Ranger Bill, warrior of the woodland, struggling against extreme odds, traveling dangerous trails, fighting the many enemies of nature. This is the job of the guardian of the forest, Ranger Bill. Pouring rain, freezing cold, blistering heat, snow, floods, bears, rattlesnakes, mountain lions. Yes, all this in exchange for the satisfaction and pride of a job well done. Hello boys and girls. You know, it seems we're all afflicted with the disease known as curiosity. Have you ever passed by a cardboard carton that was closed or half-closed? What did you do, huh? Passed by it? Of course not. You've just got to stop and see what's inside. Well, what did you find? The box was full of emptiness, wasn't it? What are we looking for? The proverbial pot of gold or something else of similar fantasy? Well, I don't know what makes us curious, but I am anxious to take a peek into our story today. It's called the Lot Bang. Why, this saddle sure is getting hard. I'll say it is, Henry. Having ridened for almost six hours now. Not a break except to walk the horses, give them a few minutes' rest. What do you say we stop in and see Miles the Snake Man? Okay. You like to visit the Snake Farm, don't you? Well, sort of yes, sort of no. That's beautifully said. What did you say you went to school? That's homemade. That Snake Farm does intrigue me, but it makes a nervous wreck out of me at the same time. Yeah, I know what you mean, pal. I don't feel comfortable either with all those poisonous snakes around me, but Miles saves many lives each year by milking those killers so their venom can be made into an anti-venom serum. Yeah, that's a wonderful thing, I guess. I think I still rather milk cows than snakes. Any time, pal. Any time. Boy, I'm getting chills up and down my spine already. We're still a mile away from the farm. Well, we can keep right on into town if you like. Oh, no. That's all right. I'll un-chill as soon as we leave there. How nice to see you, fellas. Thanks, Miles. We were just passing close by, thought we'd stop in and say hello. Well, I'm glad you did. Hey, what's the automatically lacking steel door? You didn't have that the last time we were here? That's right, I didn't. Fellas, that's Killer's Row behind that door. Killer's Row? Aren't they all? Are these some super special jobs? Yeah, you said it, Henry. I built a new snake house, moved the rattlers, copperheads and moccasins into it, along with some of the other lesser killers. This one now houses the deadliest snakes in the world. For instance? King Cobras? Yes. You've got them here? Several. One more being shipped in right now. Well, let's get out of here. I thought Rangers lived dangerously, but this guy is danger hungry or something. Don't mind him, Miles. He's the nervous type. You know how it is. What else have you got behind the fire door? Well, let's take a look. I'll give you an all-expense-paid tour. Okay. Why? Generous soul, isn't it?  Go ahead, pal. Oh, no. I don't want to have to follow over you in case my feet decide to get out of here. Okay. You take no chances with that door, do you, Miles? Nope. We can't take the risk of an escape. This building is now fireproof except for the roof. You see those jets sticking out of the door wall near the ceiling? Yeah. What are they for? Cyanide gas. Wow. You don't fool around, do you? Do you think one of these snakes would if he got loose?  Yes. I've never heard of a completely fireproof building yet. These snakes are expensive, you know. Well, I wouldn't hesitate to kill them if they were escaping. I don't want to lose them unnecessarily. Now, fellas, I'd like to introduce you to Mr. King Cobra. He's 12 feet long. Look at that. Look at the size of him. Can he see us? No, one-way glass. Now over here, Mr. Bushmaster. I'd rather not meet him, if you don't mind. This rascal and the Cobra chase their victim, don't they, Miles? Oh, you know it. These are real bad fellas. Boy. See, that's a fern de lance, isn't it? Right. He's another tough ombre. Then I've got a dozen more in here that have been brought in from all over the world, and their poison is extremely potent. There isn't any anti-venom for all of these high-powered killers, is there? That's right, but active research is being done along that line. Can we leave now? My feet keep looking at the door. Yeah, I think we can leave. I think Peg's got some coffee on for us. Let's go have some. Good. Miles, how can you be so calm around these snakes? Well, a fella gets used to it. I enjoy the work, but I can tell you one thing for sure. Go ahead. A fella makes only one mistake in this business, and only one mistake. Feel better now, pal? Yeah, much, much better, thank you. Good coffee. You keeping pretty busy, Miles? Yeah, I'll say we are. I've got three expert herpetologists working with me. Three, huh? You know, I remember when you started out all by your lonesome. Yeah, so do I. I had one snake with two fangs. Well, we got a mosey along, Miles. I want to get back to town before dark. Yeah, the horses have had a good rest now. We ought to be able to step right along. Okay, fellas. Thanks for stopping by. Sure appreciate seeing you again. Well, likewise the same, Miles.  I wish I could charm those killers when I milked them.  A great wolf? Yes, Bill. We've got to have the new boundary surveys ready within 10 days. Submit them to Colonel Anders. Will you see to it that it gets done? I have it ready in time. Thanks. An old timer? What are you doing? I'm working. Doing what? Everything is here. Mail, order, catalog. Gonna buy something? If I had some money I would. Everything nowadays costs money. Pretty soon they'll put a meter on my nose to charge me for the air I breathe. Yo! Boy, that was a close one. What are you talking about, Henry? It's Miles. Why, he's heading here like a jet. He almost hit a car making the corner. You mean Miles, the snake farmer? Yeah, sure though. Here he is. Miles, what's wrong? You're white as a sheet. Cobra. Here, sit down. Take it easy now, before you have a stroke. I'll get some common dog medicine, Bill.  It sounded like he said Cobra. Miles, you try to quiet down so you can tell a story. We won't be able to help you very much. Here young fella, take this pill and water Pronto. Looks like you're burning up. Relax you. Take some of the fear out of you so you can make some sense. Bill, something terrible has happened or he wouldn't be so all fired riled up. And you talk now, Miles? Yes, I relax some. Thanks for the pill, Stumpy. Don't mention it. No, tell us what happened. Remember yesterday, Bill, I mentioned that I was coming into town this morning to pick up a shipment of snakes, particularly a Cobra, a King Cobra. No, I remember that. Yeah, so do I. What about the shipment? Well, it arrived okay and I put the bags, two of them, in the cab with the truck with me. But now there's only one bag of snakes. You mean the bag with the Cobra in it is gone? Yeah, that's right. Hey, horn toad, sonny. Maybe you didn't put it in the truck like you thought. I did put it in the cab. I know I did, but it's not there now. It'll be bags light under seat. See, I never thought of that. Let's take a look. Oh, it's not under the seat. Now that I think of it, I doubt that it could have slid under the recess. But where is it? Look, Miles, just calm down, will you? Yeah, but... We've got to piece your movements together and blowing your top isn't going to help at all.  Yes. A zipper and lock on it? Yes. These bags are my own invention. I ship them to the supplier and he puts the snakes in the bags. Then the bag in a slatted crate. This cloth is tough and strong and porous so the reptiles can breathe. They can't bite anyone or get out. You took the bags out of the crate when they were removed from the train, right? Yes. So I can check the locks in the bags. Then I put them inside the cab and drive where the windows open so the creatures can get some fresh air. Why? Isn't that kind of dangerous for you? No, I want those babies right where I can see them until I get them home. Who has the keys to the locks in the bag? Only the supplier and I have them. Well, that's some help. A lock looks strong. I'm sure anybody that pick up sack could feel a snake move inside. Maybe, Grey Wolf. They're tightened tightly confined in there. They've given a sedative and coiled tightly with a head in the center and slid into the bag. Very snug fit. Stumpy, Grey Wolf. You fellas take this sack into the office and guard it. Henry and I'll take Miles back over the route from the station and see what we can find. We do. What kind of snake you have in this bag, Miles? Well, there's two in that one. An African cobra and a broom slang. Ain't that a broom slang? The vomit that bit and killed their professor a while back? Yes. Come on, fellas. Let's get with this thing on the double. Hey, Nidge. Wonder what's in that sack there by the curb? I don't know, Pinky. Let's have a look. Sure. What kind of a sack do you suppose that is? I don't know. Money sack, maybe. Yeah, maybe. Huh. It's got a zipper across one end and lock on it. Let's lift it. Sure. It ain't money. Don't rattle when you shake it. Could be paper money, huh? Yeah. Boys, a Pinky, Nidge. Hey, Dad's calling us. We better get going. Hey, wait. Let's take the sack. Maybe we can bust the lock and find out what's inside. Let's get this sack of snakes inside for it. This appears to pick it up, Red Wolf. Well, why, you're not picking up all the timer. You're afraid. Who, me? Afraid to pick it up? Why not talk about your brother? I ain't got no brother. That's what I mean. You pick it up and carry it to office. Nope. You would have carried that snake sack inside. Senior man should set good example for younger man. Show courage and bravery. I don't know how to carry sack. You show me. You man with long experience. I learned much from you. You own bag of bones like me. Carry that big, heavy sack. Hey, where's your kindness and courtesy to your elders? Sack not heavy and not big. Last time I say you old, you're ready to scalp me plenty quick. Maybe so, but I suddenly can feel old age just rushing over me. I still think you're afraid to pick up sack. You can say that again, sonny. I am afraid and so are you. Man, oh man, what could have happened to that cobra? That's a good question. We've been over your route twice. Everything's negative.  