So, to recap our discussion last time, we observed a few things. We said that in the educational communication, the traditional communication is largely one way in terms of lectures and it has an element of some discussions which could be between the teacher and the students briefly in the class or between students in small groups. As opposed to that and this we said clearly is not a scalable. First of all, we question whether lecture is an effective communication for education and the increasing conclusion all over the world is that no, it is not. It just happens to be the traditional way and nobody has applied mind to see if there are alternatives possible. Discussions are considered to be more important from learning point of view and the discussions happen by the way the open discussions where people vociferously participate is something which is the visible form of discussion. But please understand that actually if you are listening to someone attentively, your mind is discussing within. So, it is an implicit discussion that you are having with yourself in the context of what is being spoken and therefore, lectures when we put a question mark, we do not outrightly reject lectures as a useless communication. They are not useless communication, they are useful communication because they also cause some internal discussion. So, we do not call it discussion, we call it application of mind. Mind is sensitive, it is actually analyzing what is being said, applying it internally to the context and trying to learn more. But we also said that in the larger context, if it is possible to capture the learning behavior of the students, then it may be possible to design communication which is individualized. And as far as individual communication is concerned, from the conventional models we picked up tutoring and coaching, not as a large scale coaching, but individual tuitions or individual instructions. So, not a coach, but an instructor is what we concluded would be an ideal way to enhance learning, but since it is not possible to scale because we will invariably have far fewer tutors, instructors or teachers and a much larger number of learners. And therefore, these ratios do not permit any individualized attention being given by the tutors or coaches. So, that was our conclusion. We also said that machines can be used as tutors or instructors and we concluded that machines can be used, but they cannot be a replacement of human mentors or human teachers, but they can augment and substantially complement the way the human teachers or tutors handle communication. And therefore, we said use of machines as to enhance and extreme of the use of machines to enhance individual learning is where you try to replace the human element in the form of lecture or tutor or coach. So, you have self-tutoring systems, online tutoring systems, online assessments, etc., etc. Or if you take MOOCs for example, it is another extreme example of an individual working with a machine. Of course, the backend knowledge of a particular course and driving of that course as a budgeted mechanism of learning something, applying your mind, solving problems, learning something more, etc., much like how a course is conducted is implicit in MOOCs. The advantage is a machine is available to you at your time of choice, at your place of choice and that makes it completely different from the conventional education. There is one more thing that we discussed is that the current mechanisms of personalized instructions, even using machines which have evolved over the last 30 years in terms of intelligent tutoring systems invariably depend upon individualized communication being generated based on the performance of the learner in some assessment. So, the current state of individualized communication is essentially, what do we mean by performance based individualized communication?  Now based on your performance, the system can decide that you require additional inputs for learning. So, you must spend additional time reading some more material, reading some longer explanations and attempting some more problems in a particular area in which your score is deficient. So, it is essentially the performance scores which decide what individualized material that you give. Unfortunately, if you look at scores in any assessment, they would get normalized to a number between 0 to 100. So, what happens is that I might decide some additional material set one for people who score around 30 percent marks. Another additional material set to which I may say is targeted to people who get let us say 31 percent to 50 percent and so on. Now, if I have 50 students, it is quite likely that these 50 students fall in a different set of groups, but still there will be groups. So, if there are 5 students who all score 30 percent marks, all 5 of them will get exactly the same additional material. This is useful, but is it sufficient? And this is where we discuss that the performance or scores based individualization is actually not really an individualization, it is merely responding to the ability of a learner to score marks in an exam. It does not necessarily useful to figure out what is the best material for an individual student, contrast it with a private tuition. So, even if a teacher is teaching 3 students for example, since each one of the 3 have different styles of learning, over a period of time the tutor becomes knowledgeable about the style of learning and appropriately addresses each learner's requirement different. So, for example, if some student is weak in problem solving, the teacher will give him large number of problems. Some student is not reading material sufficiently, the teacher will make him read something. Similarly then, an individualized educational communication should attempt to factor the learning style and learning behavior of each student. That learning style and learning behavior is not captured by scores. So, we now make a very major difference and we say learning behavior based personalization. Last time in the last session we discussed there are 2 aspects of it. First of all, can I capture learning behavior to begin with? If I can't capture learning behavior independent of the scores, then I have a serious problem, I can't apply it. The question of what to do after you capture the learning behavior is the question of what should be the composition of the effective communication which is individual. Can these 2 problems be solved using machines? So, one problem is capture learning habits and the second problem is use. How do machines help us in doing either? This was a question that we need. So, we are now talking about communication that is happening intrinsically. Two assumptions which are sacrosan, number one, the number of learners will always be very large as compared to the number of educators. This is the generic term that I use, which could be teachers, teaching assistants, faculty members, tutors, coaches, instructors, whatever. So, the numbers are not in favor of proper ability of human instructors to coach individual learners. That is the reason why we are seeking additional help. How could this help? First time we concluded in the last lecture by saying what all things can be captured which can be indicative of the learning behavior of the students. So, anybody cares to recall those things which we said machines can capture when people are required to do online courses mostly. If they are doing any online course, then what features of their learning behavior can be captured through the online mechanisms. Last time we had listed a whole lot of things. Anybody? The amount of activity which a student performs on. So, you have to name some activities. Activities including watching, reading, accessing the material, opening some links. Accessing, hopefully reading. Hopefully reading. Then we are also said weaving video lectures. Watching video lectures, accessing some links or downloading some content. If there are quizzes, then answering or attempting. I will mention one more thing which you are missing out. Practice problems. Problems or quizzes. Yeah. So, these practice problems are almost like quizzes, but these are not graded. The only difference between practice problems and quizzes is quizzes are graded for which marks are awarded and are counted towards your performance. Practice problems, there is no count. You may get a score right or wrong or whatever, but that is for your interest. And you will have graded assessments. Anything else that you can capture? Anybody from the group which did not attend the last session but have participated in any MOOCs course on any platform anywhere in the world? Can you say what additional communication that happens during the course that gets captured or can be captured? So, I will say discussion forums. There are two aspects of discussion forum. One is weaving and the other is participation. So, we will write both. Participation can be in the form of raising a question. Participation could be in the form of commenting on an answer given by a teacher or a TA. Participation could also be in the form of giving an answer directly to a question that is raised elsewhere. Weaving. It is interesting to decipher weaving furthermore. For example, if I just capture the start time end time of whenever a learner visited the discussion forum. I can only surmise at the end that during the two months or eight weeks or six weeks of the course this particular learner visited discussion forum for, let's say, three hours and fifty minutes. Now it might tell me in a gross sense how much time the student is spending on discussion forum but is that the only information that you can decipher when you are capturing the visits to discussion forum? They are all computers and students now. You click on the discussion forum as a learner. What do you see in the discussion forum? You see the current questions, old questions, responses, etc. Typically for a large course there will be tags. There will be tags related to topics, there will be tags related to date or time. Is it not possible to capture the topic which a learner visits in the discussion forum? Now imagine that in a programming course a learner visits the pointer topic again and again and again. Can you conclude something about that student's learning that probably that student requires additional help to understand pointers properly because the student is spending more time looking at the pointers? You see we are now talking about guessing but guessing intelligently. There is no concrete information because we are not asking a student. In fact if you ask a student which are the topics in which you are weak, the student himself or herself is likely to comment on one's weakness based on one's course which is not really related to learning because our mindset. We assess ourselves based on the scores in competitive exams. We don't assess ourselves independently. So therefore you have to intelligently guess and understand and therefore try to build what is known as a student model. There is a whole lot of extremely brilliant and useful research that has been done for hundreds of years on how learners learn. There are different models of learning. There are different ways of measuring how different schools learn etc etc. But all of these have been based on statistical analysis of a limited number of test cases. For the first time in the history of humanity in the last three years, systems have emerged which can capture the learning behavior on a very large scale, on a very large scale. Would that offer a help in making the modeling of a student a more fruitful exercise? This is one question. When we talked about capture of learning behavior and when we talked about using