CHAPTER XXV. The people of Toomesville started in their beds and listened. A new song was rising on the air. A harsh, low, murmuring croon that shook the village ranged around its old square of dilapidated stores. It was not a song of joy. It was not a song of sorrow. It was not a song at all, perhaps, but a confused whizzing and murmuring. As of a thousand ill-tuned, busy voices, some of the listeners wondered, but most of the town cried joyfully. It's the new cotton mill. John Taylor said, teamed with new schemes. The mill-trust of the North was at last a fact. The small mills had not been able to buy cotton when it was low, because Cresswell was cornering it in the name of the Farmer's League, and now that it was high they could not afford to, and many surrendered to the trust. Next thing, wrote Taylor to Easterly, is to reduce cost to production. Too much goes in wages. Gradually transfer mills south. Easterly argued that the labour was too unskilled in the south, and that the send northern spinners down would spread labour troubles. Taylor replied briefly, Never fear. We'll scare them with a vision of niggers in the mills. Colonel Cresswell was not so easily won over to the new scheme. In the first place he was angry because the school which he had come to regard has, on its last legs, somehow still continued to flourish. The ten thousand dollar mortgage had but three more years, and that would end all, but he had hoped for a crash even earlier. Instead of this, Miss Smith was cheerfully expanding the work, hiring new teachers, and especially she had brought to help her two young negroes whom he suspected. Colonel Cresswell had prevented the Tolliver land sale, only to be invagled himself into Sora's scheme which now began to worry him. He must evict Sora's tenants as soon as the crops were planted and harvested.  They would not, they could not, work without driving. All this he imparted to John Taylor, to which that gentleman listened carefully. I see he owned, and I know the way out. How? A cotton mill in Toomesville. What's that got to do with it? Bring in whites. But I don't want poor white trash, I'd sooner have niggers. Now see here, argued Taylor, you can't have everything you want. Day's gone by for aristocracy of old kind.  I say white.  Some of them may, most of them won't. A few of them with brains will help us rule the rest with money. We'll plant cotton mills beside the cotton fields, use whites to keep niggers in their place, and the fear of niggers to keep the poorer whites in theirs. The Colonel looked thoughtful. There's something in that, he confessed after a while, but it's a mighty big experiment, and it may go awry. Not with brains and money to guide it. At any rate, we've got to try it. It's the next logical step, and we must take it. But in the meantime, I'm not going to give up the old methods. I'm going to set the sheriff behind these lazy niggers, said the Colonel, and I'm going to stop that school putting notions into their heads. In three short months, the mill at Toomesville was open, and its wheels whizzing to the downless pride of the citizens. Our enterprise, sir, they said to the strangers on the strength of the five thousand dollars locally invested. Once it had vigor to sing, the song of the mill knew no resting. Morning and evening, day and night, it corruined its rhythmic tune. Only during the daylight Sundays did its murmur die to a silibent hiss. All the week its doors were filled with the coming and going of men and women and children. Many men, more women, and greater and greater throngs of children.  The face of the town began the change, showing a ragged tuberculosis-looking side, with dingy homes in short and homely rows. There came gradually a new consciousness to the town. Hitherto, town and country had been ruled by a few great landlords. But at the very first election, Colton, an unknown outsider, had beaten the regular candidate for sheriff, by such a majority that the big property owners dared not count him out. They had, however, an earnest consultation with John Taylor. It's just as I said, growled Colonel Cresswell, if you don't watch out our whole plantation system will be ruined, and we will be governed by this white trash from the hills. There's only one way, sighed called well the merchant, we've got to vote the niggers. John Taylor laughed, nonsense. He spurned the suggestion. You're old-fashioned, but the mill hands have the offices. What good will it do? What good? Why, they'll do as they please with us. Bosh, don't we own the mill? Can't we keep wages where we like by threatening to bring in nigger labor? No, you can't permanently, Maxwell disputed. For, they some time will call your bluff. Let him call, said Taylor, and will put niggers in the mills. What, ejaculated landlords and chorus? Only Maxwell was silent.  Oh, maybe some time, of course, but not for years, not until you've made your pile. You don't really expect to keep the darkies down forever, do you? No, I don't, Maxwell slowly admitted. This system can't last always. Sometimes I think it can't last long. It's wrong through and through. It's built on ignorance, theft, and force, and I wish to God we had the courage enough to overthrow it and take the consequences.  Colonel Cresswell stared at his neighbors speciously with bewilderment and outraged traditions. Such unbelievable heresy, from a northerner or a negro, would have been natural. But from a southerner, whose father had owned five hundred slaves, it was incredible. The other landlords scarcely listened. They were dogged and impatient, and they could suggest no remedy. They could only blame the mill for their troubles. John Taylor left the conference blithely. No, he said to the committee, from the new mill workers union. Can't raise wages, gentlemen, and can't lessen hours. Mill has just started, and not yet paying expenses. You're getting better wages than you ever got. If you don't want to work, quit. There are plenty of others, white and black, who want your jobs. The mention of black people as competitors for wages was like a red rag to a bowl. The laborers got together, and at the next election they made a clean sweep, judge, sheriff, two members of the legislature, and the registrars of votes. Undoubtedly the following year they would capture Harry Creswell's seat in Congress. The result was curious. From two sides, from landlord and white laborer, came renewed oppression of black men. The laborers found that their political power gave them little economic advantage as long as the threatening cloud of negro competition loomed ahead. There was some talk of a strike, but Colton, the new sheriff, discouraged it.  They live on nothing and take any kind of treatment, and they keep wages down. If you strike, they'll get your jobs, sure. You'll just have to grin and bear it a while, but get back at the darkies whenever you can. I'll stick them into the chain gang, every chance I get. On the other hand, inspired by fright, the grip of the landlords on the black serfs closed with steadily increasing firmness. They saw one class rising from beneath them the power, and they tightened the chains on the other. Matters simmered on this way, and the only party wholly satisfied with conditions was John Taylor and the few young southerners who saw through his eyes. He was making money. The landlords, on the contrary, were losing power and prestige, and their farm labor, despite strenuous efforts, was drifting to town, attracted by new and incidental work and higher wages. The mill hands were more and more overworked and underpaid and hated the negro's fort in accordance with their leader's directions. At the same time, the oppressed blacks and scowling mill hands could not help recurring again and again, to the same inarticulate thought which no one was brave enough to voice. Once, however, it came out flatly. It was when Zora, crowding into the village courthouse, to see if she could not help Aunt Rachel's accused boy, found herself beside a gaunt, overworked white woman. The woman was struggling with a crippled child, and Zora, turning, lifted him carefully for the weak mother, who thanked her half timidly. That mill's about killed him, she said. At this juncture, the manacled boy was led in the court, and the woman suddenly turned to Zora. Darned if I don't think these white slaves and black slaves had ought to get together, she declared. I think so too, Zora agreed. Colonel Cresswell himself caught the conversation, and it struck him with a certain dismay. Suppose such conjunction should come to pass. He edged over to John Taylor and spoke to him, but Taylor, who had just successfully stopped the suit for damages to the injured boy, merely shrugged his shoulders. What's this nigger charged with, demanded the judge, when the first black boy was brought up before him. Breaking his labor contract. Any witnesses? I have a contract here, announced the sheriff. He refuses to work. A year or one hundred dollars. Colonel Cresswell paid his fine and took him in charge. What's the charge here, said the judge, pointing to Aunt Rachel's boy?  