Income Tax 2021-2022 Tax Software Ira Distributions. Get ready to get refunds to that max. Diving in to Income Tax 2021-2022. Here we are in our LASERT Tax Software. You don't need access to the LASERT Tax Software or any tax software to follow along. But you might want the Form 1040 which you can find on the IRS website at irs.gov, irs.gov. Software helping us out to enter the data in different scenarios. Much more quickly jumping on over to the tax forms to see the impact of those scenarios. We're starting off with the single filer Adam Smith. Living in Beverly Hills 90210 100,000 at the W-2 wages standard deduction 12,550 to get us the taxable income 87,450 which we can mirror in our accounting or tax equation. For the income here we've got the standard deduction. There's the 87,450. We then rely on the tax software to calculate the tax on page two which is in this case the 15,15. So we've got the 15,15 here, 15015. Going to go back on over to page one, back up to page one. We're looking at the IRA distributions. As we do this we think of two sides on the IRA, us putting money into the IRA which we often have a tax benefit on. We'll talk about that later. This being us taking money out of the IRA often in terms of when we're at retirement and then it might be something that we have to include in income because we're pulling the money out for the use at that point in time. We got the benefit of possibly a tax benefit when we put the money in. So let's take a look at the actual form. You might get a form something like this or you should from your financial institution if there's going to be a distribution from an IRA. This is going to be the 1099R. So we've got the boxes here. We've got the gross distribution and the taxable amount. These top two boxes are going to be the primary two boxes you're going to be concerned with. Those and box number seven is often going to be an indication of the distribution type that it has and usually they're going to be fairly straightforward distribution types but if you have any unusual distribution you can look at the instructions which you can find on the IRS website and it will break down the different codes that could be in there to list different types of distribution. We'll talk a little bit more about them as we go. Other items, you could have the capital gain included in box two A, the federal income tax withheld. Box four is fairly common or it could be more common than you would think for other types of incomes like interest or something like that because if you're talking about someone who is retired they're no longer using their W-2 income for example to have the withholdings. So oftentimes if all their money is coming from distributions then they might have their withholdings coming out of the 1099R similar situation with like a W-2 with the federal withholdings. We then have to put that in the withholdings area. Employee contributions, designated Roth contributions, net unrealized appreciation and employers securities. The distribution code is important. Whether or not it's an irisep or simple could check that off to determine it as an irisep or simple and then eight the other your percentage of total distributions, total employee contributions, and then the state withholdings which you could have state withholdings as well in a similar way as you would see with like a W-2 type of income. So the primary two boxes we're looking at are the gross distributions and that's going to be the distributions that are there. The taxable amount represents the amount of the gross distributions that are taxable. So oftentimes if all the distributions are taxable so for example under a normal kind of condition you have someone that's going to be pulling the money out after the retirement age and there's going to be that taxable component that will be involved. These two numbers might then be the same and you might have a distribution code down here indicating that it's a normal distribution. So in that instance if I go back on over we're going to go to the first tab. We might then say that the age then if it's a normal distribution we would expect them to be in retirement age. So they're going to be usually older in that case. And then we'll go into the distributions. So I'm going to say we have a distribution. I'm going to just call it ira1 here for the distribution and then I'm going to give the code here. So I'm going to say the distribution code if it was a normal distribution would be a 7 generally. And that's what you would find in this box in the code. And if you don't know what that code is you can look at the instructions and then you're going to say okay in the instructions we've got the code number 7 here. So this is box 7 number 7. We've got the normal distribution. So that would be the normal distribution. And then we would expect most likely to have the same number in both box 1 and 2a. So box 1 and 2a. So going back on over I'm going to say let's start with a thousand. Our traditional starting point is going to be the thousand and a thousand in both sides. And then I'll go to my forms here going on over to the forms. And so now we can see we have over here box 1 the 100,000. And then the box down here it went into the pinching. I got to go back on over to the detail. And I'm going to check off the box up top going back into my income. And then I'm going to check off that it was an IRA, SEP, or SIMPLE. IRA, SEP, or SIMPLE which you would see in if I scroll back on over the item here. So right here that's going to give the proper category that's going to be pulling over. So I'm going to go back on over and say okay back to the forms. So there we have it. So now we've got the IRA distributions and we've got the taxable amount of the 1000. That's going to be increasing us to the 101 in the total. So I'm going to go then to let's go to the 1040 because we're over here on the 1040 SR because I changed the age. So but I think the 1040 is easier to look at. So if I go to the 1040 now we have an adjustment to our standard deduction because of the age that I changed as well. So I'm at the 101 and I've got this adjustment of the 14250. So if I go back on over I'm going to say okay let's add the income which is going to be so we'll add it to the income section. So I'm going to go to the income and I'm going to go down here and say that it's going to put it in the same place as like the W2 income. I've added distributions from IRA or pension in a similar fashion here. So we just got our information leaving a little bit of space because we might have multiple items like we might have multiple W2s. And then I'm going to be adding those up starting with the first one at 1000 pulling that on over to the first page. There's our 101 line one of the income and then the standard deduction needs to go up because they're past the retirement age. I'm going to do that by saying this equals the standard here plus the 1007 and that brings us up to that 14250. So they got the 101 14250. So here 101 14250 getting us to the 86750 on the net income 86750. Let's go to page number two page number two where we have the tax calculation at the 14874 and we'll populate that here 14874. So there we have that now you could also have withholdings which is quite likely if you're talking about someone that is retired on the form that would just be right here. Similar to a W2 kind of information easy to do the data input for similar fashion to the W2 but note that it might be a little bit more difficult. In other words you might have some tax planning that would be involved for people that are retired because they don't have the W4. They might have multiple places where they have distributions. So you got to determine how much should be distributed and so on. And if you have multiple different places to make the withholdings on which ones to make the withholdings on and if they don't have the distributions then you might have estimated payment. So there could be some more planning going on but the data inputs usually pretty straightforward once it has been done and you're just entering the data. We just put the federal withholding. Let's say it was 150 going back on over to the forms. That's going to be on page two. There's the 150 that was paid. We can mirror that on our tax return by going over to the payment side. That's going to be mirroring this bottom line the bottom line and I'm going to just add estimates for payments. Not estimates. I'm going to put it up top with the W2 or withholding payments. And so if you're talking about younger people you're probably having W2s here. If you're talking about older people you might not have many W2s and you might be talking more about pension plans and retirement plan type stuff. 150 adding up for the total 150 on down below that pulling on over to the first page of the form 10 4D where we've got the 150 down below. So we had the 14874 on the tax and then the 150 checking that to the tax return 14874 the 150. They also added a penalty here. So we won't deal with the penalty right now for the late payment penalty. So there is that now note you could also have multiple items here that are feeding in. It's quite common to have multiple items feeding in so we could go back on over and say well what if we had two of these things here. What if that happened? I'm going to say the normal distribution code is number 7. It's going to be an IRA. So we'll say it's an IRA and let's say that was 2000 and the taxable amount 2000 and pulling that on over to the forms to the forms. Now we're at the 3000 up top which of course we can simply mirror in our soft in our Excel worksheet as well by going to the income line and saying now we got another one for 2000. Bringing it up to 3000. Page one 103 14 250 standard deduction 88 750 taxable income. There it is line number two or page number two line number 16 15 3 27 15 3 27. So there we have that is going back on over so that looks good. If you let's let's go back to the original now let's go back to the oh to the G original. Let's delete the second one. Get that out of there. Get out of there. Get out. And then let's say that let's say that this was a one in this code. That's what we don't want to see early distribution. No known exception that so so this is people do this oftentimes and you and you want to try to advise people not to do this to take money out. If there's no exception because then you'll be subject to the penalty and you'll have to pay interest pay taxes on it. So remember even if they are not even if they have an excuse to take it out even if it's a normal distribution whatever the distribution reason you're going to pay taxes on it because you defer the taxes when you put it in. But you want to avoid any added penalties on taking the money out. And so if there's no reason to take it out you take it out before the retirement age. Let's change the retirement age so that they take it out. So it makes sense to make it 78. And so now we're going to go back on over and say now what happened. So what happened. We got the 100,000 we got the 101 and now they're at the 12 550 because they took the money out and they're under the retirement age at this point in time. There's the 88 450 and then page number two. We got this $100 other taxes including self employment tax schedule one and so on. Let's see where that was put. We're going to go on schedule to schedule number two. There's the additions to an IRA or other tax favored accounts. We're attaching form 5329. Let's check that one out. 5329 is the additional taxes on qualified pensions and other tax favored accounts. So it's an added tax that's being tacked on. That's what we want to avoid doesn't seem too big here because we're talking about a small amount that was taken out.  