Our job as a boat builder is to make sure that we execute that engineering and design so the boat is as safe as possible. Most of the cleans we get in here are due to operator negligence or operator error. Most boaters do know the rules, however they just do tend to forget and it is a very hostile environment that they are operating in. Required safety equipment by federal law and some state laws is really only a minimum.  If you have a life check on your boat and you're not wearing it, you effectively don't have a life check. I've in fact seen a few small boats that have had their port and starboard sidelines reversed. This kind of thing can only lead to trouble and really is ridiculous. Pleasure boating is in racing. It only takes a little common sense to make a safe boating trip. Over the past few years, the increase in boating traffic and the number of boating accidents has been significant. It's time for a little common sense, a little common courtesy. And it's important to remember that no matter how much safety is built into a boat, it's never going to be a safe boat unless the operator knows the laws, observes all the safety rules, and reads and understands the boat owner's manual. Listen to boat builder Joseph Evans. It's critical that the boat owner understand the limitations of a boat and educate himself on boat handling so that he doesn't try and exceed the safety factors of the boat. Just like a car, if you drive it too hard, if you mishandle it, you can end in disaster. Boats are constructed to withstand more than normal conditions. And in fact, oftentimes you're safer in deeper water than you are in shallow water. Shallow water, of course, is where you get more severe conditions. It's a misconception about transatlantic crossings that you're safest when you're on either coast. In fact, the safest part of the Atlantic Ocean is in the middle. As you approach the coast, that's where you would find more extreme conditions, plus that's where you find things to run into. Well, before you get on a boat, it's important, or before you go sailing on a boat, it's important to check and make sure that you're going to be safe while you're out there. And even as a guest or as an owner or just a rider, you should probably make a point to check on the boat that there are life jackets for everyone there. When supplying yourself with your safety equipment, it's critical not just to have it, but also to make sure it's accessible. It doesn't make any sense to mount your fire extinguisher such that you'd have to reach through the fire to get to it. You want to make sure you can get near it. Well, everyone likes to have a good time on the water, and it is a good opportunity for socializing and having a few drinks. But as the waters become more crowded, and you find that more abiding accidents are a result of, say, overactivity with alcohol, having a little too much fun. In addition to answering emergency calls, it's the Coast Guard's job to enforce federal laws on the water. And that includes inspecting safety equipment and monitoring safe boating practices. Here's Chief Bosen's mate, David English, with a few safety tips. Last fall, we had a quite severe mishap with a 25-foot high-performance vessel. They were out for a day of partying, enjoying themselves. They were jumping wakes. The vessel was launched off of a wake, landed on its side, and the cap actually separated from the hull when they hit. The impact was so great. This ejected all five persons into the water, and they subsequently had to be rescued. Alcohol was, we feel, a problem there, as they had been partying all day long. And perhaps this may have led to them exceeding the limitations of the craft and causing the mishap. Bowriding is extremely hazardous. Should the person on the bow fall over, the boat will run over them before the operator has a chance to stop. I've seen one person that was rescued alive. He was cut 109 times from his heels to the top of his head. A good share of our less severe cases could have very well been prevented, had the operator of the vessel chosen to use a couple of safe boating rules of thumb, one of which would be the one-third rule, where you use one-third of your fuel to go out and a third to come back. And if all goes well, you should have a third in reserve, should any emergency arise. Maneuvering a small boat in and around commercial shipping can be more of a problem than many boat operators think. 15-year veteran pilot Brian Hope has seen it all. During the summertime, I anticipate that every trip I make will involve at least one what I consider near-miss. That is where the small craft will completely disappear from my view under the bow of the ship. I don't want to give the impression that the pilots of commercial ships feel they have exclusive right to use a waterway. But common sense would dictate that the small craft should keep clear of the large ship. A ship making 20 knots will travel a mile in three minutes, and they can come up upon a small boat amazingly fast, particularly in hazy weather where the visibility is somewhat reduced. One of the important points to remember when approaching or crossing ahead of a large ship is that the pilot loses sight of a small craft a lot farther away than you might expect. The ship Pasternovas, the Atlantic Concert, is a little over 800 feet long, and the pilot is conning the ship from the bridge about 700 feet from the bow. Because of the height of the containers stacked forward, he loses sight of a small craft perhaps more than half a mile away. Now this view is a view that I hope not too many small boat operators get of a merchant ship underway. It's a view that could prove fatal. Another important point to remember is to watch the ship's weight. Large merchant ships underway even at a moderate speed will generate a considerable weight, which can capsize a small boat very easily. We had an instance a few years ago where a small boat was tied up to the rip wraps surrounding a lighthouse outside the entrance to Baltimore Harbor, and a ship went by and capsized the boat, causing the death of one of the occupants. This is world champion racing driver Bill Sebal doing 140 miles per hour, turning in a 50-foot radius, pulling six Gs. When he builds a boat, you can be sure he builds in safety. I've been racing boats for 33 years. I have two sons actively racing now. My father raced before I started, and I kind of grew up around racing, went to all the races with him. He started in the boat building business in 1936. We were present in building pleasure boats and race boats. In pleasure boating, just as in racing, it's not very difficult to have a safe boating trip. It's just common sense. When you get in the boat, you should put on your personal floatation device. If you get in the boat and you smell a gasoline fume, do not touch anything.  If you're going to buy a new recreational boat, I feel one thing you should do for sure is, number one, read the operator's manual. And the second thing I strongly encourage you to do is take a safe boating class. There's probably no one more aware of the number of boating accidents than insurance claims adjuster Ron Scott. We caught up with him on a day when he was helping a customer check over a possible boat purchase. There are several different kinds of claims. Property claims usually occur with sailboats that will run aground. Sailboats involved in a fender bender type collision. We feel that these are operator error. Most of the time a sailboater will not see another boat because the boat is behind his sail. There's a lot of blind spots when you're operating a sailboat. And frankly, we believe that it's so relaxing being on a quiet boat with no motor running that you can sit back and relax and enjoy the ride and not be as aware as you would be at the helm of a powerboat. That's not to say that powerboaters don't have claims also. Most of the claims from powerboaters are for the same reason, not paying attention, operator error. A powerboater can run aground just as easily as a sailboater. He has to have shallow water, but if he's not familiar with the area and has not looked at the charts before he goes into an area, he can run aground just as easily and do five times as much damage as a sailboater. Every morning Tim Paragoy and his first mate go to work at Tim's boating salvage