Good evening. At the end of enslavement in Virginia, at nearly the exact same time as the first Juneteenth, a man named Peyton Johnson and his elderly mother and his children declared themselves Johnson's. Every written record I have found for him and his family identified him as Walden. Yet on the day that he went in and made a legal pronouncement, he declared himself Johnson. I never could figure out why he selected that name. It took seven years and I finally found in a legal document that as part of a dowry, this elderly woman had come from Johnson's Creek in what was then Western Virginia. As many of you know, Virginia claimed all the land all the way to China in North America. It is important to understand that everybody in that first generation of freedom, in those first days of freedom, did everything they could to establish themselves and most of all their families. My family had nothing. They came from literally enslavement, worked six years as tenant farmers and finally they were able to purchase about one-tenth of an acre of land. But that one-tenth of an acre meant everything to this enslaved, formerly enslaved man, his mother and he would eventually marry three times and father thirty-three children. Just like that fragile document that we looked at at the start of this program, freedom was so very fragile for African-Americans. The formerly enslaved never ever gave up on the belief that they would be free and upon freedom they were able to cling to a legacy that they passed down to each of us. They knew, although freedom was fragile, they could not be fragile. They, in fact, never felt that they could be destroyed. They were not willing to be delicate. They were always strong and they always stressed the importance of family and unity. Fragile, yes, but they refused to break. They had strong constitutions and absolutely absolute commitment to the future. Tonight we will hear from individuals who have studied and who have expanded the history of Juneteenth, but more importantly, the legacy that those newly enslaved persons left to each and every one of us. We will begin with Mr. and Mrs. Pinkard, John, and Jocelyn Pinkard, our important scholars, who have single-handedly did a great deal to, in fact, not just expand and research Texas history, but they've greatly infused the land and the legacy that we know of in and about Juneteenth today. Their work has been singular in the way that it has helped us understand not just history, but history, its culture, and its impact. Their documentaries have been spell-binding and they have single-handedly, as I said, researched new aspects, new avenues, and given us new segues into understanding the history of the United States and the history of this critical period, Juneteenth. It is with great pleasure that I introduce to you Don and Jocelyn Pinkard of Dallas, Texas. Can you guys hear us? So that decision was twofold. Stay on the plantation and receive some pay or leave. I want to share with you actual accounts of free men deciding what they should do taken from the history of Negroes of Lyonstone County, a 1936 publication. Those freed asked themselves, should I stay or should I go? On this day account, I'm not going to read all three of these points. I'm going to begin with the one in the middle. When we were freed, you could tie all we had in the bedsheet.  On the go account, I'm going to read again in the middle. We thought we were going to be richer than the white folks because we were stronger and knew how to work and the whites didn't and we didn't have to work with them anymore. Another account said we soon found out that freedom could make folks proud for it didn't make them rich. Early Juneteenth celebration, people came dressed in new clothes, worn to represent their new freedom. For many years it was confined to Texas as word of the holiday was slow to spread to other states in the beginning. But here in Texas, many of those emancipated established Freeman towns and purchased land to celebrate Juneteenth. Here we have Houston Emancipation Park in Third Ward of Houston, Texas. This land was purchased by Reverend Jack Yates. The park is still in existence and usage as of his day. In Dallas in 1880s, we had Reverend Alan Grease. He purchased Grease Park, which is actually in the uptown in Dallas just for the soul celebration of Juneteenth. In Austin, there was also Emancipation Park that was purchased for the celebration of Juneteenth. For one of the most outstanding locations, which is a state park, it's Comanche Crossing outside of Meharra in Limestone County. The participants here for Juneteenth has grown as much as 30,000 participants at any given time. What's to be open to you with the Great Migration? That period of American history where six and a half million black people decided to leave the South and migrate to cities on the West Coast, the Midwest, and also on the East Coast. Many of those migrations occurred from Texas and Louisiana, and as they migrated, many of the Texans, familiar with the traditions of celebrating Juneteenth, took their celebration with them to places in the Midwest, but primarily on the West Coast, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and other areas. That was a period where the celebration actually subsided a little bit, and that was for several reasons. I'll just hit on a couple, a couple of Jim Crow laws that were not just American, but some Americans had congregated. Also, many of you are aware, there was a period of extreme health, part of the Tulsa rise to 1931 in the Red Summon. During this time period, most of the people from African Americans were often uncomfortable, or come to get involved in something. But two things happened, two different conflicts that spurred the growth, and we looked through the Bible to see what the Jews came to. The first, the 1936, that our annual state shared, the largest gathering of people in the state of Texas on an annual basis. The 1936 African Americans put together funds and allowed them to create something called a Hall of Negro Law, a remote community exhibit in the centennial celebration. Also, Juneteenth got a shot in the heart in 1968, when at the conclusion of the Washington D.C., Reverend Ralph Avanade, called the delegates, were going home to celebrate Juneteenth in their respective cities and a level that had never been celebrated before. I'll just quickly, this is a gentleman, Al, everyone, most of you outside of Texas may not know who he is, but he is the founder of he, along with Governor Lowclimate, at Radified Juneteenth as the fifth college in Texas in 1988. Today, Juneteenth is celebrated all over the world in foreign countries, military bases. The ceremonies usually include feces, parades, pageants, music, dance, and as all of you know, last year on June 17th, Juneteenth became an official national holiday when President Joe Biden signed the law to make it so and in attendance, we have one of the great duels of our state, Ms. Oprah Lee, who lives in Fort Worth, Texas, about 30 minutes from where we are sitting tonight. Also, we want to announce to those of you who may not have heard, we're in the process in Texas of creating a national Juneteenth museum in Fort Worth, Texas. We're scheduling the groundbreaking in about a year and the museum should open in approximately three years. We've included a couple of references if you'd like to do some additional study on Juneteenth and we'll make them available after the meeting. Thank you very much for your presentation. Again, these scholars have helped us understand and affirm the importance and significance of Juneteenth. We