Any witnesses? None except the victim. And I, said Zora, coming forward. Both the sheriff and Colonel Cresswell stared at her. Of course she was simply a black girl, but she was an educated woman, who knew things about the Cresswell plantations that it was unnecessary to air in court. The newly elected judge had not yet taken his seat, and Cresswell's word was still law in the court. He whispered to the judge. Case postponed, said the court. The sheriff scowled. Wait till Jim gets on the bench, he growled. The white bystanders, however, did not seem enthusiastic, and one man, he was a northern spinner, spoke out plainly. It's none of my business, of course. I've been fired, and I'm damned glad of it. But see here, if you much think you're going to beat these big blokes at their own game of cheating niggers, you're daffy. You take this from me, get together with the niggers, and hold up this whole capitalist gang. If you don't get the niggers first, they'll use them as a club to throw you down. You hear me? And he departed for the train. Colton was suspicious. The sentiment of joining with the Negroes did not seem to arouse the bitter resentment he expected. There even came whispers to his ear that he had sold out to the landlords, and there was enough truth in the report to scare him. Thus to both parties came the uncomfortable specter of the Black Men, and both sides went to work to lay the ghost. Particularly was Colonel Cresswell stirred to action. He realized that in bless and sorrow he was dealing with a younger class of educated Black folk who were learning to fight with new weapons. They were, he was sure, as disillute and weak as their parents. But they were shrewder and more aspiring. They must be crushed and crushed quickly. To this end he had recourse to two sources of help, Johnson and the Whites in town.  He was one of those constitutionally timid creatures, in whom the civility of his fathers had sunk in so deep that it had become second nature. To him a white man was an archangel, while the Cresswells, his father's masters, stood for God. He served them with dog-like faith, asking no reward, and for what he gave in reverence to them he took back in contempt for his fellow niggers. He applied the epithet with more contempt than the Colonel himself could express. To the Negroes he was a white folk's nigger to be despised and feared. To him Colonel Cresswell gave a few pregnant directions. Then he rode to town and told Taylor again of his fears of a labor movement which would include Whites and Blacks. Taylor could not see any great danger. Of course he conceded they'll eventually get together, their interests are identical. I'll admit it's our game to delay this as long as possible. It must be delayed forever, sir. Can't be was deterred's response, but even if they do ally themselves, our way is easy. Separate the leaders, the talented, the pushers of both races from their masses, and through them rule the rest by money. But Colonel Cresswell shook his head. It's precisely these leaders of the Negroes that we must crush, he insisted. Taylor looked puzzled. I thought it was the lazy, shiftless, and criminal Negroes you feared. Hang it, no, we can deal with them. We've got Whips, Chain Gangs, and Mobs, if need be. No, it's the Negro who wants to climb up that we've got to beat to his knees. Taylor could not follow this reasoning. He believed in an aristocracy of talent alone, and secretly despised Colonel Cresswell's pretensions of birth. If a man had ability and push, Taylor was willing and anxious to open the way for him, even though he were black. The castaway of thinking in the South both has applied the poor Whites into Negroes he simply could not understand. The weak and the ignorant of all races he despised and had no patience with him. But others? A man's a man, isn't he, he persisted? But Colonel Cresswell replied. No, never, if he's black, and not always when he's white. And he stalked away. Zora sensed fully the situation. She did not anticipate any immediate understanding with the laboring Whites, but she knew that eventually it would be inevitable. Meantime the Negro must strengthen himself and bring to the Alliance as much independent strength as possible. For the development of her plans she needed Bless Alwyn's constant cooperation. He was business manager of the school, and was doing well, but she wanted to point out to him the larger field. So long as she was uncertain of his attitude toward her it was difficult to act, but now, since the flash of the imminent tragedy at Cresswell Oaks had cleared the air, with all its hurt a frank understanding had been made possible. The very next day Zora chose to show Bless over her new home and grounds, and to speak frankly to him. They looked at the land, examined the proposed farm sites, and viewed the living room and dormitory in the house. You haven't seen my den, said Zora. No. Miss Smith is in there now. She often hides there. Come. He went into the large central house and into the living room, then out on the porch, beyond which lay the kitchen. But to the left and at the end of the porch was a small building. It was sealed in dark yellow pine, with figured denim on the walls. The straight desk of rough-hewn wood stood in the corner by the white-curtained window, and a couch and two large easy-chairs faced a tall narrow fireplace of uneven stone. A thick green rag carpet covered the floor. A few pictures were on the walls, a Madonna, a scene of mad, careening horses, and some sad baby faces. The room was a unity. Things fitted together as if they belonged together. It was restful and beautiful. From the cheerful pine blaze before which Smith Smith was sitting, to the square paint window that led in the crimson rays of gathering night, all around the room, stopping only at the fireplace, ran low shelves of the same yellow pine, filled with books and magazines. He scanned curiously. Plato's Republic, Gorky's Comrades, a cyclopedia of agriculture, Balzac's novels, Spencer's First Principles, Tennyson's poems. This is my university, Zora explained. Smiling at his interested survey, they went out again and wandered down near the old lagoon. Now bless she began. Since we understand each other, can we not work together as good friends? She spoke simply and frankly, without apparent effort, and talked on at length of her work and vision. Somehow he could not understand. His mental attitude towards Zora had always been one of guidance, guardianship, and instruction. He had been judging and weighing her, from on high, looking down upon her with thoughts of uplift and development.  This vision of elder brotherhood had still remained. Now this attitude was being revolutionized. She was proposing to him a plan of wide scope, a bold regeneration of the land. It was a plan carefully studied out, long thought of and read about. He was asked to be co-worker, nay, in a sense to be a follower. Or he was ignorant of much. He hesitated. Then all at once, a sense of his utter unworthiness overwhelmed him. Who was he to stand and judge this unselfish woman? Who was he to falter when she called? A sense of his smallness and narrowness of his priggish blindness rose like a mockery in his soul. One thing alone held him back. He was not unwilling to be simply human. A learner and a follower. But would he, as such, ever command the love and respect of this new and inexplicable woman? Would not comrade ship on the basis of the new friendship which she insisted on? Be the death of love and thoughts of love. Thus he hesitated, knowing that his duty lay clear. In her direst deed he had deserted her. He had left her to go to destruction and expected that she would. By a superhuman miracle she had risen and seated herself above him. She was working. Here was work to be done. He was asked to help. He would help. If it killed his old and newborn dream of love, well and good, it was his punishment. At the sacrifice the readjustment was hard. He grew to it gradually, inwardly, revolting, feeling, always, a great longing to take this woman and make her nestle in his arms as she used to, catching himself again and again on the point of speaking to her and urging, yet ever again, holding himself back and bowing in silent respect to the dignity of her life. Only now and then, when their eyes met suddenly and unthinkingly, a great kindling flash of flame seemed struggling behind showers of tears. Until in a moment she smiled or spoke, and then the dropping veil left only the frank open glance, unwavering, soft kind, but nothing more. Then Alwyn would go wearily away, vexed or disappointed, or merely sad, and both would turn to their work again. CHAPTER XXXVI Colonel Creswell started, all the more grimly, to overthrow the new work at the school, because somewhere down beneath his heart a pity and a wonder were stirring, a pity at the perfectly useless struggle to raise the unraisable, a wonder at certain signs of rising. But it was impossible and unthinkable, even if possible. So he squared his jaw and cheated Zora deliberately in the matter of the Cup Timber. He placed every obstacle in the way of getting tenants for the school land. Here, Johnson, the faithful nigger, was of incalculable assistance. He was among the first to hear the call for prospective tenants. The meeting was in the big room of Zora's house, and Aunt Rachel came early with her cheery voice and smile, which faded so quickly to lines of sorrow and despair, and then twinkled back again. After her, hobbled old sikes, fully, a half hour later, Rob hurried in. Johnson, he informed the others, had sneaked over to Creswell's to tell of this meeting.  