In this presentation, we will take a look at situations where there is a departure from a standard unqualified report, a standard unqualified opinion, recalling that the standard unqualified opinion is going to be the most common opinion. That's kind of like the highest level opinion. That's what we would typically expect because we'll recall within the audit again, engagement. Management is basically saying the financial statements are put together in accordance with some type of standards such as generally accepted accounting principles. Our goal is to gather evidence and give an opinion on whether that is indeed the case. We would expect that hopefully management is correct that that is indeed the case. Usually it should be and therefore we would give the standard or unqualified opinion, meaning there's no qualifications to the fact that the standards, the reports do appear to us to be reported in all material respects in accordance with generally accepted accounting standards. Now, if there's a departure, that basically means that there's going to be a problem. There's some type of problem. We're departing from the unqualified report and we're going to issue something other than an unqualified report. Now, remember, if this happens, then that's kind of not good. There's something that's going to be fairly significant, a fairly significant issue here requiring us to depart from what we would expect to be the normal standard unqualified report. As we consider the types of qualifications then, we're still going to think about that standard report. So you still basically just want to have that standard report kind of memorized or at least have the outline of it in your mind and then think about, okay, what would happen to it if we had an unqualified report or some of these departures to it? How do we modify that report? That's kind of how you'd want to think about these types of reports. And also remember, if you're going to memorize any report, you almost want to memorize at least some of the wording for the standard unqualified report. And then, of course, you want to memorize or think about those areas where there could be departures from it. You don't need to memorize every kind of report that has a departure from it. But if you know the structure of the standard report, you can kind of then think about those types of areas that would be modified to it and what type of modifications would need to be in place given these circumstances. So when might these departures happen? We could have a departure from the standard unqualified report if, and we're going to list these out here and then we'll go into more detail on them later. But the departures, if there's a scope limitation, if there's a departure from gap generally accepted accounting principles, and if there's a lack of auditor independence, these could be issues that would require us to deviate from the unqualified opinion. And of course, remember that means that we're assuming, of course, that the financial statements have been put together in accordance in this case with generally accepted accounting principles. If there's a significant deviation or some type of departure from it, that would be an issue because that's what our opinion is based on. So what do we do if that happens? What are the type of reports that we can issue? Well, we have the standard unqualified report, that's going to be the standard type of report. If there aren't any problems, we have the unqualified, that's the highest standard report, then we can go to a qualified report and the qualified report is going to be a step down from the standard report. So when you're thinking of the hierarchy of reports, I get note that the unqualified to me sounds like a funny kind of word for the highest type of report, because it sounds like to me something like someone was unqualified or something like you didn't qualify for the race or something like that. But it means you want to think of unqualified as meaning that it doesn't have any qualifications to the opinion that the financial statements are indeed in accordance with whatever standard generally accepted accounting principles as they should be. So there's no qualifications, this would be the highest report. Then we're going to say, well, there's a qualification, that's going to be the next step down. So we're going to say, and we still issue a report, it's still not a terrible report here, although we would totally, we would normally expect an unqualified report, that's going to be the standard report. So, so a qualified report is a significant step down from an unqualified report. However, it's not, it's not completely terrible report, we're going to basically list out what that means in a bit more detail, but we'll basically say, hey, this is, this is the qualification or the deviation for whatever reason. And that's our qualification from the standard. Then we have a disclaimer type of report, which we're going to disclaim from the opinion. And then we have the adverse report. Now these two down here are going to be things that are not good because if we, if we disclaim from the opinion, or we have an adverse opinion, these two types of opinions are typically not good. They're not typically going to be helpful to the company. Now we have to go where the audit evident lies, of course, and if we need to issue a disclaimer or adverse opinion, that's what needs to happen. But hopefully we avoid this kind of situation at the front end, at the planning stage, by taking on clients with integrity and taking on engagements that we know that we can complete. And that will hopefully limit the amount of times that we might have a situation of disclaimer or adverse opinion, which of course is not good for anybody because typically that audit report is going to be something that's not useful for the company. And it took, it's going to take a lot of time to basically put that together on our basis in terms of the audit on the audit information. So again, normally we want to avoid that. How we make on the front end, we make sure that we're picking up clients that are good, that have integrity within the clients and that we have the ability to complete the full service of the of the engagement process. So a disclaimer would basically mean that we're not going to give an opinion. So we're going to disclaim from giving the opinion, we basically are saying, Hey, we were engaged to give an opinion, but there's some problem, possibly a scope type of limitation, which means that we can't complete. And then we have a disclaimer of the audit, that means a lot of work went into it for a disclaimer type of opinion, where no opinion basically is going to be given. And then an adverse opinion is basically saying the financial statements are not in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. So that would be saying that that would be a bad opinion, of course, because the idea here, the audit is we're giving an opinion as to whether the financial statements are in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, is there not, we have an adverse opinion basically saying that we don't believe with all material conditions and all material respects that the financial statements are in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Again, if we have an adverse opinion, that's not going to be something that's going to be useful to the company. So oftentimes, if something's going down the road of being an adverse opinion, the engagement may end before that time at, you know, it might be might be terminated at some point in time. And if that's the case, then again, there's a lot of work on both sides of things, a lot of time being spent that is basically could be wasted in that kind of situation. So the bottom line is these two types of opinions are something that we would have to issue if the conditions arise, but in practice, they're not going to be the most common types of opinion, we would expect unqualified to be the most common type of opinion, followed by some type of qualification, where we would say, Hey, there's this one thing that's not in conformity for whatever reason, but possibly the company want things that should be reported in this way, even though it's not generally accepted accounting principles or something like that or some other type of qualification, which we can state and say, Hey, this piece we're not, we don't think is in a conformity or something like that, but the rest of it is good as a whole that can happen to some degree. This disclaimer might end in a disclaimer type of opinion or basically terminating the engagement and adverse opinion, typically again, doesn't always get all the way to the end of the engagement and in a situation where you're going to end up with an adverse type of opinion. But if it does, you have that, but that's probably the most rare type of actual report that would be completed conditions required report other than unqualified. So a scope limitation, you'll recall it's one of those types of conditions that may cause us to issue a report other than an unqualified standard report results from not being able to obtain sufficient appropriate evidence about some component of the financial statements. So there's a scope limitation. We can get the information on some significant component. For example, let's say they have some part of their organization that's in another country and we can't, we don't have the resources in order to audit that. Possibly we can't get to it. Possibly we can't have another firm do it. Maybe there's regulatory limitations. That's a scope limitation. We weren't able to complete the job in that specific area and that's going to cause us if it's significant area, if it's material to the financial statements to have some kind of qualification possibly within the reporting of the financial statements. Not in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. Happens when financial statements are materially affected by a departure from gap generally accepted accounting principles. Now, of course, the main what we're doing here is giving an opinion as to whether the financial statements are in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. If there's a significant departure from them in what from what other area, then that could result in us issuing some type of


Physical cosmology is the study of the largest scale structures and dynamics of the universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate. Cosmology as a science originated with the Copernican principle, which implies that celestial bodies obey identical physical laws to those unearthed, and Newtonian mechanics, which first allowed us to understand those physical laws. Physical cosmology, as it is now understood, began with the development in 1915 of Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, followed by major observational discoveries in the 1920s. First, Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe contains a huge number of external galaxies beyond our own Milky Way, then, work by Vistoslaffer and others showed that the universe is expanding. These advances made it possible to speculate about the origin of the universe, and allowed the establishment of the Big Bang Theory, by George LeMater, as the leading cosmological model. A few researchers still advocate a handful of alternative cosmologies, however, most cosmologists agree that the Big Bang Theory explains the observations better. Dramatic advances in observational cosmology since the 1990s, including the cosmic microwave background, distant supernovae and galaxy redshift surveys, have led to the development of a standard model of cosmology. This model requires the universe to contain large amounts of dark matter and dark energy whose nature is currently not well understood, but the model gives detailed predictions that are in excellent agreement with many diverse observations. Cosmology draws heavily on the work of many disparate areas of research in theoretical and applied physics. Areas relevant to cosmology include particle physics experiments and theory, theoretical and observational astrophysics, general relativity, quantum mechanics, and plasma physics.