thank them for their information. We are now very fortunate in that we have Dr. Anton House. Dr. House is a graduate of the University of Wisconsin Parkside. Dr. House is an MA and PhD graduate of Howard University. Dr. House is an assistant professor at the University, the Delaware State University in Dover, Delaware. His scholarship includes a major study on the true reformers and important philanthropic organization in Washington, D.C. In addition, as a point of personal pride, Dr. House, when he was a graduate student, led a team of students on who was studying a cemetery project that was an African-American cemetery that was almost abandoned. It had been called the Quaker Colored Cemetery, but when this team of young scholars finished, it is now referred to as the Colored Union Benevolent Association Cemetery. They renamed it Cuba. These young scholars have had a great impact on the information and more importantly, the history and culture of the United States in the post-Civil War period. It is with great pleasure and pride that I introduce Dr. Anton House. Thank you very much, Dr. Clark-Lewis. Okay, my point of the presentation will focus on African-American Black Southern migrants as they let themselves respond to themselves in the Midwest. And as Dr. Clark-Lewis eloquently laid out, many of the first freed, these individuals were social architects. They were looking to create new ways that placed the African-American experience at the center. And Juneteenth becomes that holiday in which African-Americans could recommit themselves to the freedoms of their ancestors. Contrary to popular belief and what's now being told to highlight Juneteenth, it as a holiday that commemorates freedom's late arrival, it is actually the annual year in which African-Americans highlight what their ancestors had accomplished as well as recommit themselves to the freedom that they had to fight so hard. So therefore, my portion speaks upon racing Wisconsin, a small post-industrial city between the walking in Chicago that has African-American population of Black Southern migrants. So, like was stated in the previous lecture, the second great migration changed not only the social but the political culture of the United States, bringing African-Americans who had been bound in the South for generations to the Midwest as well as the West. But arriving in the West, as we know, it wasn't a good place while there were opportunities in manufacturing and industrial jobs, they still found themselves held to the policies of Jim Crow, which made African-Americans relegated to substandard positions and also legislation that demarked in a place in a certain location. For African-Americans in racing in Wisconsin, the site, the Dr. John Bryant Center on the South side was traditionally the African-American portion where they were relegated to there. So therefore, Junty is held in that exact location. So when we look at those who arrived from the South, we see this sharp increase of African-Americans in Wisconsin. And those African Americans who arrive in racing, they're from Mississippi, Tennessee, and Arkansas. And by them having access to these benefactional jobs, they eventually own property, they're able to establish businesses and fund their own initiatives. So when we look at Junty, it's a holiday that places the African-American experience at the center. Therefore, you have African-American arts and crafts, you have African-American cuisine and culinary, various vendors who are selling African-American food ways and such. Also, you have different vendors from throughout the community who are different African-American figurines and collectibles. Also, music is a big force. But one of the most important features is the Miss Junty Bay pageant in which African-American aesthetics of beauty are also placed at the forefront. The thing that's interesting about racing in Wisconsin is you see every iteration that has taken place within the Black Experience being exhibited. In the picture, you have Mr. Johnson Bear and you have my aunt Henrietta, who was also one of the early founders of the Junty Bay celebration in racing in Wisconsin. She's known as Amina Sabir. So you see the role not only of the Black Church but also the role of the nation of Islam in this observance and celebration within the Black community. As I said, Miss Junty Bay pageant was a great spectacle in this city in which several young ladies who have had high GPAs who exhibit not only their beauty but their brilliance competed in order to have the honor to be Miss Junty to represent the community. We must make sure that we highlight this because it is at this point where African-American standards of beauty are celebrated and placed on a high value. But this tradition, it continues to carry on because this year's winner was a young lady named Farnia Cameron. And this tradition of highlighting Black beauty standards continue to show that there's a commitment to the community being placed at the center of this experience. My last picture is a picture of someone who is deeply celebrated in racing, Miss Bernice Moore, who was a fixture at Junty Bay, she rests in peace, but she always had the various Black commemorative dishes and plates and figurines that individuals were purchased to make sure that they had representations of themselves inside of their house. So I yield my time and look forward to the discussions on Junty. As you can see, Dr. House is absolutely brilliant. He is one of the prides of our history department, not only because of his depth of scholarship, but his commitment to community service. I thank him for that wonderful presentation. I'd like to add that Edward T. Clark, my father, was from Texas. I grew up hearing about Junty. One of the things he talked about not only were the programs, but it reminded us of the significance of the music. This evening, we are very, very proud to introduce Gabrielle Clover. Ms. Clover isn't a typical violinist. She works hard to share her music with the traditions of African Americans, combining the classical and the old traditions. And she says she works hard to make them her own. Having a lifelong love of music, she's a Dallas-based violinist who has added so much to this classical instrument. Her music and her genre has bloomed, and she has performed not only at weddings, at concerts, in the concerts halls of Dallas, but also in the major museums of Dallas. She has taken violinist creativity to a new level. She makes sure that her music infuses us with the period, not just of Juneteenth, but with the wonderful legacy, the musical legacy left to us by African Americans. She will give us one, one rendition at this time. And again, it is my pleasure to introduce a wonderful historian, a wonderful musician who combines history with classical music, Ms. Gabrielle Clover. Thank you, Ms. Clover. Thank you very much. I also have to quote in one of the many articles that have been written on Ms. Clover, the individual giving her a very important overview said, and I'm quoting, she is not just beautiful. She's wonderful to listen to. She enhances the listening experience. And most importantly, she is astounding in her creativity. I thank Gabrielle Clover for her rendition. I'd also ask we are beginning to get more and more questions in the chat. If you have any questions for our speakers, we would ask that you please place them in the chat. At this time, the first question asks Juneteenth has been declared and celebrated for so many years. I'll ask both Ms. Pink, Mr. Ms. Pinkard and Mr. Anton House to both give their information on why they think it