Miles, try to relax, will you? Think this thing out. Something happened that caused this sack to leave the truck. Yes, but what? Why don't we try it once more? At least it's better than sitting here doing nothing. Good idea, pal. Miles, you think that Henry and I will drive the route again. Perhaps something will jar your memory loose of its precious secret. Did you call us, Dad? Now, who else do you think I'd be calling, young fella? Where you going? The Junction City. Do you guys want to come along? Sure. Will you buy us something? Well, well, consider it. Well, jump in if you're going. Okay. Hey, what's in the sack? I don't know. We found it in the street. Well, leave it here. What do you want to take that along for? We want to get it open and find out what's inside, Dad. Leave it here, I said. Aw, Dad. It'll keep us busy in the town.  Yeah. Can we take it, please? Oh, all right. But get in. I've got things to do in Junction City.  Okay. We want to get the sack open and find out what's in it.  Impossible.  Not even for a minute. Well, turn around. We'll try it once again. Boy, I hope it works this time. Grab him, Miles. Grab him. I'll stop the truck. Got him. Thanks. Say, what's the matter with the lock on this door? Does it hold all the time? I almost fell in the street. That's it. That's what happened. It's got to be. What are you talking about? This very thing happened to me as I came around the curve at Johnson and Lane Street. Yeah? The door flew open and I reached over to grab it, but at the same time there was a car coming into the intersection. I must have knocked a bag out then. Well, if you did, where is it? We searched the gutters and the street and the lawns. There's no snake bag. Someone's picked up that bag. Henry, you take the other side of the street and inquire at every house. If anyone saw that bag being picked up. Right. Let me help, too. No offence, Miles, but you're just too jumpy to help right now. You might give it away if you ran into someone who saw the bag being picked up. Yeah, I guess you're right, Bill. If it got out about the cobra, this town would be in an awful uproar. You can say that again. Well, let's get to work, pal. Now, don't give any secrets away. If you make a contact, come back quietly to the truck and honk the horn two times. And I'll do the same. You got it? Got it. Good boy. Now, let's get with it. Do you think you can twist the lock, loose pinky? Yeah, yeah. This part of the zipper looks like a little twist it and bust it open. Hey, what's that funny goopy smell? Oh, cares. Open the window if it bothers you. I am. Now, don't open the window too wide, son. I won't, Dad. Are you boys sure behaving yourselves? I'll remember that when we get to Junction City. It's coming off. I just gotta keep twisting. Lots and lots.  Yes, I found out where the bag is. Where? In a car on the way to Junction City. Two boys and their dad are driving there. Oh, no. God help them if they get that bag open. There, that'll get Henry here. Now, Miles, take it easy. Maybe they won't get the bag open. I hope they don't. Did you find it? Yeah. Wonderful. Where is it? Jump in. I'll tell you on the way. Way where? Canyon City. Come on. We've got to get back to the office and get a radio card and then cover some ground. Did you get it? Yeah. We'll slide the zipper open. What is in there sure smells funny. Hey, hey, look. What is it? It looks like some kind of a snake skin. It's a real one. Sure it's real. Can't you smell it? It's gotta be a skin. I know a snake can smell like that and be alive. What if it is alive? No. Maybe we ought to ask Dad. It's only a dead snake or a skin. Let's dump it out on the floor. Yeah. It's a whole snake. Looks dead too. You said it was dead. No, it ain't. It's moving. Yeah. Dad. Dad. What's wrong? Can't you break the lock? We did. It's a snake. Snake? Now what in the name of common sense have you got yourselves into? It's a bad snake, Dad. Just a minute. Now look. We can't stop here on this curve.  What? Why? It's a king cobra. Don't you move an eyelash. It looks like it's heading for the shelf over the back seat. Now don't move. Don't move for any reason. I'll keep driving. There's no help out here in the mountains. A dad will think of something, but don't move whatever you do. You sure drew soft duty on this patrol, didn't we, Tom? Soft is right. You know something, Ned? I think we're getting soft. You're in this squad car watching for runaway trucks. Give me the fire tower any time of this. You said it. At least we get exercise climbing the tower. Yeah. Wake me up if anything exciting happens, will you? Sure, okay. What's the matter? Is he a rock mover or something? A car. Look at it. What car? A car down the road there. See that one? Hey, that guy's either drunk or crazy. I'll say so that's no way to drive down a mountain road. Let's nail him. All right. That guy's really got his trolleys crossed. Now he's slowed down to a crawl. I must have heard us all right. He's not weaving. Hey, look out. Good night. Did you see how close he came to scraping those rocks? There's something radically wrong with that driver. Tom, look at that back window. There's a live snake on the shelf. It looks like a... It is. It's a cobra. There are two boys in that back seat. I can just see the tops of their heads. Call Bill and make it quick. If you can hear me, flash your tail light by pushing gently on the brake pedal. Don't stop the car. There's a signal. Pull alongside, pal. Okay. You ready, Miles? All set. Listen carefully now. I've got an expert snake handler in my car. And he's going to board your car and capture the cobra. Don't you or the boys move a muscle or bat an eyelash? The highway from here to Junction City has been cleared by my men and the sheriff and the state police. So we have a clear road to maneuver. In half a mile, we'll come into the straightaway to Junction City. My car will pull alongside your car. The snake expert will board your car while it's in motion by moving from my left rear door into your right front door. You will have to move to the other side of the highway after I finish and we pull clear running boards to help the transfer from one car to the other. So you must maintain an exact speed of 20 miles an hour. The snake expert expects no trouble from the cobra because it's sunning itself in your rear window and is comparatively docile at the moment. Now don't make any sudden moves. Don't move at all even during the transfer from car to car. The snake expert has reaped a snake stick with which he will capture the cobra. Move across the highway as soon as we come into the straightaway. That is all. Ready Miles? Ready. Don't climb into the back seat. Time your transfer. Stay in this car until I say go. Right. Okay. Move into position pal. Yes sir. Now Miles. Don't move fellas. I'll have him captured pronto. I'm ready now. Whatever you do boys. Don't move until I say so. When I give the word Sam stop the car gently and everybody out. Here goes. I've got him. Stop the car. Yes sir. Good work Miles. Now what are you going to do with it? Get me a gunny sack. I'll put him in it and take him home. But you won't be able to lock the gunny sack? No but I think I can tie a knot that won't open as easily as the locked bag did. I don't know about you but I still get duck bumps all over me when I think about that narrow escape. Well, see you next week for more adventure with...


Multiple exemplar training. It sounds like something out of an Indiana Jones film. Nights at... Anyway, so never mind. I don't know why that came in there. Multiple exemplars, folks, exemplars, right? Fancy word for saying examples. It's the individual example in itself as an exemplar. So, imagine the concept of horse, right? So, look at all... Oh, look! A multiple... That was interesting. I wonder what that was. Oh, there's two of them! Those aren't different exemplars, folks. That's the same example. So, this is not an example of multiple exemplars. That was a single. Okay, here we go. So, horses, right? So, we could do all sorts of things. Look at this example of a horse. It's an Arabian. You ready for another one? It's a quarter horse. It's paint. It's a thoroughbred. Oh, it's a mini. It is not a donkey. I could have used the other word, but we've been warned. It might... Look at that horse! Whoa, Brad! Please don't put that up there. That one is X-rated. It's a horse. I'm like a horse. I hope you guys get it because I'm out of time. Bye.