company. Tim picks up other people's mistakes. We talked to him about two of boating's most serious dangers. First fire at sea is one of the most dangerous things to negotiate. Most fiberglass boats, once they get started, you have the slimmed mill chances of putting the fire out yourself. The properties of the material turn into such a heat-producing fuel that it's almost impossible to extinguish. Another occurrence probably almost as common as fires or explosions. Fumes developed in the village are not ventilated after fueling, or just after the boat's been sitting for a while there might be a small seepage of fuel somewhere in the fuel lines. I've seen boats actually blow up completely without any fire even starting. It's like a concussion. Take somebody on a sailboat like that and throw them 20 feet up in the air. These men are on their way to participate in a unique U.S. Coast Guard experiment. One that could help to save lives. This is Dr. Al Steinman. He's trying to determine what kind of gear is needed to survive heavy seas and cold water. Commander Steinman helps wire up his men so vital signs could be monitored. Heart rate, core body temperature, brain function. A companion Coast Guard boat's wake simulates heavy seas. The problems that people face when they fall in the water basically boil down to flotation and protection against hypothermia. Your first problem when you fall into water is avoiding drowning. A lot of people fall overboard and if their head's under water when they hit the water, they may drown because there's a reflex called the gasp reflex, particularly in cold water. Cold water makes you go gasp, hyperventilate. If your head's under water, while that's happening, you're going to drown. If you survive a sudden immersion in cold water, then you have to worry about keeping your head up for a longer period of time. And for that you need a life jacket. The more buoyancy you have in your life jacket or personal flotation device, the better off you are. If you fall into cold water and have a life jacket and can keep your head afloat, then you need to worry about hypothermia. Your best defense against hypothermic is to have protective clothing on, insulated clothing like a wetsuit or protective insulated coverall. If you have that kind of insulated clothing, you can increase your survival time by curling up a little ball and holding very still in the cold water because movement in cold water increases your rate of heat loss. If you're in the water, no matter what type of protective clothing you have on, your best defense against hypothermia is to get out of the water. What that means for a boater is if he's hanging on to an overturned boat, best defense is to climb on top of the boat. The more you get your body out of the water, the better off you are. Safe boating. At first it sounds so easy, and it can be, providing you pay attention, think about what you're doing, and follow a few safety precautions. As we've just heard, according to the experts, you must be on guard every minute while you're on the water. The open waters of yesterday are the crowded waters of today, just like today's highways. So it's important to know the rules of the road, and important to have a checklist that you use before you leave the dock. Are there enough PFDs aboard? Are they in good condition? Are they readily accessible? Are there the right number of fire extinguishers, and are they checked and tagged? Has a float plan been filed? Have all passengers been briefed on safety features? Do they know where emergency equipment is located? Can they use distress signals or the radio? Does anyone else on board know how to run the boat? Does your boat need a flame arrester? If it does, is yours Coast Guard approved? Does your boat have the proper system to ventilate bilges and fuel tank compartment? Is it clear and working properly? Are all parts and equipment rated for marine use? Automobile parts are just not safe. A safe boating trip. That's what everyone wants, and that's what you'll have if you work at it. Follow the advice of the experts. Read your manual. Take a boating course from your state boating authority, or a volunteer group, like the Coast Guard auxiliary. Get a courtesy marine examination from the Coast Guard auxiliary. And get this booklet on federal boating rules and regulations from your marina, the Coast Guard auxiliary, or by writing to the Coast Guard, Washington D.C. 20593. Enjoy your next boating trip. Make it a safe one. And take some advice from Bill Sebald. Twenty years ago, the waterways were not as crowd as they are now. Now you cannot just get in your boat and start it and talk to your passengers and drive down the lake and look around. You have to pay attention to what you're doing, just like driving an automobile. You cannot start your automobile and just point it in one direction and talk to your passenger and glance at the road once in a while. So it's just using common sense. Make safe boating. If you pay attention to what you're doing and you pay attention to what the other fellow is doing and pay attention to the rules of the road and have a little common courtesy, I think you'll have a safe boating trip. The sun is coming up. The water is quiet. But world champion race driver Bill Sebald is about to break that silence. Racing at 140 miles per hour, turning and pulling six Gs. It's all in the day's work for Bill Sebald and it's a safe work event. Safe because all aspects of boat racing are controlled and none of the drivers has been drinking. Two things you can't say about pleasure boating. Today over half the boating accidents are alcohol related. That's why it's against the law to operate a boat while intoxicated. So take some sobering advice from Bill Sebald. Next time you're on the water, thank before you drink and don't forget to put on one of these. Let's go. Smart skippers stay sober. A boating safety message from the United States Coast Guard. It shouldn't take much to convince you to wear a life vest in a dangerous situation like this. But would you wear a life vest here or here? Or what about here? These fishermen do have a life vest on board. After all, the law requires them to have an appropriate Coast Guard approved life vest or preserver on board for each person. But they won't wear them. Neither swims, they're drinking, and the water is really cold, 50 degrees. None of that bothers them. After all, they came out to fish, not to swim. Y'all had a good time. Hey, did you catch any fish? And Fred says, well, I forgot my rod. No. But I got the important stuff. What was it? I brought the beer. You ready for another beer, Mitch? Yeah, I'm ready. We can do that. Uh-oh, I think I got me one now. When you hit cold water, it's a great shock to your body, and drinking alcoholic beverages doesn't help. Charlie's fall happened so fast, there was no time to put on a life vest. He never knew what hit him. If he had just made the simple decision to put on his life vest at darkside, it would have saved his life. Drunk or sober, good swimmer or bad, cold water or warm, Charlie would be alive. The choice is yours. I wear a PFD because if I trip and fall overboard, I'm dead. I can't swim.  