Live from San Francisco. Extracting the signal from the noise. It's theCUBE covering Nimble Storage, the power of predictive analytics. Now your host, Jeff Frick and Stu Miniman. Hey, welcome back everybody. Jeff Frick here with theCUBE. We are live in downtown San Francisco at one charity at the Nimble Storage Predictive Flash launch. It's an exciting event. We just had a few key presentations with analysts, customers, some executives, and we're excited for our next guest who's out in the field, you know, getting it done, getting his hands dirty. Justin Giardina, the CTO of Island Internet Solutions. Welcome Justin. Thanks for having me. Absolutely, so welcome to theCUBE. So you're here, give everybody a little information on Island, who aren't familiar with the company. Okay, so Island was actually, we've been around for about 26 years now. Company was started in 1995. We have our roots in web hosting, co-location, managed data center services. And really for the first 10 or 11 years of the company, that was the main focus, that got us into about 50 to 60 data centers globally. In 2007. How many data centers? 50 to 60. 50 to 60. And around 2007 is actually when I came on board and our initial offering was to, before actually the cloud was a buzzword, was to actually offer a managed and enterprise grade hosting solution based on virtualization technology. So back then we had things like vSphere 3.5 and we saw really the dawn of all this virtualization stuff. But again, the main focus was to start taking some of these footprints out of these larger data centers, virtualize them. But also giving an enterprise level experience to the customer. So what does that mean? Things like VPNs, firewalling, multi-tenancy, things of that nature. So if you fast forward between 2007 and where we're at today, our main focus is infrastructure as a service still, disaster recovery as a service. We actually won some Gardner and Forster, things like the Magic Quadrant around DR as a service. And then last year we launched our infrastructure as a service with advanced security platform. So in this platform, you can do things like host VMs and whatnot, but we offer a whole suite of security services on top. So for instance, if you fail over to the Island Cloud or run a workload in the Island Cloud, you get things like intrusion detection, vulnerability scanning, anti-virus and so forth. And I promise this is the last thing I'll say, but on top of that, we have what we call our Cloud Console. So we have so many underlying pieces of infrastructure and APIs, things like vCenter, Ness's trend, Veeam, the whole gamut of the ecosystem.  Wow, so that was a lot of information, Justin. I'm wondering if you'll help unpack for us a little bit. Going from a managed hosting company to an infrastructure as a service provider, I mean, that's a very different skill set. And if you look at the value stack of what you're offering to your users, I mean, you're offering a lot more value and they're usually expecting pretty low prices. So can you talk through us, why you guys went through that transformation, what it took to go through the transformation, did you wholesale when you brought in bringing new people or how did that all come to be? So I think, I mean, if you rewind back to 2005, we started seeing things in the data center like power and space, price, things like that started diminishing. And then we really started seeing the uprising of virtual environment. So you started to see people in the enterprise say, oh, well, I have this web server, I have this low-key application that I'm a virtualized now. You know, I'm going to go ahead and try this, whether it was on the initial offering from BMWare, BMWare server, or actually ESX. And as far as the company goes, I mean, having roots in the hosting business and the data center business, it was actually not as hard as you would think because understanding that level of business, understanding things like SLAs, understanding customer support in remote data center environments really was a catalyst for us to get this. The trick was, how do we take and put out to the world the message of, okay, remember when you had a two-use server and you had 50 of those in Iraq? Well, hey, you don't need that anymore. We can give you this infrastructure at a reasonable cost as well as a high SLA. All right, so you've now got a global footprint with this. Can you talk a little bit about, what does your IT staff look like? What kind of skill sets do they have? And how many people do you have managing all these environments? Okay, so our company is rather small. We only have about 60 people. But I'll say that the success of our company goes back to our staff. We have a bunch of very, very smart people. And these people have allowed us to be able to automate things, to be able to really take advantage of all these APIs I talk about and really automate and streamline the IT process. So if we want to get into in the conversation, we can talk about how we term our pods and how we could take advantage of what technology is out there today. But we're very lean and mean. Yeah, so I guess how much of that has been in-house built and how much you leveraging open source tools and various projects that are out there? That's great. So as far as the underlying infrastructure, we're a Cisco UCS shop, as you know, we're a Nimble shop. We deal with the major vendors out there, Veeam, Zerto, VMware. And we do leverage their technology. The value we bring to the table is that we have developed a whole middleware platform on top of all these infrastructures. And we've written our own code using 100% open source software that we developed in-house. It's not something we outsourced or anything that actually talks to all these APIs and endpoints. And then we abstract all that data in our data warehouse. And we've actually written an API in front of our data warehouse that you can either program if you're a programmer or our portal can leverage this data to provide the analytics and data that a customer would need. Okay, and so how much do you leverage the predictive analytics that Nimble has? So for Nimble, I would say the InfoSight really plays true to the operation side of our business, meaning the guys who are running the underlying infrastructure. What I will say, though, is that when we leverage our own code and we can leverage Nimble's API, vCenter API, we're actually looking at all this data and presenting it to the customer so that they can make an intelligent decision. And that may turn into things like latency or IOPS from a storage level, or try to really compare that a VM is having trouble. Where is that trouble, right? All right, Ken, you talked to us a little bit about your users and how they're thinking about the services you offer. Are many of them ones that you had with hosting? What do they think of the likes of Amazon and Azure? How do those play into what you're doing? Sure, so I mean, you'll hear me say this many times. I think of Azure, Amazon, Rackspace, I think those are all great services. We're not out to pick fights with competing vendors, but we bring a different level of service to the table as a cloud provider than some of these other providers can provide. And what I mean by that is our full suite of products. Whereas a traditional user may go to Amazon, it's been up an instance, and it's got a public IP. We really don't see that as a need for enterprises. They may have a use case for that, but what an enterprise comes to us for is they have mission critical applications. I need things like an SLA. I need to be guaranteed uptime. I need to be guaranteed performance. And oh, by the way, I have this multi-tenant application, it's on totally different networks. I have a load balancer, I have VPNs. These