heat going on, all you're using is the pressure of the water flowing from the reservoir out to those like those water turbines called the wicked gates and that turbine spins the generator and I can show you that in the next slide and the example here is you see the reservoir on the right with the dam remind you of that pressure down there's way higher than it is the surface so that pressure pretty much in there goes through these control flows the wicked gates and that spins that captain turbine that captain turbine has a shaft that is connected to a generator and that generator pretty much spins creates electricity and then that's stepped up with that voltage with that in voltage with that transformer and it goes off to the grid to fit pretty much everything else, mind you this is a very clean efficient and has zero emissions and it's renewable, but building one of these is a really huge undertaking as a capital project and it has a huge environmental impact when you dam up a river you pretty much float a whole valley and create a giant lake or reservoir but again this is a very very clean water source and reliable next slide please related to that you have a pump storage plant and it is it is the same design it has a reservoir it has an area to keep water but then you also have a in most cases you have this is like an open circuit type of a pump storage plant but the nice ones have like for example two different reservoirs one on the high level and one on the low level the way this works basically is that it moves water back and forth right so when you have the reservoir and the intake up there after the upper right hand corner that's like a regular hydroelectric dam you open the gates water flows out you generate power and then the discharge is all collected in this lower reservoir when you have excess power in the system then this generator becomes a pump it's reversible and then this pump begins to like pull water out of that lower reservoir and it pumps water up to the to the high reservoir and then you basically recharge your system right this is basically one of the oldest energy storage devices out there and a lot of them are making a comeback I know in places like West Virginia and some of the carolinas some of the areas are on the bluish mountains and in the and then even in some places up in the azores right they're using these systems to basically supplement you know their grid in lieu of buying expensive batteries now interesting thing about the what's about the Blue Ridge and the Appalachian mountain ranges that you used to have a lot of like coal mines there right and a lot of like open open open air pit mines that have giant pits that are not full of water and they're at different levels so these these particular bits of real estate can now be repurposed and leveraged and then converted to these like pump storage plants and there's quite a lot of them so there's a lot of opportunity to be able to deploy the system in places that have otherwise been abandoned right so there's there's a lot of hope that this could actually have a huge amount of like in the gigawatts of capacity but also be able to actually create a very very workable proven solid energy storage devices that are reliable and that can be used you know day in and day out pretty hopeful on that okay next slide please geothermal and we do have one in Hawaii and what that is really is that it's using it's using heat geothermal heat to to either heat of water or use some of the heat itself and the steam that's coming out to spin for example those steam turbines now these applications generally have also a lot of other district heating systems that they that that they're applied for the heat for example different homes in an area but then again these geothermal plants are also a useful resource to generate electricity and I know of a few that are in the Hawaii islands quite a lot of them as well in Iceland and Greenland and all parts of northern Europe but this is a very efficient system it's just susceptible to a lot of you know geological problems right whether you have a seismic issue or something like that but other than that it's definitely a very very efficient and clean renewable resource and the last slide when turbines uh these were somehow things have slowed down a little bit but I'm seeing a lot of offshore wind being installed which is probably the most efficient way to actually deploy these these resources but as you can see here there's quite a lot of mechanisms that are that that are in place in these nacelles right whether it's like you're changing the pitch of the blade you can feather them you can change the angle depending on the wind speed that's happening the wind speed is too high that you tend to just feather them and not and that really uh been as much because you run the risk of damaging the blades or the actual mask or actually falling over destroying it but if you look you know there's quite a bit of systems in there usually it's like a reduction gear or actually it's it's uh it's an it's an increasing gear where the blades put a certain speed but that by gearing makes the generator spin a lot faster and then it produces power but then it is produced back to DC and then at that