Hello, welcome to Tell us or English. I'm your anchor Gladys Quezada from Caracas, Venezuela and at this moment I'm under one of the main halls of the yellow house la casa Maria the seat of the foreign ministry of Venezuela And I'm honored to receive the prime minister of St. Lucia Philip J. Pierre Be welcome Prime Minister. Thank you very much. Thank you very much So it's a pleasure to receive you here and to have you here with us so one of the main questions I think Today is that two years ago back in July 2021 when you took office and then in August of 2021 to you announced the reestablishment of bilateral relationships with the Venezuelan and I think the first question will be how both countries how your office your administration has enhanced this desire and has materialized this policies Well, first of all, I want to thank the government of Venezuela President for inviting me to Venezuela. St. Lucia has been friends with Venezuela for 1979 We received our independence in 1979 and we've been friends from that time except the brief period in 2020 when there was that sort of disengagement official disengagement Since we came I won elections out of my party won elections in July 26 2021 and immediately We restored full democratic relations with Venezuela we accepted the Ambassador to our country and then we began we continued that friendship that had been broken for a short while We think that Venezuela has been a good friend to us Venezuela has assisted us in many aspects of a life in It's unusual and we believe we like the we like the courage of the people of Venezuela It is our belief that they ought to be no interference in the external affairs of any country we think every country and every people have his right to the to Determine their friends their future and the policies they want to follow people. We think it's a fundamental right For every country to determine its own internal affairs So St. Lucia has taken a position that we will never We will never support any intrusion in the internal affairs of any country and that has been our position We isn't the right to have the phrase we want the phrase we wish but we Respect each country respect we respect the policies of every country, but we do the right to be friends with who we want Yeah regarding the topic Two years ago when you made the announcement Venezuela was facing the pandemic as we know that took a toll on the economy of the country and Venezuela was under heavy sanctions and we still under heavy sanctions. So Back to this day today to the currently time that you are here paying this official visit to the nation Did you find the same Venezuela? Did you find the same conditions? How do you appreciate the country? Well, first of all In I've spoken at the United Nations twice and have asked that the sanctions against Venezuela be removed That is our position that is sometimes our just and they should be removed But you know what I I've seen from my short visit Offer my short stay that the people events of Venezuela seem to be very resilient. I See a vibrancy in the streets. I don't see a people who seem to be mourning. I don't say people who seem to be Who seem to be worried? I see a vibrancy in the streets I see movement and I'm very pleased as you know COVID affected as heavily as Lucia We were our country was shut down and then we suffered gravely our tourism industry Suffered very different COVID because our hotels were closed In fact, the whole country our airports were closed. So we suffered greatly But and I can imagine the sanctions against you how it was In doing COVID, but I must really tell you I'm impressed with what I've seen and look forward to developing that that vision should be countries precisely so Prime Minister talking about sanctions and talking about countries under the Cade Cuba Today is one of the green dates for Cuba one of the saddest dates and in history because For example today Karecom holds the Cuba day against terrorism and Cuba marks the day or the date After the 47 years of the terrorist attack against the plane the a similar craft of Cubana the aviation Yeah, it was coming back from verbatim so Cuba has seen these sanctions has seen over 60 years of blockade and The island is Trying to be resilient in trying to recover from that But under Europe your thinking your opinion how these sanctions how the blockade have hindered the possible development of Cuba Well again We've persistently and consistently called for the removal of the blockade against Cuba. This is our position We think it's unfair Think it's all just and you've called for that for that blockade to be removed persistently every time in fact This is one of the few occasions where both government and opposition is a new shall agree Yes, the opposition is also green that block it should be removed The opposition they've agreed to that and so we are consistent in that regard But in spite of that look it blockade the government of Cuba has been tremendous support to the government solution particularly in education I mean we Receive scholarships from Cuba every year for doctors engineers Agriculturists in fact if you go to any of our hospitals in solution today, you'll find that Almost every doctor has been training Cuba making a tremendous Contribution to the people of solution the Cubans also run and eye clinic in solution Where people with eye issues with color acts with coma get treated and there was there was a time when hundreds of people Left solution and went to Cuba to get their eyes done to get to get the cataracts removed and get treated for various ideas. So Cuba has done and is making a tremendous contribution in spite of the blocking So you can imagine what will happen if there was no blocking can imagine if there's one Caribbean if Cuba Venezuela and Country of carry come coming together and working together carry come has taken has taken a strong position On the fact that we are friends. We are friends to Cuba We are friends to Venezuela this has been a carry come position It's a position which almost every country in caricum has taken that position that we remain friends with human Venezuela In fact, we we think that if our region is is a zone of peace and That is what we strive for for a region to be a zone of peace A region where there is no conflict where there is no war where the people in the region Who share one common history can work together for the good of humanity and for the good of the people of the region We are friends With America we are we are neighbors to America But we do not believe that these sanctions are right or that blockade is right and that's our position which we have maintained Okay And yes the both governments the government of Venezuela and the government of Cuba have been thankful of that position and that stands so One of the main events in the geopolitical arena this year was the G77 and China summit that was held in Havana and you know Cuba holds the pro-temporary presidency of that block and How do you consider Cuba has done this year or has developed this year in the at the head of the block and At the head of the global south Well, first of all, we are very happy that you were In that has taken that position has taken that position in the Union But you know the people of the world have a lot to learn from the resilience of the Cuban people The advancements in science The advancement in medicine. They work that Cuba's done as far as COVID is concerned And you know we as far as the COVID vaccine has been concerned as it's concerned and we think that Cuba In spite of the sanctions unless important how they've been able to develop their science their technology their agriculture and we think that there's a lot to learn From what's happening in Cuba, and I'm very happy that Cuba can share these experiences with us in the region because you know Ralph Gonzales, Dr. Ralph Gonzales is also involved in SELAC And so we and Ralph Gonzales is the OECS which is part of CARICOM and is a neighbor to SELUSIA So we are well involved and challenged in these progressive movements that seek to benefit the people of Latin America and the Caribbean You have mentioned several sectors and topics as education as health and as science how The whole Caribbean region and let's include all the governments you have mentioned the government of a verbados the government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines How the Caribbean is enhancing these sectors and how it's enhancing and bolstering Cooperation in these sectors and in these areas. Well, you see that there is one elephant in the room with its climate climate change And the threat of hurricanes and cyclones and floods affect all of us. In fact, that is why I think worries the Prime Minister is the most Fear and it's very difficult to explain to our our larger neighbors What happens when there's a hurricane our friends in in a Dominica can tell you that they got up one morning and the country is wiped out is very possible That in the small islands because we are very small SELUSIA is 268 square miles with a hundred eighty five thousand people So it's very possible that you get up one morning After Hurricane and your whole country is wiped off very very possible. So we want to work in terms of adaptation To climate change when I left home yesterday. It was raining part of country was flooded by simple rain for a few hours and When we speak in the international fora about Climate change it's difficult for you For the international world to perceive what happens to us when there's a hurricane very difficult Because they can be a hurricane in Venezuela and then one part of country remains unscathed It's a vast country But but in our countries the damage By just a few hours of rain just a few hours of rain because flooding landslides in all the countries of the OECS So as far as climate change is concerned, we need to be able to get adaptation To climate change there are things we can do and we are seeing our larger countries our larger neighbors So sisters in disregard in because we are our biggest fear and That kind of takes me to food security In times of a hurricane our food security gets affected a few months ago in St. Lucia there was a there was a storm not even a hurricane called Brex and 70% of our banana industry was wiped off With rain that felt probably for about four hours So we are very vulnerable Very vulnerable and we only always tell the international world Particularly the international financial institutions that on lend money to us that our problems are unique Because of our smallness and The smallest of our population So we need special and differential treatment and and we believe with our neighbors in Salah with our neighbors in the in all the Countries that understand our plight that share the same history But there should be some some special and special and differential treatment for us in the region So in terms of climate change in terms of agriculture in terms of food security because we Import most of our food and carry commas taken opposition that we wanted we we are striving to see if we can import less Then 75 percent of our food we want to we want to be able to produce 25 percent of our food By the year 20 25 percent of our food