The three most important parts of classroom management for ESL teachers. Classroom management is one of the most important aspects of teaching and is the key to students' successful learning. Consequently, how to effectively manage and run classroom becomes the central theme and sometimes the biggest concern for English teachers, especially when facing young learners. There are a variety of settings with different scenarios but since I currently teach in Japan, here I would like to focus on the class setting in which all students are Japanese, that is, of a single nationality who learn English as a foreign language. The classroom environment. The typical size of my classes are 4 to 6 people and many of the young learners classes consist of children of different ages, ranging from the first to sixth graders.  As a matter of fact, their faces light up as if they found their paradise, when they see a cute doll house with small furniture pieces and fake colorful fruits and vegetables. This is what I intended in order to provide the environment for children to learn the language in national settings, but it also comes with the need for measures to maintain the right balance between having fun and effectively learning. Because of the nature of the small class size, I am often asked to have classes for students who are school classmates, close friends, or brothers and sisters. While it brings great advantages to learn together with their best friends or siblings, some students become overly competitive and try to win all the attention they usually cannot get outside of the classroom, which can inevitably bring some unwanted dynamics into the whole class. In some cases, they act as if the classroom were merely the extension of their home or playground, to say the least. Student behavior. Through interactions with different groups of children, I have consistently noticed how eagerly and almost desperately children are wanting to be heard, and I have felt that this is not just because kids are natural attention seekers. In some cases, it appears to be the manifestation of frustration they are having outside of the class. So, I have tried to be a good listener for them, thinking, if they are holding empty glasses and asking me to fill, why not I just fill them up? At the same time, I have presented the only one rule to my classroom, respect. I have felt the Japanese people are familiar with this word in one way, one. Admire someone or something, deeply, as a result of their abilities, qualities, or achievements. But not the other way, too. Have due regard for, someone's feelings, wishes, or rights. Different languages have different strengths and the second meaning of the word respect above is the one I have felt that the Japanese language is not able to express in one word as English can. In fact, the meaning of the word represents the most valuable lesson I learned from spending time in the US, and therefore this is the word and concept I wish to extend to Japanese children through personal interaction and English teaching in my classroom. Interestingly, after I introduced the word to one group, children started to use the word autonomously to point others improper behavior. However, one day I found out that they were shouting the word respect just in place of saying, be quiet. I explained the difference by asking questions such as, why do we need to wait while someone is speaking? How do you feel when someone interrupts you? Through conversations and discussions like this, I believe they are gradually getting closer to the true essence of the word. Thus, I hope that children learn different languages and cultures through their own experience and discoveries. The Importance of Building Trust in the Classroom Another rationale for taking the type of approach mentioned above in my classroom is based on my observation that students in Japan are expected to be passive in classroom compared to students in the US. In fact, I was so used to having to speak up only when I was pointed that I had difficulty taking part in discussion when I was in the US I had to work hard to develop the skill even after achieving a certain level of language proficiency. Therefore, it is my strong hope that my students gain sound communication skills in my classroom to be assertive while being respectful. It is crucial to develop mutual trust with students, but the fact remains that we all sit in a room to learn a new language after all. Therefore, during the initial stage when the steady relationship is being formed, it is critical to design lessons that are stimulating and engaging for all students in order to maintain a steady progress in terms of language acquisition. Being a good listener as mentioned above, a teacher can learn about individual students and use the information to design lessons and class activities optimized to each group. Once a steady relationship is formed in the classroom, the speed and the level of achievement as well as the student's interest and motivation are expected to increase dramatically. The sound relationship built on mutual trust will not happen in a day, but I strongly believe that this is the indispensable first step of effective classroom management. For students to develop new skills, they first need to feel relaxed, realizing that they do not fight for attentions in the classroom. To provide the stage for all students to shine, I must first turn their trust and respect as a teacher. And to do so, I always need to strive to be the role model in the person who they can look up to. Are you ready to teach English abroad? Speak with an ITTT advisor today to put together your personal plan for teaching English abroad. Send us an email or call us toll free at 1-800-490-0531 to speak with an ITTT advisor today.


Ladies and gentlemen, good morning, good afternoon, and good evening, depending on where you're watching from. Welcome to today's interactive web chat, Youth Setting the Global Agenda, featuring the current and former U.S. youth observers to the United Nations, Donia Nasser and Jackson Dugan. My name's Andy Rabins, and I'm the Special Advisor for Global Youth Issues at the U.S. Department of State and the Office of the Undersecretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, where I focus on helping the U.S. government better engage young people internationally to help solve the pressing challenges of today, while also building greater global connectivity to shape the world of tomorrow. Now, today's program is titled Youth Setting the Global Agenda, because we believe that young leaders from around the world have a unique opportunity to shape the global conversation and landscape, both on account of immense youth numbers and also on account of the new technological tools at our fingertips. Your passionate and informed voices are already being heard in profound ways, and we want to help ensure those powerful voices help set the global agenda going forward. Now, I just returned from the U.N. General Assembly in New York last night, where the Sustainable Development Goals were passed last Friday, and youth were at the center of a global agenda. And today, we're incredibly lucky to have two leading U.S. youth voices with us, Donia Nasser and Jackson Dugan. Now, Donia is the recent appointee to the position of U.S. Youth Observer to the United Nations. Donia graduated with honors from St. John's University this spring. She is a Truman Albright Fellow and currently serves in the Office of Rural Health Policy at the Department of Health and Human Services. I should also note that Glamour Magazine named Donia one of the top 10 college women of 2014. So we'll start with Donia and see if she can tell us a little bit about the role of youth observer and what you hope to focus on over the next year. Thank you, Andy, for that very generous introduction. He fails to tell you all how amazing he is. So essentially, the youth observer role is two-sided. I'm observing what I'm taking in at these different meetings that I'm going to, like the General Assembly, and taking it back to American youth and essentially the world. And I'm also taking the issues that are important to our youth, to the U.N. and representing them. And so the issues that I've identified as very important to me and close to what my advocacy kind of centers on are gender equality and civic engagement and encouraging youth to run for office, and humanizing the work of the U.N. for our youth and explaining how it impacts them directly. And I think that's really important. So I'll be traveling to different conferences and summits, like the General Assembly and the UNESCO Forum coming up, and I'll be taking on different initiatives that I feel like are really important to our youth and are important to the issues that I care about. But also, I want to connect with you all, you know, the youth in this country and what issues are passionate that you're passionate about, and, you know, I'm very active on social media. I think you got a taste of that this weekend if you're following me on Twitter. And so tweet me, email me, I'm incredibly accessible. Great. Thanks, Donia. We're also really lucky to have with us today Jackson Dugan, the previous youth observer whom Donia succeeded. Jackson recently concluded his year-long term and had quite a ranging experience from meeting with policymakers in Washington, D.C. to representing the United States and connecting with global youth leaders overseas. So, Jackson, over to you. If you wouldn't mind just sharing some of the highlights and insights from your time as youth observer. Yeah, of course. Thank you, Andy. I think that one of the biggest highlights for me as the youth observer was traveling to Azerbaijan for a global youth policy conference and interacting with such impassioned youth that came from almost every country on earth. That was very