's a bridge there as well, but most of that is in the North as it is today. And so there was a battle going on there, last to 13 days from the 22nd of May. What kind of a battle? What are we talking about? How many men, what kind of equipment are we talking? Well, so the anti-treaty and the pro-treaty were working together to push back the Northern B specials. And Churchill had sent over armored cars. It's over a shipload of men and armory to put in place that he was going to take on this anti-eblian, the anti-treaty side. He didn't realize that Collins' pro-treaty side was working with the anti-treaty side. In fact, Joe Collins or Joe Sweeney, who was the officer in command for the Free State, went to Petico during the battle. He was actually shot at. So Collins said, dumb, he said, look, I don't know what's going on. Must be the anti-treaty side, but all along he did know. And so what happened was basically there was a shootout and the English had about 1,500 soldiers. The forces that they used, the equipment that they used against 150 on the Irish side, I mean, they did very, very well. Unfortunately, three men were shot in the Battle of Petico. Three men were killed, IRA men, flood McKinney and Cairney, and there's a statue there in Petico to commemorate them. But the English Army secured Belique, and it was clear from that that they were not going to relinquish their control of the six counties. They would support it in every way possible. And if the Republicans were to succeed in the Civil War, their plan was to go back into Ireland and they were going to use the north as a way to come down back in. And they had a plan to go from Derry to Bondurin almost immediately and then move out from that side into the south that way and then move down to Drahada. So that was their plan. So the Civil War then breaks out. The men here in Donegal don't know what's going on. What are we going to do? So they had a meeting. Shan the Han, who was the head of the anti-treaty side and Joe Sweeney, they met in Drombol. And basically Joe Sweeney said, look, I'm the official army here. You're not, you're an imposter. Out you get, and I treat you as an enemy if you don't move back. And this is it. I have a job to do and I'll follow my orders. And Charlie Daly was at that meeting as well. And he was saying, look, we don't want to be fighting with you. This is not our issue. Our issue is the six counties. And he said, I'd rather die at the hands of fighting in the north at the be specials than at the hands of our own fellow Irish men. So Charlie Daly very quickly realized where this was heading. And so basically that then led to the two sides hardening here in Donegal, the pro and anti-treaty sides. Hardening against each other? Hardening against each other? Yeah, absolutely. And a lot of misunderstanding, unfortunately. And where would they locate? So was there a HQ for pro-treaty, a HQ for anti-treaty in Donegal then as such? Because I just wonder, everything that we live and experience now is in some way rooted in the past, whether we realize it or not. So were there like HQs as such or parts of the county with concentrations of anti-in-pro? Yeah, well, there were. See, right away when the Civil War started, Joe Sweeney almost immediately captured a large sway from, say, Bondor and right up into any show on that whole eastern side of Donegal. Now, the Republicans were still there. For example, the two forces were encamped in Rafoe, one end of the town and one on the other.  But the main headquarters for the Free State Army was in Drombeau, you see? And they were about, the Free State Army were not 100% sure, but they had at least 3,000 to 4,000 men. The Republicans at an estimate maybe had 3,400 men. So economy of scale, it wasn't going to ever happen that the Republican side were going to do one in Donegal, but they continued what their ideology and continued to fight. And there was a number of skirmishes. So for example, there was a skirmish. They were robbing the Belfast Bank in Von Cranagh on July. And unfortunately, there was two young girls killed in the crossfire. One was nine, and one was 18 and very sad. But the Republicans were robbing the Belfast Bank for money, if that makes sense, and to facilitate their own survival. For the war chest. Yeah, war chest. And this then, the Free State Army said, well, this isn't happening anymore in Donegal. We can't have this. So immediately, some extra men were sent from Drombo to heading towards Von Cranagh to control that area. And on their way, they went into Newton, Newton Cunningham. And the IRA had withdrawn from Von Cranagh into that area. And Charlie Daly had come back over from the border. He was in Tyrone the previous day. And there was a shootout there. And there was four Free State shoulders shot there. Now, Charlie Daly and others would say, look, it wasn't us that started this. It wasn't our battle. And they'll claim that it was more an accident more than anything else. And that was the Free State shooting at them and them shooting at the Free State. But the Free State had to leave. But just to be clear, there's people from Donegal on both sides. Absolutely. So there are, theoretically, there are people from Donegal, this is only 100 years ago, there are people from Donegal of a particular viewpoint that are turning their guns or would be prepared to unfellow Donegal people with a different attitude. Absolutely. And that's the sadness of it. For example, in the Free State that day in Newton Cunningham, John McGinney from my own area from God of Hark was killed. There was Eddie Gallagher from Burton Port, Adan McGill from Mardra, and then there was Edward Murray from Science Mill. So three of those four men that were shot in that shootout between the Republicans and the Free State were from Donegal. And so what happened was that Joe Sweeney in the army had the power, had the machine guns, had the armaments. And basically, they rooted them out of rifle. And eventually, then, the Republicans had to go in the run, so to speak, in withdrawal. And they came back into Glen Bay Castle. And that became their headquarters and were able to fortify that. And from that, then, there was a raid on Drum King. There was a Drum King ambush. Well, can we get to that? I tell you, I have to. We'll pick it up from there if that's OK, Joe. Because I don't want to. If you've got the time, I want to sort of. We're getting up now, really, to the crux of the conversation. But I do have to take a break. So stay with us more from Joe after these. Watch the show live now on YouTube, Facebook, and at highlandradio.com. The Ninetal Noon Show is brought to you by Letter Kenny Credit Union. Digital loans now available. Apply online or via our app today and get your loan transfer directly to your current account. New this week in home store and more. All Pyrex is all half price. But better hurry, because when all the half price Pyrex is gone, it's gone. Also, all toilet seats and all mirrors and clocks are all still half price. But when all the half price toilet seats and all the half price mirrors and clocks are gone, they're definitely gone. Drop by your local home store and more. Or visit us online at homestoreandmore.ie. Home store and more. A happy home. Letter Kenny Show Society annual pedigree bull sale will be held in Rafomart on Tuesday, 7th of March at 6.30 PM with 50 pedigree bulls on offer, consisting of 32 shorelay, eight limousines, five Hereford, and five Angus. All stock are eligible for export to Northern Ireland. Online bidding available on martbids.ie. That's this Tuesday at Rafomart. Stop, Highland Radio are going to Scotland from Monday the 1st of May to Thursday the 4th of May with the very best of music and we would love for you to join us. Staying at the four-star Crown Plaza Hotel in Glasgow, we are bringing with us some of the biggest country stars including myself, David James, Declan Ernie, and Robert Moselle to name a few. You will enjoy luxury travel to Glasgow, three nights dinner, bed, and breakfast with music and entertainment each evening. Join us on the Highland Fling to Glasgow this May for only €575 per person. To book, call Highland Radio today on 074 9125,000. Early booking is advisable, single supplement applies. Okey-doke, we are talking history with Dr Joe Kelly and we are focusing on the drumbo martyrs. So in the timeline, Joe, and I don't mean you choose my language to be in any way disrespectful, but where are we at now? Are we coming up to the point where we can talk about their movements before the days of their capture or if we have a little bit of time to bridge before them? Yeah, well, basically what happens is you bring it up there. In July, basically the anti-treaty side were more or less on the run. They were based in Glendale. Then there was the attack on Drumkeen on the 4th of July. They knew that the three state army were moving men from letter Kenny to drumbo, drumbo being the headquarters. Charlie Dilly decided to have an ambush. There was a car going ahead and a three state army car going ahead and then the lorry with the men coming behind, they held up the car, but the car carried on speeding. They shot at the car and one man died immediately and the driver died subsequently and two others in that car were injured. They actually captured them, but released them later on from Glendale to get medical attention. So two people died again there, two soldiers, three state soldiers. And at this stage, Joe Sweeney was saying, look, we're going to have to squeeze this a lot harder now and push them totally out of the county. And so they realized, the Republicans realized that their net was getting closer and it was getting smaller for them. So they abandoned Glendale and went on the run and they moved more or less into Northwest Dunnegal and took the Honeyly Inga door and that was the area they were in. And so by September, October, the three state army had more or less captured the most off Dunnegal. And there were certain raids and the Republicans were still carrying out certain raids and things, but for the most part, if you look at the army reports, the three state were in control of most of the county at that stage. And so that brings us then to the last of the columns survival that they were staying in God of Hark. They'd been spotted