are very complex architectures. So what we bring to the table is we can entertain those types of deals using software-based stacks, software-based networking, and the whole gamut of things we can get into. But that's where we differentiate ourselves in the cloud. And so are you helping them migrate some of that legacy stuff into your cloud to operate it as a cloud? Definitely. So we partner with Veeam and Zerdo, so sometimes customers will leverage those technologies to migrate into the cloud. But we've also written internally a way for a customer to actually maybe create an OVA from vCenter or Hyper-V or export a VM from Hyper-V and actually import that into our cloud. But we also, what's a little bit different about us is we also allow the reverse to be true. So whereas you hear about the Hotel California thing with Amazon, you can go in, but you can never leave. With us, we actually allow the customer to import and export from the cloud. Well, the other conversation we have a lot is, obviously Greenfield, new applications, new opportunities, it's easy to spin it up, make it kind of cloud native. But there's all this old stuff that's running businesses that may or may not make sense to migrate to a cloud, may or may not make sense to get that cloud economics. But in theory, if you could easily, cloud economics offers a lot of benefits, but it's this migration issue that is not easy. That's what we hear a lot about when customers come to us. There's cloud native applications. So we run an open source product called Cassandra. And this is the backend and powerhouse of our data warehouse, right? That application is made to be in something like Amazon. So for instance, there's multiple nodes, nodes can fail. You don't get that kind of stuff with exchange, right? You may be able to set up an HA cluster or a SQL, you may be able to do HA, but it's not cloud native. So what we're starting to see is, A, the larger vendors are coming up with scalable applications to do that. But for the time being, guys that are in their enterprise on legacy applications, we're making it easy for them to get it into the cloud, also extend their data center into us. They might be a VPN or maybe a private line and really helping them accommodate that move. So they feel less like, hey, I'm putting this somewhere and I have no control over it. Yeah, so Justin, I'm wondering if you can speak a little bit about the partnerships of some of your infrastructure providers. So, obviously Nimble, but you're also heavily involved with VMware and Cisco. Does Cisco InterCloud, VMware vCloud Air Network, are those tie into what you're doing? And they're kind of early in their journey to cloud and I'm curious how the partnerships with those three companies specifically work. Definitely, so we're a Cisco CMSP, we're also a VMware vCloud Air Network provider. We've been working with VMware for a long time. We drank the Kool-Aid with a vCloud director 1.x and we've been developing against it for a number of years now. What I can say is that Cisco ICF and InterCloud footprint actually brings a different level of service for a customer. It's got specific needs. It's great for the user base. Also, vCloud director, there's a lot of native integration between vCenter and vCloud Air partners and things like that and we understand that. So we want to be open to the technologies that these vendors are providing to their customers. At the same time, the challenge for us is to provide that single overlay that we've been talking about. Meaning, for instance, if you're doing DR with vMerserto, we want to be able to show you all the metrics around your DR event. We want you to be able to press a button in our portal that says go ahead and failover and all those things. So we hook into all these vendors APIs and we extract the data and then have a common presentation. So it brings up, I guess, so many people think of a company like yours and they say, well, can't you just use white box switching, KVM, virtualization and some software-based cheaper storage? Why nimble Cisco in VMware? So that's exactly right. As I said before, we're a pretty mean and lean staff. There's no argument out there that the VMware technology is tried and true. I mean, we rely on this every day and if we can access it programmatically, it really, we take out that idea of hiring a staff just to run, say, a Ceph cluster or a Swift instance. I personally don't think there's anything wrong with those technologies. It's just for Island, we needed to stick with that. The second thing about that is when we need to provide a high-level SLA and when customers sign contracts with us that say, you need to perform this way and there's no deviation from that, you can understand why we have to go to some of the better players. All right, so you said the company's run on blood-sweetened here. Sounds like you guys have a lot on your plate. Yet, you still have time to, you know, volunteer as a systems admin for open-source community projects. Tell us a little bit about that. Yeah, so I'm from Houston. I'm originally from New Orleans but my wife and I moved to Houston after the hurricane and we started the Houston Ubuntu users group. So we keep a mailing list. The meetings are not as much as we would like them to be but the idea is to help people onboard into Ubuntu. We're a very heavy Linux shop over at Island. As I mentioned, our entire platform other than the vendor stuff like VMware is built on open-source technology and it's just a way for us to give back. We also, I don't have it on my LinkedIn, of course, but our developers and our developer community also submit, they actually take one day a month to totally devote themselves to the open-source projects that they work on. So we're very, very involved in giving back to what's freely given to us. That's excellent. Thank you for, you know, contributing to the community. So give us kind of your perspective on how things on the ground have changed with customers, you know. The cloud thing's been going on for a while. The data and analytics and mobile's long on its path. What are some of the conversations you're having with customers? Where are they on their journey in this whole process and what have you shared some of the insight that you see? So I can say that when we started in 2007 it was very dev and test and putting your toe in the water style things. Nowadays that conversation's really not even on the table. The conversation is, you know, hey, how can I bring this complex situation to the cloud? Not can you run SAP or can you run Oracle? The customer or the user base that we're seeing has actually bought off on it. When they find a cloud provider like us they're actually able to get what they want from a contract perspective, can see the performance of things like that. What also is great too is that the industry and the community in general is building the tools to actually make hybrid cloud be an actual thing, right? So we're starting to see things like you mentioned Cisco ICF, whether or not you're Cisco shopping, whether you're not believing their vision, they give you a very nice package thing to say, okay, I'm going to put this secure switch in the cloud, I know how to connect to it, I can extend my prem to the cloud. And it's just one example of actual vendors being able to make that easier. So I think the discussion about should not, should not go is now when. Right, right. Well, Justin, thanks for stopping by, spending a few minutes with us. Thank you very much. Absolutely. I appreciate it. Justin Jardina from Island Internet Solutions, I'm Jeff Frank, he's Stu Miniman. We are at the Nimble Storage Predictive Flash Launch in downtown San Francisco. We'll be back with our next guest after this short break. Thanks for watching.