inspiring, and it showed that there's a lot of potential out there to move these now sustainable development goals forward. And if we can continue that momentum, I think we can really have the possibility to achieve those goals. Great. Thanks, Jackson. So before we move ahead with today's discussion, I'd just like to extend a special welcome to all of those joining us from around the world, including those gathered at the viewing parties in Belgrade, Serbia and Tbilisi, Georgia. I'd also like to mention that if you have a question or comment for our two guests, please join the conversation in the chat space below the video player. Additionally, you can also submit questions on Twitter using the hashtag gen-unchat. We're looking forward to hearing from you, and it's a particularly timely moment at this particular time to have this web chat as the United Nations 70th General Assembly commenced on September 15th. Dounia, you were in New York last week for meetings and some of the sessions. Would you tell us a little bit about that experience? I mean, it was both exciting and exhilarating, but also overwhelming because I didn't know where to start. There is so much going on. I wish I could clone myself and go to everything, and I think most people have those sentiments about General Assembly. It is just so amazing. If you're interested about something that, you know, only five people in the world are interested about, I'm sure that there's an event on that at General Assembly. I think probably one of my fondest memories was the panel that I spoke on at the Social Good Summit Masterclass on empowering women. And I was actually, the moderator was Connie Britton. She's this amazing actress who does a lot of great work. And we were talking about gender equality, and I was able to make the point that I think people really loved and were tweeting at me that, you know, gender equality isn't only about women. It's about, you know, their brothers, their fathers, their sons, and all of the men that affect them. And when you're empowering a woman, you're not only empowering her. You're empowering her family, her village, her community. And so I think people really took on to that, and that was really great. Good advice. Good insights. Jackson, sustainable development, specifically climate sustainability, is a central theme of this year's assembly, with the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals and the March the COP 21 in Paris in December. This is also a topic that you've been heavily involved in. So the question for you is, how can young people play an active role in advancing these goals? Yeah, that's a good question and one that I think comes up a lot. Young people have a lot of potential to address climate change, and specifically in the realm of the SDGs. One thing that I think we can do is simply political organization and motivation. So COP, the Conference of Parties in Paris, is coming up, end of November, December. It's a time when the United Nations is looking to set some standards for governments to follow in terms of carbon emissions and greenhouse gas emissions, and really trying to curb climate change while we still can, while we still have this moment in our present to do something about it. And one thing that young people can do is make sure that their governments listen, listen actively to the discussions being heard and discussed in this forum. Another thing we can do is simple lifestyle changes. If we have the means to do so. One thing is taking reusable shopping bags to the shopping market, combining trips to the grocery store, doing simple things like that, taking shorter showers. I currently live in San Francisco, California is in the middle of a drought. We hear about water saving use all the time, and not just water saving use but energy efficiency. California has great carbon emission standards, and these are things that youth can get involved in and learn about and actively seek to facilitate discussion of with their governmental leaders. Fantastic. That's great actionable advice. So it looks like we already have a few questions coming in from our online audience, so let's field a few of them. Emanuel asks, hi. What is the plan for youth participation in the new sustainable development goals? Donya and Jackson, do you guys have some advice? Do you want to go first? That's a great question. Well, the sustainable development goals were crafted to incorporate youth into their current framework. And so there is some latitude for youth to get involved with the current process. And Donya, what did you hear from youth that were just at UNGA and the unveiling of the SDGs? Were they excited about it? Were they? Incredibly excited about it. There's something that was just released called the Youth Gateway. And so I would encourage looking into that because that's a way to really bring in the youth into the work of the SDGs. And something important to note is that the youth were directly involved in crafting the SDGs. So it not only impacts them and incorporates them, but they were created in part by youth. And so I would say, and I've gotten this advice, I would pick a few SDGs that you're particularly passionate about and focus on them. Because if you try to use all your time on 17, I don't think you could be as effective as you'd like to be. Great advice. Youth Gateway is youthgateway.org. It was just launched yesterday by a big partnership led in part by the UN Youth Envoy's office back in New York. So it's a place to look and find ways to mobilize in regards to the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. So our next question, the viewer asks Donya and Jackson, what advice do you have for young leaders watching in regards to identifying challenges and taking action on your campus or in your community or country? I'll go for it. I think one thing when you're identifying a challenge is you need to make sure that you have a connection with that challenge. If you're going to speak to someone in an elected position, if you're going to speak to your peers about this challenge, and you don't have an emotional connection to it, not necessarily too strong an emotional connection. But if you don't have a visceral response to this challenge, you're not going to create a visceral response and catalyze change. So as you're picking your challenges, I think it's important to pick those that are nearest to you personally and professionally. So being gay, I pick LGBTIQ equality. That's huge. And also I work for an environmental nonprofit. I'm passionate about climate change and what we can do for sustainability. Yeah, and just to add to that, be persistent. I can't tell you the amount of times that people told me, Donya, wait your turn or you're too young to be in this space. Give it some time. Your youth doesn't have anything to do with your credibility. And so if there's anything I can tell you is be persistent. If you're passionate about the issue, it'll show. And people will trust you and be knowledgeable research and really understand the issue in and out. And so people can't blame anything on being young. You're just as entitled to having a seat at the table as anyone else. Just a quick follow-up question. I'd heard once a good piece of advice that says, being angry is a good thing and finding ways to channel, first identify what your anger stems from around you and how to channel that anger towards positive results. What you guys, is that accurate from your experiences? I think so. There's a great book in Dignevue by Stefano Hesso who talks about that, having that anger about social injustices and having the visceral response that we were discussing. But being able to channel that into a constructive end result is key. I think the anger itself, the indignation, indignavue, get yourself enraged over something is not enough. You have to have a way to channel that energy and passion and drive into a cause and into a final result. I couldn't agree more. I would say that I am incredibly angry.  I mean, these issues impact me directly and they'll impact my kids if I don't take part in that issue. So that makes me incredibly angry. But I use that anger, like Jackson said, into doing something productive with it. And so I think that your anger is only useful if you're using it to really drive your passion for a cause. Great advice. Thanks. So Mahalia asks, what do the youth ambassadors think could be changed in the United Nations to make all countries have a more powerful voice? I can answer this. I think that one way to do that is if you don't have a youth delegate or a youth observer, encourage your country to create that position. I think that you can't have an effective voice if you're leaving out an entire population. And us as youth were a very sizable population. I think it was 1.8 billion youth in the world. And so we have to encourage the youth to have a seat at the table to have a voice. And if your country doesn't have a youth delegate or a youth observer or some kind of role like that, I would fight to make that happen. I think that would be one of the best ways to have a voice in the work of the UN. Yes, absolutely. And I've heard 1.8 billion. I've heard it discussed by the UN Youth Envoy or Envoy on Youth, excuse me, Ahmed Al-Handawi. It's the $1.8 billion question. What happens to governments when they leave out $1.8 billion in surplus? Youth represent an incredible economic potential, an incredible political potential, an incredible voting bloc. And in terms of incorporating youth more fully into the work of the UN or what's my experience interacting with the youth ambassadors was, is they wanted that greater inclusion. They wanted to facilitate the creation of new youth ambassador posts to the UN. And they wanted to get other people who didn't have that ambassador post involved in their country's political process. Great