some weeks earlier in and around that area. There was constant raids and these men were getting exhausted. Daley, Enright, Sullivan, and there were also Dunneley men and Dunnegal, Frank Ward was with them and Dan Coyle from Glendale leaves with them. So there was a number of them there and then for example, rated the co-op in Ghidor so the three state army knew that they were in that area. And then one of the men in Glendale was seen talking to them about a week before they were captured. He was arrested and interrogated to find out where they were. So they were staying in God of Hark the night before they were captured. And would they have been housed by people, safe houses, people sympathetic to their point of views? So do we have any knowledge of their movements where they were moving from and what kind of places they were staying and what their lives were like during that period of time? Well, there were a lot of good Republican families in Clare Neely and some of them are still there. The cannons in McLaughlin's, they were staying there. The O'Donnells, they were staying in different, the McGee's, they were staying in different houses. And there was two buildings just at the edge of God of Hark, one was Barracks One and Barracks Two. One of the houses is still there, Sheila New-Googan's house. And they stayed there from time to time. And I mean, I've recorded a number of people from that time, all dead now, believe it or not. But they're telling me that, for example, they would make meetings for them. But once they would come into the house, the light would have to go out. And somebody there would be unguarded outside. And so on occasions, I had to escape out the back door and different things like that were happening. But the army were getting intelligent information, basically, that these men were in the Clohony Ligador area. And so, therefore, they were on high alert for that. And so what happened was, they stayed in Sheila New-Googan's house in God of Hark and Father O'Donnell's house in God of Hark, just on the way into God of Hark, on the night prior to their capture. And they then were taken up in the afternoon to head towards Dunne-Louis. And the plan was to take them to Fentown. Now, at the same time, the hand shan the hand who was the commander of the anti-treaty forces in Dunne-Gaul, he wasn't in Dunne-Gaul, he was in Dublin, had sent a message to Charlie, that, you know, Dunne-Gaul's funny is to get out. Unfortunately, the man carrying the dispatch, a man from Carriagart, got sick. And so the dispatch never got to God of Hark. And some would believe that they were spied upon and informed them as they were going up to Cachna Gaul and heading up and towards Dunne-Louis, the back way into Dunne-Louis from God of Hark, if anybody's familiar with that part of the terrain. And basically informed the Free State Army that these men were heading towards Dunne-Louis. And Charlie Daley and them were there, himself and his comrades were there, in Dunne-Louis in two different houses in Sharkey's house in Dublin. And the Free State Army led by Captain McBrarty and his men surrounded the houses. And Daley had said, look, we were exhausted. There was a quarter past seven in the evening, we were exhausted and they didn't put up a sentry or anything like that because they were just too tired. And they were hardly in bed at 7.15 when they were just captured. And that was in November 1922. So they were taken into Fulcara barracks and from that then out to Drum Bull. And what were they charged with? Well, funnily enough, the court case didn't happen until about two months later. And on the 18th of January, now there was Daley and Enright and the Sullivan and the Han and Larkin, but there was also Joseph Donahee from Limevady, Dan Coyle from Fulcara and Frank Ward from Dunne-Louis. They were all captured. And there was a military court held, now this is November when they were captured, January the 18th of January, 1923, was when the military court was held and they were charged for being in possession of armaments and guns, which was according to the new regulations of the, and we maybe talk about that, the new regulations that were imposed by the Free State was that if you were caught with the legal arms, then the death sentence would be passed on you. So the death sentence was passed on them in January, but it wasn't acted upon right away, if that makes sense. And would a decision have to have been made as to what the right thing was to do next? In other words, what could be the consequence of their execution? In other words, could it be, obviously there was a wanted to send a message, would it be counterintuitive that it could actually end up sort of, rallying the troops, let me put it like that? Well, see, the thing is that the way it worked was that the government, Michael Collins did not want to execute anybody and while he was still there, he wouldn't allow that to happen. He died on August 22nd, 1922, but within a month, weeks, sorry, and weeks of him dying, a law was passed, Special Powers Act was passed, which allowed for the death sentence and executions by the Free State. And they realized very quickly that they executed four in Dublin that it wasn't having an effect on the rest of the country. So they delegated the responsibility and in January 1923, each of the local commanders of the Free State and each of the respective counties had the authority to set up a tribunal and to pass judgment for execution. So in essence, Joe Field had been mandated that authority from headquarters in Dublin because they didn't want it to be an execution always based in Dublin. They wanted to take the executions back into each county to deter republican activity. And this basically what they were saying was, these men will be executed if you continue to shoot at us or continue to fight in this civil war. And should something happen to one of us, then these men that are on death row, so to speak, that have been, death sentence has been passed on them, will be taken out. Hence the martyrs then, of course. Can I ask, because I could do another two hours on this. I'm just curious, what was the view of the clergy at that time? Because, you know, presumably the local bishop, he would have been above people of all different points of view, maybe trying to find some sort of, like, did the church intervene at all or attempt to or? Yeah, well, the church would always go with the status quo. That would have been the understanding. That's the history of the Catholic church in that respect. And they came out with a pastor letter in November 1922, basically saying that to shoot, that the anti-treaty were committing murder because they were attacking the legitimate government of Ireland. And actually the Vatican wasn't too happy and the Pope wasn't too happy with the stance the bishops had taken with regards to this, believe it or believe it not. They didn't think that they were right in that view to make a judgment of that nature. And so many of the Republicans were, so to speak, ex-communicated, even though as we'd seen it around, they obviously dissacred them before they were executed and these were very Catholic and good men in that respect with regards to their faith. So, talk to us then about the day of their execution and how that unfolded and where. Well, basically what happened was in Cresla, the Cresla Fair Day, there was a shooting. And what happened basically, that was on the 10th of March, 1923, a Captain Bernard Canning from Litchermake Award who was in the barracks. A number of men had been drunk and had been arrested and there was a shootout in which he went to the front door and he was killed, followed into the heart, killed on the inside of the door. And the Republicans were blamed, the anti-treaty side were blamed for this. Now my research would lead me to believe that it had nothing to do with Republicanism. It was some men in Cresla that had guns and weren't too happy that some people had been arrested that they'd been out drinking with. And there's various different historical opinions on that. But Patrick O'Donnell made it very clear he was high up in the IRA command at that time that this was not a planned attack by the Republicans. So are you saying that the drumbo-mortars then were killed under false pretenses? Well, I mean, I would argue that all the 77 that were executed was unconstitutional. And in fairness to Leo Veradker, I mean, he's broached that as well. Certainly the first four were unconstitutional. Michael Martin in recent times has also called, you call murder, murder. Personally, and this is maybe my own perspective and maybe understanding it from a historical point of view, these were tribunals that were, court marches that were tried out, tried and carried out by the army. And I don't believe due process was followed. The problem we have now is that when De Valeric came to power in 1932, the government that preceded him, the free state initial government burned all the records of the tribunals, the military tribunals, knowing that if they were there, there would be serious questions asked and finger pointing with regards to the validity of these executions. So how were the, and when I asked about false pretenses, I didn't mean in the wider scale of things and in the constitutional context, I mean, off the back of that incident in Creceler, just in case anyone believes I was saying something differently. So what, they were executed, was it a public? How was that conducted? And then what happened to the remains afterwards? Well, what happened basically last there, when then within hours of Captain Cannon's message going to headquarters, Mulcahy, then in the headquarters in Dublin, he was the commander in chief, sent a message to Joe Sweeney, execute four men. And Joe Sweeney says, what, execute four men, send back a message, can you confirm this? And Joe Sweeney didn't want to do this. He knew these men, he knew Charlie Daley, he went to college with them or school with them. And no, the order was confirmed. Bishop O'Donnell tried to get on to Mulcahy as well and phone calls were made. Again, Mulcahy was having none of it. The orders were orders, these men were to be executed. And so Joe Sweeney had to organize their execution. Now, there's a lot of debate about Joe Sweeney. You know, he could have stopped them. He was a man in charge, et cetera, et cetera. I mean, that's very controversial.  