But Zora asked him about the new baby, and he was soon deep in child lore. Higgins and Sanders came together, dirty, apologetic, and furtive. Then came Johnson. How do, Miss Zora, Mr. Alwyn? I sure is glad to see you, sir. Well, if there ain't Aunt Rachel, looking as young as ever. And Higgins, you scamp. Ah, Mr. Sanders. Well, gentlemen and ladies, this is sure going to be a good cotton season, I remember. And then he ran on endlessly. Now to this one, now to that. Now to all. His little eyes, all the while, dancing insinuatingly, here and there. About nine o'clock a buggy drove up, and Carter and Simpson came in. Carter, a silent, strong-faced, brown laborer, who listened and looked, and Simpson, a worried, nervous man, who sat still with difficulty, and commenced many sentences, but did not finish them. Alwyn looked at his watch and at Zora, but she gave no sign until they heard a rollicking song outside, and Tyler burst into the room. He was nearly seven feet high and broad-shouldered, yellow, with curling hair and laughing brown eyes. He was chewing an enormous quid of tobacco, the juice of which he distributed generously, and he had had just liquor enough to make him jolly. His inference was a breeze and a roar. Alwyn then undertook to explain the landscape. It is the best land in the county. When it's cleared and threw up at Johnson, and Simpson looked alarmed. It is partially cleared, continued Alwyn, and our plan is to sell off small twenty-acre farms.  Alwyn started again. We shall sell a few twenty-acre farms, but keep one central plantation of one hundred acres for the school. Here Ms. Zora will carry on her work, and the school will run a model farm with your help. We want to center here agencies to make life better. We want all sorts of industries. We want a little hospital with a resident physician, and two or three nurses. We want a cooperative store for buying supplies. We want a cotton gin and sawmill, and in the future, other things. This land here, as I have said, is the richest around. We want to keep this hundred acres for the public good and not sell it. We are going to deed it to a board of trustees, and those trustees are to be chosen from the ones who buy the small farms. Who's going to get what's made on this land at Sanders? All of us. It's going first to pay for the land, then to support the home and the school, and then to furnish capital for industries. Johnson sniggered. You mean you're going to live off of it? Yes, answered Hawan, but I'm going to work for it. Who's going, began Simpson, but he stopped helplessly. Who's going to tend this land? asked the practical Carter. All of us, each man is going to promise us so many days work a year, and we're going to ask others to help the women and girls and schoolchildren. They will all help. Can you put trust in that sort of help? We can when once the community learns that it pays. Does you own the land? asked Johnson suddenly. No, we're buying it. And it's part paid for already. The discussion became general. Zora moved about among the men whispering and explaining, while Johnson moved to objecting and hinting. At last he arose. Brethren, he began. The plan's good enough for talking, but you can't work it. Whoever heard tell of such a thing. First place, the land ain't yours. Second place, you can't get it worked. Third place, white folks won't allow it. Whoever heard of such working land on shares. You do it for white folks each day. Why not for yourselves? All one pointed out. Cause we ain't white, and we can't do nothing like that. Tyler was asleep and snoring, and the others looked doubtfully at each other. It was a proposal, a little too daring for them, a bit too far beyond their experience. One consideration alone kept them from shrinking away. And that was Zora's influence. Not a man was there, whom she had not helped and encouraged, nor who had not perfect faith in her, in her impetuous hope, her deep enthusiasm and her strong will. Even her defects, the hard held temper, the deeply rooted dislikes, caught their imagination. Finally, after several other meetings, five men took courage, three of the best and two of the weakest. During the spring, long negotiations were entered into by Miss Smith to buy the five men. Colonel Creswell and Mr. Tolliver had them all charged with large sums of indebtedness, and these sums had to be assumed by the school. As Colonel Creswell counted over two thousand dollars of school notes and deposited them beside the mortgage, he smiled grimly, for he saw the end. Yet, even then, his hand trembled, and that curious doubt came creeping back. He put it aside angrily and glanced up. Nigger wants to talk with you, announced his clerk. The Colonel sauntered out and found less all when waiting. Colonel Creswell, he said, I have charge of the buying for the school and our tenants this year, and I naturally want to do the best possible. I thought I'd come over and see about getting my supplies at your store. That's all right, you can get anything you want, said Colonel Creswell, cheerily. For this, to his mind, was evidence of sense on the part of the Negroes. Bless showed his list of needed supplies, seeds, meat, cornmeal, coffee, sugar, etc. The Colonel glanced over carelessly, and then moved away. All right, come and get what you want any time, he called back. But about the prices, said Alwyn, following him. Oh, they'll be all right. Of course. But what I want is an estimate of your lowest cash prices. Cash? Yes, sir. Creswell thought a while. Such a business-like proposition from Negroes surprised him. Well, I'll let you know, he said. It was nearly a week later before Alwyn approached him again. Now see here, said Colonel Creswell, there's practically no difference between cash and time prices. We buy our stock on time and you can just as well take advantage of this as not. I have figured out about what these things will cost. The best thing for you to do is to make a deposit here and get things when you want them. If you make a good deposit, I'll throw off 10%, which is all of my profit. Thank you, said Alwyn. But he looked over the account and found the whole bill at least twice as large as he had expected. Without further parley, he made some excuse and started the town, while Mr. Creswell went to the telephone. In town, Alwyn went to all the chief merchants one after another and received, to his great surprise, practically the same estimate. He could not understand it. He had estimated the current market prices according to the Montgomery paper. Yet the prices in Toomesville were 50 to 150% higher. The merchant to whom he went last laughed. Don't you know, we're not going to interfere with Colonel Creswell's tenants. He stated the dealer's attitude and Alwyn saw light. He went home and told Zora, and she listened without surprise. Now to business, she said briskly, Miss Smith, turning to the teacher, as I told you, they're combining against us in town, and we must buy in Montgomery. I was sure it was coming. But I wanted to give Colonel Creswell every chance. Bless, starts for Montgomery. Alwyn looked up. Does he, he asked, smiling? Yes, said Zora, smiling in return. We must lose no further time. But there's no train from Toomesville tonight. But there's one from Barton in the morning, and Barton is only 20 miles away. It is a long walk. Alwyn thought a while silently. Then he rose. I'm going, and he said. Goodbye. In less than a week the storehouse was full and the tenants were at work. The twenty acres of clear swamp land, attended to by voluntary labor, of all the tenants, was soon bearing a magnificent crop. Colonel Creswell inspected all the crops daily with a proprietary heir that would have been natural, had these folks been simply tenants. And as such, he persisted in regarding them. The cotton now growing was perhaps not so uniformly fine as the first acre of silver fleece. But it was of unusual height and thickness. At least a bail to the acre, Alwyn estimated, and the Colonel mentally determined to take two thirds of the crop. After that he decided that he would evict Zora immediately, since sufficient land was cleared already for his purposes, and moreover, he had seen with consternation a herd of cattle grazing in one field, on some early green stuff, and he heard a drove of hogs in the swamp. Such an example before the tenants of the black belt would