that learning behavior, I am talking about an intermediate step here, capture, model and then use. You agree? So capturing individual interactions of different kinds is one thing. Converting the captured data into a model which also means validating that model and then using that model to give personalized instruction is the final third step. So the construction of a student model, now let me tell you some issues that you might have to deal with as computer scientists of future. Let us assume that you are, there are about 10 million learners learning a course. Can you imagine a course that can be simultaneously learned by 10 million people, which 10 million people will find useful, 10 million is one crore, sorry, language course, alright. Let me simplify the problem. One million, one million is 10 lakhs. Can you in your own domain think of a single course which one million people in let's say India be doing simultaneously? I will give you a clue. The total number of students admitted to engineering colleges for different branches in different colleges in this country annually is about 1.25 million. Now you all have studied first year of engineering somewhere or the other or first year of science or something. Were there not common courses that all of you were required to study? Can you name those common courses? Okay. Maths. Maths. Is communication course obligatory for everyone? So what do they teach in the basic communication course? How to write? Or that they tried with me in 1963 also, but it did not impact me at all. Did it impact you? You see if all these courses really impacted us, we won't be sitting here in this class in IIT world. So there is some lacuna. Now let us just limit to the list. This clearly tells us that more than a million people every year, every year without fail do these and some more courses. Because most institutions are governed by AICT except IITs and IITs. Most institutions follow a common sort of syllabus given as a model syllabus by AICT. Although we say IIT system is excluded, it is not truly excluded because the model syllabus is based on what is taught in IITs. So invariably across the country there is a common understanding that what needs to be learnt by the students and what need to be taught in these courses is more or less identical. Now isn't this an extremely good starting point to say that look if I can do something about finding out how these students learn and help them learn better then I would have used machines effectively in educational communication. By the way this is one of the reasons why unlike our other two sister institutions we directed our MOOCs efforts to basic courses and not to the higher end electives. NPTEL for example is a great effort being done by IIT Madras. The NPTEL MOOCs are all higher end electives, MTA electives, higher end electives. Professor Prabhakar's effort in IIT Kanpur is mostly for agricultural courses and skill courses. IIT Bombay right from the beginning concentrated on offering courses which are done at the entry level first year or second year of engineering. Why? Because of the commonality of the content which will be learnt by very large number of students across the country. So we have today a course for example in programming. We have a course in basics, physics which is just getting ready. We have a course in thermodynamics. We have a course in signals and systems. We will be preparing a course in engineering drawing and I am trying to enthuse our maths colleague to offer a basic course in maths. Now second question, which are the courses which are considered traditionally to be most difficult courses by large number of students across the country from amongst these? Simple go by the failure rate. So maths, we give it a star rating, drawing, both of these. What is generally the passing rate for the first year courses in a typical university or something? Do 95% students pass. Do 50% students pass? Do 70% students pass? Maybe. We will take it as 70% as a sort of yardstick. What we don't realize is that out of 1 million students, 70% is 7 lakhs. But the number who fail is 3 lakhs students. Now are they idiots? They are not because they got admission to the engineering college in the first place. They would have done something in their academics earlier. Hopefully they don't deserve to fail. They failed because our educational system was not able to communicate education effectively to them. Consider those who pass. Let's say 70% pass. How many people will score? Because we are going by the score to reflect the understanding. More than 85% marks in these courses, very small percentage, 10% maybe. What is it that prevents others from scoring 85% marks in every subject? Again, they are not idiots. They are not dumb. But somehow they cannot learn in the style which is required and they cannot answer questions in the exams in the style which is required. Would they not benefit by some additional help? The point I am trying to make is no matter what your conventional scores indicate, every learner can benefit to a different extent by individualized learning. And that is the effort that we are doing. Now, coming to the closure on this, if I perform all the measurements that I mentioned and within three years, believe me, a million people will be doing these basic courses in India using MOOCs, at least some of them. When they do that, do I have only a replacement for conventional education or complement to the conventional education using MOOCs or do I have something more to offer? That is the research challenge to see us. I have not spoken about the use of the model. Imagine you have made the model. Now let us say the model indicates that a particular student requires more practice problems. How do you give more practice problems? Somebody has to create those practice problems more. In which topic the practice problems are required? In the topic in which the student's performance is poor, we said we can access data related to when the student gives a quiz or when the student solves a practice problem. But we forgot to mention explicitly, and I am trying to mention it now, that I just don't get the data about how much time a student spent on a quiz or a practice problem. But I know how that student performed in that problem. I know how much time individually a student spent on each question of a quiz, not just the overall thing. I know which questions he got right, which questions he got wrong. Would that help in refining my model of the student's understanding? Can I not make an understanding which is focused on understanding of individual topics rather than just a gross judgment of a 30 percent score overall or 40 percent score overall? And if I do that, then can I not say that this student requires more inputs in the topic of pointers and requires more reading material, that student requires more practice problems in the, let's say on the topic of stacks, something of that sort. How do you make such conclusions? How do you record such conclusions? How do you refine such conclusions after more evidence is gathered? That's a huge challenging big data analytics problem. You agree? That is where we believe that a large amount of machine learning efforts would be spent in coming years and decades in the field of education. So needless to add, I will repeat what I said earlier. This is clearly the reason why personalized instructions has been included as one of the 14 grand challenges for the 21st century by the American National Academy of Engineers. And it is ranked at the same level as clean drinking water, inexpensive solar energy, brain mapping. These are some of the other areas which are considered grand challenges, grand engineering challenges for 21st century. Realized instructions is given that status. I hope you understand its importance and its implications there. I wanted to give this as a conclusion because you might see a plethora of work in a field such as educational technology departments or computer science departments all across the world working on these areas. In fact, I will be not surprised if some of you end up doing your MTQP or PID research in that area, but that's a separate matter. We would expect, many of us would expect, in IIT Bombay we are actually setting up a center of excellence in online and blended education. And one aspect of that center of excellence will be to combine the educational technology research and computer science research to feed into this area. But practical systems are required to be built. These are two different aspects. So both work will happen. When we talk about personalized communications emanating out of a general communication for education, the challenges will be very huge. I will ask the last question in this context. How do you think we said earlier that the machines can help in a big way to enhance the learning experience by providing this, this, this. So we talked about measurement, we talked about modeling, and we tentatively said that after we model, this is the kind of additional personalized communication that can be given to the students and monitor. The question is, how do you prepare this additional communication? Do you keep it ready ahead of time? That means for every topic where you said, let us say, five practice problems and two quiz problems, you actually said 20 practice problems and 10 quiz problems to be given only when required to those students. The work is instead of five practice problems and two quiz problems, making 20 practice problems and 10 quiz problems. The work is five times more. How many of you have tried to set a question paper as TA or something, or that task is not given to you? One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine. The point I am trying to make is those who have actually attempted to do that will realize the effort that is required to be spent, the time that is required to be spent. So just per topic, five times the effort required to prepare generalized additional material only in one area, practice problems and quizzes. What about explanations? What about more solved problems? So have you ever attended any coaching class of any kind? In the coaching classes, I have never seen one, but I have heard from my students that there is a lot of emphasis on teachers solving problems. Is that correct? How many problems does the teacher solve per engagement, two, three, four, five? Why can't a student be given 20 problems, solved problems to look at? Preparing solved problems therefore in much larger number is also a useful effort. Not necessarily expose all of that because then you will be overloading information to every student, but you give it as and when required. It's like you have a lot of drugs, but unless the patient has fever, you don't give that. So these are some of the mechanisms that will have to be thought out and that will have to be examined any much. All right. We would like to conduct the last two sessions as general open sessions, but these are not meaningless sessions. They will all be centered around your inputs, your suggestions on A, how to build such a model and B, how to use such a model. This will include your computer science expertise in capturing data, measuring data, analyzing data, modeling, parameter building, everything that you can comment upon. Surely not all of you might have any inclination to develop expertise in this, but those of you who have, I would request them to speak on these topics. You may choose any particular aspect. I would like public discourse by individuals for three to five minutes on any one area of these of your choice. If that does not occupy the larger portion of the last two sessions, we will have discussions where I will pose questions. Thank you.