Well, one has to be very, very careful. But they were told just the evening before they were executed on the 13th of March at four o'clock in the evening that they would be executed the following morning. They didn't know at this stage that they were going to be taken out and executed. And so they were taken out the following morning into Drumbo Woods. And the four of them were similarly executed, believed to be by men that were former British Army officers. And actually Joe Sweeney left Drumbo that day not to be there for the shooting. So he didn't actually oversee it. And they were buried there. And then in Drumbo, their bodies were exhumed in 1924, but August, September, 1924, taken to Athelon Barracks and then given back to the families where they were later buried. And as we know, they're in Drumbo at the moment. There's a Celtic Cross was buried there where they were executed in 1955. And another one then on Sturnauer, or just on the street there in Sturnauer, there was one lovely cross erected there in 1958 as well. So that's just to commemorate the men that Drumbo martyrs. That's a sad part of our history. And even reading their last letters is very, very emotional.  And this is history, but it's recent history. Finally, what is their political legacy then? Where does it all fit in? Because I mean, what we've learned from this conversation and previous ones is the complexity of it. The enemy of the enemy is my friend and into fighting and pushes and pulls for power and what have you. But the Drumbo martyrs, what was their ideology? What's their legacy in a minute or two, if you don't mind, Joe? But fundamentally, as regards their politics, we don't really know. But what we do know is regards their ideology. They were separatists. They wanted us to be independent from England. They wanted us to have our own sovereignty and to then let the people of Ireland decide what kind of Ireland that would be. And if we could only go back, and we have two parties now in government that were anti and pro treaty either side, if we could nearly go back to where we were before the Civil War and say, look, what are we about here? We're on about a United Ireland. United Ireland is going to happen. The question is, when is it going to happen? And how is it going to happen? And what we need here is to honour those men and both sides, both pro and anti treaty. And I think Neil T. Blaney has always been right in this. There has to be a declaration of intent to withdraw, and that's what they did with Hong Kong. That's what they need to do with Northern Ireland. And then we need to start working at helping the English to leave and the English helping us to do more and work at that. And I think that's their legacy. Their legacy is that the vision of an Ireland for everybody. And it's very interesting when they went into, for example, the houses of Newton Cunningham. One white man was very positive towards these Southerners and how they were not bigoted and anti-religious in any way. And then that was very much part of their ideology, too. All right, OK, we could easily do two or three hours on this subject. We really appreciate it in all of them. Dr Joe Kelly, we really appreciate your time. Thanks so very much indeed. Have a wonderful day. We do appreciate it. OK. We're going to be talking about the St Mary's GEA club. Their omissible draw. It's to raise funds to redevelopment of their pitch. And Clubhouse, Oliver Prunty is going to be joining us after these. The Ninetal Noon Show with Letter Kenny Credit Union. Now offering mortgages from 40,000 to 600,000 euro with no hidden fees or transaction charges. Letter Kenny Credit Union 9102127. Right price tiles and wood flooring are 25 years old. And to celebrate, we're offering up to 70% off across all tiles, wood flooring and bathware. And each week, 25 lucky customers will win their order for free. That's right for free. Right price tiles and wood flooring. Up to 70% off birthday sale now on. Do you need a little extra help staying in your home? At Bluebird Care, we offer a wide variety of Q-Mark approved personalised home care services across Donegal. And our fully trained and committed staff will always meet your care needs with kindness, compassion and dignity. To get your personal home care assessment plan, visit bluebirdcare.ie or call our care team today on 07491 29562 and bring care home. Highland Radio Weather Updates with Ireland West Airport from March 26th, Air Lengas will operate a daily service to London Heathrow, providing onward connections to any plus destinations worldwide. Ireland West Airport, don't just take off, take it easy. OK, let's have a look at the weather forecast. It's the skate to be actually at the moment. No, here it is. It hasn't changed really much. I can tell you it's going to continue mostly cold, mostly sunny and dry today with wintery showers occurring here and there, temperatures three or five degrees. We'll tell you about the nighttime forecast as we go on. Oliver Prunty, chair of St Mary's Club Convoy. Good morning, Oliver. Thanks for joining us. Good morning, Greg. Thank you. Nice to speak to you. Really ambitious plans at St Mary's GA Club in Convoy. Plans to redevelop the pitch and the clubhouse. Yeah, well, our pitch was constructed in 2004, but over the next 18, 19 years, when the build, when worm casting and the build up attached, it started to hold water and we decided last year to do something about it. So, company in Bunkrano Pitch Dimensions on the William Coil took 50 mil off the top of the pitch and put on 10 mil of sand. This was seeded and it's been a third laser program now under the guidance of a company ACL fronted by Coleman Ward. And hopefully the pitch, weather permitting and favorable conditions will be back on our pitch in the end of April, early May and no water laying on it and be able to play every day except if there's a couple of foot of snow. Yeah, okay. Thankfully, that doesn't happen to us. No, that was phase one. Phase two is the construction of two large dressing rooms, fully-forbished with a multi-purpose room overhead. Now, this is costing a fair bit of money, so the club decided to have a development draw. But this is a huge investment, not just in the club, but in the community and the future of it. Oh, yeah. Our, we service the parish of our foe, which is our foe, Convay and Drunkine. Now, as well as that, we play games and we're playing against all teams from all over Donegal. And we are centrally located and we do get a lot of underage finals and important games because of where we are. Now, this is, it's described here as an unmissable draw. Let me put the word mega in there. This is huge, isn't it? 50K? Well, 50K is right. 50K on Paddy's Day is what we're calling the draw. So it's only 10 days away and in 10 days time, somebody will have 50,000 euro in their bank account. There's also five prizes of 1,000 euro as well. Yes, five prizes of 1,000 euro as well, which have been sponsored by people, thankfully for that part, but the 50 we have to take from the draw funds. So we decided to go for a limited draw. There are only 4,995 tickets in the draw. And at this moment in time, we have about 60% of them sold. Brilliant. So we're hoping now in the last 10 days, there'll be a big push and they can be purchased at St Mary's GAA draw.ie. Now, you know, people, a lot of people do online competitions now, right? And the odds are astronomical. This is fixed, this is a fixed amount here. Fixed amount. 4,995. So, you know, even just for the top prize, that's less than a one in 5,000 chance, but there's other prizes, five 1,000 euro prizes, other prizes on offer too, between now and the 17th of March. Have you done the bonus draws? We have. We've done the early board draws. Right, so there have been dons that people have been walking around with 500 euro in their pockets off the back of those. But the big one, the big one, people have a week to get into. Bar the show, isn't it? It's not far off a win. Yeah, 10 days, 10 days, Greg. And the odds, compared to what people are paying quite a lot of money for, the odds are actually really favourable on this. Whoever wins this will have the equivalent of 9,961 euro a week in their bank account for the next 12 months. And a lot of people to get 50 grand have to earn 90. Yes. This is a, you know. So like 50 grand, 50,000 euro is still a fair amount of money. Now, I mean... Well, if you've got 50 in your pocket, it's more than the fair amount of money. It's a pretty fair amount of money. I suppose... Oh, do cartwheels for it? I'd rather mention that the price of the tickets are 50 euro, I don't know if I said that. But 50 euro, 50 grand for 50 euro, 50K on Paddy's Day. And you can get your tickets at stmarysgaadraw.ie. It's as simple as that. And to help give it a push in the final week of this draw, I think we've got some tickets to give away in this show, so we'll do that next week. But listen, as I say, this is a limited entry draw, less than 5,000 people. There's 50 grand of a top prize up for grabs, five then 1,000 euro prizes. And all in the process, you're helping to raise Mons funds to continue the redevelopment work at St. Mary's GA Club. We've really nice, ambitious plans for the clubhouse there and to bring that club in terms of infrastructure right into the... What century are we in now? I haven't a clue, 21st century. I haven't a 21st century. 24th century, more than a year. All right, stmarysgadraw.ie, that's where you go. 50-year-old tickets, maybe presents, whatever you want to do. Yes. Just to gift someone, and as I say, limited ticket draw. And you hope for a big rush now. We hope for a big rush, as I said, we've just over 60% sold, 40% left. And we'd be delighted if we could get them shifted also. So as you've already said several times, they are 50K on Paddy's Day, 50-year-old tickets from marysgadraw.ie. Brilliant stuff. And all tickets are online, are they? Well, no, sorry. You can get hard copy tickets from committee members as well. We also have hard copy tickets on sale also. Excellent, so go on to St. Mary's GA Facebook page. I'm sure there's a lot of details there. Yes, Facebook and all Twitter and Instagram, all that, but online, they can be sourced easily enough. There you go. If you want to have a dabble, I mean, listen, the tickets aren't free either, but look at a lot of people are buying tickets for something that there's 30, 40, 50,000 people in for. This is a limited entry draw. Well done. Okay, Oliver, you did a great job there. Continued success at the club. Thank you. And continue the great work that's ongoing. And thanks so much for joining us. No problem. If you want more details, go to St. Mary's GA draw dot IE. Have a wonderful Tuesday. Back with you tomorrow morning at nine. The night or noon show is brought to you by letter Kenny.