by the year 2025 That's what we are striving for but again because of our smallness When we have a hurricane when you have a flood we go back We get back. So what we're striving to do is have new technologies in agriculture so we can we can We can continue to grow we can continue to produce our food security in spite of the fact that we have serious serious issues Yeah, so Without a doubt the climate change and environmental crisis Is taking the heaviest toll on the smaller nations and the island nations and also in the Caribbean, of course We are a spread of islands We're an archipelago if you Smaller and it's what now kids small islands the OEC is very small Very small solution is the has the largest population in the OECS And you have 185,000 people Sometimes it's laughable It's a country And we it's one of our sides We are We are people who believe In respect. We are people who are hardworking We have a population who is right That's vibrant. That's hardworking and we we've we've achieved. We've made our mark on the world We have to know we have so alpha Lewis And economists and so Derek Walker who had to Nobel Prize winners Yeah, so we've made our mark on the world So so we continue to make our mark and we continue to maintain our independence in spite of the problems of the world Yeah, St. Lucia walks tall on the defense in the environment and the defense of its own sovereignty We do we in particular in terms of our self-respect and our Our desire to determine our future will help our friends That's a good message to the world So prime minister Regarding this climate change threats that we are facing all in the world What will be the the the proposals or maybe The message of st Lucia at the cop 8028 about your pardon 28 to be held in the art of Emirates Well, in fact, St Lucia will be taken a carry composition Because We believe that carry come as a whole As a unit must be unified in certain aspects And each country of carry come In spite of the fact that the small islands Dominica St Lucia Brunelis and Vincent and Tigris and kids Will are the ones most most affected The large islands Jamaica Trinidad in the cuba also is affected by hurricanes So we we think that we we we we will be striving for loss of damage For to include loss and damage causes and we also strive for the fact that in the national community peace There was a promise of a hundred billion dollars That has never come in fact only part of that has come That's one of the main claims in several international Fora and gatherings that the financial promises and pledges never came to a reality Right never can be so you're saying that listen to me. You are the greatest. You are the cause of the problem Meet your obligations. So we'll be pushing For the for the international community to meet its financial obligations that they've made They've made these obligations before And we've also been pushing for Loss and damage and for assistance in causing us to depend less On the factors that create climate change Yes, so To cope with this imbalance All the the island nations are calling for that to The fulfillment of the promises of the financial promises But at the same time, we have been talking about south south cooperation to about the caribbean and latin american cooperation but we're about Africa's cooperation with the caribbean and with the latin america Let's recall that africa is playing a key role in the international arena And right now in the new geopolitics and in new scenarios, africa is maybe one of the strongholds for food production They have lithium bearings in bowie. They have found other sources of resources and other ways to thrive and to cope with new realities. So How does africa could come to play with the caribbean? We have so many ties. We have so many bonds together So how could this be possible and how this could be also a way to thrive from the caribbean? Well, you've heard about the the the fact that africa is part be a part of the six vision of the world Six vision africa africa and the caribbean but africa And the caribbean our history In fact, most of our descendants came from africa slaves And they came into the region and they developed they developed the countries of europe By the exploitation of slave labor in the caribbean Slavery Was in the caribbean And then the proceeds of slavery Developed the countries of europe This is the fact That the forced labor from africa This is why we are calling for reparations We believe that africa The descendants of african slaves Are the people of the caribbean now It has been proven and as the secretary general of the united nations said recently You can there's a direct relationship between slave recolonialism And poverty So we believe that there is need for reparations Is that the european countries the countries that benefited from slavery award Should pay in terms of reparation We also believe that the ties between africa and the region Through so through the soft soft relationship should be developed And we're very pleased to understand that kinia Is right now one supreme active part in the restoration of what's happening in Haiti Because the Haiti is an issue and a problem for all of us The whole the whole the entire region into the entire caracum region including venezuela and cuba We're very concerned of what's happening in Haiti. I mean a Haiti is a country for rich history Haiti is the is the is a country of two-cell over two And and and i'm in christoph And country forever rich rich history of struggle of liberation of freedom of independence And Haiti now is in a state where very soon Is something is on is something is not done. Haiti will descend into chaos The absolute chaos Caracum is playing a very important role as far as that as far as Haiti is concerned And as you heard i'm sure you heard that kinia inside the delby there'll be a direct intervention in Haiti For the sake of peace peacekeeping troops The country of rwanda Has also asked us to assist we hope that we can because rwanda game has a history That that can help us out in Haiti So some some some some Dialogue is extremely important because as i said before africa African slaves in the region They stayed there and they created the region and that wealth europe developed So we're looking forward to closer cooperation with africa and closer cooperation of countries of the south precisely So we were talking about All the regional blocks and we were talking about africa. So there is just one question left What about the brakes what do your administration your government sanducia Thinks and ponders about breaks as another way to be united against hegemonism And another way to enhance and to thrive Well, we have been speaking We've been speaking a lot about a new world financial order most of Our countries are highly indebted And most of that is caused because We've had to rebuild our countries after hurricanes you have to borrow At not very discretionary rates From the larger the ifcs the larger financial institutions We have to borrow from them to develop our countries and we have to pay it back We are calling for a new world financial order We think that We should there should be debt redemption We think that most that many of the debts that have that were caused because of climate disasters Should be forgiven. This would be calling for And we're calling for a new form of relationship between our small islands and international financial institutions And we see The possibility of that happening in arrangement with the brick with the brick countries but As we always maintain We understand our history And we do not want to antagonize anyone Our job as a country As countries in the region It's a peaceful coexistence in the world So we can benefit our people What's important to us is improving the quality of life of the people of our country We need to improve their education. We need to improve their social situation We need to improve their housing. We need to increase their health facilities We need to ensure food security We need a better life for the people of the region and the people of sedition in particular And we're willing to work if anyone who wants to give us that But we maintain the fact that we need to have a right to determine our own destiny As a country as a people we think it's our that that's our right And this is why in the international forum we say to to the entire world It's a new church respectful of every country's right to self Determination and self rule and every country's right to determine the future for the people of the country This is our solemn promise to the world In that we believe that we have a role to play But we must be allowed to play that role on India Because our people Want to be for our people. We are not medicants You want to be we want to have friends. We want to have partners so you can work together Thank you prime minister. I think this The summarizing of the interview is that we have to thrive together from peace and from our common place And not to antagonize and not to go to work with thank you Thank you. I want to send president A duro for inviting me. I look forward to meeting them this afternoon as you meet in the wild I want to thank the government and people of Venezuela for their hospitality and I want to pledge The the support of San Ushua for for Venezuela's right and its claim to exist specifically Thank you prime minister. So in this way we put an end to this interview with the prime minister of San Lucia Mr. Or his excellency his honorable Philip j pure so i'm glad he's cassara from caracas venezuela. Stay with us