If you guys want to be with a chance of winning this Resurrection Istanbul and simply drop a like on the video and leave a comment. What's going on guys?   The first armour we're going to check out is the new Waterglass armour. Seen on screen now are some of Bungie's concept arts of the actual armour looking great. Starting with the Hunter, obviously Hunter Master Race. As I speculated, the glowing cloak was from the Waterglass. Notice the leg as well, epic looking, this being an ornament.  The Warlock also has these badass looking tentacles. Super Jelly I'm not going to lie me being while Hunter being my main.  The vexified armour on these armours are ornaments. Now ornaments which can be applied to these red armours exclusively drop from raids featured in the weekly rituals playlist. If the raid you are playing is not a featured raid, you will not get an ornament token drop which you can use on this new gear. Another interesting thing to mention is raid ornament tokens you obtain can be used on armour from any raid which ornaments can be applied to. So if you have a raid ornament token drop in the Waterglass when it's featured raid in the weekly ritual playlist, you can use that raid ornament token on your croters end, Wrath of the Machine or Kings 4 raid gear if that's what you want to do. So raid tokens can be used on any raid gear, it's as simple as that which is a great thing in my opinion.  And the in-game armour doesn't disappoint either compared to the concepts you see on screen. The glowing spikey light thingy thingies are absolutely amazing but it's actually an energy attached to your armour which protects you for a split second when you take damage.  All three armours do look incredible I'm not going to lie. This is probably my favourite we've seen so far with the age of triumph I cannot wait to start grinding for it. The next armour we are going to check out is the Kings 4 armour. On screen now we see a concept of armour obtainable in-game. Now this armour as you can see on screen it also has energy attached to it but it isn't as apparent as that croters end gear. The energy on this one glows blue instead of the green what we do see on that croters end gear. It acts in the same fashion though. When you get damaged the energy goes then reappears. Other armours we do see here for sure and not a biased opinion but I do think the hunter's armour looks the best which is a change because hunters never get the best armour. I ain't sure and never have been on that Titan armour it just looks fugly as fuck. Warlock on the other hand though looks absolutely epic and I cannot wait to get my hands on this shit come the 28th of March which is next Tuesday. Next up we have the Rafferty Machine armour seen on screen now we have a concept image looking badass. This armour is like a natural progression of the armour we already know but notice how the armour looks to be shredding that seaver energy liking this I'm not gonna lie. In my opinion it doesn't look as good as the croters end gear but I do love the mechanics of these new armours. It's kind of like the seaver energy is trying to tear through your skin and armour.  Don't forget though this armour will have two ornament slots. Okay so next up we're going to take a look at the new Age of Triumph armour set. On screen now we see concepts of the armour. Compared to what we've already seen leaves me feeling a little sick as it does look kind of basic but hey this is what a lot of people like and I don't like that over-the-top craziness which is fine. This armour is available exclusively from treasures of the age packages which you can either earn in-game or buy for silver via test eververse. You can obtain three per week across all three of your characters. This Age of Triumph armour is the only armour that comes with Age of Triumph which can have chroma on it. Interestingly unlike many other chroma armours with this gear it makes the logo glow in whatever colour you like.  Okay guys so armour wise that is all we saw from the stream.  Now if you guys did enjoy the video leaving a like is much appreciated subscribe if you're new around here turn on the notification so you never miss a video and I will catch you guys on that next one.


Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information, on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient as determined by a government or private institution, for example, corporate censorship. Governments and private organizations' citation needed may engage in censorship. Other groups or institutions may propose an petition for censorship, indeed, such private activity is protected by the First Amendment. When an individual such as an author or other creator engages in censorship of their own works or speech, it is referred to as self-censorship.Citation needed it occurs in a variety of different media, including speech, books, music, films, and other arts, the press, radio, television, and the Internet for the variety of claimed reasons including national security, to control obscenity, child pornography, and hate speech, to protect children or other vulnerable groups, to promote or restrict political or religious views, and to prevent slander and libel. Direct censorship may or may not be legal, depending on the type, location, and content. Many countries provide strong protections against censorship, i-law, but none of these protections are absolute and frequently the claim of necessity to balance conflicting rights is made, in order to determine what could and could not be censored. There are no laws against self-censorship.


I feel really honoured and obliged and humbled to be a part of this list for the fourth consecutive time. It's a privilege. It's an honour. I firstly don't like the distinguishing factor between being a male boss or a female boss. I think we should all work for good human beings and that should be the decisive factor of a good boss, not whether it's a female or a male.


So I am Damien Lemoyle. I work at Western Digital Research in the systems of software group. And I'm going to talk about zone storage support in Fedora, current status, and the future for it. So as an introduction, I'll give some background on zone storage devices and the kernel support history for these devices. Then I will dive right into the current status of Fedora for the support for these devices. Kernel system duties applications, also things missing currently, and things we're thinking to add and working on that can also benefit Fedora in the future. Okay, so zone storage. So Johannes yesterday, when he made his presentation on BetterFace, gave a similar background. So let me just repeat it for those who did not attend. So zone storage devices come in the form of SMR single magnetic recording hard disk and NVMe zone namespace, ZNS SSDs. So for hard disk, the interface for this is standardized by the ZBC for SCSI devices and ZAC for ATA drives. And the goal with single magnetic recording is really to increase capacity without increasing the device cost. You basically take a regular drive, you get the tracks really tight together overlapping, so shingling, and you get higher capacity. That's the principle of SMR. For NVMe zone namespace, what you get out of a zone interface for an SSD is better command latency behavior because essentially you remove the need for any device internal garbage collection. And you can also reduce the device cost by reducing for example, the amount of DRAM you need on your controller because you do not need an FTL anymore or reduce the amount of flash over provisioning that you have on your device. And both NVMe, ZNS drives and SMR hard disk the principle is the same is that the LBA range shown by the drive or a namespace in the case of NVMe is divided into zones. Zones can have different types. For SMR, we have also conventional zones which are zones that accept random rights. So the LBAs in these zones behave like a regular disk but most of the zone are sequential write-required zone and these zones have to be written sequentially starting at a position called the right pointer as indicated by the disk. And you cannot rewrite LBAs that you already wrote you must reset an entire zone. So erasing all the data in the zone to be able to rewrite it. And that constraint of sequential write is shown to the users any command any right command sent to the drive that is not sequential within the zone will be felt by the disk. So support for these drives in Linux started way back in 2014 with kernel 3.18 which added device types. That's all it did actually that did give some access to the drive through SCSI generic path through access. The real work started around version four of the kernel with the final patch set for the initial series landing in 4.10 and that gave really support for exposing this SMR drive through a regular blog device file and also supporting the F2FS file system. With kernel 4.13 zone device mapper support was added DM linear and the new DM zone device mapper target were added block MQ and SCSI MQ support to avoid right command reordering landing in 4.16. Many improvements after that then we reached 5.9 more recent kernels for the beginning of this year. Which got support for NVMZ and S drive and with 5.12 we landed the initial support for SMR hard disk in better FS. So there are other milestones. So as I said along this timeline there's lots of different patches that are in the kernel for improving performance, improving the code. We also got the zone FS file system added with kernel 5.6, zone append right command emulation in SCSI landing in 5.8 and DM group support in 5.9. And we're still maintaining and improving all this code across releases of the kernel. So in federal where are we? Well, first of course start with the kernel. As of this week we have 5.13.6 which puts us basically right at the end of this timeline where we have already everything supported including better FS. So for the user, what does that? Sorry, more details on that. So the kernel, the federal kernel is compiled by default with config plkdev zone enable which is the key configuration option in the kernel for enabling zone block device support. So this enables the entire block layer, IOS scheduler and also the SCSI NATA part of the support. This also drives device mapper support for the devices. There's no special different options for that. So you get DM linear, DM creep support. DM zone is also enabled by default as a target in the Fedora kernel, sorry. And also F2FS and better FS native zone support is enabled through this configuration. So recently zone FS was also enabled by default. So you get that in Fedora 34 and going forward in 35. Well, zone FS is also a file system that is enabled by default. Better FS of course is enabled and as long as the zone block device support is enabled you get also the support for zone better FS but be aware that this is still in stabilization phase. So this is functional but there are still some kernel cases that trigger problems with the file system. So we're still working on that. So all of this for the user, what does that mean? Basically this, the user has many different options for accessing this device, the zone block devices either SMR hard disk or NVMe SSDs. Of course, on the rightmost pass here we have direct device access. So path throughs, throughs, casi generic or IO control direct to the NVMe driver but we also get accesses directly to the block device file for the device. So I call that here zone block access because that IO pass doesn't hide the sequential write constraint to the user. So the user still has to write zone sequentially and there's the zone FS file system which is not a POSIX file system. It's simply exposing zones of the device as files but the files have to be written sequentially. So it's an app and only files that are exposed. And so all these passes basically allow user to implement application as long as their zone block device compliant. So they have to write sequentially and we do have some libraries more on that later for facilitating implementation of such applications. More interestingly is the POSIX behavior, the POSIX interfaces that come on top of these devices because these interfaces basically allow any application. Anything can work. The file system with F2FS and Verifas give random write access to any file. This is completely hidden. The device constraint is hidden by the file system. You can also use legacy file system. So EXT4 XFS, any file system that doesn't have zone block device support by using the DM zone device mapper which also can be used directly as a regular block device. So all of these IO pass enable any application but they may not be the most optimized for these devices. You may get, depending on the use case, writing an application that really takes advantage of the sequential write constraint can be beneficial to performance. So this is everything that application can do with the, can use, how application can use these devices today. So let's look at these applications starting with system utilities, what we have today in Fedora. So UTL Linux, so version 2.36.2 is shipping right now. So this gives you zone block device support in things utilities like LSBLK or BLK zone utility. That one actually also has ZNS support but that is part of 2.37, so not yet in Fedora. LIBLKID also has zone FS support. The better FS support for LIBLKID is upstream, queued but not yet a part of a tagged version. So we're still waiting for that to happen so that a future update in Fedora bring that support for better FS. Better FS Pro with the zone device support for things like MKFS was added to 5.12 version of the package. 