So now let's look at graphing velocity versus time. So we're going to start with just velocity in one dimension. And so that's going to be the velocity along a line. Could be a horizontal line, could be a vertical line. But in either case, we're talking about how fast and in which direction am I traveling. And that velocity is always a function of time. So our time is the independent variable, and velocity is the dependent variable. Because of this, time is always going to be plotted along our horizontal axis. And velocity is always going to go along the vertical axis. Now if I have data points, I can create a graph. Or if I've got a graph, I can extract data from that graph. For example, on this graph, if I wanted to know the velocity at four seconds, I can see that that is 2 meters per second. And it's a positive 2 meters per second. Or at 9 seconds, I've got a minus 2 meters per second. So that kind of leads us into this plus and minus aspect. Any time that we have a positive number on the graph above zero, that means we've got a positive velocity. Or I'm moving forward along whatever line I've defined. Our negative velocities means I'm moving backwards along that same line. And of course, in between we've got zero velocity, which means I'm not moving. On this particular graph, that only happens at this time of six seconds. Remember that your graphs do not have to be very nice and neat little segments like the one we have drawn before. Any type of motion, you can have your velocity changing over time. And we can either read our data off the graph or interpret what that means about the motion. We're going to learn a lot more about interpreting the motion later. So for now, that's just a brief introduction to graphing velocity versus time. Check out our other videos to understand how to interpret these graphs.


This is stock number 9668. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used heavy-duty truck headquarters Remember we are the guys with the trucks on 41 Today we are checking out this super clean 2007 GMC Sierra 2500 crew cab short box this truck has the 6.6 liter Duramax diesel This is the LMM motor Which gives you 365 horsepower This was the first year of the LMM and this body style Headlight lenses are nice and clear does come with factory fog lights front bumper is in excellent shape Steel gray metallic is the color We shoot all of our videos in 1080p, so if you have HD capabilities On your computer tablet or smartphone device turn them on out because it's like you're right here looking at the truck with me Has Weston black step bar comes with the polished aluminum rims Cooper discoverer LT 245 75 R 16 tires with about I'd say 70% of the tread left 60 to 70 Prem in the underbody on this truck is an amazing shape This truck was previously owned in down south. I believe it was in Georgia and Texas I Didn't see any denser dings on the hood Once again that front bumper absolutely perfect passenger side rim about the same condition as the driver's side And if you go down this side of the vehicle, you can see just how clean the body is How reflective and mirror like that paint is We take these HD videos So if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down You can still see the truck here the truck and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at Before you even get here, especially with a little bit older trucks. It's nice to see the condition The frame and underbody and everything which is what we're gonna do right now But once again down this side very very clean. I didn't see any dense or dings on it Back rim about the same condition as the rest and the back tires have just as much tread as the front tires Now looking at this frame and underbody you can definitely tell that this was a southern truck there is very little to no corrosion on the body or the bed rail frames and The frame itself is in really nice condition. It's like that all the way underneath Has the factory Exhaust so it hasn't been altered in any way And the lower rockers are absolutely perfect on this truck Not going to find too many that are this clean In an 07 new body style As we come around to the back of the truck No dense or dings on that rear bumper has a full towing package which includes receiver hitch and seven pin wiring All the plastic looks nice and clean on here has a locking tailgate Didn't see any dense or dings on the back of the tailgate has a very nice spraying bed liner Goose neck hitch and it has a seven pin wiring for The bed here very nice condition back here And as we come around to this side of the vehicle just look how nice and clean those tail lights are nice and clear No fogging or anything on them Z71 off-road suspension package gives you the skid plates Back rim this one's probably the nicest out of them And the wheel wells all look really good as well On here As we go down this side of the truck just as clean as that passenger side no dense no dings Very nice and clean Has power mirrors Inside you get the sle package. I believe this is an sle one No, this is an sle two should have known that Slt two gives you the bucket seats In the 07 new body styles Black cloth interior no rips or tears power driver seat factory All-weather floor mats throughout power windows power locks power mirrors This one does have the built-in factory brake controller and auto headlamps first year that you could get it In the truck Has the information center. So you get your compass temperature and mileage display and this truck has 89,864 miles Looking at the leather wrapped steering wheel. It's in really nice condition Dash is in pretty nice shape as well Has the six speed automatic allison transmission turned out four-wheel drive dual climate control CD player am fm and serious xm radio Capabilities that passenger seat is power as well No rips or tears on that seat And the headliner is absolutely perfect in this truck. I don't think this truck has ever been smoked in You got map lights up there on star capabilities and your compass temperature display We'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we will check out under the hood Back seats are just as clean as the front seats. No rips or tears back here It does have that latch child safety system for your car seats built-in fixed glass Window with the built-in router frost And back storage area Carpeting and floor mats are very very clean Probably one of the nicest new body gm new body gmc CR 2500s we've seen in quite a while At least in an 07 Under the hood we have the 6.6 liter Duramax diesel Engine base very clean runs very smooth Like I said, this is the first year that you could get the lmm In 07 you could get the classic body style which gave you the lbz Or the 07 new body style which gave you the lmm 5 horsepower difference Engine base very clean runs very smooth This truck has been fully safe to be inspected by our service shop Has a fresh oil and filter change All the fluids have been checked and topped off And this super clean ride is 100 ready to go To see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 400 new and used cars trucks scvs minivans wranglers Half-tons. We coated tons one tons. You name it. We got to go to our website www.summitauto.com Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle on our lot videos of every single used vehicle that we have All at summitauto.com. If you want to check out just our used inventory, you can go to truckson41.com That's truckson41.com. We have The trucks on 41 So come check us out And if you want to make this truck yours, give us a call right now<PHONE_NUMBER> Ask for one of our sales associates to make this super clean 2007 GMC Sierra 2500 years today Once again that number is<PHONE_NUMBER> And if you'd like to check out more videos You can go to youtube.com slash summit auto remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there In fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our youtube channel on your left A link to more heavy-duty truck videos like this one on your right If you have not been to our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website click those check us out And we really look forward helping with this super clean 2007 GMC Sierra new body style Crew cab short box during max diesel. Thanks again


It's great to be back at DEF CON after such a tumultuous time over the past few years. A lot of us have gone through a lot of personal and societal issues and to come together to celebrate and to look at all the changes that have happened over the past few years in the ecosystem and the things that didn't really change over the past few years as well. So DEF CON is actually a perfect example of us trying to expose the community and the culture to the needs in different regions of the world. And it's quite clear by the different feedback that we've been getting that the reactions that people are really not truly close to empathizing or understanding the needs of others when it comes to really benefiting the individuals that would be able to make the use of the technology to the most of their benefit. So I believe the many of you that are sitting in this room have truly made this year's life's work for the past few years and will be the individuals that kind of look at how we can look at a theorem as an ecosystem and what needs to be done to maintain the decentralization. So I wanted to kind of take this opportunity to step back and really examine from a pragmatic approach maybe somewhat of a therapy session with these individuals in the room and look at like what has been really exact what has been happening in the ecosystem and how can we look at what's been going wrong and why are we really here and where do we need to focus our energies and what are we hoping to create as an