I wear this PFD because I'm a mom, you know, and I had to set a good example. I can't expect my little ones to wear one if I don't. The PFD is perhaps the most important item that you have aboard your vessel. It can take care of you, whether you're conscious or unconscious. It's something that you can depend and rely on, and you should never be without one. People wear life vests for different reasons, but life itself is the best reason. Most people who die in water accidents are not wearing life vests. Eighty percent of boating accidents are caused by people falling overboard or boats colliding or capsizing. These are sudden, unexpected events that don't give people time to put on their life vests. Life vests, life jackets, life preservers, they're all personal flotation devices or PFDs. They enable people to float in water. There are lots of different PFDs. Choose the right one for your situation. First of all, be sure that any personal flotation device you select is approved by the United States Coast Guard. Check the packaging and the label. The Coast Guard classifies PFDs in five categories. Type 1s are large offshore life vests that are usually found on commercial vessels, cruise ships, or chartered boats. Type 1s are designed for large bodies of water and will turn most unconscious victims upright. They have good performance, but are bulky. Type 2s are near shore life vests and they're designed to be more comfortable, lighter and less bulky than type 1s. Like the type 1s, they'll turn most people face up. Type 3 flotation aids can be more comfortable to wear and are probably the most popular PFDs. A type 3 is not designed to turn an unconscious person face up like the type 2. It does, however, have the same amount of buoyancy or lift as a type 2 to keep a person's head out of the water. Type 3s are designed for many different water sports. Water ski vests will provide protection from impact if you fall. This fisherman's vest has all the pockets you need to carry your fishing gear. A hunter's float coat will keep you warm on chilly mornings. But the best feature life jackets offer is flotation. Type 4 PFDs are designed to be thrown to someone who's fallen overboard. They're bad choices for poor or non-swimmers because they have to be grasped to be used. If you choose the type 4 throwable, be sure you know how to use it. Always clutch the type 4 to your chest so you can keep your head above water. Don't wear it on your back or it'll push your head under the water. Oh, a type 4 PFD is okay to throw to someone in the water, but I wouldn't trust my life to it, not for an extended period of time. It just doesn't go. 5 PFDs are designed for special use. The type 5 is usually not considered an approved PFD unless it's worn during the activity as approved for. There's a new kind of type 5, a vest which is called a hybrid. I wear this hybrid because I'm more likely to wear it. It's cool, it's comfortable, it's easy to wear, it's safe. The hybrid is light and comfortable to wear, but it's a legal PFD only if you wear it. When the hybrid is not inflated, there's just enough buoyancy or lift to keep your head above water. If you're average size that is, some hybrids can be inflated by blowing into a tube, others by pulling a cord to activate an inflation cartridge. And once the hybrid is inflated, it has even more buoyancy than most other PFDs. Keep in mind that the best PFD for you is not the best PFD for your kids. Some type 2s and 3s are designed specifically for children. This type 2 is best for kids who weigh less than 40 pounds, while this type 3 is approved for children over 30 pounds. That reminds me of my first boat trip with my grandson. As we were approaching our vessel, I was explaining the necessary things that we must do aboard a vessel. The first thing was that we must put on our life jackets, our PFDs. He didn't want it, he rejected it, so I said if we don't wear it, back we go. So we started towards the car, got into the car, and his first action once in the car was to take and fasten his seatbelt. And this gave me the opportunity to compare the seatbelt with the wearing of a PFD. And I explained it to him in that sense, he accepted it, he said okay Gramps, let's go for a boat ride, put on his PFD, we've been using it, and enjoying them ever since. And remember, the best PFD in the world won't do you any good if it doesn't fit. Try this simple test to see if you have the right size. This one's fine, way too big. Sometimes what feels like a good fit when you're on dry land doesn't work so well in the water. The best way to be sure your PFD fits is to put it on and walk into shallow water. This PFD is too big. And this PFD is too small, too big, too small. Ah, just right. You know how your PFD fits and how you wear it is very important. Be sure you pull the side strings until they're tight. Or snap all the buckles. People of different sizes and shapes may require different PFDs. Because of less body fat, a thin person will generally need a more buoyant vest than a heavier person. To find out how much buoyancy your body needs, test your PFD in shallow water. Storing your PFDs is also very important. When you're not wearing them, stow them in a cool dry place. And don't pile anything on top of them. The weight might puncture or tear the vests. Something else you need to know, PFDs don't last forever. Check your PFDs. Make sure there aren't any rips or tears or any openings at the seams. Don't sit on them. And don't use them as a fender to protect your boat. They aren't made for that kind of abuse. If you have a K-Pok filled PFD, you can check its condition by giving it the squeeze test. If it collapses, like this, there's a leak. That means when the vest gets wet, water will seep inside. The water will cause the K-Pok material to decompose, which will cause the PFD to lose its buoyancy. The vest will become an anchor instead of a PFD. Remember, you can have the proper PFD, and it may fit just right. And it may be in mint condition. But if you aren't wearing it, it won't do much good. Even strong swimmers should wear PFDs. I wear a life vest now, but I didn't used to. I'm a lifeguard. I'm a strong swimmer, and I didn't think I had to. One day, I was out on a sale on a date with my girlfriend. We had a big lunch packed, and we stopped out in the bay for a little lunch. After lunch, the winds picked up, and off we went. We were sailing along, and this little gust comes up, and we get knocked over. I just didn't plan on my girlfriend getting hit in the head with a boom, and going half unconscious.  And I think all my training is coming in handy and everything. I'm going to be the hero. Well, about five minutes into the crawl, I developed these cramps. Man, I'm telling you, it was unbelievable. So I kind of panicked, and I started swimming stronger, and it got worse. I got cramps in my legs, and, well, you know, needless to say, I just don't think I would have made it if a boat hadn't come by.  It comes to your life vest. You have lots of choices. Make sure you have the right one for what you're doing, and that it fits. The most important decision you have to make is to wear your PFD. Always wear your PFD. It's your friend for life. You've got to wear your PFD. It's not for yourself. Do it for your family. Don't take chances. Be prepared. No one plans on an emergency. You've got to wear a PFD because you'll never know when it will save your life. Choice is yours. Make the right one. A group of fun seekers have to spend a day on the water. Good idea. Leave the booze on shore. You don't suppose they've taken a safe boating course, do you? Not them. They're experienced sailors. Oh, well, back to the drawing board. What luck. They found a spare boat, and off they go.  Relaxing. Letting the other folks watch out. Watch out. Oh, no. I can't look. What's this? A storm? And what a storm? And our hero's out of fuel. Ah, but there's the radio. And there goes the radio. Too bad. He should have filed a float plan. Time to abandon ship. Wait a minute. These personal flotation devices don't seem very personal at all. They should have taken Popeye's advice. He's smart. Takes a boating course. Oh, 1-800-336-Boat. Passage is not only important for the professional captain engaged in day-to-day commerce, but for the pleasure boater, hunter, and fisherman as well. One facet of safe boating is knowing the road signs of the waterways, the aids to navigation. They not only mark waterways like street signs, but direct marine traffic to deeper water or act as caution signs to mark dangerous waters or areas where boat traffic is not permitted. In the early years of our nation's history, mariners had to rely on experience and luck. In 1789, the United States Congress passed a law giving over to the young federal government 12 lighthouses, originally built by the colonies, and charging the new government with the maintaining and building lighthouses as aids to navigation. As time passed, the need was seen to mark more waterways with different devices. No matter what the size, shape, color, or construction, they all have the single mission, show the mariner the safe passage. 