And we're trying to avoid the pain. The iris likes to be caused pain. Don't let them fool you with the refunds. They're trying to hit you with a stick and what you're trying to do is avoid it. We're trying to avoid the stick. So if I go back on over say let's bring this back to the O to the G. We're going to say this is back to 1000 and this would be to their before retirement age at the 12 550 then. And then we've got the added tax down here which would be somewhere in this area tax and refunds. So we've got let's say tax credits other taxes. We've got other taxes. Let's put it there. I've got a cell for additional taxes. Let's put it in the additional taxes one right here. So additional taxes alternative minimum tax self-employment tax IRA. So I'm going to put I'm just going to put another here. You might not have this stuff up above because I mess with my worksheet. But I'm just going to put one cell for the additional tax which was the distribution which I could do it this way with a formula. I'm going to say it's equal to that distribution I had times the penalty which I think is 10%. So there's the $100 penalty that pulls in then to here. So there's the $100 bringing the tax up to the 15 427 15 427. So let's mirror this again. We're at the 101 12 550 88 450 page numero uno. So we've got the 88 450 and then page number to let the software calculate the tax at the 15 255 15 255. The $100 then brings it up to the 15 355 and then we paid 150. So that brings it up to the 15 355. There it is. Now the other thing you might see is a rollover a rollover. And so if I roll it over then then then I didn't take it out. So I don't I'm not subject to the penalty or the tax but you might get an information return. So it might just be an information return. And the rollover often designated in here in box seven with a G I believe a G I believe. So we're going to go back on over and say this this is a G there. And you can always look at the instructions to get more detail on those. So I'm going to say they still took it out before the retirement age but they didn't actually take it out. They rolled it over into another Ira. It's still under the umbrella of a retirement plan and I didn't actually get the money. So we still should be good in that case. So for example you might you might want to take this money and if you work at a new job or something like that. You might try to see if you can roll it over into another plan that's under the umbrella of a retirement plan so that you don't have multiple you know of these accounts out there and you can kind of consolidate them without having to take the money out and be charged a penalty and taxes on it. So if I was to do that then notice it designates it as a rollover and it says it's it's a non taxable amount and notice if I was to do that too. I wouldn't have anything in the taxable amount and I wouldn't have anything in the federal income tax here. And that means there would be something in box one but not in box two you would think so and therefore there would be no federal withholding as well. So now it's just an informational thing we're back to the first point just showing that here that it was a rollover. Now if you had a legitimate reason to take the money out before the retirement age and you could look you can look up like a list of those reasons and rationales then you got some reasons down here. Exceptions to the 10% tax age automatic enrollment correct distribution death disability domestic relations education so on and so forth. And if you have questions about these if you're tied on cash because no often at times this happens when people are tied on cash and they're like well wait a second I've got a ton of money. That's in a retirement plan of some kind an IRA or something like that can't I take it out. Well you can but you'd be subject to penalties possibly on it on top of the fact that you'll have to pay taxes on it. So the taxes is fair right it's fair that you kind of have to pay taxes on it because you got to put it in tax free you got the tax benefit when putting it in what you're trying to avoid is the added hit of the penalties. So what you want to do in that case is talk to the broker and I mean talk to you talk to your your financial institution and see if you if you have any of these qualifying factors that possibly could allow you to take the money out early. But you want to make sure to talk to the financial institution so that they can put the appropriate code into the 1099 B so that when the IRS gets this information. They have they have the proper code here in line in the 1099 I'm sorry not the 1099 B the 1099 are I'm looking at the wrong 1099 the proper code and the distribution on line number seven so that it makes things go easy. And even if you have the proper code for an early distribution note that you'll still be subject to the income tax. You won't if it's a rollover if it's a rollover then you didn't really pull the money out and you don't have any tax on it's kind of like keeping it in the same account because it's when it was within another account that's under the umbrella. But if you take it out and use it even if you have an excuse to take it out and use it then you'd still be paying tax on it but you're avoiding hopefully the added penalty would be the name of the game that's what they call the game. If you looked at the button at the box the top of the box that's the name on it because that's the name of the game.


d super awesome very high quality stuff Everyone peace out. I'll see you next saturday jack. Talk to you soon see you


There, there was a time that Drake didn't stream a lot. There was a time Kendrick didn't stream a lot. There was a time every artist who somebody now didn't stream a lot, right? And we can't base it off of that. And what's even different with me is like, I don't stream a lot, but I sell real records. I probably sold more albums than most other people who do stream well. So that's not even a good metric to gauge me off of.


This is Duke, G.I. Joe's first sergeant from 1983. The figure was first introduced in 1983 as a mail away exclusive offer. Duke was released carded in 1984. He was also available carded in 1985 and was discontinued for 1986. He was later available through the mail again from Hasbro Direct. In 1983, order forms for Duke were included with boxed vehicles. To order him, you had to turn in 7 flag points and $1. There are some variations between the mail away release and the carded release. This is the first version of Duke, but there were many versions released throughout the vintage era. Version 2 of Duke was released in 1988 as part of Tiger Force. It used almost the same mold as version 1, but with some updated parts. He had all new colors, including a new hair color. Version 3 was introduced in 1992. He was blonde again, with a red and tan desert camouflage uniform. This is not a bad version. Version 4 was released in 1993 as part of Battlecore. It has a more realistic desert camouflage and a non-removable helmet. Version 5 was also released in 1993 as part of Star Brigade. That was the same year as the realistic looking Battlecore figure. This was an armor tech figure, and he had a missile launcher for an arm. That's insane. Version 6 was released in 1994. It was also a Star Brigade figure, but it was not an armor tech figure. It was a normal O-ring action figure, but it was another space figure. Most figures of Duke emphasized his gritty military background until someone in the 90s decided to send him to space. I imagine Duke as always having his boots on the ground. In all forms of G.I. Joe media, since the character was introduced, Duke has had a leadership role on the team. He was the ultimate leader of G.I. Joe when he appeared in the animated series. Later in the series, it was explicitly stated he was second in command behind Hawk. In the comic book series, he became the field commander. For fans of the animated series, Duke was the first leader of G.I. Joe. In the animated series, the command hierarchy started with Hawk at the top, followed by Duke, then Flint, then Beachhead. For fans of the comic book series, Hawk was the first leader of G.I. Joe, and Duke showed up abruptly and was given leadership responsibilities. How you feel about Duke probably depends on whether you primarily followed the cartoon or the comic book series. Duke was designed by Ron Rudat for Hasbro. Ron was tasked with creating a heroic character. Let's take a look at Duke's accessories, starting with his submachine gun. This submachine gun is referred to as the M32 submachine gun. It is in light green plastic. This is a copy of the submachine gun that was included with 1982 and 1983 Stalker. When Stalker had this submachine gun, it was called the M32 Pulverizer submachine gun. This weapon is loosely based on the Heckler and Koch MP5. There's a color variation on this accessory. Some of them had a slightly darker green and others had a more pale green. I'm not sure the difference is showing up on camera very well, but this one is a very slightly darker shade of green than the other one. This isn't the accessory that was originally intended for Duke. He was going to have a copy of the XMLR3A laser rifle that came with 1983 Snowjob. Ron Rudat even taped the Snowjob rifle to the final design drawing for reference. In the card art, Duke is holding the XMLR3A. At some point in the production process, they gave him Stalker's gun instead. Now let's look at Duke's helmet. This helmet is in light green plastic. It's very much like the standard GI Joe helmet that was issued with a lot of 1982 and 83 figures. The helmet color should pretty closely match the color of the submachine gun. There is a color variation on this helmet. Like with the submachine gun, some were in a darker green, while others were in a more pale green. There is another variation of this helmet. Early male away figures had helmets that did not have holes on the sides. The retail release and later male away figures had helmets that did have holes on the side. The only other figure that had this light green helmet without holes on the side was 1984 Roadblock. Next we look at Duke's binoculars. The binoculars are in black plastic. They have a strap that goes around the figure's neck. There's a bend at the top of the strap so it will rest more closely at his chest. Though not perfectly, it still sticks out a bit. The binoculars will fit in the figure's hand if you put his hand on this thin part of this bend in the binocular lens. And he can hold the binoculars to his eyes, which looks pretty cool. But because he has that stiff black strap, the strap kind of sticks out behind his head. Now let's turn to Duke's backpack. This backpack is in a light tan color. It has some nice details. It has a bed roll and an entrenching tool and some pouches. This is a copy of the backpack that was first included with 1983 Airborne and it's in almost the same color. Airborne's backpack should more closely match the plastic color on the figure and Duke's backpack should match the plastic color on that figure. The problem with color matching is that both these figures and the backpacks have a tendency to discolor over time, so the color matching may not be perfect. There is a molding difference between the Airborne and the Duke backpacks though. The Airborne backpack has crossed support ribs on the inside and the Duke backpack does not. I guess this backpack clips onto his bandolier because Duke doesn't have any other load bearing