impact from a global perspective for participants that come from very disparate and unique backgrounds and lived experiences. So let's face it we have a problem all of us have this notion and mental model of can't someone else do it when it comes to maintaining and running services when we have to participate in this network and in a roundabout way we've kind of just adopted this same mentality that we had coming into web three from the web through ecosystem as a whole. So I wasn't kidding when I said this would be somewhat of a therapy session and we'd look at what is happening as far as behavior change. So in order to do that I wanted to look at the trans theoretical model of behavior change. So there are five stages of change that have been conceptualized for a variety of problems and behaviors. So the first stage is basically pre-contemplation. So these are individuals that are not really ready to make any change. They might be unaware or unaware of the issues that are happening. So maybe there's a few individuals in this room that aren't really aware of the issues that we are facing when it comes to decentralization in the ecosystem. Then there's individuals that are kind of in this contemplation stage where they're aware of the problems but they're not really mindful or seriously thinking about overcoming them in any meaningful manner and then there's no commitment to take any action. So I think that's kind of the space a lot of us kind of occupy at this point is we're aware of the problems but we really haven't done any preparation or are ready to do any action to change those things. So the next stage is basically preparation and that combines like the intention of wanting to create some change and then looking at some of the behavioral criteria to make that change in the first place and then intending to take some action in the first place. So from there we go to the action stage and this is I think where the biggest issue happens within the ecosystem is that we get prepared but we just don't have the tools or the resources to take any action to create that change. So this is the stage where individuals actually have to modify their behavior, they have to change their experiences, environment and have in order to overcome their problems and this requires quite the overt behavioral changes and considerable considerable amount of commitment and energy and resources. Then from that we go to the maintenance. So basically people work to prevent relapse and the work that had been done in the action phase and then obviously there's relapse and I think this is the point of place where we are in the ecosystem where we've kind of reworded to making decisions in the hopes of mass adoption that kind of compromise the decisions when it comes to detensilization and we'll kind of get into that a little bit. So we postulate that look quite a bit on Twitter and other social media channels around like what are the issues but there's really no action or force put behind them. So my objective today is to kind of like help some of the individuals that are in the room to move from this pre-contemplation phase to something that is a little bit more actionable or at least prepared for them to do so. So decentralization has kind of been touted as this core to the Ethereum of Web 3 ecosystem yet we continue to operate in a world where the end users have been trained and programmed to not think about any of the infrastructure that they need to run to utilize some of the services or the technologies that we utilize. So it means that they're not really aware of how these things operate, how secure they are, how they're managed and what are the trade-offs when you actually get to making those trade-offs when you actually start to rely on these intermediaries to come and facilitate some of this technology and the community just continues to operate with the same mantra of can someone else do it that we have been programmed to do so within the Web 2 ecosystem. But it's kind of interesting to also look at the different cohorts of people that come into the ecosystem. So throughout the years these individuals hold very different values and their mode of operation is quite distinct as well. So if you really wanted to examine the people that are giving talks at DEF CON you'll be able to kind of guesstimate where and when in the ecosystem they kind of entered. So from like 2010 to 2012 onwards these were individuals that were kind of cypher punks they were crypto punks and they were crypto anarchists they wanted to take control back from the state. As you go towards the 2014's 2016's these are individuals that are more game purists these are system design thinkers these are individuals that are thinking about more mechanism designs and so forth and then as you go into the later years these are individuals that are more aligned with business cases and user adoption. So the place that I kind of came into the ecosystem was around 2016 where I was sold this vision of Web 3 being my portal into anything that I want to do with privacy user interactions and so forth. So the first thing that I as a PC user wanted to interact with Ethereum was there's no ICO boom there's no rise in token prices at this point so all I could do was to interact with Ethereum was try to run a node and the first thing that I tried to do was look at the miss browser and I was able to get it running but the issue was it wasn't able to sync. So the next option was the period UI ran it was able to get it to sync but there was no features or anything functional that would kind of keep me utilizing that service and kind of interact with the Ethereum network in any meaningful manner. So then at the same time status and Jared were kind of like evangelizing this Ethereum for mobile vision where you could have no infrastructure on a mobile device you can interact with these web technologies through whisper etc and this was around 2016 and we're in 2022 and I want to interact with Ethereum what do I have command line interfaces it's unfortunate but there's a lot of infrastructure work that needs to be done a lot of resources and issues that have come up that has still led us to a position where normal users that want to interact with the network state can do that in a meaningful manner they can't run nodes they can't run infrastructure because there's just no easy way for them to do so. So one thing that we come to realize time and time again is that users will always give up their liberties for convenience and this happens within social media networks where the users give up their data privacy just for the sake of quick access and the ability to interact with certain use cases that are not available and that doesn't require them to actually run any infrastructure or node services etc and they really don't have that bandwidth or the time or the allocation to actually worry about some of this stuff when it comes to running infrastructure so we get into this situation where we're kind of like the the citizens of Springfield and we just want someone else to take care of all our problems and we just kind of operate within that mental framework and I think it's it's really a disservice to the ecosystem and the intended purpose of why we are here in the first place because we want control over our data we want control over our privacy and that we're in just a position where we're relying on intermediaries and putting a lot of trust in them to give us what we should be optimizing for so when we look at who is there to blame it is the the ecosystem as a whole and the key decisions that we have made when it comes to trying to optimize for whether it's adoption or other consequences of technology limitations that have been there so what does decentralization currently look like in the Ethereum ecosystem it's it's it's you have to be kind of mindful and kind of step back and actually evaluate that most of the key ownership or individuals that actually invest in crypto tokens etc hold their keys on centralized exchanges so there's this centralized party taking control of this stuff in the first place when it comes to no infrastructure majority of nodes are actually running on amazon aws and cloud services so you're kind of back at ground zero again similarly when it comes to data availability or getting access to the transactions and so forth you're relying on infira when it comes to staking a lot of the staking is actually consolidated on staking pools of centralized exchanges at this point which is a huge problem when you do get into censorship and those organizations having to kind of function within certain jurisdictions and laws that they must abide by additionally when it comes to network security we have issues with client diversity so like the major execution client is get which occupies close to 80 which is a huge issue when it comes to network security additionally we did have issues with prism being a majority client but the community did a lot of energy and focus on that we're at a good position there but still there is a lot of work that needs to be done there and when it comes to dapps or other resources um you know you're basically relying on things like open sea which are not very uh decentralized in any manner as well so unless you really run in the theorem nodes you're not you're like trusting third parties to provide you access to the blockchain and which is not really the the core value of what we were trying to achieve so you're not really truly participating in this p2p network you're not property propagating your own transactions to the network you're dependent on things like metamask to connect to infira and then you're looking at etherscan and just giving this inherent trust to these organizations and these