point from DC it goes back to AC through an inverter it's really interesting how that works but again these things even though they're spinning they do not provide system inertia so always seem to keep always seem to keep in mind and then of course there's anything else these things all have like a limited useful life means about 15 20 years maybe less than that in some cases they need to be like dismantled and usually enough in length but for the most part they're they're pretty popular in the offshore wind usually at sea level all right so I think that is all we have for today hopefully we'll have another installment pretty soon and uh but thank you all for joining us and if you have any questions please feel free to put them in the comments below I'll try and get back to you and answer so thank you again and have a great afternoon we want to announce that think tech hawaii is moving into a new phase and will not be producing regular talk shows after april 30th we will retain our website and youtube channel and will accept new content on an ad hoc basis we are also developing a legacy archive program to provide continuing public access to our content if you can help us cover the costs of the transition and the development of our legacy archive program please make a donation on think tech away.com thanks so much aloha


Welcome to this session in which we discuss a C plus plus program which performs histogram equalization. Last time we had discussed the concept of associative arrays and saw how it could be used to calculate a histogram value more efficiently. Today we will use the various formulae for histogram equalization which we had studied in earlier sessions. Remember our discussion based on this Wikipedia article. So, we will use those formulae and write a program to improve the image contrast. We remember that we are doing this in the context. The explanations are in the context of an artificial image which is 8 by 8 image with these kind of pixel values. The original pixel values were these. Using these we know that the histogram values will be of this kind. We had also seen the cumulative distribution function values and in fact the formulae was to be used for doing the contrast improvement. Here are the formulae from the Wikipedia article. The equalization formula permits us to calculate a new value for every pixel value v. So, v is an existing pixel value in the current image. There is a formula which maps this v into H of v given by rounded value of v-th element of cdf minus the cdf min divided by the size of the image m by n minus cdf min and the whole thing multiplied by l minus 1. The equalization formula for our example image where l is 256 and m and n are 8. The minimum cdf value is 1 reduces to this simple formulae. Those of you are interested in understanding how this formulae came about are most welcome to study many more details available in both open source material and other books on image processing. The point I want to make here is that people who have worked out these details now permit us to go ahead and implement this formula or such algorithms to easily build our programs which will perform the necessary image enhancement. It is useful, but not essential to understand how these formulae have come. We only note that once we calculate the histogram, once we calculate the cumulative distribution function, then we simply have to apply this formula to get a new value for any image pixel value that exists in the current image. This is the formula that we need to implement in our program. Let us now look at the program which enhances the contrast. Here are a series of comments written at the beginning. You will notice that I have used a new notation not slash slash which has to be put in front of every line, but a comment which starts with slash star and ends with star slash. The advantage is I can write as many lines as I want as a part of the comment and the whole thing becomes a readable text. This is the beginning of my program after the standard include statements and I include the CMath library because I will require some mathematical computations here. These are the variables that I have declared. Notice two arrays image 500 by 500 will store the original image, new image 500 by 500 will store the new image after changing the pixel values to get my contrast enhancement. These three arrays which I use to store histogram, to store the cumulative distribution function values and to store what I call the equalizer. This equalizer is nothing but the value which we obtain after applying the formula. So, if a pixel value is say 58, I will just go to the 58 entry into this equalizer array and that value will be the new pixel value for the new image. I now read the image data, first I collect the size. Notice here that in see out statement I have used another interesting string back slash t. This is a special character which represents a tab character. You will notice in the program listing given in the courseware that the output contains values separated neatly by a tab. I now read the entire image I just need a nested iteration i equal to 0 to m and i equal to 0 to m minus 1 and 0 to n minus 1. The original image is also produced as an output just for you to