200 years since the original 12 lighthouses, the number of federally controlled aids to navigation have increased to a total of nearly 50,000. Most of them unattended buoys and beacons. All of them under the maintenance and jurisdiction of the United States Coast Guard. Let's take a look at how the aids to navigation system used with nautical charts can make any voyage easier and safer. We'll be discussing the most common aids to the navigation system being used in the Americas, known as the U.S. Aids to Navigation System. But there are other systems. Your chart will tell you exactly which system is in use on the waters you will be cruising. Many of the aids to navigation you will see today may be quite familiar to you. Using them is almost as easy as saying, red right returning. Unless otherwise marked on a chart, the red buoys should be kept on the right when returning from the sea. In other words, the red buoy will be on the right side of the channel as you travel toward the head of navigation or beginning of the navigation system. Traveling in this direction, the green buoys will be on the left side across the channel. Here's how they look on the chart. The numbers on the chart correspond to the reflective numbers on the buoys. Odd numbers are on the green buoys on the left side. Even numbers on the red buoys on the right side. As you travel toward the head of navigation, the numbers get larger. Please note that there may still be a few of the older black painted buoys in use. By 1989, all of these will be repainted green to identify the left side of the inward bound channel. Often buoys can be identified by their shapes as well as contrasting colors. This channel has canned shaped buoys that are green and none shaped buoys that are red. For easier use at night, some channel markers are lighted. As you travel toward the head of navigation, the flashing green light marks the left side of the channel. And the flashing red, the right. Not all channels are marked by buoys on both sides. Here we see a safe watermark, a red and white vertically striped buoy which flashes the Morse Alpha characteristic, a short flash followed by a longer flash. It means that the buoy can be passed on either side. Above the light is a spherical top mark. It also has a letter designation. On a chart the safe watermark looks like this. Corresponding unlighted buoys look like this on the chart and appear as spherical red and white buoys on the water. They also carry a letter identification. Here we see a preferred channel buoy. These buoys are horizontally banded with red and green and mark junctions in a channel or hazards that you may pass on either side. If the top most band is red, the preferred channel is to port or to the left side of the marker. This particular buoy has a red light which flashes a pattern known as a composite group flash. A composite group flash means that there will be two flashes of equal length followed by a short period of darkness, followed by another flash. All is repeated after another longer period of darkness. If the preferred channel is on the left and the buoy is unlighted, it will be shaped like a non-buoy. This green top preferred channel buoy flashes a green composite group flash and indicates that the preferred channel is to the right. The unlighted buoy would look like this. And on a chart, these preferred channel aids to navigation show a red top for preferred channel to the left and a green top for preferred channel to the right. If the top band is red and it is lighted, this magenta dot is added. Here we see some typical special purpose markers. The yellow color indicates that they are special in nature and point out an anchorage or a fishnet area. Gredging or surveying operations and the like. To find out what they do indicate, check your chart or light list. The buoys themselves may be can or none shaped or even be lighted. On a chart, they may be indicated YC for yellow can, YN for yellow none, or the light characteristics for a yellow lighted buoy. This orange color indicates information or regulatory marks. These marks have an orange circle, sphere, or cross diamond. The day board here is quite easy to comprehend. Other day beacons are easy to read also. This green board with the numeral 1 on it indicates the left side of an inbound channel. Just as this red day beacon indicates the right side of a channel. Just remember, red, right, returning. A safe water board, octagonal in shape and half red, half white. Preferred channel aids to navigation follow the same pattern. Top half green means that the preferred channel is to the right of the board. Top half red means that the preferred channel is to the left. Day beacons appear as squares or triangles on your chart. Closely akin to day beacons are lights which may be used instead of lighted buoys. Typically a light consists of a single pile, two day boards, the light at the top, and a battery box. The lights have the same color and flashing rhythms as lighted buoys but may be seen more clearly because of greater height in the water and a more stable platform. Again remember, red, right, returning. Be sure when navigating at night you are looking at aids to navigation and not city traffic signals or street lights. The most powerful and distinctive lights in the U.S. system of aids to navigation are primary sea coast and secondary lights which include the familiar lighthouses. These lights may be located on the mainland or offshore on islands and shoals. Offshore they may mark a hazard or serve merely as a marker for ships approaching a major harbor. They also are probably the first light to be seen by the high seas navigator approaching land. The very same kind of structure seen 200 years ago by the colonial mariner. Although the structure may have changed little the lighting and mirror systems are constantly upgraded to serve today's mariners. We've covered a lot of territory in a very brief time so let's go back and see how much we've learned. You see this spherical buoy? What does it mean? Or this lighted buoy?  Both buoys mean you're in safe water. You're coming up a river at night. This buoy has a flashing green light. It should be passed on the left or port side of your vessel. Another day, another channel. Heading home, you see this red nun shaped buoy. It should be passed on the right or starboard of your vessel. What does this day beacon mean? The same thing that this can buoy tells you. Or this lighted buoy emitting a composite group flash. All three of them are telling you that the preferred channel is to starboard. At first it may not be easy to remember what all the colors, shapes, numbers and letters mean. But with constant practice you'll master the system and be a safer motor. Before you begin any trip follow this navigational checklist. One, have a chart and check which system you'll be using. Use the chart as an aid not as the exact truth. Two, obtain a local notice to mariners from the local Coast Guard district and update your charts. Three, check marine radio broadcasts for the condition of buoys in your area. In addition to navigation conditions the marine radio is a good source for other information such as weather. Four, always make sure you are reading the light emitting from a buoy and not a background light from some other source. Five, learn more. Take a boating course from your state boating authority, the Coast Guard auxiliary, the U.S. power squadrons or another boating organization. Follow these rules and you'll be on your way to a safer journey thanks to the age to navigation system. Most boaters feel they know all they need to know about safety. How about you?  