be fatal. He must wait a few weeks for them to pick the cotton, then the end. He was fighting the battle of his color and caste. The children sang merrily in the brown white field. The wide baskets poised aloft, foamed on the erect and swaying bodies of the dark carriers. The crop throughout the land was short that year, for prices had ruled low last season in accordance with the policy of the combine. This year they started high again. Would they fall? Many thought so, and hastened to sell. Zora and Alwyn gathered their tenants' crops, gin them at the Creswell gin, and carried their cotton to town, where it was deposited in the warehouse of the Farmer's League. Now said Alwyn, we would best sell while prices are high. Zora laughed at him frankly. We can't, she said. Don't you know that Colonel Creswell will attach our cotton for rent as soon as it touches the warehouse? But it's ours. Nothing is ours. No black man ordinarily can sell his crop without a white creditor's consent. Alwyn fumed. The best way he declared is to go to Montgomery and get a first-class lawyer, and just fight the thing through. The land is legally ours, and he has no right to our cotton. Yes, but you must remember that no man, like Colonel Creswell, regards a business bargain with a colored man as binding. No white man under ordinary circumstances will help enforce such a bargain against prevailing public opinion. But if we cannot trust the justice of the case, and if you knew we couldn't, why did you try? Because I had to try, and moreover, the circumstances are not altogether ordinary. The men in power, in Toomesville, are not the landlords of this county. They are poor whites. The judge and the sheriff were both elected by mill hands, who hate Creswell and Taylor. Then there's a new young lawyer who wants Harry Creswell's seat in Congress. He don't know much law, I'm afraid, but what he don't know of this case, I think I do. I'll get his advice, and then I mean to conduct the case myself, Zora calmly concluded. Without a lawyer, bless Alwyn, stared in amazement. Without a lawyer in court. Zora, that would be foolish. Is it? Let's think. For over a year now I have been studying the law of the case, and she pointed to her law books. I know the law, and most of the decisions. Moreover, as a black woman fighting a hopeless battle with landlords, I'll gain the one thing lacking. What's that? The sympathy of the court and the bystanders. Shaw, from these Southerners? Yes, from them. They are very human, these men. Especially the laborers. Their prejudices are cruel enough, but there are joints in their armor. They are used to seeing us either scared or blindly angry, and they understand how to handle us then. But at other times it is hard for them to do anything but meet us in a human way. But Zora, think of the contact of the court, the humiliation, the course-talk. Zora put up her hand and lightly touched his arm, looking at him, she said. Mud doesn't hurt much. This is my duty. Let me do it. His eyes fell before the shadow of a deeper rebuke. He arose heavily. Very well, he acquiesced, as he passed slowly out. The young lawyer started to refuse to touch the case until he saw, or did Zora adroitly make him see, a chance for eventual political capital. They went over the matter carefully, and the lawyer acquired a respect for the young woman's knowledge. First he said, get an injunction on the cotton, then go to court, and to ensure the matter, he slipped over and saw the judge. Colonel Cresswell, next day, stalked angrily into his lawyer's office. See here, he thundered, handing the lawyer the notice of the injunction. See the judge began the lawyer, and then remembered, as he was often forced to do these days, who was judge. He inquired carefully into the case, and examined the papers. Then he said, Colonel Cresswell, who drew this contract of sale? The black girl did. Impossible. She certainly did, wrote it in my presence. Well, it's mighty well done. You mean it will stand in law? It certainly will. There's but one way to break it, and that's to allege misunderstanding, on your part. Cresswell winced. It was not pleasant to go into open court, and acknowledge himself overreached by a negro, but several thousand dollars in cotton and land were at stake. Go ahead, he concurred. You can depend on Taylor, of course, added the lawyer. Of course answered Cresswell, but why prolong the thing? You see, she's got your cotton tied by injunction. I don't see how she did it. Easy enough.  Within a week the case was called, and they filed into the courtroom. Cresswell's lawyer saw only this black woman. No other lawyer, or sign of one, appeared to represent her.  A few blacks whispered in one corner. The dirty stove was glowing with pine wood, and the judge sat at a desk. Where's your lawyer, he asked sharply of Zora? I have none, returned Zora, rising. There came a silence in the court. Her voice was low, and the men leaned forward to listen. The judge felt impelled to be over gruff. Get a lawyer, he ordered. Your honour, my case is simple, and with your honour's permission I wish to conduct it myself. I cannot afford a lawyer, and I do not think I need one. Cresswell's lawyer smiled and leaned back. It was going to be easier than he supposed. Evidently the woman believed she had no case and was weakening. The trial proceeded, and Zora stated her contention. She told how long her mother and grandmother had served the Cresswell's, and showed her receipt for rent paid. A friend sent me some money. I went to Mr. Cresswell, and asked him to sell me two hundred acres of land. He consented to do so, and signed this contract in the presence of his son-in-law. Since then John Taylor came into the court, and Cresswell beckoned to him. I want you to help me out, John. All right, whispered Taylor. What can I do? Swear that Cresswell didn't mean to sign this, said the lawyer quickly, as he arose to address the court. Taylor looked at the paper blankly, and then at Cresswell, and some inkling of the irreconcilable difference in the two natures leaped into both their hearts. Cresswell might gamble and drink and lie like a gentleman, but he would never willingly cheat or take advantage of a white man's financial necessities. Taylor, on the other hand, had a horror of a lie, never drank nor played games of chance, but his whole life was speculation, and in the business game he was utterly ruthless and respected no one. Such men could never thoroughly understand each other. To Cresswell, a man who had cheated the whole South out of millions by a series of misrepresentations ought to regard this little falsehood as nothing. Meantime Colonel Cresswell's lawyer was on his feet, and he adopted his most irritating and contemptuous manner. This nigger wench wrote out some illegible stuff, and Colonel Cresswell signed it to get rid of her. We are not going to question the legality of the form. That is neither here nor there. The point is, Mr. Cresswell never intended, never dreamed of selling this wench land right in front of his door. He meant to rent her the land, and sign a receipt for rent paid in advance. I will not worry, Your Honor, by a long argument to prove this, but just call one of the witnesses well known to you, Mr. John Taylor, of the Toomsville Mills. Taylor looked toward the door, and then slowly took the stand. Mr. Taylor said the lawyer carelessly, were you present at this transaction? Yes. Did you see Colonel Cresswell sign this paper? Yes. Well, did he intend, so far as you know, to sign such a paper? I do not know his intentions. Did he say he meant to sign such a contract? Taylor hesitated. Yes, he finally answered. Colonel Cresswell looked up in amazement, and the lawyer dropped his glasses. I don't think you perhaps understood me, Mr. Taylor, he gasped. I meant to ask if Colonel Cresswell in signing this paper meant to sign a contract to sell this wench two hundred acres of land. He said he did, reiterated Taylor, although I ought to add that he did not think the girl would ever be able to pay. If he had thought she would pay, I don't think he would have signed the paper. Colonel Cresswell went red, then pale, and leaning forward before the whole court he hurled, you damned scoundrel. The judge rapped for order, and fidgeted in his seat. There was some confusion and snickering in the courtroom. Finally, the judge plucked up courage. The defendant is ordered to deliver this cotton to Zora Cresswell, he directed. The raging of Colonel Cresswell's anger now turned against John Taylor as well as the Negroes. Wind of the estrangement flew over town quickly. The poor whites saw a chance to win Taylor's influence, and the sheriff approached him consciously. Taylor paid him slight courtesy. He was irritated with this devilish Negro problem.  But the sheriff talked. The thing I'm afraid of, he said, is that Cresswell and his gang will swing in the niggers on us. How do you mean? Let them vote. But they have to read and write. Sure. Well, then, said Taylor, it might be a good thing. Colton eyed him suspiciously.  