advice. So we have a question, an online question that asks, young people are known for bringing fresh ideas in a different perspective to the table. How can youth leaders harness these traits when working on tough issues? This is a good one. It's a very good one. Wisdom often comes with age, I think. But I think wisdom more poignantly comes with challenges. And young people across the world face a lot of challenges. And because of that, there's a lot of wisdom stimming from that. If you're facing discrimination as a woman, if you're facing discrimination as a sexual minority, if you're facing discrimination as a religious minority, any sort of minority, those are challenges that can be overcome. And there's a lot of wisdom that is gained through that process. And I think sometimes with political leaders who maybe haven't gone through some of the similar challenges, there's a degree of knowledge that's different. And that degree of knowledge is huge when you're talking about instituting laws or promulgating new laws into effect. And I can't emphasize passion enough. I'm incredibly passionate about the issues that I advocate for. And a lot of those issues are difficult. When you think about gender equality, I think for most people, at least in this space, we think, well, that's a given. Women should be equal to men. But in many spaces, a lot of people disagree with me. And they're like, well, if you have an entire room of women, all you want to talk about is gender equality. And it doesn't have anything to do with men. And in that moment, that's a very difficult situation, being only 22 years old and a room full of experts who are saying this to me. But because I'm so passionate about the issue, because it's so close to me, not only because I'm a woman, but because my mother's experiences and people that I know and women and girls that I've met all around the world, I'm able to explain and sit down that this isn't only an issue for women and kind of like what I explained before. And so that's a tough issue. But my passion shines through. And if there's anything I can encourage is be passionate about your issues. And people will see that. Great. Thank you. Thank you for the advice. Next question is someone asks, in some regions of the world, mobile devices have become primary means of communication. With young people being the largest group of users, how can this level of connectivity be leveraged into active civic engagement? How can the online be translated into the offline? That's also excellent. I think we saw a key example of that in the Arab Spring movement, when we're translating social connectivity and especially the Twitter sphere into collective action and a collective movement. Mona Eltahawi, a journalist, Egyptian-American journalist, often says that Twitter saved her life. She was assaulted in Egypt in Cairo during protests and arrested. And she tweeted out, help me. I need help. And the social connectivity of it. People saw this and they came to her aid. So that's a key example, I think. And I think we're going to see more of that moving forward. I think a very relevant example is this conversation that we're having now. I mean, we're engaging how many youth all around the world, because they're tweeting in questions that we're able to respond. I mean, that civic engagement, voting isn't the only thing when we think about civic engagement. We have all of you asking us questions and we're able to speak to you through this forum. And that right there is activism. And so what better example than this conversation that we're having now? Quick follow-up to that. The past week at the UN, someone actually came up to me and said that our generation of young people, 60% of the world, is actually a pretty apathetic generation. That's all about a term that I'd heard for one of the first times, a clicktivism generation that likes something on Facebook, but doesn't actually take the concrete action to make something happen to see it through. Any advice for how to overcome this perception of an apathetic clicktivism type of generation? So I definitely agree with you. And I kind of say this when we're talking about the youth observer role and how social media is a huge part of it. I preface it by saying, I also believe that social media isn't the only way to be involved and it shouldn't be.  I could say that I'm taking a stand for climate change, but if I'm not really doing anything substantial for that, then that tweet doesn't mean anything. You have to follow up with action. You have to get involved with the organizations. You have to get involved with advocacy efforts because they go hand in hand. I think that one is stronger than when you have both of them together, if that makes sense. Great. Yeah, I completely agree. Those initial steps need to be followed through with action. There needs to be some follow through on what is being discussed. But I also have to play a little bit of the devil's advocate and say my experience as the youth observer, I interacted with thousands of young people who were passionate about getting involved and passionate about the follow through. I think there is enough passion out there and motivation to really affect change. And for the rest of us that maybe have other impotence to getting involved, working three jobs or supporting a young family, those impotence do exist. Showing your support and showing your concerns through the social media is equally valuable. As long as you're being heard and have the connectivity and someone is passionate and a large majority is passionate, I think we can affect change. Great advice, yeah? Yeah, and I think we also need to be cognizant of the number of people and especially young people out there that don't have access to social media and don't have access to internet. And so when we're talking about these efforts and reaching out to youth and civic engagement, we also have to remember a lot of our youth don't have access to those resources. And so how can we be creative and reaching out to those people because we don't wanna leave people out because they don't have access to these resources? Great insights, great insights. One of our viewers asks, Donia, taking a stand against terrorism and violent extremism is on the minds of millions. Do youth have a role to play in this space? I personally think yes, a very strong yes. So I'm a Muslim American, a Middle Eastern American and I take a very, I mean, this is a personal cause for me. I take a very strong stand against violent extremism.  And that's something really terrible that I know not only me, but a lot of youth, Muslim and non-Muslim are passionate about. Andy and I were just at the Global Youth Summit for countering violent extremism and most of the people there were young people, which was such, it was so refreshing to see that because I can't tell you the amount of spaces I've been where we're talking about issues that directly affect young people and yet there are three, four or five of us in the room. Most of the people in that room, in that space were the youth and they were passionate about these issues because their communities are being destroyed by violent extremism and, you know, their religion is being interpreted very falsely, you know, and so if we have a role to play, it's to stand up and do what you can in your community. If, you know, all of the youth that we met are able to do this, especially, you know, in developing countries, then we can definitely do something. Great, Jeff, anything to add? Absolutely, I know that question wasn't addressed to me, but I do have something to add. You know, I think youth have a particularly important role to play because youth are vulnerable. You know, we're going through a transition stage in our life, we're vulnerable to foreign ideologies, we're vulnerable to extremist ideologies. We're searching for meaning. Young people are searching for meaning in the world. There's an economic slump still in many regions and without a job, we're looking for something to do. We need to have a purpose and I think this, above all else, contributes to the extremist cause. It certainly doesn't inhibit it and so that is something that young people can do. We can facilitate purpose among ourselves. We can create collectives that are positive and not negative. And just to add to that, we need to encourage education around the world. I think that's a very large issue in violent extremism, especially for young people getting involved because a lot of vulnerable youth around the world and especially in these regions, vulnerable to extremist violence is that they don't have access to education, they don't have access to health, they're incredibly poor and then you have this organization offering all of that and at that moment, we don't know what's running through these, the minds of these youths and so we need to encourage education, global education, especially for young girls. We need to make sure that young girls and women are being empowered in these communities so they can take a stand. That's great and just a quick reference. Donia mentioned that there was a global youth summit against violent extremism that took place in New York last week and at that summit, there was actually a youth action agenda that was adopted and created that then was presented by one of the youth delegates, young woman named Ilwad from Somalia to the world leaders at the leaders summit, the President Obama and about 100 world leaders on Tuesday morning. If you do have ideas that young people, roles young people can play that engage in this space, we would love to hear from you and we know that we're also, if you're doing great work, we wanna showcase your stories. We have a question now from our viewing group at the US Embassy in Tbilisi, Georgia. They ask HIV is getting more and more serious in Eastern Europe where youth