Well we all know that boating can be fun for fishing, for sailing, for water skiing or just plain enjoyment. But underneath all that fun boating can be dangerous. Dangerous if you don't know about the proper use of life jackets or about hypothermia and the effects of cold water. About small boat stability and falling overboard. And dangerous if you don't know about the weather or the effects of alcohol. So before you go out in the water in any kind of boat, wear your life jacket. Be prepared for cold water and its deadly effects. Know your boat's capabilities and safe operations and leave the alcohol in port because on a boat alcohol and water aren't a good mix. There's a lot to know about safe boating and it's best to know before you go. A message from the US Coast Guard and the National Safe Boating Council. The ocean has inspired us, nourished us and delighted us since the beginning of time. But now our oceans are threatened with becoming a garbage dump. Most of us have seen trash at the local beach but scientists are discovering that trash is not just a local phenomenon. Trash is showing up on beaches all over the world and it's not just showing up in populated areas. These pictures were taken on remote beaches in Alaska. Beaches where few people have ever walked, much less gone for a picnic. This trash was collected on a remote uninhabited island in Antarctica and this is what a Japanese film crew found when they went to film Paradise in the uninhabited Leeward Islands of Hawaii. The trash we see on the beaches is a reflection of the trash in the oceans. It's showing up in fishing nets, in propellers and on the ocean bottom. The trash comes from most of us, from coastal cities and rivers to ships at sea. It's estimated that just the world's merchant vessels dump 4.8 million metal cans, 450,000 plastic containers and 300,000 glass jars into the ocean every day. Fishing boats dump trash as well as worn nets and other pieces of used gear. Recreational boaters dump on average a pound and a half of garbage per person per day. Military ships, research vessels, offshore oil rigs and cargo boats also dump at sea. Even beachgoers leave tons of trash, much of which winds up in the ocean. Trash doesn't just look crummy on the beach. Trash kills. This is a northern fur seal. The fur seal population on the Pribilof Islands is currently less than half that observed 30 years ago and is continuing to decline. Some scientists believe that entanglement in pieces of net or plastic strapping bands is the principal factor in the fur seal decline. They estimate that from 20,000 to 40,000 northern fur seals are lost each year due to entanglement. Young fur seals in particular are attracted to pieces of net or strapping bands and try to poke their heads through the mesh. They get caught and often attract other pups, make it caught and die. The northern sea lion population is also declining and some scientists are wondering if entanglement may be one of the causes. Like the fur seals, northern sea lions seem to like poking their heads through pieces of net or strapping bands. Monk seals are showing up on the beaches of Hawaii, entangled in fishing gear from the North Pacific. Sea turtles, birds and fish also get entangled in trash. But getting entangled in trash is only part of the problem. Eating trash, particularly plastic trash, is the other part. Lesan albatross gained some notoriety in the late 1960s when scientists discovered the parent birds were feeding the baby birds plastic. Since then, scientists have found plastic in about 15% of the world's seabird species. In Alaska, scientists have found plastic in about 40% of the seabird species. One of those species is the parakeet ocklet, seen here from the outside. And this is the plastic found inside. Fish are also known to eat plastic, and sea turtles have become infamous for their consumption of plastic bags. Evidently they mistake the bags for their favorite food, jellyfish. These were the bags taken from the stomach of one sea turtle. So trash is accumulating in the oceans. Boats and animals are getting entangled in the trash. Birds and fish are eating trash. And an increasing percentage of this trash is plastic. Plastic degrades very slowly, so the bags and bleach bottles dumped today will still be around years from now. Yet the amount of plastic being produced and consequently dumped is increasing dramatically. For the ocean to endure as something more than a garbage dump will require the conscious efforts and decisions of all of us. But fortunately it's a problem we can solve. Individuals are cleaning up beaches, bringing their trash back to shore, and recycling. Scientists are inventing new packaging products which are recyclable or degradable. Governments are passing laws which will make it unlawful for boats of any size to dump plastic at sea. To stem the tide of trash will require effort from all of us. But it's a problem we can solve. Those who are too busy to check things out need to think again. Most boaters who drown aren't wearing one of these. A lot of boating accidents can be prevented by having the right equipment, knowing where it's at and knowing how to use it. So be safe.  Lifejackets save lives. It's best to know before you go. A message from the U.S. Coast Guard. Come on all you late sleepers. It's Saturday. Weather service is calling for a high near 70. Sunday looks like it's back to normal. You guessed it. It's cold and rainy. Normal high for this date is 49 degrees. You're tuned to WTSR FM. Whoa, it looks like it's really moving. Man, it looks great. Oh, I'm so ready for this. Did you bring the dry clothes? Right. And you have the lunch? Yes. And the keys? Fun, fun, fun. Well, hey there. My name's David. And I'd like to tell you about a canoe trip I took with some friends. For so early in the spring, I don't think you could have asked for a better day. Oh, that's Dean. How about this day? There's Michael and Becky. You ready? Me again. And good ol' Lisa. Some of us had a pretty rough time, but it sure didn't start out that way. It's easy to take our body for granted. Without so much as a conscious thought, it can synchronize the workings of 10 trillion cells. Yet as warm-blooded creatures, what our cells do, our strength, our coordination, even our thinking is done best only when we stay warm. David begins the trip with a normal body temperature. There's a core region containing vital organs like the heart, lungs, and brain that's about 98.6 degrees. In fact, David's entire body is near 98.6, and so he is said to be in his optimal thermal state. It must have been near 70 degrees by the time we got to the river. Even so, Becky decided to wear a wetsuit. Dean too. Well, it's been a while. I sure hope this thing still fits. Or are you gonna be ripin' that thing? It's so warm today. I guess I have a tendency to dress for the moment. Lisa, you're gonna sink the boat with all that stuff. You're gonna be glad I brought it later. And a thermos too? Yep, thermos too. Dad, do you really need all this stuff? Well, it's a long day. Seems like these guys were bringing a ton of stuff. I felt the water and it's cold. I just wanted to get on the river. To your toes feeling is difficult to maintain. Mostly our surroundings are cooler than 98.6, and so we lose heat. David with his wet cotton short sleeves is losing heat the fastest. He feels fine because he's also the most active. Lisa and Michael have managed to stay dry, so their cotton warm-ups keep them comfortable. Dean and Becky have the least heat loss. Wet or dry, their wetsuits are effective at keeping heat in. So, each paddler has made his own preparations for the day. Each has his own vision of what the day holds, but will events unfold according to plan? And if they don't, what margin of safety can these boaters fall back on? David, how about that fancy new roll of yours? Well, they didn't have to egg me on much. I practiced in a pool over the winter, and I was wondering if I could do it on the river. But man, when my head hit that water... David has just given his body a real thermal jolt. Water conducts heat from the skin much faster than air. In fact, the river is drawing away heat at least 25 times faster than the air would. Luckily, David's immersion is only a momentary shock to his senses.  