equipment. The final accessory is the flag sticker. It's an American flag sticker that fits on his right arm. It was only included with the male away version. It was not with the carded release. This is a very difficult accessory to find. Many collectors will consider the figure to be complete without it. The figure didn't include instructions on where to place the sticker and some fans said they placed it elsewhere, like on the backpack. In the artwork on the male away form, you can see part of the flag on the right arm, but it's partially obscured by shadow. It's more clearly seen in the 1984 card art. I like the flag. It gives a little splash of color to the figure. It's an extra point to the flag. That's one flag point. That's a lot of accessories, but only the binoculars and the flag sticker are original. The rest are borrowed from other figures. Let's take a look at Duke's articulation. He had the articulation that was standard for GI Joe figures in 1983, meaning he could turn his head from left to right. He could not look up and down. He did not have a ball joint neck. The ball joint neck was not introduced until 1985. He could swing his arm up at the shoulder and swivel at the shoulder all the way around. He had a hinge at the elbow that allowed him to bend his arm at the elbow about 90 degrees. He had a swivel at the bicep that allowed him to swivel his arm all the way around. This was an O-ring figure, meaning the figure was held together with a rubber O-ring that looped around the inside. That allowed him to move at the torso a bit. He could move his legs apart about so far. He could bend his leg at the hip about 90 degrees and bend at the knee about 90 degrees. Let's look at the sculpt design and color of Duke. Only two parts on this figure are original. All other parts are reused from other action figures. Looking at Duke's head, he has blonde hair. He has brown eyebrows and eyes. He has a grinning face with white painted teeth. There is a variation on this head. The earliest male-away heads had the hair sculpted with less detail. The later figures, and possibly only the carded figures, I wasn't able to verify that, but later Duke figures had a head with more detailed hair. You can see more lines sculpted into the head for the hair. The head is otherwise the same. The head is a unique part. It was not used on any earlier action figure. The figure is sculpted with an expressive face. He is grinning. The teeth are painted white. I'm glad they added that painted detail. On the version 2 Duke figure, the teeth were unpainted. I prefer a neutral expression. When playing with the figure, I would put him in situations where he would not be smiling. On his chest, he has a khaki shirt. He has a green undershirt with a collar. It's a little odd that he would have two collared shirts. He has gold jump wings on the right side of his shirt. He has a green bandolier that runs from his left shoulder down to his right side. The bandolier has a buckle, a couple of pouches, and a grenade. He has two unpainted pockets on the front of his shirt. That green bandolier detail does not continue to the back. It just disappears at his shoulder. This back piece is not a unique part. It was reused from 1983 Doc, and it's almost in exactly the same color. I've noticed a paint color variation for the green paint on Duke's chest. This variation is not included on Yojo.com, but I've noticed this difference on several Duke chests. The green paint on this figure is a bit darker than the green paint on the other figure, and that difference can be seen in some other Duke chests that I have. These are all the Duke chests that I have. I have the two intact figures, and I have three from spare parts, and you can see the color difference in the paint. The green paint on these three is darker, and on these two, the green paint is a little bit lighter. This Duke torso was reused on several action figures, including some versions of 1987 Starduster and some versions of 1987 Steel Brigade, including the exceptionally rare Steel Brigade version 2. On his arms he has long khaki sleeves that are rolled up to the forearms. He has bare hands, no watch, no gloves, anything like that. The male away figure had the flag sticker which you could place on the right arm. The card art shows it on the right arm, so that seems to be the right place to put it. These arms are reused from 1983 Doc. They changed the skin color, they removed the orange cross on Doc's arm, but the shirt color is almost exactly the same. There is a rare variant of Duke that does not use the Doc arms. It has cuffed sleeves, similar to the 1983 reissues of the 1982 figures. The waist piece is unpainted, it is in light green. It has a belt with some detail, a couple pouches. There are pockets in the back. This is another reuse of a part from 1983 Doc, just recolored. Doc at least had painted details on the belt, so this reuse of parts loses a paint application. The legs are light green, the same color as the waist piece. They are mostly pretty plain, but there are some details. There is a black pistol in an unpainted holster on the right leg, an unpainted strap that goes around the right leg. He has brown boots and he has a knife on the left boot. The upper legs are reused from the 1983 Major Blood figure. You can see that's the same pistol on the right leg, though the paint applications are a bit different. The lower legs are reused from 1983 Gung Ho. You can see he has the same boots and the same knife on the left side. It's impressive how an iconic figure was created using only two original parts. There's a downside to this approach. The chest and back piece don't exactly match up with the bandolier disappearing on the back rather than continuing as it should. That's my biggest knock on this figure. It seems Duke was intended to be released in 1984. The pre-production design drawings of the figure have a 1984 date, but the figure was issued as a mail away in 1983. Was Duke a rush job? Is that why so many of his parts come from other figures?  The green plastic on the lower half of the figure tends to be fragile. I see a lot of Duke figures with broken crotches and broken heels, so be cautious with this green plastic. Let's take a look at Duke's file card. There are several variations of this file card and we will look at those. There were also some changes to the text of the file card made in pre-production before the text was finalized for the production release. The file cards received in the mail in 1983 looked like this. With a white border you were supposed to cut the file card out. There was some copyright information in the white border and there was a close-up bust of Duke in the portrait. There are a couple types of card backs on these early mail away cards. Some of the mail away cards had a plain cardboard backing while others had a plain white backing and I have a couple examples of those. I don't know which was the earlier one and which was later. I don't know when they changed it, but there are a couple examples of some different card backs on those early mail ways. The retail card was printed on the back of the card on which the figure was packaged. There's some artwork from the front of the card there. There was also a change to the portrait instead of the close-up bust portrait. The portrait is a bit farther back so we can see more of Duke's torso. As I understand it, the later Hasbro Direct mail away cards had this retail card portrait but had a red backing. There was also a Duke action figure that was sealed with a VHS cassette of the animated series that also had a red backing on it but that one had the figure sealed on the back of the card. His faction of course is G.I. Joe. There's the portrait of Duke. He is the first sergeant. His codename is Duke. His file name is Conrad S. Hauser. On the pre-production prototype file card his name was Carl Hauser. Primary military specialty is airborne infantrymen. Secondary military specialty is artillery and small arms armorer. Birthplace is St. Louis, Missouri and his grade is E8 in parentheses master sergeant. This is a discrepancy. The specialty says first sergeant but the grade says master sergeant. Both the first sergeant and master sergeant are E8 but they are not the same. The first sergeant is generally considered to be higher in authority than a master sergeant. First sergeants are commonly called top sergeant or first shirt and they have a hands-on role in field leadership. The version 2 file card from Tiger Force fixed this problem. It has him as a first sergeant in his stated specialty and a first sergeant in his grade. Problem solved. By 1992 the version 3 file card had him as a master sergeant again but it had him as a master sergeant in both places. However, the text of the file card referred to him as the top kick or the first shirt. That is terminology for a first sergeant. So there's a discrepancy between the pay grade and the text of the card.  Even though technically it's a lateral move, a master sergeant is kind of a step down from a first sergeant so this is sort of a demotion. I don't know why it's so hard to get this right. He is either a first sergeant or a master sergeant. Just pick one. He can't be both. The original plan was for Duke to be an officer with the rank of major. This was changed at the behest of Larry Hama who pointed out that the team already had a field grade officer, Hawk, who was younger than Duke. It wouldn't make sense to have Duke come in as a major so he was given an enlisted rank. This paragraph says, Duke was fluent in French, German, and English when he enlisted in 1967, graduated top of his class at Airborne School Fort Benning, opted for US Army Special Language School, specialized in Han Chinese and Southeast Asian dialects, went special forces in 1969, worked with tribesmen in the Boonies of South Vietnam, ran four different special forces school, turned down a commission in 1971, commands by winning respect, current assignment acting first sergeant G.I. Joe team. It says current assignment acting first sergeant so maybe that's the reason for the discrepancy between the grade and the specialty. Maybe he is a master sergeant but acting as first sergeant for the G.I. Joe team. But then why not just make him a first sergeant? This file card portrays Duke as the best at everything. He knows all the languages. He finished top of his class at Airborne School. He didn't just graduate from special forces school. He ran four special forces schools. He's even too tough and gritty to become an officer. This bottom section has a quote from Duke himself. It says, statement after declining commission. They tell me that an officer's job is to impel others to take the risks so that the officer survives to take the blame in the event of total catastrophe. With all due respect, sir, if that's what an officer does, I don't want any part of it. This file card details his training and experience in Vietnam. Unlike other file cards, it mentions Vietnam by name. Duke would be in his mid 30s by the time he joined the G.I. Joe team in 1983. If he enlisted at 18, his birth year would be 1949. In 2020, he would be 71 years old. The pre-production prototype file card had him enlisting in 1960 and went special forces in 1963. At that time, he worked with the Montagnard tribesmen. Montagnard is a French term referring to the people who lived in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. In the early 1960s, they were trained by U.S. special forces. I'm glad they changed it. Having him enlist in 1967 makes him a much more reasonable age for his introduction to the G.I. Joe team.