so this pond that I haven't fished in a very long time I loved fishing this place it looks to seem as if they're actually draining it which is a very sad sight they knocked down a bunch of trees over there I actually haven't been over in that area right here as you guys can tell the lake is way down you got some little pipes over here you got this bridge which I can actually show you where the water was a second ago I actually saw like a wake in this little tiny puddle right here there might be some fish trapped in there if you guys want to see me come back for another episode and rescue all the fish out of here and relocate them to another pond let me know comes over to a bridge as you guys can tell us about you know I'd say five foot drop right there to from where the water used to be that is just so sad that this pond is being drained I had a lot of great memories out here there's only one thing that we can really do about this is to try to help the fish out if they're actually really draining this which I don't know what why else the water would be this low like I said I haven't been home in like two months to come and see this is just heartbreaking if you guys are new to the channel though please hit that subscribe button hit the notification bell also hit the like button let's go ahead and head down this way you guys are going to be amazed with what you see this is just crazy to me there's a lot of fish I used to catch down here from three to four pound range a bunch of big ones they seem to be condensed in this back pocket look what it looks like now so this is the other side of the bridge leaks right in here and and right there I don't know if you can see it that's actually land but the pond goes even further this is where everything gets really interesting there's another like a little covert little pipe over there as you can tell the water is just obviously like chocolate milk because of obviously all the water movement right here they knocked down all the trees literally all the trees you can see a big pile right there it seems as if they're trying to build houses right here and that's why I think there's their whole reason they're going to build a ton of houses over there they're going to patch this over build houses on top of this so this is actually where I used to catch a bunch of big fish if I have some clips I'll play some clips back whoa I hooked you in the nose buddy my bad it's dark too even though we're not getting any bites you got you a few really good ones but yeah there used to be water right here a ton of fish used to hang around this little island there's a small little covert pipe right there and as you guys can tell there's just a tiny bit we'll zoom in here just a tiny bit of water flow going back in the pond same way with over here it's just sad to see this this is all land so pretty much what happened look at that some just moved right there something literally just moved it 99% sure that was a fish so this was a prime area for me to catch a bunch of big fish it splits this in half this water does not connect anymore the fish that are on this side got trapped over here the fish that were on the smaller pocket side got trapped over here I think what we're going to do is go ahead and get our baits and try to go fishing I don't know if the fish are going to bite just because of this drastic change I mean this is a big change you know obviously the pressure is higher today I don't know if the fishing was going to be good even if we're fishing a place that's not like this but with the water movement with the water just getting so murky with some of the rain flow that we had with them possibly draining the water out of this which is what it looks like in my opinion I haven't seen any evidence that's what they're doing but come on guys it looks like they're draining this pond so we're going to go ahead we're going to tie some baits on I think I'm going to start off with the top water we're going to fish over here see if we can catch some fish what are you doing Face timing for two seconds so this is like just another pocket and it was always like a foot of water here but it dried up so I'm sure a bunch of fish I saw a big one swim off the bank here this is where I used to catch all the big ones I don't know if you see that there's a big wake back there I got this little tiny movement 80 wake bait by six cents on I don't know I just kind of want to try it it's super shallow and I was just thinking you know maybe if this thing crawls over one's head we could get some sick top water blow ups but every time I fish this pond a majority of the bigger fish like I catch a ton over on this side but I feel like the bigger ones were right here where the shallow water area is leaked into this pocket there's a big wake off that bank too um so I think there's gonna be you know a bunch of fish trapped in this little tiny side you really gotta play this right as in walking up on these spots that's a big thing oh my god something just wake behind me come on hit it baby we need to stay off these spots as much as possible there we go oh my god let's go that's my first top water fish in Georgia this year oh my god that is exciting I'm gonna be honest with you I wasn't even looking at the blow up I was looking at my camera that is just a fat chunky pound and a half fish right there in this little drain pond but that is a freaking pretty little bass you can tell by the color of them with this water oh man that's crazy right there little baby pound and a half or he is fat though he's got a little tummy on him he looks like he's been caught before we're gonna get you back in the water buddy we're gonna see if we can catch another one I would release him over here so I don't walk on this bank but I don't want to release him in this suit I know he could get back but I just want to toss him right over here and I'm not gonna walk all the way down this is muddy like slippery stuff so I'm just gonna give him a little toss beautiful fish about a pound thank you buddy man this is crazy I really wish we could have saved that fish and like relocated them to another pond but the problem is I don't have like an aerator or a cooler um or like a bucket or anything that could transfer this fish one thing I would like to say if you guys want to see me come back here and do like a fish rescue like actually catch some of these fish and relocate them to another pond please hit that like button let me know that you guys want to see that either way I think I'm gonna do it but if you guys want me to film it and that's something that you guys would like to watch make sure you hit the like button leave a comment below and uh let me know and of course if you're new to the channel hit the subscribe button but let's go ahead and get this started um man I'm just kind of in disbelief this is just crazy I love this pond this was one of my favorite ponds ever I hate when this happens but you know when stuff happens in life you gotta adjust I think maybe the right situation would be to you know save some of these fish and relocate them to another pond but we'll do that another day just let me know let's get it guys that is freaking awesome for the first fish today that was freaking awesome I wish I got to see that top water blow up I was looking in my camera and I was just watching through my camera to see if it was recording and right when I looked down I had a feeling that was gonna happen he slammed it that looks money the thing is when you throw parallel to a bank one thing is you can you can be in that strike zone if there's a fish five foot off the bank you're covering that strike zone the whole way but another thing to think about is right now with this pond draining there's not as much water in it and if a fish is going to be able to pin a bait fish anywhere it's going to be right along the bank so you know they can come right here say they're in the deeper water and boom attacked attack right from the right hand side or the left hand side of the bait but that is something to think about if you ever get to fish a place like this like I said I don't know if a lot of you guys would have anything like this near you but just a thought that the fish could ambush the bait a little bit more easier if it's along the shore right there and being in that strike zone would be very important oh look at that something just knocked bait fish on the bank get ready get ready I need to be a little bit closer to the bank right there but there's fish there's a little bait fish just got knocked up exactly what I was talking about a moment ago these fish will ambush the bait fish because they can't go anywhere they're on the bank that's what just happened see if we can come on oh my god my baits messed up first cast where my bait or there you go there you go so we're going to be cutting this bad boy off we're actually going to put it this lipless crankbait on down here and I see if we can catch a fish on it this is going to be pretty crazy you're not going to lie I'm excited we're going to give it a shot this is actually the big quake by six senses the bigger one so it's a lot heavier I'm a little worried about that but I think we'll be all right so we're going to cut this wake bait off tie this bad boy on try to catch a fish this is going to put off a lot of vibration also with the red body color it's going to show up in this murky water a lot better so let's give it a shot oh my god look at that look at that look at that did you guys see that right there there's a fish you just swam from inside this little tiny puddle out into the bigger part I literally just watched his whole body right there swim out of here wow so that was