Hello everybody and welcome to another hobby-cheating video and today we're going to talk about how cleaning your airbrush is real fast and simple. Now I talk about this in some of the other videos that I do where I feature the airbrush, but I wanted to bring this out into its own video because one of the things I hear people frequently talk about in reference to using their airbrush is, well it's so much work, oh god I've got to get it out and then I've got to clean it. And it's described as though it's this sort of twelve trials of Hercules, this Sisyphean task to push a rock up a hill, when in fact I'll fly through like ten colors with this thing in the span of a few minutes. And so, but it's really all about what you're doing and how you're cleaning it. So what we're going to talk about here is basically quick changing colors and how to actually get it nice and clean, nice and fast. So here we go and let's talk about how we're going to show this off. So I've got a couple paints here, I have like a pretty thick paint, definitely not you know just out of the pot ready for airbrush, I have a, this is an air color that's more obviously thin and then we have an ink and we're going to just use all three real fast. Now here's the actual secret, let's put the airbrush aside for a moment, here's the actual secret. One, I have a little squeezy bottle, you can get little squeezy bottles everywhere, this one is from CK Studios, who I teach with and you can take classes with, you can find that link below. But so, this is a pretty easy thing, you can get them from CK directly, obviously you can get these little bottles on Amazon, anything like that. Have a little squeezy bottle, they're cheap. Then we have a little plastic cup with a little paper towel in it.  They're probably the cheapest, crappiest thing in the world. It really doesn't matter because we're not using them to drink out of, okay? So these are your two keys, you'll see. Alright, so we're just going to go ahead and spray on this piece of plastic card so I don't actually spray on my desk. So the first tip I'll give you is generally use more thinner than you think. So like in the case of using this very thick paint, you know I'm going to use a lot of thinner. They're probably 13, 14 drops. Always use more thinner, a little bit more than you think you need. It's just better in the end and the reason I say that is because you can always spray a second layer of paint on with your airbrush in seconds. It is very hard to take paint off, that doesn't work. You can do one, you can't do the other, okay? So put a couple drops of that in there, there we go. Alright, then we're just going to mix it around. I have an old crappy brush that I use to mix. So we just swish it around and some people like to mix outside the pot and that's fine. I'm not really, I'm just using the tips of the bristles down there in the bottom. I don't ever let the ferrule touch the needles, I'm not really worried about breaking or bending anything, but you can do whatever you like, okay? So there we go, we got mixed paint. Now we'll go ahead and in the end we'll put like maybe one more drop in just to get everything there after we mix up and do a little backfilling. Let's do a little test, oh yeah, nice and smooth, alright, great. So here we go, doo-dee-doo-doo-doo, that's very reflective, there we go, there we go, we got a little happy smiley face, I'm making kind of angry, okay, great, that's all I needed out of that color, let's say. Now we got a guy, alright, so now we still got a bunch of paint in here. The first thing I see people do wrong is they will take this and blow all this paint out.  Never put more paint through the front of your airbrush than you have to, period, okay? So, let's go to our paper cup, first I'm going to take and put just a little bit of water on that paper towel just so it stays down there. I'm going to take my squeezy bottle, boo-boo-boo-boo, I'm going to fill it all up, okay? Backfill it out, dump, fill it up again, backfill, dump, then with just that little bit of water left, I blow it against the paper towel, clean, nothing left, alright, that's it. Done, I just changed the paint. Let's keep going. So, this time, since I've got an air paint, I'll use like, maybe six drops of thinner. It's already very thin, so hence I don't have to thin it as much. It's usually a darker color that's going to show up on camera rather than orange. There you go. I didn't think about how that orange would show up over white, it's just going to turn basically yellow. We'll use some rust instead. So now I just put three drops of paint into that six drops of thinner, so when there's an air paint, it'll be around a, you know, kind of two-ish to one ratio, something like that.  They're good. Okay. Doo-doo-doo-doo-doo-doo-doo, doo-doo-doo-doo-doo-doo. Airbrushing is fun. I'll give them a little mohar. So I've now used all that color. Dump it out. Sometimes I wear a glove so I can like, wipe around the top. Sometimes you get little bits of dry paint hanging out around the top of of the cup kind of above the water level, depending on how long you're spraying. You just take your finger, you make sure you wipe that up and out. Don't ever let chunks of paint fall in there. So you notice the only thing I ever put through the tip is this extremely thin mix of like just water and a little bit of cleaner at the very end of this whole process. You don't need one of those little spray thingies. I still have one. You do not need this. This doesn't do anything. You don't need any fancy cleaners. This is water with, this is about 20 to one water to cleaner, okay? So like, and by cleaner I just mean like some kind of surfic tent or soap or something like that, Windex, anything. Because when you're working like this, nothing is going through the tip except the little bit of spray I'm actually doing, okay? So one more time. Now let's work to an ink. So inks are very strong. So let's, here we've got some white ink, put two drops of that in. So that was maybe eight drops thinner. These are all kind of my standard ratios I tend to work in. It varies some on the paint or what I'm trying to achieve, but gives you a good idea. Also make sure you don't backfill over your something you're working on in case that's not obvious. We do a little test. Looks great. Okay. As you can see, I'm quite the artist. I think that's obvious. I'm in some amount of skill here. I'll be, I'll be contacting many art colleges later to teach this instructional course on, on airbrush painting.  So then we just spray or put the, filled it up with water. Now we can backfill. Now you got it. There's, I want to show you one other option. If you don't want to just turn and dump, you can also take a little pipette and you can just go whoop. And that can help you make sure you get all that little pieces down in the bottom. Really up to you. It doesn't matter too much. You'll get a little more collection of fluid down at the bottom. If you, if you just turn and dump, then you will with the pipette. So oftentimes it will depend on, if I'm, if I'm working in anything that's ends up being a little thicker, I'll usually use the pipette just to make sure I get any kind of matter up out of there. Cause the nightmare scenario and what's going to cause your airbrush to clog, by the way, clean. There you go. I just flew through three paints, right? Takes what? 20, 30 seconds in between. And I've taught for eight, nine hours straight, just only cleaning my airbrush in the way you see it doing here. Teaching an airbrushed focus class where I am airbrushing for eight hours straight and I never had a clog. Because when you are cleaning in this method, you're not putting anything through here except the most minimal amount of thinned paint necessary, okay?  I'll make sure there's no stuck paint to it and I just kind of wipe it down carefully. Make sure there's absolutely nothing on there. We're good. It was clean, right? There was nothing stuck to there at all, but it's still good to look.  Good to go. And then it goes back on the shelf. I never have problems with my airbrush being clogged when I thought it was clean because that's the last step. As you slide the needle out, you just wipe it down once a day when you're all done. Between cleaning in this method, and I just leave this, by the way, sitting in my airbrush booth until it gets kind of, you know, medium-ish full. And then I just take it and dump it and get a new piece of paper towel. You need one cup. That's it. So really, I cannot recommend this method enough. I see so many people using this tool wrong in how they, in how they clean their airbrush because I'll watch them work and they'll fill this whole thing up with paint. Number one, never put more paint in here than you need to do your work. Number two, I'll see them then use like whatever amount of paint they want, and then they'll start just going and just spray the rest out at full bore. If there was ever, you might as well just say, hey, could I please get a clog here and some dry tip? I really feel like giving myself a horrible time. The key is when you're working like this, where you're not going full bore on the trigger, okay? The difference is it's much more controlled in how much air to paint ratio. So you have a much lower chance of getting dry tip. Now, some paints can make this worse. White paint will tend to cause dry tip more easily because it's an easier drying paint. That's why I only use white ink and I never use white paint through here, but so there are other little things. But the key is then we get a lot of water in there. We backfill and we dump and we put water in again and we backfill and we dump and then we blow out the last little bit and maybe need to wipe the top edge. That's it. Done. Next color. True colors doing this, one, one, one, one. It turns your airbrush into a tool that you're using interchangeably with brush painting. It's not an inconvenience. It takes no more time for me to do this than it does for me to like find a paint I wanted to use, get it out, put it on the palette and mix it down and then have it ready on my brush. It is the same amount of time.  That's how I work constantly. It's just back and forth interchangeably. The outside of my airbrush does need to be cleaned. That's real messy and gross. Look at that. There's stains everywhere. Poor airbrush. Fortunately, this doesn't have anything to do with its performance. This is just to make me feel better. Anyway, there you go. This was a quick one today, but I really hope you enjoyed this. It's such an easy method and if I could just wave a magic wand and make sure this was everybody's experience with the airbrush, people would be so much happier with this tool. I really do hope this helps. Give it a like if you liked it. Subscribe for additional hobby cheating in the future. We have new videos here every Saturday. If you have videos you'd like to see, please feel free to drop those in the comments below. I always love viewer suggestions, but as always, if you have any questions, you can also drop that down there relating to this method. But I very much appreciate you watching and we'll see you next time.


Brittany and welcome back to my YouTube channel. You guys, in today's video, I will be giving you an update on my kindergarten and my preschooler. So if any of you guys are new here to my channel, again, my name is Brittany. I'm a homeschooling mom to three girls who are in the sixth kindergarten and pre-K, and I am in my fourth year of homeschool, you guys. So in today's video, I am going to be updating you on my kindergarten and on my pre-K-er and how school has been for them in our first six weeks. I really separated out my first homeschooling updates for you guys because a lot really has happened with all the kiddos and I really wanted to make these videos really, really condensed and short, but moving forward, I definitely know I will be able to keep all of my homeschooling updates in one video for all of the kiddos. So in starting off our homeschooling with my younger two, they started off a week behind my sixth grader. I really got my oldest established in her routine before adding back in my younger two. I will definitely say they really wasn't ready to start back school when I added them back in. However, when they got back into the flow and the rhythm of our schedule and routine, that was when we really began to make more progress within like our homeschool. So just a little recap for my Kenny Gartner. We are using all about reading level one with her and you guys, like I don't really know how to explain this or say this, but teaching a kid to read is a humbling experience. And I definitely will say that is my experience so far in teaching my middle daughter how to read. I definitely will say I know coming into phonics and phonics instructions with my middle daughter, I knew I had to take things slow because she is in speech therapy. She's still actually learning how to say certain sounds. So I know if she's still working on that enunciation of those individual isolated sounds and trying to blend together, I definitely know it's going to be more of a task for this particular kiddo versus someone who doesn't have any type of speech delay. So I knew coming into all about reading level one that this year my goal is really just to finish half of this curriculum. And to really be honest, you guys, I came to a point in starting off our first six weeks of homeschool