Larry Rothschild and the Yankees have divorced. No. It's kind of being portrayed as being fired, although the Yankees sent out glowing statements from Cashman and Boone about how great Larry is and he's gone. So from what I heard, Larry was very into the analytics but would push back every now and then. You've got to give Larry a lot of credit. Everybody's going to blame Larry for Sonny Gray. I don't blame Larry for Sonny Gray. I think that was Larry in the analytics. They wanted Sonny Gray to throw more breaking balls. He wasn't comfortable doing it. He goes to the Reds. They're allowing him to be the pitcher that he wanted and I think that New York was too big for him. So does Larry get credit for turning Paxton into one of the best pitchers in baseball? Over the final two months, does Larry get credit for straightening out Masahiro Tanaka, giving him a different grip on the splitter because of the different baseballs? I don't, again, I'm on the air right now. It's hard for me to find out exactly what happened. But the bottom line is there's some kind of fissure there. I don't know who is going to be the pitching coach of the Yankees. Would they revisit a guy like Dave Island who they won a World Series with in 2009 and was let go by the Mets? Would they even think about David Cohn or is it going to be a real analytics-driven guy? My bet would be on a real analytics-driven guy, guy that you might not have ever heard of who is lockstep with everything that they believe in. But that certainly was surprising today when it happened. Or is it just the fact that they want to make a little bit of a change because they're probably not going to make a lot of changes during the off-season and a lot of people within the organization felt this was a failure. At the very least it was a disappointment. I don't think you could do that with people's lives though, Don. But that's what happens all the time, Michael. But this guy's been there nine years. He's not some insignificant figure. Well let's use him as chum to the masses. I don't think... All the universe is upset with Larry Rothschild. I don't know but you did something. Sometimes you do things cosmetically. That's a weak something though. I mean sometimes you do things cosmetically. Maybe he was more of a Gerardi guy. Maybe it's for the same reason. Maybe he was heavy handed with the pitchers. They want maybe a lighter touch. Maybe they were okay to bring him back and maybe Rothschild said listen I'd like to go with Gerardi to Philadelphia. Maybe we can plan an exit strategy here. I don't know. I'll try to find out. I still... I'm not sure exactly what happened but maybe I'll find out during the show. Maybe I'll find out after the show but it does seem a little bit odd. Is it possible that he wants to go to Philly to be with Gerardi? Is that possible? I don't know. He's been on the team since 2011 so obviously he was one of the assistants to Joe Gerardi so is it a change there? Is it just the fact that hey the Yankees aren't going to make a lot of changes? Because they won a hundred games. A hundred and three. They won their division but you got to throw somebody I guess under the bus when you have what as many people considered a failure of a season or a disappointment in the season. So is there that collateral damage? I don't know. You know what? Our pitching wasn't as good as Houston's. We're probably not going to make a lot of changes but this might actually signal that they're not going to go out and get Strausberg and Cole. That they're going to come back with the same guys but we got to do something because if we didn't hit our goal somebody's got to be sacrificed. Is it that or is it just hey Larry wants to go to Philadelphia and be with Joe Gerardi?


back to the nitty gritties of doing things. There's so many little things that we need to think of, but thank you so much. Let's thank you for that reminder. Okay. Okay, so we'll look at the introduction to the book of Romans before we look at, we study each verse, phrase, or word in each chapter. We'll just look at the introduction to the Romans. Thank you all for sharing your insights, and giving your inputs about what you know about the book of Romans. Now, Romans is considered as the most important book, theologically, or doctrinally, because it deals with the doctrine of Christ. Now, we all know what is doctrine, right? Doctrine is basically a set of beliefs, a belief or a set of beliefs that is taught by someone. Basically, we can say doctrines are teachings. So we see that in this book, in the book of Romans, the gospel of Jesus is presented very, very beautifully, doctrinally, like no other epistle. No other epistle presents the gospel of Jesus Christ as well as it is explained here in the book of Romans. And scholars consider Paul's letter to the believers at Rome as his most important work, doctrinally, okay? So this is Paul's most important work, doctrinally. And Romans is one of the best expressions of Christian doctrines compared to other books. The other epistles of Paul addresses certain elements of Christian life or the life of the church. But here in this book, Paul addresses certain problems, and in those books, Paul addresses certain problems in the church, which the church is facing. So he's writing to them about the problems that they're facing in the church. But here in this episode of Romans, it's more doctrinal and it's more a teaching oriented. It's not just talking basically about certain elements of Christian life or the life of the church or talking about some issues or challenges or problems that the church is facing. It's more an epistle that has to do with doctrines and it's more teaching oriented. So we see that Paul begins this epistle from the existence of God. And then he goes on to talk about sin. He talks about salvation, the gift of righteousness, the grace of God in Christian living. And we see that this is the best epistle when it comes to Christian doctrine or to teaching. It's not just because I'm teaching Romans, I'm saying this, but this is the best epistle when it comes to Christian doctrine or teaching. So it's very important for us to study and understand this book because this is the only place in the New Testament where we have about three chapters that explains to us the relationship between the church and Israel, okay? The book of Hebrews has some of it, but in terms of, it talks about in terms of the covenant, but here, we see in the book of Romans, we see what God is doing with the church and you will find what God is doing with the church only here in the book of Romans. Again, it's very unique from that perspective and the entire Old Testament, when we see, read the Old Testament, we see God dealing with his people, the Israelites, the Hebrew people, okay? It also mentions in the Old Testament there are various prophecies referring or mentioning to the coming of Jesus Christ. And then we move on to the New Testament where it starts off with Jesus and his ministry here on earth and what he did. And then it moves on to acts where we see the early church and suddenly we wonder what happened to Israel, okay? That's because the Old Testament we're reading all about the Israelites, you know, how God dealt with them, how God brought them out of bondage, the laws he gave them, what he taught them, the kings, the judges, the prophets who came and how they occupied the promised land and all of those we read so much about the Israelites, the Hebrew people, but you know, all that comes to a full stop when we move to the New Testament where it begins with Jesus, his ministry, then the early church, and we're wondering what happened to God's dealing with the people of Israel. So we see here in the book of Romans, Paul very beautifully brings out to us the relationship between the church and Israel.  So there are many key doctrines or teaching that is established here in the book of Romans. We see the existence of God in chapter one, the issue of sin and conscience. We see the issue of salvation, the issue of grace, the issue of righteousness and the issue of Christian living. So these are some of the key teachings of the church and all of these key teachings of the church is covered here in the book of Romans. So let's look at when Paul wrote this book and why he wrote it and what are some of the things that Paul was expecting to happen. So during Paul's second missionary journey, which is AD 49 to 52, now all of what we're talking about happening in with regard to the episode of Romans, it's all happens in the first century and these are kind of approximate dates. So during Paul's second missionary journey, he stayed at Corinth for 18 months. We read about this in Acts chapter 18 verse 11. And during this time when he was at Corinth, he comes in contact with this couple, Aquila and Priscilla who are a Jewish couple and they are from Rome. And they had to leave Rome because the Roman emperor Claudius, he issued an edict saying that all the Jews had to leave Rome. And we read about this in Acts chapter 18 verses one to three. So we see that Aquila and Priscilla being a Jewish couple, they had to leave Rome and they come to Corinth and when they are in Corinth, they meet Paul. And we see that Paul through Aquila and Priscilla heard a lot about the church at Rome, about the believers at Rome. They work with Paul in the tent making business and also they ministered with the churches and the believers at Corinth. And we also see that Paul was very instrumental in teaching them, building them up in the things of the faith and the revelation of God's word because we know that Paul was very scholarly. He had studied under the best teachers and one of them being a Malian. And so they also had firsthand experience of how Paul ministers, how he handles churches, how he builds up leaders. So they learned quite a lot and we see that the Jews were permitted to go back to Rome in 1854. And so Aquila and Priscilla goes back to Rome and when they go back, they would have shared about Paul's ministry to the believers at the church at Rome. But we see that Paul was so excited about the church at Rome even though he had not planted the church there but just to hear about everything that is happening and it was his great desire to go to the church at Rome to meet the believers there. And just like Rupa said, to impart to them, to pour into their lives, to spiritually feed them what he has learned, what he has received as revelations. So later during Paul's third missionary journey which is during 8053 to 58, we see that Paul spends a good three years in Ephesus and from there he goes on to Macedonia and to Greece and which it includes these like Athens and Corinth. And so we see that Paul when he was there in his third missionary journey back at Corinth, he wrote to the believers at Rome and he writes this letter around about 8057. So how do we know that Paul wrote this letter from Corinth in Romans chapter 16, verse 23, Paul mentions two people there. He mentions Gaius and Erastus. Now Gaius is somebody who Paul was staying along with. He was hosting Paul and also we know that Gaius had a church meeting at his home. So Romans chapter 16, verse 23, can one of you read that please? Romans 16, 23. Gaius, my host and the host of the world church greets you. Erastus, the treasurer of the city greets you. And Carthus, a brother. Okay, so here we see that Paul is staying at the home of Gaius and also he mentions you know Gaius, the same Gaius he mentions in first Corinthians chapter one was 14, okay. And we also see he mentions about Erastus who was a treasurer of the city of Corinth. He was a steward or he was heading the public works department as you know, we see in translated in the new test in the, in NIV version. So we see that he lived in Corinth. We read about him in Paul's letter to Timothy, second letter to Timothy, second Timothy chapter four was 20. And, you know, archeologists have found, have uncovered on unearthed a stone in which was an inscription of the name of Erastus. And