took 155 years to make it a holiday. Mr. Ms. Pinkard first followed by Dr. House. In fact, the freedom came with the aid of 2000. It listed American men in the Civil War, along with women and children that fought and died for their enough freedom. So the holidays should be commemorated, it should be celebrated, and it should be honored for the great sacrifices of our ancestors. Dr. House. Well, I think for some African American communities, they wanted to retain it within the community. So we can serve as a purpose in a day for them to celebrate themselves. That since we live in a beautiful multicultural society, that African Americans needed a moment to celebrate a day in which they could not only reflect upon their journey from slavery to freedom, but also to come together and be amongst themselves and let their hair down and not feel that they're being overly surveillance. Juneteenth is a time of year in which an African American can gaze and see the past and the present with the representation of the United States color truth. So for many, I believe it was sort of like a tug of war thing in which there were those who believed that yes, we should share our best gifts with our nation, but also those that say, hey, we must hold on to some of these things for ourselves unless our children do not have a heritage to carry on. I'd also like to add, I think both Mr. Mrs. Pinkard and Dr. House have made an important point that we can pick up on. If you'll recall, although we now celebrate the 30th of May, remember African Americans instituted this holiday as Decoration Day. They again wanted to make sure, and I think both presenters have made it clear, that there is a clear connection between the past, that these individuals were so very, very, felt very, very strong about, and the present and how they wanted to make sure that there was always an opportunity to celebrate those individuals, as I said in the past, doing it in the present, but also speaking with a loud voice about our futures. And so when we think of 30th of May, I invite people, as Dr. House has said, and as Mr. and Mrs. Pinkard also said, to remember that there are many holidays that African Americans celebrated. And in the case of the 30th of May, they created it, that there is this long history of a celebratory belief and belief systems about how you, in fact, work so very hard to create a future, not just for yourself, but it's very much an influence that you see on the family. I have a question for Mr. Pinkard, Mr. and Mrs. Pinkard, and then I would ask Dr. House if he could also address it. And again, those of you who are watching the program, please put your questions in the chat. Mr. and Mrs. Pinkard, I would like to ask you, in terms of your community and your celebrations, what is the one thing that you think is so very important for individuals when they're thinking about the celebration of Juneteenth today? What's one thing that you feel is critically important? I think it's critically important in the state of Texas and around the nation to understand exactly how the holiday originated, and particularly how it originated in communities all over the state of Texas and spread to different areas of the country. So I think the thing that people really, really need to focus on is exactly what is the purpose of the holiday. And I think the purpose of the holiday started in Texas as a celebration when we were actually no longer enslaved in this state. Ms. Pinkard, did you have anything that you wanted to add to that point? One of the things I want to get from this is to continue the old history of how those who were emancipated, the history of it. So when we were eating and socializing and playing games and doing those things that we passed on to our young ones, the history of it. We are people of all historians more than written, but we don't want to get away from them, even though we're written now, we don't want to get away from the old history of our ancestors. Dr. House, I would think that everyone should pay attention to the tradition, because when people minimalize it to General Gordon Granger's arrival in Gavison, they miss out on the large ramification of what's actually taking place. That he's basically showing up to make what's been immaterial, those words like freedom, truth, and justice, material. That he's not being able to see what's going to take place following a reconstruction, but that the civil war has come to an end. And this is your Republic as well, that our federal government had finally arrived to make sure that the hard effort, the life in the minds of the United States color troops, those individuals who saved our Republic from the treaty Confederates, the treaty breaking Confederates, those individuals who talked over to our Republic and saved our Union.  And it was these individuals who had to arrive to allow and let the people who tried to conspire to keep out information that individuals were free, so they can attain one more good crop of coerced slave labor, that our nation showed up to represent the sons and daughters of former slaves. There's nothing more brilliant than knowing that at the advent of our nation, we see the demise of the monarchy, but also in the same soil, you see the death of slavery, two of the oldest institutions out of human existence, both died within our nation. Thank you so much. I think that the points that you're making about commemoration, both of you, Mr. and Mrs. Pinkard and Dr. House, you focused on those commemorative aspects that are critical for the future. I'd like to also add that when we think of commemoration, that we also remember that there are a number of organizations. This program was cosponsored by the Association for the Study of African American Life and History. Since 1916, they have single-handedly, and I'll say it again, they've single-handedly under the leadership of Dr. Carter G. Woodson insisted that the truth about the African American past be presented. This program is being cosponsored by the National Archives, a facility that many, many individuals come to for research, and the group that was founded when we're talking about family history, when we're talking about the African American Historical and Genealogical Society, a number of us who were working with Alex Haley on a program that we never thought would get as big as it did, Roots. There were a number, very few of us, but a number of us who were working, we decided to create an organization. We didn't want to be an extension of the National Genealogical Society. We created our own organization. Mr. James Dent Walker and others joined with myself and six others to create this organization. Our initial meetings were at the National Archives and our first five conferences were at the National Archives. We are creating, as these scholars have said, a cultural continuum that is so very important for people when we think about not just, not just Juneteenth, but I think Mr. and Mrs. Pinkard have pointed out that this reflects on the issues of emancipation and the wider questions of freedom nationally and locally. Dr. House has made it clear that these associations don't just remain within one state, that you do have a number of states where individuals have migrated, that they take culture with them. If we could, if we would ask at this time for Ms. Gabriel Clover to give us another song and another reflection of our culture through music. Thank you very much. I think that not only her selection, but her wonderful playing helps us understand how the songs of African Americans are syncopated by our own struggle. We have to remember that