What's up everybody, I'm evil rabbit. We're here on a DC GP practice server and OSW or in the S14 We thrown down some Tandem practice here with a couple of people that actually met in that random server the God squad server So we got to get Our wheel cam turned on all right. We got the wheel cam turned on We're in the S14 Gonna get a practice run real quick before we start throwing in Tandems Fourth year's throw. Oh, I should have him break that a little bit. Okay on the third Try to remember it the Girisha sets and everything for these DC GP cars. All right, so I think it's fourth and then Third through the inner part To we can't get some tandem practice here on OSW It's a very sunny day sunny evening here at OSW See if we can wait for somebody to throw tandem with those guys are throwing down Freddy and looks like Martin Throwing down some slides here at OSW All right, so we got Logan. Let's do this 14 first 15 or 13. Oh We both bifted into the wall, but we're gonna stay in it. I read that way whether they wanted to Probably need to go in a third on that section Man in that 13. I kind of threw it into the wall a little bit too hard going to the bank And he kind of followed me in so let's see if we can actually it will go a three way Follow these two up Start a little bit lower on the bank. So I don't biff it into the bank. There we go. They're the Logan's door There we go Just red lining thrown that shift indicator on my tablet See if you can actually get a lead this time and not totally screw up Unless Logan wants to lead it looks like Logan's gonna lead. Oh nice and high on the bank And then the brakes all got me right there Maybe came out the transition a little bit Martin's right behind us. We throw in some Tendoms here. No, it's telling you. Oh my That was some good runs actually I thought I was gonna biff it going into this into the first but we kind of sucked it up. So oh No We're gonna pop it back to pits nobody saw that Nobody saw that a biff He stopped trying to throw it so hard against the wall Keep trying to throw it way too close to the wall and to keep biffing it So let's try and do this without biffing the wall Okay, much better much wider than I wanted to be No, we're near as much angle as I wanted to be either But we did get a full pull so my defense we got a full pull Apparently I'm a better chase driver than I'm a lead driver Logan's going all the way through the bank and we get oh Just a little door tap nothing major Third And suck up to his door. He ran it wide just like I did Well, we managed to get a solid chase run apparently I'm a much better Chaser than I'm a lead It's like Martin is there. So it's gonna be running with the e92 I'm off the bank and we go right on that clip And it's like that clip out, but we're gonna manage to stay in the crease Getting surge done Martin not giving me much room at all These cars are so much fun these DC GP cars OSW one of my favorite tracks to run See if we can't get a solid chase now There's been a little late. I got a super behind us. You got Freddy throwing it in We'll get pushed by Freddy.  I need to fix my gears sometimes they work See I should went in the fourth there. Oh, and it caused a major rip All we can try a four-way train. Oh boy five-way train should get the right gears a little bit early, but oh Martin into the wall kind of bails out. We got Logan and Freddy up there Another United two behind me I'm sure who's behind me right now, but She probably just continued that all the way around we could have done that actually cuz that's what those guys did All right, we're just going everybody bailed Looks like it's just me and The United two I think is behind me way too high up in the bank We're just getting drifted back around though Another wall tap. That's a major. Oh too much angle. I think I kind of threw a little bit too much angle on that too much sauce so Having a way too much fun with these DCGV cars here at OSW with some New friends, I guess you could say All part of the God squad Drift discord.  Like I said forget everything just throw back some tandems See what we can do I got tapped so I think that'll end this little episode off with the DCGV cars Some more little fun random tandems. Hope you guys like it. Make sure you follow me on Instagram It's what all the fun description box below and as always I thank you guys for watching. I'll be rabbit I'll see you guys on the track or in one of these random servers


I mean all over there is controversy You did But at the end of the day It was amazing And watch this true story My brother Who died in 2007 He had liver cancer He was told five years prior to Him dying That if he kept drinking he was alcoholic If he kept drinking he was going to die He started drinking that odorless Alcohol ever clear Unbeknownst to us And then one day because he used to go play golf with me He was sick And he didn't want to go In the next day he started gradually not eating And we was like man what do you already do? And he Full disclosure I'm still drinking It was like aww man I called Dr. Savi He said man come on get these pills It was herbs and you know that stuff That he deal with right He said get that to your brother he'd be fine And he said a real nice salon Like I've been doing this bro I've been dealing with you know All disease in your body has to do with mucus That's what he said So he said man get that to your brother Shoulda go away And it did You know what my brother told me I don't want that shit Wow He didn't want to deal with it You see what I'm saying So man you know But something as simple as some pills just to see if it works Like why not But it was pills it was powders All kinds of combinations of You don't want to have to deal with Have to make it and do this You just want to take Tylenol You go to Walgreens get some Tylenol You no problem Yeah but it's got side effects Of course it does Is your brother still living? No my brother passed away Oh so But the thing I looked at was The Nipsey hustle with the Chronicles What was it? That one movie yeah You was playing the Love Chronicles 2 The Secrets Revealed Love Chronicles Yeah that Love Chronicles Any prettiest part produced too Executive produced Co-executive produced So how was it like acting as his father On that scene You know what ironically enough That was really just a last minute thing Yeah how did it happen? You know that was a black female That wrote directed and produced that film So that was when our homeboy's wife Tyler Maddox And while she was filming And we were on the set watching her film She was like we need somebody to play Nipsey's daddy Wow I mean it never occurred to me You know he was like really you know Not fesking You have similar features though Well that's what she said They all started saying come on Come on man come on man You can play it I'm like you can play it as daddy Cause you know I've never You know anybody that knows me That know that you know Freeway Rick Ross is my best friend Yeah yeah yeah I ain't never wanted to be famous ever That's why I didn't nobody know me Yeah yeah Period until the documentary came out So this was your first time acting Yeah And I had been to film school You know I'm a stud that wants to be the man behind the man I know Slim You know behind baby Yeah yeah yeah And Lil Wayne Yeah yeah yeah yeah I know the guy behind the guy Man love those guys man Just love the way that they I love the way Slim He just stays back and You don't ever even hear or see him But you know that's another thing that we love to do Because we also interview A lot of videographers Producers and so forth because If it wasn't for them This artist wouldn't be the person that they are So we try to give shine to the people behind the scenes And so many have came on our platform and say This is my first interview I don't do this I don't like to be But we want to say homage We want people to know this is the person who's doing this Even if you're never doing another interview again We need to know Let people know this is the person you hear When you don't see anybody And you know I did it out of respect for You know him because you know That's my man a hundred grand He told me you know And I say he ain't you know how I feel about that He say I know him but you know Do this one for me right I say okay Something about them guys that say do this one for me right Because I know that you know if he asks me to do it And he know you know My disposition right It must be something to it Okay well I got to support it Wow man we definitely appreciate it man And like I said when I called him I was like man I'm going to Vegas Who's just in Atlanta and I want to you know I want to interview some interesting people Who can come on the platform and help others You know what you've said tonight It'll help others That's the whole point That's the whole game That's the whole point I mean and to stop things and staple it in time Right now with the way that we have all this It's a very important thing And so to do it from a perspective To where we control the narrative as well Period So that's the whole game for us man We got to take something And make it our own Even the short films and movies All the stuff we got capability now I just