Why, yes, if he had sense enough. There ain't no niggers, got sense. Oh, Shaw! Taylor ejaculated, walking away. The sheriff was angry and mistrustful. He believed he had discovered a deep-laid scheme of the aristocrats to cultivate friendliness between whites and blacks, and then use black voters to crush the whites. Such a course was, in Colton's mind, dangerous, monstrous and unnatural. It must be stopped at all hazards. He began the whisper among his friends. One or two meetings were held, and the flame of racial prejudice was studiously fanned. The atmosphere of the town and country quickly began to change. Whatever little beginnings of friendship and understanding had arisen now quickly disappeared. The town of a Saturday no longer belonged to a happy, careless crowd of black peasants. But the black folk found themselves elbowed to the gutter, while ugly quarrels flashed here and there with a quick arrest of the negroes. General Cresswell made a sudden resolve. He sent for the sheriff and received him at the oaks in his most respectable style, filling him with good food and warming him with good liquor.  What, yelled Colton? The colonel laughed, frankly telling Colton John Taylor's philosophy on the race problem, his willingness to let negroes vote, his threat to let blacks and whites work together, his contempt for the officials elected by the people. Candidly, Colton he concluded, I believe in aristocracy. I can't think it right or wise to replace the old aristocracy by new and untried blood, and in a sudden outburst, but by God, sir, I'm a white man, and I placed the lowest white man ever created above the highest darkie ever thought of.  He's secretly encouraging and helping them. You saw what he did to me, and I'm warning you in time. Colton's glass dropped. I thought it was you that was corraling the niggers against us, he exclaimed. The colonel reddened. I don't count all white men, my equals I admit.  Colton stretched out his massive hand. Put it there, sir, said he. I misjudged you. Colonel Creswell, I'm a southerner, and I honor the old aristocracy you represent.  They are getting impudent around here, and they need a lesson, and by God they'll get one they'll remember. Now see here, Colton, nothing rash. The colonel charged him, warningly. Don't stir up needless trouble, but, well, things must change. Colton rose and shook his head. The niggers need a lesson, he muttered, as he unsteadily bade his host good-bye. Creswell watched him uncomfortably as he rode away, and again, a feeling of doubt stirred within him.  He saw the huge form of the sheriff loom like an evil spirit, a moment on the rise of the road, and sink into the night. He turned slowly to his cheerless house, shuddering, as he entered the uninviting the mob. When Emma, Bertie's child, came home after a two years course of study, she had passed from girlhood to young womanhood. She was white and sandy haired. She was not beautiful, and she appeared to be fragile. But she also looked sweet and good, with that peculiar innocence which peers out upon the world with calm, round eyes, and sees no evil. But does methodically its simple everyday work. Zora mothered her. Miss Smith found her plenty to do, and bless, thought her a good girl. But Mrs. Creswell found her perfect, and began the scheme to marry her off. For Mary Creswell, with the restlessness and unhappiness of an unemployed woman, was trying to atone for her former blunders. Her humiliation, after the episode at Creswell Oaks, had been complete. It seemed to her that the original cause of her whole life punishment lay in her persistent misunderstanding of the black people and their problem. Zora appeared to her in a new and glorified light, a vigorous, self-sacrificing woman. She knew that Zora had refused to marry bless, and this again seemed fitting. Zora was not meant for marrying. She was a born leader, wedded to a great cause. She had long outgrown the boy and girl affection. She was the sort of woman she herself might have been if she had not married. Baldwin, on the other hand, needed a wife. He was a great, vero boy, requiring a simple, affectionate mate. No sooner did she see Emma than she was sure that this was the ideal wife. She compared herself with Helen Creswell. Helen was a contented wife and mother because she was fit it for the position, and happy in it, while she, who had aimed so high, had fallen piteously. From such a fate she would save Zora and bless. Emma's course in nurse training had been simple and short, and there was no resident physician, but Emma, in her unemotional way, was a born nurse and did much good among the sick in the neighborhood. Zora had a small log-hospital erected, with four white beds, a private room, and an office, which was also Emma's bedroom. The new white physician in town, just fresh from school in Atlanta, became interested and helped with advice and suggestions. Meantime John Taylor's troubles began to increase. Under the old political regime it had been an easy matter to avoid serious damage suits for the accidents in the mill. Much child labor and the lack of protective devices made accidents painfully frequent. Taylor insisted that the chief cause was carelessness, while the mill hands alleged criminal neglect on his part. When the new labor officials took charge of the court, and the break occurred between Colonel Creswell and his son-in-law, Taylor found that several damaged suits were likely to cost him a considerable sum. He determined not to let the bad feelings go too far, and when a particularly distressing accident to a little girl took place, he showed more than his usual interest and offered to care for her. The new young physician, recommended Zoras Infirmary, has the only near place that offered a chance for the child's recovery. Take her out, Taylor promptly directed. Zora was troubled when the child came. She knew the suspicious temper of the town whites. The very next day, Taylor sent out a second case, a child who had been hurt some time before, and was not recovering as she should.  The grateful mothers came out twice a week at least, at first with suspicious aloofness but gradually melting under Zora's tact until they sat and talked with her, and told their troubles and struggles. Zora realized how human they were, and how like their problems were to hers. They and their children grew to love this busy, thoughtful woman, and Zora's fears were quieted. The catastrophe came suddenly. The sheriff rode by, scowling and hunting for some poor black runaway, when he saw white children in the Negro School, and white women who he knew were mill hands looking on. He was black with anger. Turning he galloped back to town. A few hours later the young physician arrived hastily in a cab to take the women and children to town. He said something in a low tone to Zora and drove away frowning. Zora came quickly to the school and asked for Alwyn. He was in the barn, and she hurried there. Bless, she said quietly. It is reported that a tombsville mob will burn the school tonight. Bless, stood motionless. I have been fearing it. The sheriff has been stirring up the worst elements in the town lately, and the mills pay off tonight. Well, she said quietly, we must prepare. He looked at her, his face aglow with admiration. You wonder woman, he exclaimed softly. A moment they regarded each other. She saw the love in his eyes, and he saw rising in hers something that made his heart bound. But she turned quickly away. You must hurry, bless, lives are at stake. And in another moment he thundered out of the barn on the black mare. Along the pike he flew and up the plantation roads, across broad fields and back again, over to the Barton Pike and along the swamp. At every cabin he whispered a word and left behind him gray faces and whispering children. His horse was ricking with sweat as he staggered again into the schoolyard. But already people were gathering with frightened, anxious, desperate faces. Women with bundles and children, men with guns, tottering old folks, wide-eyed boys and girls, up from the swamp land came the children crying and moaning. The sun was setting, the women and children hurried into the school building, closing the doors and windows. A moment Alwyn stood without and looked back. The world was peaceful. He could hear the whistle of birds and the sobbing of the breeze and the shadowing oaks. The sky was flashing to dull and purplish blue, and overall lay the twilight hush as though God did not care.  