Welcome to this course on Transition Metal Organometallics in Catalysis and Biology. We have been discussing alkene and alkyne oligomerization reaction in the past few lectures. In this context, we have covered two main reactions. One is alkyne, ethylene oligomerization, alkyne and alkyne oligomerization. In this context, we have covered two reactions. First one is ethylene oligomerization. This we have covered from the perspective of shop process. Shop is a shell higher olefin process, and this we have covered using the nickel catalyst. Nickel hydride is an active species is an active species for the catalyst for ethylene oligomerization, and this ethylene oligomerization came into prominence with regard to the shop process, particularly for finding a synthetic root to producing detergents, and this was achieved by oligomerization of ethylene with a nickel catalyst, followed by two other important processes which were added to it. One is ethylene alkene isomerization and alkene metathesis reactions, which together oligomerization, isomerization and metathesis all together constitute the shop process, shell higher olefin process, and this was primarily used for preparing the starting material for synthesis of detergents. This has been discussed in great detail with respect to both ethylene oligomerization as a part of this topic, as well as with respect to olefin metathesis, which was the topic that was discussed in the earlier lectures. We had also discussed ethylene trimarization. This ethylene trimarization is primarily used to produce one hexene, primarily used to produce one hexene using tantalum 3 catalysts, and which was obtained by from tantalum 5 salts by presence of alkylating reagent, and this also we have discussed in great details, particularly the mechanism of its formation, highlighting the main advantage of this process, which is about the selectivity of this reaction. Today, we are going to discuss about two other reactions. One is propene dimarization, and the fourth one is cyclotrimarization of butadiene. These two are very interesting processes that we would be talking about today, and both involve a nickel catalyst that carry out these two trimarization of propene and cyclotrimarization of butadiene reactions. Today's main lecture with this highlight on these two reactions. One is propene dimarization as well as cyclotrimarization of butadiene. Earlier on in a previous two lectures, we have discussed the above two reactions, ethylene oligomerization using again a nickel catalyst, and the second one that we had discussed in the earlier reaction was ethylene trimarization to one hexene using a tantalum catalyst. With this, we are going to focus on the first reaction, which is propene dimarization reaction using nickel. This process in which propene dimarizes to give various types of branched hexenes, this is called dimersol process. The process in which propene dimarizes and gives branched hexene and gives branched hexenes is called dimersol process. The reaction is depicted as follows 2n using a catalyst gives where 2n equals x plus y plus z, x gives x moles of x in of this type plus y moles of plus z moles of. Now, these are important intermediates, as these branched hexenes can be hydrogenated to give high quadrate petrol of antinoch property. Branched hexenes are hydrogenated to give petrol of high antinoch properties. Now, let us take a look at the mechanism for this dimarization of the propene reaction, the mechanism of it, and that is given as follows. The catalyst precursor is of the type nickel Lx type ligand with a allyl. Now, allyl moiety bound to nickel, so this is a nickel 2 complex, and an allyl moiety bound to nickel can be viewed as such given over here, one sigma bond, another pi bond as shown over here that react with a propene to give nickel x sigma pi complex. So, what really happens over here is that this pi bond of the allyl gets replaced by this olefinic pi bond, and this eta 3 becomes sigma and pi over here as is shown over here. So, now this reacts with an olefin to give this nickel 2 complex x, where this olefin first undergoes migratory insertion into the nickel alkyl sigma bond to give the following complex as is shown over here. Actually, to be more accurate, this undergoes migratory insertion, and this comes in coordinate, that is the more accurate representation, and this undergoes this to give this inserted complex, which then beta eliminates, this is alpha and beta and there is a hydrogen over here, beta eliminates to give the corresponding alkene branched x in as is shown over here, and that then reacts with another propene molecule. Again, a similar kind of coordination insertion happens, where this insert into the nickel hydride bond, and this comes in coordinates to give the product as is shown with the nickel bound now to an isopropyl moiety and an alkene. Note that the isopropyl moiety is obtained by insertion of this hydride into this hydride gives you the isopropyl moiety. Now, the reaction of this with propene gives nickel. Again, as was observed in earlier case, this undergoes insertion into the isopropyl moiety, and this olefin coordinates there, giving rise to this compound as is shown here, and this further beta eliminates, give this nickel hydride complex with alkene, and where the product which are formed is this branched alkene as is shown over here. Trimerization of propene then leads to the formation of variety of alkene through this process as is shown over here. Now, to note L for the catalyst is phosphine X is to note over here that L and X are shown here, L is a phosphine, and X is an ethyl tri-aluminum chloride moiety. So, with this, we show how this dimerization of propene gives rise to branching branched hexanes, which when hydrogenation gives this anti-nock grade high petrol, and this involves nickel hydride as the active species that carry out this dimerization of propene process efficiently. So, the actual catalyst is a nickel hydride species, the catalyst is the one which is ethyl, nickel, pcy3, Br, Et, Al, Cl2, this is the active catalyst which displays high turnover number, number 60,000 per second, and these numbers, the high turnover number is comparable to enzyme activity. For example, catalase exhibits high turnover number of 100000 per second. So, this is an interesting compound where nickel is bound to one ethyl, one cycloexyl group, one bromide, and this leusacidic Et3 Al Cl2, and this sort of is an effective species for dimerization of propene, and that gives various kinds of branched hexanes, which upon hydrogenation gives high quality petrol having anti-nock properties. So, today we have looked into the mechanism as to how this branching of propene occurs, and these mainly go through this nickel hydride active species, then forming the coordinated propene, which then goes insertion into the metal alkyl bond to give the branched propene. So, with this we come to the conclusion of today's lecture, which was primarily on this important reaction of dimerization propene. We had also looked at this reaction in context of the other two alkene oligomerization reaction for shop process, as well as this ethylene trimerization reaction to give one hexene. Now, with this we move on to the next reaction, which is cyclotrimerization of butadiene, and we are going to be looking at how this catalyst is used for making this butadiene trimer, when we take up the discussion in the next class. I conclude today's lecture, in which we had discussed about this one particular reaction, which is propene dimerization reaction, and this is called the dimersal process, and is used to make branched hexenes, which upon hydrogenated give high grade anti-knocking and quality of petrol, and has used in automobile industry. So, with this we come to the end of today's lecture, and I thank you for being with me in this lecture, and I look forward to discuss more on this olefin oligomerization reaction as we meet next. Till then, goodbye and thank you.