Quick dunking was invigorating to say the very least. Even though I warmed up right away, I decided that would be my last demonstration. David is having a different day than his companions. He's been charging up and down the river, pushing all the time. He's generating a lot of heat and promptly losing it through wet, exposed skin. He struck a kind of thermal balance between the heat he produces and the heat he dissipates. The others have found a balance, too. On the warm rocks, their heat loss is minimal, so they don't need to work at all at staying warm. But where does all this heat come from? Where does David get his energy? The warmth that David achieves by hard paddling is a natural byproduct of metabolism. That's a broad term for the chemical processes by which cells burn the food we eat. In a sense, food is fuel for a complex engine that runs at different speeds but never stops. Our bodies must have fuel in order to produce work and heat. Food can be stored in our bodies almost like gas in the tank by eating high-energy foods throughout the day. We keep the tank topped off. In this group, however, the one driving the fastest has the lowest tank. I had passed up on the munchies and it even seems to me that I was so anxious to get on the river that morning I had skipped breakfast. But hey, empty stomach or not, I was having a blast. No words can express the shock I felt come out of my boat and feeling icy water head to toe. I remember gasping for breath. The cold was so intense. A warm body exposed to cold water is thrown out of thermal balance. Metabolism quickens but heat loss is so great the imbalance persists. Sensing a crisis, the body reacts. Changes in blood circulation occur within seconds. Vessels near the skin and in the limbs constrict, reducing the flow of warm blood but no longer is David's body 98.6 throughout. Now ideal temperature is maintained only in the core region. This is the body's game plan for dealing with cold stress. Conserve precious heat for the core. Let the limbs get cold. Well, needless to say, my little dip in the creek had its effect for sure. I was beginning to lose my sense of humor and that spray skirt, almost too much for my aching fingers. Straighten out, Michael! Straighten out! In sports that demand agility, these adjustments the body makes to cold can spell trouble. David needs a warm core for his body to function properly but he also needs warm, coordinated muscles to get down the river safely. To satisfy this double demand, David boosts his heat production, draining his energy reserves even faster. Of course, everyone is depleting their store of energy but at vastly different rates. As the day wears on, clothes get wet. Maybe the sun goes in. Energy is expended. Fuel reserves dwindle. Unnoticed, the margin for error shrinks. Yeah, let's pull over here to the right and get the water out of the boat. It was past four when we got to the halfway point. I'm hungry. You know, I think this is the last we're going to see of the road. Canyon starts just up around the bend. Now, paddling hard was the only way I could feel warm. I didn't want to stop. Actually, I was starved but what I wanted more was to finish that run and get the someplace warm. Is anybody else getting cold? You know, we still have a ways to go. If we call it a day, probably hitch back to the car from here. Well, look, I know it's late but if we keep up the pace, we'll keep warm. Let's see how David feels. Hey, David, you good to keep going? That decision was kind of a turning point. It was late, it was getting colder and we did have a chance to bail out at the bridge. We didn't take it and that's when our real problems started. The fatigue was beginning to work on my mind. I'd go over and wouldn't even try to roll. Then Michael and Lisa began to have problems. It seemed like one or the other of us was always in the water. You all right? Pull the boat up. Any insulating value Michael and Lisa's clothing had is now clear. Even if they manage to stay upright, they'll feel the chill of rapid heat loss. Your hands are so cold. What do you expect? But David's problem is more than comfort. He's exhausted. With a fuel gauge nearing empty, he can no longer warm himself by exercising. The body's first lines of defense, activity and higher metabolism can't hold out indefinitely. David begins to shiver. By late afternoon, he passes a critical point. The heat that David can generate and retain is no longer sufficient to keep even the core at 98.6. Slowly, insidiously, the core temperature drops. At first, just a few degrees. Often accompanied by shivering, this low temperature condition in the core is called hypothermia. So much for the weather forecast. And just when I was thinking things couldn't get much worse. To show you how messed up I was, now the river actually felt warm. Where's David? He's coming. In the gorge, we noticed the water was rising. We came to a drop that Dean thought maybe we should portage around. Let's take a look. Let's take a look. Lisa, do you want to take a look? Well, the weather had gotten pretty atrocious. I was falling behind. We were all drawing inward, thinking about ourselves. We weren't a group anymore. I guess that explains a lot of what happened next. Chalk it up to my foggy brain, but I thought Dean was waving me on. Little mistakes could lay this trap. Now, pressed into a course of action for which no one is really prepared, the trap closes swiftly. Like falling dominoes, one error leads to another. The group unravels. Without assistance, David's swim will be a long one, with the seconds literally taking away his life. Their blood flow now sharply reduced. Limbs become numb and weak, making swimming or even holding onto a boat nearly impossible. The body has one last defense. In a desperate attempt to preserve life, it continues a systematic shutdown. As core temperature falls, shivering stops. The body just cannot afford the expenditure of energy. Pulse and respiration slow as the heart and lungs cool. Blood becomes thick and septic. The heart strains to continue.  His judgment clouded. Eventually, he loses consciousness. In time, his heart may falter. More likely, he will drown first. That's how the day might have ended. We were like debris, scattered along the river, and it was largely my fault. Lisa's condition was following closely behind mine, and my luck had almost run out. Almost, but not quite. Thanks to their wetsuits, Becky was still functioning. I tried to pull myself under the rock, but my arms were useless. Without a life jacket, I would have drowned for sure. And yeah, Dean was turned out to be a real hero. I don't remember much about the swim, but Michael says he chased us forever. I think he's out of the water. Come on, the rock here. What I do remember is not being able to get out of the water on my own. I'm not sure I even cared one way or the other. Looking back, that's what scares me the most. David's shivering is actually a good sign. It means his core temperature is still above 93 degrees. If heat loss can be stemmed with dry clothes and shelter from the wind, his body will rewarm itself. But extreme care must be taken. Even though outwardly he may appear just wet and miserable, the life systems of a hypothermia victim are in a precarious state. Blood circulation patterns have adjusted to cold stress, and jostling disturbs these patterns and endangers the heart. Heat loss must be reduced in every way possible. A sleeping bag works well, but in a pinch, use anything that insulates. Be sure to cover the head and neck, areas of high heat loss. Also, talk with the victim. His degree of awareness is a clue to the severity of his hypothermia. And don't forget others in the party. If one person is having a problem, it's likely they're not alone. We gotta get off of this river. Maybe I could find a way back to the bridge. We gotta get David looked at. David's hypothermia was mild. He needs only to get shelter, nourishment, and he should be checked by a doctor. But what if Dean hadn't been so quick to respond? What if David had spent longer in the river and his core temperature had dropped more than a few degrees? David's hypothermia would then have been severe. Any chance for survival would have demanded careful rewarming in a hospital setting, not in gathering darkness and growing desperation on the riverbank. Well, Michael found a trail, and we all walked out just before dark. I lost my boat, of course. But all in all, I feel pretty lucky. I'm alive and a lot smarter.