Ditt majestis, exelensis, kollegor och vänster. Jag har tidigare visiterat forestfakten i Umeå i norr Sverige där Ansofi och jag har studerat forestryck på en gång. Det är en bra känsla att komma tillbaka. Jag destraterar mig igen hur mycket Sverige och Indonesi kan läsa från varandra när det kommer till forestryck. I dag har vi en moment att demonstrera hur viktig forestryck är för den framtiden vi vill. Det är en hållbar utveckling för alla. Och i den här seminären vill vi visa hur forestryck sker till alla dimensioner och alla mål. Så om vi talar om eliminering, poverter och hundar, översättning av hälften, byggsmål, vattnet och energi, utbildning, rörelse, kvaliteten och möjligheter, utbildning av stort institutioner, utbildning av klimat på övriga, utbildning och utbildning av liv på land och under water, utbildning av lägre investeringar och utbildning av nya partner, och kanske de flesta som vill ha välfärder av våra barn och sina barn och så vidare. Forestryck embranser all detta och därför är det vad våra städer att se för är om. Den här strategi som du kan se på screen är bäst för att hjälpa alla de 70 svåra utvecklingar som världen har ökat. Vi gör att fokuset fortsätter på alla städer på stort stort stort. I kontrast med publik debatt och med advokationer i nationella poliser och internationella negativarier vi brukar höra om forest som en omgivning. Global utbildning som klimatföring endning, de forestation och protecting wildlife take up most of the bandwidth in media. Of course these are real and very, very important challenges. But unfortunately the priorities and needs of local and rural communities seldom make the headlines. Communities which are often among the world's poorest and disadvantaged. This is where the benefits and opportunities of forestry come together and have the greatest impact and this is where our focus needs to be. So seeing how the wealthy parts of the world consider forests one could say that forests have been put in the global environment corner. And to that I say, nobody puts forest in a corner. Let me turn to the topic of research. Everyone here in the global forestry hold agree that research is an essential ingredient in development. This is why CIFER and our sibling organization, ICRAF deliver high quality science that is credible and relevant for policy and practice. This is the core of our mission. But science is under threat. Defending the credibility and relevance of science has become a mission in itself. We live in a world where post truth populism and alternative facts insett the political agenda. A world where scientists see the need to take to the streets to advocate for their mission. And in that process risking to profile science as just another special interest. As a result, funds for research are increasingly difficult to mobilize. We feel that pressure as well. It is less politically opportun to invest in science. I want to extend my hope to Indonesia as our host country and Sweden as one of CIFER's founding countries and a leading forest country in the world to stand up for science in general and funding of forestry research in particular. Science, however, necessary is not sufficient. At CIFER we are clear that doing excellent research is in itself not enough to achieve the impact we aspire to. So that is why we also emphasize learning. We help develop a forest faculty in eastern Congo. We support Indonesian students to acquire master degrees overseas. We carry out a variety of trainings and prepare educational material. Learning based on science is the basis for that sustainable future we want. We also emphasize outreach and engagement. Forestry research is not worth much unless it is communicated, understood and ultimately used by many. This, we believe, is also the path to regain a broad trust in science. Post, post truth if you like. Finally, I want to talk about landscapes and the need for integrated solutions. So much of our future depends on how we manage our landscapes. In the Nordic countries we share a history of poverty. Many of you recognize this painting from the late 19th century. It's from Finland but it could have been Sweden. The situation of poor people living off the land. And in our countries we made a long journey since then. Thing is we still have this reality in many places around the world. This is a recent picture from Brazil and I'm sure you can see the similarities. So we can say that if we are to achieve sustainable development then it is in landscapes we must place our hope. We have a tendency to isolate sectors as experts and to isolate institutions. But in the landscapes the solutions must come together across agriculture, forestry, mining, energy, water, finance, infrastructure, tenure, rights and law. We don't seem to pay enough attention on how this integration is to happen. And actually real landscapes are where our science and research can become most useful for people. This is why integrated landscape approaches has become an important foundation for CIFRS work. We challenge the conventional institutional fragmentation and seek new ways of collaborating and discovering opportunities and solutions. It's not always easy. Habits, safety and comfort in our own subject, our own sectors, in our own institutions may make us feel threatened. The roots are deep. So we need to work in new partnerships. CIFRS leading the Global Landscapes Forum which has become a platform for thousands of partners from every sector and walk of life. We want to advance sustainable landscapes. In the next five years we aim to reach and involve one billion people as a global community of landscapes. We think that like the World Economic Forum the Global Landscapes Forum is on track to become a major positive factor for sustainable development founded in research and focusing on local priorities. So your Majesty's Excellences has been a privilege to share some thoughts about the breadth and diversity of forestry. It's also a privilege to work with all members of the CIFRS Global Team to really make a difference that counts proving how forestry and landscapes can enhance environment and well-being for all. Thank you very much.


Fellow St. Lucians, St. Lucia joins the global community in observance of world standards day on October 14th. The observance is an opportunity to focus attention on the important role that standards play and appreciate the work of the thousands of experts who develop and promote the use of standards. The International Organization for Standardization, ISO, has established this year's theme as International Standards and the Fourth Industrial Revolution. What is the Fourth Industrial Revolution? The term revolution denotes abrupt and radical change. Throughout history, new breakthrough technologies have brought about many such periods of significant, non-linear change that profoundly alter economic systems and social structures. The arrival of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is a new period of exactly this type of deep, transformative change. The first profound shift for human civilization came with the agrarian revolution 10,000 years ago, domestication of animals coupled with new farming technologies, improved food production, spurred dramatic population growth, and led to the rise of fixed settlements. This agrarian revolution was followed around 1760 with the First Industrial Revolution, driven by the rise of steam power, railways, and mechanized forms of production. The Second Industrial Revolution began in 1890 with the rise of electricity and new approaches to manufacturing based on assembly lines and mass production. The Third Industrial Revolution emerged in the 1960s with the rise of semiconductors and the spread of computers and the Internet. Today, we face a Fourth Industrial Revolution, building on the digital technologies of the Third Industrial Revolution, powered by a wide range of new breakthroughs not only in the digital realm, such as artificial intelligence, but also in the physical realm, new materials as well as the biological realm, bioengineering, unprecedented breadth and depth. The Fourth Industrial Revolution will change everything. The new technologies and the interaction between them will offer new ways to create and consume, will transform how we deliver and access public services, and will enable new ways to communicate and govern. Almost every aspect of our lives will be touch, jobs, business models, industrial structures, social interactions, and systems of governance. The Fourth Industrial Revolution will even challenge the very concept of what it means to be human, accelerating the pace of change. New technologies are emerging faster, being adopted more quickly, and delivering greater impact than ever before. Fixed Line Telephones first developed in 1878 and it took 75 years to reach 100 million users. Mobile phones which emerged in 1979 took 16 years to reach 100 million users. The Internet, which was launched to the public in 1990, took 6 years to reach 100 million users, whereas the Apple App Store unveiled in 2008 took just 3 years to reach 100 million users. Nowadays, machine learning and big data analytics mean the process of discovery and analysis often no longer require human agency. The processing power of computer chips from the Third Industrial Revolution has increased by 1 trillion times over the past 50 years, and quantum computing has the potential to perform tasks that are barely conceivable today. Equally important, digital networks allow products, services, ideas, and knowledge to scale and reach critical mass more quickly than ever before. One consequence of all this change is that the impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution will be extremely hard to predict, with the following being commonplace. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Advanced Robotics and Forms of Automation Ubiquitous Mobile Internet Sensors and the Internet of Things Blockchain and Distributed Ledges 3D printing Autonomous vehicles such as cars and drones New materials such as Graphene Genetic Advances Bioengineering Personalized and Precision Medicine New energy sources and storage technologies Quantum Computing The rapid pace of change brought by the Fourth Industrial Revolution has its challenges. Robots and artificial intelligence will take over more and more tasks previously done by humans. Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, will change the way we make goods and give us the ability to print things at home. And as everything from planes to baby monitors are connected digitally, the vulnerability of data and the consequences of a breach are growing exponentially. These are only some examples of the issues presented by a new generation of smart technologies characterized by big data, increased integration, cloud storage, and open communication of devices to name a few. International standards are a powerful way to ensure safety and minimize risk. For example, security standards can keep our data safe and detail hackers. And the safety standards for robots will make it easier to interact with humans. International standards provide a platform for ensuring interoperability which encourages investment and supports innovation. Moreover, the ongoing work of the International Organization of Standardization on Innovation Management will offer tried and tested frameworks that help organizations unleash their innovative potential. This includes future standards ISO 50501 on innovation management systems and ISO 50503 on tools and methods for collaborative innovation partnership. ISO President John Walter recently reiterated that standards will once more play a key role in the transition to a new era. The speed of change we are witnessing would not be possible without them. Innovators rely on international standards like those produced by IEC, ISO, and ITU to ensure compatibility and interoperability so that new technologies can be seamlessly adopted. They are also a vehicle to spread knowledge and innovation. The fourth industrial revolution has begun. But in order to seize its full potential for the betterment of society, standards are needed. The St. Lucia Bureau of Standards is charged with managing and promoting the use of international standards to help our country, network, and seize the opportunities that this technological revolution affords to help advance economies and improve the quality of life of citizens of this country. The St. Lucia Bureau of Standards has shown its capability in building a platform for protection of health and safety, the environment, and trade facilitation through standards, conformity, assessment, and metrology. St. Lucia will depend more on that commitment and knowledge for engagement in the successes that the fourth industrial revolution promises. Let me therefore wish you a happy World Standards Day 2018. I thank you.