services to provide you the information that you're looking for and for it to be accurate in the first place so when you look at like the the participation of the current p.o.s validated nodes within the context of the world you can see that majority of the individuals that are participating are within the north america and europe regions and this is a concern as far as diversity is concerned as well you can see there's a bit of action within the east asian communities but that is still very limited and it's quite interesting to kind of like map this to the participation from um ethereum global online hackers it kind of maps quite nicely aside from the fact that there's a lot of developer activity happening in india but there isn't too much staking happening there so i think it's good to know that there is a lot of work that needs to be done as far as making sure that we've created the ecosystem and the resources for these network participants to come in from these locations that might not have the resources to do so so 32 ether is a lot of money for individuals in latin america or africa or asia so how do we get resources and technologies that kind of help them participate in the network and staking is not the only way for them to participate in the network so they can run nodes they can learn run like clients they can run other services and really think about how they can get some sort of participation within the network that doesn't rely on them investing money and perhaps we can even look at how can incentivize those individuals and monetize or compensate those individuals to be participants in the first place as well which we can talk about a little bit later so it's clear that this these things don't seem like an issue until they become an issue and that at that point it's just too late for you to do anything so we've seen a little bit of a glimpse of this um when it comes to hacks etc but most recently when it comes to tornado cash so i said one of the biggest issues or the blames was on us but there's other factors and other forces kind of functioning towards making some of this a little bit more difficult for us to decentralize and not be functioning within the current systems that do exist and that's one of those things is like adversarial state actors so as we saw with tornado cash i'm not a legal expert or anything but so i won't speak too heavily on this and i think there's probably other talks within DEF CON that kind of go into this route but they were basically put on the OFAC sanction list and then the developers were added to this SDN list which doesn't just doesn't make sense from perspective of the law at that point and then on top of that crypto projects are banned in countries like china and india where there's a lot of developer activity but they just don't have the opportunity to work on these technologies in the first place in addition the third forcing factor is that there's individuals which are kind of a classified as mad adoption vultures these are individuals that come in take the narrative that you've been working on for the past x amount of years and then co-opt it for their own benefit so these are the elan marsh these are the jack dorsies these are the mark zuckerbergs who are just waiting by the side that once they see their opportunity they're going to jump on the narrative and take it for their own benefit so when you see elan musk tweeting these doc coins and making people those coins kind of jump up in value a lot of people invest in them kind of follow that trend and when they lose money that reflects adversely on the ecosystem as a whole so all the work that you've done now gets marred by this rub pool that was kind of like facilitated by this individual that was having fun creating memes on the internet similarly we've seen what these social media companies do when it comes to feature releases one social media company releases a feature two weeks later everyone has the same features within their applications similarly these individuals are just waiting for their opportunity to kind of co-opt what you're doing and then utilize their it for their benefit you've seen this with uh zuckerberg kind of reframing this his whole organization around meta worse and whatnot similarly with jack dorsi is always pushing for bitcoin and decentralization but we haven't seen too much come out of that so one thing that i wanted to kind of get into was addressing users needs so if you were thinking about what needs to be done moving forward is that we need to meet the users halfway or where they are that means that if people or majority of the world is using pcs and we want individuals to stake or participate in managing nodes or creating validators etc maybe we create interfaces or documentation that's a little bit easier for those individuals to understand so this is the ease of access and then as i was mentioning earlier there's this part about incentive alignment so what does it look like for people to participate in the theorem network we kind of confuse it with just staking at this point but there's other opportunities for individuals to actually communicate and get participation within the network through running nodes running like clients and other services that can be of a meaningful manner but like how do you incentivize them how do you create resources or infrastructure for them to even do that in the first place uh additionally you have to kind of like take them through this progressive disclosure phase where you can't just check them in the deep end of decentralization as they start to make those movements towards action you kind of help them and guide them towards that just movements towards to decentralization in the first place and that kind of leads into the guided education encouragement of those individuals so as you start moving up the use cases you make sure that those individuals are provided the sufficient guidance and the encouragement to continue and maintain the changes and the behaviors that they have implemented additionally we need to make sure that there's relevant context and narrative framing for the individuals that we're speaking to so the framing that you have around web three and the challenges that you face with financial restrictions or censorship etc is not the same that the individuals in bogota face or the people that in africa face or the people that face in india and this this is the context that we need to be aware of to make sure that the framing is maneuvered in a way that they understand why they should be decentralizing in the first place and what does that mean for them and how does that benefit them in their long run so i think one thing that i would encourage for everyone to start doing on their own to if they really value privacy or security and want to like reduce reliance on third party servers and improve sensitive resistance or improve health or and decentralization of the network is to take ownership and participate in the network themselves and this means running a node or whatever it may be ethereum.org has been doing a great job of creating these resources that easily that are easy to understand and that have a lot of translations for different regions and i would encourage everyone to kind of start digging into some of these more resources online and try to understand where we kind of started as an ecosystem and where we have kind of ended up in the past few years additionally if there's individuals in this room that are quite passionate about creating this change for the ecosystem i would encourage them to come to adoption day it's the uxn conference where we have quite a few interesting lighting talks from individuals from optimism from status from different client teams to kind of really dig into these different issues and think about what we need to be thinking about in the short term and to the long term when it comes to the ux challenges when it comes to adoption and make sure that decentralize is at the core decentralization is at the core of any of the issues that we focus towards so please be sure to add this to your schedule so we know how to plan for the room accordingly and make sure that we set it up since it is a small workshop room additionally we'll have working groups focused on ux challenges between 1 pm and 6 pm and then after that we'll go to the chief lounge hopefully where tomo will do a dj set so looking forward to that myself additionally at defcon this year we really made a point to highlight teams and projects that are working on some of this stuff so be sure to go to the client team impact boots i know for a fact that nimbus is working on user interfaces to make some of this stuff easier um lighthouse is working on some of this stuff i know prism and the low star has done some research and development in this regard as well do check out a theorem on arm which is a small uh device that you can actually start running a node on an arm device that nodes provide services along this uh regard as well same as terium so they're all in the impact boot area so be sure to go check them out as well additionally i think we just need to kind of go back to this diagram around why we were looking at the trans theoretical model of change and what we need to be mindful of so it's always an upward spiral and we're always going to relapse and i think over the past few years we've unfortunately relapsed to a point where we just don't want to take ownership of the managing our services or infrastructure at all and we're going to have to start looking at what infrastructure what resources what education needs to be put in place where people can now start actually preparing and putting some things into action so hopefully there's individuals in this room that can guide us that can lead us uh move into more action-oriented mind frame rather than where we just contemplate and think about the issues that we are facing but once we actually get to the point that it's too late there's nothing that we can do so i would like to thank everyone for coming today and hopefully you get an opportunity to engage with the thousands of individuals that are coming to def con from disparate backgrounds and communicate with them and really learn about the challenges that they face when it comes to some of this stuff why are they here why did they want to participate in the ethereum whether it was creating resources whether it's developing protocols what really drives them and how do you take that context into the work that you're doing i think it's quite imperative and community efforts like def con are amazing to see the the consequence of what happens at these events so you might see an idea spark at one of these talks that leads to a huge impact not only monetarily but just from an ecosystem wide perspective uh in the next few years so be mindful of those conversations take the opportunity to really dig deep and think about the the reason why we were here in the first place and how we can kind of continue moving towards that decentralized ecosystem thank you very much