interviewed C James Who has the new movie What is it Nice guys finish last He's out of Arkansas He ain't out of Hollywood He ain't out of you know what I mean He ain't out of New York He did that whole movie The casting and everything And it's a brilliant piece of work And you know what I mean We can do things now You look at you know Even Tyler Perry down moves down there You know it's like People got capabilities now That they never had before And a lot of time our mind said As we were talking earlier Your mind still stuck on yesterday But things have changed now And we have to be a What we have to be a product Of the change that we want We are in We got to help people We got to show people That they can make it You know And the younger generation Is going to be more powerful We just do a little bit of things Right Well you know one of the Things that I learned During the time in the 80s Was that We had a lot of money Yeah You know what I mean I remember when the magic first Came to LA to play for the Lakers Right He was the first million dollar Basketball player To get a contract for a million dollars We were in a club called The Paradise And one of the little kids That you know Was one of our little customers He wasn't even old enough To be in the club He was already a multi-millionaire Wow He was flirting with We was up in the The VVIP room And Magic had left He was there with Something a little female And the kids started Wrapping to the female And he told She told him I'm with Magic Johnson He was Yeah Who is Magic Johnson Wow He played basketball Oh for real Okay You know He persisted Just at it Right Magic come back And He said Oh That's my girl Man You know He was arrogant He was like That ain't what she told me Yeah And he's talking to magic And he's up there 6'9 He told magic I know you You're that tall brother That the Lakers just Gated a million dollar contract too And Magic started smiling With pride Like yeah That's mean You say I might have that in my pocket You want to sell your contract? He's a child Wow And back then I thought that was just You know He was dappin' He's like What do you have with these Bards In retrospect The ignorant as shit Man That was just ignorant We should have been trying to do Is embrace magic in them Yeah Yeah And become involved In investing in Some of the things that magic In them that got going on now You know We were For the most part Magic was 19 I was like 24 Well I was really his Big homie Right Yeah And if I had really Thought about it back then But we was You know We was livin' It's a competitive World back then People weren't trying to Anybody People weren't trying to see Other people Well nobody trusted Anybody And there weren't Enough people That look like us Yeah I was about to say that That we could confer You know Yeah To ask them questions about What is an annuity Correct What is a time share What is a You know In all these different types Of investment vehicles What is a keel I didn't know nothin' About none of that stuff Until I got out the game Like you said You went back to And got your degree in engineering Yeah I went back and got my degree In business administration Wow And after droppin' Out of college To sell that poison I had a poor scholarship To the Citadel Military Academy Wow Got in trouble Got suspended from the team Called my mom Say mom I You know I'm hungry Send me some money She told me to call Rick And when I left Going to the Marine Corps Three years earlier Rick was a literate All the homies Was a literate Wow They couldn't read or write You've seen that in the documentary You ain't taught yourself How to read in a penitentiary So I said What could possibly they have done That you know What's saying would be of a benefit to me Yeah Me not knowing He a multi-millionaire Selling that poison Wow In fact he the biggest poison Selling on the planet Yeah I'm not knowing So it took me six months I was a millionaire Wow And it's right around Between the time That I should have gone back to school I was like go back to school for what What they gonna teach me in school Like got a million dollars now That's when we were chasing money Exactly We didn't understand Wealth formation You know what I'm saying Yes sir We didn't understand that On this show I've met so many people Who are very very talented And some of them are on the street And they are not willing to give that up Because that feeds their family That you know Gives them the lifestyle that they want How could you advise a young kid Who is in that position Because you know They always say Well I'm gonna either die Or be in prison Because that's the lifestyle That comes with that How can you really tell them No Here's another option Because all the other options That I hear people telling them They're like well that can't give them My family money right now Well you know We live in a microwave society Where you know everybody wants Immediate gratification And it's difficult To tell a young person Especially when like I said You know they've suffered From missing a meal cramps And with the media Giving them this constant Barrage of images Quote unquote Being rich Then they see their peers They see the Cardi B's And the off sets And the Beyonce's And the Jay Z's And all the you know These celebrities With the jewelry And the you know The whole opulent lifestyle And that's what they aspire to Right But they don't They don't really get to see The behind the scenes They don't see the blisters And coins that Beyonce got On her feet from the hours and hours And hours that she had to be in that gym You know that local gym Practicing that presentation That she's going to present to you And charge you $250 to come And see it They don't see that Wow You know Definitely So I don't know I just tell them you know Your health is your wealth You know You need to Really understand that this Life journey is not A dress rehearsal This is it And if you're willing To allow yourself To be exposed potentially To something that you could Quite honestly lose your life Doing Then you have in your decision Making processes immature You know we used to teach in the American program When I used to work with Jim Brown About life skills You know Even know the phrase Goal setting process Decision making process Conflict resolution What is that like huh Like you're talking about stopping a fight But you know you get exposed to new Ways to say something But using different words You know what I mean So when you think conflict resolution Yeah okay so basically you saying that There's a technique that I can Deploy when I see two people In a heated debate or argument Or about to have a fist fight You know I can escalate Or de-escalate that situation Based on a process that I can use To get inside their head And say what is this really about What is this really about What y'all really mad about Yeah just like Wealth creation I know that y'all didn't start out With all this equipment You got some very technical stuff in here You didn't know how to use this stuff Before you knew how to use it But what you did have is the perseverance And the patience Because I know you bumped your toe Nobody's successful No it's a lot of late nights Didn't have some hurdles to jump Or some speed bumps You had to walk into a couple of walls To be alive you know But you never lost sight of your goal You never lost sight of the fact that You just keep pushing Just keep putting one foot in front of the other I think it's just like hustling Back in the days It's the same thing as in the streets When I was in the streets You know what I'm saying I'm extremist Whatever I do I take it to the max So when I was in the streets And I was hustling Getting to the money I remember occasions where You know things would happen I think we would get Massive amounts of loads of stuff That came to the community Well when I got my pack And my partner got his pack I'm breaking everything down I'm running circles around anything And anybody can You can't deal with me And it's the same way With any other thing I'm doing I'm always seeing sports When you meet a guy that does sports I said this earlier today He don't just run track He can play basketball He can play football He can even play baseball He will whoop you in kickball He can do it all Usually that challenges over exceeds Each you know category of sport That he touches And that's just when you're dealing with somebody Who has favor right And so we didn't know that When we was in the streets that We didn't know we was entrepreneurs You know we were thinking about You never even knew that word Didn't know it Didn't care to know it You was a hustler Never thought about it And that's who you were That's it And there was a pride in that Exactly There was a pride in the fact that You didn't allow yourself to accept The idea that The lifestyle you wanted to live Required that you got up and went And did something for eight hours a day And had to take orders Or instruction or whatever you want to call it From somebody else And you didn't have to do that Yeah Now that might have been an Ends to a means But you were still focused On trying to get away Like you know now Being an entrepreneur Being a self-sufficient human being