Hi, I'm Ateesh. I also work for Western Digital, and I'm here to talk about the booting in RISC-5, what's current state, and what's the road ahead for the booting flow in RISC-5. Before we start, I just wanted to get to feel like, how many of you think having a standard booting is necessary for any platform, especially for RISC-5 where it's growing? So, yeah, my question is still continue, so you can raise your hands. Yes. Both, good, because we do not want to differ. So, especially in booting land, we don't different or being unique doesn't bring value, it brings chaos. Being standard, being boring actually brings value, because if a user knows how to boot a X86 ARM system he should be able to, or which C should be able to boot a RISC-5 system. That's the whole agenda of the talk is, we want to make it more standard and standard. So, we want to follow more open source as possible, and follow the protocols or methods that already open source systems already uses. So, is a brief agenda of the talk that I'll be going through and starting the talk. So, here is a brief most commonly used embedded boot flow, a multi-stage boot flow where you can have different open source, and all of them are actually open source, and that's how all of the embedded world actually works. So, you can have a different combination of it, and you can definitely run it, but that's what the recommended boot flow is where actually you can go ahead and run your software. So, to start with first would be your zero-stage boot loader which basically does load the next one, gets executed from the ROM, that's what whenever the power-on reset, that's what gets started. Next stage is the first-stage boot loader, which basically runs also as a loader. Loads should have the capability to load all the next stages, something like the next runtime service provider, next the real boot loader, or for the matter Linux as well. But given what software open-source project we are using, it may be actually doing that or may not be doing that. So, currently, in RescribeLand, there is FSBL which is a sci-fi specific one, there is Uboot SPL, which is the secondary program loader from Uboot, and then there is Coreboot which does that job, then there is runtime service provider which is the only software piece run actually resident after Linux boot. So, when actually Linux boots, all of those other pieces basically overwritten because we don't need them, but we need the runtime service provider, because that's where the OS actually need anything that needs to communicate downstream with the firmware. That's where the runtime service provider comes in, and OpenSBI currently provides that for Rescribe. Then there is Uboot which acts as the last-stage boot loader. So, last-stage boot loader which mostly you actually see, like where you configure your menu or actually boot Linux, and the other boot loader, so these are the already upstream available, that's why it's there. There is also Grub which would eventually be fit in here, which would also be act as a last-stage boot loader, and then currently Coreboot doesn't can boot technically Uboot, but directly just loads Linux and then loads OpenSBI, and then it asks OpenSBI to jump to Linux. Uboot SPL also loads OpenSBI Uboot, and then you can switch to jump to Uboot from OpenSBI, and then get to Linux from Uboot using your MMC or network anything. So, this basically summarizes what all open-source software projects we use for boot loading, and for booting, and then where the status is, this slide will talk about what's the current upstream status. So, Uboot and Coreboot status has been pretty solid. Recently, the Uboot SPL patches started landing in. So, we already have anti-stick patches, we already have QMI patches, high-five on-list patches are already in the mailing list should be much soon. Coreboot is pretty good as well, both of them uses OpenSBI for my dynamic. There is Nuked in the block Uboot, RAN has a talk after my talk, which we'll be talking about Uboot. Then there is OpenSBI, these are the release version and the stats. You can go to the OpenSBI project and figure out where is the release version and all, currently we are at 0.5, and there is Little Kernel, which is a bootloader for Android, and I recently noticed that they also have support for this file. Does that mean there will be Android on risk five? I don't know, I'm not claiming anything. Whoever has done, you can ask them. Maybe one day, we're all here for risk five wall domination, so why not? So, these now I explained which all software pieces are there, what software projects are used in the bootloading, and what's the state. So, we're pretty much in good shape except Ufi and Grub, which will eventually have some slides at the end. But the other part that we are trying to modify is, so in a modern era system, every system is a multiprocessor mostly. So, the other part of is how does each CPU actually enters into different multi-stages, and then actually lands in boots Linux. So, currently is used as a random booting. When I say random booting, all of the assist hard CPUs are described as favorably called hearts, so hardware threads. So, actually randomly jumps into Linux, and I'll explain how does it work. So, for the future slides, yellow box, Linux kernel, green box, bootloader. There is no relation with why the color is being chosen. It's because my color sense are really bad. So, there is bootloader, Linux kernel. Assuming there are let's say four hearts in the system, and when it tries to boot Linux, all of them jump to Linux together. So, since all of them jump together, there has to be arbitration. So, one gets chosen to be the booting hard. All other, what do they do? They just keep on waiting until this hard, actually does all the kernel initialization, and actually then wakes up, actually configure the per-CPU variable, so that these hard can proceed. So, once it does the kernel initialization, it actually goes and sets the stack pointer for each CPU, and then they go and proceed. So, simple enough, it keeps the boot code simple, and nothing really issues with it. Is it? Do you see any issues with it? Yes. What's the issue? Yes. Yeah. So, what happens is each bootloader has to now initialize all the devices, and then they have to do it for SMP. So, imagine with one bootloader, it's okay, but imagine there are multiple bootloaders. So, what happens then? Let's say I have two-stage bootloader now. Now, every stage, the same thing will happen. Every stage, there will be multi-core, then there will be a lottery, there will be one core will be going forward, and then waiting, all other cores will be waiting. So, what happens is, let's say the stage number, it doesn't matter, it's not corresponding to what actual stage is. For now, it's just an illustration purpose. So, let's say first, all of them enters into stage one or stage two, doesn't matter. Then one gets chosen, all of them waits again. That heart sends an IPI to wakes them up after it does all the initialization, as you said, all the driver initialization. Then all of them actually wakes up from an interrupt. Then all of them again jumps to the second stage. Again, one gets chosen, it can be any heart. So, it doesn't have to be the first heart that gets. So, every stage it can be a random heart. Then that again sends an IPI, other are waiting, it comes out of the IPI, then all of them together again jumps to Linux, and then you know the process, how it process in the Linux. So, that's the problem as we have more stages, this gets complicated. The other issue is, now all the hearts are in Linux, actively running, and there is no way to tell, there is no way