it says Erastus for his eddleship paved at his own expense, which is usually, you know, when people make roads, you know, in honor of their name they have this cornerstone laid in saying that, you know, this person has done this, has laid this road. So he has, you know, paved a road and made a road and at his own expense. And so they found a stone which was unearthed by archeologists and in the city of Corinth which mentions the name Erastus. So we know that, you know, Paul would have written this, this episode of Romans from Corinth during his third missionary journey. We also see that towards the end of Paul's letter in Romans chapter 15 versus 22 to 23, Paul, you know, mentions that he's planning to go to Jerusalem because there is a famine that is happening there and he's collected offerings from the churches in the regions of Greece and Macedonia. And he plans to take this offering to give it to the saints who are living in Jerusalem because of the famine. He just feels the need to help them. And then he plans to go from there to Spain and on his way to Spain, you know, he plans to stop at Rome and he plans to meet the church which is his longing, his desire, longing desire which he had for many years which we read in Romans chapter 15 was 22 to 33. So can one of you read that please? Romans 15, 22 to 33. Anyone? Ma'am, this is Anna, it's me. Okay, please read, brother. Okay, thank you. For which cause also I have been much hindered from coming into you but now having no more place in these parts and having a great desire these many years to come unto you. Yes, to 33. I just feel 33, okay. When sober, I take my journey into Spain. I will come to you for I trust to see you in my journey and to be brought on my way. Tither word by you. If first I be somewhat filled with your company but now I go unto Jerusalem to minister unto saints for it has pleased them of Macedonia and Achaia to make a certain contribution for the poor saints which are at Jerusalem. It has pleased them really and their doctor and their doctors they are for if the Gentiles have been made partakers of their spiritual thing. Their duty is also to minister unto them in carnal things. When therefore I have performed this and have sealed to them this fruit I will come by you into Spain and I'm sure that when I come unto you I shall come in the fullness of blessing of the gospel of Christ. Now I beseech you brethren for the Lord Jesus Christ's sake and for the love of the Spirit that you strive together with me in your prayers to God for me that I may deliver from them that do not believe in Judea and that my service which I have for Jerusalem may be accepted of the saints that I may come unto you with joy by the will of God and may with you be refreshed. Now the Lord of peace be with you all. Amen. Thank you Srikuman. So here we see Paul's heart in verse 23. He says, you know, he says for many years you're having a great desire this many years to come to you and in verse 29 he says, you know, I like to come when I come to you I shall come in the fullness of the blessing of the gospel of Christ. So we see Paul's heart here that he wants to go to believers at Rome and he wants to bring to them something spiritually. He wants to give into their lives spiritually. He feels he can give to them spiritually and this is his motivation in going there.  So what basically motivates you to go to place to place from one city to another city to preach. I'm sure it's not sightseeing, it's not recreational but it's a motivation to give them something in the spirit. It's a desire that you have to impart to them the full blessings of the gospel of Christ and you want to strengthen them spiritually. And that is why people are motivated evangelist missionaries are motivated to go from place to place to preach about Christ. So Paul also shares what he's planning to do and his desire, his desire is that he wants to give into their lives spiritually. He wants to impart to them the full blessings of Jesus Christ. And he also is sharing with them his plan that, you know, there is a famine in Jerusalem and he wants to encourage the saints and the believers at Jerusalem. And so he's encouraging the churches that he started in the regions of Akia that is Corinth and Macedonia to contribute to the saints in Jerusalem. And he wants to take this offering to the believers there and then from there he wants to go to Spain and on his way, you know, he wants to go to Rome. He plans to visit Rome and visit the believers there, okay? So who started the church at Rome? Like you said that no one in particular we don't have a specific name of a person who started the church at Rome. But we know that on the day of Pentecost, you know, there were visitors from various nations, people who came from their Jews, who came from Rome, from different parts of Asia, from Europe, they all came to Jerusalem. And when they came to Jerusalem, they used to come for a period of 60 days where they used to begin with the celebration of the unleavened bread and also the Passover and three days later, they would be there for the feast of the first fruits, which was a beginning of the Pentecost, which would happen 50 days from then. So they used to stay for the feast of the first fruits and then stay on for another 50 days and celebrate the Pentecost and then go back to their own places. And then we know what happened on the day of Pentecost. You know, we read this in Acts chapter two versus eight to 10. So can one of you please read Acts chapter two versus eight to 10 please. Acts chapter two versus eight to 10. Acts chapter two versus eight to 10. And how is it that we hear each of us in his own native language? Parthians, Parthians and Mids and Elamites and the residents of Mesopotamia, Judea and Cappadocia, Pontus and Asia. Difficult to read. Piggia and Papillia, Egypt and part of Libya, Beligia belonging to Syrian and visitors from Rome. Thank you. Visitors from Rome, thank you. Both Jews and proselytes, Cretans and Arabs, we hear them speaking in our own tongue, the wonderful works of God. So we see that, you know, people, Jews came from all over Asia and Europe and they were also Jews from Rome. And when they heard this hurricane like wind that came and they came to this upper room where the 120 believers were there and saw them speaking in different tongues. They realized that they're Galileans but speaking in their own native languages, which places that they had come from and they all heard them, you know, praising and worshiping God. And we know that Peter, you know, delivered his sermon and 3000 of them accepted Jesus and were baptized and came into faith. So, you know, so there were some of the Jews who were present at that time who'd have accepted Jesus Christ. And then, you know, they stayed on and, you know, they received teachings from the apostles. They received the teachings of the apostles and they were established in the teachings of the apostles and then they would have gone back to Rome and they would have, you know, started preaching and teaching to the people there. And that's how, you know, they made believers and established home churches in different parts of Rome. And we can say that the church at Rome was a very spiritual church. The reason is because, you know, these people who were there on the day of Pentecost, you know, they received the teachings of the apostles and they were also established in the teachings of the apostles. And we know that the believers at Rome were a mixed group, a mixed group of Jews, of Gentiles. And, you know, when Emperor Claudus issued that it edict in 1849 that all Jews had to leave Rome, you know, we know that the church would have been led by the Gentile believers. But when in 1854, when they returned back, you know, after five years, the Jews are asked to give permission to return back to Rome. When they came back, you know, they would have realized that the leaders who are leading the church at Rome were Jewish believers and sorry, Gentile believers. And so the Jews realized that they had to serve under the Gentile believers. So we see that there was a mix of Jews and Gentiles at the church at Rome. And so we see when Paul is writing this letter, he knows that he has to address to both of these groups. We know that there were several home churches at Rome. And we know that when Paul was writing in 1857, he talks about the church that meets in Aquila and Priscilla's house. We read this in Romans chapter 16, verses three and five to five. Can one of you read that please? Romans 16, three to five. Great Priscilla and Aquila, my fellow workers in Jesus Christ, who risked their own neck for my life to ruin, not only I give thanks, but also all the churches and of the Gentiles. Likewise, great the church that is in their house, great my beloved, Eparnatus, who is the first fruits of a key as to Christ. Thank you. So here we see that there were house churches at Rome. They did not have just one main church, but there were several house churches. We know this because Paul writes, when he's writing this episode of Romans, he's talking, he's greeting Aquila and Priscilla and also the believers who are meeting in their home. Okay. And so he knows that his letter will be, will, you know, when he sends it to Rome, will be read across all the house churches and it would be a letter that would build them up and encourage them, okay? So we look at a few highlights, key highlights of the book of Romans. So we look at the brief background. We look at a few key highlights or emphasis that we will see in the book of Romans. The book of Romans explains the gospel of Jesus Christ in a very detailed way, in a very clear way. It very clearly explains to us what the gospel is. It explains to us that we are sinners, that Christ died for us. He rose again and whoever believes in him will receive forgiveness of their sins. So we have in this episode, one of the clearest and the detailed explanations of the gospel of Jesus Christ. We also see one of the key highlights of the book of Romans is that it's a book where our full spiritual journey is mentioned in a very detailed way, is described in a very detailed way, starting with the existence of God in Romans chapter one, then talking about the sin of man in Romans one and two, the consequences of sin in Romans chapter three, what Christ did on the cross for our sins in Romans chapter three and four, how we are justified by faith and how we receive righteousness through grace by faith which is spoken of in Romans chapter five or explained in Romans chapter five, how we can overcome sin on the braces of the cross, what Jesus has done on the cross. We see this in Romans, we read this in Romans chapter six and seven, how we walk in the spirit, how we walk in righteousness in the spirit in Romans chapter eight and how we lived the Christian life in Romans chapter 12 verse 15. So here in the book of Romans, Paul describes our spiritual journey. So if anyone or reads the book of Romans, if someone reads the book of Romans, they can surely get saved, they will learn how to overcome sin, they will learn how they'll be justified through grace by faith, they will learn how to live the Christian life. So it's a good journey that Paul takes someone through, right from them knowing God, the existence of God to knowing their sinful nature and to knowing what Christ has done on the cross and how they can accept Him as a Lord and Savior and how they can live a life of righteousness in the spirit and how they can live their Christian life. So it's a good journey that Paul takes someone through. Another key highlight is in the book of Romans, you know, the righteousness of God is revealed. So we know that God is a God of justice. He cannot be blamed. He's blameless. He's a righteous God. And so we see that the major theme in the book of Romans is righteousness. The word righteousness is used 36 times throughout this book. We see that it's spoken about of God being righteous in Judgingson. We read this in Romans chapter one and