During the summer between my junior and senior years of high school, I had a job at the local cinema. I'm 26 years old now and well on my way to other, more important things in my life. But this is the first time I've told this story. Mind you, the theater was very small since it was located in the small town where I grew up, North English, Iowa, population, just over 1,000. This made things easier for me since one of the jobs I had to do sometimes was clean up the theaters after each film was over. Unlike some cinemas in bigger areas that have upwards of 20 theaters, this one only had 5. The cinema was almost perfectly symmetrical.  There is a hallway to the left, south hallway, and another to the right, north hallway. The hallway to the left had 3 theaters. Once you walk down the hallway, theater 1 is on your left, theater 2 is on your right, and theater 3 is straight ahead. The hallway to the right, on the other hand, just had to theaters, theater 4, on your left, and theater 5, on your right. Instead of a third theater directly ahead like the south hallway, there is nothing but a giant Pepsi advertisement poster stretching from the ceiling all the way to the floor. The advertisement looked like it had hung there for quite some time. The blue and red colors had seemingly faded significantly and everything about it just kind of had that, older, for lack of a better word, look to it. It was a blue poster dominated by a huge image of a bottle of Pepsi. The word Pepsi was at the top and the bottom had a slogan that I had never seen anywhere else, nothing else is a Pepsi. I never really thought much of it. It's a small town and therefore there aren't going to be a ton of moviegoers, so I deal with the upkeep costs of a sixth theater when it probably won't turn any profit. I'm sure the owners of the theater had some economic reasoning behind their decision. One slow day at work, I was staring aimlessly at the poster waiting for something to do when I noticed a small bulge on the right side of it. It was barely noticeable, something you almost had to be looking for in order to see, but for the first time since I started working at the theater, it crossed my mind that something other than just a blank wall may in fact be behind the poster. I went over and felt the small indentation and, to my amazement, it felt like a doorknob. Not just any doorknob, but the same type of doorknob on the doors to the other five theaters. I pulled back the poster to look behind it and, sure enough, there was a door. Tons of questions raced through my mind, but I eventually concluded that neglecting to use the theater was probably just an economic-based decision. As I had figured, the door was locked, so I didn't get to see the inside. Still, my curiosity wouldn't go away. Why had I never heard of this? Why was the door covered with a poster? Did the door even lead to a sixth theater? I decided to ask the owner, Kevin. Kevin was 12 years older than me, about 30 at the time, and also worked at the cinema when he was in high school. His father used to own the cinema, but it had been passed down to Kevin once he graduated from college. Nothing, just the wall. He responded hastily when I asked him what was behind the Pepsi poster. Kevin, I saw the door. He looked at me for a couple of seconds and let out a sigh. Okay, come over here. He said as he led me away from a crowd of people. You can never tell this story to any of our customers, got it? Yeah, sure, just tell me what happened. I said anxiously. He proceeded to tell me of one particular night the weekend after Thanksgiving when he was a senior in high school. Toy Story had come out a few weeks earlier and it was being shown in Theater 6 that night. Oddly enough, I had never seen Toy Story. I was five, almost six, when it came out and I'm pretty sure I'm the only person from my generation who never went to go see it. I was supposed to go one night with a group of friends from kindergarten and their parents, but I was sick with the flu and my parents wouldn't let me go. Anyway, something apparently went wrong that night. Kevin told me about how he remembered the faces of the kids when they came out of the theater, saying they appeared to be in somewhat of a trans-like state and were all white as ghosts. He also said that he overheard some of the parents making comments like, I thought this was supposed to be a kids movie and saying other things along those lines. It was the last showing of the night in Theater 6 and good thing it was. Some of the kids and parents had torn all the cotton out of some of the seats and thrown things at the screen, damaging it. They closed the theater for the next few days since there were a lot of repairs to be done for it to be suitable for another showing any time soon. However, they never got around to fixing it and decided to shut down the theater for good given what happened in North English soon after. Over the next couple of weeks, Kevin told me there was a rash of child disappearances throughout the