because I really felt like I wasn't making as much progress as I would have liked to make. In this curriculum, I was thinking about switching and ditching all about reading, but I really had to come to and really realize that I don't think it's really about any particular curriculum for this kiddo. I think I'm just gonna have to be patient and know that she is going to read. She is going to get it. And we just have to continuously take small bite-sized chunks. You guys, I absolutely love all about reading. Again, we did the pre-reading program last year in her pre-K program. It really helped her with the syllables. It helped her with those individual isolated sounds. It helped her with the rhyming. So I know the effectiveness of this program. And I definitely know I just have to continuously take a little stair steps. So in our all about reading program, we are only working in it for about 15 minutes. And what I do every single day is I do all of the fun games with the letter sounds. I put the letter sounds out. I have my little fly spot and she swats the letter sounds. We go over the little green review, blending cards. One thing that I absolutely love that I added into the all about reading program is I finally, you guys, purchased the all about reading the letter towels because I was so tired of maneuvering all of those little teeny pieces. And my younger one, Alana kept on playing with them and they was just all over the place and it definitely wasn't working out for us. So I put away the letter towels for now and we're using the app and my middle daughter. She absolutely loves the app. And even sometimes throughout the day, like if it's lunchtime, because I put the app on my telephone, she asked me, mommy, can I do my letters? And it's really, really encouraging to know that a lot of times we were working on our blends two times a day, which when we were actually working on our blends more than once a day, I was finally able to see progress. So right now we are actually in all about reading lesson number four. We're gonna be starting that off when we start our next six week term. And did I wanna make more progress? Absolutely, but am I happy that we made it through the first three lexons? Absolutely. My daughter even read her first story in the all about reading book and she was very choppy, but we made it through the first story. And I was really proud when we finally hit like that little woo-ha moment of constantly opening up the book and her not really getting it, her forgetting some of her sounds and to finally at the end of our six week term, she read her first story out the all about reading program. So I definitely will say a lot of the all about reading success really is up to the kiddo. And I just have to continuously show up for my daughter. And I think that's what I'm gonna remember when it comes to her phonics instructions that it's not a direct indication of me as a teacher, but all I have to do is show up in her progress and her growth is all of her own. As long as I know in my heart, I'm doing my part. I'm reading over the lesson. I'm getting everything prepared. I'm following the script. I mean, that's all I really can do. And so far, so good. I definitely will update you guys on reading when it comes to my struggling reader. Well, I really don't know if I should say struggling reader. I should just say teaching reading with a kiddo with a speech delay. So that is our reading. Now, as far as our other curriculas that we've been using, we've been using kindergarten math with confidence. We are going to be starting week 11 when we start our second six week term. And I love this curriculum. It's been so much fun. I really have been enjoying the picture books and the enrichment exercises the most. I like the warmup exercises. This has really been fun and hands on, especially for my busy body, Kenny Gartner. Leia, she's not wanna sit still. And I love having these curriculas where I can just put the pieces on the floor. We don't actually have to sit at our table right here. We can use our little nugget. We're really able to do school free flowing to really suit her particular learning style. And this definitely is very hands on. It's so much fun. So I did a library pickup recently and I have the next books for the kindergarten math with confidence. I'm gonna share them with you guys. So the next book we're gonna be reading is actual size. I have Albert keeps score. I also have 10 flashing fireflies and a bird song is the next books that I'm going to be using with the kindergarten math with confidence. And when we do the picture books, my daughter likes for us to read the picture books all week long, which is so much fun. And it really ensures that I am getting in like that read aloud time with the kiddos because I'm gonna be completely honest. Doing read aloud with the little ones, I am really struggling with trying to be consistent with that and finding the right time to do the read alouds. But the math picture books have been ensuring that right before Leia leaves when I do like her time in our homeschool room together, I absolutely read at least two picture books, one math book and then the other one will be something fun or something that she's interested in off of our shelf. So that's ensuring at least before she leaves, we do have someone on one reading time, even if we don't get to like some read aloud time together with her and my youngest daughter. So that is pretty much Leia's flow. And these are the main two pieces of curricula we've been using. Of course we are still using, what is this? A Matthew C. Primer. She loves the blocks you guys. And this is really a fun supplement. I absolutely love both of these math curriculas. We are actually on week 12 of Matthew C. Primer. So we're just trucking along you guys in our curricula and I'm just trying my best just to be consistent with these kiddos and to continuously show up for them. Now for my youngest daughter, Alana, I made a few little pivots with her. First things first you guys, we actually started off our homeschooling year with Gentle and Classical Preschool with Alana. And I did Gentle and Classical Preschool last year with Leia. So you guys, when I turned on like all of like the scripture memory verses and the Bible songs and things like that with Alana, I just thought that she didn't remember all of those since we just did it last year. But you guys, like both of the girls, they remember all of the memory verses, all of like the little catechisms in the scriptures. And I kind of felt like very dumbfounded. So I'm like, why am I trying to repeat a program over again that we just completed and thinking that it was gonna be something new? I definitely will say they love listening to the memory verses and the scripture reading and they still love that book, Big Thoughts for Tiny People or Big Thoughts for Little People book. They still love me reading that devotion to them every day. So I kind of ditched that program because I felt like it wasn't doing any of us justice to repeat it. So what I ended up doing for Alana and set my youngest one, we are just continuing with preschool math at home with her. And you guys, I love this program. She does too. It's so cute seeing her do like the little fast fingers that she's learning and she's learning how to count to 10 and identify objects to 10. And we play tea party. It's so many fun little gains in here. And Alana really loves when she switches off with Leia and it's her time to come inside of the homeschool room with me. Another thing that I've been enjoying using with Alana has been get ready for the code. And these are just some stickers that I use you guys when I'm doing get ready for the code with them because Alana is only three. She's not really writing when we're doing like each of the letter sounds. I just have her put a sticker on top of each one of the letters we're going over and she really, really loves that. And she really is getting better as far as like her hand grip when it comes to like coloring in the lines.  And I really had to simplify things for them just to hit to the core. But I definitely will say since we're not doing gentle and classical preschool I really have been missing like that fun aspect in our homeschool that we did last year. So you guys, I pulled out my old faithful and we're gonna do a few units in here and I'm gonna see how it goes. But we are going to be adding back in playing preschool. So for Alana instead of gentle and classical preschool we're gonna be doing playing preschool. I miss all of these fun activities you guys that we did. Last year we did about, I think six or seven units. I sprinkled them in throughout our homeschooling year. And this upcoming homeschool year what I'm going to do is I'm gonna finish off the units that we didn't finish in playing preschool this semester. And if I really enjoy it next semester what I'll do is we will do playing preschool year two with Alana as well. Because it still has like a lot of fun concepts and preschooling type of things that I definitely know she will enjoy for the years to come. So we are going to start off in September with our community helpers unit. And I thought that that would be a fun one to start off especially since September Labor Day it's like right before we hit into that fall season and doing all the fall activities and pumpkin units and apples and all that type of stuff I definitely want to do another unit before getting into those type of units with my younger too. So I have all of my books right here from my library. I'm gonna share them with you that we're gonna be using in the playing preschool for our community helpers unit. We're gonna be reading helpers in your neighborhood. We're gonna be reading the helpers in your neighborhood. This is a Daniel Tiger one. I have the ABCs of what I can be. This sounds like a cute one you guys. I have Tinyville Town. I have Jabari Tries. Now this is not one of the books in the playing preschool but since it's about a construction worker or Jabari trying out like construction and things like that I wanted to pick this one up because I couldn't find any like particular books about construction workers. So I figured this will be a fun one especially talking about like community helpers. I have, I want to be a vet. I have whose hat is it? This one looks like a definitely cute one I think they will love. And I have a whole bunch of these like Let's Meet. These are clover leaf books. So it's Let's Meet a doctor. Let's Meet a police officer. Let's Meet a teacher. Let's Meet a dentist. Let's Meet a firefighter. And Let's Meet a librarian. So I have all of my books you guys ready to go for our community helpers unit. And of course, Leia is going to join in with this unit.  I love all the activities and the playing preschool that we're gonna get up to. So that is like my plan of attack for my next six week term. All of the curricula that I showed you is all of the curricula that both of my younger ones are gonna be doing. And I'm really keeping things simple. We do do like our calendar time still where I use our morning folder for and I use my Melissa and Duck calendar. But other than that, this is, these are the pieces of curricula I'm using. I really had to simplify and pare things down in our home, in our home school. I'm really finding that the simpler I am going with our pieces of curricula, the deeper that we are going and the more free time that the kiddos still have to do like that messy fun play. I definitely will say I did an awful job this quarter in like our messy art. I really was working with my younger two in establishing our routine and schedule and our rhythm. And I definitely need to like move forward when it comes to like really all like that fun arts and crafts and things like that. And I definitely know the playing preschool will help me ensure that I do get like that messy fun art because that was like the most fun we had in our home school last year when I really made it a priority to incorporate like that messy art even though you guys I really don't like it but it's so beneficial to them. I don't like the cleanup I should say but I do like the artwork and all the aftermath and things like that. So, yeah. So you guys really this is my update for my kindergarten and my preschooler. We're just going to continuously make small stair steps and strides when it comes to Leia and her reading. We are going to continue with her speech therapy and we're just going to do our best or I'm going to do my best I should say and I'm going to do my best to show up and have a positive attitude especially when it comes to Leia. I don't want like my anxieties when it comes to like her reading instruction to like spill over on her. I want her to know we're going to come to our homeschooling time. We're going to show up and we're going to have fun and we're just going to make little steady stair steps like progress and things like that. So you guys this is my kindergarten and my pre-k update. I look forward to our next quarter and all the things that I have planned. And you guys let me know down below what are you getting up to with your smaller ones with your kindergarteners? Are they in the schedule just yet? Do you still have them playing around until you get your older ones settled up in your homeschool? Let me know in a comment section down below. As always you guys thank you so much for watching today's video and I look forward to seeing everybody in my next one. Bye.