Being able to control Your own time Definitely I wanted to ask you something I wanted to ask about coming from Chicago to LA What was that move like Like when you first started Initially it was because I was acting You know I got kicked out of Chicago public school system For being ignorant Okay Literally I was really smart Always have been But We have found You know I had a nickname They called me Little Lloyd Frontleroy Okay And I'm sure that you know that Being intelligent in the hood Sometimes can be frowned upon Yeah And that's crazy Now we endorse And I find you know When people talk to me The first thing they want to know is Man what was it like Having a hundred million dollars When you was 25 They don't think about How many people had to put That shit on their pipe And smoke it for me to have that Yeah Right Nobody knows Man you was driving around In a Corniche Rosewood You was just that Don't they be talking about Them stories they love Like I'd be like Ain't nobody else did nothing I don't want to talk about that Nobody cares to hear about it But they keep bringing Bringing it back up Because it's exciting to them I mean you talk to people They'd be like Hey man why don't you just Why don't you just come back man You've heard that Over the years Because they've never done it On that level Like And it's like I mean that's what it is I could never go back It's like It's like a Some person going back To his own vomit It's just When God delivered me Wow I never talked about it Like that But that's exactly That's how I'm disgusting Yeah it is It's like I made a vow to God I could never go back Right You know in 95 I made a vow And I've been true to it I don't drink, smoke, nothing I ain't trying to do my horn But when I made a vow I changed my life And I think that's That's credible You know I'm not absolutely And I think A lot of I applaud you Doesn't make you No better than nobody else And don't make you No worse And you still got trials That you're going to face You go through things But at the end of the day Those are things That I held dear to me I knew my vices And my vices with this Is going to trigger this And I'm going to do that Yeah with those experiences That you had A bump in your head Yeah Have given you information That you now use When you make decisions About doing certain Kind of stuff You still make mistakes But you don't make that big Of those mistakes You got it Your mistakes get More little And little and miniscule And miniscule And miniscule Until you get to a point Where you kind of Mistake free a little A little bit Yeah, yeah, yeah You know So yeah That's what I'm trying To get to, man I just know that You know I'm doing a thing Called a remorse Okay So I go around And I tell brothers Yeah, man You know I'm not going to sit here And tell you that I didn't have fun I did Right Well, a lot of fun But You're going to look back On your life And you're not going to Be real proud of yourself When I became a drug Treatment counselor You know who my best Customer The people who were referring The most people to Send the treatment The same studs I've been selling That shit to them There it is They mama's They all kind They big homie Man Put my aunty Man I'm tired of watching her Do what she do And you know Using that shit Ain't nothing they won't do I had to get out the game Because the stud came in And it was my job To make them tell me What they rock bottom was What happened that made you Decide Man I got to stop doing this Dude told me He was letting drug dealers Have relations With his 12-year-old daughter Wow I was done My objectivity Went straight out the window Yeah, let's know Go ahead I'm sorry I want to touch on You were mentioning earlier Off-camera About What you're doing With a cannabis To be able to help Young entrepreneurs Bill young entrepreneurs Can you go ahead And tell me a little bit About that You know I'm a numbers person So you know I deal with the ones And the zeros And the whites Right So When I look at stuff Even back when I was dealing with the poison You know I knew what My cost of goods So it was Therefore I could know What my profit margin Needed to be For me to accomplish the goal Which I was trying To accomplish So when you look at Cannabis From sea to sail You look at the cultivation Right Right now And I spoke to A lady in Massachusetts She told me That a wholesale Is worth $5,300 My research shows That They don't take $250 To grow a pound of weed What's the In-between profit in that How many jobs Do we got to be Cut off the tree It's got to be Clip It's got to be packaged It's got to be marketed Those are opportunities For people to Live a sustainable Economically sustainable Life The same way I said in the documentary When I've seen How much bread These youngsters was getting That I want some of that I want some of that Now I want some of that Yeah It ain't about me It ain't about You know I'm old enough now Well I've been old enough But I realize that Selfishness You know The way for me To discreate in myself Being a victim By way of A young hungry Somebody out in the street Me Old man Potential I can stick him up And go give me You know some money And go eat me a sandwich A dude that got some bread Ain't got time to cry Already So if I Do everything I can To create in people Economic stability I discreate My ability to be a victim To somebody hungry You know So I like it That's why I'm involved in it man So take it You ain't got to be a rocket scientist You know So you give back to These women You were saying something about Well What I'm trying to do Is I'm trying to get Entrepreneurs Existing entrepreneurs To allow themselves To embrace the concept Of each one teach one You become a mentor And you literally adopt a person And you walk them through the process Of becoming a business owner And you don't sugarcoat it Or blow smoke You know what I'm saying But do you give them a grant To help them Get started Well not so much a grant But just It's like A Started gift A stipend Exactly But that stipend is designed To then put them in a position Because And especially black women Don't realize You know how much money Is out here In grants Money you don't have To give back For young For black women Who are trying to Become business people And black women qualify To get What you're giving out You just You just got to be Do you Oh you're talking about for my Personal program Your personal program Well again I have a It's this social media page Called Clubhouse And I have a page on there Called Freeway to Business And what I do Is I hold meetings Every week for the members People that have joined And I ask them to tell me Why do they want to Become entrepreneurs Because you know You When everything is shut down You don't go home You got to clean up And put up Give And hold on If you're in a restaurant After you shut it down You got to clean dishes And mop floors And you see what I'm saying So people don't understand That being a boss Means you eat less I know what I wanted to ask you And I'm skipping But I wanted to ask you About how you're in Freeway When y'all did come together How did y'all I know the operation was Already in motion When you came to it But Being that you scaled up Like you did Was there ever a time Where you seen Some cross, you know, others And basically Did others try to say You know Input things to say Man, you this Or you that You see what I'm saying Because that's the way That's the way I would think It would be going When that talk of money Is being made As we speak With this insurrection Thing that happened On January the 6th And these people Are sitting up saying That what we saw With our eyes Didn't happen We didn't see people Stabbing police And you know It was just like Regular tourists So back in the day You can imagine You know, they did That movie with About Alpo Where he killed His supposedly best friend Over the fact that He bumped into the Connect Which I was both winning So jealousy And envy And all those Ugly kinds of things That's what real-day ugly is I heard a lady Called me today And told me That the person Who I'm now Working with To form my company Backstabbed her To meet me I was like Wow People just throwing Each other under the bus Why you don't embrace The fact that Now that we're working together You jump in And we all jump in And work together To reach a common goal Which is to provide people With opportunities To identify resources So that they can become A blessing to somebody else And keep the blessing going Hey man You know what I'm saying I just want to say Man, thank you for coming On this show, man Thank you for coming And blessing the platform Man Shout out to Uncle Hennie Shout out to Freeway Yeah, yeah, yeah Man, spoke very highly of you Everybody that I ran into What is his name? I keep calling him Echoes cause an LJ that came up Echo Echo Shout out to Echo, man As soon as I said your name Bam, yeah, man That's my guy You know, it's just It's just a wonderful thing To see brothers that look Like each other Able to get along On the level that you guys Are doing it And it's successful That's the reason why Our Freeway boys Were so successful Is because we've always Had a philosophy That if there were Ten of us And one of us Ten dollars That meant each And nobody else had no bread That meant each one of us Had a dollar for you Hey, man That's the way it gotta be That's the way we got out Well, thank you so much, man For coming on the show, man We love you, brother Absolutely I love y'all right back Hey, man It's been another great segment Of Boss Talk 101 And we out