5.13.1 is shipping, so all good there too. And recently thanks to Neil for, with a lot of help from Neil, DMZone tools and zone FS tools landed as new packages in Fedora. So these two are for basically formatting and checking zone FS file systems and DMZone device mapping targets. So since those kernel modules are also enabled with the kernel, you get the full set here with user land tools for these kernel components. So for application, that's where the support is a bit lacking right now. FIO does support zone block devices with the zone mode equals ZBD option. So you can at least benchmark and check that the devices are working correctly. So this was added with version 3.9 of FIO, 3.26 is shipping, so no problem there. Again, we're not really, I personally don't know of any other application that is today shipping with Fedora as a package as an RPM that has zone block device support. I'll talk about what's out there in GitHub, et cetera, that does support that, but not yet as packages. However, I want to point out here that thanks to all the, what I've shown with the kernel and the good level of support with the system activities, Fedora really provides a great environment for developing and testing application for zone storage. And that is what we use in our lab. We have Ventura racks running Fedora servers, distros and also for everyday development that is what we use Fedora. So still missing, as I said, EBRKID, we need the latest version to the 38, it's not tagged yet. That is for zone better FS. NVMe CLI, so NVMe CLI has also upstream ZNS support, but currently 1.11 is shipping, but that support was added to 1.13. So an update here is in order to get ZNS device support with NVMe CLI. For DMCript, so again, that is a support that is enabled by default in the Fedora kernel. One thing to be aware is that the Crip setup utility doesn't write sequentially the super block information for LUX format, meaning that the LUX format is not supported yet for zone drives. So something we are working on. There is also no LVM integration for zone device mapper targets, things like DMZone. So if you have a drive that is formatted with DMZone and using a file system on it, LVM will not detect that and prepare the drive on boot, for example, for you. That is something you will have to do manually. Okay, so going forward, what are we going to do? So right now with the kernel, our main activity is to stabilize better FS so that, again, back to that picture of all the IO pass that the user has access to, if we have a very solid IO pass that gives the user a POSIX interface, so meaning that anything random, read and write to a file to the device work, any application can work. So having a solid, better FS that supports as NS and SMR is, we think, very important. So that is our main activity. Again, it is functional, you can try it out today, but there are some chronic cases that create problems. So one area where we identify some problem, we understand the problem, we're just trying to find the best way to fix them, is rebalancing, which is something that is done with better FS on regular drafts too, but is more important on a zone better FS because rebalancing will reclaim zones that have a lot of garbage blocks that cannot be used anymore. So rebalancing is also used to reclaim space on the zone drive, so it's a very important part of the zone support. There are also other small bugs and issues. We have an issue tracker using GitHub to track everything. So if you're interested in contributing, these are the areas where you can start right away to patch and send patches and contributions. For better FS going forward, we have also planned some improvements. The main one is declassured parity. So the reason we want to add that is that we get regularly a lot of requests from users. How do I use my SMR drives in a red environment with protection basically for that? And the answer is you cannot. There is nothing out there today that does that. And adding support for better FS red, two zone better FS would achieve that level of protection that users want. However, a regular red system with fixed stripe with the block position in a block group depending on basically simply an offset is not possible because you cannot override that on the zone drive. So we have to declassure everything and add a stripe tree to support that on zone drive. We do have other project going on, exploratory projects since we are a research entity with motion detail we can, we get to play with different things and related to again red and declassured parity. We're also thinking of implementing a device marker target that does that for other file system beside better FS. So a lot of things going on, a lot of work going on in the kernel still today. For libraries and applications, so we have many things that will be coming very soon. Again, fully functional better FS, but that will come also, that will depend on the kernel and maybe okay, maybe being updated. As mentioned before, we do have a couple of libraries that can help users implement applications that access directly drive. One is libzbc, the other one is libzbd. So one is a path through for SMR drive. The other one is a regular library that basically wraps the kernel API IO control into a set of easier to use functions. And it works for both SMR and NVMe DNS. Both are actually used out there in the field, either by upstream projects or actually deployed by services, commercial services on the net. We also, so I'm working on actually packaging those. So if you see a new package request coming, probably from me that will be these two. RocksDB, we also have support for a new plugin for works DB called ZNFS, which supports a ZNS drive. So you can, with this plugin, you can basically run RocksDB directly on top of a ZNS drive without any file system in between. That essentially achieve a write amplification of one, meaning the write amplification is completely removed. You still, of course, have the write amplification from the LSM-3 implementation of RocksDB itself, but no write amplification at all on the device side, considering only the IO is going to the drive. So this depends on RocksDB 6.19.3, which added the external plugin support. However, Fedora today is shipping 6.15. So again, an update would be needed here so that we can submit ZNFS as a package. There is also work going on with Ceph. So, Sajjwell Ceph team is helping Abu Talib to add support to the Blue Store engine for SEMO drive. So it's a native support to the Blue Store engine directly accesses the SEMO drive through the blog device file. There's no file system in the way. Again, less code between the data and the drive for better performance and reduced overhead. I'm not aware yet of the timeline. I know there's a lot of discussion. I'm getting emails from almost every week. So it is ongoing, but I'm not aware of the actual release schedule for this. And so that's all I have. As a conclusion, again, I want to really state that Fedora is an awesome environment for its own storage. Basically, the drives simply work out of the box, just plug them in a boot and you will be able to use them. That isn't like many other distros out there. And that's why we actually recommend Fedora to even our customers for testing and developing anything related to zone storage. As mentioned, there are still many things missing from the zone storage ecosystem. So help is welcome. And we would be happy to mentor any beginner students. We do take also interns if you know people that are interested in this, in that area of work, we students, we accept interns. So this is something we can do too. Everything related to Linux and zone storage, we document everything we know off or everything we do on the website, zonestorage.io. The website content itself is actually open source on GitHub, so you can contribute if you know of other aspects of zone storage and the application that work on zone storage that you want to advertise. You can send a poll request for this website. It's written with MK docs, so it's marked down format for everything. It's very easy to generate new content. There is also a Linux distribution page where I list up different distros and their level of support for zone storage. And that's all I have for today. So I'm open for question. Well, okay, as you see, I reached the conclusion slide. Okay, so that is really the worst presentation ever I did. I'm sorry about that. I went to presentation mode and couldn't see the chat. Okay, so anyway, I hope I spoke clearly enough and you got the idea of the message I wanted to convey. So if you have any question, you need any clarification since you didn't see the slides. I can show, give more detail showing the slides now. Okay, so better if it's question. With zone blog devices, how does that affect performance? We saw volume snapshot and other rafting type stuff. So that would be more a question for Johannes and now Viro. I do not think it really affect anything. It doesn't change because these are typically, well, features implemented from the Beatrice, the Meraita. And I don't think there is any change in that area of specific to zone better FS. But again, now Hilo and Johannes would be better suited answering that one. I'm more busy with the block layers, quasi ETA and NVMe than better FS. So more general ZNS question, is there any effort plan to improve VM disk IO performance on ZNS? So the performance for ZNS essentially is the same as a regular SSD. The interface, I mean, the way the commands are changed with the device doesn't change. It's still the same coupers and command descriptors. So all that doesn't change. What does change in terms of performance is the need to write sequentially, which very often, at least for regular writes, requires synchronization, which can slow down the write pass on ZNS. But for the device interface and in the context of a VM itself, ZNS and regular NVMe SSDs do not differ at all. And there was a lot of work, I think couple, two, three years back to try to avoid VM entry and exits every time. For example, the device that the coupers, the doorbells for the coupers were hit when sending commands, but I'm not sure where that went. So for SMR drive, for VM, yes. That's on my to-do list for a while now. The name escapes me now, but Viratio, we need basically a zone interface for Viratio. Viratio drives the command interface for Viratio, the specification has nothing for zones. So you don't get the equivalent of zone reset, report zone, et cetera. So that is something you cannot path through Viratio. So you have to go the hard way and either direct attach or SMR drive or use basically the VHOS cousin interface, which is slower. But it's an HDD, so the software path is slower, but that doesn't make accessing the device pretty slower at all. It's bad for the VM or the host because you get more CPU overhead, but not pretty any overhead on the device side. Okay, I think it's time. So everybody, I'm really sorry about the slides. I really, I think that's because I didn't share my entire screen and shared only a window and going to presentation mode that didn't work. Very sorry about that. If you need the slides as PDF to put together with the recording, I'll be happy to provide that. So thank you everybody for attending this session.