Okay, my name is Mike Suska, like Josh said, with the Rackspace Cloud DNS team in Austin, Texas. I've been there almost exactly two years, two years this month, actually. All right? Oh, thank you. So I'm going to talk a little bit about DNS at Rackspace, the way it is today and the direction we're moving and why. Then I'll go on to introduce the OpenStack project. First, a little bit about DNS. It's a telephone book of the Internet, basically. You type in a URL, CNN.com, for example. It translates that to an IP address. It's a distributed database. It's asynchronous. As anybody who's ever tried to update an IP address in DNS and waited for it to propagate is fully aware of. It can take a while sometimes to putting on your TTLs and stuff. Okay, Rackspace right now, our DNS has 1.65 million zones in it, 15.7 million records. We have an anycast network and that basically means we broadcast the same IP address for our primary DNS servers and users get routed to the closest data center to them. So right now we have name servers in our Dallas, Washington, Chicago and Lyndon data centers and we'll have Hong Kong and Sydney up here really soon. And maybe one of these days Oregon too. We have a public REST API on our DNS, which is really nice. We did that about three years ago before OpenStack, so it's a homegrown solution done in Java. We did that because at the time, to update DNS records, people had to call in and 8% of our support volume was actually DNS related. So the API has been really, really nice. And we have a control panel hookup too, and that's how most customers actually get into it. Like I said, the Rackspace Cloud DNS API, actually it was launched two years ago actually, used to manage cloud zones and records. The managed customers still either have to go through support or they go in through a different control panel they have in something we call Core. It's the second most popular feature in our control panel behind cloud servers.  It's very popular. It's doubled since January 2013. Usage is really, really picked up on it. Customers really like it. It has pretty good uptime too, 99.999%. Actual DNS infrastructure has 100% uptime over the last two years, so we've had no downtime at all, even with DDOS's and everything. It's pretty stable. So if it's so stable, why would we want to change it? We want more features, we want faster development and simpler deployments. Right now, DNS at Rackspace is spread over three different teams with three different applications. We have the REST API that my team runs. We have a middle layer called Autohost, which is a Ruby on Rails application, and then we have the back end, which is managed by the data center folks. So that means anytime we want to add a feature or fix a bug, add a new record type, we got to coordinate over three different teams. That's a pain. It's also, it's a very large infrastructure. I mean, each of these environments, each of these three different teams have their own setups with firewalls, load balancers, dev, QA, staging, disaster recovery, production environments, hundreds of machines. It's a giant complicated system. So what could we do to fix this? You know, there are several things we could do. We could centralize ownership of some of those layers, so they're reporting to either one or two different teams instead of the three we have now. We could green field.  We considered that, but we decided to adopt designate. Now designate used to be called moniker, but turns out we didn't know it at the time there was a company, DNS company called moniker, so we had a few legal issues and had to be changed. Now a little bit about designate, it was actually starting up by Rackspace by HP in 2012. Hopefully we'll be incubated next month as an official OpenStack project and it's actually in production right now as HP Cloud DNS. So it's actually production ready. As a general features you expect from an OpenStack DNS thing, provides DNS services with an API, provides authority of DNS resolution. That means it talks all the way down to the primary DNS servers. It's very, very modular. We can put in different back ends for different databases. We can put in different DNS servers like bind or power DNS and it's integrated with other OpenStack components. So, you know, like you can get plugins for Neutron or whatever to automatically add DNS records when you spin up cloud servers and stuff from Nova and stuff and hopefully Trove here soon too. So this is the architecture. It's like a lot of OpenStack stuff. We have an API and it all talks on a rabbit MQ bus. We have optional components called sync which gets Nova Neutron events. The main central part is called central, a designate central. That's where the actual it takes stuff from the API and puts it either puts it into a database for the record keeping and then pushes it out to the DNS service. But here's the same thing I just talked about a little bit more detail. The API furnace called designate API is based on Oslo and Flask. Now that is currently being reworked to use Picon instead of Flask. Designate Central is the core business logic component. It has all the basic DNS record types and everything in there. And that's the only piece that talks to the database. And it talks directly through it using a Python library. So it listens on the rabbit MQ bus to get its event notifications. We have a public plugable storage for the database. Right now we're using SQL Alchemy. And we talked to SQLite to MySQL. That's what we have right now. We'd like to expand that with MongoDB or some other stuff. And we have plugable back ends with interfaces to the DNS server, simplifications for power DNS and bind 9 we have right now. The bind 9 interface is a little rough. We're working on that right now to get that to work at the scale we need. Future V2 API being worked on right now. It's adding new features like record sets to be kind of similar to what Amazon's Route 53 works. DNS sec is something we want. Failover is something we're also actively working on. So there's a failover record so you can send a monitoring event to it. If you have a data center go down and it will automatically update the DNS to route things to the other data centers. Open stack incubation, like I mentioned, hopefully that will be coming next month in Hong Kong. And improved bind support, which is what Rack Space in particular is really interested in working on right now. Now this is very good for us in a lot of different ways. It consolidates and simplifies the architectural deployment system because everything will just be like one code base. That'll be really nice compared to what we have now. It's compatible with the open stack. It's open source, unlike our stuff we have right now, which is closed sourced Java code and Rails code. And dog food. I mean, we have a big investment in open stack. We should be using open stack for all the projects that we can. So that's one of the reasons we used to go down this route. Now let's do a quick demo. So you can see how the API works if I have internet connectivity. Looks like I still do. So I'm just going to cut and paste her real quick using curl so you can see how the API works. This is a doing a curl command against a, this is on a Rackspace public cloud server called NS, I called it NS1.RacksDNS.com. This is straight out of trunk of the GitHub, designate GitHub and configured. You can see it's actually responding. Now for these demos, I turned off the Keystone integration just so I don't have to deal with authentication tokens and stuff. That's an option you can use. As a Rackspace, we actually use something called the repose for our authentication stuff anyway. So right now I'm going to create a domain. You can see the curl command there. It's all in JSON. I'm including some data there that includes this domain. It responds back. It's created it, it gives me the ID. Now let's create some A records. And here I got to put in the ID of the domain that was just created. So you can watch me cut and paste, created that record. Let's create a CNAME. Again, make sure I'm getting the right ID here. Okay, so let's list the domain records. I give it, it's just doing a get against it with the ID. Make sure I get the domain ID and got the record ID. So that shows us our two records I just created with the address <IP_ADDRESS> for the A record for the root of the domain. And then I added a CNAME for the dub, dub, dub. If you just want to see the stuff for the SOA, you can just take off the records and I'll show you the TTL, serial, all the stuff that's in the SOA record. Now we can update. To an update, let's update the IP address. So for this one, I need the domain ID, do the records and record ID. The record ID, I'm updating the A records. So it's this guy right here, I need that ID. This is a lot easier if you use a winding library. But for the demo and just do curl. And it's updated. Now we can check that from outside. We can just look up on this server itself using host or dig or whatever. This is actually querying the power DNS server, which I'm using for this demo. And you can see it's update <IP_ADDRESS>. The version two APIs going to change a few things instead of doing the puts and posts, we're going to be doing patch, which is the new way of doing REST API stuff. Yep. Yeah, it uses different DNS back in. So for this demo, it's just using power DNS. So what you're asking? Yeah. Yeah, the bind supports still a little rough at the moment and we're working on it right now. It works with what we have right now done, but we don't have it checked in and actually committed into the GitHub core yet. So we're still making some modifications. So I'm just doing the power DNS, which works pretty well. Then just to delete the whole thing, you can just send a delete command. And again, but in the domain ID. Again, if you've worked with the OpenStack APIs natively, it's very similar to the way everything works there. And it's gone. If I go back up to the top and just list the domains in this account, it's all gone. So that's a demo in a nutshell, the most basic features that you can get through the API. Let me go back into presentation mode. Okay, so that's pretty much why I head right here. We're looking for more people to help with this project right now. It's just HP and us we'd like to have more people involved in this helps our incubation status. This is where the you can get the information on the project. We have a pretty active IRC room on free note open stack DNS codes all in GitHub. And we have some pretty good docs, we've been working on docs, we got pretty nice getting started guide we had one of our interns work on. So also there's a blog article on the one of the rack space blogs that was just put up last week, I think. So any questions?


What's going on guys, it's your boy DPJ here today with another Destiny video and today I bring you this top 5 trials of the souls, clutches and plays of the week. If you guys want to be in the chance of winning this resurrectionist emblem, simply drop a like and leave a comment, details are on screen now but guys I do hope you enjoyed a video and I will see you on that next one. He's got a quick revoy. Yes. No, please. Yes! I think we need to make way for getting the revoy.  Wait, he's alive? Yeah, I don't know how. Nice. There you can get him. Nice. He's getting the resume. Nice. Isn't this the first round? 7 and 0. There's no one else left than you. Fantastic job. Your rivals are dead to you.