It's very small. What? Yes sir! Yes sir! Yes sir!    I guess what I did. You cleaned it up? She definitely didn't say that she wasn't gonna clean it.  You go, of course I will!  I was kidding. I was totally joking. I'm a nice human being.  Sorry you didn't win the genetic lottery. Okay? At birth it was heads or tails. You either get heads, male or tails, female. And you lost! You lost! I don't know what to say. Tell him. You don't treat me well and I feel like... Yeah, tell him. I feel like we need to end it. Alright, it's domestic violence time. I shouldn't say that. No, you shouldn't. At what point do I get demonetized? Would you ever get demonetized? I don't think I'd get demonetized for that because they'd have to see that clip. Mr. YouTube man, if you have seen this clip, please. Sorry. I have so many children to feed. He's joking. I have so many children and so many wives I just can't afford to get this. Financial loss. Let's do it, boy. I'm holding the camera by my cock. You actually are. Pretty cool.  A shirty shirt! We're filming assumptions today. It says peace is power and I keep getting roasted. I've been cooking. I've been cooking.  Anyway, let's do it. Jokes on me, honestly. Yo, boys, actually check these out. I got these from Nike. Nike.com. They just came out.  Tell me these ain't fire, though.  I also got this from Nike. Both kind of fire. Why would I say that?  I want it. We asked you boys to drop some assumptions of us on Instagram. We both posted it, so we're gonna go through some of the best ones right now. Kaylee's been getting aggressive. Got a good assumption to start this out.  What do you have to say about that? What is your opinion?  I think you are. What's simp again? You really think I'm a simp? Do you think I would ever simp? Actually, I have something to say about that.  I have something to say about that. What do you have to say about that? I just read an assumption and it says, I assume that Kaylee has the balls in the relationship.  You want to see my nuts out now? Kaylee will say things and I go, okay Kaylee, provide one example of that happen. I don't know. This isn't fair. This isn't fair. You're not allowed to say that. I like this one.  Correct. Under that says, Matt looks like the guy who doesn't know sports but drinks Gatorade. That's fucked. And then under that is a Kaylee drinks boxed wine. That is so true. I thought that was really funny. Bro, she literally had a thing of boxed wine sitting on the fridge for so long. But it's not Francia, okay? Francia? Yeah, I know. But it's a good quality wine.  I don't know. Aggressive, right? My God. The next assumption and I assume you get put in the dungeon at least four to eight hours a day. Tell them how often you actually spend in the dungeon. 30 minutes. 12 hours. What's the right answer here? Someone goes, why isn't Kaylee in the dungeon? It's past 5 p.m.  How'd you get your phone in the dungeon? Assumption number four. What's it say?  A bigger bra? Tell me Kaylee is not packing. I got a pretty good stuff. She's packing 12. Dungeon master and his dishwasher. Am I right or am I right? To let you know, we just did a thing today where I did the top half of the dishes, she did the bottom half. It was actually, and he brought it out. It was cute. He was like, I'll do the top half and we played about it. And we do the same thing with videos. I record and then Kaylee edits and does the thumbnail. No we don't. No it doesn't happen. It doesn't. My amazing editors do the editing by the way. Do you guys see it now? It's your sin. Assumption. Gold digger.  Well, where the fuck's the gold then? I'm the breadwinner. I'm the breadwinner. I make all the money. I pay all the bills. I take dinner. I don't do any of that. Kaylee, I thought we talked about this. This is a no cap zone. I don't like, I don't, we are the no cap zone. And yeah, I'm a gold digger right now. Kaylee just wants to cut that out. Yeah, we're gonna cut that out. This is probably one of my favorite bits. We're definitely gonna cut that out, right? Yeah. You and Matt are actually step bro and step sis. I actually dye my hair brown at the top to make it look like we're not related. You know what I mean? Why don't you lead the jokes today? Lead the jokes.  Yes or no? No.  Did we not agree that this was the no cap zone? Yeah, this is the no cap zone. Cap zone's over there. But this is the no cap zone. Fuck! Oh, this is a funny one.  Matt, you are secretly in a love triangle with Bella and your boy Pizza. Well then, where does Kaylee come in? Is it a love square? Who am I? Am I just your buddy? You're just my buddy. I'm your buddy. Just my buddy. Everyone's comments that. You guys remember the video where I said this? Okay, bud. Thank you. Apple. There was a video where I said, there's a certain thing that Kaylee ate being called and it was And it bleeped. And it bleeped. We bleeped and you can see what my mouth said. Everybody guessed correctly. I guess, but it was hilarious. Because you like to enunciate your words. Oh, yeah. As opposed to not enunciating them, how am I supposed to do? Not pronounce my words? What? Rules are actually reversed. She has been telling you to go to the dungeon to hop camera. This is so true. And I'm so glad we're finally coming clean. Oh, God. It feels good.  We are talking about a dungeon. Where I lock you in. Yeah. Because you are being bad. Yeah. And you have to stay there. And it's like. It's like this joke that you're in the dungeon. And it's now an iconic joke of, like, you. Iconic. I love that outfit. Yo, what up, boys? How we doing, boys? Hey, boys only. No more females. No more females in this video. Hey, boys.   Give them a good look tomorrow, all right? Mr.  Mr. Principal's like, oh, well, I did too many. You guys look like the type that would go into a Walmart and Farp. What is happening? Abuse pigs said he hit your girl from the back.  You both take massive shits and send pics of your. It's disgusting. Primarily eye contact. You want to make some right now on camera? I'm not going to do it. Matt is definitely the submissive in the relationship.  This is bold.  Okay? The most wholesome, virgin, non-juking cuties ever.  Sisters. You guys have never hold hate. I have a better relationship with RPOPgzoneBubble than I do with Kailey. Honestly, I've shown you RPOPgzoneBubble before, haven't you? I don't know. I have. She doesn't know about RPOPgzoneBubble.  Why have I heard that so often? Do I have a wet dog type of vibe to any of you? You don't at all. I'm insecure now. Fuck! Someone commented on a video that it always looks like I get out of the shower right when we film.    Ah, don't punch me.  Now do the dishes. Okay, do it. And look at that. The video is now all ogre. It's all ogre now. You're my swamp now. I already said it's all ogre. The last one was, um, Kailey's the big spoon. There are a few times.   Alpha male. Dominant position.  Yes, sir.   Oh, that's a big fan of that one. Did you, um, clean the house now? Yeah, let's go. Let's do it together. What? Equality. I am the goat, baby. Yeah, you are. What does goat stand for? Raidest of all time, but...  Goodbye.


Welcome to Moments with Melinda. My name is Melinda Moulton and I'm your host and I just want you to know that I am channeling right now the great Jan Reynolds who happens to be my guest today. Hi Jan, how are you? I am fine. I'm excited to talk with you Melinda.  Jan Reynolds is a seventh generation Vermonter, international explorer, world record-setting climber and skier, and award-winning non-fiction author working in extreme environments. I mean, and a mom, and a mom, and a mom, of course. Probably my most important job. That is, I'm sorry, I forgot that. You're absolutely right.  Jan, we're going to get right to it right here because I have a lot to cover with you for this show today. I'm going to start my timer. And first off, I want to ask you to share with my viewers and share a seventh generation Vermonter. Share with my viewers about growing up in Vermont. Growing up in Vermont. Well, I think it sets a very strong foundation for life. I think Vermonters in general, at least, you know, come from a big farm family. There's seven kids, came from Middlebury, lived on a dairy farm. My dad and hired men were milking a little over 100 cows. So it wasn't too big of a farm, but my dad owned other farms too. And so we rode around in trucks and in the cornfields and played in the apple trees. And so the basic Vermont at that time, I think Vermonters have a sense of humility, a sense of if it breaks, you can fix it, a sense of being understated, a sense of being very capable yet understated. And I think that sort of Vermont background has stuck with me. And I think when I travel and I work overseas and when I work with indigenous people in my book series, Vanishing Cultures, I think that Vermont background where I grew up living close to the land and the animals, it's probably part of what drives draws me way out there with other people that are living very close to the land and the animals. It feels somewhat like home to me. And these people are very capable. They're very practical. They're very understated. They're generous. They're hearty. If it breaks, they can fix it or they'll figure something out. And I