So now here I am with these two birds thinking, wow, these birds just are not what I thought they were to each other. Hello my fellow snippers and flighters. My name is Marlene McCohen. This is Nellie Mumbling beside me. This is Monty and today we are going to be doing an update video on Nellie and Monty. But before I get into that I want to do a shout out to Caitlyn Martinez who sent me a beautiful letter and I want to thank you for it because it honestly made my day. So thank you so much Caitlyn. Now you guys know that this is an update on Nellie and Monty, but what you guys don't know is that I'm going to be answering your questions on Nellie and Monty that you asked me in Instagram. So I'm going to try to cover everything and stay tuned. You may be one of the questions and one of the people that gets a shout out. Really. Now there's so much to say about Nellie and Monty that I don't even know where to begin. So I'm just going to begin with how I got them for those of you who are new here and then I'm going to tell you about their characters and then I'm going to go into everything else including your questions. It's kind of a sad story. What happened is I lost my mustache Parakeet Picasso because it was honestly my favorite bird. I know there are no favorites, but I just had like not only did I have a special connection with Picasso, but I just I don't know. He's just the best bird in the entire world and I was really heartbroken. I obviously put posters and information everywhere online and in my local area and I got a phone call from a lady saying, Hey, I have a bird. Would you like to take mine? And now like that's obviously that's not what I was about. And I'm not trying to get birds or trying to have birds.  And like I said before, I never want any more birds, but I always want more birds, but I don't like meaning like I always have the heart for them, but I really just don't need any. But what I was afraid of was that these birds needed help because why would someone just be like, Hey, do you want my birds? Long story short, you guys could watch the whole story. I'll put a link below, but long story short, she was sick and I didn't know she had two birds and she got really sick. Didn't know what she had and she wanted to find a home for them. When I went to pick up Nellie and Monty, she was actually a great bird owner. She had these birds. They're very loving and she's just very sick and couldn't take care of them. So I brought them home to find a home for them. Now there's something really important I want to tell you guys about finding a home for birds and I also want to put a disclaimer in. I do not like to promote any kind of animal hoarding in any way. I don't want you to ever think of me as the person that like gets animals for videos. I really don't care. As you guys know, I don't care about any of that. I care about the birds. One day I hope to be able to have a sanctuary and or help another sanctuary and just I had been starting to think about that in terms of being able to help birds on a larger scale, at least because I know that I am a good person for birds to come to. So I'd probably be a good person for birds to come through if you know what I mean. Because then I would be in charge of where birds go and making sure that they do get great home. But I've learned a lot about that with Nellie and Monty and that's why I feel like this video is very important. For those of you who have absolutely no attention span and want quick answers, I mean really if you want to learn anything you got to pay attention because you don't know where the information that I give you in this video is going to be beneficial to you. And I'm going to tell you a lot right now. Not just about Nellie and Monty but also about rehoming birds and what's important and my discoveries with them along the way. The first thing I want to tell you guys about them that I discovered is about their personalities. I call Nellie kind of like narcissist Nellie. I think that Nellie if she was a person she would be a very glamorous actress with a boa.  She's like yes, yes.  Monty is the jealous grumpy old man. When they came to us I only had one cage for them and that didn't work out so well. I mean as a general rule I always want to make sure that every bird has its own cage. I don't care how much you want the birds to bond. I mean unless you're trying to breed birds which is a whole different thing. I think birds really need to have their own territory and I think Monty was pretty upset because you know she got the cage and so I just see him as like this grumpy little bird that's like she got the house, she got the car, she got the love and now she's off getting attention from everyone else. Right Monty? Yes, I know. He's like the more you watch them the more you'll see. So the first thing I want to tell you guys and teach you guys is the importance of the rehoming process.  I find that offensive. Listen guys at this point and at any point in my stage with birds if I wanted to give you a bird I would do a house check too because I have connected with the bird. I feel responsible for the bird.  Many things that I think any person rescuing animals owes it to the birds that they're taking care of to investigate. That's the first thing I want to let you know. The second thing I want to let you know is that even if you intend on rehoming a bird it's very different from dogs and cats. People are familiar with dogs and cats. There's lots of information to go around. Dogs and cats are extremely domesticated. Birds are only two generations removed from the wild. They have a certain amount of unpredictability and us as humans we really have to bend to the way they are a lot of times. You can't expect birds to just be these perfect little beings the way dogs can be. I mean I'm not generalizing I'm just saying. So it's very important to understand that before you rehome an animal like a bird you really want to take some time with the birds and in this case with two of them this has been a lot harder of a diagnosis because you're working with two animals that you don't know if they should be together or shouldn't be together if they're better apart or better together and that can take a long time to figure out and make a real good decision that you're confident in. I'm going to go through this and I'm going to prove to you why. When you're rehoming birds it should take a lot longer than just like I I have a cat does anyone in the neighborhood want it um oh you'd be a good home cool or perfect and of course I give all animals respect I wouldn't just give a cat or a dog to somebody but for the most part we're dealing with a very small amount of people in the world comparatively that understand and can deal with birds. Most birds when they get rehomed they come right back to the shelters or the rescue so that's why people do these things. After meeting Rose from Parrots First and really just seeing how often these birds do come back it's just the saddest thing it's just like you're in a position of seeing over years and years and years how many birds come back to you and the amount is just frightening so I understand why all these rescues do things the way they do and you really should go out and volunteer and support a local sanctuary or rescue anyone that you can if you love birds even for the price of coffee I think these things are very important. So let's get into Nelly and Monty that's why I've had them for such a long time and of course I do love them a lot and a lot of you are asking me if I'm planning on rehoming them and we'll get to your questions from Instagram in a little bit. Let's talk a little bit on a technical level of how I came to certain conclusions and changed my mind with these birds over the time that I've had them. So when they first came to me I was told that they are maybe about eight years old the lady who had them had them for four years the lady who had them before that had them for four years so they're guessing that these birds are about eight years old. I was also told that they're fine together in one cage and I was told that Nelly when the only clear thing that she says is Nelly neglected and she'll say that sometimes when she feels like she's been left alone which is absolutely heartbreaking. After I brought them home obviously they were in a new situation they were extremely hypersensitive I bonded with them you'll see in the video both George and I spent time with the birds and they seem to be kind of okay in the same cage but one thing you have to know it's really important when birds experience change or trauma they're going to behave a lot differently than when they get their confidence later on and start feeling comfortable. They're going to be quieter in some cases and in some cases they'll be much more aggressive and territorial but in these cases these two seem to be pretty well with each other because they're both in a process of change so they're both in the same cage and they're both doing a pretty good job. Now another thing that she told me was that they were both very loving birds but I saw she would always pick the birds up with a tool like when she would have them step up she always had a stick or a toy that she used I guess I don't know if she was scared that they were gonna bite but again I don't need that and she's had them for four years and I really don't need anything like that to pick them up unless they are fighting with each other which we'll get to. So these two birds were in the same cage as far as I knew everything was fine my intent right away was to find another cage for them because that's just how I do things with my birds as I told you so that was my plan. Some of you might have seen a comment about somebody who had the birds for a few days and I want to tell you about that too. So these two birds were in quarantine from my other birds because obviously I don't know if they had any diseases or anything like that usually when you get older birds from somebody who's had them for a very long time and they're not sick they're usually fine but she had something that she didn't know what she had and even though West Nile is not contagious we didn't know what she had at the time later on we found out that she did indeed have West Nile which is not contagious to birds or