verify that your data is correct. Next, I initialize all my table array elements of histogram CDFN equalizer to 0 because in these arrays now I will be accumulating different values through computations. So, a single iteration for i equal to 0 to 255 will set histogram CDFN equalizer arrays to 0 value. Next I calculate the histogram table entry. You will remember the method that we decided to use exploiting the associative properties of the image pixel values and the array elements that I need to compute new values for. So, I set up an array iteration 0 to m minus 1 0 to n minus 1. I scan all the elements of the picture array and I simply use the i comma jth element of image as an index in the histogram array and increment it. So, notice the simplest computation in a single nested iteration will get me the entire histogram value. Once I do that, I proceed to compute the cumulative distribution function. The cumulative distribution function is essentially the sum of the successive histogram elements up to that point. So, I start with the 0th value being the same as histogram 0 and then I keep adding every element of histogram into the previous value of CDF to get the new element for CDFN. This completes the calculations of cumulative distribution function. Now, I find the minimum non-zero value in the CDF table. You remember that this is required in the formula for calculating the mapping of a old value to a new value. I start with a minimum value of 255 which is actually the maximum value. Scan the entire array of CDF and find out its minimum. Notice that I need to find out minimum for non-zero value and therefore, the condition here cannot simply be i th element of CDF is less than min. I must also logically end it with i th element not equal to 0. If this condition is satisfied by a pixel, I put that value as the new minimum. This will get me the correct minimum value computed. Having done this, I am now ready to calculate entries into the equalizer table. Remember the formula, rounded value of CDF i minus min divided by M into N minus min into 256 minus 1. Please note that I convert this value into float to ensure that I get a floating point number which then is rounded off and this rounded value is assigned to the equalizer. So, what does equalizer i contain now? If a pixel value in the original image is i, then the equalizer i will give me the new image value. So, I again use the associative property of the equalizer array itself to calculate values of my new image. I run a scan for 0 to M minus 1, 0 to N minus 1. I look at every original image value i comma j th element. Use that as an index in the equalizer array to calculate the i comma j th element of the new image. Notice again how beautifully simple the computations are. In a single scan of image array, I convert every element of the image array into a new image array. Finally, I produce an output. Notice that here again I am using a backslash t to separate out values by a tap character. Notice that after printing every row there is a end of line. So, I will get a decent print out. So, you will see that this program will calculate the enhancement of contrast operation and the new image that we so get. In summary, we now wrote a program to enhance the contrast of a black and white image. This image program enhancement program is available in the courseware on your site. Thank you.


هذا حديث كان يتحدث عن الإمام البخاري في صحيحه في بكتب دعاة في بابو أفضل استغفار أفضل لأسكار الله وكذلك يتحدث again في بابو ما يقوله إذا أصبح ما يقوله عندما يأتي في الصحيحه. هذا هو من الصحيحه والأفضل الذي يقوله في الصحيحه في أفضل ما يسمى أمام أمام يوم والليلة الأشياء التي تفعلها كل صحيحه وأشياء التي تفعلها كل كل أفضل للصحيحه. now this term سيد الاستغفار سيد الاستغفار this indicates to us that this دعاة المتحدثة of the dua is the most comprehensive and the best way of asking for Allah's forgiveness because of all of the things that it contains and when we go through this دعاة إن شاء الله تعالى it will become clear the kind of humility you know be presenting yourself as being broken before Allah. these are all things that we spoken about in the etiquettes of dua and they're also things that come into play in this particular دعاة which is known as سيد الاستغفار the dua which is the best kind of seeking forgiveness from Allah. so let's go through this دعاة step by step and piece by piece to appreciate the many different etiquettes of دعاة that exist within this سيد الاستغفار the best way of asking for Allah's forgiveness at the beginning we say اللهمة وربي so first of all this دعاة begins with the praise of Allah and didn't we say one of the etiquettes of دعاة is to begin dua by praising Allah and by mentioning his names and attributes and it contains توصل it contains a form of seeking nearness to Allah through mentioning his names and attributes the first name that is mentioned in this دعاة اللهمة and many of the scholars as we said they said that the word Allah the name Allah is Allah's greatest name that is a mainstream opinion among many of the scholars of Islam that the name الله is Allah's greatest name and therefore it begins with certainly one of the greatest names of Allah if not the greatest names of Allah الله and then likewise it