a fish that was inside of this you decided to cross right there where it's about three to four inches of water back into this place that was crazy man I would have my top water right there let's uh let's get the cast in let's see if we can catch them on a lipless oh my gosh why why would I hook set like that with my GoPro why would I hook I never do that that was like some newbie mistakes on those part that was so stupid that was actually a fish too and he actually did not feel bad he freaking had it for some reason I decided to slam the back of my rod into my GoPro that was literally like a like a starter fisherman with a GoPro chest cam mistakes right there that's why you know usually on crane baits you can go to the side which anything troubles that's what I was trying to do there I usually go up just because of the chest cam dang that was stupid oh oh there's one behind me one behind me 100 why didn't you eat it come on oh god that's annoying that is annoying it might be a bunch of fish in this big part it's probably where the majority of them are right here come on let's get it oh oh oh oh I don't know if that was a baitfish that me or a fish you could probably see my rod in the splash that looked like a baitfish but it felt like a bite and my rod just went thong everything's like trapped guys this is crazy I wonder how many fish have actually like died off from this we have not fished the big part yet and for for the first couple cast we're seeing a lot let me tell you that it's just a matter of fact that they're gonna bite or not well I think it's about that time we're gonna go back to the car and we're gonna rig up something that we can possibly catch these fish on like I said a lot of pressure and I just don't think they're going to bite something moving so we're gonna go back and we're gonna put on like some type of worm or something that we can work on the bottom a little bit more slow and see if we can target those areas that I used to catch the fish in before like those little deep holes those little crevices and see if there's a bunch of fish stacked up and that we can catch so I got some slow moving baits for us to try we're gonna put them on weightless we'll cut this off put these on but one thing I noticed they are draining this pond guys you see this you hear that noise in the background they're draining this sucker they're draining I mean that's what I already pretty much thought but I didn't see anything like this until I was over on this side of the place and that's them right there this 100% proved they're draining this thing right here man that sucks but I mean what we can't do is we'll definitely we're coming back and we're gonna save these fish we're doing that 100% but yeah they're they're freaking pumping the water right there I don't I wonder how many days is it going to last comment below let me know so I so I know how much of a time crunch I'm on because I think it's going to rain tomorrow how long does it take for them to usually drain a place like this they've already drained it a good bit I'm scared that if I wait you know just a couple days it might be too late so let me know in the comment section down below white gap hooks by six cents black and red ultra vibe speed curl I actually brought some stroker crawls out as well in black and blue just in case I can't cast this guy far enough that was my only thing but I saw these in my car and I was like you know what these bass are finicky this might be a good route to go there's a little worm and this color is just perfect and I also have some vibration from the tail so I was like you know what that might be what we need to be throwing all right not bad big backlash which I haven't backlash in literally months what are you doing Noah you're backlashing let's catch fish I think this is going to be freaking gold man I think we're going to catch them if we can get it out to where they're just hunkered down we're going to catch them I'm just trying not to freaking destroy my shoes oh my god whoa all right I have an idea let's throw a few casts right here for a minute and then we're gonna we're gonna figure out how to get over there freaking muddy as all could be some rain tomorrow too that is not going to help I think reel in this worm almost you can literally see the wake it's it must be way shallower than I think out there I mean it's got to be freaking way shallower than what I think all right now we made it to where they're pumping the water out at this there might be some I don't know I never like fish one where they're actively draining I fished one before they were draining it I've never fished one as they're like actively pulling this water out correct me if I'm right or wrong I don't know if anybody really know the definite answer of this but I actually take back my decision on thinking there might be fish over here where they're pumping out the water I mean let's just think about it think about that loud noise and the vibration that that's putting off in the water that's making these fish super stressed out I mean think about it between the water change between them pumping all the water out between the vibration of that between the people cutting down trees on the bank between the pressure that's already high today from the weather are you kidding me do these fish aren't gonna bite like let's just think about it there's so many different key factors to why these fish aren't eating right now but um we're gonna keep trying I think you know we we might be able to catch one out here in some of these deeper holes I've seen some activity we're gonna keep on trying oh oh oh what it's pretty high sensitive I felt the slightest boom just like that almost felt like a bait fish hit it interesting right there could have been a bass maybe they're just that finicky maybe it was just a look at the draw I caught that one on top water earlier I don't know oh that was a huge wake of a fish eating something right to the left of me oh wow it's like they'll come up just start eating bait you can see the streak of off the back by the top of the water wait wait wait wait wait oh my god oh my god oh my god wait I see another fish though that fish is hammering me right at the bank and I wasn't paying attention are you kidding me hold on I just saw a fish right here one just literally tried to nail me right there oh my god I wasn't so what happened is I started reeling in my bait like this one came out of nowhere and hit at the bank but I had my eyes on another fish so I just like totally disregarded my bait are you kidding me make sure you guys always pick up your trash let's throw back in here we're gonna stay low I want to spook this fish they're not getting it all the way the right there on the edge though well there's not many times that you see on a kick in the vast video where I'm just gonna leave you guys off on catching one fish but let's think about it this way I think everything happens for a reason and I really want to come back and take these fish out of the pond if you think about it if we catch one today and release it back in he's probably not gonna bite tomorrow or the next day or the next day he's probably not gonna bite so it's probably a good thing that we only caught one of those fish like I said if you guys want to see that video of me rescuing all the fish out of here and relocating them to another pond make sure you hit that like button let me know in the comment section down below please hit that subscribe button and I love you guys so much we'll catch you at the next episode


Hello, my name is Praveenora and I'm a participant at the 64th LIYSF and today I'm here with one of our amazing speakers So can we begin by just introducing yourself and what you do? Yes, I'm Perla Magiolino I'm an associate professor at the University of Oxford and I'm like a software roboticist And my research is about providing a robot with sense of touch and with soft bodies Incredible very new and interesting topic So what inspired you to pursue a career in engineering and robotics? I think it for me like Engineers I've always been very fascinated by robots and like I really like the the fact that the engineering provide me a way to put together both my curiosity and like I like the scientific ground of engineering and the same times it's very creative job because you need to actually Dream about like future robots and actually use science to make them and this is very empowering for me So I really found this Really fascinating and like beautiful to pursue


The Rotary Club of Pikeville is currently accepting donations for their second annual Christmas drive for nursing home residents. The idea for this effort, which hopes to offer help and support to nursing home residents in need in our area this holiday season, was originally put forth by Rotary Club treasurer Eva Stewart. We sat down with Stewart early on Wednesday to find out more about these fundraising efforts as well as her initial inspiration for this charitable endeavor. This year we're doing the nursing home Christmas drive event, this is her second annual drive. Last year it started as something I wanted to do to honor my father. My father passed away in March of April 2020. Just right after the pandemic and everything shut down and anybody that's gone through losing their parent, you know, that grief is pretty hard on you and my father I remembered him whenever he was a deacon in his church. He loved going to the nursing homes and visiting those people and he would pray and sing and just visit you know and that was always been close to my heart so I thought well I'll do something to you know get some gifts to the nursing home so that was close to my home and so with that I talked to a Pikeville Rotary Club because I knew I needed more help than what I could do and after talking with them they graciously accepted helping me do that and actually grew into let's help as many people as we can, let's see how many nursing homes are in Pike County, it ended up being four and it just blossomed into this terrific event that we had and we talked to our community about donations and things like that and within three weeks we raised about $12,000 for these nursing home residents. We actually were going to start delivering gifts next Friday to our Phelps nursing home and then on the 15th