can't get any information about it in the school. How can we force our educational system to implement something that raises awareness about HIV? This is a tough subject. HIV is a contentious subject. Anytime we're talking about a sexually transmitted infection, anytime we're talking about anything in that realm, it becomes contentious culturally and then just politically as well. I think one thing that youth can do to make sure that it is discussed is to talk to someone who is affected and have that individual talk with the personnel in the school. And if you know multiple individuals, have multiples of that afflicted cause come to your locale and interact with the officials in the area. There needs to be a direct contact. And if you can interact with the person afflicted with HIV and introduce, facilitate that introduction, it's even a higher cause because I think a lot of times there's a stigma even about touch. Oh, I don't want to touch someone who has HIV. I might get HIV. And because we don't have the knowledge or the instruction isn't being taught on how HIV is transmitted. So show that you're not afraid to interact with this person, that you're not afraid to have contact with this person and to facilitate that introduction so that they can now talk to your school officials about the importance of having this education and why it's so detrimental when you don't. And just adding to what Jackson said, we need to de-stigmatize the issue. I think that there's a lot of stigma surrounding HIV and even today, there's not a lot of education on it and we need to, one, de-stigmatize but also encourage safe practices as well. Great. We have a question from Islamabad. A couple of viewers ask, we are a group watching from the Helen Keller Center in Islamabad. Everyone is eager to know how youth can contribute to the development of Pakistan. And does this relate to sustainable development goals? You want to take that? Yes. So in the development of Pakistan and in terms of sustainable development, anything that curbs our effect on climate certainly has to do with sustainable development and the sustainable development goals. In terms of development in Pakistan, I think a lot of it has to do with social inclusion and making sure everyone is socially included in the process. I think equal access to healthcare is something that needs to be on the table and is certainly part of the SDGs. When we're talking about renewable resources, Pakistan certainly does have renewable resources and making sure those resources are known and utilized effectively is something that needs to be incorporated into the process as well. And of course, the empowerment of Pakistani girls and we know that through Malala encouraging education for both young girls and boys, encouraging an equal workforce, I think not only youth are marginalized from the workforce but especially young women. And so we need to encourage that. I mean, there are so many SDGs that are relevant not only to Pakistan but a lot of other countries similar. And so again, I have to go back to the empowerment of young girls and women and I think Malala is the perfect example of that. And if you haven't seen the video from last Friday with the United Nations, Malala, one of Pakistan's own actually opened up an incredible session with the Pope in the UN General Assembly Hall with youth in the background holding up candles. It's worth a quick look. Our next question comes from Ann Marie on Twitter who asks, how can we make the youth more engaged in combating climate change? Sarva Jackson. Yes, love it. So one thing, you just mentioned the Pope. The Pope's encyclical came out, right? Talking about climate change or the environment, the importance of the environment was some pretty heavy language. And I think one thing when we're trying to get youth engaged to combat climate change is there needs to be some political momentum from higher ups to parallel our own passion about it. So I think one of the beauties of this encyclical was it came to over a billion Catholics worldwide and in some regions where it's quite conservative and talking about the environment can be kind of taboo or not necessarily on the table. And so facilitating that conversation higher up is great. Once it's facilitated as youth, you can take it and run with it, okay? That's one thing you can do. Also as youth, you can form those collectives around social media, gather the information and make sure that it's disseminated effectively to both your cohort and those in office. So one thing that I work with is climate change a lot of course and just some of the statistics and numbers are kind of staggering. And if you can put that in economic terms as well, if you can frame it in dollars and cents, you're gonna have the attention of a lot of policymakers a lot more effectively than if it were just numbers. So that's another thing, an easy thing to do in terms of information and political mobilization. Great advice. Donia, anything to add there? Just to add to that, I mean he said most of it. Civic engagement is incredibly important. Our elected representatives and senators are there for us. We elect them. And so you need to go out and vote for the candidate that is advocating for combating climate change. And if you're not going out to vote, then you're not doing your part, I think.  So civic engagement is incredibly important in this issue, as Jackson noted. I will also remind folks that in December of this year, there's the COP 21, the large climate summit where global leaders will get together in December in Paris. So there's a lot of opportunity to really mobilize and push around climate in the next few months. We have a question from our viewing group at the US Embassy in Tbilisi, Georgia, who asked a lot of young people go into business for their first jobs after university. What recommendations can you provide them so that they can influence the private sector to take a more active role in sustainable development in protecting the world's natural resources? How can we get the private sector more engaged in the SDG space? So I saw that a lot this weekend, and it was great. You need to show them, and it's not very hard, that getting involved in social entrepreneurship and the SDGs is beneficial for them in the long run. And show them that investing in these ideas and investing in these goals are better for them. And businesses that I've proven to be invested in these advocacy efforts, they start to have, they're more profitable because of that. Because young people are like, well, this business, this corporation is invested in this issue, like climate change, that is very important to me. I'm gonna go to them. And so I saw that a lot this weekend, and that was great because I didn't even know that much about these partnerships with private companies. And that's the future, really. Yes, absolutely. I think one thing that can be done in terms of the private space is ensuring that partnerships exist between the public and private spheres. Without that partnership, it's really hard to get a lot done in your private space. And I think one thing to do is to really use the market. Finding market-based solutions to environmental problems is something that the private sector can do very effectively if they're working with government officials, if they're working in parallel with that. So not simply framing something as this needs to get done, as this needs to happen, but framing it as this needs to get done because if we don't, we're gonna have a $2 billion deficit in our GDP. And here's the solution. Now let me partner with a government official, talk about that solution, and let's get it to action so we don't lose that $200 surplus. People often also say that self-interest drives action. And do you think there's more that can be done to show the private sector that they have that self-interest in some of these SDG-related issues? I think for sure. Again, going with the economic terms of it, because that's a motivation for a lot of people, you need a job, you need to be able to facilitate transactions, is kind of quantifying the economic benefit of some of these services, such as the environment, or what's the deficit of not having access to healthcare? Or what's the deficit of inequality? Once we learn that, it's much easier to talk about it. And also just from a personal standpoint, if you have the experience in it, to bring that emotional ethos into the conversation as well, to bring the emotional aspect into the logos, the logic of it, is something that also needs to be done. And two of the SDGs, so the sustainable workforce, and then also gender equality, I mean both of these in the long run are helping corporations and private businesses because we're not utilizing half of our population if we're not including women in the workforce. And in that way, we're also not creating revenue through them. We don't have half of the population having buying power, which no doubt helps private corporations. So I think most of the SDGs are related to private businesses and them having an interest in the SDGs directly. Great point. So we've got a question from Ephraim, joining us online from the Yali Young African Leaders Initiative Network. He notes corruption, trafficking of children, and bringing peace are serious issues in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the DRC. How can youth join together to work on these issues? I actually had the pleasure of working with Yali leaders at the Goldman School at UC Berkeley two summers ago in 2014. And I think one of the best ways that we can work on issues together is while we were working on issues together, we sat down and we were able to discuss how a lot of the issues we had were very similar and what they were doing in Nigeria and how we could do that here in DC or in Florida. And so we need to have communication