Assalamu alaikum. Welcome to lecture number 18 of the course on statistics and probability. You will recall that in the last lecture, I discussed with you the concept of permutations and combinations. And after that, we discussed a number of important and fundamental concepts such as the random experiment, the sample space of a random experiment, the concept of events and different types of events such as the mutually exclusive, the equally likely and the exhaustive events. In today's lecture, I will discuss with you the various ways in which probability can be defined. These include the subjective approach as well as the objective approach. And then under the objective approach, we have different ways of defining probability. But students, before I begin these formal definitions of probability, I would like to revise with you briefly the concept of mutually exclusive events, exhaustive events and equally likely events. Let us begin with the concept of mutually exclusive events. As you now see on the screen, two events A and B of a single experiment are said to be mutually exclusive or disjoint if and only if they cannot both occur at the same time. In other words, they do not have any point or element in common. For example, when we toss a coin, we get either a head or a tail, but we cannot have both head and tail at the same time. Similarly, when a die is rolled, the events even number and odd number are mutually exclusive as we can get either an even number or an odd number in one particular throw and we cannot get both of them at the same time. Coming to real world situations, a student will either pass or fail in an exam. Similarly, a person will either be a teenager or he or she is not a teenager. It is not possible that both these things are happening at the same time. So, I think you will agree that it is a fairly simple concept. If we talk about three or more events at the same time, such events which are originating from the same experiment, they will be said to be mutually exclusive if they are mutually exclusive pair wise. On the contrary, if two events are such that both of them can occur at the same time, then of course, we will say that they are not mutually exclusive. For example, if we draw a card from an ordinary deck of 52 playing cards, it can be both a king and a diamond at the same time. Therefore, diamonds and diamonds are not mutually exclusive events. When we talk about playing cards, you will know that there are four types of cards in an ordinary deck of cards, hookah, cheerya, eat or paan. And in English, of course, we say spade, club, diamond and hearts. And for the three numbers 11, 12 and 13, we have pictures on the cards and so we call them face cards, the king, queen and the jack. The cards of spades and clubs are black in color and the cards of diamonds and hearts are red. And students, it is important that you keep all these points in mind because a number of books that you will study in order to study problems of probability, you will find a number of examples relating to playing cards. Alright, having discussed the concept of mutually exclusive events, I would like to revise with you the concept of exhaustive events. As you now see on the screen, events are said to be collectively exhaustive when the union of mutually exclusive events is equal to the entire sample space S. For example, in the coin tossing experiment, head and tail are collectively exhaustive events. Similarly, in the die tossing experiment, even number and odd number are collectively exhaustive events because if we take the union of the two, we get the entire sample space 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Students, this concept of mutually exclusive events is related to the concept of mutually exclusive events. Inme, dechukiho and that is the concept of the partition of a set. As you now see on the screen, a group of mutually exclusive and exhaustive events belonging to a sample space S will be called a partition of the sample space. And with reference to any sample space S, events A and A bar, the complement of A will form a partition because they are mutually exclusive and exhaustive. This fact is clearly depicted by the Venn diagram because as you can see, the events A and A bar are mutually exclusive. They do not have any points in common and when we take the union of these two events, we obtain the entire sample space. The next concept that I would like to review with you is the concept of equally likely events. A concept that is very, very basic and important for the classical definition of probability that I will be discussing in a short while. As you now see on the screen, two events A and B are said to be equally likely when one event is as likely to occur as the other. In other words, each event should occur in equal number in an indefinite number of trials. For example, when a fair coin is tossed, the head is as likely to appear as the tail and the proportion of times each side is expected to appear in a very large number of trials is 1 by 2. Similarly, if a card is drawn out of a deck of well shuffled cards, the each card is equally likely to be drawn and the proportion of times that we would expect any card to appear in a very, very large number of draws, this proportion will be 1 by 52. Having revised the concepts of mutually exclusive, exhaustive and equally likely events, let us now begin the discussion of probability itself. As I said earlier, students probability can be approached in two ways, the subjective approach and the objective approach. As you now see on the screen, subjective or personalistic probability as it is called is a measure of the strength of a person's belief regarding the occurrence of an event A. Students probability defined in this manner is purely subjective. Subjective se matlab yeh, k different persons faced with the same evidence can arrive at different conclusions regarding the probability of a certain event. For example, suppose that a panel of three judges is hearing a trial. Aik hi evidence hai jo tino judges ke saamne pesh kia jaara hai. But it is possible that two of the judges arrive at the conclusion that the person who is accused is guilty. But one of the judges thinks that the evidence of the trial is presented is not strong enough to arrive at this conclusion. So, students you can see ke subjectivity ka jo element jo main aap se pehle baat ki, iske andar bohot zyada maujood hai. Aik hi evidence ho or aik hi situation ho and different persons would arrive at different conclusions regarding the probability of a particular event. In fact, agar hum gaur kareen, to iss tari ke se agar hum probabilistic decisions leen, to hum unhe quantify nahi kar sakte. Ham iss tara ke decisions apni rose marra zindagi mein har waqt leh rahe hote. Agar aap ghar se nikalthe waqt, chhatri leh ker nahi nikalthe, to iss ki bhaja yeh hoti hai, ke aap ke zehen me ye baat hoti hai, ke suraj sarpe nikla wa hain hai. To iss baat ki probability bohot kam hai ke paach minute ke baat baarish ho jaye. Iss tara ke decision hum lete to har waqt hi rehte hain. Lekin we are not able to quantify these probabilities the way we statisticians would like to do for our statistical work. This is why for statistical purposes the other definitions are the ones that we are more interested in and these are the ones which fall under the category of the objective approach to probability. The objective approach implies that every person faced with a particular situation will arrive at the same result or the same conclusion regarding the probability of a particular event. Under the objective approach the first definition that I would like to discuss with you is the classical definition of probability. As you now see on the screen if a random experiment can produce n mutually exclusive and equally likely outcomes and if m out of these outcomes are favorable to the occurrence of a certain event A then the probability of the event A denoted by P of A is defined as the ratio m over n. Students this definition was formulated by the French mathematician Laplace and it can be very conveniently applied in those situations where the outcomes are equally likely and where it is easily possible to count the total number of outcomes and the outcomes favorable to a particular event. Agatesh's definition is very long but in reality it is very simple and I would like to explain this concept to you with the help of an example. Suppose that a card is drawn from an ordinary deck of 52 playing cards and suppose that we are interested in finding the probability that the card is a red card. This is a very simple problem and now let us see how we approach it. The first thing is that if it is a well shuffled deck of cards you have shuffled it very well. So intuitively you can understand that when you draw a card then every card is equally likely to be drawn. And this