we'll be going to Pikeville and to Parkview and then on the 16th we're going to be going to Elkhorn so we've got a lot to do in the next couple of weeks and while we've had some tremendous support from the community we do need a lot more help. During our meeting we also spoke with Rotary Club member and former club president Greg Dempsey. Dempsey stated that the need for donations whether monetary or otherwise is usually high for nursing home residents this time of year. He mentioned that there are multiple drop-off locations around town where donations can be left to be delivered including the main office of community trust bank near Pikeville high school as well as the first national bank location near Cassidy Boulevard. Dempsey provided us with a list of some of the items they are in greatest need of currently while also praising the community's efforts last year with the same fundraising initiative. Bathrobes, nightgowns, pajamas, socks, books, magazines, household items, deodorant, toothbrushes, anything like that. We need a lot of everything. Last year the community really grabbed ahold of it in a really short time. It wasn't just the monetary things that we got but the amount of things people brought and Eva's team stored it here and other places and I mean it was jam-packed. We need as much as we can. I mean we're looking at 400 people plus. Can't thank people enough for the help they give us on this. It really makes a difference when you see these folks at the nursing home. Last year was pretty rough on everybody but it was especially rough on the lonely. You're the only smiling face they see outside the building. It's pretty special. Everybody needs to be a part of it. Anyone who is interested in either donating items or volunteering their time to help those in need this holiday season is welcome to contact Eva Stewart of the Rotary Club of Parkville at 6-0-6-6-1-6-1-6-1-5. For Mountain Top News, I'm Joshua Sloan.


From around the globe, it's theCUBE with digital coverage of Red Hat Summit 2020, brought to you by Red Hat. Hi, and welcome back to theCUBE's coverage of Red Hat Summit 2020. I'm Stu Miniman, and while this year's event is being held virtually, which means we are talking to all of the guests, where they are coming from. One of the things that we always love about the user conferences is talking to the practitioners themselves. And Red Hat Summit, of course, we love talking to customers and really happy to welcome to the program, Alejandro Lopez Asornio, who is the director of eHealth with the Argentine Ministry of Health, coming to us from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Alejandro, thank you so much for joining us. Thank you for having me Stu. All right, so look, healthcare obviously is normally challenging in the midst of what is happening globally. There are strains and pressures on what is happening, so really appreciate you taking the time with us. Tell us a little bit about the organization and your role and IT's role in supporting the company's mission. Yes, I'm part of the Ministry of Health in Argentina. Argentina is a federal country, has a national Ministry of Health, a coordinate healthcare, a healthcare system all around the country with different provinces. We work with the Ministry of Health of each province, with the governor of each province, trying to maintain a coordination in the healthcare system and we create national policies that try everybody should apply on their systems. So we create national incentive. This is much more, a bit similar to the US where the national government creates incentives so the provinces, the states adopt new practices and best quality of care. Excellent, so anytime we talk about healthcare, medical records of course critically important, that's usually a key piece of IT, governance, compliance in general. So what are some of the challenges that the Ministry faces when it comes to this piece of overall healthcare? My role in the Ministry of Health is exactly that, is to coordinate health information systems around the country and having an access to the single source of medical records around the country is a great thing that we're trying to achieve. We don't want to have a central repository but we want to have some kind of hub that allows you to access information all around the country. So the fragmentation of the system between different provinces and also having public providers and private providers is a challenge because the information for one patient is stored in a lot of different places. I need to have some kind of hub or enterprise service that allows you to gather this information at the point of care and to provide the best quality of care to the patient having the whole record regardless of where he was taking care before. Yeah, it's a pretty universal challenge you're talking about there, distributed architecture, obviously, security of paramount performance but still has to have the scale in performance that customers need. Bring us in a little bit this project. How long has this national health information system? How long has it been to put that together? Bring us through a little bit as to how you choose how to architect these pieces. Exactly, we've been working in this for the last three years and the idea was to create an architecture that was not invasive, that anyone can collaborate and contribute to this information network but still having all the rights and all the responsibility for maintaining their own data. And we didn't want to have a central database that is susceptible to security issues or privacy issues. We wanted information to remain distributed but to be able to collect that at some point. So the idea was to create a set of APIs based on healthcare interoperability standards that allow developers of clinical systems all around the country to adopt this new way of exchanging information, secure and privately and provide this tool to their practitioners so they can access information in other centers. Excellent, and so three years, that's a rather big project. You've got quite a lot of constituents and obviously healthcare is completely essential and critical service there. Underneath the pieces, obviously, we're part of Red Hat Summit covering this. So help us understand a little bit, Red Hat and any other partners, what technologies are using to deliver this. Yeah, the big challenge was to have this kind of distributed organization with a central hub that needs to provide services all around the country at any time of the day. And people need to be confident that they can use this network to retrieve patient data. We don't want them to try to do it and fail and they'll lost confidence on that. In order to have the greater adoption from system developers, we need to have a very strong and confident network. And this can grow really exponentially. Health data has, I mean, NHS is conducting like one billion ripers a month or something like that. So we know it can grow exponentially. So we need to have some kind of infrastructure that was reliable and was easy to deploy the first time but that has a growth roadmap that will allow us to incorporate all the hospital facilities around Argentina in a safe way. And we need to be confident that we can grow to those levels. So basically, we were working already with Red Hat Linux and all the basic things and we wanted to go to OpenShift. What's really important to be able to have the container orchestration system that allows us to expand according to the needs and the adoption rate that was really unpredictable because we need to create incentives for adoption but you never know how fast the adoption will be. So we needed to have some flexible infrastructure like OpenShift but also we need to use APIs like FreeScale in order to provide this way to communicate APIs to give people secure forms to access the APIs and to learn about them and to try. So we are using different parts of the stack in Red Hat in order to do that. Okay, great. Tell us the adoption of this solution. How was the learning curve? You know, moving to containerized architectures, you're talking about all the APIs in there. How much was there a retraining of your group? Were there any new people that came in? You know, what was Red Hat's role in really the organizational pieces of getting everybody on this new skill set? Well, the role of Red Hat was central because we didn't have the capability to go and research all these open source tools and find the proper combination between the container administrator, the orchestrator, the continuous integration part. It was really difficult for us to start from scratch. I mean, this is something that is available but you need to have a huge team, a lot of time and special skills. And we had, our teams were used to work in monolithic applications with very long development cycles but every time you need a change, you need to have like three months in order to see the change live in the application for the end user. So we need to make a radical change there. So we saw in Red Hat the opportunity to have a roadmap and the container adoption program and cast all the steps that we need to go through. So it was really good to have our existing team to retrain and to go through the container adoption program to use the combination of tools that Red Hat already provides like a stack that's already compatible with each other that you need to know that that it's easy to update when there are changes when there are security things that you need to change, you get the notification. So this, and you have the daily support also because we had to create a new brand of developers and the DevOps team was non-existent. You have developers and very technical person that didn't know anything about the application. So we had to create these tools that these new roles that combine these activities and the day-to-day work with Red Hat experts was really key to that because they gave us the roadmap about what we need to do with a timeframe with a set of things that we need to do in order and they give us the daily support to retrain our team and they were really excited to work in this technology but something that also was really good news for them because they were using all versions of Java and all versions of deployment systems that do everything