because there are a lot of practices that we probably aren't aware of that are being utilized around the world. And so if we're not communicating and we're not creating those lines of communication, then we're not gonna know of those, and that helps both of us. Great. Anything else to add? Yeah, absolutely. I think when we're talking about corruption and a lot of these systematic effects that are inhibiting change or positive change, I think two of the things that often are lacking are monitoring and enforcement. So if young people together can form a cohort, form a group and try to affect that in your spare time, if you can monitor the positive laws that are in effect and enforce them by contacting uncorrupted officials, you can have greater change because a lot of times there's just not the funds in a developing economy or in other regions to monitor and enforce these laws that are in effect. Great, thanks. Quick note is that if you are watching from Sub-Saharan Africa, I would just ask you to take a look at the Young African Leaders Initiative Network. You're welcome to be a part of that. And also applications for the 2015, 2016, Yali Mandela Washington Fellowship has just opened. So take a look at the website and your applications are open. We'd love for you to be a part of that opportunity as well. Ankit from India asks, in developing countries like India, how do we turn demographic challenges into demographic dividends? Great question. I think we're talking about that $1.8 billion question again. How do we turn that into a dividend, a surplus? One thing is inclusion. One thing is mobilization and collusion or what's the word, what's the word, camaraderie. Thank you. Us forming a collective and making sure that we put our voices into the government to turn that $1.8 billion into $1.8 billion potential. Dunya, what do you have to say? I agree 100% with you. I couldn't agree more. I think we have an incredible voice and we have incredible power and so we have to utilize it, just like you said. It's a matter of finding ways that are best for your community and your country to do that and I think it differs and so maybe having more communication about that I think that would be a great conversation to have. I would love to learn more about that myself. Yeah, absolutely. And I mean, young people represent the largest voting block in history. If you're in a democratic nation like India, the largest democracy in the world, you have amazing potential as a young voters block to affect change. I think I heard a statistic even that there are 800 million young people right now in India. So that's a large as Jackson and Dunya mentioned. That's a large power base. Exactly. If you can mobilize for action. I'd love to continue that conversation. That'd be great. We're going to move on to Noon, who writes in, Dunya mentioned that one should fight to have a UN youth observer for their country. I was wondering if she could talk a little bit more about how we can take action on such an incredible initiative. So I have to be honest. I don't know, you know, the exact process of doing this. And again, this is something that I would love to learn and help anyone on. Again, tweet me at US Youth Observer because I'm very active on Twitter. But I'm, I think, and Andy, maybe you could help that you approach your UN, your official like UN delegation that your country has if you don't have one and you approach them. You can go, you know, with a set of reasons as to why it's incredibly important to have a youth voice. And even if you don't have, you know, a youth delegate position right away, start off with something like having a youth observer. You're observing what's happening at the UN and you're bringing it back to the youth and they can really see the value of that. And so, you know, go to them, approach them, and explain, listen, the youth in corp, we're a huge population. We deserve our voice to be heard, especially at an institution like the UN that's focused on the youth and weaves in the youth in almost everything that they do. You know, I think all countries should have a youth delegate. They're making decisions that affect the youth directly. And so, I would love to continue this conversation and help you so, you know, if you have any questions about them and don't know how to go about that, tweet me and direct message me and I would love to, you know, try and help you with Andy and other resources that I have. Great advice. Jackson, anything to add? Yeah, just a quick note. And in terms of creating a youth observer or a youth delegate to the United Nations within your country, it's also important to kind of establish connections and to interact with some already established bodies. So the UN has major working groups. So the major working group for children and youth is an excellent body to get involved with and that's simple, that's easy to do. So the major working group for children and youth. And they have a lot of avenues to get involved with the work of the UN. They have a lot of resources in terms of connectivity and in terms of knowledge base in how to establish a youth delegate program within your country. And there's contacts at the UN that also facilitate this and work with delegations to establish a youth delegate program. And just one more case for it. You know, Jackson and Donia don't just represent their own voices, they represent voices of young Americans around the country. And I think the case can be made for other countries having their young people representing a larger demographic of stakeholders that then can actually push policies important to young people at the negotiating table. So we wish you luck and we're happy to work with you in our regard. A question has come in for Donia. Someone asks, I heard that the global youth summit against violent extremism happened last week in New York. Why is it important for youth leaders to engage in this space? I think we talked about this a little bit. It's important because violent extremism is affecting youth directly and is directed towards youth. We're having a lot of these extremist groups and like ISIS that are targeting young people who are incredibly vulnerable. Why? Because they don't have access to food. They don't have access to shelter. They don't have access to education. They don't have access to health. I mean, we're talking about extreme poverty. That says, listen, we're going to give this all to you. Just come join us. We have to get involved because those are our brothers and sisters around the world. We're global citizens, right? Something that's affecting a youth in Iraq or Syria is affecting me too indirectly because we're creating a space in the world that isn't peaceful. And I don't care if we don't see that directly. It definitely affects us. And so you should get involved in this space because... for humanity. Because those are, like I said, those are our brothers and sisters being affected by it. But also, that's going to affect us once, you know, the violence creeps into our space.  And young people were not only the future, we're the now. We need to start taking action. Great. Anything to add, Jackson? Yeah, with that, young people are the now and we need to promote cause among our own cohort. We need to promote inclusion. We need to promote social connectivity so that there's not this political disenfranchisement that makes youth so vulnerable to this extremist cause. And we need to educate one another about global extremism, right? We need to educate about how to counter these things. I think a lot of people don't understand what ISIS is, how ISIS came to be. We need to educate one another because once we're educated, how to tackle these root causes even from other countries. So even if we're not, you know, where ISIS is, if we understand how they work, then maybe we can create different initiatives in our own communities for, you know, targeting those groups and countering that violence. Great. And just to add to that, you know, extremism also for young people is not just focused. It is focused on terrorism and ISIL and Boko Haram and Al-Shabaab. It's also focused on other challenges in your own community. It's focused on all its forms, whether it's gang violence, whether it's challenges around kind of animosity towards certain religions or certain types of people. So there are opportunities to engage in this space at the local, national or international level. And we hope that more people will help us try to combat some of these challenges. And I think one of the ways, like, Andy, we were able to do that recently was, you know, Ahmed from Texas. The hashtag stand with Ahmed. I thought that was really great. I mean, that was clearly a case of Islamophobia all over the world. We're standing up for him. And I thought that was incredible. So I agree with you. So our next question is for Jackson. Someone asks, we're wondering if you might share your thoughts on what building your professional networks and personal meetings with other youth delegates has meant for you? Personal notes. Personally, it's been incredible. I have had the opportunity to work with some amazing people from around the world. Some of these countries are not... You know, they don't have 300-plus million people. And as young people, they're already in very high-level positions. You know, to have had the honor to work with them has been very humbling. It's been incredibly humbling. It's also been incredibly empowering to see these individuals as that, as individuals and not humongous figures that we need to live up to. So when we're thinking about that, everyone's a person. We all have our own strength. So remember that you have the similar strengths as someone in power. And that's something that I took from my years as a U.S. youth observer. Great insights. Anything to add from just getting going? Yeah, so I just started, but I mean, there are so many youth delegates that... It's just amazing. So I met Yilt from the Netherlands. I mean, he biked from Amsterdam to South Africa, you know, for a cause. And I mean, that's incredible, you know, to meet people like that.  