point is the crux of the matter. If this condition is equally likely then we can apply this classical definition. If this condition is not complete then there is no way we can apply the classical definition. Here if we know that it has been shuffled very well then of course we are in a position to apply this definition. Once we are satisfied that we can apply it then we have to compute the ratio m over n. m is the number of outcomes that are favorable to what I want but n of course is the total number of possible outcomes. And as you now see on the screen in this particular example the total number of possible ways in which we can draw one card out of 52 is obviously 52. Also because we are interested in a red card and because of the fact that we already know that the cards of diamonds and hearts are red in color and there are 13 of each of them. Therefore the total number of outcomes favorable to what I want is 13 plus 13 and that is 26. Now that it is clear that m is 26 and n is 52 the probability that our card will be red is equal to 26 over 52 and that is half or in other words 50 percent. Cards case in the example may have more possibilities compute. Suppose that we are interested in this event that the card that I draw is a 10. Students it is obvious that the total number of tens in this deck of cards is 4, a 10 of diamonds, a 10 of hearts, a 10 of spades and a 10 of clubs. Lehaaza wo patte jo 10 ki occurrence ko favor karte hain unki tadaad char hain unki tadaad char hain m is 4, n the total number of ways in which I can draw a card out of this deck is as before 52 and therefore the probability that my card is going to be a 10 is equal to m over n 4 by 52. Let us consider another example. Suppose that we toss a fair coin 3 times as you now see on the screen the sample space of this experiment consists of 8 possible outcomes head, head, head, head, head, head, tail, head, tail, head, head, tail, tail, tail, head, tail, tail, tail, head and tail, tail, tail, tail, tail, tail. Suppose that we are interested in finding the probability of the event that when we throw these 3 coins or this one particular coin 3 times we get at least one head. Students abhum ushi tara approach karenge iss problem ko jistara hum ne absi thori der pehle iss se pichle example mein kiya tha. The very first thing to try to understand is ke wo josh sharth hai equally likely ki is that valid for this example. Now the point is that we said that it is a fair coin that we are tossing 3 times. If it is a fair coin agar wo iss tara se bana hua hai ki bilkul sahi hai, tera nahi hai, ek side se gisa hua nahi hai then it is obvious that we can say that the tail is as likely to occur as the head aur kha hum usko ek defa toss karen ya teen defa toss karen uski ye property fairness ki jo property hai that will be maintained. Is rationale ke through we are quite satisfied that the outcomes, the various outcomes, the two possible outcomes actually head and tail they are equally likely to occur. Once we are satisfied that this is the case, we can very quickly apply the classical definition of probability m over n, where m is the number of outcomes that are favorable to what I want and n is the total number of possible outcomes. In this example, as you noticed seven of the eight possible triplets contains an H and only one triplet tail-tail-tail is the one which is without the head. Hence the probability that my outcome, my triplet will contain at least one head is given by m over n and that is seven over eight. Abhi jo example hum ne discuss kie ye toh bhat hi zara simple example the. Lekin aapne note kiya hoga ki me ne ish baat ke upar bhat zara zor diya ke aap satisfy hon ke equally likely ki jo definition hai wo apply hoti hai ya nahi hoti. It is very easy to learn the formulas and to apply them but it is more important to realize that unless the assumptions of that particular formula are not valid, we must not apply those formulas. Let us now consider a more interesting and a little involved problem as you now see on the screen. Suppose that four items are taken at random from a box containing twelve items and the four that are drawn they are inspected for checking whether they are faulty or whether they are alright. The box is to be rejected for export purposes if more than one item is found to be faulty. Now if there are three faulty items in that box what is the probability that the box will be accepted? He is drawing these items from this box at random. Ye jo do alphaz maine isthimal kiye these are very important random kamafoom yaha par yehi hai na. It is as if it is the lottery method. Koi usme intentional selection nahi selection nahi hai or randomly you draw kar rahein. Now because of this randomness we can say that each one of those 12 items is equally likely to be drawn and the moment I say this I am in a position to apply the classical definition and that is m over n. But students in this particular problem it is not as convenient to compute m or n as it was in the earlier ones that I presented. Deke, yaha par we will be applying the rule of combinations. Aap note ki jie ke denominator ju hai humare formulae ka n that represents the total number of possible outcomes or in other words the total number of ways in which I can draw four items out of 12. But of course there is no importance of the order in which I draw these items. Order ke ahmiyat nahi hai, lehaza it is not a case of permutations but it is a case of combinations. And according to what I explained in the last lecture there are 12C4 ways of selecting four items out of 12. And as you now see on the screen 12C4 is equal to 12 factorial over 4 factorial into 12 minus 4 factorial. And when you solve this expression it comes out to be equal to 495. The computation of the numerator m is a little more involved and actually it is very interesting. Isme hum rule of combinations, rule of multiplication or rule of addition tino bayak vakt iste mal karenge. Let me explain it to you step by step. Dekhi humare box me 12 item se, out of which 3 are faulty and 9 are alright. Now I want to find the probability that my box is accepted and it is not stopped from being exported. Aur uske liye humne bahle kaha tha, ke a box is rejected if 2 or more items out of those 4 that have been selected, if 2 or more are found to be faulty. Iska matlab ye hua ke agar mere 4 selected items me se, ek faulty hai toh it is no problem. Aur agar ek bhi faulty nahi hai, then of course there is no problem at all. Iska matlab ye hua ke jo favorable outcomes hai jo iss baat ko favor karte hai, ke mera jo box hai that will not be stopped from being exported. Wo dohi hai, 1 is that situation when out of the 4 selected not even 1 is faulty and the other is that situation when out of the 4 selected only 1 is faulty. So, we will be computing the number of ways in which the first event can occur and the number of ways in which the second event that is favorable to what I want can occur and then I will add the 2 and that will give me the total number of outcomes favorable to what I want. As you now see on the screen, in order to compute the number of ways in which all 4 of my drawn items will be alright, we note that there are 3 C 0 ways of drawing 0 faulty items out of 3 faulty items and there are 9 C 4 ways of drawing 4 ok items out of the 9 which are alright. And hence the total number of ways in which the joint event no faulty item and 4 alright items can occur is given by 3 C 0 into 9 C 4 in accordance with the multiplication theorem that I discussed in the last lecture. Bilkul issi tara, we can find the number of ways in which we can have one faulty and 3 alright items and as you now see on the screen, the total number of ways in which this can be done is 3 C 1 into 9 C 3. 3 C 1 ways of drawing 1 faulty item out of 3 and 9 C 3 ways of drawing 3 alright items out of 9. Students, agla point yeh hai, ke jaisa maine pehle kaha, the box is going to be accepted if we have no faulty item or one faulty item. Yeh chur loves or maine isthimal kia, jaisa ke aapne set theory main note kia tha, or stands for plus, yani aur ka matlab hai set theory kiru se, ke aap union ki baat kar rahe. Aur jo discussion hum iss vaakth kar rahe, iss context main or stands for plus. So, as you now see on the screen, the total number of outcomes that are favourable to the fact that the box is accepted is given by 3 C 0 into 9 C 4 plus 3 C 1 into 9 C 3 and that is equal to 126 plus 252 in other words 378. Dividing the favourable number of outcomes by the total number of outcomes, the probability that the box is accepted in spite of the fact that it actually contains three faulty items is 0.76 or 76 percent. Students, as you have noticed the classical definition is quite a simple definition. Lekin dekhne ki cheese aur note karne ki baat yeh, ke this definition has a number of shortcomings, sabse peh li baat aap yeh dekhne and this is a very interesting point that this definition involves circular reasoning. Jaise ke main ne define kia tha hum ne kaha, ke if a random experiment can result in n equally likely and mutually exclusive and exhaustive outcomes and m of them are favourable to the occurrence of an event a and so on. Students, iss ke andar yeh do alfaaz