His soul groaned within him. Heavenly Father, was man ever before set to such a task. Fight, God, if he could but fight. If he could but let go the elemental passions that were leaping and gathering and burning in the eyes of yonder caged and desperate black men. But his hands were tied, manacled. One desperate struggle, a whirl of blood, and the whole world would rise to crush him and his people. The white operator in yonder town had but the flash of the news, negroes killing whites, to bring all the country, all the state, all the nation, to red vengeance. It mattered not what the provocation, what the desperate cause. The door suddenly opened behind him, and he wheeled around. Zora, he whispered. Bless, she answered softly, and they went silently in to their people. All at once, from floor to roof, the whole schoolhouse was lighted up, save a dark window here and there. Then someone slipped out into the darkness, and soon watch fire after watch fire flickered and flamed in the night, and then burned vividly, sending up sparks and black smoke. Thus ringed with flaming silence, the school lay at the edge of the great black swamp, and waited. Owls hooted in the forest. The far, the shriek of the Montgomery train was heard across the night, mingling with the wail of a wakeful babe, and then redoubled silence. The men became restless, and Johnson began to edge away toward the lower hall. Alwyn was watching him when a faint noise came to him on the eastern breeze, a low, rumbling murmur. It died away and rose again. Then a distant gunshot woke the echoes. Their coming, he cried. Standing back in the shadow of a front window, he waited. Slowly, intermittently, the murmuring swelled. To it grew, distinguishable, as yelling, cursing, and singing, intermingled with the crash of pistol shots. Far away aflame, as of a burning cabin arose, and a wilder, louder yell greeted it. Now the tramp of footsteps could be heard, and clearer and thicker, the grating and booming of voices, until suddenly, far up the pike, a black moving mass, with glitter and shout, swept into view. They came headlong, guided by pine torches, which threw their white and haggard faces into wild distortion. Then his bonfire after bonfire met their gaze, they moved slowly and more slowly, and at last sent a volley of bullets at the fires. One bullet flew high and sang through a lighted window.  Silence and renewed murmuring ensued, and the sound of high voices in dispute. Then the mass divided into two wings, and slowly encircled the fence of fire, starting noisily and confidently, and then going more slowly, quietly, warily, as the silence of the flame began to tell on their heated nerves. Strained whispers arose. Careful there.  There's someone by yon fire. No, there ain't. See, the bushes move. Bang, bang, bang. Who's that? It's me. Let's rush through and fire the house.   I don't know yet. I wish I could see a nigger. Hark! Stealthy steps were approaching, a glint of steel, flashed behind the fire-lights. Each band mistook the other for the armed niggers, and the leaders yelled in vain, Human power cannot stay the dashing torrent of fear-inspired human panic. Whirling, the mob fled until it struck the road in two confused, surging masses. Then in quick frenzy shots flew. Three men threw up their hands and tumbled limply in the dust, while the main body rushed palmel toward town. At early dawn when the men relaxed from the strain of the night's vigil, Alwyn briefly counseled them, Hide your guns. Why, bluster rob, haven't I got a right to have a gun?  We've not heard the last of this. But rob tossed his head belligerently. In town, rumor spread like wildfire. A body of peaceful whites passing through the black settlement had been fired on from ambush, and six killed, no, three killed, no, one killed, and two severely wounded. This thing mustn't stop here, shouted Sheriff Colton.  And before nine next morning, fully half the grown members of the same mob, now sworn in as deputies, rode with him to search the settlement. They tramped insolently through the school grounds, but there was no shred of evidence until they came to rob's cabin and found his gun. They tied his hands behind him and marched him toward town. But before the mob arrived the night before, Johnson, feeling that his safety lay in informing the white folks, had crawled with his gun into the swamp. In the morning he peered out as the cavalcade approached, and not knowing what had happened, he recognized Colton, the sheriff, and signaled to him cautiously. In a moment a dozen men were on him, and he appealed and explained in vain the gun was damning evidence. The voices of rob's wife and children could be heard behind the two men, as they were hurried along at a dog-trot. The town poured out to greet them. The murderers, the murderers, killed the niggers, and they came on with a rush. The sheriff turned and disappeared in the rear. There was a great cloud of dust, a cry, and a wild scramble, as the white and angry faces of men and boys gleaned for a moment, and faded. A hundred or more shots rang out. Then slowly and silently the mass of women and men were sucked into the streets of the town, leaving but black eddies on the corners to throw backward glances toward the bare, towering pine where swung two red and awful things. The pale boy face of one, with soft brown eyes, glared up sightless to the sun. The dead, leathered bronze of the other was carved in pietus terror. CHAPTER XXXVIII. ATONEMENT Three months had flown. It was spring again, and Zora sat in the transformed swamp, now a swamp in name only, beneath the great oak dreaming, and what she dreamed there in the golden day she dared not formulate even to her own soul. She rose with a start, for there was work to do. Aunt Rachel was ill, and Emma went daily to attend her. Today, as she came back, she brought news that Colonel Cresswell, who had been unwell for several days, was worse. She must send Emma up to help, and as she started toward the school she glanced toward the Cresswell oaks, and saw the armchair of its master on the pillard porch. Colonel Cresswell sat in his chair on the porch alone. As far as he could see, there was no human soul.  A sort of terror shook him, until he heard the distant songs of black folks in the fields. He sighed and lying back, closed his eyes, and the breath came easier. When he opened them again, a white figure was coming up the avenue of the oaks. He watched it greedily. It was Mary Cresswell, and she started when she saw him. Your worst father, she asked. Worse and better, he replied, smiling cynically. Then suddenly he announced, I've made my will. Why? Why, she stammered. Why, sharply?  She said nothing. He smiled and continued. I've got it all fixed. Harry was in a tight place, gambling as usual, and I gave him a lump sum, in lieu of all claims. Then I gave John Taylor, you needn't look, I sent for him. He's a damned scoundrel, but he won't lie, and I needed him. I willed his children all the rest except for two or three legacies. One was a hundred thousand dollars for you. Oh, father, she cried, I don't deserve it. I reckon two years with Harry was worth about that much, he returned grimly. There's another gift of two hundred thousand dollars, and this house in plantation. Who do you think that's for? Helen? Helen, he raised his hand in threatening anger. I might rot here for all she cares. No, no, but then. I'll not tell you. I— Ah!  Abruptly he sat up again, and peered down the oaks. Hush, he gasped. Who's that? I don't know. It's a girl. I— He gripped her till she winced. My God, it walks like my wife, I tell you. She held her head so. Who is it? He half rose. Oh, father, it's nobody but Emma, little Emma, birdie's child, the mulatto girl. She's a nurse now. I asked to have her come and attend you. Oh, he said, oh. He looked at the girl curiously. Come here. He peered into her white, young face. Do you know me? The girl shrank away from him. Yes, sir. What do you do? I teach and nurse at the school. Good. Well, I'm going to give you some money. Do you know why? A flash of self-consciousness passed over the girl's face. She looked at him with her wide, blue eyes. Yes, grandfather, she faltered. Mrs. Cresswell rose to her feet, but the old man slowly dropped the girl's hand and lay back in his chair, with lips half smiling. Grandfather, he repeated softly. He closed his eyes as space and then opened them. A tremor shivered in his limbs as he stared darkly at the swamp. Hark, he cried harshly. Do you hear the bodies creaking on the limbs? It's Rob and Johnson. I did it. I— Suddenly he rose and stood erect. His wild eyes, stricken with death, stared full upon Emma. Slowly and thickly he spoke, working his trembling hands. Nell, Nell, is it you, little wife, come back to accuse me? Ah, Nell, don't shrink.  