I'd love to get to know, you know, people like that all over the world. And we're so interconnected, so it's just so exciting. Great. So we're, unfortunately, getting towards the end of our program, but we're going to take one more final question from our online chat space. Dov in Egypt writes, how is the U.N. relevant to me? And how can I volunteer to serve my country? That is a good question. We have to keep questions and answers a little brief here. Right, so the U.N. is relevant to you because it tackles so many multidisciplinary problems. When you get to the U.N., all of a sudden you realize that all of these problems are interconnected. You can't talk about one without talking about another, and another, and another, and another. So if you get involved at one of the United Nations, chances are you're likely going to ameliorate the effects of a lot of challenges worldwide simply by getting involved in one area. And how you can volunteer? I mean, you have a U.N. delegation like in your country, so I've reached out to them. I promise you they probably don't have many youth reaching out to them, asking them how they can get involved. Be that person to reach out. How can I get involved? Can I join this committee? Can I be your youth delegate? Can I intern for you? There's always ways to get involved, and they're looking for young people to try and get involved and, you know, offer their voice and perspectives. Fantastic. So, unfortunately, it looks like we're out of time. Thank you all so much for your fantastic questions and for joining us today. We've covered a lot of ground, and hopefully some of the young people who are watching have been inspired to take action on some of these issues. Whether they be on a local or a global context. Donya, do you have any final thoughts? Last words for our group. So I have big shoes to fill in, not only Jackson, but also you, Andy. And I think what I want to emphasize, and I've made this point, is that this position isn't about me and what I'm interested in only. It's about all of you and how I can help you. And I'm incredibly accessible, so please reach out to me if there's anything I can do. I promise I respond to every single tweet. I know that's very difficult. But again, this isn't about me and I think Jackson agrees. It wasn't about us, it was about who we represented. And so we're here for you and we're accountable to what you want. Any final thoughts for the audience? Yes. To add on Donya's final message, you can reach out to me as well through Twitter or other means and I'm very responsive. I'd love to facilitate conversation or facilitate movement and find that indignavu moments. Find that moment of this whole response and channel that energy. Channel that frustration into political change and catalyze action. Fantastic. Well, in closing, I'd like to thank Donya for both their efforts as U.S. youth observers to the United Nations and also for their insights this morning, this afternoon and also this evening depending on what you're watching. They're not just representing, as Donya mentioned, their own voices, but the collective voices of young Americans around the country. A big shout out as well to the viewing groups in our embassies in Tbilisi, Georgia, who asked some great questions and also the Belgrade Serbia and to all of you who watched the program and submitted such great questions today. Thanks again for tuning in and have a great day.


What is diabetes? Diabetes is a disease that occurs when your blood glucose or blood sugar is too high. There are many types of diabetes, but the two most common are type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is commonly diagnosed in childhood, but does not mean that adults cannot get it. In this disease, your body makes antibodies which destroy your pancreas, rendering you unable to produce any insulin and you require insulin for survival. This by far is the minority of patients. The majority of patients have type 2 diabetes. In this condition, your body is resistant to the effects of insulin. In both conditions, chronic elevations in blood glucose can lead to complications which we call microvascular or macrovascular complications. These include damage of internal organs like your eyes, kidneys and nerves and increase your risk of heart attack and stroke. Therefore it is very important to control blood sugars or glucose in order to prevent these complications. Who should be tested for diabetes? The current recommendations are that anyone aged 45 years or older should be screened for diabetes. If this initial test is normal, you should be retested every three years. Certain people who carry higher risk factors should be tested sooner. Patients who have a family history, if they are overweight or obese, or are members of certain ethnic groups such as African American, Asian American, Native American, Hispanic American or Pacific Islanders need to be screened sooner. How is diabetes diagnosed? Diabetes can be diagnosed by using one of four commonly used tests. Probably most commonly used right now is a hemoglobin A1C. Your doctor may also test a fasting plasma glucose, which is a blood test drawn before eating or a random blood glucose, or he or she may choose to perform an oral glucose tolerance test. What is a hemoglobin A1C test? That's a great question. A hemoglobin A1C test is a test that doctors commonly use to either diagnose diabetes or follow the long term control of diabetes. What it measures is the amount of blood sugar that is bound to your red blood cell or hemoglobin. Every patient, whether they have diabetes or not, has a certain percent of blood sugar attached to their red blood cells. When you have diabetes, the chronic elevation binds to the blood cell at an accelerated rate and thus we are able to follow the long term control or make a diagnosis for diabetes based on this test. What can someone do to manage their diabetes? Again, that's a great question. Unfortunately, there is no cure for diabetes and requires ongoing management. The first and most important thing I like to tell my patients to do is receive appropriate education. Diabetes requires so much self-management, which the day to day patient needs to comply with in order to be successful in. When I mean lifestyle management, what I mean is eating the right things, obtaining regular exercise and maintaining a healthy weight. At times lifestyle management is not sufficient to control diabetes and you'll require medications and therefore you should consult with your doctor at that time. What's the biggest myth about diabetes and food? So I'm frequently asked this question and what I find as someone comes to me and says, I was just diagnosed with diabetes and now I can't eat any sugar or carbohydrates for the rest of my life. And that's simply not true. Patients actually need a little bit of carbohydrate or sugar in their diet every day. It's required to make sure that your body functions properly. What is important is to limit and have a portion control as to how many carbohydrates you eat daily and choosing the appropriate carbohydrates.  What is the Diabetes Education Center at NYU Winthrop? So the Diabetes Education Center at NYU Winthrop Hospital is a tremendous resource available to our community. It was actually the first diabetes education center opened in New York State and it is run by certified diabetes educators, nutritionists and registered dietitians. At our Diabetes Education Center, you can receive comprehensive diabetes education when you complete the core program. You can receive medical nutritional therapy, meaning instructions on how to read food labels, learning about appropriate dietary selection, meal planning and also you can have very high level training from some of our diabetes nurses on some of the current technology available such as continuous glucose monitors and insulin pumps. What type of doctor should someone see to manage their diabetes? So generally what's recommended is that patients when they're first diagnosed with diabetes should be seen by their primary doctor whether that's an internist or a family medicine doctor and they can start by building your diabetes care team which should consist of a diabetes educator, a nutritionist and certain times when your case is complex or you have type 1 diabetes it will require the care of a specialist and that would be an endocrinologist. What is an insulin pump and how does it work? An insulin pump is a device that's used to administer insulin. It's used in patients who require continuous insulin therapy. The traditional type of pump is one in which there's an insulin reservoir, a pump, tubing and this is attached to the patient right beneath the skin. This insulin pump continually delivers insulin and replaces the need for multiple daily injections. The continuous little basal rate which we call replaces the long-acting insulin patients would normally use and when it's time for meals patients calculate their carbohydrates and enter the amount that they're going to be eating in their pump and it delivers the insulin requirement for their food. The second type of insulin pumps are patch pumps. In a patch pump the insulin is stored in this device and it is applied to the skin and it obviates the need for tubing. The personal diabetes manager communicates via the pump with Bluetooth. All the pumps on the market right now have the same essential features and you should speak to your physician or diabetes educator as to which one is most appropriate for you. What is a continuous glucose monitor? In order to really delve into that question it's