everyone and welcome, this is Melissa Arma with the Stock Swash, and I'm doing a spring trading package to help people out that want to get going, that want to learn how to trade for this particular month. My class is next weekend, March 26th and 27th, and then earning season, second quarter earning season begins in April. So this is a nice package for you to learn before the second quarter earning season and then obviously to start trading. The only way that you can make money in the market is to trade. And I think a lot of people just don't realize the importance of learning and understanding how to trade before risking your own money in the market because of course, again, you have to risk money in order to make money, but you want to make sure that you're taking good trades, solid trades. If you have questions, you can email me at Melissa at thestockswash.com, you can also call me at 929-3200 gap, and you can follow me on Twitter, Facebook, YouTube or Skype. So the spring trading package includes the following. And I'm running this until Thursday, March 24th, so it's about a week from today. It includes the golden gap course. If you sign up for the golden gap course by Thursday, March 24th, you will receive the golden gap course, the wealth manifestation course, that's a great class. And I don't do that class that often. The market report through Memorial Day, the trading room through Memorial Day, and the gap options newsletter through Memorial Day. So through the end of May, 531-22, three subscriptions, which is nice. So then you can do the day trades of the room and the options and then decide if you want to keep doing both or if you want to do one or the other. And that's plenty of time, plenty of time in the live room and to get the options to decide if you want to do options or day trades, like I said, or just do one or the other if you want to subscribe to both the services after that. But it's really a full two and a half months of all of the options. And we've been super duper busy. I mean, the volatility in the market has allowed for some great trades. The class itself you will learn before you begin to trade is March 26th and 27th, nine to five classes online. Again, you could be anywhere in the world and take it. Class tuition is $6,999. Email me for information if you want to sign up and to sign up forms. And you can also call me, like I said, if you have questions. But spring is a good time to trade. A lot of people are active in the spring. And as those of you that know me, you know I like to short. It's been a great year to short, a fabulous year to short. And then earnings season is an active time. We do short, we do go long. Earning season, you never know if the stocks, when they report it, they're going to gap up or gap down, but it creates volatility momentum. And we're looking to trade momentum when we trade. Now, this is the chart of the spy. Just going back to the beginning of 2022. Again, we made a new high to start out the year. Drop, drop, drop. Again, there were many, many shorts that we did in this. The one particular short that we did the one particular day was March 4th. I'll go back and show you that in a second. This is a day trade. This is an equity trade. We also did puts in the market too. Puts are a cheaper way to actually get a move in something like the market that costs as much because the market's been expensive, to be honest with you. But we do both. We do both. So this is a day trade called in the live room. Entry was 431.30. 1,800 shares was a risk of 2,700. And again, your risk has to be, go with the size of your account. So like if you have five grand in your account, you can't risk 2,700 in the trade. You have to look at what you have available cash wise and your margin. Because again, this is an equity trade on margin. If you don't know what that is, you can email me and ask me and I'll detail that out or call me, like I said. The answer was 428.25, boom, profit. And this is a day trade on margin called live in the room 5,490. Now let me go back. It was March 4th. Again, this was a short. And again, this may not look like much, but it was fabulous. This close here, gap down, fell, boom. There it was, right in there. So now it goes above. So it's really interesting because on these particular days, I go back sometimes and I look and say, oh my gosh, we had a fabulous exit on that.  Market fell through and continued lower than on the Monday, the 7th. But I mean, sometimes I go back and I'm like, wow, we had a fabulous trade in this and we did. We did. But I called it live in the room and again, you get the room free until May 31st. But we try to be reasonable with our trades. Now, while there are some trades that I get that end up having big return investments in the options and really huge risk rewards in the day trades, it's not about having piggy targets. You are going to find trading success and get somewhere with this if you have an idea that, yes, knowing that every once in a while, you can find a really good one and you can look for a piggy target. But I often say, try not to have piggy targets in your head every day because you'll lose more than you'll win. It's the idea of consistent just going after it Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and hitting it. OK, just win, win, win. Even if it's a partial 50%, that's a good trade. OK, not every trade has to be 100%. I'm looking to get one to one in everything. But again, there are some trades will just have huge targets because they will go really big or have a good entry in it. The entry is so important, so critical, along with getting the direction to right and finding the stock that's going to move, which is part of what you're going to learn in the class with the rating system. But a lot of people, I think, are always pig-ish and then they lose in trades, they try to hold on too long. If you have more winners and losers, you don't need piggy targets for every trade. You follow what I'm saying because you're winning so much. So if you've been thinking about trading, if you want to do this for a living, if you want to work for yourself, reach out. You can learn from me next weekend, my system and my strategy. Again, it is a great time to trade. We're having fabulous weather in Manhattan here today, and I hope it lasts into the weekend, but I think we're going to rain tomorrow. The downside of spring is that sometimes you get a lot of rain, but the upside of spring is that, again, light out later, beautiful weather. I've got the windows open today, even though I'm high up. I can open the windows about three inches. So get some nice fresh air and today I'm going to take a walk and I just love spring. It's a great time to make money. It's a great time to get outside. Again, the flowers are blooming and it's a very exciting time to trade this market this year. But for me, and what you'll come and learn from me is a checklist, boom, boom, boom. You go through the points, follow the process, follow the process and it will lead you where you want to be. I look at a 26 point rating system. That is what you'll learn in the class. I'm looking for gaps that rate 20 points or more. Doesn't have to be a perfect score. If one rates 22 and one rates 24, then I do the one that rates 24 first. Sometimes I'll do two trades a day, but most days I'm looking for one thing. I try to do the highest rate again. So you will learn my method in my class. Again, I teach it about once a month or sometimes less than that. Depends how busy I am, but I am doing a class next weekend. Get in for the spring before second quarter earnings season and learn. March 26th and 27th, Saturday and Sunday, 9 to 5. 69.99 is the cost of the class. And again, sign up by emailing me and I will send you the forms. You can start in the room and getting the options trades this weekend if you want or this week on Monday. But as far as what you're gonna get, if you wanna get the trading package, this is a really, really nice deal. So I'm doing the spring trading package, which includes the golden gap course as long as you sign up on March 24th, the wealth manifestation class, market report trading room and options newsletter until May 31st. If you'd like more information or have questions, email me and again, have a fabulous weekend, everyone.


Well, it's 430 and I do think I will call this session to order. It's a pleasure to welcome Professor Martin Morgan of the Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, State University of New York at Buffalo to Bioc 2022. Martin has led the bioconductor project for quite some time and stepped down from leading the core. Just a couple of years ago, and at that time, Wolfgang Huber made a nice slide detailing how the project had changed under his leadership. And there are great many changes such as a vast increase in the number of packages, number of users, quantity of data being shipped out, size of the bill to Amazon Web Services. And really important changes to governance and community engagement. So, you heard also from from Air Vipage today when he received his Bioconductor Award for 2022, just how effective a leader, Martin, has been. And so, I welcome you and I thank you and take it away, Martin. He's going to speak about the human cell atlas and the many interesting functions he has written to help us explore that resource. All right, thanks Vince. It's, of course, strange talking to people over the ether waves, knowing that some of you are actually present in the same room. So, I'm going to share my screen. And very confusing here, Google Chrome. Here we go. So, I hope that you can see my screen. Is that looking good for people? Maybe a thumbs up or something? We can see it. Great. Perfect. Thanks, Mark. Right. Yeah. So, I'm great. I wanted to talk about accessing human cell atlas data locally and on the Anvil cloud. And I'm going to use this amazing orchestra technology as well as package down. So, I hope that you'll follow along the. The package that I'm using is documented here. And I'm going to use orchestra here. I'm going to find, for some reason, it shows up for me pretty much at the top with a ton of launches already. Accessing human cell atlas data, you could search for like human or something like that. Accessing human cell atlas data locally on the Anvil cloud. And I hope you clicked on that and follow along and get yourself in our studio session that opens in the package. Directly, totally amazing technology. That's so, so impressed with that. Yes, so I'm going to talk about the human cell atlas and cell X gene. 2 different sources of single cell data and the boots on the ground work have been done by Kayla and you Bo and I just get to claim the glory here. I'm going to follow these vignettes and I'm going to start with this 1st vignette, the A HCA dot rmd. And again, I hope you're following along. I'll go slowly. I was listening to the tidy transcriptomics presentation and the presenter was totally awesome. You did a way better job of presenting than I've ever done. So I hope that you'll follow along and we'll spend about 20 minutes on this vignette and maybe 15 minutes on the bee vignette and a few more minutes on the sea vignette. I wanted to start with thinking about bioconductor and single cell and I'll just go to the bioconductor.org website and visit the 21 40 software packages and type in a single cell and find out that actually there are 213 packages that have been tagged as single cell. And I'm sure you know this, but if you drill down on any 1 of these packages, you get information about how frequently it's been downloaded the amount of times it's been asked about support on the support site. And of course, these amazing vignettes, which can totally blow blow you away with the richness of these resources. So the 1st point is there's a ton of resources, individual packages that allow us to work with single cell data. And then an amazing secondary resource for single cell data is this book called Oscar. Books, Oscar, orchestrating single cell analysis with bioconductor, several authors. I was just going to jump down to the workflows and there are 14 different workflows that walk through particular analyses. This, this last one grabbed some human cell atlas human bone marrow data and imports it with a few lines of code and then walks through a typical analysis. With the rich vignette and amazing integrated graphics and so on. So the point, the 2nd point then is that that Oscar is an amazing resource for learning about single cell analysis. So what I wanted to do though was actually explore some of the single cell resources that come from the human cell atlas. And I wanted to start, I'm a big fan of the tidy verse type of approach to things. And so I wanted to start just with a quick refresher and load up this deep layer package and start with a familiar example that empty cars. Motor trend cars, the data set, which has, I know some number of rows and cars of different sorts. And I just wanted to represent it as a tibble and then display it here as a tibble just to kind of see what we've got. We've got cars and miles per gallon and so on. And then this pipe, the native pipe takes from a base hour takes whatever's on the left hand side and use it as an argument on the right hand side. So this says show us only the six cylinder cars and only select the car miles per gallon displacement and horsepower columns and then update things a little bit with some metric unit liters per 100 kilometers. And you can see just how expressive