two, God who is righteous as a righteous God. You know, he forgives sins on the basis of what Christ has done on the cross. We read this in Romans chapter three and five and God imputing His righteousness or God imparting His righteousness. That means God putting His righteousness into our account as believers. And we are being made in right standing with God. We read this in Romans chapter five. Then in Romans chapter six to eight, we read about how a believer can walk in righteousness by the work of the spirit. And in Romans chapter 12 to 15, we see how a believer can live a righteous life. And we don't find this treatment or we don't find this detailed explanation of righteousness in any other book in the Bible as we find in Romans. And another key highlight is that in the book of Romans, the Jews and the Gentiles are both chosen in Romans chapters nine to 11. We see Paul addresses the relationship between Jews and Gentiles or Israel and the church. He also talks about what God is doing, where is Israel and how does the church fit in what God is doing presently. And in Romans chapter nine to 11, Paul addresses that. And we also see that this treatment or this specific topic or this specific account about the Israelites, about the church, about the Jews and Gentiles and what God is doing and where they are now in history in the picture or in the plan and the purpose of God, it's not mentioned, the subject is not mentioned anywhere else in the New Testament as it is mentioned detail here in Romans. And hence, it's a very interesting part to study the book of Romans. Okay. We'll stop here. Any questions anyone has? Any questions, any doubts? Yes. Yes, Shri Kumar. I just want to know one thing that, as you said, this is more than an epistle, it is a doctrine. So I just want to know that when we read the Bible, how can we come to know that this is a doctrine and this is an epistle? How we come to know, like in the book of, I think from Timothy or in those books, they're also, Paul has given him some instruction. So do we consider that also as a doctrine or as a letter? Thank you. Good question. Thank you, Shri Kumar. See, every epistle that Paul writes, he will address certain doctrines that are specific to certain churches with regards to the challenges, with regards to the problems or the difficulties that they face. So Paul would mention or refer to the struggles, the challenges, the problems that they're facing in light of the doctrines or the teachings, because that will bring more clarity to what they are going through. So we're not saying that there are no doctrines that are mentioned in any of the other epistles. But what we're saying is in this letter to the Romans, he very clearly takes us through our spiritual journey where he's mentioning the teachings about sin, about justification, about salvation, about righteousness through grace, by faith in a very detailed way. So when we look at, when we study this book, we would look at, you know, there are not more challenges or problems that he is addressing it and bringing it out in the context of doctrines, but he's basically presenting the doctrines. He's basically presenting the teachings of Jesus Christ in a very systematic and a very clear way. So that one could understand their own spiritual journey and how they can walk through each of these stages in life. Does that help you answer your question? Thank you, Dr. Thank you, Dr. Thank you. Who is the first fruits of Akia to Christ, 16, five? Romans 16, five. Let me just take a look at that. Okay, Romans chapter 16. Likewise, greet the church in their home. Greet my beloved Apprentice, who is the first fruits of Akia to Christ. First fruits of Akia, Akia is a place. So maybe the first fruits is, you know, those who are believers, first time believers, okay? New believers who've accepted the Lord Jesus Christ and in that certain place and also go back and also, you know, after they have accepted Christ, they kind of share the gospel with the people in their own region, their own areas. Or if like we see that in the church at Rome, there were believers who came to Jerusalem. They were there on the day of Pentecost. They experienced salvation. They were, you know, they received teachings. They were established in the teachings of the apostles and they go back to Rome and they preach and teach and they establish the church. So maybe this was, Apprentice was one of the first fruits of Akia, that means person from the place called Akia to accept Christ and also maybe to share to believers and start off a house church at that place Akia. So Akia is where basically Corinth is, yes. Okay, Ma'am, thank you very much. Yes, Christopher. Hi, yes, Pastor. I just wanted to kind of understand how effectively we can, you know, use the notes that you've already provided to us and you know, kind of, you know, use it effectively during the class. So as I understand, today's class is more of an introduction. But when you go through a verse by verse interpretation and explanation of that particular verse, will you be actually referring to the notes and, you know, because right now I'm just looking at my desk. I have the Bible open. I have your notes open.  And I just tried to understand how, you know, how best to effectively, we can effectively, you know, as a students, I use your notes in the class. Okay, thank you for your question, Christopher. Yes, today, if you notice, I didn't stick. I mean, I had spoke basically from the notes, but it was not word-to-word at this mention there. I just didn't say every line that was there, but most of the content, the explanation is there, so you can read it. But I just kind of gave you understanding in my own words and kind of a little more detail. But you can just follow through with the notes that's okay. What I've said is mostly there. Just the little things that in the beginning when I talked about, you know, Romans is considered as a theological and doctrinal book and about, you know, the Israelites and how they're not mentioned in the New Testament and what is mentioned in the New Testament, the key doctrines, those are little extra notes so you can follow through. You may not be able to catch everything and jot down all the extra points during the class lecture, but the video of the class lecture will be posted on the Google stream page, so you could always go back to that video and you can listen to it again and then you can just make jot down the points. But when we come to word-to-word explanation or phrases or verses, we'll kind of stick to what is there in the notes because it'll be given in detail, but if there is anything extra and you sense it's not there, you can jot down the points. Okay, thank you. Okay, I hope that helps. I just didn't want to stick to the notes because sometimes students feel, I mean, we just, what's the point, you know, we just have the notes, we can read it, then, you know, what's the point in attending a lecture? So I thought, you know, I see Kumar is laughing here. Yeah, so just giving a, using the notes, but just helping you to looking at it in a more detailed way, which would help you. And you can always go back and listen to the lecture. Does that help? Yes, thank you. That's okay. Elisha, did the explanation help for your query? Okay, thank you everyone for joining class. I'll see you on Friday again for another hour.  Thank you, everyone. Thank you, thank you, guys.


Hi everyone, Joe for jatsby's casebreaks.com Totally forgot to do that recap. I was so excited about the Ken Griffey Jr. that Christian won Forgot to do that recap right there. There's the kid mixer. Thanks everyone for getting in appreciate it Here is a quick Recap right here pretty strong break. I thought I'm not hating on Gordon Hayward, but I don't know I don't know why we're watching the Kobe game where Gordon Hayward allegedly stepped out of bounds or stepped into the Nice Mike Trout autograph stepped into the paint Just in case Kobe missed it so then he can get called for a foul So Kobe could get that 60th point or whatever From the mixer man those who's gossum. It was a great. It was a great mixer a single box of bones. Yeah And a freaking live Mike Trout atomic auto pops out of there, but Gordon Hayward was like That's not what I was doing Out of five it's kind of weird threw me off through me off, too And there was a cold Tucker came out of clearly authentic and a nice Mike Trout The autograph baseball was Burt Blilevin went to McCarthy and the twins There's Burt right in there has no no hitter inscription in there There you go. There you have it. That was the recap for the kid at baseball mixer. Thanks for breaking with us Thanks for watching. I'm Joe. I'll see you next time for the next break. Bye. Bye


Let me call myself, for the present, William Wilson. That is not my real name. That name has already been the cause of the horror, of the anger of my family. But not the winds carried my name with my loss of honour to the ends of the earth. Am I not forever dead to the world, to its honours, to its flowers, to its golden hopes, and the cloud heavy and endless? Does it not hang forever between my hopes and my heaven? Things usually become bad by degrees. But I let all goodness fall from me in a single moment, as if I had dropped a coat. From small acts of darkness I passed in one great step into the blackest evil ever known. Listen, while I tell you of the cause that made this happen. Death is near, and it's coming, as softened my spirit. I desire in passing through this dark valley the understanding of other men. I wish them to believe that I have been in some ways in the power of forces beyond human control. I wish them to find for me in the story I'm about to tell. Some small fact that proves I could only have done what I did. I would have them agree that what happened to me never happened to other men. Is it not true that no one has ever suffered as I do? Have I not indeed been living in a dream? And am I not now, dying from the horror and the unanswered question? The mystery of the wildest dream ever dreamed on earth. I am one of a family well known for their busy minds. As a small child I showed clearly that I too had the family character. As I became older it grew more powerful in me. For many reasons it became a cause of talk among friends, and the hurt it did me was great. I wanted people always to do things my way.  