even other people birds can get West Nile if they were let's say if they were bitten by a mosquito but that's a whole different thing. So they were in a process of quarantine and there was a point during their quarantine when I had to go away for a few days very very quickly after probably within a week I think we went away for the weekend for something I don't remember what it was but I couldn't have somebody watch my birds which is usually George's mom she's amazing and these birds and leave any room for error so I had somebody babysit them both of the birds and they had a lot of kids they had four girls their family friends and I did say like if you think you like the birds because you were in they're really good with animals and interested in birds and the father had had birds before if you do think you are interested in them you know let me know but let's just see how this goes. When I came to pick them up the birds were really excited to see me. Nelly was in her carry-on and she told me that she had been neglected which she hadn't been neglected by them there were so many beautiful videos of them hanging out with Nelly but apparently she fell neglected by me and before that when I had dropped them off I was there for hours and hours just checking to make sure that they were okay and I noticed that Nelly was getting very cage territorial and Monty wasn't feeling comfortable sleeping when I came back I made it my priority to put them in separate cages because right away I realized that they started getting aggressive towards each other now here's some of the reasons they could have been aggressive towards one another one they could have always had some aggression issues towards each other and jealousy issues but when they moved to a new spot they were chilled out and what's the reason for her giving me only one cage maybe it was that she wanted to use the other cage because she told me that when she got them they each had their own cage for a bird in the future so that was my theory at the time I thought this is very interesting these birds are not getting along whenever I hang out with them like this they would attack each other Nelly would go up and tag and ice him and they would be rumbling and I'd have to separate them and it was very very alarming because often somebody would get bit so now here I am with these two birds thinking wow these birds just are not what I thought they were to each other because when they came you saw them in the video they were nice and docile to one another they got along they called each other if they were in different rooms and I was just like this is not making sense so either they were just chilling because they were hypersensitive in a new area or when they both got bonded to me I entered into the relationship like a triangle so even if they aren't bonded breeding birds they're bonded as friends as a flock that flies together and now I'm here and they're fighting for my attention so I've kind of ruined the dynamic so every time one is near me and the others near me they get jealous like if you give one attention more than the other and I started noticing that to be true but I couldn't figure out who was the aggressor because it looked like it was Nelly at first then it looked like it was Monty then it went back to Nelly and then I just realized they both just kind of taunt each other but Nelly is more like an old actress she like goes over to Monty and acts cute like she's gonna be cute and then she just like after 10 minutes like goes for him and then they go for each other so then I came to the conclusion that they cannot be together at all and Monty I put his cage upstairs in my room and Nelly she stayed in the office to like go through this quarantine and Monty was getting a lot of good attention because I would wake up and there was Monty and I could really bond with him the thing with Nelly and Monty I realized later is that part of the issue is that Nelly is that girl that's like oh here come here love me love me and he's always kind of pushed to the side left to be misunderstood Monty is misunderstood because he wants love but she's in the forefront always stealing love which you can imagine how frustrating that would be so me having a long time with Monty I realized how amazing he was and if you guys watch my Instagram you would see that I would say wings Monty I taught him all these tricks and he would put his wings up and he just was the cutest bird every time I brought them together they wanted to kill each other I mean I couldn't even have them eat off the same plate it was just disaster so I started seriously thinking about separating them what if Monty went to a home where you got a lot of attention and love and what if Nelly went to a home where she got a lot of attention and love and Monty and I really started bonding and I think that was good for our relationship and Nelly and I we weren't bonding as fast as Monty is that and I but Nelly bonds faster in general so right away she would hug and love me and when I would go downstairs she would go hi Nelly which I loved and she would dance yeah you see she's just like a really loving bird so it's easy to love her Monty was more of the bird that you break the mold and when you break that wall down you just feel so good because you know you like connected with somebody who needed to connect but do you see how she is she's up here and he's just chilling and he loves he loves love too but look he's gonna be a little bit like offended that he's getting secondhand love you know like you could see it in his face I don't know if you guys could see come here you little face who's your little face with his big little big ears so I started thinking about possibly homing them separately but in the back of my mind I was just like that just does not seem right because they've been together all this time albeit I thought that maybe they had been in separate cages obviously because together they were not getting along like she wouldn't let him sleep or anything I mean it's so rare the way we live here in the United States I know other countries have other laws about birds always being bonded but it's too late for that here so just the way you go to a bird store and if you get one bird the chances of you even finding another one are rare because it has to be from another breeder so they can be bonded so it's very hard especially with my birds being rescued see he's mad now to have the chance of these two birds that are kind of friends I really didn't want to separate them so quarantine was over and I brought both of them down into my kitchen to be part of the entire flock and I should say that a lot of the ways I get my birds to bond with one another for Nelly for example to get along with Leo or Jersey is at night I'll take these showers and I put all of them up on top of the shower and generally and night birds are a little more tired and they get a little less aggressive because they don't have the patience to be territorial they're just they're a little easier to work with when they're a tiny bit tired just like a little bit of trick so they just go up there and they feel like they're in the rainforest and I'll put them together but I didn't put these two together because that didn't end well but I would put Nelly in between like Leo and Jersey and just after a while it's like they get over themselves because they're just too tired they just sit there and they enjoy like the mist and they learn that they're not aggressive towards each other because before that I couldn't even put these guys on a stand with Leo he would be so mad about it Leo can be a little bit territorial but after you know them showering together Nelly was able to get along with both Leo and Jersey Monty would still be a little of the aggressor so he was in a separate spot on a little stand in the shower next to me anyway once these cages were out together at first they were very aggressive and occasionally would rumble but I had the two cages together next to each other and now they just sit on top of the cages go visit other birds in the cages and they really don't fight at all I've had them since I can't do the math this quick but I I don't know it must be I like I don't even know what month it is now but I know I've had them since before Thanksgiving so I mean I've had these birds months and months and it took me this long to really see their characters have their characters grow see who is upsetting who who gets along with what bird and I could have made a mistake if I would have just given them up too quickly they could have gotten depressed because they would have missed one another they could have not done well if I would have just given them to somebody in the same cage so there's a lot to yeah see like he's pretty upset because he's next to me right now and he doesn't want her to come into the picture and ruin his like closeness with me so these are things that take a while to understand and they are important but they are really funny birds Nelly talks a lot she says hi Nelly she says Nelly she says no like I'll be like are you a naughty bird she'll go no yeah and he says Nelly they both laugh Nelly makes like noises they can bite they bite a little bit sometimes if you know they're overtired or overstimulated or if you get in the middle of whatever nonsense they're fighting about now I'm gonna go to some questions from Instagram okay and if you guys have any more questions don't forget to leave them in the comments because I'm sure I could do another update video on them and their personalities the first question is from Jana Harn 98 are they ready to go to their forever home at this point I think they are ready now that I know that they should go to a home together but it's gonna be hard to find them a home where somebody is skilled enough to bond with both of them individually hang out with both of them and understand all their quirks and what makes them mad and that they may bite and another thing about them do you hear that voice like not my favorite bird sounds in the world like sure they're not as loud as let's say if rocky screams it can like pierce your soul but the shrill voice of Senagals is something to get used to it really is so yes I think they are ready because I'm ready with the right information jazzy 48 why