area. Their names and pictures were in the paper and I just about to lose my lunch when I saw who they were. Explained Kevin. I recognized pretty much every kid's face. He said, They were the ones to come out of the theater that night. According to Kevin, none of the kids were ever found, dead or alive. Nice story, bro. I chuckled. Now tell me what really happened. Don't believe me. I don't blame you. Said Kevin. But come take a look at this. He proceeded to take me to his office and pull up a web page on his computer. He showed me a picture of a young blonde girl with dark brown eyes about upper elementary age. Under the picture, the page read, Karen Wilson. Date of birth, August 11, 1985. Hometown, North English, Iowa. Last seen, November 29, 1995. Status, still missing. This is a database I found online that tracks missing kids. Kevin told me as he showed me how he filtered the results on the site, North English for the town, 1995 for the year. He clicked the next button to reveal a picture of another blonde-haired girl, this one a little bit younger. Lee Hollinger. Date of birth, February 1, 1988. Hometown, North English, Iowa. Last seen, November 29, 1995. Status, still missing. When Kevin clicked the next button again, I froze. This face, I recognized. Kyle Shealy. Date of birth, March 18, 1990. Hometown, North English, Iowa. Last seen, November 30, 1995. Status, still missing. Kyle was one of the friends I was planning on seeing Toy Story with. My parents told me he had to move schools and, as a kindergartner at the time, I never second-guessed anything they said. Then, my stomach dropped. It finally hit me. Jeff, Justin, and Aaron, the other three kids who went to see Toy Story that night, had also moved away. As Kevin scrawled through the other missing kids, 12 in total, there they were. Jeffrey Bates. Date of birth, October 5, 1989. Hometown, North English, Iowa. Last seen, December 2, 1995. Status, still missing. Justin Weber. Date of birth, June 14, 1990. Hometown, North English, Iowa. Last seen, December 7, 1995. Status, still missing. Aaron Buckthee. Date of birth, April 3, 1990. Hometown, North English, Iowa. Last seen, December 8, 1995. Status, still missing. Panic set in. Everything inside me felt cold. The hairs on the back of my neck stood up, and I ran to the bathroom certain that I was about to get sick. I ended up being able to calm myself down, but I didn't sleep much the next few nights. About a week later, I still couldn't get it out of my mind. It was a busy night at work as yet was the opening weekend for the fifth Harry Potter movie, and I decided that I was going to do it. I was going to enter theater six. They had a few extra workers' staff to clean up the theater after the last Harry Potter showing was over, but about five minutes into the cleanup, I told them to all go home and that I'd take care of the rest. They all thanked me, packed up, and went home for the night. My night, however, was just beginning. Once I finished cleaning up theater two, where Harry Potter was being shown, I headed over toward the North Hallway and stared down the Pepsi poster. After checking to make sure nobody else was in sight, I reached into my pocket to grab the paper clip I'd brought to pick the luck. Picking locks wasn't anything new to me. When you grow up in a small town like North English, you and your buddies are always looking to something to do and, well, I guess that's a story for a different time. After some finagling around, it worked. I took a deep breath, turned the knob, and opened the door. Other than getting yet with a bust of cold air, the first thing I noticed was the smell. Instead of smelling like a weird mixture of popcorn and lemon scented cleaner like the other theaters, this one had, as you would expect, a damp, musty smell. My sand rats had clearly been in the theater based on the smell, which kind of grossed me out since people just across the hall watched movies, ate popcorn, and drank soda every night, and I was one of the people in charge of keeping the place clean. I turned on my flashlight and, sure enough, the theater was a mess. The screen was still cracked from having assorted objects thrown at it that night, just like Kevin had told me. As far as the seats, they were still torn up. However, I couldn't tell if the majority of them were destroyed by those moviegoers or by the mice and rats. I still had goosebumps and was a little freaked out, but after some inspection of the theater, I didn't find anything overly terrifying. I decided to walk up to the top of the steps and check out the control booth. It looked just like the other five control booths. Clearly we hadn't made any renovations to any of them since the mid-90s or before. I always thought the technology seemed a little outdated in the theater and this pretty much confirmed it. After looking around the Cogweb riddled sound and light controls, I noticed, to my horror, a role of film labeled Toy Story. Another role of film, this one in Marked, was on The Real.