by heart in the common line. And now when they learn to do that with Ansible and with the continuous integration systems a lot of menial tasks that they were doing every day now they're automated. So that had a really great impact on the quality of the team. Well, it's interesting that you talk about that. Automation, of course, has been something we've been talking about for decades but critically important today. Alejandro, I'm curious with kind of the situation happening with the pandemic, people are having to work from home that there needs to be social distancing. The automation and some of this new tooling what impact has that had on being able to deal with today's work environment? That's a very good impact also because not only for the automation because that is really good. People have a secure way to work from home to deploy servers. You don't need to access directly each one of the servers with a root logging and things like that. It's much more secure, much safer and much easier to work from home and maintaining the system like this but also the pandemic has put a strain on the system because we are maintaining in open shift the whole epidemiological surveillance system for Argentina and that has much more information going through all the decision-making politicians are getting information from the surveillance system and are to make predictions to the style policies and that information needs to be available all the time. And previously when a new strain came like this usually the system went down or when it was slow working slowly. So but now with open shift we were able to dial up and more resources to the system and maintain the quality of service to all the epidemiology network and to all the decision-making persons and this information just in time. All right, so Alhannara, we've talked about kind of the transformation that you've had, there's the government impact, there's the other providers of services. If you talk about the ultimate end patient, what is the impact on them for what you've implemented here? Well, the idea is that the patients now will be able to move between different parts of this complex health system we have seamlessly. Before it was very common that the patient arrived to a hospital with a bag full of studies in paper like a summary from a previous hospital, images, lab reports and they have to bring them back to the doctor and doctor to go to all the papers to understand the patient. Or a patient goes from a province to the capital to get care by the specialists and they go back and the doctor in the province don't have any information about what happened in Buenos Aires. I know they took good care of you but the only information I get is through the patient. But now I think this system will integrate all the caregivers around Argentina in a much more simpler way. He will be able to collaborate with doctors in other provinces, in other cities and the patient will be able to go from private to public to have different kinds of procedures and the information will follow him and everyone will be able to take care of him with the best information possible. Well, Alejandra, that's really powerful pieces there. So I guess the last piece is also a little bit about kind of where you are with the overall project. What future goals do you have for this initiative? I think we're really happy with this. We are starting to have adoption. We have more than 37 nodes that are already working in this network. And so this is really good. We have the good adoption rate and the implementation in OpenShift is going really well. The developers are really happy. We see the impact that there are no downtime. It's really good. We need to continue transforming all legacy applications, minority applications to transform that into microservices. So there is work to do in deconstructing these big applications into more scalable microservices. And we need to take more advantage of three scales. It has to be really excellent features for developer portals and things like that. I would think it would be the adoption of this API that shows information much simpler when we give all those tools developing. Oh, that's, once again, Alejandra, thank you so much. This has been really important work that your team is doing. Congratulations on the progress that you made and definitely hope in the future, we will get to see you at one of the Red Hat Summits in person. So thank you so much for joining us. Thank you very much. All right, lots more covered from theCUBE at Red Hat Summit 2020. I'm Stu Miniman and thank you as always for watching theCUBE.


of counter for retaining wall, counter for retaining wall. I am just drawing a single section of counter for retaining wall. If you look at this, if I am taking making it inclined, this is a cantilever retaining wall. With this cantilever retaining wall for height more than 20 meter to resist against the bending moment, counter force has been provided at regular interval. So, that it will resist at one end, so that there will be less bending particularly in the stem in cantilever retaining wall. So, this whole set is called counter for retaining wall. Now, this if I make it to, this is called your upright slab, upright slab, this is your toe slab, this is your counter for this part is called heel slab. So, as I said complete design consist of three parts, one is your dimension, second part is your stability analysis, third is your structural design. In this case is particularly in structural design, you will have to design for upright slab, heel slab and toe slab as well as the counter force. So, first case one, first one is your upright slab. In this case of upright slab, if I take a section here, if I cut it a section here, here then how it looks, look at the forces here. Now, this part is your upright slab. Now, if I cut a section here at this point, this upright slab is looking like this. And now, what are the supports? The supports are this counter force, this is your counter for one, then counter for two, counter for three and these are earlier earth pressure by soil is retaining up to this height, up to this height soil is retaining. So, it is giving your lateral pressure. So, that means it will be designed as a continuous slab, continuous slab spanning horizontal on counter force and it is subjected to lateral earth pressure. So, let P is equal to horizontal pressure intensity, horizontal pressure intensity, horizontal pressure intensity at bottom of upright slab. That means this P is your horizontal pressure at bottom of your upright slab. This upright slab is going like this, at bottom of the upright slab P is equal to horizontal pressure, L is equal to spacing of this counter force. If I draw one more counter force here, if I draw one more counter force here, now, so this is your, this part is your spacing L, L is equal to spacing of counter force, spacing of counter force. Now, maximum bending movement, now maximum bending movement which is equal to plus minus P L square by 12, because this is a continuous slab with this supports are there. So, it will be P L square by 12 and based on this maximum bending movement as I have discussed once you get maximum bending movement, these has to be equated to Q B D square is equal to maximum bending movements. Q B D square is equal to maximum bending movement, from there you can find it out D means what is the thickness D for this upright slab, then design can be calculated. Now, second part is your base slab, base slab, this is your base slab, part B is your base slab, in this base slab generally we take width is equal to 0.6 H to 0.7 H that means width from here to here this width B has to be taken 0.6 H to 0.7 H, H is H is equal to total height of the base slab means total height of this counter force retaining wall. So, it will be approximated 0.7 H to 0.6 H and toe projection, what is your toe projection? Toe projection is how far the toe has been projected away from the wall, this part is your toe projection. So, toe projection is about one fourth one fourth of total width of base slab, one fourth of total width of base slab, if total width of base slab if I write it B. So, this toe projection is equal to one fourth of B, one fourth of B. Now, this third part which is called heel slab, this counter force retaining wall has been designed as a slab design, first one is your upright slab, second is your base slab, third is your heel slab. Heel slab means this part is your heel slab. So, this heel slab if I make it this heel slab I cut it. So, how it looks? Now I have cut it this complete heel slab taking a section heel slab taking a section at this point. I am cutting this taking a section at this point. So, this part is lying heel slab. Now what are the forces coming to this here? The forces are coming here look at here, if there is a soil mass retain in this part the soil has impart your lateral earth pressure upon your upright slab as well as vertical pressure vertical pressure on this heel slab. So, this is your vertical pressure on this heel slab and these are all my these are all counter fort these are all your counter fort. So, what are the loads suppose to come here?  Then next part is your weight of earth pressure weight of earth not earth pressure sorry weight of earth above this strip that means if the soil is retained in this part if soil is retained soil has its own weight soil has its own weight that is your weight of your soil or earth above the strip. Then vertical component vertical component of earth pressure vertical component of earth pressure vertical component of earth pressure means if this is the total earth pressure is acting it has two component vertical as well as horizontal component. So, the vertical component downward it is acted that is your vertical component of your earth pressure. Then any super imposed load any super imposed load then upward soil pressure because once there is a retaining wall for heel slab there is a pressure q maximum and q minimum as we have discussed there will be also upward soil pressure. So, then you consider also upward soil pressure upward soil pressure.  