are they so cute I have no idea they're just the cutest most loving sweetest birds Vithio says are you gonna keep them or will you re-home them so I know I kind of just touched on this right now but I do think because I took them intending to re-home them and it's really important for me that you guys know that I don't just want to keep every single bird in the world although I do love every bird in the world deeply I think I can find you see I think I can find now he's mad come here come here baby it's okay what's she doing to you see I need to find someone that understands this and can deal with these emotions that they have towards one another and giving them both attention Karen Bernard wants to know who is most social Nelly is by far the most social bird but she's also the most obsessed with me like obsessed one times you guys remember Heather from the African gray video one time she came over and I just wanted to see about her bonds with the birds I don't know why I never posted this video we went over so many things with them like she asked me a lot of questions I think I never posted it because obviously it was still around the time that Picasso was missing and I was very overwhelmed and it's this is kind of weird but for every video you see I probably have three you don't see just because I couldn't get it up so that's why I have a patreon now if you guys ever want to support me getting out more videos or more timely videos then that just helps me pay an editor to get info out to you guys sooner because sometimes editing these videos takes a whole day Angel Coco and wants to know how old they are well I would assume that since the owners had them four years and four years and there wasn't any previous info on them that they're probably about eight years old but you know there are some features that they have that and especially in Monty that makes me think I wouldn't be surprised if he was older so unfortunately with rescues you don't always know everything about them here now they're getting like fighting for my attention you can tell they're getting a little angry towards one another and Monty's angry because she's trying to show off our connection and he is feeling left out and the problem with Nellie is she's so loving and easy to love that he could get pushed aside very easily so it's very important that whoever they go to know this hen we rica wants to know other than each other what birds do they seem to like most in the flock well I think Nellie is pretty good with Jersey they're on the same stand Jersey is pretty nice to all of the birds that's what I really love about Jersey as far as like their relationship with Vinny Vinny just kind of does Vinny and ignores them but Leo can get very jealous of them but Nellie see this is what's happening now you know like this is what made me for a time think they can't even be together but I learned that they can see like in this situation if I didn't have the phone like she would need her head scratched so she doesn't go over and antagonize him because what she's saying is like I'm not getting all the head scratches I'm not getting all the love I need so much love I need so much attention I must get rid of him but then other times when they're together and I'll see like if I don't scratch her head she'll start going over to bother him Diana G Gomez wants to know if you could keep one which one would you keep uh at first I thought this would be Monty because I just love Monty so much he's the sweetest look I'm scared him hearing me but then like I would get so excited to hear Nellie's voice in the morning going hi Nellie and I just can't choose one because it would just break my heart having one over the other Nellie gets along better with the other birds in a way she's a little less aggressive Monty can be kind of aggressive towards other birds if he wants to be in his spot so I guess I'd have to say Nellie but I don't want to because honestly he's the cutest I gotta read this out Hick 3421 are you going to sell them no no no no if I re-home them maybe a re-homing fee that's another thing that I learned is like re-homing fees are important because when people feel like they just got things they feel like they could just give up things and um birds are not things they're little souls you know now I'm happy to pay re-homing fees if I ever wanted a bird because I just want to show you that like I will take care of it but in general I'm never going to be in the business of selling or breeding or anything like birds but I don't knock any of that either because I don't knock breeders at all because they know a lot of breeders know and love their birds and breeder could be your best friend if your bird is sick or you need to know something just don't ever forget that same with bird stores but yes do I promote adopting absolutely are my birds rescues absolutely but generally the parrot world they can make themselves dramatic for no reason for me it's all about all of us just loving birds and taking care of them and spreading awareness cashier red panda what are their favorite things oh well nally's favorite thing is love and herself she just loves to like flaunt herself monti he likes um colorful beads monti has a huge insecurity that you'd have to deal with and it's hard to deal it's like the younger sibling that like has a superstar older sibling I don't know monti really needs a lot of love and a lot of affirmation monti he likes toys he likes these like little circular wood pieces that I got for him zdj 606 says do you have a home lines up for them so I have someone that is very interested in the birds and I think they actually would be a really good home I just want to have a few more conversations with them about this and how they behave how they could bite and always want to make sure that they know all the negatives they have birds so it's not something that they aren't familiar with but dealing with a relationship between two birds is very different so hopefully I could find the perfect person for them aliana 66 says why do they want to kill each other so just to clarify two very good reasons one either that they both love me and trying to get my attention and fighting for it or they're both upset that I'm the new mate for each other does that make sense like I feel like monti feels that way obviously cam bam 99 says they want to know everything so I hope this has been a lot of everything about them see how he came to sit next to me such a sweet bird byron floyd wants to know if they're very one person bonded like his bird yeah they are actually nely like as friendly as she is and as friendly as she was when we got her and she was hyper sensitive and open now you put her on anyone she's like that's nice marlene marlene marlene very very obviously very obviously yeah so yeah they are erin oh nine one two two 000 wants tips for taming two bonded birds like nely and monti but this is a really hard thing to do the first thing you're going to need to do is separate them for taming at least and you probably would want to look into getting on their own cage to be you know in as well so it's really hard to tame two birds that are bonded but you got to work with one at a time away from the cage and away from their territory that's the best place to start bobo the amazon parrot says how long do you keep them together well they're just kind of their cages are open so they have two cages next to each other and they're just open for them to hang out or not hang out I think they like it better that way because they're making they're not forced to be on see she's coming closer and he's mad this is because I'm in the equation but when they're alone on their cage or on top of both their cages they're doing better so yeah there's no limit of time I just leave all the birds out to hang out now me parrot one wants to know what do they eat well they have a pellet mix they have a seed mix because west african parrots do a lot better when they have some seeds in their diet I don't give birds sunflower seeds not because they're entirely bad but because they can really act like a caffeine for parrots so I keep my birds off of it especially because jersey like plugs so they have pellets and they have seeds but they love the fruits the fruits in their mix they absolutely love Nellie is obsessed with them that's her favorite thing but obviously Monty loves apples apples are like his favorite they both like mangoes I know one of them likes bananas right they generally love my meal delivery because I get like this gluten-free vegan basically these vegetables so they love eating those with me so those are the questions that I got about Nellie and Monty I hope you guys enjoyed this video obviously not everything is perfect if you guys want to know more about Nellie and Monty leave it in the comments if you feel like I left something out if you want to be included in these videos don't forget to follow me on instagram at marlene mcconan where you can be up to date on what's going on and hopefully get some shout out to yourself don't forget if you guys want to join my patreon the link is below you can help me get videos out faster and sooner and also I can give you guys a very concentrated attention over there which is what's beautiful about it one more thing I should tell you I love to try to have a long time with Monty because I do feel like he needs it whereas this lady she's like an attention seeker so don't forget to subscribe I love you guys so much check out all my other links below I also do like these fun shout out videos there's a link for that in case you guys want anything special for you or anyone that you know for a birthday I do really cool ones they're called cameos if you haven't heard of it check it out mine are absolutely the best go watch them you'll see but seriously guys on a different note forget a cameo with me I just like watch them because like there's these old stars that like it's just so weird to see them in their regular life like I don't know any show that you've ever watched you see them and it's just like I don't know it's weird like you just get star struck in the privacy of your own home that funny I love you guys so much thank you for watching bye