And we're live. Hi, I'm Dazza Greenwood, a scientist at the MIT Media Lab. And we're here to say hello in friendship and connection to our friends in San Paolo. Let the legal hackers open Music Legal Hackathon. And you're joined by our chair sponsor from Endor, a spinoff company of the Media Lab. And you should have some terrific swag there. And we'd just love to hear what's going on in San Paolo. Do you want to do your quick report out? And then we can do a little sharing back and forth and coordinate the terrific projects and ideas. So, Mila, it's all yours. So, I'm Mila. Nice to meet you all. I'm a co-organizer of San Paolo Legal Hackers and of this event as well. We had just kicked off our amazing event here. What we've done so far is to have this great learning track where we had lawyers, producers and entrepreneurs discussing what are the challenges faced in the music and production industry. So, we are really, really, really excited. We have this very amazing background of people here. Can you all say hi? It is composed by students, law protectioners, entrepreneurs. And we are all about discussing ideas and how can we get our agenda of hacking the law and hacking music and hacking production together. So, in a sense, I think it would be great to hear about Endor's technology. And I don't know if you can quite see, but we already have some people using Endor's t-shirts around there in the back. So, Endor is already this very cool brand here in Brazil. So, if your girls could introduce yourselves and bring a little bit of Endor's technology, great. Hi, nice to see you, everyone. I'm Mila. Hi, I'm Mila. I'm Mila. I'm Mila. I'm Mila. I'm Mila. I'm Mila. I'm Mila. I'm Mila. I'm Mila. I'm Mila. I'm Mila. I'm Mila. I'm Mila. I'm Mila. I'm Mila. And the hashtag ... hashtag hack for music. Asked awesome content. And we will send over some extra swag to those who upload extra food content. Amazing, yeah. That was Karen. I'm glad you're Karen. Great. I just stepped back, Dalza. it's good to be at least virtually at the media lab. Yeah, the sound is breaking up a little bit. I'm sorry about that. I was just asking what happened. So you've got a great turnout, discussions are going well. And so what's next in San Paolo? How's the rest of the flow of the day look? Yeah, so we're getting ready for our last presentation. It's gonna be made by one of our great entrepreneurs here today. And afterwards, we're all about hacking. Hacking is my favorite activity. So I know that you all know this, but in terms of like indoor stuff, you can either try to use their technology, which we hardly recommend. And we've got a Wiki page. We actually have their chief technology officer. We've got all these technologists here who can help teams that want to try to use the technology. So you'll never have a better opportunity to give it a go than now. But the other thing is we understand that some people are lawyers. They may be business people, entrepreneurs. And there's more than one way to learn and to make progress. And so another thing in the discussion track, I just want to highlight that you can do and it's happening in Kansas City, in Texas. We did it in San Francisco and last week in New York is have a discussion group. And some of the key topics that we've identified that are related to indoor and also general themes are how can we protect privacy? How can we protect the ownership rights to digital assets and topic for indoor would be what could be possible in a business model and with a legal framework that made the most of being able to do analytics on data. Well, it's still encrypted. And so that's a capability that you need to have the founder of Endor came up with and perfected when he was up with and perfected when he was here as a grad student at MIT and they're really going for it with Endor in the market and providing solutions and products. We've got an open source aspect in this hackathon. So you could talk about that. You know, the legal frameworks, contracts, use cases, what kind of roles and obligations could be possible. Any discussion on the topic is another thing you could do in addition to applying the technology. Yeah, challenge accepted. We actually have the right crew to do that in here. Mixing all the liars and the business people and a few hackers we have at hand. So yeah, we will make sure to keep contact with either you or all the other nodes whenever we had doubts. I had already circulated the wiki of all the pages related to Endor's technology, the explanation, so on and so forth yesterday by email, but we can make sure to go through all of that again and try to see how Endor would benefit all the discussions we have been having here for the day. Perfect. Now, close your ears for one second. We also have other technologies that you can try. Some of the projects might be. Privacy for this one. Okay. All right, thank you. Glad you're here. So some of the other technologies available at legal hackathon.org are our chain. Our chain is getting popular blockchain and there's this project called our song. That's great. That's a tribute to Brian. That's a tribute to Brian. Tokenization. Can you give me one second so I can translate that into Portuguese? So, in addition to this technology of Endor that we're going to discuss a little bit more in detail, we're talking about our chain. Our chain is a technology, it has this product called our song that will use blockchain to help make the distribution and management of this right. So that's a cool option. And everything we're talking about here is open source. What does it mean? That it's free to talk to everyone, it's something that we can play here, play here with their help out there. Not just the people who are there in my team, but also the people who are in the others, who are experimenting with the same discussions that we're having. Next one. Exactly. Exactly. Exactly. Exactly. So the other one is to keep in mind consensus, ethereum is a difficult law and we have this communication for that. A court would check, a court very interesting. One second, happy to see you open law. So we have consensus, open law, that we have a lot of doing blockchain, blockchain ethereum, you must make sure that you can use the type of technical contracts that are very much in the sense that in the framework, so we have to make sure that we have some mega permits. And these projects will help to make sure that you know that with the very first hand talk, I think you've got a machine readable, auditable contract on the blockchain. It'll let you put them together. So you set those. So basically what I was saying is how to contract with the blockchain and if you don't have a contract with the blockchain platform, you don't need to contract with it. I can't handle it. Then you can translate that. This means that you can Good. Okay, so with that, I just want to just say, you know, Mila, I can say for sure is one of our favorite people in the world as a legal hacker and a collaborator. And I know that you're in very good hands here. So I look forward to seeing what you do later in the day. Can you tell me what time will we connect again so that we're ready? Yeah, probably two, two and a half hours from now should be good. Two and a half hours is thank you. You'll tell a Grammy? Certainly. Count us in. Thanks for your time. Great to see you again.  Thanks, Sam Paolo. See you soon. Bye, guys. See you guys. Bye, bye, bye.


And if you think Goff has come back from holiday, less grey and more, say, urban, he has. He's had a dye job, but he was a bit sensitive when we asked him about it. You shouldn't ask personal questions, or if you do, you should ask John Key as well. Well, we are. Good on you. See what he has to say. That's 100% el-natural. It's falling out, but it's not changing colour. He's probably been through it a hundred times over Christmas, let's be clear about that. He's had the hair dye as well, so he's come back a slightly more forceful and less grey-er. The hair dye, do you think that's a good move?  Yeah, I thought he looked quite the same. He had certainly more grey than he was at the start of last year, and that maybe to do with some of the leadership rumbles. But I thought he looked good grey, and quite smooth, I thought grey. But he's come back slightly pink, and his wife did it for him, and he wouldn't have missed it. I've never tripped up. I've never tripped up. I've done it. I've done it. I've done it. I've done it.