I let my desires control me. My father and mother, weak in body and mind, could do little to hold me back. When their efforts failed, of course, my will grew stronger. And from then on my voice in the house was law. At an age when few children are allowed to be free, I was left to be guided by my own desires. I became the master of my own action. I remember my first school. It was in a large house, about three hundred years old in a small town in England, among a great number of big trees. All of the houses there were very old. In truth it was a dreamlike and spirit-quieting place, that old town. At this moment I seemed to feel the pleasant coolness under the shade of the trees. I remember the sweetness of the flowers. I hear again with delight, I cannot explain, the deep sound of the church bell, each hour breaking the stillness of the day. It gives me pleasure to think about this school, as much pleasure perhaps as I am now able to experience. Deep in suffering as I am, suffering only too real, perhaps no one will object if for a short time I forget my troubles and tell a little about this period. Moreover, the period and place are important. It was then and there that I first saw hanging over me the terrible promise of things to come. Ah, let me remember. The house where we boys lived and went to school was, as I have said, old and wide. The grounds about it were large, and there was a high wall around the outside of the whole school. Beyond this wall we went three times in each week, on one day to take short walks in the neighbouring fields, and two times on Sunday to go to church. This was the one church in the village, and the head teacher of our school was also the head of the church, with a spirit of deep wonder and of doubt I used to watch him there. This man with slow step and quiet thoughtful face, in clothes so different and shining clean. Could this be the same man who with a hard face and clothes far from clean stood ready to strike us if we did not follow the rules of the school? Oh, great and terrible question, beyond my small power to answer. I well remember our playground which was behind the house. There were no trees, and the ground was as hard as stone. In front of the house there was a small garden, but we stepped into this garden only at very special times, such as when we first arrived at school or when we left it for the last time, or perhaps when father or mother or a friend came to take us away for a few days. But the house, what a delightful old building it was. To me truly a palace. There was really no end to it. I was not always able to say certainly which of its two floors I happened to be on. From each room to every other there were always three or four steps either up or down. Then the rooms branched into each other and these branches were too many to count and often turned and came back upon themselves. Our ideas about the whole great house were not very far different from the thoughts we had about time without end. During the five years I was there I could never have told anyone how to find the little room where I and some eighteen or twenty other boys slept. The schoolroom was the largest room in the house, and I couldn't help thinking it was the largest in the world. It was long and low with pointed windows and heavy wood overhead. In a far corner was the office of our headteacher, Mr. Pransbee. This office had a thick door and we would rather have died than open it when he was not there. Inside the thick walls of this old school I passed my years from ten to fifteen. Yet I always found it interesting. A child's mind does not need the outside world. In the quiet school I found more bright pleasure than I found later as a young man in riches or as an older man in wrongdoing. Yet I must have been different indeed from most boys. Few men remember much of their early life. My early days stand out as clear and plain as if they had been cut in gold. In truth, the hotness of my character and my desire to lead and command soon separated me from the others. Slowly I gained control over all who were not greatly older than myself—over all. Except one. This exception was a boy who, though not of my family, had the same name as my own, William Wilson. This boy was the only one who ever dared to say he did not believe all I told him and who would not follow my commands. This troubled me greatly. I tried to make the others think that I didn't care. The truth was that I felt afraid of him. I had to fight to appear equal with him, but he easily kept himself equal with me. Yet no one else felt, as I did, that this proved him the better of the two. Indeed no one else saw the battle going on between us. All his attempts to stop me and what I wanted to do were made when no one else could see or hear us. He did not desire, as I did, to lead the other boys. He seemed only to want to hold me back—sometimes with wonder and always without pleasure. I saw that his manner seemed to show a kind of love for me. I did not feel thankful for this. I thought it meant only that he thought himself to be very fine indeed—better than me. Perhaps it was this love he showed for me added to the fact that we had the same name and also that we had entered the school on the same day, which made people say that we were brothers. Wilson did not belong to my family—even very distantly. But if we had been brothers, we would have been near to each other indeed, for I learned that we were both born on the 19th of January, 1809. This seemed a strange and wonderful thing.


TLO what's poppin y'all on twitch we are not live, but you can leave a like comment subscribe turn on post notification bells Man, let's continue to grow the family from Chicago to the UK This is literally become one of my favorites to do Ali G show religion uncensored listen All the religious people in the world shout out to y'all man I'm a Christian, so this should be good. I'm gonna laugh I'm going to laugh, so Yo, so diggity check yourself before I can never do that. Okay, anyway Yo, so diggity check yourself before you wreck yourself because I is here with four people Who is who thought about something called religion? How powerful is God I think there is a power. Uh, I think most people at one point or another experience, uh, that power They draw upon something that's doctor. Hold on. Who is this one point or another experience Dr. Francesca Cho Georgetown University. Okay She's an atheist that power they draw upon something that seems larger than themselves Can god do better stuff than david blames Ha ha ha ha ha Oh, man, david blaming the bullet. Okay, honey. I'm gonna stop and go do better stuff than david blames You're asking god to make square circles, which are impossible. God can't do impossible things. That's not a limitation I've got there've always been magicians liver and and there always will be and some of them She's the atheist. Okay. They're always been magician bobby Kirkheart atheist alliance international liver and and there always will be and some of them claim To be really producing magic. So ain't god just like an overhyped david blames No, and a lot of people would find that suggestion very expensive. Yo, sorry If god has got all these amazing powers, why don't He flex it every day like if you has got it flaunted. I mean mate, Dave. He's got a nine-inch. He gets it out all the time God should be showing his powers Well, let's talk about this man the main man the mac daddy of the christian thing What's the mac daddy of the christian name again? Jesus Christ? Why did jesus christ do that?  I'm not sure. I've seen the same image as you've seen. I Is he thinking about santa claus? Those are not the same people.  Yes, jesus exists As the second person of what we believe to be the triune god Is it true that he was born? in a stable It's possible He was born in those kind of simple circumstances No room in the end and that sort of thing. There was no room in it without yeah, without because it was christmas Stop Oh man, this ain't this one had to rub a lot. How did these things kind of simple circumstances? No room in the end and that's what it was no room in it without yeah without because it was christmas, isn't it? You said there was presence around about marriage Would you ever marry a jewish girl? I've chosen not to marry.   Do you consider marrying her then? I am considering Marriage not at all but people out there. They see people as men to be religious bathing in an unreligious way Ain't it hypocriticalist that so many nuns also work part-time as strippers? Well, I don't think you can demonstrate that Hey, who else laughed the eighties to work part-time as strippers? Well, I don't think you can demonstrate that statistically. That's an absurd statement that you've just made No, I ain't I has been at me mate ricky sees 21st and there was this nun that came in And like this one ten minutes later. She had a bubble on top was so you just said you just said so many nuns Work as strippers and these are this one. She could have been her name was sister fister, but but Her name was what alley good strippers and these are this one. She could have been her name was sister fister But but she's a part of her act was that I would really prefer that you move off this topic because I find it offensive It's not documented by any kind of evidence. We just got a video here say It's here say Yo, so we just want to say big up all yourselves respect. This has been well interesting It's been deep. It's been everfin. There's been times when it's been boring, but that's life, isn't it? And that's deep The atheist lady is having the time of her life watching ollie g Talk crazy to the mother like that. Keep it real the father out there Listen up to what has been said and think about it for yourself ollie g Words quartered by a great man ollie g man ollie g to the building man tillo Leave a like comment subscribe turn on your post notification bells man ollie g for president. I'm gone


Tarkoittaa identifiikkiä on tärkeää, mitä teemme, että se on esim. Identifiikkiä on tärkeää, että on yksi tärkeä solusi. Jos se ei ole identifioita, niin se tarkoittaa, että ei ole yhteistyössä, mitä on optimista parametra-valoista. Eli ei voi sanoa, että on parametra-valoista, tai aloista, kun se on yksi identifioita. Suurin, kun tuntuu identifiikkia, voidaan yksi puolesta. For example, 3 indicator factorit on aivan identifiattee. And there are other rules that you can apply. But there are also scenarios that are not covered by our rules. For example, the identification status of bi-factor models is a bit more complicated than identification of normal models. In these scenarios, it's important or useful to understand how identification can be proven. If you understand the principle of proving identification, then you may be able to prove the identification or non-identification of certain parts of the model, and that can help you in understanding if the model as a whole is identified or not. Identification or proof of identification can be a bit tedious, but understanding the principle is nevertheless useful. I will show you now how to prove the identification of a factor model with three indicators. So here's a model, we have one factor, we have three indicators and we have a rule that this is always identified. But why is it always identified and how do we prove the identification status? Let's first check how much data we have and how many things we want to estimate from that data. So we first need to set a scale for the latent variable because setting the variance or setting a rule for setting the variance of the latent variable is one of the things that we must do for every latent variable in the model. If our latent variables don't have scales, then the model cannot be identified. We have six sample covariances, so that's the equation where it comes from. We have three variances and then these three indicators have three correlations. X1, X2, X2, X3 and X1, X3 correlation or covariance. So we have six units of information. We are estimating six different parameters. So we are estimating the factor variance, we are estimating two loadings. The first loading is constrained to be one for our scale setting and then we have these three error variances that we estimate. So that gives us six and six minus six is zero, so we have zero degrees of freedom. This model, if it's identified, it's going to be just identified because we don't have any excess information. So we know that the non-negative degrees of freedom is a necessary condition for identification, but it's not sufficient. So how do we know is this identified or not? And more importantly, how do we prove it? The idea of identification is that if we know the correct population, we know the full population data, then we, from that full population data, calculate unique estimates for all the parameters of the model. So identification concerns the model and the population and not really about the sample. So there is the issue of empirical identification that I'll talk a bit later on this video. So let's start proving the identification. If this model is correct for the data, then these sample covariance should follow or population covariance should correspond to the model implied covariance. And these are the model implied covariance by the model. So for example, sigma 11, which is the variance of x1, is psi plus theta 1. And the variance of the second indicator, sigma 22, is psi multiplied by lambda square. So the factor loading, the second power plus theta for the error variance. So we have these six equations. And now we can start working on these equations and try solving the parameter values. So assume that the population covariances are