Hello and welcome to NewsClick. Today we have with us Dr. Satyajit Rat, somebody who deals in the immune system, which according to the doctors is a very, very difficult area and most discussions on the immune system start by saying it is little complicated. So we have really those complications coming up today in different ways. Satyajit will start with the first proven case where we know a reinfection is taking place, Hong Kong person who was infected earlier as again shown to be infected. This time we know it's the reinfection because it's a different genetic sequence that we are able to see. Can you tell us a little more about what this really means in terms of how we identified it and what it really means for all of us? Okay, so let's start with what we didn't know, which we have come to know with the Hong Kong case. And that is we've had a lot of anecdotes floating around saying so and so was virus positive, then they became virus negative, then when they were retested they were again virus positive. And people said, oh, is this reinfection? And the trouble with that sequence being interpreted as a reinfection is that the negative test may have been wrong because... We discussed that earlier that we don't know because we are not sure of the negative test in the middle. Well, tests always have some finite probability of being wrong. So the negative test may be wrong and if that was the case then these people may simply have a prolonged viral infection rather than a reinfection. This had not been ruled out definitively so far as I have heard before the Hong Kong case. In the Hong Kong case, both the earlier positive test virus and the later positive test virus have had their entire genetic code sequenced. And the code is sufficiently different for us to say with certainty that these are two independent infections that this individual has had in a span of a few months. And in that sense, this is a true instance of reinfection. Let's look at it in simple terms. Out of a hundred people who are infected with SARS-CoV-2, how many get symptoms less than half? So the chances of any person getting infected and developing symptoms are actually a minority. So the fact that this reinfection in this particular individual was not symptomatic is not necessarily because he had an immunity from the previous infection. Okay. So what you're saying is unless we have 50 such cases, we will not be able to conclusively say whether it is the immunity, residual immunity, or whether it's a simple statistical chance that the person did not develop the symptoms. So on behalf of my statistician friends, it is astonishing that I have those. Let me modify the usual statement.  Quite often created by statistics also? So absolutely. So that this person was asymptomatic is not necessarily evidence that it was asymptomatic because of pre-existing immunity. Okay. Just as the fact that this person had a reinfection is not evidence that this second virus infection was materially different from the first virus infection. None of these speculations are supported by any evidence so far. But what we could also think of that after only one person has been reinfected that we know of, there may be more, but there is not hell of a lot of more people. Otherwise, you would have got more cases. I am not so sure because remember that this reinfection was discovered accidentally simply because this person was traveling and therefore in a situation where he got sampled regardless of anything. Yeah, that's true because most people are still getting tested only when they have symptoms or they are in contact with the person who has had symptoms. So it's only a very small subset of people who get tested. So we really to test a person who has been reinfected is anyway statistically is a very small number. So an interesting issue would be if everybody who came up as virus positive began to be tested that day for antibodies, especially for IgG antibodies, then we would begin to have at least a rough idea. It's quite possible that the IgG antibodies may be because of that infection. But antibodies you have to spell out a little more. As you know, it's complicated. Well, it takes a few days for us to develop IgG antibodies. So if today I'm virus infected and also have high levels of IgG antibodies, then there is at least some reason for thinking that this may be a reinfection. So there's all sorts of correlations that I suspect the field is going to begin to look very actively for in order to provide statistical heft for the phenomenon of reinfection. But at least now we know that there is possibility of reinfection. And we are back on the vaccine issue, which we have discussed earlier that we will get some protection, maybe 100%, maybe 70%. If it lasts for six months, if it lasts for two years, it may even last for a lifetime. We don't know at this point. That's where we still are. And what this shows that it is a possibility that after some time we may get a second infection, as you've argued earlier, that vaccination may give you a stronger immune protection than an infection gives you. So again, we are back to the issue that it is really complicated, right? So let me add two issues, connecting this reinfection case with the prospects of vaccination. Number one, people are using the reinfection case to say that if reinfection like this is possible, vaccines may not work. And as you pointed out, we've discussed earlier the fact that vaccination is triggering the same immune response through somewhat different contexts and pathways than the natural infection does, or at least not necessarily through the same pathways. And therefore the magnitude of a response through an infection and the magnitude of a response through vaccination are not necessarily the same. But the second point that's being made with the reinfection case is that, oh, the virus has changed, it has mutated, and therefore there is no protection any longer. At the moment, looking at the mutations of the second virus strain in this individual, there is no evidence to think that a standard vaccine response that could be generated by any of the leading vaccine candidates would not protect equally against both the first and the second. So I don't think that the mutations or the variations in the virus sequence so far have raised any immediate and imminent red flags about the durability of utility of vaccines. And that's why I had said 22 changes in the genome sequence out of 29,000, 30,000. So therefore it's a very small change we are talking about and it doesn't appear to be or probably not, again, probably not an argument that it has changed significantly. Well, let me underline that none of those changes appear to be in regions of the virus critical for vaccine protection so far. So in that sense, this is no immediate red flag for worry. Okay, so that is one part, so at least we have settled something in spite of the complications. Which is good, especially given how many red flags for worry, there have begun to come up with