No, don't put your clean white hands upon me, Nell, till I wash mine. I'll do it, Nell. I'll atone. I'm a Cresswell. Yet, Nell, a Cresswell and a Jack— He swayed. Veingly. He struggled for the word. The shudder of death shook his soul, and he passed. A week after the funeral of Colonel Cresswell, John Taylor drove out to the school and was closeted with Miss Smith. His sister, installed once again for a few days in her old room at the school, understood that he was conferring about Emma's legacy, and she was glad. She was more and more convinced that the marriage of Emma in Bless was the best possible solution of many difficulties. She had asked Emma once if she liked Bless, and Emma had replied in her innocent way. Oh, so much! As for Bless, he was often saying what a dear child Emma was. Neither perhaps realized yet that this was love. But it needed, Mrs. Cresswell was sure, only the lightning flash and they would know. And who could furnish that illumination better than Zora, the calm methodical Zora who knew them so well? As for herself, once she had accomplished the marriage and paid the mortgage on the school out of her legacy, she would go abroad and in travel seek forgetfulness and healing. There had been no formal divorce, and so far as she was concerned there never would be, but the separation from her husband and America would be forever. Her brother came out of the office, not at casually, for they had little intercourse these days, and rode away. She rushed in to Miss Smith and found her sitting there, straight upright, composed in awe, save that the tears were streaming down her face, and she was making no effort to stop them. Why Miss Smith, she faltered. Miss Smith pointed to a paper. Mrs. Cresswell picked it up curiously. It was an official notification to the trustees of the Smith School of a legacy of two hundred thousand dollars, together with the Cresswell House in Plantation. Mrs. Cresswell sat down an open-mouthed astonishment. Twice. She tried to speak, but there were so many things to say that she could not choose. Tell Zora, Miss Smith at last managed to say. Zora was dreaming again. Somehow, the old dream life with its glorious fantasies had come silently back richer and sweeter than ever. There was no tangible reason why, and yet today she had shut herself in her den. She was searching down in the depths of her trunk, and she drew forth that filmy cloud of white, silk-bordered, and half-finished to a gown. Why were her eyes wet today, and her mind on the silver fleece? It was an anniversary, and perhaps she still remembered that moment, that supreme moment before the mob. She half slipped on, half wound about her, the white cloud of cloth, standing with parting lips, looking into the long mirror, and gleaming in the fading day like a midnight gowned in mist and stars. Abruptly there came a preemptory knocking at the door. Zora, Zora, sounded Mrs. Cresswell's voice. In her informal attire she opened the door, fearing some mishap. Mrs. Cresswell poured out the news. Zora received it in such motionless silence that Mary wondered at her want of feeling. At last, however, she said happily to Zora, Well, the battle's over, isn't it? No, it's just begun. Just begun, echoed Mary in amazement. Think of the servile black folk, the half-awakened, restless whites, the fat land waiting for the harvest, the masses panting to know why the battle is scarcely even begun. Yes, I guess that's so, Mary began the comprehend. Well, thank God it has begun, though. Thank God, Zora reverently repeated. Come, let's go back to poor dear Miss Smith, suggested Mary. I can't come just now, but pretty soon. Why, O I see, you're trying on something. How pretty and becoming. Well, hurry. As they stood together, the white woman deemed the moment opportune. She slipped her arm about the black woman's waist and began. Zora, I've had something on my mind for a long time, and I shouldn't wonder if you had thought of the same thing. What is it? Bless an Emma. What of them? They're liking for each other. Zora bent a moment and caught up the folds of the fleece. I hadn't noticed that she said in a low voice. Well, you're busy, you see. They've been very much together, his taking her to her charges and bringing her back and all that. I know they love each other, yet something holds them apart, afraid to show their love.  You know Bless used to imagine himself in love with you, just as he did, afterward, with Miss Wynne. Miss Wynne? Yes, the Washington girl. But he got over that, and you straightened him out, finally. Still, Emma probably thinks yours is the prior claim. Knowing, of course, nothing of facts. And Bless knows she thinks of him and you. And I'm convinced, if you say the word, they'd love and marry. Zora walked silently with her to the door. Where, looking out, she saw Bless and Emma coming from Aunt Rachel's. He was helping her from the carriage with smiling eyes, and her innocent blue eyes were fastened on him. Zora looked long and searchingly. Please run and tell them of the legacy she begged. I will come in a moment. And Mrs. Cresswell hurried out. Zora turned back steadily to her room, and locked herself in. After all, why shouldn't it be? Why had it not occurred to her before in her blindness? If she had wanted him? And, ah, God, was not all her life simply the want of him. Why had she not bound him to her, when he had offered himself? Why had she not bound him to her? She knew, as she asked, because she had wanted all, not a part, everything, love, respect and perfect faith. Not one thing could she spare then, not one thing. And now, oh, God, she had dreamed that it was all hers, since that night of death and circling flame when they looked at each other soul to soul. But he had not meant anything. It was pity she had seen there, not love. And she rose and walked the room slowly, fast and faster. With trembling hands she drew the sober fleece around her.  She heard a calling in the swamp. In the shadow of Elspeth seemed to hover over her, claiming her for her own, dragging her down, down. She rushed through the swamp. The lagoon lay there before her presently, gleaming in the darkness, cold and still, and in it swam an awful shape.  Was not everything plain? Was not everything clear? This was sacrifice. This was the atonement for the unforgiven sin. Emma's was the pure soul, which she must offer up to God. For it was God, a cold and mighty God, who had given it to bless her bless. It was well. God willed it. But could she live? Must she live? Didn't God ask that too? All at once she stood straight. Her whole body grew tense, alert. She heard no sound behind her, but knew he was there, embraced herself. She must be true. She must be just. She must pay the utmost farthing. Bless, she called faintly, but did not turn her head. Zora. Thus she choked. But her voice came stronger. I know all. Emma is a good girl. I helped bring her up myself, and did all I could for her. And she, she is pure. Marry her. His voice came slow and firm. Emma? I don't love Emma. I love someone else. Her heart bounded, and again was still. It was that Washington girl then. She answered dolly, groping for words, for she was tired. Who is it? The best woman in all the world, Zora. And is she struggled at the word madly? Is she pure? She is more than pure. Then you must marry her, bless. I am not worthy of her, he answered, sinking before her. Then at last illumination dawned upon her blindness. She stood very still and lifted up her eyes. The swamp was living, vibrant, cremulous. There were the first long note of night, lay shot with burning crimson, burst in sudden radiance, the wide beauty of the moon. There pulsed a glory in the air. Her little hands groped and wandered over his close, curled hair. And she sobbed, deep voiced. Will you marry me, bless? La Envoie. Lend me thy ears, O God, the reader, whose father, a foretime, sent mine down into the land of Egypt into this house of bondage. Lay not these words aside for a moment's fantasy, but lift up thine eyes upon the horror in this land, the maiming and mocking and murdering of my people, and the prisonment of their souls. Let my people go, O Infinite One, least the world's shudder at end of Chapter 38. Recording by Richard Kilmer, Real Medina, Texas. End of The Quest of the Silver Fleece, by W. E. B. Dubow.


Air enters the compressor of a stationary gas turbine engine steadily at 100 kilofascals, 27 degrees Celsius, and 5 cubic meters per second. The engine features a pressure ratio of 10 to 1 and is designed to induce a maximum temperature of 1400 Kelvin. Assuming the cold air standard and that the operating efficiency of compressor and turbine are 90% and 85% respectively, determine or complete the following and compare the results to Brayton cycle number one. A, the specific network output, note that I'm asking for a specific network out and not the power output, and B, the thermal efficiency of this engine. So this setup is the exact same as our previous example. The only difference is that we have isentropic efficiencies for the compressor and turbine. Therefore, they are not isentropic anymore. So I will bring over my diagram because it's going to be the same engine. The only difference here is that I have to establish six state points. Which six state points I hear you ask? Well, we have one and two still and we have three and four still. But now we have to establish two s and four s as ideal representations of the state point. For the process from one to two, for example, we have an isentropic efficiency. Therefore, we establish two s as the state point that represents what the outlet would be if it were isentropic. And then two actual, which is just two, which is the actual state point two. And then the way that I get from, oh, looks like Q