for Linux to actually return the heart to the bootloader or the runtime service provider. That complicates your CPU hotplug and K-Exec. So, for K-Exec, what happens is it stops all the hearts, and then one heart boots another kernel. When it boots another kernel, all other hearts, if you are managing it in the kernel, then you have to, at the same time, you are keeping that kernel resident code, and also you are booting another kernel. So, you have to manage that code, and you have to make sure that the other kernel doesn't override the memory. Similarly, hotplug, you have to manage the hearts in the interrupt, sorry, manage the interrupts in kernel while stopping the hearts, and then while bringing up, you have to bring it up in kernel, which is not exactly stopping the heart because supervisor has still access to those hearts. So, other alternate approach to how does the heart boot actually is ordered booting. So, most of the other ISAs, other architectures have already implemented this. This is the standard way of booting, where one heart goes through all the way to Linux, and then it brings up all the hearts one by one, which simplifies CPU hotplug and K-Exec pretty much, because now in CPU hotplug, K-Exec, or normal booting, all of them uses similar approach. All of them use not similar, exactly same code path. The firmware keeps the one heart, let one heart go and keeps all other heart, and then whenever you need to start or stop, all of them return to the firmware, and then you can start and stop using some calls, which I'll be explaining later. Now, so how does the order booting looks like? Same, let's say there's bootloader and Linux kernel, there's two stages. Now, the first stage will have a lottery, because otherwise you have to assign saying that this is my boot heart, which may not be available, that heart number may not be available in a system. So, one lottery is okay, then that heart gets chosen as the boot heart, and all of them actually goes and wait there. That heart actually goes and proceed to all of the stages. So, it goes to the next stage, that continues to Linux. Linux actually does all the installation, then now it's ready to bring all the hearts. So, it makes a call to the firmware or to the runtime service provider, then it receives that call, that's when it sends the IPIs to the hearts actually waiting there, and then all of them heart wakes up, and now all these middle stages, which are not anymore resident in the code. So, we don't know what have to modify anything related to SMP in those stages, and then all the other hearts know where to jump to Linux. It directly jumps and then starts running Linux. So, that's the advantage of ordered booting, and that's how the order booting will work. Now, another advantage is, let's say you want to add one more stage. The other stage doesn't have to do anything. The other stage, that had only jumps to, instead of jumping to Linux, it just jumps to the next stage. It does whatever that stage need to do, and then it jumps to Linux, and then the entire process remains same. Hi. Sorry. So, they do not have to do lottery. So, the question was, how do the other stages do the lottery, right? Oh, because they're not now receiving, they're not getting all the hearts. All the hearts are not available there. So, it's only one heart going forward. So, they do not have to do lottery. So, how do we do the bringing up and close, stopping the hearts from the former with the new set of SBI calls? I'll not go through the details. It's available in the spec. It's already merged, and the patches are also available in the open SBI and Linux kernel patches are already in the mailing list. So, you can take a look and give feedback. I just recently posted. So, with that ordered booting feature, the biggest issue we had, not biggest, but the one of the issue we had is, how do we maintain backward compatibility? Because now you have older software running, doing random booting with all the bootloaders actually trying to do the lottery thing. And then with the newer software, it's not anymore, do not want them to do it. So, this is the backward compatibility table. If you are using open SBI or Linux kernel master, you're good, you will obviously get the order booting. If you're using any of the older version of open SBI, then with or without HSM patches, it will detect that it does not have the HSM extension. So, it will just go back to the default random booting. Same thing, if you are using BBL or any other older, very old open SBI, which is older than 0.5, it will also fall back to the random booting. But if you are using master branch of open SBI, which will have the HSM patches, and you are using Linux kernel without HSM patches, then you will only get one code because now the Linux kernel thinks that HSM extension is supported, but it's actually not implemented. Linux kernel basically is not making those calls. So, you will not get SMP booting. So, if you want to use the open SBI master, you have to use the Linux kernel patches. And it's not current master, so we are waiting for the SBA spec to be merged, the replacement extension and 0.2. Once that's done, we'll release 0.6. So, 0.6 will be without HSM patches, and anything beyond 0.6 will have HSM patches. So, you should go and pick up the master of both kernel and open SBI to have ordered booting and then CPU hot block exec, which will follow. Now, the last piece as I promised in the beginning is UEFI. So, thanks to Alex Abner, the EDK2 UEFI already, it's almost getting merged. There's a talk by Liff today afternoon that will discuss more details on this. UBoot grub support has already been there like for a long time. The only missing piece was EFI stub, which I got it working like a couple of weeks ago. So, it basically puts a EFI Linux header on a peak of header on top of Linux image header. So, it fakes Linux image as a EFI executable to the whatever your loader. So, EDK2 or UBoot. So, that's how it basically treats it as a you can boot Linux using entire UEFI protocol. Now, with all these features, the one thing we also want to be, like as I said, standardization is important. So, we also want to get into the EBBR compliance. So, as per my understanding, EBBR is a specification that allows interoperability between different hardware platforms. So, once your hardware platform conforms to EBBR, you know that for sure you have these many features and this is how you boot. So, as per the technical requirements, we are almost there, we have to implement the runtime services, few of them. And then, or just say that, we're not supporting runtime services, but that feature has to be there. Other than that, startup protocol is basically all the hearts booting the flow, I explained. And then the format storage, which requires you to be on GPT partition and you're already using GPT partition. The part I'm not sure and I'm hoping I'll talk to some folks and get it clarity is not technically political, maybe logistics. Because it's hosted in ARM software and the copyright has unlimited contributors, so I'm not sure whether we can get into that. So, I have to open to discussion, how do we get that work? Yes, I'm done. So, for the future work, we need to upstream the patches, we need to upstream the spec. And then once all those are done, hopefully we can make the EBBR compliant and then do a KXA and KDAP implementation, which would be nice to have all those features and help you debugging. So, I guess I'm done. Yes, okay. I had a demo, but I guess I'm running out of time. So, if you want to see the iffy boot, I would running so you can talk to me after the talk. And you can, I can show you. Thanks.