this music influenced all segments of the history of the United States and the music and cultural history of this country. I think that we also have to add that music has been central to political activism and understanding how activism and how African American activism in particular is pushed and enhanced by music. So again we thank Gabriel Clover for her wonderful rendition. Another question has come in and it is asking why if Mr. and Mrs. Pinkard and then Dr. House, why is it important for individuals to not only celebrate but also research this whole idea of Juneteenth? And I'd like to add for both Mr. and Mrs. Pinkard and for Dr. House, where would they recommend that individuals not necessarily on the national level, but what are the local areas and local places that you feel, local resources that you feel are important if you could just give one or two for individuals who are interested in learning about the whole idea of freedom and equality and the freedom struggle of African Americans in their community? Local Dallas area, we are really really blessed with a tremendous resource. We have one of the best African American history museums in this country. We are constantly getting exhibits that celebrate the history of African Americans in this facility. It is well attended and excellent staff and they just do a great job in terms of program direction and bringing exhibits that really really shed a light on African American history, Juneteenth related and in other areas as well. So we are blessed in Dallas to have one of the best African American museums in this country. Ms. Pinkard? One of the things that we have also is we have a lot of archival and historical connections and with that you can always research your history. But we also have a lot of books and you can just, if you want to really understand your history, the best way to do it is to find local periodicals, local resources like the Lyme South County of Negro. That particular book highlighted the coming from enslaved to freedom. It was a very good resource of books. So researching your books, all kinds of books, Amazon is good, Miss Oden Archival is good, the National U.S. Archival is also good. So I would just research. I would say not only check your local library but probably one of the most important institutions that have been preserving Black culture and history before these things were made into public facilities was the Black Church. I will contact and see what churches, what old African American churches in your community are around because within there you may find a rich archive of those individuals who have preserved the history of Africa. And why is it important to celebrate Juneteenth? Well, as I stated earlier, you only hear half of the story of the Civil War if you're not understanding the role of the United States color tree.  Something that I believe we all should be grateful for because these individuals were almost successful without the decisive manpower of those individuals who absconded from their plantations in order to embrace freedom and in order to come back and liberate their family. I believe there is no other place in human history where the formerly enslaved were armed, trained, organized and returned back to kill their slaves. So with studying the United States history, especially the Civil War and then Reconstruction, we will understand how we arrived at January 6th because if you look at a lot of the pictures that highlight that dark day in which individuals tried to overthrow our republic, you will see a guy waving a confederate flag. He walked throughout the state capital waving the flag of the losers in the House of the Victors. So the cultural memory of those who showed up on that dark day was one that was laden with this period. Juneteenth will help us and show us and make us much more appreciative of those brave men and women who sacrificed their lives and made sure that we have these Thank you so very much. I think it's important as a history professor to take the time as individuals have done here to talk about how people arrived at freedom. There were many routes to freedom. Individuals who, as it was so eloquently stated, who left the plantations in the way that they could. Those who pushed their route to freedom was through the service. For my individual family, the route to freedom was to make sure that this enslaved man, his three wives, his mother, most importantly all of his 33 children would never make an X. Each of us as families, and we, those of us, particularly of African American descent, we've created these routes to freedom. These freedom routes, again, take us through many of the muck and the mire points of history. It's not always pretty, but it makes us think about and appreciate the legacy that was literally handed to us. Mr. and Mrs. Pinkard, when you think of the routes to freedom, and when we look at those migration maps, many of those individuals in Texas went east, many went north, but we forget a large number went west and established vibrant communities all over areas in Colorado, California, Oregon, and Seattle, Washington. These communities literally moved Texas culture, eastward, northward, and very strongly westward. If you think of one route to freedom, in your idea, and I'd like you to add, I hope, the importance of your apparel, because that is so critical when we talk about the presentation of self, how individuals dress and how this apparel helps us think about and enhance our routes to freedom. Could you talk about, very briefly, just what you feel each of you was a route to freedom that was so important for African Americans, and could you tell us a little bit about your apparel line? Mr. and Mrs. Pinkard, followed by Dr. House. Okay, we have an apparel line, Hidden History, DFW, Hidden History Apparel, and it's basically apparel to celebrate African American achievement, to celebrate our culture, and to also provide dialogue if you want to look at a shirt and maybe start a conversation. That's very important. We as the people have gone through so much, and it's so much that in our form of assimilation, we tend to erase who we are, and we can never erase who we are, because if you don't know where you came from, you are not going to know where to go. And so our apparel provides that. Now as far as migrating to another area, as you have stated, we've gone from New York to San Francisco to Oakland to all these other places, and we've taken our culture with us. And that's the thing that we try to provide in our apparel, is the culture. And just real quickly, our apparel really focused on three things that we believe in deeply. One is the promotion of Black History in general. Secondly, the promotion of the Juneteenth holiday, and also lastly, the promotion of HBCUs across this country, and the critical role that they have played in the education of African Americans. In terms of moving westward, I think something Dr. Clark Lewis said, people really underestimate in terms of the transportation is a vital role of the railroad in terms of moving Black people out of the South. In Texas, the reason that most of us ended up westward is that that is the route that the railroads carried us. In Mississippi, Alabama, those railroads carried us to Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, and so forth. So I just don't want anybody to underestimate the effect that the railroad had on our freedom. Dr. House? Well, for my family from Northern Mississippi, and as well as the Memphis Crockett County, Humboldt County area, many of them went north in order to take advantage of the lucrative factors