this kind of tidy framework is. So I'm totally enthusiastic about that. And that's going to kind of form the basis of how we're going to access human cell atlas data. So what about the human cell atlas? So I wanted to go to the data portal human cell atlas.org I could just a human cell atlas portal gets us there. And this is the human cell atlas is sponsored by the Chen Zuckerberg initiative, a number of individual projects that collects cell level resolution expression data. There are currently 267 projects and you can see that you can navigate these and find a particular experiment and learn about it and then download matrices that process expression values that you could then use in your own analysis. So like that's the website, but perversely enough, I'm not so interested in the website because this is this sort of graphical thing this kind of navigating through and clicking on things is really error prone. And, you know, I actually clicked on some arbitrary thing I don't even know for two minutes ago which one I clicked on. And there might be many reasons why I'd want to do something that was more reproducible and rigorous, maybe even, you know, systematically search for studies that investigated say the brain or something like that. So I've written a package with Maya called HCA. So I'm going through this a HCA data set vignette. So I'm going to load HCA and another package this guy Daniel then Chris can I worked on together as well as single cell experiment. So I'm just going to load those guys into my R session. I think I didn't load them all I just loaded the one that I've loaded them loaded them all into my R session. And instead of going to the website and exploring things that way I'm going to enter this command projects and that'll do the comparable thing it'll visit the website or the API the application programming interface that underlies the website. And it'll page through the projects collect all of the information and report the data back to my R session. And so now I have in my R session. I have a table with 267 projects and 14 different columns worth of worth of information that I could then process using standard standard deep flyer types of techniques. So these are the these are the projects that we saw on the website just presented in a different way. You'll notice that many of these columns are list columns. And for instance this genus species you can see that some of these projects have just a single genus Homo sapiens I guess. But this particular project actually has two species mouse and man and mouse and human. And so the entire representation is a list column where each of the elements of the list are in fact characters of zero one or more elements. And that can be a little bit tricky to work with that can help to pull out individual columns or to use this tidy function called glimpse, which provides you with a little overview of what the what the table looks like, or pulling out a single column, the head of a single column and pulling that column and seeing that the first row was of this specimen organ part was cortex for the first experiment and the second experiment had two specimen organ parts and the third experiment and fourth experiment had zero specimen organ parts. So we're discovering how to navigate these data resources. There's also a neat function called HCA view, which when you invoke it produces a little tibble that you can navigate through here and search for instance for all of the studies that involve brain for instance and choose these studies. And, and then when you're done, my is now the tibble that contains the two studies that you selected. So very easy to navigate through and interact with these large data sets. Let's see. So when we were on the website, we saw that there were like, you know, you can kind of count the number of columns or like 10 or 12 columns here but actually these experiments are incredibly rich. They're represented as JSON lists, and you can actually request not just the 10 or 15 columns that are displayed in the project table on the website, but all of the data. So, we end up with the 267 hits and each of the hits contains a certain number of elements and each of those elements contains these subsets that expand into different components. Describing. You can see how fun it is right to navigate these things describing in very rich detail the experiment. I did want to mention. So, so it's just useful to know that there's a really rich data out there. And, yeah, instead of sort of pulling down all of the data and navigating it through it as we've done here, there's this amazing cat package called list viewer. I think this viewer. Jason edit. This to you. Jason edit. I'm going off script so I've lost track of a. Of the command, but something like that that this viewer, I'm pretty sure. That allows us to okay allows us to navigate these lists comprehensively, but instead of sort of retreating all of the data, it often makes sense to query the projects for things that you're interested in in particular. For instance, maybe you have an interest in in liver. And you'd like to find all of the projects that study liver. Maybe you're going to start a meta analysis or something along those lines. So you can specify a filter. That says a specimen or specimen organ is liver. And it could be a more complicated filter. And then when you query. Projects with the liver filter, you don't end up with 267 projects. You end up with 23 projects where the liver has been mentioned as one of the specimen organs. So it's a very useful way of finding data that you're particularly interested in. So when you look through the HCA package, you'll see projects, bundles, samples and files are the main entry points. And the queries generally return a finite number of resources and frequently you want to page through the results that so you get a thousand files and then you want to see the next thousand files and so on. And you can use HCA next or HCA proof to page through these larger data sets. So that's where I'm at so far. I can see I don't see anyone's faces or anything like that and I don't see a chat box. But if you're if you do have a question feel free to let me know. What I'm going to do is one of the great things actually about the HCA, the human cell Alice data portal. And unfortunately, they're not going to continue on with it. So it was a once great thing was that they applied a standard analysis protocol. So contributors would give fast Q files and then the HCA developed a standard analysis workflow so that all of the fast Q files were processed in the standardized way to account matrix. And then the count matrix is made available as a loom file, which fit, which can be easily incorporated into bio conductor and say at the start of one of those workflows that we saw in the Oscar book. So that was totally amazing. They've stopped doing that apparently, but they're about 77 files that are currently available. So here I say this is a little example of a little bit more complicated filter. I'm saying, hey, I'm interested in all of the standard loom files that have been processed using the standard pipeline and that have integrated the samples within a single experiment. So I'll evaluate this and vary for those files. And I find that there are that there are 79 of these standard processed loom files, which represents a wonderful starting point for, you know, tutorials or student training or for comparative studies. And what I'm going to do is I'm going to look for the loom files that are also of liver. So I'm going to take my liver projects and I'm going to do an inner join with the loom files using the project ID and project title to do that formatting. And then it turns out that there are 11 projects. That study liver and that had these cells samples processed in a standardized, a standardized way. Some of the projects had maybe there were maybe there were multiple samples, different types of samples that were involved in this particular project. But what I'm going to do is I'm going to grab one of these projects, this one here. And I'm going to grab its loom file. And I'm going to take a look at this. So let's see. So this is the, this is the cell I'm just going to focus on the second the human liver cellular landscape by blah, blah, blah. Homo sapiens caudate low with the liver 10x3 prime v2 single cell data processed in this standard processing way adult human cells and a loom file. And this is when it was was generated.  And then I'm going to this file as you can see here, I'm going to actually retrieve the data from the HCA. I guess this is going pretty quickly, which is great, right? Because everything's in the cloud orchestras in the cloud, the HCA is in the cloud. So we've downloaded this loom file containing the single cell data from that particular experiment. And we've saved it locally on disk in a cache. So if we were to evaluate this command again, it would be cheap. We don't have to redownload the file. And what I'd like to do is take that file. It's great that it's on desk, but we'd like to be able to import it into into bio conductor. So I use the loom experiment package and I'll import the loom file from the location that I saved it on desk. So this is in real time. Now I've got a single cell loom experiment, which is like a single cell experiment. 58,000 genes, which is sort of the genes that are used in there, the HCA standard processing pipeline and 332,000 cells. So actually quite a bit of data here. You actually get quite a bit of useful information from the metadata on the loom. You get information about when the file was created, the inputs, the samples that were used, and the pipeline version, and so on. So tons of useful data. The thing about this loom file, which is a little bit disappointing but turns out to be can easily remedied. It has tons of information on the individual cells, this call data, these 43 columns. But these 43 columns are all like QC metrics, like reads unmapped and spliced reads and so on, and nothing about the biology. So we don't know if there were males or females in this study, what their ages were, anything like that. But it turns out that that information is buried in the HCA, and you can retrieve that information with this optimist loom annotation function. It takes the loom file and figures out from the metadata where the samples came from and collects the information about the samples, like the biologically interesting information. And then adds that, so now we've got 98 columns instead of 43, 98 columns that include biologically interesting columns, so 55 new columns. So for instance, we can take the column data of the annotated loom and figure out that there are actually in these 330,000 cells, there are actually five separate samples, four of them are male and one is female. They range in age from 21 to 65 years of age, and then this is the number of cells in each of the samples. So it shows that there's actually a very rich set of data that's available in the HCA, and it's extremely accessible from within bioconductor. So there are all kinds of interesting things that one can do to get going as a pedagogical tool and fitting directly into the orchestrating single cell analysis book that we saw at the very beginning. So I'm going to switch gears, but maybe I'll just pause and take any questions or anyone have any thoughts. Is this thing on there takes a second doesn't it. Anybody here have any questions for Martin. Why was there a need for loom experiment sorry these are Leonardo. Hi Martin. From what I see it like you end up casting into single cell experiment so I don't understand why what's different in loom experiment. Yeah. So the loom format supports, in particular this row and column graphs. So, sort of hierarchical structuring of the rows and columns. That's part of the loom format, which didn't fit in well with this single cell experiment class. So it's a, that's kind of a lightweight extension. But that's the main reason. I'll mention that these assays are delayed. The loom format is an HDF 5 file format. So it's an on the disk format. And when I loaded this loaded this file. It loaded really quickly because actually it didn't load at all of most of the data is still still on on desk. And so this object is actually quite lightweight. It also makes it easy to convert to single cell experiment. Thank you. Thank you Martin. So, but this particular object that you loaded had no bro and call graphs, right? It was zero. Yeah. Is that the case for all of the human cell atlas. And I think so. Yes. I think that none of the human cell atlas data actually. They produce loom files, but the loom files don't contain the distinctive characters that go for all of the column graphs. Awesome. Thank you. Pretty interesting. All right, maybe I'll switch to. Cell X gene. So, so I have a question. Yes. So the, so the loom experiment class is basically a single cell experiment subclass with a few extra fields out of them. That's correct. Yeah. Okay. Thank you. I kind of think that when, if we, if we were to drill down and go a little bit off piece, we'd find that. I think that we can actually import. When we imported this file as a loom file, I bet we could import it as a single cell experiment directly.  