Hello and welcome to the World Economic Forum in Davos. My name is Simon Kennedy of Bloomberg News. Joining me today for an insight and idea is the World Bank president, Jim Yong Kim. Thank you for joining us. Thank you, Simon. We've got half an hour to save the world. There's been a lot of commentary this week on finances and credit bubbles and currency wars. But let's zero in on something that has the potential to shape our future for centuries to come. And that's climate change. It's something you've brought a passion to the World Bank. And I'd like you to start maybe by telling us about the details of a report you brought out in November. Well, we did this along with the Potsdam Institute.  And it was really striking to me. I'm trained in science. And I thought I was keeping up with the climate literature. But I found out that I had not been. And when I really saw what it was going to look like and some of the estimates of when this 4 degree Celsius world could happen, I was really shocked. I was personally shocked. And I started doing some of the math. And it turns out that if it's the absolute worst case scenario, my children in their adulthood will be living in a 4 degree Celsius world. And what did that mean? Just some of the top line headlines, the oceans will be 150% more acidic. The coral reefs would have been long dissolved. The fisheries will be fundamentally uprooted. Some people have said that carbon may be the currency of climate change. But water is the teeth of climate change. There'll be water fights everywhere. There'll be food fights. So in their adulthood, my children could be living in a world that doesn't even resemble the world we live in now, where the animosity of the fights over basic resources will be so severe that it will threaten human civilization. So I started going back and saying, so what about the work that we do? We build roads. We build bridges. We work on health care, education, social protection. All of these issues could and will very soon, if we don't take action, be affected by climate change. And what were the conclusions on what you can do about this? Or what we and what governments and other policymakers can be doing or should be doing? There's a lot of different solutions. And one of the things that I asked my team about was when these once in a lifetime, and there have been so many once in a lifetime events that have happened recently, when these once in a lifetime events happen, everyone turns their attention to climate change. And then the suggestions that are given are usually kind of small bore. Well, we can recycle. We can do all these sorts of small things. But what I was asking them is, let's make a list. What are the really big things that we need to do? What are the big things that we need to tackle right away? And all the other things, of course, recycling, these are all important things. But what I learned was, the one thing that we need, and everyone has said this for a long time, we need a stable price of carbon. And we need to find a way to make a market that works for carbon. And so we began talking to people. It's complicated. Finding equivalences, forest carbon, black carbon. These are complicated technical issues, so we have to work them out. But we believe it's doable. The other issue is we have these fossil fuel subsidies. I was just in Tunisia. And they're struggling to try to find a way to remove fossil fuel subsidies. But they were very explicit. They said the fossil fuel subsidies help the richer people who have cars. And they're fundamentally not progressive. We want to protect the poor. The fossil fuel subsidies don't do that. Moreover, we want that money back. We think there are better ways of spending that kind of money. But it's politically very difficult. But we should remove fossil fuel subsidies in every country in the world. The World Bank needs to help countries find a way forward. And the other thing is the mega cities. The top 100 cities are responsible for some 60%, 70% of the emissions. And so if we find a way to build green cities, that will have a huge impact. Now it strikes me that those three major things could actually have an impact and change the arc of climate change. You were, I don't know if people can notice, but you're wearing the World Bank tie, which carries the mottier. Our dream is a world free of poverty. Tell us a bit more about how the climate change fits into that. People might see that the World Bank is somewhere working with developing countries, a financial organization. How do you mesh those two? How do you unite the climate change ideal and ambition with actually your mandate? Well, so if you look at the various things we need to do to adapt to climate change, there's no question that poor people are the least able to adapt to climate change. Let me just give you a specific example. Droughts in the Midwest of the United States and other parts of the world led to increase in prices of wheat and maize. And so who does that affect immediately? It's the poor. And what happens, we know and from our studies, is that they simply eat less. And so we're seeing that the climate-based increases in the price of very basic grains in this case can actually have an impact, not only on just temporary increases in food prices, if there's malnutrition in children, they're stunting and they never gain that back. So if you increase the price of food and cause malnutrition in kids at a certain age, this is gonna have an impact not only on their lives but on their whole families and even on the potential for economic growth in those very communities. So the canaries and the coalmine of climate change are going to be the global poor. Those people are our primary concern at the World Bank. There's no way that we can do our work fighting poverty and not pay attention to the impact of climate change. What's been the reaction of your shareholders, the people who will fund the World Bank going forward? Well, I think that across the board there's been strong support. One of the questions as I was coming into the World Bank was what's gonna be the role of the World Bank in tackling these global public goods issues like climate change? And I think we answer that question very clearly. The World Bank is involved in so many issues that could have a direct impact. We fund energy projects. We fund roads. We're working on the building of cities. There's so many things that we do, agriculture. We wanna be sure that everything we do is aligned with this effort to slow down to mitigate climate change. Is there a risk that in a world that seems to be emerging from the financial crisis and the Euro crisis of last year that relapses or other problems take climate change off the agenda because it is viewed as a problem in the longer term. It's always tomorrow's problem. Is that a problem? How will you try to avoid that? Well, I think that the drought in the middle of the United States last year, for the first time climate scientists said that this drought was related to man-made climate change and then hurricane Sandy. But there's so many of them. The president of the Philippines, President Aquino, was here and he said, if you doubt the impact of climate change, just come to the Philippines. We used to have typhoons only into September. Now they're all the way through December. Places that were very wet before are now facing drought. Faces that never suffer from typhoons are having them. And his representative to the meetings in Doha said in a very emotional presentation, please world, wake up. We're facing it every single day and the poor people of the Philippines are feeling it the most. I think it will be on the agenda. And I think people are starting to connect the dots. These extreme weather events are related to climate change. We've got to act. And if we do forget it, I'm gonna be there to remind people because it's something very real to me. And it just take the water issue, right? I'm a physician and what we see is when there's problems with water, there's increase in diarrheal diseases and there are more people who die from bad water than die from AIDS, malaria and TB combined. So this is a very real problem in our faces. And I think it's my role to continue to remind people that we've got to find climate-friendly ways of encouraging economic growth. The good news is we think they exist without question. But how easy are they to implement? What would you like to see the governments do? Well, they're not gonna be easy to implement. I'd like to see the governments really get behind establishing a carbon market. I would really like to see everyone work together to do that. Again, the fuel subsidies are something that we need help with. The developing and middle-income countries, the low and middle-income countries are gonna need help to take that difficult but important political step. And I think the mega cities, everyone has to be involved in figuring out a way to build clean cities so that we reduce the carbon reductions. There's something that everyone can do. What we wanna be clear on is that it's everybody's responsibility to contribute. But we also wanna make clear that we've now gotta tackle the really big issues that can truly have an impact. The World Bank is already working on these things. Just this week or just this month, the IFC, which is the private lending arm, raised $280 million, the governments of Britain, Canada, and Azerbaijan for projects related to climate change. What more do you think the World Bank can be doing and will be doing? Well, I think that I'm having conversations with a lot of different people, including Christine Lagarde at the IMF, various ministers of finance about building a carbon mark. It'll take that kind of an effort. We're looking at everything we do from the perspective of climate change. We're looking at every single one of our projects, every single one of our energy projects. There are tough choices to make. You know, we cannot deprive developing countries of energy. They need energy to lift their people out of poverty. So in every case, we have to make very difficult decisions about balancing the climate change issues with a fundamental need for energy. But we are now using this lens to look at every single thing that we do, to try to be innovative, to try to come up with transformational solutions that will not only spur economic growth, but will do it in a way that's climate friendly. So then to your broader agenda at the World Bank, you've been there less than a year? Six months. Six months. And you told my colleague in an interview the other day that your first six months have been studying and learning and now you're ready to kind of roll out an agenda and a plan. Tell us what you've learned in that period and how you might be looking to change the bank. Well, the most important thing that I've learned is that we have an institution that's just full of people who are passionate about fighting poverty. You know, there are PhDs in economics from the best institutions in the world. And when I scratch a little bit, what I find is this great, deep vein of emotion and passion, they could have been working anywhere, but they're working at the World Bank because they want to fight poverty. So that's been great. We're clear that that's what we're doing. But then the other part of it that I found was that we also know that we have to do it through what the IFC is doing in this case, which is making investments and loans so that countries can grow their private