that were in southeastern Wisconsin. But one of the things that my grandfather had told me that when he became gainfully employed, the individuals who performed at the factory, some of the owners would say, do you know of any individuals who will work as hard as you? In which a chain migration happened. My grandfather went back and got my uncles, my cousins, his neighbors, those individuals that were from these various counties to come north and work. Well, seeing that it was more conducive somewhat that they were making much more money, they began to lay down routes. But it wasn't meant to be permanent because many of them, after securing enough money, they went back to Mississippi and bought property, bought land and set up trailers. So the while we are born of north, we were always sent back to Mississippi for the summers to make sure that we stay connected and that understand the sacrifice that was made, that you had individuals who dislocated themselves from places that they've been for generations in order to take advantage of a once thriving economy, but now to return back to the places of their forebears. So therefore, it seems like it's cyclical that, as Joseph Campbell highlights about the myth, the story of a cyclical journey in which one person starts off from one place only to come back, that African Americans are returning to the south with these opportunities, with this education, back to the places where they come from, in order to help play a vital and critical role in establishing and building up the black threat. Thank you very much. I think both of you have highlighted, or three of you have highlighted, that there are social, economic and political routes to freedom. And each of you highlighted a different aspect, never knowing that you would do it that way. But each of you highlighted a part of this critical, this critical journey, that although we're talking about Juneteenth, it's so much more than Juneteenth, that it is looking back with an understanding of how history moved individuals forward, whether as in the case of my family, you have a man with 33 children who eventually fought to keep a school open, because he knew that small education would be their route he hoped to freedom. Mr. and Mrs. Delaney were too modest to also add that they've done a wonderful film, called The Great Years, that really highlights the aspects of history that are frequently missed. If you could very briefly tell us why you created this documentary and how this documentary speaks to history that we're celebrating today. Wow. I didn't expect you to ask me that question, but I'm glad you did it. We have created a documentary called The Great Years. The reason that we did it is we have several passions and one of them is sports and Texas history. And this documentary film gave us an opportunity to combine those two elements. It is the story, and I know this may be unbelievable for a lot of people who are hearing my voice, of the greatest high school team to ever perform in the country. It just so happened that they're located in the state of Texas. They are the only high school to ever win a championship before integration and after integration with essentially the same community, the same athletes, and the same coaching staff. It's a phenomenal story. If you get a chance, I'd love you to see it. In addition to that, from my perspective, it is a very historical move. It's a documentary that is very historical. It actually talks about Juneteenth. It talks about the history. It talks about communities that were established by free men. So it's more than a sports movie. It's more about football. It is talking about history. It talks about segregation. It talks about integration, and it talks about all those things that we've gone through as a people, and it brings it into the limelight of sports. In closing, Dr. House. Well, my research follows a fraternal benevolent association called the Grand Fountain United Order of True Reformers. It was a 19th century mutual aid benevolent society that evolved to an economic cooperation and started the first black bank in 1887 in Richmond, Virginia. Founded by a former slave and a Reverend William Washington Brown, he would show the power of the black dollars by combining it and using it as a mechanism for racial uplift and development. So I'm constantly working on my manuscript, going through various revisions so that I can get this text out to the public. It is much needed because it covers the time period between the fall of Reconstruction and the beginning of World War I, which shows how African Americans laid the foundation for the development through this organization for the black insurance magnets that will highlight and transform communities in the 20th century. Again, the great Yates, and I apologize for saying it incorrectly, the great Yates reflects very importantly research that's being done by others and they encouraged individuals like Michael Johnson, who's looking at Parker Gray, a school in Alexandria. There are about eight others, individuals who are following your lead, who are looking at these schools and looking at the importance of them in making history and creating leaders in our community. Mr. House also picked up on a point that when we talk about local history, we understand how the true reformers and their legacy in terms of savings and loaning money helped create the economic basis for many communities that we have in place today. In closing, again, I would like to thank the National Archives for this opportunity, the National Archives Foundation, which worked in conjunction with the Boeing Corporation to make this program possible. I'd like to encourage individuals, as both Mr. Mrs. Pinkard said and as Dr. House said, to consider understanding how their local history is an important factor in history today through organizations like the African American Historical and Genealogical Society, or if we're talking about the African American community led, research community led by Dr. Dulaney. And when we talk about this organization started by Dr. Carter G. Woodson, we are talking about an organization that used to be, as it said, it is an association for the study of African American life and history. So when we talk about this organization led by Dr. Dulaney and its former president, Dr. Higginbotham of Harvard, these scholars are pushing this new sense of history and a new pride in history forward. As we close out, I would ask if we could have the last musical rendition as we close out by Ms. Clover. Gabriel Clover, as I said, is an astonishing musician whose work is so appreciated. And when you read individuals who are looking at and evaluating the impact she's having on history, and most importantly, combining history and music, it is wonderful. We thank her not only for her music, but how her music is encouraging our community, sustaining us in so many ways, and helping us see how you can combine classical and contemporary music and culture today. I want to thank each of our participants for their brilliant, for their brilliant information and insight on Juneteenth and understand that they've helped each of us to think of new ways to creatively celebrate and commemorate the holiday that looks at the ending of enslavement and encourages us to remember the strength of those formerly enslaved. I will turn it over now to Ms. Clover, please. Thank you and good night on behalf of the National Archives, the National Archives Foundation, underwritten by the Berlin Corporation, and most importantly, the Association for the Study of African American Life and History. Good night.