respect to the prospects of vaccines. You're talking about the changes in the gene sequence, genome sequence of the virus. There have been talks about the genome sequence changing and the European variant being different from the earlier Chinese one because of various mutations that have taken place. And even some speculation that this may have led to a drop in fatalities that the infection to fatality ratios are now about 1% and earlier in Italy they were about 4% to 6%. Now, do you think it's because of any change in the virus? Of course, again, it's not simple to say it's complicated. Well, there are also other factors which that we know now what to do. We know that better A, at least the hospitals do. At that time also it had hit really the old age homes and the hospitals themselves and we just didn't know how to deal with it. So therefore the fatality was higher. And so this is not a change in the virus as much as a change in our response as a society or as a health system. So let's look at this issue a little more broadly. Everybody is saying all over the world that the fatalities are dropping. That really, really seriously ill people, their percentages in the number of COVID-19 cases is dropping. Countries like India are patting themselves on the back that their case fatality rates are low. When all that may mean is that because the pandemic started later in many of these countries, they may have begun to get fatalities only at a time at which worldwide the fatalities have been dropping. So the demographic profile is different, much younger population. I think 26 or 27 is a median age of Indian population, I guess something like 43 in it. So one issue is the demographics of course, but the demographics don't explain the shift in the same population over time. In the same population over time, there are I think two or three different issues that we must keep in mind. One is that testing has expanded over this time. So it is quite possible that the biological profile of the viral disease is the same. It's just that we didn't even detect all the mild infections earlier, which we are now detecting because we have expanded it in those countries. We have expanded testing to really people who are not sick or who are only very mildly sick. And there is some indication on that also when we look at the people who are getting infected now, the figures show the younger people are also now in larger numbers. It could be simply the artifact of more testing the younger people than earlier. That's one. We'll come back to that point, but that's certainly one clear possibility. So it may simply be that we are now actually identifying more mild cases than we were to begin with. Secondly, everybody is talking about magic remedies. Particularly the US president, but a whole lot of other people who should really know how to be responsible a little bit better are talking about magic remedies. There are people who are actually talking about magic remedies, particularly in India. In India, we have an ancient and honorable tradition of magic remedies. Exactly. Baba Ramdev being the principal proponent in terms of building up an Indian fast moving consumer goods empire on that. Exactly. But let me point to the real substantive therapeutic improvement. And that therapeutic improvement comes from not just the physicians, the physicians, the nurses and the medical care systems, which I submit includes the hospital administration, the ambulances, the entire system that deals with seriously ill patients has learned week by week the world over by talking to each other. The number of my clinical intensive medicine colleagues in India who very easily say in conversations, oh, we've been in touch with our Italian colleagues and this is what they've told us is enormous. So the broad medical community, I repeat, not simply the physicians. The entire medical care system for really ill people has learned incremental multiple ways of optimizing their therapeutic approach to COVID-19. And that has made, I think, an enormous difference. And I think that's something which is underestimated. And it is, I'm sorry to use strong language, but I think it is a matter of societal shame that we do not acknowledge this very prominent community response, inclusive response, global response to an infectious disease that has emerged from the efforts of the entire community. And I'm saying entire community because, as I said, it ranges from ambulance drivers all the way to intensive care physicians. And of course, what is neglected in all of this is the technical staff of the hospital. Exactly. Not just the physicians. Absolutely. There are a number of other nurses and technical staff and all of them have to work together in order for such benefits to be visible. And the second point you make is a much larger point that optimization that follows a scientific break is always an incremental process. And incremental optimization, absolutely. Evidence driven optimization. The collective effort and not the individual efforts which we saw long and were so more so much more visible. So I was going to add that there are no patents to be taken for any of any component of this. And yet I think that it has been a major component in the improvement of case outcomes over these past few months that we are seeing. So that's the second issue. The third issue, which let me go back to your original question about virus sequence variation and whether the virus is biologically becoming less virulent. The only example we have for some virus sequence variation that may have any functional significance. There's only one and that is this famous D614G variation. Now let's take a minute and think about what we mean when we say the diseases become milder. There are two ways. Saty, we have to define the we here. All of us. Okay. There are two ways in which we think the diseases becoming milder. Not the technical community. No, no, no, not at all. One is that the proportion of seriously ill people drops because really their numbers drop. But the alternative is that the proportion of seriously ill people drops not because their numbers drop but because the numbers of people infected more mildly increases. And these two are not the same things. Absolutely. So D614G. One is a numerator and one is a denominator in my language. Absolutely. And you can imagine that if it's a numerator issue, then the virus will have become truly biologically milder. But if it's a denominator issue, then it's more complicated. So let me give the example of D614G variation as an example of how it's more complicated. So D614G apparently improves the ability of the virus to stick to cells and therefore to get into cells and therefore to spread. If that is the case, then what the D614G variant might be doing is actually infecting people who were not easily infected by the earlier variation. Rather than having become truly milder in the numerator sense, it may have become more inclusive in the denominator sense. The ratio would remain constant