sector. You know, we just put out a report saying that 90% of all jobs in developing countries come from the private sector. So we have to fight poverty, but at the same time we do it by creating dynamism in private sector so that businesses can grow and jobs can be created. What I found is that the World Bank is just full of people who are passionate about that. Now what we need to do is to set some clear targets, some clear goals for us, and organize ourselves in a way that every day we're moving toward those targets. And we're going through a major reform process right now where we're trying to do some things that everyone wants us to do. You know, we're awfully good technically. When we work on a project, you know you're going to get the best knowledge, the best expertise, but it takes too much time. And so one of the things we're working on is just to really reduce the amount of time it takes to get a loan through our process and then get stuff happening on the ground. Not easy. These are huge bureaucracies. This one's been around for 66 years, but we're committed to making that change. And we feel that if we can just get better, reduce the time it takes to get a project in, you know, by 60, 70, 80%. If we can do that, we think we can spur a lot of other activity that'll be important. It's a great institution. It needs to refocus on its fundamentals, which is ending poverty and boosting what we call shared prosperity. In other words, prosperity that's shared by young people, you know, in the Arab Spring, you know, we found that the rates of unemployment were incredibly high among young people. Interestingly, the highest rate of unemployment is among young people who are college educated. So they did not share in the prosperity of Tunisia, and that's what caused fundamental instability in their society. It has to be shared with women. You know, we were not always on the cutting edge of gender equality, but what we know now is that development has to put women at the center. And in our notion of shared prosperity, we think the most important element of that is to share prosperity with future generations. End poverty, build shared prosperity, focus on those goals, look at everything we do, and move forward quickly. There's a lot of talk in Davos these days about the state-of-the-world economy from an advanced economy point of view, something that probably wouldn't have been expected during the early part of this century. And yet, that takes away from the developing countries. So a lot of the talk this week has been about is the US in a sustainable recovery? What's gonna be on the euro crisis? And then the emerging market to the future of China and India and the like. Tell us about the state of play for the developing economies. You know, the development economies have shown remarkable resilience over the last five years. You know, the lion's share of the global growth of the last five years have come from the developing countries. So for example, in Africa next year, we're predicting a growth rate of 5.5%. Now, you know, some people might think, well, it's because commodity prices went up, that's the only reason. And what we found is that in Africa, in 2000, they invested about 16% of their, 16% of the GDP was an investments in infrastructure. This year was 22%. So they've actually increased their investment rate. They're increasing their investments in the foundational elements that will lead to future growth. And also, they've done a lot of things well. We feel very proud that we've worked with these countries. They've done a lot of things well, good fiscal policy. They've invested in health, education, social protection. And so there's a great story there. Latin America rebounded very, very quickly. What we're telling the developing countries now is, okay, you got through this period well. You may need to build back your buffers a bit, but focus on building those foundation for the next phase of growth. So it's a great story. You know, and in fact, the rich countries should thank the developed world for maintaining the growth that we've seen in the last five years. We're laser focused on making sure that they're prepared if there's another shock and also that they're building the foundations for the future. I'd like to stress test the commitment on climate change. Sure. And two is, as you're learning in Washington, you get hit from both sides. The environmental lobby has questioned whether there's a hypocrisy that the World Bank's performance on climate change in their mind has been questionable. Christine Aid, for example, says the bank's funding of coal has surged in the past five years. In 2002, the World Bank loaned nearly four billion for a coal-fired power plant in South Africa. Obviously, this is before your time. How do you avoid those projects in the future? Do you accept that in some places you're gonna have to do things that will work against climate change, but they will work for the good of those economies that need that infrastructure? So a couple of quick things. So if you add up all the emissions of all the developing countries and you remove China, all of the developing countries emit about a third of the CO2 that the US, EU, and China together emit. So it's actually a relatively small proportion of the overall emissions. And I live in Washington, DC. I get my electricity from a coal-powered plant. So we have to be really clear about where we are right now in the world. I said it before, our job is to focus on ending poverty. Now we do everything we can to avoid sponsoring coal projects, but you have to look at every single country and say, so is there any other option? So everything we do, we're looking at every single other option and only in the most severe cases where countries have no other option and where us coming in and helping them will ensure that any coal-powered plant will be clean. Now I have not yet signed a coal-fired project and I would like to not, but I also am very much aware that my first priority is helping countries have the energy that they need. And countries like Kosovo and Mozambique, we're looking at every other option. But Kosovo, they don't have heat. And Mozambique, they desperately need energy to take the next level, to get to the next level in development. We're very much aware that coal is problematic. On the other hand, our job is to help people have the energy they need to lift their own people out of poverty. So it's a tough, this is why I'm in this job, it's a tough negotiation. We wanna do everything we can to lower the use of coal. But we can't turn our backs when poor countries need energy in order just to light homes and provide heat. On the flip side, the World Bank is in Washington. It is the World Bank, but the US is its largest shareholder. You wrote a column in the Washington Post yesterday making some of the points that you've made here. Response today from a lobbyist and columnist for the Post, Ed Rogers, a Republican who says, Republicans unite, America's way of life is being threatened by global warming zealots who want to mindlessly raise American power bills. I hope Congress pay attention to how Kim is spending his time and performing at the World Bank. The accusation is that when you talk about carbon markets, when we talk about prices for fuel, that it's price hikes, that it's tax increases. How do you challenge that argument with the knowledge that the purse strings for the World Bank are somewhat controlled by Congress? Yeah, you know, I've been trained in science and I have young children and I've looked carefully at the science. There is some 97% agreement that man-made climate change is reality, that it's connected to these extreme weather events that we could really be living in a four degree Celsius world. So quite apart from any of those considerations, the political considerations, I feel like I have to tackle this issue just as a matter of conscience.  I mean, we're almost worried when we see 97% convergence. I know very few things in medicine on which there's 97% convergence. This is real. And if this were just a doomsday story and all we were saying is price hikes and the future is bleak, that's not what we're saying. We're saying that a future that is fueled by renewable sources of energy, by cleaner sources of energy in the interim, that's an exciting future. It's a future that we can all look forward to. And what we need to do is to begin talking more about the exciting future that lies ahead of us if we take action together. I'm very encouraged by the fact that President Obama has been so clear on tackling climate change. And I'm sure that we're gonna have these discussions. And I would simply say that anyone who wants to talk with me challenged me on this issue. We're ready to go. And it's really about people having children and grandchildren. It's really about the world that we wanna leave behind. If we're serious about our care for our children and our grandchildren, then I think we have to take it seriously. What's your message for businesses? Obviously, Davos, a huge amount of business executives, can they play a part in what is that part? Well, the point that we try to make in the Washington Post, which a little bit, I think indirectly, is that the only way that we're gonna actually tackle this is to get market forces moving. Once people start making money off of climate change mitigation and adaptation, once they start seeing clearly what the price of carbon will be and adjust, I think that there's a lot of money to be made in building the kind of technologies and doing the kind of work that will help us bend the arc of climate change as you guys have thought of it. So, we actually want them to think in the most innovative and entrepreneurial ways about how they can help us move toward this climate-friendly future. Without the private sector getting involved, without the private sector taking advantage of the opportunities, we're not gonna be able to tackle this problem. This has got to be a market-driven approach. Will it take more superstorms and droughts to make this, to really push this forward? And it's obviously not the driving force we want, but do you feel that the superstorm, Sandy, for example, has given a change in focus on this debate, made it a more real world debate? Well, we have to keep up a steady drumbeat in between the extreme weather events. We have to keep talking about what's happening. We have to keep talking about basic things like when the oceans are getting a little bit warmer. What's that really gonna mean? I think our role at the bank is to continue to make clear the impact this is having on poor people. I mean, I think people in the wealthy countries over the last few years have shown that they're extraordinarily compassionate. In the worst economic times, the high-income countries were very generous to the World Bank and to other agencies. So we think there's a tremendous reservoir of compassion. We simply have to keep telling the story. But the extreme weather events are gonna have a very powerful impact on people's understanding of the role of climate change. What about your clients, the people who you're trying to help? Are they interested? Are they engaged in this, or do they feel that they're missing other things that will... Let me give you an example. The largest emitter we know is China. I was just there in meeting with the future premier, Li Qicheng. And he specifically talked to me about this issue. And what he asked me to do was to focus on