I just want to see, I was wondering if this would actually be close, or it's lovely. I was watching a YouTube documentary and it said about, you could actually clear out disease and such by running electricity through your body, through your blood specifically. It's quite good that it's actually kicking back in again because I'm running this pretty much full board. That's 20 volts going into the base I believe. But I realise I can just come in and switch the light on now by putting my hands by it. And voila, wireless electricity. Considering the nearest socket is on your, well, down the end of the room there. So maybe you can see the window, probably not that well. You should know it's quite a good bit of light. Admittedly, I suppose, you know, what we're doing here, 2.8 at 20 volts. So we're like close on to sort of 60 watts. It's still solid state as well. That's it, that's what it is. I don't even know what this is. You know, it's a candle. It's too big. I've actually got some pipe I cut today. And so you can see the size of that's going to be compared to that. And I'll be doing those. I'm waiting for some different magnet wire, some thinner magnet wire. So I've got two of these, exactly the same pipe. And I'm going to do them exactly the same. And see if I can, see if I can transmit energy from one to the other. So yeah, that'll be quite interesting. I do love that. I know it's not a lot. But I know that it can be a significant part of that. The energy, the energy. If I give it a out, I give it a bit of an energy. It's lovely, it's lovely. I don't think I am sort of pushing the chips to the limit. I'm only carrying on pushing it because I want to see what I can actually do with it. I've got a whole bunch of spares for these. I'm going to practice. I've got quite a few different chips now. Some higher-powered ones, some higher-rated ones. Two in 30, 55 is it? I can't remember. I've also been told that they're no good. A lot of people seem to be using them and saying they're pretty good. So I'm going to give them a bash. I've got five, so that's a little bit of experimenting. And I've also got some, I can't remember what it is. I don't know if you use or something. This other fellow with the same sort of circuit was playing the bass. These are pretty good. I thought I'd give a few of those. I just don't know what the whole thing is on these things. I can't remember. I'm going to push this circuit a little bit more and see what happens. Let's see if I can just... Well, I've managed to turn it up to 22. It's still since been light. And with the chip that it was not there. I've tried as a stretcher, so... 22, well... Well, in 3.1, that's just... Oh, you can, if I press a button. So you'd be able to see it on that meter because... I was going to put my hands near to the other one. You need to hear that. It starts going all over the place. And I read down on what it is doing. But I know that if I got this here, I'm going to see this other meter. Even with the light, it doesn't hardly stand. If I can see this other meter here, at least I know what's actually happening on the front here, so... I don't know. Let's see if I can. This is past 20 volts. It says maximum. It's still since we're on America. So, I'm going to give it a... It's got a pop. 24 volts, come on. Okay, let's get a little bit higher. Oh, I'm currently limited now. So, let's just up the current a bit. Okay, we're back to voltage when it is. So, we're going to just have a 26. 26.3. Now, one day, where's this... I've got the meter there to see what goes on inside this. It's such a pity that this camera cannot pick up what's actually happening inside this bowl.  That is one of my favourite movies. I do love the... I do love that. This is nice to look at. I got these, like, Edison type bulbs thinking I would get some great effects out of them. But unfortunately, that just doesn't happen. One of the bulbs that I actually got sent was broken when it got here. And that's this one here that you can see it. It doesn't actually give anything. They don't actually... Oh, okay, there's a little bit. Ooh, you can see that. So, it does do something that requires a bit more... I don't know if you can see inside there. That's actually going through from the coil itself. And it's also coming out and hitting the finger. So, I presume that it's just getting to any old bit of metal. And it's sending a replacement out of flux. It's going to... It's going in the front room. There you go, this is going on way too long. Sorry about that. I just thought I'd show again, you know, the beauty of the old air. The old excited coil. Thanks for watching. Bye!


So what is poppin welcome back to another video if you're new here my name is coward do not forget to like comment and subscribe I just came back from Tokyo just put my tree up this week oh my god it's so cute y'all it's adorable and last night I just had a cute little wholesome night I made some cookies hot chocolate it was really filling the vibes and I captured all those moments on my eos r50 rf 18 or 45 millimeter ISSTM and I have it in white lens kit I tell you I love this camera okay and Canon was my first ever camera when I started content creation and I got this from Best Buy and Best Buy is sponsoring this video which is so crazy to me because Yard you know I love taking pictures I love capturing moments if you follow me on Instagram you know the vibes okay and all I want to do this year is really elevate my content if you all have noticed my vlogs I've been really like going hard with like the cinematic vibes and I just want everything to be clear 4k even when it comes to taking my photos and I really like that this camera is super light it's mirrorless so it's super lightweight for you to capture everyday content and not only is it good for capturing moments it's also good for vlogging as well cuz I already know I'm full production okay when it comes to vlogging and it does have a LED mirror touchscreen and I love that this has a nice natural grip on here so you'll be able to you know haul this around so your content can be a one so all I want to do is really upgrade my content also has 24.2 megapixels so I'll be able to capture images and videos when it's reduced noise even when it's in low light which is what I need sometimes and I love how my pictures came out last night when I was capturing my moments so if you've been looking to start off with a new vlogging camera you don't know where to start with and also that takes really good pictures you'll be able to get your own EOS R50 camera as well available at Best Buy I highly recommend this camera and I'm just in love so make sure you guys go click the link down below and make sure you follow me on Instagram cuz I will be taking the photos with this like Glor crazy I just wanted to put y'all on this camera she's so cute cuz I will be going back home cuz I have to go to a doctor's appointment so that's why I'm going tonight but I'll be back in the morning and yeah I have a Christmas party to go to and then yeah and Kelly's birthday is coming up girl it's so much things so many things this year but yeah girl so I'm about to get ready for my flight and I'll check with y'all once I come back hey y'all so it's the next day and I told y'all I was going to get some like small Christmas gifts actually I'm really just getting Aliyah Hargiff I'm not gonna get Kadeh's gift while he's with me how does it feel to drink the same water as me I say she drinks Silverwater Mountain if y'all didn't know anyways and the only reason I know that cuz I seen the glimpse of it on the Renaissance movie anyway I didn't do no research or nothing is she in Miami or here I hate when people post and they don't tell me that they're posting why so you can get their pictures how do you be stealing the whole post cuz that's what you did to me I'm like I screenshot it and I screen recorded you can just ask I did ask you are you still having a Christmas party or what it's on Friday