continues اللهمة انت ربي you are my lord now when we say انت ربي what do we benefit from this first of all we benefit from this that Allah سبحانه وتعالى he is our lord and he has all of the attributes of الروبوبية of lordship he created us sustains us he is the one who gives life and causes death he is the only one who answers the one who is desperate in in desperate need when they make دعاة that Allah سبحانه وتعالى is the one who nurtures us the one who looks after us the one who guides us the one who nurtures our إيمان and all of those meanings come within the statement اللهمة انت ربي or you are my lord اللهمة انت ربي لا إله إلا أنت or you are my lord there is no god worthy of worship but you this is another kind of توصل so we said the first kind of توصل we have in the دعاة is the توصل with Allah's names الله and our رب and then now we have لا إله إلا أنت this is a kind of توصل first of all you are praising Allah عز وجل that nobody deserves to be worshiped but him but you're also affirming your own belief and that is توصل through your belief and توصل through your good deeds that oh Allah i am asking you believing that there is no god worthy of worship but you practicing in my life that there is no god worthy of worship but you mean there is no one who can answer my دعاة but you because you are our رب and therefore there is no one that i will make دعاة too but you because no one else has the attributes of ربوبية that you have and that's the link between الربوبية والألوهية between Allah's lordship and between worshiping Allah that we worship Allah عز وجل alone and with no partner because of what Allah عز وجل describes himself with of his excellent and perfect names and attributes and actions Allah is the only one who creates we only make دعاة to Allah سبحانه وتعالى so from the point of view of الله's actions الربوبية الله is the only one who creates and sustains and provides and sends down rain and gives life and causes death and from the point of view of our actions we only make دعاة to him and we only pray to him we only make sajdah to him we only have love in our heart that is the love that you have for Allah is only for him and so on and so forth the trust that you have in Allah the reliance you have upon Allah عز وجل all of these are only for Allah say that my prayer and my sacrifice my life and my death for Allah lord of the worlds so here we have the link between الربوبية والألوهية mentioning both of them that Allah you are my رب you are my lord my creator provider sustainer the one who gives life and causes death the only one who answers دعاة لا إله إلا and there is no god worthy of worship but you therefore all of my دعاة will be only for you and all of my prayers will be only for you and all of my sacrifice will only be for you and so on so this joins between the توسل of Allah's names and attributes and the توسل of the good deeds and good actions that you do اللهم أنت ربي لا إله إلا أنت and لا إله إلا الله is one of the greatest things that you can use to come near to الله سبحانه وتعالى خلقتني you created me وانا عدك and i am your slave this contains the feeling of humility before الله سبحانه وتعالى خلقتني you created me and i am your slave and we know the slaves of Allah are of two categories those who are slaves of Allah and that is everyone is a slave of الله whether they whether they like it or not everyone is a slave of Allah إزوجل however there are some who choose to embrace that servitude and there are those who turn away and fight against that servitude ultimately whether they want it or not they are all of them are slaves of Allah all of them are slaves of Allah إزوجل this is the meaning that is found within the statement of Allah إزوجل إن كل من في السماوات والأرض إلا آتي الرحمن عبادة everyone in the heavens and the earth comes to our رحمن as a slave regardless of whether they have accepted that servitude and embraced it or not all of them come before Allah إزوجل as as slaves and yet there is an عبودية which is خاصة there is a kind of slavery and servitude which in which a person embraces that and submits to الله سبحانه وتعالى in Islam and that is the servitude which is intended in this دعاء أنا عبدك I am submitting to you in servitude in worship you created me and I recognize that I am a slave and I embrace that and I submit to that and I worship Allah إزوجل in that way so it contains a an embracing of of servitude to Allah سبحانه وتعالى and likewise it contains the humility and the being broken before Allah إزوجل a person presents themselves in a state of being broken a person presents themselves in a state of of humility in a state of need when someone says خلق تاني you created و أنا عبدك and I am your servant I am your slave and this contains that degree of of servitude and that expression of need that we said are from the essential elements of دعاء and from the things that made دعاء الدعاء هو العبادة دعاء is عباد because of that that servitude that is that is found within it and whenever we mention the creation of الله إزوجل that Allah is the creator and that Allah إزوجل is the sustainer and so on and so forth that is to lead us to the worship of الله إزوجل to lead us to recognize Allah's right to be worshiped and that's really what is intended here خلق تاني