or be changed but for very different reasons. So there are all sorts of interesting possibilities. Clearly D614G appears to be as susceptible to the vaccine candidates that are out there as any of the other viral strains out there. So from a vaccine point of view, none of this seems to matter so far. This is no guarantee that things will not change in the future, but so far this seems to be the case. Okay Satyajit, last question and I know this is going to be a tricky one. We have talked about vaccine nationalism. One part of the vaccine nationalism is August 15th, we should have a vaccine. The famous case of the ICMR DG who wrote this famous or not so famous letter. Then we have the vaccine nationalism or for instance Trump warped speed. We will have the vaccine by fall and we will have it for the American people more connected to shall we say the fall elections. Not we will have it for the American people but we will have it for the American elections. And then of course we have the Putin case which has been really pilloried from one end of the world to the other. I suspect a little more harshly than it really deserved because people read it as if there are not going to be these stage three trials. But what when you look at the fine print, it says stage three trials will be there. But one of the problems was they had said also we will give it to those who are vulnerable. And the vulnerable included people like me who are old and therefore more susceptible to perhaps infection. So while all of this is true, but we have now also something quite disturbing because the FDA seems to be under pressure to sanction the vaccine. And this we are hearing from various leaks coming from technical community saying that the Trump administration has actually said this. That we are going to get a vaccine in September and that is going to be sanctioned by the FDA for what is it called emergency use. Now does it show and certainly by September we are not likely have completed the phase two phase three trials of Moderna. And also then the two major seems to be the front runners at least in the American scheme of things. So how do you read all of this? So in the first place, absolutely, we have just thumping machismo riddled vaccine nationalism popping up everywhere across the world. It's popped up in Russia, it's popped up in India, it's popped up of course in the United States, it's popped up in China. You name it and you will find an example under every stone and this is distressing. But it is not distressing simply because it is false and it is machismo riddled. It is distressing because it is an outcome of an underlying structural problem of major dimensions, which is that all of these vaccines are going to be sold through profit making private sector manufacturers. And therefore the unstated part of this vaccine nationalism is that countries rather than working cooperatively to provide global access to functional vaccines are placing competitive advance orders using financial cloud to reserve large blocks of putative vaccines. To the point that the US has reserved three times the number of vaccine doses as their population and connected to these both what I'm calling the machismo riddled just thumping vaccine nationalism on the one hand and the corporate money-grubbing profiteering vaccine nationalism on the other hand with its xenophobic nationalist manifestations is the underlying impetus to want to win. Kudos from vaccines for utterly petty agendas to the point that you are willing to subvert regulatory processes, which is what you're pointing to as the example of what we are hearing as pressure on the US FDA to provide emergency use authorization for a relatively unproven or as yet unproven vaccine before the 3rd of November, which is the date of the US presidential election. The talk is late September. All of this thanks together in an extraordinary manifestation of xenophobic nativist hate politics on the one hand and transnational profiteering capitalism on the other hand. There is one thing that generally irrespective of what we talk about Trump and the United States, there is a residual response globally that they are still better, the Americans are still better than others. And particularly when you compare them with Russia and China, this has been the response, but the FDA has not really covered itself with glory in this phase. They bent on the issue of hydrochloroquine earlier and also on the plasma therapy for instance, which they have again given an emergency use hydrochloroquine at least they withdrew the emergency usage or ICMR still on prophylactic use is still persisting with hydrochloroquine. As a prophylactic benefit. Now, so therefore the FDA's luster is fading after we have talked about CDC being the pillar of fighting epidemics in the world in terms of science and technological capability. It failed to produce a test for more than a month and now FDA. So we don't seem to see that the American system is also weakening under Trump's assault. So there are a couple of issues that I think we should keep in mind. Firstly, that the Centers of Disease Control, the CDC is very much part of a relatively narrow component of public health in the US government. There is very little public health in the US government. If you look at the total scale of health directed effort, the CDC is and remains a laudable component of that, but it is a very narrow component has always been another component. And of course, since it has political leadership, it remains under pressure inevitably. That's one component. A second is, I don't think any of us would have put the US FDA as a particularly reliable regulatory pillar in comparison with, for example, the European authorities. So the US FDA has always been amenable to corporate pressure, shall we say politely, in part because there has always been a revolving door between the US FDA and the pharmaceutical industry. Thirdly, the sheer xenophobic nativist hate politics of the ascendant right wing of at least the electorally ascendant right wing in the United States has put much greater pressure on any public health component. Indeed, on any component of responsible government and responsible governance in the United States compared to almost anywhere else in the world as a sea change. And with all of this, it's unsurprising that we have the US FDA responding the way it has been responding. Just as you will agree, it has been unsurprising that the Indian Council of Medical Research has been doing the things that they have been doing for exactly parallel reasons. I agree that this is certainly not the disease of medicine or public health system. It's the disease of society that we are facing. And in fact, it's a much larger crisis in terms of the assault on science itself that we are facing. Thank you, Satyit, for being with us, explaining a whole variety of issues on which things to repeat. It is complicated. This is all the time we have the news click do keep watching news click and do visit our website.