you come in your line I told you it was on Friday the advice of Friday I thought you said the day was wrong I have to go give up I didn't know it was in Wisconsin yeah it's in Wisconsin I leave tomorrow you're like me I still have I literally go for a one day yeah so yeah I'm gonna check in with y'all once we get to the stores and stuff but I'm super excited to put a little of something and I'm actually gonna get all my friends gifts this year last year yes I did I did like a little cute stock and stuff for thing but yeah this year I'm gonna get actual a cute little gift like nothing major like I'm not gonna overthink it I'm gonna get y'all stuff that I think you need that's your Russian socks yeah he needs it and like you need little t-shirts cuz I've been seeing them stains and you need new draws you need a new sock cuz I seen a hole in your side your whole big no mistakes were made anyways see almost we get there so y'all I brought cadets Tokyo souvenirs with me just in case you wanted me to put them in his Christmas back but I was like you know what I'm gonna give him to you now because I don't want them in my purse like so that's why I got him a iron-on patch oh that's cute as fuck I know I was gonna keep it but I'm not you're really low key wanted like sushi yeah but I got all of my friends and chopsticks and then the last thing I got you a magnet cuz you like magnets on your refrigerator this is cute this is so cute thank you so yeah I just got to the mall I think I'm gonna get her these new meal ones they look so cute they're like green and like a yellow tint I think I'm gonna get her some sunglasses cuz sunglasses is like the thing and yeah ooh these are cool like she likes that type of shape okay I'm not about to play with these people and did y'all know that Ray Beans has like a sunglasses that has a camera in it which is so crazy I'm gonna keep looking and see what I find but this is so exciting buying for other people is so cute but then again I love buying for myself so that's even cuter so y'all I didn't know the way they saw how to pop up right so I'm smelling since like I normally do and this just gave me a memory this smells just like the Victoria's Secret the pair the pair one that was like the eight theme my mommy used to wear this down so this would just remind me of like summer time on Saturday I was using her perfume so I don't look up the notes because they had a hair in here cuz I know my nose not sure man that's nice I like that a lot that's so manly but it does well good okay the notes in here are orange blossom passion fruit breakthrough cardamom rose jasmine amber sandalwood and vanilla but that passion fruit the this smells just like it's crazy period little brown cosmetics so y'all blooming deals I don't know if y'all know but they have like this little brown bag like cute situation so I was looking up cosmetics bags that I could get my friends and I came across this it's only $18 super cute because I want my own cosmetic bag but like you know but I'm not getting my friends the one that I want so I'm like wait this is kind of cute as convenient like ain't this cute I'm gonna get to be what you want one of these okay I'm gonna get one for my sister one for Kelly and one super cute and this is in the be helpful section so and they have like little bags like this like cute and then they have little wallets little brown wallet these are just things that you would use you're gonna use it obviously but you have it but you just don't think they have yeah that's what I'm getting maybe I should get myself so you're getting everybody a stock maybe I should do that instead so yeah we're at some cute little things and I need to get like a whole Christmas bag after these with all my friends but I'm just doing this one now oh these are cute to get to you know bitches don't wash themselves look yeah she likes to exit sick of things for like pimples so if you know somebody who likes like mighty patching stuff that's sick as a gun I'm getting on her can is scrub fear of Bolterra y'all is so good so I really want her to try it okay it's about to meet me so I can get her her body scrub and serum I think she'll really enjoy it oh I should get her some of these I'm just some of work asses oh my god they have a little version I'm as cute I need somebody I just got her eye mask little bath bombs wellness y'all better come to Target and get you awesome stocking stuffers little scrunchies super cute that is cute but she don't need no makeup brushes oh you just saying in general all right let's go and they got like little glow face masks like a kid eco gel girls meaning the slay they're here a little Olay winter routine cute y'all they actually do have hair in Target that is crazy they got that yeah that kinky straight what that's crazy some passion to us oh my god they got flexi rock curls don't play they know what to do get somebody a wrap around pony sale you don't y'all look cute so I'm in like the candy can I own even though I know she probably won't eat this let you know her she's that can't the peppermint ones are absolutely oh Andre what kind of candy do you like so I can put the same thing right there hey y'all so I'm about to put Elise gifts together before I drop it off to her y'all we have plans to eat tonight but we always just end up being so busy and me and her both leave tomorrow we both got to get work done so I was that girl just get your work done and we'll just be when you get back so the first thing I'm about to put in here is the fear both here this is King's line the scrub and the body show y'all is so good I'm like can I please so definitely had to grab that and then I just have her chocolates when I was trying to find the rich crackers couldn't find it so it is what it is and then I have her little brown bag little pouch you took the price off this right yeah and then I have her I should just keep a wrap right I got her some topicals eye patches a little summer Fridays one of her favorite brands Dr. Garth from Mask and then a former trade secret I had at her a few years to stop little fuzzies her stuff I got from Tokyo which is a face mask I'm getting her one of these little sticky things I don't know if she has any chopsticks from Japan and then her theory jewelry I'm theory about to drop this off to her and I'll check them out later y'all so we are at tuk-tuk now this is a new restaurant for us in our neighborhood is that right yeah why are you looking so sad it tastes like perfume yeah I don't really like you I might get a espresso martini though I'm not gonna you're a special martini still in my fridge cuz you were supposed to come back and drink how the fuck was I supposed to do that I don't know but you can go drink that I'm gonna come back to you need to listen to me y'all so I was like cadets house like before I went to Tokyo and I'm like why would you make me this right now because I have to go pack and I was like you know I'm gonna just come back and drink it when I'll get done packing they do look good so I think I'm gonna get the fried rice I was the same thing this one I ain't seen I know there's two different right oh they have such a shit and one with chicken oh that this is rice couldn't know this one is this one in the chicken they got shrimp our eyes actually yeah I'm gonna be like can I get shrimp style fried rice egg onion brock not be all getting the same thing well you want to be our son wait what type girl say that was good on what do you think about our girl I'm trying to go when I'm gonna eat link this is the place to go this road in the car can I do a espresso martini with you know you make it extra creamy not like that please I kind of know what I want we know what we want right here yeah can I get the Thai fried rice but instead of chicken can I get shrimp and then some roti bread on the side with some mixed vegetables okay so then you want the roti to come out with your meal or you know you can bring it out make for appetizer what's that