There was this advisor who, whenever the king would ask him questions about the affairs of his kingdom, the advisor would say, Fi-hi-khayr. It's all good. There's only goodness. And obviously, the king, after some time, became a little bit frustrated with his advisor in that he's not actually giving me real advice. All he's telling me is Fi-hi-khayr, Fi-hi-khayr. They're just good in it. There's goodness.  And so the king turns to his advisor for help and his advisor says, Fi-hi-khayr. There's goodness. And this really upsets the king in the sense of why isn't my advisor worried for me? Why isn't he helping me? Why isn't he coming to my aid and mending my thumb? And so the king decides, OK, I'm going to show him what's really good. So he goes back and when they get back to the palace, when they get back to the fort, the king imprisons his advisor and he says, OK, is there any good now? And so the advisor says, Fi-hi-khayr. There's good enough. And so the advisor is in prison and he's waiting.  But this time he's at the edge of his kingdom and he's kidnapped by bandits. And these bandits, they live in a neighboring kingdom and it's their habit to do human sacrifices. And so they capture the king and they think this will be an excellent sacrifice to our God. But then they look and they examine the king and they see that his thumb is missing.  And so then they start thinking, well, this wouldn't be a good sacrifice for our king because it's not whole and pure. He has some defect because of his missing limb. And so they let him go. And the king is amazed and he realizes what the advisor knew. He realizes the wisdom of the advisor. And so he goes back and he tells any Leslie advisor out of prison and he tells the advisor, you were right, there was good in it. If my thumb hadn't been severed, then I would have been taken as sacrificed by this neighboring tribe. And he says, okay, so now I understand what the agreement with regards to my injury when she did in our tree. But explain to me what was good in my imprisonment of you. And so the advisor said, if I hadn't imprisoned you, I would have been with you on the hunt. And instead of taking you as sacrificed because they saw that you had an injury, then they would have taken me. And so it was good that I was imprisoned as well. And so this is the type of wisdom that comes from Fihi Khair. This is the way that Allah deals with people. He shows that he brings out the goodness in things where we're often inclined to see the unhappiness in things and the difficulty in things. And oftentimes when we cannot see the benefits of things. And this is the attitude that Allah warns us about in the Quran when he says, And very few, very few of my servants are truly always grateful. Shakur.


Now, that we know what is a VCG mechanism, let us now discuss some of its properties in the context of combinatorial auctions. Just to remind you the combinatorial auction is those kind of auction where every agent has some valuation on a combination of this object. So there are let us say m indivisible objects in this context and every agent has a valuation for a subset of these objects. So we can denote by this set omega the set of all possible subsets of m which is nothing but the power set of m. So we will also use the term bundle to denote a subset of these objects. And now what the theta i or the type in this context it is defined in the following way. So you take this any of the subset from this set omega and theta i will actually map that subset into the set of real numbers. So one can say that the so if you have a specific subset s of these objects theta i of s is essentially telling you how much this agent values that particular subset of these objects. Fair enough. Now in this context even though we the mapping it is mapping to the whole of real line will only focus on the non-negative part of the real line. So which means that this this types of the valuation of this agents are always non-negative. This is also sometimes referred to as the objects that are goods that is it is always going to give you non-negative valuation it can give you a zero valuation in which case you don't really want that object. But it can can never give you negative valuation. So contrast this with some objects like bags I mean the name comes very similarly like goods if that object if you if allocated to you let's say some task that is allocated to you that task is essentially costly. So therefore you don't have a positive valuation for it rather you have a negative value for it. So those kind of settings we are excluding from our discussion of combinatorial options. So in this setup the allocation of this allocation in the combinatorial option is nothing but partition of these objects and how is this partition defined. So it's a partition of those m objects into n plus 1 bins. So each of these bins from 1 to n and actually corresponding to which bundle is goes to which agent and the 0th bundle is nothing but the that set of objects which are unallocated. And all this AI is an agent is a disjoint. So therefore if an object goes to a specific agent it does it cannot go to some other agent. And of course when we take the union of all this sets all these components of this allocation and this should certainly be equal to m that is all objects are exactly in one of this partition. So let us assume that a is the set of all such allocations. So all such allocations which does this partition of these objects into n plus 1 bins. So we are also going to assume if a specification does not get any object that is its allocated partition is the empty set then its valuation is going to be 0. So this is quite natural. And in addition we are also going to assume that these valuations are selfish. What does that mean? So there is no dependency across multiple allocations. So if agent i gets an allocation of AI its valuation only depends on AI. What can be a different situation? So perhaps agent i and agent j are in some sense interrelated. They might be good friends and then the valuation that one agent gets might not just depend on its own allocation but it also depends on the other agent's allocation. So we are excluding that. So we are just focusing on selfish valuation that your type only your valuation only depends on your allocation. Okay so in this context where we are looking at this allocation of goods the VCG payment of our agent that gets no object in the efficient allocation is 0. So we know that the VCG mechanism always picks the efficient allocation that is the allocation that maximizes the sum of these valuations of all the agents. But suppose in that efficient allocation an agent gets no object so its allocation set. So let us say this is agent i whose allocation in this optimal in this efficient allocation is empty. In that case the VCG payment will also be equal to 0 that is the claim that we are making. So how should we prove it? So we first look at so because this is just allocation of goods one can actually look at two different scenarios. So first scenario is when all the agents are present because we will need that in defining the VCG payment. So where all the agents are present and we are picking that allocation which maximizes the sum of the value. So notice that because these are independent private values we can just rewrite that as the theta G of A itself. We can use this notation instead of writing it in the value form. Similarly we can also look at the optimal the efficient allocation excluding agent i. Suppose agent i was not present in that set up what will be that allocation which maximizes the sum of the values of all the other agents. Now notice that what we are doing here is that we are looking at the same allocation set. So which means that we still have this n plus one length vector so an allocation is nothing but a n plus one length vector. But now that agent i is not present we can deterministically say that this ai is going to be empty. So in all these allocations when we are talking about a minus i star in all these allocations that ith agents allocation is going to be null. So that is another way of representing this and this is possible because we are talking about the allocation of goods I mean just an allocation of certain objects. If you look at some of the textbooks you will find that this kind of a set up can be put under a very much more general setting after removing a specific agent. The choice set is essentially is monotonically decreasing. So that property that more general property is known as the choice set monotonicity. But without going into it we are just focusing our attention to the combinatorial allocation of goods and that is in that setting we can very easily see that we can actually define this allocations in the following in the same way. So the allocations still fall in the same set A yet we are going to denote the allocation excluding agent i just by putting that ith component of that allocation to be always equal to null. Now what we have already seen is that the VCG payment is always going to be non-negative and that is something that we have noticed we have argued in the previous module. Now we are going to show the other direction. So we will show that this BIVCG is also going to be non-positive in the in this specific case where the allocation of agent i is null in the efficient allocation. So how should we do that? So let us write down the PIVCG again. Now we know that this is going to be the sum of the valuations of all the agents when agent i is not present and here we are looking at the sum of all the other agents when agent i is present and we are picking the efficient allocation. The only thing is that in that efficient allocation agent i gets nothing. So we know because of the way we have defined this a in this world without agent i we can define the type because in this world of a minus i star the ith component of this allocation is always going to be null and therefore theta i of null is going to be zero. So we are going to add this term to this expression on the right hand side and also going to subtract out this theta i ai star which is the valuation of agent i in the efficient allocation and by definition this is going to be equal to zero.  Now this quantity if we look carefully this is the sum of the valuation of all the agents including agent i and a star by definition maximizes this term. So for any other allocation that you can look at this is this sum is always going to be larger or at least as much as the valuation the sum of the valuation in the other allocation. So you can clearly write that this is non positive and that essentially proves our result. So we have already shown that the PIVCG is non negative and now we are showing that the same PIVCG for this particular agent i who got nothing allocated in the efficient allocation will be non positive. So therefore it must be equal to zero. So that is what we wanted to do alright. So let us now look at a different property called the individual rationality property. So intuitively it means that the agent should be voluntarily participating in this mechanism if they participate then they should get some non negative utility under no circumstances they should get the agent should get any negative payoff. So the mechanism formally we can define it in the following way that this mechanism is individually rational if you look at the valuation minus the payment under that mechanism for this reported types of theta this should be non negative for every theta. So any type profile that you look at it should be non negative and it should also be true for all agents i in n. Now again we can make this make a similar claim that if if the allocation if we are looking only of about allocation of goods the combinatorial allocation of goods then VCG mechanism is definitely going to be individually rational. So again you might find a very analogous result in some text or some other courses which talks about that those kind of monotonicity the choice set monotonicity and also condition that there is no negative externality which we actually ensure by looking only at the goods. So VCG mechanism satisfies individual rationality under those general conditions but here we are for our simplicity we are looking at a very specific set which satisfies those two properties. So what we have to prove here is that the utility for every agent is non negative that is how individual rationality is defined. So first look at so pick some arbitrary agent i and look at its utility and then expand out the payment function the payment formula. Now what we will get we will get a very similar term where the first term is essentially the sum of the values of all the agents at that at that efficient allocation. And in the second term we have all the sum all the agents the sum of all the agents except agent i in that optimal allocation excluding agent i. So now we are what we are going to do we are going to do a very similar trick we are going to add and subtract this quantity theta i a minus i star as before a minus i star is nothing but that allocation it is still living in that set a with the ith component being identically equal to now. So if we look at that so we know that this is going to be exactly equal to 0. So what advantage it gives us is that we can now club these two terms together and we can say that that is nothing but the sum of all the agents the valuation sum of the valuations of all the agents including agent i but under this different allocation which is a minus i star. Now by definition we know that this this difference what we have from here is non negative and this term the second term is always going to be non negative as well. So actually this will be exactly equal to 0. So together this term is always going to be non negative so therefore because we have chosen this agent i to be arbitrary this is definitely going to be true this non negativity is going to be true for all agents in the player set. So that shows that under these conditions PCG mechanism is actually individually rational.