So, the total force will be it will be total load will be downward. So, in this case maximum bending movement maximum bending movement which is equal to q l square by 12 q is equal to net load per unit area q is equal to net load per unit area net load per unit area. So, there will be a positive and negative positive as well as negative that means sagging and hogging movement will be there. So, hogging movement will be over the support and sagging movement will be section between the counter fort sagging will be like this hogging movement will be over the support this kind of things will come. So, hogging movement will be on the support sagging will be between the supports between this kind of fort it will be sagging movement. So, as I said once you get your maximum bending movement once you get the bending movement then you equate to your q b d square then you can find it out the thickness of your hill slab. Then once you get your thickness then find it out how much is your reinforced steel is required for designing of your hill slab area of steel. Once you get area of steel then you can find it out what is the spacing of the steel reinforcement between each other. Then you can design your structural part of your hill slab as there has been three slabs once again I am repeating there has been three slabs particularly in case of counter fort retaining wall one is your upright slab, second is your base slab, third is your hill slab. So, in case of upright slab if I cut a section here. So, that means the pressure because of your soil retain here lateral earth pressure that means in lateral direction will be acted and this will be counter fort will be act as a support. So, it has to be designed as a continuous slab as a continuous slab. So, maximum bending movement will be your p l square by 12. So, p is equal to your horizontal pressure intensity at the bottom of upright slab l is your spacing between your spacing between your counter forts. So, once you get maximum bending movement from there you will have to find it out your thickness of your upright slab then area of steel then design has to be made similarly for base slab, base slab if you look at this base slab there are two parts one is your toe slab, one is your part of this this part is your base slab or this entire is called base slab. So, in this case toe slab has to be designed based on the what are the load coming as the hill slab. So, base slab has been divided into two parts one is your toe slab other is your hill slab the design of toe slab will be as per the design of counter retaining wall the toe slab will be same. In case of hill slab if I cut a section here near the hill slab what are the load supposed to come one is your dead weight of this strip then second is your weight of earth that means the major part is your weight of soil retaining above the hill slab then third one is your any super imposed load any super imposed load because of your traffic load then vertical component of your earth pressure as I said there are two component horizontal as well as vertical then vertical component of your earth pressure then of course there is a because of soil pressure there will be upward pressure at the base slab. So, net component load will be downward. So, maximum bending moment is equal to your q l square by two l q is equal to net load per unit area.  So, there will be a this kind of bending moment you will get it sagging you will get between this counter fort hugging you will be get at the point of your support you will get it once you get maximum bending moment if you can equate this maximum bending moment is equal to q v d square from there you can find it out your thickness. So, q is a factor it depends upon your grade of concrete and grade of the steel has to be used for this construction or design. So, based on that you can find it out your thickness once you get the thickness then you can find it out area of steel requirement then what are the reinforcement what diameter you are supposed to provide and what is its proportion means spacing and other reinforcements your reinforcement structural design has to be done. Now, next part is your what is your thickness of base width you find it out the base width, but thickness has not yet decided. So, thickness of base slab. So, this may be it should not be less than the following that means thickness should not be less than the following should not be less than the following if you look at here d is equal to the thickness of base slab 41.7 l root over of h and d is equal to 20 l h. So, d is your thickness of base slab l is your spacing between this counter fort h is equal to overall height of the wall overall height of the wall. So, generally it should not be less whatever d provided it should be more than this calculations. Now spacing of the counter fort spacing of counter fort spacing of counter fort the spacing is one third h two half h it varies from it varies from three meter two three meter two three point five meter, but generally spacing should be provided one third of total height h two half of total height h the generally this is the specification for providing the spacing it generally varies from three meter two three point five meter. Now come back to your come back to your bars reinforcement bars if I draw this reinforcement bars how it looks horizontal ties connecting the main counter fort and upright slab. If you look at this upright slab this is your main counter fort this is your counter fort and this part is your upright slab how it has been particularly in this junction how it has been connected this upright slab has been taken to your back to your hill slab sorry this reinforcement of main counter fort has been taken back to your hill slab and this is your reinforcement bar reinforcement bar particularly upright slab if I say this is my upright slab this is your reinforcement bars main reinforcement bar has been provided. So, at this point between counter fort and upright slab this has been connected these are all these are all yours your reinforcement. So, that it will be connected upright slab as well as your counter fort if I say this is my reinforcement for counter fort for counter fort and this is for your upright slab. So, these are all your shear ties or shear reinforcement. So, that there will be a proper connection between connection between upright slab as well as for counter fort reinforcement for counter fort. Now vertical ties connecting counter fort and hill slab you see why I am discussing this these counter forts these counter forts of reinforcement bars has to be connected with your upright slab as well as your hill slabs it has to be connected. So, that it should not be separated after this design is over. So, now if I take it how it has been connected this is your vertical link vertical link and this is your main reinforcement counter fort reinforcement counter fort reinforcement and this is particularly your this part of your hill slab hill slab if you look at here look at this hill slab. That means look at this hill slab it is going. So, these are the bars of this main reinforcement of your hill slab and if you look at this counter fort walls it is inclined. That means it is passing from here to here I put it counter fort main counter fort reinforcement here to here. So, that there is a link this vertical or shear reinforcement has been connected. So, that it will be in intact without any changing it will be in intact once this design is over once this design is over that means these counter fort retaining wall will be intact with your upright slab and this counter fort counter forts also will be intact with your hill slab in both way that means if you look at this section particularly this junction say number one and this junction say number two. So, this is your number one point this is your number two point. In this case number one point upright slabs this is your upright slabs. So, these are all your main reinforcement and counter fort walls counter fort counter fort is going on. So, this is your horizontal links between upright slabs and counter fort reinforcement now similarly in this case counter fort is passing particularly hill slab it is connected at an inclination and hill slab is going in this directions. So, in this case this counter fort is inclined then this is your hill slab vertical link has been connected between this counter fort as well as the hill slab. Now main main then then come back to your main counter fort counter fort in this counter fort let us say h is equal to height of cantilever above the base height of cantilever above base this small height h is equal to height of cantilever height above the base from here to here the total height h is equal to from here to here, but h small h is equal to here to here this is your height of cantilever above the base. Let us say l is equal to spacing of counter fort alpha is equal to searcher's angle alpha is equal to searcher's angle in this case the horizontal pressure earth pressure p h is equal to k a gamma h square by 2 l cos alpha if you look at this l is equal to spacing l is equal to spacing this is alpha is equal to searcher's angle l cos alpha it is coming. So, maximum bending movement is equal to or bending movement is equal to p h into h by 3 which is equal to k a gamma h q by 6 l cos alpha. Now area of steel area of steel area of steel is equal to m by q d t second half of the length of alpha because area of steel is equal to bending movement l cos alpha it is a reverse one by cos alpha it will be a sake alpha movement by q d t sake alpha is your area of steel requirement. Now curtailment of bars now this curtailment of bars particularly in counter forts area of steel is equal to a s t is directly proportional to if you look at here it will be m by d d is equal to varying m by d which is equal to m by h. So, which is equal to directly proportional to h q by h m e if you look at the m is it is in terms of h q which is equal to h q by h that means it is directly proportional to your h square total height of the h square. That means curtailment of bar at the bottom means at the top there is no means it is required how much bars you are going to curtail that requires your that depends upon your height square. So, based on that curtailment of bar has to be done. So, next class I will solve a complete problem of this counter fort retaining wall including structural design completely. Thanks a lot.


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