All right, let me talk about the cell X gene. This is really cell X gene is really a pretty neat little endeavor. This is by the CCI. And in many ways, it's similar to the human cell Atlas. There are a number of different experiments. Collections are like individual experiments and data sets are data sets within an experiment. So maybe one lab does an experiment that has several data sets. And so there's a collection that has several data sets. And then you can find the study that you're interested in Alzheimer's disease from Seattle appropriately enough and find out a little bit of information about it. And then when you click on this, it actually, it does something that I wasn't quite expecting. Oh, I didn't want to click on it. I'll go back here.  I wanted to click on this explore icon here. And what it does is it the when the investigator submitted the data set, they also provided data sets to 21. So now I know that there are 21 data sets in cell X gene that contain African American females who were studied with this particular protocol. I actually find it interesting in and of itself. It provides us with a quantitative way of assessing about diversity and inclusion types of metrics within the project in a contemporary project. So we're going to grab the African American female data sets. And I'm going to find the files that are associated with that with those studies. And again, these are files. So they're 63 files associated with these 21 studies. And these are files provided by the project. You'll notice that the 63 divided by 21 is equal to three. Right. And there are three types of files each 580 this and data format RDS, which sounds totally promising, but is a bit of a boondogalist. Those are surat objects. And in general, RDS files are terrible for maintaining just because of versioning types of issues. And CXG is the internal selects, selects gene data format. So I'm going to grab this file. And instead of visualizing it through the browser, I'm going to invoke the browser from our and visualize that particular data set from from our. So I evaluated this set of commands and chose that file and sent it to the browser. And here's my, my window or my window. Here's, here's that data set here, colored by a cell type. But it would be way cooler to download that file to the local, my local disk and then do all kinds of fun things independent of selects gene. So again, I'm downloading this file from selects gene to wherever orchestra is running pretty quick because it's running in the cloud. And now I'm going to read it in. This is using ZEL converter. I'm going to read the H580 file from disk into R and then have a quick peek at it. And you can see that it's a single cell experiment. We've got 33,000 genes and 31,000 cells. And then we can just integrate that into a standard workflow. So trivially, what I'm going to do is I'm just going to create a ggplot that is the same as what we generated online. But of course we've done it interactively. And so now we have complete control over this object and it fits directly into the standard bioconductor workflows. Those selects gene, the selects gene package turns out to be a wonderful way of reproducibly retrieving the data and then introducing it into, into a workflow that we might be interested in doing. I'm going to stop there for another second or so. Happy to take any questions. Thanks, Martin. Leonardo again. So I'm going to ask you some questions that I get for recount. So two of them are my impression of looking at the object is you can actually combine the data across different loom objects or SE objects. I saw that the cold data you're using character columns instead of factor columns. So am I correct in guessing that you can combine all of them together into a single very large object. Yes. And in principle, you could. Yeah. I mean, they're sort of like issues of batch correction and so on. But yeah. No, no, but like just the C line parts of it before you analyze it. Yeah. Yeah. And then the second one is if I have my own data set, can I process it in a comparable way to compare against the H8 or is that not easy to do? I don't know. Yeah, that's the next part of my talk. So it's great. Nice. Yeah. Yeah, absolutely. Shall I go there? Please. Okay. Yeah. So Leonardo asked a great question and I'll just go back to the the HCA data portal and you'll notice that there's this. So we were under this Explorer tab where we had all of the data sets. But then there are these pipelines and the HCA came up with some standard analysis workflows. For instance, this Optimus workflow for 10x, V2 and V3 gene expression assays. And they formalized these workflows. So this, this is the sort of like the heavy lifting, right, of going from fast Q files to a count matrix. I mean, that's a part of the heavy lifting anyway. Anyway, that's it. That is a heavy lift. Big data to moderate data. And they standardized that transformation, the steps from from up from the fast Q files to the expression assays. And they've actually done a great, you know, all things considered a great job documenting what they've done. And the process has been written as a series of formal workflows in WDL workflow description language. And you can kind of parse through here. You can see that it takes a bunch of a couple of fast Q files. It's going to use the star liner. It's going to do us use a particular reference. It's got a, you know, a version on the pipeline. So that's really great. And this is a formal description of the steps that are involved, including parallel computation to transform the fast Q files to account matrix. So Leonardo, you could take your data, your fast Q files from your own experiment and apply this pipeline if it's, you know, the appropriate data format and come up with, you know, an equivalent starting point for your study as for any of the other studies. And I think that's totally amazing. That's really great, reproducible. And of course, you know, you and I can disagree or have conversations about the relative merits of different steps in the workflow. Maybe we just disagree with one choice of parameters or they should have done something else. But at least we know what we're talking about. And that's super useful and super exciting. And then the other so workflow description language, Optimus standard analysis pipeline, that's totally great. And then the only thing is that you actually need to compute resources to run the workflow right so so all well and good to have a workflow but if you can't run it then then that's unfortunate. And I just wanted to mention the anvil project, which we've been involved with, which provides us with that type of resource. So I've actually opened an anvil anvil.terra.pioanvilproject.org it's in the, in the, the third vignette. And I've opened a particular, it's called a workspace. And the workspace is cloned from something produced by the HCA that illustrates how to use that pipeline that we were just looking at to analyze data. So you have data, 10 samples with fast queue files, mice and humans. So there's sort of like two subsets of data. And then the idea is that you choose the workflow that you're interested in and provide inputs, including references, cloud based references to the fast queue files. So that these fast queue files are actually in the Google cloud, they're not local. And therefore access to them is fast in the Google cloud. And then when you're ready, you click the run analysis button, and it will launch Marshall, the compute resources required to run the workflow, run the workflow, and produce outputs that are available within the workspace, including, for instance, the loom file. And then you could incorporate the loom file into an interactive analysis using RStudio. So that's really just a very quick tour of anvil and the connection between the HCA and these well documented, well defined workflows.  So I think actually I'll stop there. I think I'm at the end of my 45 minutes of fame, but I'm happy to take any questions or delve into more detail on anything I've been talking about. Any questions? Takes a little time. Hi. You mentioned something about a discontinuation of this process. Can you say anything more about that? Yeah. So there's a Slack channel. Human Cell Atlas has a Slack channel where they announce new data sets that are added. And I just noticed the other day last week that they were adding new data sets but no more loom files. And so I asked about that. And I guess they decided not to perform the standard analyses anymore. Partly because of, I guess the public explanation was that sort of lack of consensus about what the right analysis was for a particular workflow. So, pretty interesting. Personally, I think it'd be great to do the wrong analysis consistently, you know, tell the same lie. Yeah, that seems like it would be a little bit more useful to the world than not doing anything. Yeah. Or for each of us doing our own thing and telling our own lies. This is one of those situations where even doing the wrong thing might be better than doing nothing. Maybe, yeah. At least learn something. Yeah. I guess it opens the door for some for a project for one of us to take up. Well, one other thing that came up a little while ago with your metadata was the list of viewer and somehow I think that package was not installed. And I know your list of lists structures also have this reflection in James path. Is that something that you think more people should understand and take advantage of? Yeah. Yeah. So I kind of, it's too bad that was it is it list. It's list viewer. I think you just need to install it. Yeah, so list viewer is totally amazing. A way of navigating these complicated list list list structures. What did I have here? I think I called it. List viewer. Jason edit, which seems like an unlikely name for a function, but it provides so this was this list of list of lists of lists that I downloaded. It's taking just a second to open up. But here's, here's the viewer. And you can see, you can see that it's really straightforward to, you know, these are the 267 different projects and each of the projects has. A title. And you can sort of imagine navigating down through that. But there's also a language so that this little widget is great. It allows you to explore these things in a way that's way better than alternatives. But there's also a language for making these queries. It's called James path, J M E S path, which is probably like totally familiar to to the Java East does out there. But you can say, hey, I want, for all of the objects, I want to find the hits that correspond to have a project projects. Let's see what we got here. I have to. Let's see.  Off piece away. Let's see. Let's start this again here. So here's our hits. Transform. It's so all of these hits we want to find project titles projects. There's projects in each project.  And each project has a project title.  So this is the title of the first project and the second project and so on. So this is called James path, James path. And actually the selects gene DB package, there's a very useful function that should be exposed more, more broadly called James path, which will allow you to query a list object or So these are JSON objects, the JSON object query it for things like project title. So providing a very convenient way of extracting data from these complicated structures. Thanks for that quick tutorial. That's something we're running into a lot more often the JSON metadata. So it's good to have. Yeah. Yeah, I think you introduced me Vince to this list viewer. That's a really great little tool. All right, I've overspent over overstayed my welcome so I'll sign off. Yeah. Leo again, sorry. Like looking at the metadata of your, any of your objects. I see that there's a lot of information there, but And I saw the optimus documentation lists like what version of gen code was used for example what version of the genome reference was used. And I saw that information is missing from the metadata. So, maybe that's an area that could for improvement there. Based on what my glove has worked on right like that sometimes finding the notation of a file is really complicated. Another thing is like, I see that my guess is that every single studies are only available in one version of optimus. Or is, or are there duplicated studies and I mean, he may just mentioned that maybe they're predicting some of this but with a new version of the genome. Are you going to have to redo all of this with like a new version of it. Because that's going to change all the coordinates and all of that. Yeah, absolutely. So, you're right that that these were run. There's only one loom file at most one loom file one. One, actually the loom files are generated on individual samples and then the samples are aggregated into a loom file that represents the collection of samples within a within a data set. But there's only one loom file per data set. And there's a particular version of the optimus pipeline that was used to generate that and and that also implies a particular reference genome. I'm not sure that the reference genome is actually referenced here. It could be, could be that we've lost some of that in in the provenance of the object. Well, Martin, thank you for sharing with us. This was great. My pleasure to learn something when you when you teach so still still going on years and years later. That's good. I'm glad I haven't graduated to the negatives are in camp. So I think this is the last session of the day. So I'm going to wrap it up. And I want to remind everybody that tomorrow we're starting up here, rather than in the building cure. So be sure not to go over there tomorrow. Coming here. And thanks again, Martin. That was terrific. Thank you. And of course, digital applause too.