و أنا عبدك you created me and I recognize this and therefore I recognize that it is my duty to submit to you in servitude و أنا عبدك و أنا على عهدك و وعدك مستطعات and I am trying to stick to you to what you have what you have required from me my covenant with you and my promise that I made to you as much as I can و أنا على عهدك و وعدك مستطعات and I am or I have promise to you and taken a covenant with you that I will try to adhere to the requirements of إيمان and worshiping you and submitting to you as much as I can as much as I can and that there's indication in that that all of us as human beings we slip up we all slip up كلو بني آدم خطى all of the children of Adam make mistakes we all slip up that's something that is in human nature and the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم indicated this when he said إستقيمة ولا أنترسل stand upright in Islam but you'll not be able to achieve it perfectly and his statement سددو و قاربو do the right thing and come close to it as much as you can you won't be able to get everything 100% of the time however you do the best that you can you try the best that you can and you strive to do whatever you can to stick to the agreement and the covenant between you and between الله سبحانه وتعالى و أنا على عهدك و وعدك مستطعت I am standing firm upon what I have promised that I will do what I had the agreement that I have taken and I'm holding on to it as much as as much as possible so Allah is required from you إيمان الله سبحانه وتعالى has required from you various things that make up the religion and you are trying to do as much as as much as you can as much as you are able to do that also contains an element of humility and submissiveness before Allah and presenting yourself as being broken to Allah because when you say مستطعت you indicate العدز you indicate your inability and you indicate your weakness and the fact that you all have shortcomings that Allah I'm trying but I know that I haven't brought إيمان completely the way that you asked me to bring I know that I haven't brought all of the aspects of إيمان the way that you told me to bring it perfectly I have areas where I have fallen short I have areas where I wasn't able to do something because my ability is limited and I am weak so you present yourself as being weak you present yourself as being in need of Allah and you recognize that you are deserving of punishment and this only is such a great benefit for a person to recognize that they are they are falling short so many people when they when they speak or when they when they look at themselves and they reflect upon themselves they see that what I'm doing pretty much everything I need to do how does that compare و أنا على عاحتكة و وعدكة مستطعت I'm doing as just I'm just trying to do whatever I can to stick to your agreement recognizing that I haven't stuck to it and I have fallen short and therefore I need this forgiveness and that's an expression of need before Allah عز وجل و أنا على عاحتكة و وعدكة مستطعت أعوذ وبكة من شر ما صنعت I seek refuge with you from the evil of that which I have done this contains again a confession of of your mistakes and your sins and again so important when we say لا إله إلا and there is no god worthy of worship but you this entails that you confess your sins to Allah you don't confess your sins to anyone else look at the christians and the priests and so on when they go and they confess the person goes to the priest and says forgive me father for I have sinned who gave that priest right to forgive you who said that you are not better than them or they are not better than you but when in islam when you go and you confess your sins you confess it to Allah عز وجل I seek refuge with you or Allah from the evil that I have done I from repeating that evil from the consequences of that evil and that's one of the meanings of استغفار one of the core meanings of استغفار is to seek refuge with Allah from the consequences to ask Allah to cover up the consequences of what will happen of that sin because sins have consequences sins have consequences upon you upon your dunya your أخرة what happens to you your guidance and misguidance sins have consequences all of your sins have consequences when you ask Allah that I seek refuge with you or Allah protect me from the consequences of the evil that I have done this word أبو أمين أعترفه وأكره I confess and I admit to the blessings that you have given me when a person recognizes the blessings the minna of Allah عز وجل how Allah has blessed you and how الله عز وجل has given you and how Allah عز وجل even though you disobeyed him he kept on giving you and even though you turned away from him he kept forgiving you and even though you didn't do what he required from you he still gave you another chance and all of the other نعم who can say that they have thanked Allah for the blessings that he gave them I confess to you or Allah the blessings that you have given me I admit to them I accept that you have given me all of these blessings I don't deny them I don't say that they came from me or my hard work or what I was deserving of or because I was so good you gave me these blessings nothing but the grace of Allah عز وجل the pure grace of Allah that these blessings came to me like