known. The question of identification is, can we solve the values of every unknown parameter or every estimated parameter from these covariances? And how do we go about that? The first thing that we should observe is that these three first equations are simply used to solve the error variances. Why is that the case? Because theta 1 occurs only in the first equation, theta 2 only in the second equation and theta 3 only in the third equation. We need these three equations to solve these three parameters. And we can't use those equations for anything else. Because if we use this sigma 1, 1 equation for something else, then we wouldn't be able to solve theta 1. So we'll be just looking at these three covariances, sigma 1, 2, sigma 1, sigma 2, 3, and try to solve the factor loadings, the two factor loadings lambda 2 and lambda 3 and the factor variance psi from those equations. So let's take a look at how we solve them. So what we do first is that we try to eliminate one equation and one parameter at a time. So what we do is that we take the third equation here and we solve for psi. So that's the equation for psi. It is sigma 2, 3 divided by lambda 2 times lambda 3. So that's our equation for psi. And now we can eliminate psi from the first two equations. So we just take these first two equations and then we are plugging that equation for psi. And we simplify, we have these simpler equations. Each have only one unknown. And if an equation has one unknown, we can solve it. So we can just solve and that gives us lambda 2 and lambda 3. So this is high school math, pretty simple this far. How do we solve this psi then? Well, we just plug in the values of lambda 2 and lambda 3 into the equation of psi. We get this kind of equation. We simplify and that gives us psi. So psi is the product of two covariances divided by one covariance. So now we have solved the lambdas and the psi and we just need to solve the theta's to prove that this model is fully identified. So let's take a look at the original set of equations. That's here. And we have already solved this part. So we have solved lambda 2 and lambda 3 and we have solved psi. Then we just plug in the values of these solved values to these equations for the error variances. And we solve and that gives us the error variances. Pretty simple. So the three indicator factor model solving the identification is fairly straightforward. And for exercise it may be useful for you to actually do this solution yourself from scratch so you understand the principles of proving your identification and how this covariance algebra works. If we take a look at these equations in the standardized form these are the solutions for the standardized coefficients and the procedure for getting these coefficients or the solution is the same. One interesting thing here is that these square roots are the square root has basically two solutions. So we have the positive solution and the negative solution. So when we fix the scale of the factor model by fixing the variance of the factor then that leaves the signs of these factor loadings as indeterminate. So a factor model with let's say loadings of 1, 1 and 1 would fit the model there equally well as factor loadings of minus 1, minus 1, minus 1. It just switches the direction of the scale of the latent variable without affecting the variance. The direction of the factor loadings is actually indeterminate in the standardized solution. How do we know that these are actually the correct answers or the correct solutions? Well we can just apply these to empirical data. And I'm going to use R and the love on package so we are going to fit a simple three vectors model of x1, x2 and x3 from the Halsingen and Swine 4 dataset. And this is our estimates that we got. These are the standardized estimates. And these are the sample covariances that we have. We can apply these equations here using these sample covariances and verify that we actually get the same coefficients as we get here. So because this model is just identified, it means that we can actually solve the maximum likelihood estimates from the sample covariances. Solving an over-identified model would not be possible this way. It wouldn't produce the maximum likelihood estimates. The reason for this is that over-identification implies that at least one parameter can be solved in multiple different ways and we can get multiple different values depending on which covariance we apply. But here in just identified models, we can just solve each parameter just in one way. Okay, so let's take a look at another interesting thing here. And what will happen if one of the covariance between x1, x2 and x3 is zero. So we can see that we would have division by zero here. And of course you can divide by zero. So what will happen if we try to estimate a model where one pair of indicators is uncorrelated in the sample? Well, let's just try out using R. And this produces an empirical under-identified model. So what we do here is that we take the same dataset, Holzing and Swine for dataset and we just take the sample covariance and we replace one of those covariance as the course between x1 and x2 with zero. And then we try to estimate the software tells us that it cannot find a solution. And if it cannot find a solution, that typically means that there is no unique solution. So it's possible that there are multiple different solutions that are equally good. So another possibility is that one of the parameter values converges toward plus or minus infinity. That's also a sign of under-identification. And if we take a look at these parameter values, we will see that we have some extreme variance estimates minus 68 when the total variance of the data is roughly one. And then we have these rather extreme factor 120 compared to the others. And this is a sign that the model is not identified. Also we don't have the standard errors and that's a good indication of an under-identified model. How would you know why the model is not identified? And well, you would just have to, for example, look at the Hessian matrix and see how the optimization works to understand why it fails. Another thing that you can do here is work, try to work through the covariances and understand what is required for the covariance values for this model to be identified. But to be sure, just applying the three indicator factor rule and declaring that this model is not identified is not sufficient and it wouldn't work because those rules don't guarantee the identification for every possible set of covariances. It's possible that the model would be identified for some covariance values but not others. And this is the condition known as empirical under-identification case. Generally when you face this kind of problems, your software does not converge, it produces estimates that are extreme or doesn't produce standard errors. It's a good indication to start troubleshooting what is going on, why is it not identified instead of just trying different values and see whether you can make the problem disappear. Often it's the case that you make the problem disappear by hiding it instead of solving it, which is obviously not a good strategy for applied research.


By the end of October, our monitoring mission in Ukraine had documented cases of summary executions and attacks on individual civilians in 102 villages and towns of the three regions, Kiev, Chednygiv and Sumy. The killings took place between the 24th of February and the 6th of April and were committed by Russian armed forces while they controlled these areas. We documented the deaths of 441 civilians, which includes 341 men, 72 women, 20 boys and 8 girls. We are still in the process of corroborating an additional 198 alleged killings in these areas. There are strong indications that the summary executions documented in the report may constitute the war crime of willful killing. As the circumstances surrounding these deaths suggest that Russian soldiers knew that they were targeting civilians but still used lethal force. Russian soldiers brought civilians to makeshift places of detention and then executed them in captivity. Many of the victims' bodies were found with their hands tied behind their backs and gunshot wounds to their heads. Some victims were summarily executed on the spot. Civilians were targeted on roads while moving within or between settlements, including while attempting to flee the hostilities. We have also information that continues to emerge about summary executions, torture, arbitrary detention, enforced disappearances and sexual violence against women, girls and men. Each day we receive information about war crimes. The scale of civilian casualties, as well as the significant damage and destruction to civilian objects, including hospitals and schools, is shocking and I saw that yesterday myself in EZOOM.


That's a big breath a lot of people forget to take throughout their day. And it's one that many e-cigarette users appreciate. The introduction of e-cigarettes about five years ago has quickly become a booming industry among young adults and young professionals. I also work at the airport where I can't keep going packs the TSA checkpoints so in that instance it works for me, if I'm in the car with my kids it works for me. Reusable e-cigarettes retail for $40 on average while disposable start at $8. Drip the e-liquid down the side of the tank, close the tank, push the button at the side of the pen and begin. The battery in the pen heats and turns the solution into a vapor. But it's hard to measure that amount of smoke. It's really apples and oranges to figure out if a person is getting more or less nicotine from any of these products than compared to a traditional cigarette. E-cigarettes and e-liquids are not FDA regulated, making it difficult to know the true potency of nicotine inside the solution. There's also the problem of not knowing how many puffs of an e-cigarette equals one regular cigarette. And having this constant access to an e-cigarette is a danger. Can you imagine if somebody walked around with a half pint of booze wrapped around their neck and just every now and then took a hit off of it, we would be shocked by that. People who oppose e-cigarettes say that vaping isn't much better for your health, but smoke in tobacco shops around the Boston area say that people have got it all wrong, and that vaping is simply getting a bad name. They're not bad at all. There's less nicotine dosage in all of them. Rajiv Chabria runs his own smoke and tobacco shop off Boylston Street in Boston. He says 45% of sales are e-cigarettes, and they are much safer than regular cigarettes. I look at it this way, basically one cigarette has anywhere from 2.6 to 3.5 nicotine level per cigarette. So a bottle like, say for instance, this whole bottle has 2.4 milligrams of actual nicotine. You're not going to get the dosage of each cigarette, so you're actually smoking less nicotine, so basically a cigarette is about 400 times worse than an actual liquid. E-liquids come in different flavors and levels of nicotine, beginning with solutions that contain no nicotine at all. But Boylston isn't buying into it. The goal here is to get youth to start using these flavor-cheap products in order for some day for them to be a regular cigarette smoker. I'm at a point where I'm mature enough to know the difference between smoking a cigarette and vaping. And that's coming from a bodybuilder. Anna Marie is careful about what she consumes, but is even an advocate for vaping. You look at cigarettes that has like thousands and thousands of chemicals, and then you move to this that has four compounds in it. Propylene glycol, vegetable glycerol, flavoring, and nicotine if you order the juice with nicotine. If you can recite to me all the chemicals in a cigarette, I will give you a million dollars right now, but you'll never be able to do it. They won't let you. People who vape will pause it this way.  And they forget to bring out the third factor, which is I want them to do neither.  For BUTV, I'm Alessandra Martinez.