important to first understand how we conventionally monitor blood glucose. A glucometer is a device in which patients can monitor their blood sugar at certain points in time during the day. You may be told by your doctor to either check before breakfast, before dinner or two hours after meals and this information can be very useful but it only gives us a point in time of what your blood glucose is. Sometimes this information is not enough and we want real-time ongoing assessment. A continuous glucose monitor is a device in which a patient puts a tiny electrode beneath their skin and this device allows the glucose to be measured every five minutes and report it to a receiver and displays trends of glucose and provides a lot of valuable information to clinicians in regards to your blood glucose basically minute to minute. Is it true that children with diabetes should avoid exercise? It's one of those things that you commonly hear but again is simply just not true. Although there is a risk with children with diabetes when they exercise of developing hypoglycemia or a low blood sugar this does not mean that they should never exercise and it's quite important for them actually to partake in regular physical activity. Throughout the past decades there's been so many advancements in terms of diabetes technology with insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitor. We've really been able to manipulate and adjust the amount of insulin children get when they get it and monitor for hypoglycemia sooner than when the symptoms develop. Does everyone with diabetes need to give themselves injections? I get this question asked of me all the time. For patients with type 1 diabetes the answer is yes. These patients require insulin for survival and they need to administer insulin multiple times throughout the day. For patients with type 2 diabetes the first line of treatment is lifestyle modification followed by pills. Unfortunately some patients do progress and do require the use of insulin to treat type 2 diabetes. How can I prevent diabetes? The most important thing you can do to prevent diabetes is leading a healthy lifestyle.   If you've already been diagnosed with pre-diabetes the NYU Winthrop Diabetes Education Center has a diabetes prevention program which has been demonstrated to reduce your risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes. For more information on NYU Winthrop Hospitals Diabetes Program please call 1-866-WINTHRUP or visit us online at NYUWINTHRUP.org


Welcome to JSA TV, the newsroom for tech and telecom professionals. I'm Jamie Scott-O-Cutaya of JSA here at ITW 2019 in Atlanta. With my good friend, Mr. Mark Diamond, he's the Executive Vice President and Chief Revenue Officer of FiberLite. Mark, welcome to JSA TV. Yeah, thanks for having me on. It's a pleasure to have you, a known thought leader in our space. We're excited about this conversation today. And for our viewers, let's just back up, make sure they know. Tell us a little bit about how FiberLite ignites digital transformation. Yeah, you know, I think it starts with kind of thinking about digital transformation, right, as things move away from kind of traditional locations, that requires a different network architecture. So we think about it in three different ways. One is, do you have the density in the ground, right? Do you have the fiber counts in strand? So whether you're building a live net, a lit fiber network, or you're doing a, or a dark network, do you have that? And just there's not a lot of networks that have that density. Secondly, I think about from a diversity standpoint. So gone are the days of just having one secondary route. We're now running into opportunities where it's two, three, or four different diverse routes. And being able to have those already in our inventory or being able to construct them is key to that digital transformation. Because again, with the stuff living in different locations now, you've got to, the network becomes all that more important. And then the last piece I think is just the depth and piece of it, meaning all our networks for the most part are constructed underground. So from a security standpoint, from a standpoint of just reliability and not being susceptible to typical aerial networks, I think is how we think about and how we're able to ignite having those key components for digital transformation. I love that. So we were talking capacity, we're talking reliability and redundancy, and we're talking depth and security. So I love those. What type of businesses or verticals are you guys best fit for? Yeah, the hyperscalers are big clients of ours, so that's a key growing expansion area. We've also been very involved in the wireless side, not only the traditional four big MNOs, but also we think a little bit about the in building guys and what's going on there on the small cell side, as well as because we have rural fiber in a lot of areas, we've done a great bit of work with the wireless ISPs. So they're great traction with those guys and that's kind of emerging as well. And then any typical infrastructure network operator, those are just no-brainers for us. And then coming behind that with an enterprise play is that enterprise kind of customer changes, what their makeup and traditional lit services is not good enough for finding good traction with those large enterprise clients. Right, and of course here today at ITW, our telecom marketplace on full display, what's our message here for telecom network operators? Yeah, four different ones. One, as we move away from just being a pure fiber infrastructure player, we've moved into the service provider space. So Data Center Interconnect is a big play for us, so we have over 120 data centers in our markets. We're now offering a standardized pricing and package for low latency direct routes in and out of all the data centers at 100G. So excited about that, very well received already. Continuing kind of the dark fiber side, there's an element of transaction lies in that business. So we did a significant overbuild in Data Center Alley up in Ashburn. We just completed that. We've now populated one of our own conduits with a 1728 count fiber, and we're now actually offering standardized pricing. So businesses and whether it's enterprise hyperscalers, whoever want to go really fast, they can just buy that and go quickly. And then over the past year, we've been marketing a near net program to 78,000 buildings that are close to our network with preset pricing. That's again starting to get some traction with the operators. And last is just our ability to construct and do that custom work we've always done. That still seems to be our bread and butter, and we embrace that in our construction DNA. So that's that's been great. Amazing, amazing. So stepping back, let's talk data center solutions because I know a lot of my data center friends out there are going to be very interested about this. Tell us a little bit more, particularly in that Dallas Fort Worth area, which is popping right now. Yeah, yeah, it's one of our densest markets. I mean, I just think about that whole area is back to the what I was saying at the beginning, right? We have that density. So I think about it from a life cycle standpoint.   So we catch them at that point in the life cycle. And then for the very large customers that say, Hey, I've been buying dark fiber, but now I need to have my own conduit that you guys build for us in a very custom manner. We can also address that so very customized kind of different life cycle approaches to catch them. But I'm exciting that we can participate in that high bandwidth arena. It's like scalability on demand here. I love it. So how does your recent partnership with Blue Planet for the drive this quality of service you offer to your customers? Yeah, I think it's, you know, it's, it's that quality of service. So there's probably three different areas. The first is I think about it from a, you know, from a provisioning standpoint, right? There's this service will allow us to take the human error element out about it. So when you go to provision stuff, there's always the risk of human error. So this system will have our data and be able to kind of orchestrate circuits and kind of think ahead and understand our inventory. That's one. And then two, just taking that information that we already have on hand and three GIS and our outside plan information, and now having the ability for employees to click a button and see that whole kind of circuit from what's the cross connect? What's the what are the laterals from the building? What's that long haul or metro component? And then what's the other side of it? So that we can easily identify the trouble spots and reduced MTTR from a knock management standpoint. So that's really impactful from that standpoint. And then the last piece I think is just when you think about doing network maintenance outages and being scheduled and this platform has the ability to kind of learn from previous events. And so now we can be more predictive about kind of anticipating potential network troubles. So those three areas are that's really huge and it's really going to allow us to leapfrog into the future from that standpoint. Yeah, amazing visibility and proactive management, which is key, key for keeping us all up and running as we take on new digital transformation solutions. So exciting times. Where can our viewers go to learn more? Fiberlite.com great resources, a lot of different tools out there. All our network maps are public. You can find out about us and our solutions. And so again, appreciate the opportunity. Absolutely Fiberlite.com right there. Go ahead and click on it guys. Obviously a company to watch. Mark, you always teach me. Thank you so much for all your insight. And thank you viewers for tuning in to JSA TV here at ITW. Happy networking.