oh dang oh yeah he barely said it chicken and shrimp the fried shrimp wow that looks so good did y'all get a drink drink or y'all just was right at my tail okay try the chicken wing tell us I should ask for a bottle of paper water mmm so good that's what you're talking about what's the other it's given Doug got to give him a source to try some chicken with no sauce you don't like it it's just not a house on starting with taste nine out of ten it was quite crunchy and the battle was fluffy however it was too hot for my taste it burns your mouth it burnt my mouth service nine out of ten it's pretty fast and efficient y'all so our food just came what's it given honestly I'm quite disappointed in this fried rice I expected it to be more flavorful have more color it's pretty light yeah color is you can see doesn't look like it's cooked with any soy sauce and typically fried or yum yum sauce or yum yum sauce or any sauce or seasoning I've had typically fried rice is cooked with soy sauce and I had to request it on the side what is that let me taste that I mean it's not bad but it's not bad it's just a bowl of bullsh**t I like it and the shrimp can be cooked a little bit more if you get cooked more right it's too chewy that's what let's take me ten years to cut it yeah we're not coming back all right let's try this y'all so I just got home and oh my god I'm just so obsessed with these little brown bags like these are just so cute I feel like y'all should give somebody this for Christmas anyways I'm gonna end this video off I'm my camera's about to okay my camera did die so I had to change the battery I gotta see which one is the best one so I can keep it for myself but I never show draw everything that I got from Tokyo so I'm gonna show y'all I got these I never showed all these but I did get these from Tokyo these cute Chanel says let me give y'all a little close-up and these says are actually right up my alley because these ones are gold and black if y'all can see like the details because the last ones I lost or misplaced I misplaced one and it was silver so these ones are more my speed which are gold actually send me a package Kylie Jenner but anyways y'all okay so also from Japan I got some Chanel sunglasses and they're so cute like adorable and I'm going on a trip at the end of the month and these are gonna look so good yeah they're so cute and they have Chanel on the side these are like right up my alley they're like adorbs I love them and it was so hard I really couldn't vlog in here cuz they was like I was literally making a tiktok and they were like put your camera away like no feel me and I think I was filming a little bit on my camera camera I can't remember but yeah there was like not even trying to let me that's why I wasn't even trying to make a vlog I was just like you know I'm just filming this for a tiktok but they barely let me so but yeah I got some new Chanel items in Tokyo tax-free I got some more faded eye patches I don't know where mines go like maybe I just run through these like crazy and I thought I had some more but they these are like the best eye patches ever so good and then I got me a Killian angel share because I like to have perfume with me on the go so and this one is like my favorite so good so good and if y'all don't know y'all probably seen the video but Sephora right now is having 20% off fragrances full size so y'all better run don't walk in this one bomb but I didn't get 20% cuz it's not full size if I was a sneaker I would get these I would be these y'all not ready to see these y'all just not you got me a pair of a summer Giselle's I know people been wearing stambas I'm gonna get me a pair of stambas but the flip over ones cuz I want to do that pin little design but yeah I got these and they're so adorable like adorable I got these in the eight and a half and they do run big and I was afraid to get like a nine cuz I didn't really want them to look like duck shoes on me cuz they are long and I don't really like long shoes that on me cuz I don't know like I'm not that tall so I didn't want my shoes really look like La Cienega even though my feet are definitely giving my Cienega every time I tell people what size shoe I wear they're like no and I'm like yeah but yeah I'm a 10 and a half but the good thing about these shoes is that they stretch they stretch and I've been having and y'all let me tell you these took a minute for me to get them cuz these are from Farfetch and I don't know I actually put the wrong zip code so it took them a little minutes I like them like the the fit but at this point I just need to keep them cuz they so stretched out now I put like a sock in it and I just jammed it in there cuz my feet are narrow and obviously this is a narrow shoe and I have space like by my toe yeah cute and that's about though oh and the Beyonce perfume finally came cuz I know she been busy but yeah it finally came and I'm gonna do a video for it tomorrow on tiktok oh she actually put my name on it it says Tyra okay ladies now let's get information she wrote me a note she wrote me a motherfucking old bitch what she said happy holidays from Kai can't wait to see you in my favorite sweats and crop tanks Kylie in Christ happy holidays Kylie Jenner totally happy holiday girl what it's a t-shirt oh my god so it's a little cropped tea this is cute she's in the medium and this is a hoodie oh my god I'm gonna wear this to the airport tomorrow super cute hi Kylie it's oversized really really cute okay so for the hoodie it's pretty big like and I don't like when this is out like that but I guess is given that oversized look you know you know it's cozy whatever and then she gave me some sweat pants nice and I like this that this is black like it's not a faded black it's black but yeah y'all that's the end of this blog I hope you guys enjoyed don't forget to like comment and subscribe and I'm actually about to post a new vlog right now so yeah grind don't stop baby anyways I actually have to go home tomorrow because I have things to do there and I'm turning right back around come back and then go back again well actually you know I'm not not that soon but yeah anyways oh and this is how my shoes look let me show y'all cuz y'all probably want to see how they look look run into the money get into the bag in 2044 lucky get into the bag see you next one


The founder of Afeba Balola University, Adoikiti Abwad Aare, Afeba Balola S.A.N., has confessed for total upgrading of Mandarin University's system and warned against the issuing of new licenses to proprietors. Abalola gave the advice when a group of well-meaning Nigerians led by Senator Ibrahim and July Gopir visited Afeba Balola University in Adoikiti. The legal luminaries stressed that there is no point for the federal government to continue giving approval for new universities when the existing ones are not well funded. Also speaking, Senator Aandolahi Gopir advised Nigerians against traveling abroad in search of quality education when Abwad can offer better quality education. We are going to ask that you increase, primarily show updates, improve what you have in coming university, come quality university like our home. But how can we be a combined Nigerian? So only we have quality education. So those who are asking for fortress new universities when the old ones are there are destroying the big money. If you Nigerians want to work for no money, I'm an example of those who had worked for many years for this country without a quick cover. You don't have to go outside because it's trying to break now. It's so terrible that you cannot afford it. So come back here in Nigeria where you can afford the mirror when before we see whatever is going to happen in the future. But for sure, we'll be putting two years of getting our people into the university here coming in here. I'm sure more and more will be protected so that nobody can deal with trouble outside this place for each of the world. So you get notified about fresh news updates.