Thank you for staying with us. You're still on the breakfast and plus severe Africa and now it's time for our second hot topic President in a board has unveiled bold vision for green at Nigeria at Cup 28 So as we know President in a bone at about 1,411 delegates were present at Cup 28 and now he has unveiled a bold vision for Nigeria I have with me Dr. The Chairman Guild of Public Affairs and a list of Nigeria in a good chapter. Good morning, sir. Thank you for joining us Thank you. Thank you for the correction. Thank you for joining us sir. Good morning. How are you? Thank you. Okay, so let's get straight into it The precedence is unveiled a bold vision for green at Nigeria and in all of this He was talking about ending gas flaring as well as rolling out some buses. What do you think of all of this? I Have some extreme views about these talks about climate change Carbon emissions carbon credits greenhouse talk, you know For me, they are not something at Nigeria. She will participate in at all They are all cliches and not it is from the West to try to stifle us from using Natural resources to grow industries and to grow our economy for 500 centuries also, you know, how has been using Fossil fuel to develop their industries not a mobile industry that still plans The pharmaceuticals all the industry you can think of today. They have used the the mining and exploitation of Natural resources of different countries as even in Africa. They were used in planting our slaves where from Africa were using plantations our school was used transported from a new one other places to Europe to be used for the industries and then when the exploitation of food or is started they used it again And I've been using it and then they use it to develop their countries for 500 years And then all of a sudden they come I have the capacity to tell us now Oh, this is why we are trying to develop our own now. There's an old the the earth's gray layer is almost gone There's too much of carbon emission. You have to cut down. Don't do this I think the top world countries should be more second-spec sort of fact that these Kyoto Kyoto protocol come 28 conferences and all those things and not for good for Africa and other developing a Continent or countries and You know narratives pushed by the West who have created some alternative energy and they're trying to force it down the throat of Developing countries so that they can buy the expensive alternative energy and then you know Make more profit from it. It is no way and they can tell us the now and then unfortunately that pushed the scientific You know knowledge narrative by publishing in journals by the research they have done so and over the years We have found out that some researchers were actually doctors to favor economic growth of Europe So for Africa that's what we really want. We want industrialization We want economic growth and we cannot be part of A conference that says we should not use our food oil. We should not use our gas We should not use our coal these things We should not be part of them. So be part of them already negates our economic growth. I think what's Tinnable sedatives of glass flaring is okay now who flares the gas The oil exploitation in Nigeria has been done and all over Africa and in most places of the world I've actually been done by these European companies that are telling us that there's too much of a of a gas emission of a carbon emission and who are the biggest Spoilers of a good oil and the fossil fuel in the world. We talk of mobile mobile is an American company We talk of Chevrolet Chevrolet is an American company. We talk of total is a French company We talk of any is an Italian company. We talk of shell is a British company Then we order places like gas bomb of Russia and to Europe has been the most pollutants of the world So what are they telling us? So my dear president should be talking about If we are not flaring the gas are we converting the gas? Nobody should tell us not to use the gas We should convert the gas to be able to use it for other things That is only way I can align with what the president has said but by the electric cars Same Pledge that you buy electric cars from you electric cars that you're not producing. What are you going to do with your fuel? I know the paradoxical thing about all this talk Is that why you and America United States of America telling us to cut on this cut on that The major the major use of fuel is to buy these countries by forcing fuel Remember what happened last year? While Russia was having issues with you and refused to supply them gas what did you only do? Jeremy with all the alternative energy whatever they're called clean. I don't know what is clean about the energy There's nothing like clean energy All energy have their own You know, I love their own outside Hey, so there's nothing like clean. There's no energy that is clean. Let's just stop dissimilar with all these Caritonics. Okay. Now generally We especially for that narrative. Do you know that generally use cold plants? Cold cold use cold last year to power their homes for or for to reach their home systems So what are we talking about? All right, so after calling Are you saying that nine days should be cut out? So you talked about 500 years ago that Europeans have used all of this But could it be that they are more enlightening now and we still need to save our planet And if you're if you're saying that Nigeria should shut out, you know, everything that we're being told What does that do to the planet? I only say 500 years ago. I say they started 500 years ago. They are still doing it I just told you about how the major polluters of the at the major companies go by by these European countries and the united states So you use the word so a little bit involved. They're still involved. They're still involved in it So we should tell the rest of the world what China is doing. I like China and India China The east and the west is actually China is polluting the world and the world is in danger. China said Let us develop our own our own industries The response of India was that Oh fine When we pollute the world up to the points that you Europeans polluted the world, then maybe we can stop But you cannot tell me that the world is in danger And you have you have you know used you were the one that put the world in danger Then you told me to stop so that the world danger of the world if we perish in the danger Let us all perish after all civilizations Parish so we should not tell us about I don't even agree with them. That's why in danger Because what is the carbon admission from Nigeria? How many does does does does Nigeria have? How many does this are in Africa? The major pollutants of these industries are in euro that was still depleting that have come to us and sell us narrative and they are still doing the opposite So what do I what Africa is has gone there to do? Nigeria go where it's a large delegation. I don't know where they came from to do what What is the green idea what we are we use our hydro are we finish using our hydro energy? Are you to