Now, Sakuto State Governor, Amino Tambuwal has described bandits terrorizing people in part of the country as enemies of humanity who should be treated as such. Tambuwal made a remark when he received a delegation of Nigerian governor's firm, led by its chairman, Governor Cairo de Faier Miovicius State. The delegation was in Sakuto to commiserate with the government and people of the state over recent attacks by bandits, including the burning to death of 23 travelers. He appreciated the governor's firm for the solidarity visit and particularly commended Governor Faier Miovicius for demonstrating good leadership and standing with the governors in any situation irrespective of party affiliation.


I'd like to share a story with you, entitled The Dog Who Walked with God, written by Michael J. Rosen, and illustrated by Stan Fellows. Water, they say, was everywhere, and the land was not. Mountains were not, and stones were not, and neither were their trees, or grass, or fish, or deer, or grizzlies, or wolves. People, too, had all been washed away, they say, along with the animals of every land. Only water lived anywhere. Owls and buzzards were lost to the earth. No heron flew across the water. No quail, or jay, or screech owl, no oriole, or meadowlark, or sparrowhawk, perched anywhere. Gone from the world, they say, were foxes, and wild cats, otters, and minks, jackrabbits, and elk. No squirrel, they say, not a gray, or a red, or a ground squirrel, lived anywhere among the water that was all. Even when was nowhere, they say, no snow, no frost, no rain, no thunder, or fog, or lightning, or clouds, or stars. It was dark, they say, all dark. The sun itself was nowhere when earth rose up at last, and stood its head above the water. The water snugged around its shoulders. In the shallow places where earth looked up, moss grew, they say, and earth grew taller, and on to its step the great traveler and the dog companion. Where horns of earth rose high, the great traveler mounted grayish clay. White reeds and blue grasses were placed there in trees, trees made to stand up. I am finishing, the great traveler said, they say, and soon a mountain became somewhere from everywhere. That was water, and the water broke against it. And bushes and underbrush were set upon the mountain and small stones, which would grow large. I am fixing it, the great traveler said, they say. I will go north and fix the earth and from above the dog and the companion set to fixing things. And when it was heard the thunder, they say, the old thunder of the rocks, the great traveler piled the tall rocks high in the south and in the west and in the north and in the east. Pillars of rocks, the traveler piled, they say, to fix the sky forever above the earth. For clouds, a great hole was made so that they could travel here and beyond. And for fog, a second hole so that it could wander here and beyond. And for thunder, the great traveler told it to live, they say, live high above in another world. And then from the ground, the great traveler made human beings. They will talk, the traveler said. A leg left and right, an arm left and right for a stomach. The grass was gathered, heart and liver, lungs and mouth, each part made, they say. And it was lovely. For them, the great traveler let the wind blow and let the sky rain and the fog come in. For what shall I make the sun, the great traveler asked and decided, for fire, for heat, for what shall I make the moon, they say. And the traveler decided, night, for cold. And it rained and rained and the great traveler wondered, what should swim in the water? And he set loose creatures there. Bull snake became black salmon, salamander became hookbill, and grass snake became steelhead. The traveler wondered then and took root in all of the water and made the seaweed, they say, and the abalone and the mussels and the big blue grasses. Salt, the traveler brought from the foam of the ocean and soon the first waves rose skyward. Sea lions crawled ashore, whales drove deeper into the sea and devil fish, which are ugly but good to eat, swam within reach. It will be good, they say. So many fishes will swim the sea. And along the shore he planted fir trees and red trees and chestnuts and tan oaks and they all grew large. Then scraping his foot across the land, the great traveler made a creek. Here the water will be good, they say. No salty like the ocean water and fresh water filled the great traveler's tracks so that the panther and the elk could drink. Here drink the water, the great traveler told the dog. And the dog, who from the beginning had walked beside the great traveler, drank. And grizzlies drank and people too drank. And into the sweet water the great traveler released the salamander and the turtle, the eel, the steelhead, the salmon. And onto the mountains they say the panther and the jackrabbit and the deer, many as well. And the traveler made blue flies and wasps and yellow jackets too. And although he did not like them and almost killed them all, and everywhere the dog walked with him. Along the streams and the creeks they walked and they climbed up the mountain. Manzanita and white horn the traveler placed into the valley. And the grizzlies will be many, they say, and the rattlesnakes and the owl and the ghost beak. Birds will be many, they say. Blue jays and grouse and quail and robins and buzzards and ravens and chicken hawk too. Now that it hail, let the clouds come now, they say. Let rain cause the streams to rise and mud to appear. My dog, come and look, they say. And everywhere they turned the new green spread into the bushes and trees. And fishes filled every brimming creek. And in the valleys the creatures leaped and flew and galloped and swam. And all the earth had become good. So the great traveler went back, they say, with the dog, what fast my dog, the mountains have grown taller and the lands have grown fertile. The water is flowing with trout and it is warm here and the earth is good. And the grizzlies and the rattlesnakes and the deer and all the animals that the great traveler had promised would be many, were many indeed. Walk fast, the great traveler, ask. The lands we made are good, my dog. Chestnuts ripen, hazelnuts fell from the trees, the berries of the mans and eat a whitened. In the north, in the south, the west and the east. From each of their footsteps grasshoppers spring. My dog, we have made it good, they say. This is everywhere something wonderful to eat. Drink the water again, my dog, they say. We are going back now. We are near. And the great traveler and the dog retraced their steps across the growing world they had created. We are almost there, my dog, the traveler said. And across the valleys and the mountains and the creeks they walked toward the north where the traveler and his dog first stepped into a world so empty. It could not have been imagined without the company of a dog. We made it good, my dog, the great traveler said, they say. And the two travelers walked back toward the horizon, leaving earth to us. Everywhere fixed, everything growing and growing still. Or so they say.