out and completely copy over. There we go. Then the way that I get from two s to two is by using the isentropic efficiency of our compressor. And the way that I get from four s to four is by using our isentropic efficiency of the turbine. And remember that the isentropic efficiencies represent the proportion of ideal work to actual work. For example, in the compressor, does it take more work to compress air in an ideal world where everything is perfect or in reality where there's friction and losses and stuff? That's right. It takes more work to compress in the actual case because you are having to overcome the friction and losses and stuff. Therefore, we write this as work in actual in the denominator. It's the bigger one and work in ideal in the numerator. And from our energy balance on the compressor from the previous version of this problem, we know the work in is going to be h2 minus h1. The only difference between these two equations is that in the numerator, this is h2 s minus one. That's what the outlet enthalpy would be if everything were perfect, if there were no losses. And then because we're using the Cold Air Standard Analysis, we can plug in Cp times delta T in place of delta H. And because these are evaluated at the same temperature, 300 Kelvin for both, I can cancel the Cps. Then on the turbine, let's think through it. Do you get more work out of an ideal turbine where everything's perfect or an actual turbine where you're losing some energy to friction and losses and stuff? That's right. You get more work out of an ideal turbine. The presence of losses decreases how much work you get out. And from our energy balance on the turbine, we know the specific workout is going to be h3 minus h4. And again, the only difference between the two is that in the ideal case, this is h4 s. And then I plug in Cp delta T because it's a difference in enthalpies. And I cancel the Cps because they're evaluated at the same temperature. So my isentropic efficiencies for both the compressor and the turbine are just a proportion of temperature differences. So I can get to T2 s in the same exact way I did in the previous problem because remember that in this first iteration of the problem, we had an isentropic process across the compressor. Therefore, our T2 in this problem is T2 s for the second problem. Similarly, T4 in this problem is T4 s in the next iteration of the problem. And then to get from T2 s to T2 actual, I use this equation, knowing T1, T2 s and eta c. And then to get from 4 s to 4 actual, I use this equation, knowing T3, T4 s and eta t. So since I know all of the temperatures and pressures for 1, 2 s, 3 and 4 s already, I can populate those. And my pressures are the same at 2 and 2 s and 4 and 4 s because that's the thing that I'm holding constant in my comparison of the different devices. I'm figuring out how much work is required to compress from 100 to 1000 by considering different compressors, an 85% efficient compressor or a 90% efficient compressor or a per 100% perfectly efficient compressor, an isentropic compressor. It would be like if I asked you to determine how much fuel is required to drive from New York to San Francisco in a 2019 Geometro versus a 2019 Ford F-150 versus a 2019 Honda Pilot. The thing that is constant between all three of those is the distance driven. You're just comparing how much fuel is consumed in getting there. Similarly, I'm figuring out how much work is required to compress from 100 kilopascals to 1000 kilopascals with different compressors. The 1000 kilopascal pressure at the end is the target that they all have to hit. Therefore, the pressures are the same. Now, I can solve this for T2. Everyone stand back doing algebra. But no, it is fraught with possibility of error. It'd be T2 s minus T1 divided by A to C plus T1 and the isentropic efficiency of the compressor was 90%. Therefore, I am going to take 579.499 minus 300.15 divided by 0.9 plus 300.15 and I get 610. By the way, a quick way of checking that your numbers make sense is by remembering that friction tends to make things hotter. So, does it make sense that the outlet of the less efficient compressor is a higher temperature? Yes, it totally does. And then I am going to be solving this equation for T4. Again, that concerns everyone. I'm doing algebra. T3 minus. So, put your to the right. T3 minus. There we go. Yeah. So, 1400 minus the A to T was 85. So, 0.85 times T3 minus T4 s, 1400 minus 725.126. And I get 826. And again, I will sanity check by comparing my 4s to my 4 and asking the question, does it make sense that the temperature increased as the result of friction? Yes, it does. Armed with these six temperatures, I can make the same calculations that I had done back over here. I am going to be taking Cp times delta T for everything. Now, I know what you're thinking. You're thinking, John. So, are these state points different? Are they T2 s instead of T2 or T4 s instead of T4? No. These are the actual temperatures. So, I am using the actual T2 and the actual T4 in these evaluations. So, Cp is still 1.005 as per table A20. And I am multiplying by 610.538 minus 300.15 instead of 579.499 minus 300.15. And I get 311.94. And then, instant repeat. So, next up was T3 minus T2, which would be 1,400 minus 610.538. And then after that was 3 minus 4, because that's worked out. So, 1.005 times 1,400 minus 826.357. And then was Qout, which is 4 minus 1, because remember, it's the process from 4 to 1, beginning minus end would be 4 minus 1. 1.005 times 826.357 minus 300.15. And armed with these four quantities, I can calculate the net workout and the net heat transfer in. The net workout would be workout minus work in, which is going to be 576.511. I'll use the actual number without the rounding that my calculator did behind the scenes. Jerk calculator. So, that I can have as close to the same number as possible. So, as to be able to point at them and go, look guys, they're the same. And then Q in minus Q out. So, 1,094 minus 528. You ready? Here we go. Look guys, they're the same. Hold up. That's not right. Okay. What did I do wrong? Hey, by the way, our numbers weren't the same. So, that's the sign that we did something wrong. That's the big hint to us that we made a mistake. That's why you calculate both net workout and net heat transfer in. If you don't check yourself, you will proceed direct yourself like we just did. Luckily, we caught it because of that built-in check and balance system. So, 826 minus 300.15. Yeah, that seems right. And then workout was 3 minus 4. Yeah, Q in is 3 minus 2. Ah, that would be my issue. That was 3 minus an entirely hypothetical temperature that didn't actually exist because I typed 310 instead of 610. Now, Q in is a much more reasonable 793.41. Okay, let's try this again. This number minus 528.838. Hey, look guys, they're the same. That's cool. And then with that new specific network out, we can calculate the thermal efficiency. And that thermal efficiency is going to be network out over Q in, which is going to be 264.571. I'll use this one instead of the other one. And we are dividing by 793.41. See if we had calculated the net Q in, even though we didn't have to. We wouldn't have caught that and we would have a very inaccurate number because we would be dividing by 1094 instead of 793. And we get 33.3%. And these were the two things we were comparing. So, I have this table down here so that if you were trying to work this problem by hand, you could populate over the properties. I didn't because I have the ability to just scroll over very easily. But it might have been useful for you to keep track while you're working through them. All I will write out is the thermal efficiency in the network out. That was 33.3% versus, I think that was 48.2. Am I remembering it correctly? No, I'm not. 48.2. And our network out here was 33, nope, 264.57 and 397.502. And then let's reflect on those numbers for a bit. So we went from an isentropic efficiency in our compressor of 100% to 90% and an isentropic efficiency in our turbine of 100% to 85%. And look how much of an effect that had. A 90% efficient compressor is still pretty dang efficient and yet it dropped our thermal efficiency from 48% to 33%. If you were operating this stationary gas turbine for power production for a region, the difference of 15% of your thermal efficiency is going to make a huge dent in how much fuel you have to burn in order to get a certain amount of network out. That is going to have huge implications on the operating costs of that facility. This sort of reduction in thermal efficiency is why we are going to spend the next few example problems talking about what seems like a very small modification just to try to get a little bit more thermal efficiency. Because every improvement we can make can make up some of that loss in thermal efficiency. And over the scope of 20 or 30 years of operation that can have a huge effect, it might be worth it to invest more money to have a slightly more efficient system, if it means we're spending less money on fuel, etc.