What's going on everybody got Kyle and Sean here late in sports cards have been three boxes leave artists for solo All three gonna be for edge H. Good luck. Good luck. Let's see what we got Three solos We do have some group breaks to this guys if you are interested it's random hit style So you'll get one one card per spot. What's up Steven? Do you have a few of these? Hey, what's up Steven? We doing today, sir, how we doing today first up we have a Korean Benzema that one is four out of five on the exhibit Game use Jersey there looks like a France Jersey could be right out. I guess could be right out It's one there on the Korean Benzema exhibit six way jerseys Four out of five or four out of six one two. It's hard to read the leaf number sometimes Yeah, I like this brought a lot Steven.  I just won there the former Saints QB drew breeze Nice one there two out of three on the low numbered breeze. It's like Casey also grabbed one of these so we got ten in a row Box three he was he was Accurate as a box fan facing twice a year. That was he was very good Very uh very accurate always always thrown for a ton of yards And last one here is gonna be five out of five Travis Pastrana Travis Pastrana on the auto. That's pretty cool. Yeah, dare devil. Yes, right, right I don't know what to really call him all he's a jack of all the jack of all engines here Travis Pastrana there numbered a five out of five pretty sick. I don't see Travis Pastrana too often very nice one there Alrighty edge. I'll do it for your three boxes leaf harder sports solo


down L C oscillation. So, till now every chapter sorry every circuit we had resistance R somewhere sitting. First time in this circuit we do not have resistance only L and C are there and we are talking about a special kind of scenario here there is no battery fine. What has happened here is that we have charged the capacitor with a battery. So, capacitor has some charge now. Now we are discharging the capacitor against the inductor. So, basically this is a circuit drop the circuit first this is inductor this is capacitor. So, capacitor already has a charge of q naught at t equal to 0 and when it has charge q naught you have kept the switch open and after some time you have closed the switch. And now we are analyzing what is happening can you try to see what is happening I mean just write down the Kirchoff's loop equation for this loop first do that and let me know assume at any time t charge in the capacitor is q and write the circuit equation. If charge at any moment on the capacitor is q potential drop across capacitance will be q by c q by c. So, it will be q by c potential difference across capacitance and across inductor what will be the potential difference l d i by d t. So, q by c minus of l d i by d t equals to 0. How many variables this differential equation has 3 q i and t fine in order to solve it I need to reduce it to 2 variables how can do it can I say i is equal to d q by d t what is q. So, it is q by d t. What is q q what is q what is q d no i d t no I am asking what is this q where it is charge charge where in the capacitor this is not the charge that is flowing. Hold on i is not charge first of all i is what rate of flow of charge fine rate of flow of charge on this wire is i will that be equal to rate of charge that is going away from this capacitor it should be should be right. But, then if you say that q is the variable you are taking not what charge is flowing here then if q decreases current will increase. So, i is not d q by d t i is minus d q by d t because d q is a negative quantity charge in the capacitor when decreases d q is negative. So, i is minus of d q by d t fine. So, when is substituted here i will get d square i by d t square sorry d i by d t is equal d q by d t square d q by d t. We are d 2 q by d c it is d square q by d t square. So, basically q by c plus l of d square q by d t square is equal to 0. So, i will get what d square q by d t square is equal to minus of 1 by l c times q now does this remind you something like that what does it remind you. So, it is like that no you it said something yes q by capacitance no no not that from some other chapter does it remind you something. Ajay tell me how will you solve this this is second order differential equation have you seen second order differential equation in physics before what is x projection d v by d t and what is v d x by d t. So, a become d square x by d t square have you seen any relation between d square x by d t square and x. Sir, we did it when we were doing the series analytical solution I am saying beyond this chapter that is the only one. Have you seen this equation d square x by d t square have you seen this this is acceleration d square x by d t square equation is equal to minus omega square x have you seen this before what it is it is s h m s h m equation. So, the solution of this is in this form x equal to a sin of omega t plus phi where a and phi depends on initially what is the condition getting it fine now this equation looks very similar to that fine. So, mathematics does not care whether it is charge or x if this is a solution for this differential equation for this differential equation what should be the solution q is equal to maximum sorry q naught let us say q naught it is sin of what omega I am 1 by root l c times t plus phi or we can say you know q naught this is q max because this is its maximum value like amplitude is the maximum amplitude in s h m sorry maximum displacement from the main position similarly q m is a maximum possible value. Now initially what is given here at t equal to 0 the charge is q naught fine. So, when you put t is equal to 0 here you should get q naught. So, this is q naught is equal to maximum value of charge into sin of phi. So, it is q naught. Now charge cannot be created are you getting it charge cannot be created. So, on capacitor at any point in time charge cannot go beyond what was initially q naught fine. So, if q naught is should be the charge at t equal to 0 which should be its maximum value then what will be the value of phi 90 degree phi by 2 fine. So, value of phi is phi by 2 as at t equal to 0 q should be maximum. So, q m is what q m is q naught and phi is phi by 2. So, we got the solution of this differential equation as q is equal to q naught sin of omega t plus phi by 2 what is sin of omega t plus phi by 2 cos omega t. So, this is q naught cos of omega t q. Now can you plot a graph between charge and the time this is time and this is charge q charge on the capacitor this is the charge on capacitor. Can you plot the graph by the way this is omega is 1 by root L c. So, you will get a graph like this is it not a cosine graph you will get. So, you can see that charge on the capacitor positive the total charge in the capacitor is 0 actually you know that positive plate and negative plate. But if I look at just one plate what is the charge on the one plate it is positive initially then goes to 0 then negative then again become positive fine. So, the charge on the capacitor is fluctuating now q is this what about current how much is the current value of current how will you find i is what minus dq by dt i is minus dq by dt. So, if you do that you will get what q naught omega sin omega t correct how much is the charge stored in a capacitor what is the formula for that that is charge energy stored energy inside the capacitor is what q square by 2 c or half series square whatever you make want to write so at any moment energy on the capacitor will be q square by 2 c and at any moment what is the energy stored in the inductor how much it is half into l i square we have done this in moving charge magnetism. This is energy in the inductor this is energy in the capacitor fine now tell me is there any energy loss happening. Suppose initial energy in the capacitor was q naught square by 2 c is the energy getting lost somewhere or it is just coming back and forth and no it is oscillating what it is it is going back and forth right energy is not getting lost what is happening is that this electrical energy converts into magnetic energy and this magnetic energy again then converts into electric energy. So, there is a fluctuation going on between electric energy and magnetic energy fine now whatever is the fluctuation the sum of this energy plus that energy should be a constant should not depend on time prove it prove that this plus that is a constant everything is written it is independent of time total energy u c is independent is depending on time or not when you do q square by 2 c it depends on time cos square omega t will come but when you add it up with half it should be independent of time u c is q naught square cos square omega t divided by 2 c this all of you got u l is what half l i square. So, this is half l into this is i q naught square omega square sin square omega t if I add this up will omega t will go it does not seem like but if you pay attention omega is what 1 by root l c this will tell you omega square is 1 by l into c this if you substitute here you will get u l equal to q naught square by 2 c sin square omega t I take it now if I add this and that what will I get 0 0 sorry what will you get u q naught square by 2 c sin square omega t plus cos square omega t what is sin square plus cos square 1. So, this disappears whatever is a time sin square plus cos square will be always equal to 1. So, this will be equal to q naught square by 2 c. So, the total energy is independent of time this is what we have derived in idealistic scenario any doubt, but this is impractical this does not happen in reality why because an inductor will have some resistance right now energy may not get conserved in l c oscillation due to following reasons the first one is the inductor will have some negligible resistance which we are ignoring. So, you know energy can get lost from that resistance that is point number 1 in point number 2 even if suppose inductor has 0 resistance then also this inductor will have magnetic field lines and where while it is oscillating magnetic field getting converted to electric field over here the magnetic field lines could get lost this can emit radiation the inductor fine. So, that there will be radiation loss even if it is ideal inductor right.  So, this is l c oscillation first time we have studied a circuit in which there is no resistors. In fact, if you see there is no voltage supply also.