Live from Barcelona, Spain, it's theCUBE. Covering Cisco Live 2020. Barcelona, Spain, it's theCUBE. Covering Cisco Live 2020. Brought to you by Cisco and its ecosystem partners. Welcome back to live coverage of CUBE four days here in Barcelona, Spain. I'm John Furrier, student in CUBE coverage at Cisco Live 2020 in Europe. Our next guest, Michael Beasley, CTO of the Cisco Service Provider Business Unit. Michael, great to see you. Thanks for coming on. Thank you for having me. It's great to see you guys again. You came on at the Cisco Live Show last year, 2019 in the US, obviously as a CTO of the Service Provider Group. You're in the middle of all these really big conversations because the service providers have been really trying to push the envelope for generations into getting better performance, but the diversity of services that they have to start bolting on for their infrastructure. Now with all the pressure of the cloud providers, everybody's streaming these days, so all these new competition, so service providers still have a huge footprint, huge infrastructure. What's the story? What's going on with the service providers? They obviously do. I mean, more and more service providers are deploying and running critical infrastructure for their consumer customers, their enterprise customers, and obviously as the economy, as nations, as industries continue to digitize, that infrastructure is critical for governments, for countries, and for whole economic environments. And the reality, of course, is that the bandwidth keeps growing. More and more bandwidth is coming on to the network. We see tremendous innovation and advancements in the access layers, whether it be with doxes for cable, Wi-Fi 6, obviously, for Wi-Fi, and for 5G with regard to mobility. So the amount of bandwidth that can come on to the network keeps rising, rising exponentially. So service providers, obviously that poses a set of challenges, but also a set of opportunities as they rethink their architectures, their infrastructure to be able to deliver that bandwidth cost-effectively. I know cost is a huge concern for these guys because they do spend a lot of money, but Stu and I were just reminiscing about how much we've been following Cisco growing up in the computer industry at our age. We were there when Cisco was born and watched it progress over the years and now it's on the next generation, on the next-gen cloud, next-gen everything. It's interesting, you have the service provider segment, the one that you're in, and I would say maybe financial services have always been like the hardcore Cisco customer, pushing the envelope on the gear, pushing the envelope on the technology, because they have low latency requirements and you're moving packets around, right? Now you're starting to add more payload with more bandwidth coming. It really kind of, they're the bellwether. What are the big trends that they're driving now because, again, they have to maintain those table stakes and still pioneer new ground. What are some of the things that they're doing that you see are tell-slides for the future? I think the things that I see is, first of all, a drive towards re-architecting the network, such that it's much more simple, easier to operate, more cost-effective and more reliable to operate with new, next-generation technology up and down the stack, from the silicon through the actual systems, the embedded software, the optical modules, all of the physical ingredients that go into building a next-generation, software-defined transport network. That's really what I see our major customers aim towards. Obviously, it takes time, there's an amount of challenges given that some of these customers have been running networks for a century. That said, the desire and the efforts to partner with us to get to that future state such that the bandwidth can be offered cost-effectively and very reliably as we're building out these critical infrastructures. I would add, the other aspect is that as these networks are getting more powerful, delivering more services, there is more of a consideration for the integrity, the trustworthiness and the security of the actual networks and the actual infrastructure from the hardware through the software and silicon that actually make up these networks in having technologies that can measure the trustworthiness and the fidelity, both from a hardware but also from a software perspective, and be able to report off of the infrastructure with attestation records to verify and to drive analytics with regard to the cleanliness and the trustworthiness of this infrastructure. Michael, I remember leading up to the announcement that Cisco had in December, it was, oh, here's the next generation of the internet. And in my mind, I was like, oh, sounds like it's time for the next generation of routers. But what I found really interesting is, what are those next generation applications that are going to drive things? John talked about from a history lesson. I remember going back, okay, what's going to drive 10 giga? We're going from a lot of North-South to the East-West virtualization wave was really kicking off inside data centers. These days, it's multi-cloud, it's cloud-native application, 5G, of course, there's a drumbeat in the background. Talked a little bit about some of those applications, the business impact that the service providers need to be able to enable in this rollout of this new technology. Yeah, it's a very interesting area. I've been in the industry for 30, something years, just about 30 years, and I think I've never found the industry more exciting than it is today. Obviously, there's a set of challenges, but there's an incredible set of opportunities as well. We have all of the applications that we know and love today are continuing to grow at exponential rates and get bigger, further and further adoption. If you think the fact that just slightly less than all humans on the planet are on the internet, with more coming in the future at an accelerated rate and bringing more devices with them, we think that the average device per user will go up to about three and a half over the next few years. So you have the current set of applications, whether it be social media, video, video streaming, they continue to grow, and then there's a whole new set of applications that we'll see, there's a long list, we'll see which ones actually transpire, it's hard to predict, but everything from advances in gaming, artificial intelligence, AR, VR services, telemedicine, the continued digitization of industry, in particular manufacturing, transportation, oil and gas. All of these industries open up the prospect for new applications that will run on top of this infrastructure that will drive exponential growth in bandwidth, and also will require much, much better latency from the actual network infrastructure. So there are areas that we're focused on and delivering the innovation and the core building blocks to allow our customers to build these networks to offer these services. You know, one of the other challenges, and you talk about these transitions and this step function that networking tends to do is the cost involved when you go from one generation to the next. Francisco, of course, has a large optics business, major player in the industry. Talk to us a little bit about what 400 gig means today and how people should be thinking about the cost of these type of solutions. Yeah, it's interesting. Certainly, as we've seen from each generation, as the interface speeds have changed, the actual bomb, the bill of materials for the solution has changed significantly with regard to which piece accounts for what dollars. It used to be, if you go back to the 10 gig generation, the actual networking equipment itself was the majority of the cost. That was the majority of the bomb. Optic modules that plugged in were a minority. Maybe the optic modules were 10 or 15%, and the rest was actually the system. As we look to the 400 gig generation, that is actually reversed. We now have network silicon that is so dense and so fast that it can power a full 36 ports of 400 gig on an actual line card. So you're plugging in 36 optical modules to bring that bandwidth to the networking silicon. So as a percentage of the bomb, the optical module is that much higher from a bomb perspective. It also becomes more critical technology with regard to the reliability and the cost of the whole solution. This is why Cisco's taken a big focus on the optical module space. We've also continued our own organic development, and we've also been quite active on the M&A front with regard to ensuring that we have the technology and the right R&D programs to be able to deliver very reliable, cost-effective optics at 400 gig and beyond. So you brought up silicon, so I got to ask the silicon one question. We were covering at the launch in San Francisco, Chuck Robin was there, David Gekler, you had all the top dogs there kind of really kind of going off on the future of silicon, but of course silicon angles, interest in covering that because that's in our name. But the trend is about cloud scale and operational efficiency. And one of the things that's coming out of the cloud trend is an operating model and public cloud and on-premise. That is proven, that's what people are going through, that's hybrid. How are the SP service providers implementing that? Do you guys see the silicon one being that opportunity where they can have an intent, software lifecycle, have an operating model? Is that some of the value? So what's