Allah عز وجل said ولكن الله حبب إليكم الإيمان وزينه في قلوبكم وكرها إليكم الكفر والفصوق والعسيان أولائك هم الراشدون فضلا من الله ونعمة والله عليم الحكيم الله has made iman beloved to you and he's made it something beautiful to your heart and he's made you hate to disbelieve to be disobedient to be defiant to be defiant or to be disobedient they are the rightly guided as a blessing from الله and a grace فضلا من الله is a grace from Allah and a and a blessing meaning that this state of iman that you have is from the blessings of الله سبحانه وتعالى from the blessings that Allah عز وجل gave purely from those blessings purely from those blessings that Allah gave you this not from something you deserve so when you confess to that it further increases your humility that oh الله you've given me so much you've given me more than i could ever explain and i haven't done what i was told to do with it i haven't thanked you for every one of those blessings the way that i was supposed to so this confession implies that أبو ألكبين عمتك علي وأبو أبي ذنبي and i confess to my sins i confess to my sins i confess to you the blessings that you have given to me all of the blessings the blessings that can't be the blessings that can't be counted of which disbelief is the greatest example of ingratitude than indeed my punishment is severe so a person accepts the blessings that الله عز وجل has given and they accept the fact that they have sinned what أبو أبي ذنبي i accept my sins that i haven't shown gratitude for the blessings in the most complete way i that connects the two that i haven't shown my haven't shown those blessings in the most complete way the second meaning is that i confess that i have sins so the first meaning is related to the نعمة the blessings that i confess that i haven't shown gratitude for those blessings the way that i should have and i confess to the presence of sins in my life in my deeds i confess to them i confess to them and this is so important to to achieve that state of humility and brokenness before الله that you see that you have sins you see your sins to be huge in the sight of الله عز وجل and you see your good deeds to be very very small and that leads to a person really humbling themselves before الله عز وجل and it's the reality at the end of the day that is what we are that is what human beings do and then after all of that فاغفر لي so forgive me so forgive me فاغفر لي and المغفرة asking الله to forgive you asking الله to forgive you is to ask الله عز وجل to cover up the consequences of your sin and as الله عز وجل said وما يغفر الذنوبة إلا الله who is it that forgives sins except الله عز وجل and then you say فا إنه لا يغفر الذنوبة إلا أنت there is no one who forgives sins except for you and that in itself that statement that there is no one who forgives sins except for you in itself is an indication or a cause for forgiveness that's itself a cause for forgiveness for the person who knows that they have a lot أنه له رب يغفر الذنب ويأخذ بذنب they know that they have a lord that forgives and a lord that punishes that الله عز وجل forgives and الله عز وجل can punish them and they know that no one can forgive their sins except الله عز وجل so in summary what can we take from this دعاء we can take from it affirmation that الله عز وجل alone is deserving of worship and servitude we can take from this the admission that الله سبحانه وتعالى is the lord and the creator we can take from this the acceptance of the fact that there is a covenant between you and between الله عز وجل we can take from this hope in what الله عز وجل has promised us when we perform the actions that we need to do we can take from this seeking refuge from the evil of what a person does against themselves or does to themselves we can take from this that blessings are to be attributed to الله سبحانه وتعالى the one who brought them into being and the one who gave them to whoever he wills سبحانه وتعالى we can take from this that the sins that we do and the mistakes that we do come from us and they are our fault and we can take from this a hope that الله سبحانه وتعالى will forgive us and that no one is able to forgive sins except الله سبحانه وتعالى and this is just just a few of the points that make this دعاء from سيدو الاستخفار from the great or the greatest and the best of the ways of asking out for الله's forgiveness that is what الله عز وجل made easy for me to mention in this episode and Allah عز وجل knows best والصلاة والسلام على نبينا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعي السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته how can you do a two second action right now that will give you a share of the reward of everything we're doing on this youtube channel simple like this video and click subscribe why it will allow youtube to recommend our videos to other users and imagine the huge amount of reward that could be waiting for you on the day of judgment if you did that with a sincere intention of spreading the Dean of Allah you'll be rewarded for every single person who benefits from one of our videos as a result of your like or subscribe that's an easy two second action that you definitely don't want to miss out on do it now click like and subscribe and don't forget to make that intention