finish using our gas to power our our energy needs? Are you suggesting are you suggesting? Are you suggesting that we should not even align? Are you suggesting that we should not even align with this? Global group that is trying to do something about this climate change Do you think that we should stand alone and still do what we need to do to develop our country without having to join the hands with them? Absolutely All we need to do is that the way code was used 100 years ago Why do you mind started in NNU for the price of relative value? It's not the way code should be used now. There are modern technologies in the use of those things all we need to do is to adopt the modern technologies To ensure that the emissions and all things are minimal We adopt, you know, latest technologies to bring down this thing. What are we talking about? We're selling Nigerians of African countries who have bad pollution when you're exploiting a food oil In other places, you hardly help that and there are technologies now that clean up the pollution What because of the factor Nigerian factor we don't even clean up our own pollution And who causes this pollution in the same America and Europe that's telling us about a clean energy You're not at the protein fracking another method of exploiting the mineral resources down there, which is dangerous to the earth Go to By the mining sites some of the mining sites in America. I'm coming up that we are banned on And the most of some of them and so what we are saying is this We have to engage the global community with our interests first Our interest first. Why are you telling me about the world? What has the world done for me? What has the world done for Nigeria? The world has come to exploit Nigeria permanently from the days of slavery And this is the people telling you don't use your natural resources and they are using their own The oil reserve the fuel reserve of the united states of america is far more I think all the reserve of the whole african african continent all together So who will use your idea are reserving have that closed down their own Their own company the use of their own a fossil fuel they have not they are still using it So and they are introducing it to taste like electric cars and because they are producing and testing But we are not producing on any of these things and they want us to buy solar energy at the best of its enterprise And they want us to buy other alternative energy of better so because they are producing it and pushing it down to us So this thing should stop Nigeria should be up like india Nigeria should be up like china Because these are emerging global powers and because they're not aligned with all those things They are still producing with their fossil fuel So all these talks we should know how we can use The latest technology and instrumentalities of ai and other technologies that are coming up now to see how we can minimize Our the dangers that you know emanate more but telling me that we should not use our fossil fuel that is dangerous This and that is not what we should be involved in now. Let us focus on industrial and revolution Okay, so let's talk about the environmental hazard that this could pose for instance in protocols We know about the suits and this is coming from gas flaring How do we mitigate all of this to ensure that the people are even safe if we don't apply these measures that are being Adviced to us by the experts You know if it's got diagnosed with it's actually Are you supposed to flag us? Yeah, we do only country that That is exploiting and refining gas Are we really people that have put all your resources other places don't you don't flag as gas flaring is an anathema Gas flooding is a thing of the past for the past 30 years. Many countries are not flaring gas Gas to those things you are flaring are trying money that you can convert to other use So it's only in Nigeria we flag us I don't know what's wrong with us as a country only suits. I I grew up in worry So you don't need to tell me about suit and my uniform was white and white There's what you call acid rain those days where we're where we're young boys You are we are going to call it as a because all your clothes some of them will prefer your clothes You have suits, you know docks all over your school uniform and some of them refuse to go with some of them So I experienced it first time and that is because there's glass glass flaring and who is flaring the gas European country The European companies and American companies working in Nigeria and in Nigeria Why their countries are not even sanctioning them? If Nigeria even lacks the willpower to sanction them, which has been happening over the years The operative countries have no chance to sanction them. So that's to show the hypocrisy of all this narrative It's hypocritical and Africa should see through the transcript all these You know charades we call Meetings and therefore also go to buy a thousand one thousand four hundred and eleven delegates makes a smacks of And then the hypocrites of the whole thing and it looks like I think we don't know what we are doing Okay, what about this argument that while they're talking about climate change on the one hand They're also asking for funding for critical sectors of our economy that will help us Fight this climate change and all that so something is coming to Nigeria. That's part of the argument What would you respond to that? We don't we don't need to fight climate change We don't have one climate change. We have we have white fires and we have you see when the simple I have you know, we have a lot of some narrative. We just buy it or latch on it That's how they told us that uh Pamoy was not good that is have high level restaurant only for them To come back in a in a journal some years or three years back to tell us it was an error As so many other things so we shouldn't be buying into all this narrative All we need we don't need it. We don't need funding for this thing. The funding.  Nigeria's are dying daily. We can't even give 24 hours for our supply We can't even have good juice no good hospitals We have uh intellectual trade our professionals are living because we can't pay them And then we we go to contribute funds or to ask them to bring fund for us I don't know who did this to african leaders actually. I I don't know but it's time to for the Uh people to really see through the line and save africa Oh, well comrade would like to thank you so much for bearing your mind to us this morning It's been a pleasure having you on the show. Thank you so much for being here with us Thank you. Thank you very much for having me Okay, we've been talking with the chairman the guild of public affairs analyst of Nigeria and in the person of comrade Igboke, he was talking to us from a lago state This is where we are going to wrap it up on the show this morning We do hope that you had a wonderful time Watching the program until we meet again tomorrow. My name is jamu I've got you. My name is romeo pulsing. Have a good day


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