main estimalki yeh that those outcomes are equally likely, iss ka matlab yeh ke main yeh kaha that the outcomes are equally probable. Ab dekhye ke probability hi ko to main define karne ki koshish kar rahe hum aur us definition ke andar hi I am using the word or using the concept of probability. This is called circular reasoning aur iss se mujhe ek latifa yaad aa gaya. Ek bachche ne ek sahab se puchhaa ke school ke dar hai aur ono ne kaha ke masjid ke saam ne to bachche ne puchhaa ke masjid ke dar hai to ono ne kaha ke school ke saam ne and this is the kind of problem that we have in this particular definition. Having said this I would like to convey to you students ke yeh jo equally likely ka concept hi yeh intuitively understandable hai aur jayaise main saari discussion jopta ki us mein explain kiya agar aapko us phenomenon ki jo physical situation hai us se yeh meh sus hota hai ke equally likely ka concept yehapa apply karta hai then you can apply this definition. Now the other problem with this particular definition is that it is very difficult to apply and it is probably not possible to apply it if the total number of outcomes cannot be counted in a convenient manner as we have done in the examples that we just did. Agar aap ka aapki sample space jo hai us me infinite number of sample points ho ya uncountable number of sample points ho then it is not going to be possible for you to apply this definition. The third problem with this definition is that it does not hold if the outcomes are not equally likely. And in my opinion this is one of the main problems with this definition. Hazar ha real life phenomena se hai ke jaha pe we cannot say that one event is as likely to occur as another. Ab yeh jo example hai ke aap coin toss kar rahe hai ya diet toss kar rahe hai aap hudi sochiye hum aam life me iss kusum ke experiment kitni mertaba kar te. Practically never except perhaps when we are playing a game as a child a game of Ludo or any other such situation. So generally speaking we will not be dealing with situations where the various possible outcomes are equally likely. And students these are exactly the situations when we will need to look for another definition of probability. The definition that I am going to present to you next is called the relative frequency definition of probability. Students iss definition ko mai in detail next lecture mai aap ke saath discuss karungi iss vaakth mai bohot muhtasir karke aap ko ye convey karna chahti hum ke according to this definition if an experiment is conducted a very large number of times and what we are interested in occurs a certain number of times then the proportion in which the event of my interest occurs that proportion is regarded as the probability of that event. And when the result arrives of course we find that a certain proportion of the students obtain the first division another proportion obtains the second division and a certain proportion also fails in the exam. Students ye jo proportions hain inhi ko hum regard karenge as the probability of obtaining a first division the probability of obtaining a second division and so on ye bilkul usi rational ke mutaabek jo mai ne aabhi aap ko convey kia. So if we find that in the metric examination of 2002 in a particular province of a particular country the proportion of first divisioners is 25 percent then we can say that the probability that a student of this particular country of in this particular kind of a situation the probability that he will obtain a first division is 25 percent. In today's lecture I discussed with you the two main approaches to probability the subjective approach and the objective approach. Under the objective approach I discussed in detail the classical definition of probability and I would like to encourage you students to practice with this concept and to attempt a number of questions involving the classical definition and involving the various counting rules such as the rule of combinations and permutations. In the next lecture I will discuss in detail the relative frequency definition that I briefly touched upon today and after that we will proceed to the axiomatic definition of probability. Until next time my best wishes to you and Allah hafiz.


The other free option we want to get into is that free 30-day trial. So now I'm going to go to the QuickBooks icon up top. And usually what they're advertising in here will be the online version. That's the one that they're focused on. But I like to go all the way to the bottom. And for some reason, their sales page is a little bit different. If I go to my products down here and they've had this item at the bottom for some time, it's looked very similar for some time. And then in the products, I want to go to QuickBooks online. So I can zero in on the product I'm focused in. And then note here, it has try it for free 30 days. So you've got the 30-day trial here. If I scroll down, here's your options. Here's the toggle that I'm used to seeing. They've had that for some time. Note on the prior page, it wasn't there, the toggle. And they might change this. Their web page has been changing over time. So they might try to remove this little toggle at some point, at which time you might just search into your search engine. I think it would be easier to find the free trial possibly even outside of the Intuit website, just typing in QuickBooks online, free trial. And you might then look for the Intuit website. Now it's a little bit scary to set up the free trial because when I toggle to the right, then the prices jump up. So that's what I'm talking about by using the free trial as a practice file. Because QuickBooks is saying, hey, look, if you take the 30-day free trial, it's going to cost you more after you start rolling forward. But my plan is that I'm going to use the free trial to practice with to see if I want it, if I like it. And then I'm going to possibly set up another company file possibly with the help of an accountant to get a discount or something like that when I set up the company file.  All right. So I'm going to go over here and then I'm going to use the plus version. You could practice with the simple start or the essentials. You can look at the differences. The differences are highlighted in bold down below. You can connect three sales channels. That's one of the newer kind of things. We might have a whole section on that. We'll get into that later. So include three users. That's one of the major differences. And over here, you've got five users. And then inventory is one of the big differences to get up to the plus. But the plus is kind of like the default. It was kind of the one that most people were using. So when we use the free trial, I'm going to use the plus. And we'll talk a little bit about that inventory. If you don't have inventory, then you might not need the plus. But all of them will look in essence the same, except that the higher ones will have some options that the lower ones do not. Clearly. So the difference between desktop and online is quite different. They're like totally different softwares. The difference between simple start essentials plus in advance is kind of like the same software, but they turn on more features. So it's pretty much the same stuff. All right. So I'm going to choose this one. And so then they also have the payroll option. So I think you can get a free 30-day trial for the payroll as well. But we shouldn't need payroll in this practice problem. So I'm not going to turn it on. But I think if you wanted to practice with the payroll, you want to make sure to turn it off. But before the end of the timeframe, you might be able to look into the 30-day trial with the payroll. But I'm just going to continue here. And so now we've got your total after 30 days is $85. Again, they're trying to scare us with the 85. But I'm going to cancel it before the 30 days, hopefully. And so you're playing here. It says free trial for 30 days. And so I'm going to say, all right, that's good to go. Good to go on that. Now, if you already have an account, then you could give them the account. And you should still, even if you have an account, possibly be able to get the 30-day trial because you're setting up another, a different company file. And if you don't have an Intuit account, then you can, of course, set up your Intuit account here. So it may require the payment options here. So again, if you put in the payment options, you got to make sure that you stop it before the end of the 30 days. For the company address, I'm just going to pick an address from a Beverly Hills $85 million home here. 1210 Benedict Canyon Drive. And this is going to be 90210 Beverly Hills, Beverly Hills. Hold on a second. Populated already. Beverly Hills, California. Boom. And then OK. And continue. So then it's going to try to scare you again because it's saying, hey, we're giving you, you're going to get charged way more after the 30 days. And so you got the green buttons to buy it or continue with the little button down here that they're trying to hide at the bottom. But we're going to continue because we're going to cancel before the 30 days is up, hopefully. That's the plan. That's the plan. So I'm going to go into the, to the continue.