the real story for service providers? So I mean that's a core aspect of our architecture and our strategy is to have a solution, a full solution that our service provider customers can consume that embodies all of those learnings and all of those operational realities that have built up in the public cloud space. Certainly silicon one is a key aspect of that with regard to being the fundamental building block from a network processing point of view being the fundamental building block that actually switches traffic, that switches packets and actually routes the traffic through the infrastructure and through the transport network. Along with silicon one, we have our embedded software XR7 which is the control plane for that silicon and it embodies the routing protocols, the management interfaces, analytics, traffic management, QOS services and so forth. But more and more we're augmenting that embedded software with a set of cloud services that are delivered as a SaaS to our customers that aids in operations, reduces their deployment efforts, their deployment costs and also increases reliability of the whole solution as the SaaS services are augmenting the physical infrastructure. There's less room for human error. There's less room for integration problems with between the layers in the stack. So it's a key aspect of our strategy. Okay, so the issue about the user experience or the application experience. So if I'm developing apps on silicon one, is it multiple stacks? What's the stack look like? What's the developer environment look like? I'm a telco, I'm a service provider, what's going on? So it depends on the use case. What we announced last month was not only the silicon and our own products, the Cisco 8000 that uses that silicon, but we also announced the offerings of silicon one through a merchant silicon program where third parties and OEM, a large customer, could actually transact with us on the silicon alone where we're selling them the actual silicon. In that context, the silicon comes with a full featured software development kit that sits on top of that silicon. You can consider that a device driver if you like, an abstraction layer. That then allows that third party to either use open source or to build their own network services stack on top of that SDK that can then leverage all of the power and the innovation that is in the silicon one engine. Before I get to my video question, because we're doing video, we care about that, but we love more bandwidth, we love more video action. How do you talk to customers that you meet with? Because we hear a lot from the community and our expert network on theCUBE alumni that in certain, there's a lot of pretender products out there. You bolt on a NIC, it's an offload. Where is it okay to have kind of like performance enhancements, performance enhancing hardware? No, that sounds kind of, that didn't sound right, but performance enhancements. I get it. Hardware, when the system is more important, so which customer profiles want more of that silicon one or Cisco 8000 versus either an enhancement product and how does the customer determine what's it fit for? One may be look good on paper, low price, high performance, how do you go in and say that's pretender, that's a player. It's interesting, I think that the fundamental route of the answer to that question is you have to look at the application stack that you're trying to deliver. If it's a homogeneous stack where the applications are infrastructure to deliver services to a third party, then what matters simply is that application and all the infrastructure underneath it, how can you deliver that most cost effectively, both in terms of capital cost but also operational cost in terms of power and human operational cost with regard to running the infrastructure. If you think about a heterogeneous situation, public cloud is a good example of that, where the public cloud provider is responsible and bears the cost of the infrastructure layer and the customer themselves are bringing the application workloads to run on top of that infrastructure in that heterogeneous model. Indeed there might be some valid business security and operational reasons for actually separating the infrastructure out and having a part of the infrastructure dedicated to run the application and a part of the infrastructure dedicated to the overhead of that application, whether it be virtual networking, security functions, analytics and so forth. So it's interesting, generally with our customers, what they're looking for more than anything else is bottom line, what is the most efficient way to deliver the end result, regardless of how it's architected or regardless of how the processing is separated into different layers of compute and dedicated hardware. What's the most effective way to deliver the outcome both in terms of capital cost and more and more operational cost and as everything gets faster, the power draw is more and more a very dominating function with regard to the ongoing operational costs of these networks. I want to get your thoughts on a couple of trends. One is the comeback of voice, Stu was riffing about his days working in voice over IP. Now voice, hey Alexa, it's not a real dip band with heavy applications, so okay, great, voice is coming back, that fits the service providers. But video is growing really fast. So video is putting a lot of pressure on service providers. What's the state of the art there? Can you make a comment on how you see that evolving? What are they doing? And what are some best practices and what are people doing? Yeah, I mean, you're exactly right. Video in particular over the top video, streaming video, but broadly video in all forms continues to grow at exponential levels. Our analysis, if you look at the Cisco V&I study by 2022, we predict that more than 80% of all internet traffic is actually going to be video. And along with its growth, unfortunately, the value per bit goes down because especially as you get higher definition videos, in particular, the value per bit to the service provider, to the entity bearing the transport cost of the video is actually going down. So what that drives our customers to do is first of all, provision very high bandwidth networks, but also optimize the most cost effective way to deliver that video at very high quality to their end users. I would say there's a few things that are top of mind in achieving that. The first is distributing out the network in particular distributing out peering into the metro areas of the network. And no longer having peering dedicated only at the far side of the backbone. When peering is done in the metro, that traffic is literally on the network for less kilometers, so that helps. I would also say the deployment of edge compute, caching and CDN services in the metro really helps in delivering video. We just got a great tutorial on video architecture in the major highways of the pipes, metro, peering. So it's changing the dynamics of peering relationships, traffic routes, but ultimately making it efficient. That's what you see there, exactly. Well, Michael, great to have you on. I know you got Mobile World Congress coming up in February. Always a big show. Spill some of the announcements for us. I'd love to, but unfortunately, I would be not popular with my bosses. I know, just teasing you. I know you got some good stuff on. We're waiting to hear them. We haven't heard anything, but we're getting some rumblings. As always, big announcements from you guys. Congratulations. Thanks for coming on. Thank you so much. We look forward to it. Great insights here on theCUBE, on the service provider, market the needs, what's going on in the network, and really ultimately videos changing. And also the architecture is changing. This is putting more pressure, again, more bandwidth, more things are happening. This is the Cisco-powered Cube here in Barcelona. I'm John Furrier, Stu Miniman. Thanks for watching.


Commencement 2020, as the name implies, has been a long time coming. Thousands of Boston University graduates have been waiting since May of last year for a chance to don the trademark Scarlet cap and gown and walk across Nickerson Field degree in hand. That day finally came this Sunday when the BU class of 2020 returned to the Charles River campus with friends and family to turn the tassel and officially commemorate the end of their college career. Without further delay, the 147th commencement of Boston University to honor the class of 2020 is now in order. The ceremony included an invocation from the Dean of Marsh Chapel, the presentation of several Metcalf awards for excellence in teaching, and the bestowing of the class gift. Over 1,800 graduates and about 7,500 total people gathered to Boston to celebrate commencement this weekend. Earlier today and yesterday, many graduates attended their individual college ceremonies, which occurred all across campus, including here at the BU beach where future lawyers received their JDs. Although graduates were unable to walk across the stage to receive their diplomas, many are just grateful to be back on campus and were honored by the ceremony. It was a really bitter sweet coming back. I mean, it was so kind of scary and sudden having to leave, but now that I've kind of gotten over that, it's just been awesome seeing all of my undergraduate friends. It's been my first time back and I'm really excited. It feels really good to see everyone, like professors, my friends, especially. So it's kind of surreal right now, but it's been really great.