urbanization. He says, you know, for us, urbanization is about food security, health, education, not just roads and buildings. And more than anything else, it's about climate. We wanna build a green future. We wrote a report with them about what a green Chinese economy would look like. And they've set some really aggressive targets. They wanna decrease the carbon intensity by 40 to 45% by 2020. So they have a plan. They're being very aggressive. Yes, they're building coal-fired plants, but they have a plan of how to move forward with their green economy. I mean, they're feeling it directly. The people are having more respiratory illnesses. There's a lot of complaints in China. So even in the highest emitter, there's a great interest. Also, in the developing countries, interestingly, the market and demand for renewable energy is going up very, very quickly. So there is a concern. I think they do get it. I think they would love to be able to move toward renewables. We just need to be ready to help them when that's the case. You're only six months into your term. What would you, given the challenge on this, what would you like at the end of your term to at least have achieved? What do you think is acceptable? You might have a, not ambitious, but what do you think is an acceptable result at the end of your term on climate change? Well, at the end of five years, I'd like to have all three of our projects either completed or really on the move. So carbon market, removal of fuel subsidies. A reasonable, evidence-based approach to mega cities. I'd like to see all of them in place in the next five years. And for what will require that political push or business push or a voter level push? You know, I think we have to work on it with all our parties. I mean, the good thing is that we're engaged with the private sector, we're engaged with, of course, our member countries. I think everyone will have to work together. And we're gonna have to have this discussion in the, you know, with our board, with our governors, with the ministers of finance. But I'm optimistic. I think it'll happen. I think there will be more extreme weather events. I mean, there are extreme weather events right now. The extreme cold, you know, here in Europe, you know, Australia is suffering a severe drought. You know, as these things happen more frequently, I think it'll drive the world toward asking fundamental questions about why this is happening. Then we can talk about the science and we can talk about really large bore projects that could take us toward solutions. And it also seems that this could be a driver for economic growth, something we'd love to do. It has to be. It has to be. We will not be able to tackle climate change unless it's a driver of economic growth. If it's simply a vision of doing less, I just don't think it's gonna work. Because doing less means that we can't lift more people out of poverty. So our dual goal of ending poverty through growing economies and creating a cleaner future, we think those are compatible. That's the great news. That's the optimism. That's the bright vision of a future that we've gotta talk about. You know, if climate change is just about doing less in a bleaker future, again, I don't think we'll be able to tackle it. We've gotta look at the growth opportunities, look at the transformational societies we can build. And what's next for you? What's your work for the next year? Well, it's really to talk with all our partners and the constituent bodies about how we can get these three major efforts going. In the meantime, we're doing other things. We're working on sustainable agriculture. You know, climate-smart agriculture is an area that we need to make some movement on. Just today, I was talking with former Secretary General Kofi Annan, who has a deep interest in this area. We can build climate-smart agriculture in Africa in ways that could be very, very helpful. So there are lots of other things to do, but we wanna get those large projects. We do have other things that we do. You know, we do work on many, many other areas. You know, we work on health and education. I'm involved in all of those areas. But this has gotta be one of our very top priorities. Well, it sounds like after six months, you've got a uniting force here. The climate change is perhaps the gender setting for the World Bank, and through it, you're able to pick off various bits that have all been together, but you've drawn a line between them. You know, Simon, let me just say that for us, it's never an issue that's the driving force. It's people. Our focus is on ending poverty. And our focus is on ending poverty, especially for children. And if you really care about the children, you've gotta care about climate change. So the reason I've spent the first six months saying what are our fundamental values? We're talking about our values at the bank. What are our values? And what does the evidence tell us about how we can move to those values? If our fundamental value is ending poverty, then lots of things flow from that. We care about people living in poverty. Then if you care about people living in poverty, for all the reasons that I mentioned, the fact that they're so vulnerable to climate change, you've gotta care about climate change. You've gotta care about energy. You've gotta care about access to healthcare, healthcare, education. That's what's so exciting about being at the World Bank, that it's not a bank thinking about the return on loans. It's a bank that has money, thank God. And what we think about is how do we end poverty? What a great opportunity. President Kim, thank you very much. Thank you, Simon.


Question is from Jalen's four. When performing deadlifts, should they be taken to failure or leave to in the tank? I don't think going to failure on most exercises is a great idea most of the time. I think there was a part of that that was missing. It was grip, considering grip on there. Oh, okay. I couldn't understand the question otherwise. Oh, oh, I think I read this question. I did too. He was asking about, should you go until your grip fails? Yes, that's what it was. So let's say the rest of your body is okay. You think you could pull more, but your grip, no, no, no. When your grip fails, the deadlift is over. So when we say stop your reps, stop your set two reps short of failure, that means stop your set two reps short of you being able to failing and not being able to do the exercise anymore. If that means your grip is the weakest link, then that's what dictates when you stop. Well, and if you've ever gone beyond that, because I've pushed those limits before, you'll notice, first of all, very few people have the exact same strength in both hands. Normally you have a little bit better grip on the other hand. So what happens on a deadlift when you start to lose grip is you start to lose more grip in one side than the other and that starts to, the bar starts to roll down and those fingers and if you're still, and maybe I can still squeeze two more out, but now my right hand, let's say is my weaker and it's barely gripping onto the bar. What does that do to the bar? The bar ends up dropping a quarter of an inch down. And that could affect your QL. Oh, yeah. Exactly. That runs all the way through your kinetic chain now. That's your much higher risk, trying to rip out one or two more reps because just because you think your back can handle the load, but your grip is going out. As soon as that, if I feel like I'm starting to lose grip on either hand, I'm done. If that's the weakest link, that's the one that you wanna start building in these frequency builders of ways to incorporate strength for your grip, like farmer carries, things like that. I know, Sal, you did a really in-depth video about grip of ways to incorporate more exercises for that. There's a video on my Instagram, just like, I don't know, maybe less than 15, 20 videos ago. It's a dead, I'm deadlifting. I get seven reps. I was trying to get eight. And if you see, I set the weight down. It looks like I don't go to failure. Like if you don't see my breakdown in my form, what you can't see is I feel my grip go, I don't have another one. That's why you were done. So I'm done.  That the reason why I shared that video was I set it down because I couldn't get to my eight, but you can't see that on my mechanics. My form on my deadlift looks still great all the way through that rep, but I'm already starting to lose grip on the bar and I set it down and you see kind of this frustration of, oh, my grip wasn't there. It's funny because the grip, I would say, if we were to compare ourselves to past generations, that's probably, will you notice, the largest decrease in strength. Because manual labor, right? All the manual labor that we used to have to do, even at home, even if you weren't out chopping wood or breaking rocks, washing clothes, have you guys ever washed clothes on an old school you know, board, washing board or whatever? No, dude, can't say that. Okay, so I did. I went to Italy when I was, this time I think I was 19 and my grandma had one outside. She had a washing machine too, but she still liked to use it for certain clothes. So I went out there and I asked her, can I try this out with her? I could not believe the work that it entailed on my grip, on my shoulders. Our hands are so weak nowadays, but the capacity for strength that we have in our hands is exceptional. It will take some time. When I first stopped using wrist straps years ago, took me about a year and a half for my grip to catch up to the rest of my body. But I was consistent. I let my grip dictate how much weight I used when I worked out my back. No, I don't lose back gains or anything like that. I maintain myself pretty well, but my hands got stronger and stronger and stronger. And now that my grip is really strong, I feel far more connected to my lifts. Now that all being said, the recommendation that we give to going to failure is true for pretty much any exercise you do. Going to failure is just too much intensity for most people. Studies support it. Going to failure does not result in better progress. In fact, it oftentimes results in worse progress. It's just too much for the body. So you wanna stop your set when you think you have maybe two more reps and then you're gonna fail. Now there are exercises you can get away with more intensity than others. They tend to be the isolation exercises.  So if you like to push the intensity, you can do that with the isolation movements more than you can with the compound ones.


Studying walking away by Cecil Day-Lewis? Here's how you can analyse this poem. The poem is written in 1, 2, 3, 4 stanzas of five lines. The Cesira in line 1 shows that the speaker is a father reflecting on a memory.  The speaker, who's a dad, says like a satellite wrench from its orbit and this similarly shows the pain of watching his son growing up. Alta line 7 ends with Anjom Mont and this shows that the dad is getting more and more nervous and anxious as his son is growing up and becoming more independent. Also they use the word wilderness which is a metaphor for the adult world and how scary it is. Also the simile lacquer winged seed lucent from its parent's stem shows that the dad finds it hard to let his son go and become independent. Again, the Cesira in line 16 of the final verse shows that this poem is all about how a dad struggles to let his son grow up. Yet this final declarative sentence shows that all parents have to let the children get older.