think that's Vermont that I carry with me with all my work. So tell me, tell my viewers a little bit about about your life growing up. You were one of, I believe, seven or eight children and you were the... Number six of seven, yeah. You were number six of seven. So the second youngest. Talk a little bit about your family and growing up on a farm and your seventh generation, which means you go back to the... Well, there's a woman named Ann Story and she's buried in our family graveyard down in Middlebury. And she was the original single mom. And back in history, our ancestors were in Connecticut, they were bound out. And what that means, it's kind of like the closest you could get to slavery. You belong to someone and you had to work their farms, but both the French king and the English king gave away the same land up north, which is now Vermont. So if you were bound out, if you left and went north and you cleared land, then you would own it. And that was how both the French and the English kings expanded their territory. But that's part of why there were problems in the north between the Indians and the French coming down and trying to burn out the settlers, because the French king said it belonged to them and the English king. And those settlers said it belonged to them and blah, blah, blah. But the whole thing of being on the farm and when you were mentioning seventh generation, seventh or eighth generation, that's where that comes from. Just the stories about Ann Story and her being an early settler. Wasn't her family Hannah Reynolds, the Hannah Reynolds family? Yeah. Yeah, but I don't know a whole lot about that. There's a good chance you come from that lineage and it goes back that far to the mid-1700s. Yes. Yes. And so that same land, the farm, life on the farm, it's the same area where she's been and I grew up there. So it's been there for generations. So you are a tall, strong Vermont red oak, my friend. Let's talk about the life that most of us can only dream about. Share with us some of your most exciting moments, as you have said, of getting truly lost on this planet. Oh, it's pretty hard when people ask superlatives, what's exciting for me might not be exciting for someone else. Well, it doesn't matter. I just wanted you to share with my viewers some of the exciting things that you've done in your life from hanging off the side of Mount Everest to going off to exotic places that none of us would ever even know. Living in caves, being without food for five days, trying to find our way to civilization in the Himalaya. I crossed over into Tibet on skis and the Chinese army was there chasing me and they, but they just had their little canvas army boots and pistols. And I was on the biathlon team and I knew the range of a rifle and it's kind of funny. I mean, on skis, there's no way they're going to catch me. They're trying to run along and the range of a pistol is nothing like a rifle, but it was very sad and scary. There have been people who the Chinese army have captured up there and shot. So, you know, it was very real. You know, things like that, the hot air balloon over Everest, we crashed, we rolled, we caught on fire. I managed to put it out. So we didn't blow with the gas tanks hanging right there. You know, stuff like that.  So what do you think, and you said it a little bit in the opening of our discussion, but what do you think gave you this grit and the confidence and also the skill to be what you are known as quite comfortably, I hope, as a world explorer?  I think that had something to do with it. And living with living simply would just hand me downs and all of those kinds of things. I think it set me up for being able to get along, go with the flow. I think when I was younger, we didn't have sports for women until we got into high school, but I was a big Nordic cross country ski racer and made the junior national team. And I think training, when I first became a teen, training hard and working out physically gave me the physical strength and the endurance and maybe the grit to, I mean, the sport of Nordic skiing does a lot for you in terms of endurance. And you never really know how you're doing until you finish. So conditions could be awful and you think you're not doing well, but it's maybe awful for everybody else. And the next thing you know, you won if you just keep hanging in there. So I think Vermont and farm life and being a nationally ranked cross country skier and training for that set me up for the kind of strength and attitude I might need. And then the skills, well, that's what you you develop. And I just happened to be drawn to the outdoors. And I went to school for a year, my second year at the University of Vermont, I went to school in Norway, because I was a big Nordic skier. And I raced over there and I learned the language and I began ice climbing over there. And I joined a winter rescue squad. And we would dig snow holes when we were searching for people and we'd live outside. And, you know, I developed the skills you need for being out but also taking care of someone else on being on a rescue squad. So I think all of those things kind of set me up for being an expedition person. So it's a sort of background and then sort of personal choices. And then I, while I was young as a teen, I had photos exhibited in the Boston Center for the Arts black and whites that I had done and developed. And I had a short story published. So I was already involved in writing and photography. So combining that with my outdoor skills and, you know, strength and endurance made me a pretty good package to go on an expedition and then be able to photograph and write about it so that you could bring something back for sponsors and magazines so that you're funded. So I didn't set it up in my head to have all of those pieces but they sort of came naturally. Felt together. Now, Jan, you are a member of the Explorers Club in New York City and you are being inducted into the United States Ski and Snowboard Hall of Fame in March. You've received numerous awards and been hailed as one of the most amazing and interesting women in the world. And yet you were one of the most understated and humble people that I know. So how do you balance your fame with your humility and your humanity? Well, I don't have that much fame. So there's not a lot to balance. No, but you do. I mean, what you've accomplished and done. Well, thanks a little bit. I mean, really. You're a member of the Ski of the Explorers Club and also to this year to be inducted into the Ski Hall of Fame, the United States Ski and Snowboard Hall of Fame and that's a big deal. And you've received numerous awards and recognition over your lifetime. So and you balance that so well.  And I'm just wondering for my viewers, how do you balance that all? Now, how do I balance that all? Well, a couple of things. Maybe because someone else said this to me too, that really, especially outside of Vermont, you know, people don't know who I am or what are what I do or what my work is. Hopefully they appreciate my books, the kids and librarians that pick them up. And they are still in print 30 years. So my work, my work is working. And that's what's important to me. But me personally, I think Melinda, if I had been a man who thinks of change now and women are doing everything and getting lots of attention for it as they should. But I think if I had been a man doing all the different things that I've done, the U.S. by Athalon team, setting world records, award-winning books, you know, it would have been a bigger deal. But you know, as a female, I think you just kind of fall through the cracks.  Yeah, 67. I don't mind giving my name.  Very, very youthful looking.  So thank you for that. But I, I love the fact that you are so understated. You have such humanity and humility. And you have one of, you have such a great sense of humor. I'm going to move right now into your children.  You are the same. And I was so excited when that article came out about you that I read, because it's the same thing. You're very competent. You do your work. You get it done. If you had been a man, you probably would have been touted over and over again, or there would have been more money thrown at you for more projects. Same thing for me. I ended up soloing a lot of things, because in my time, the money and response and leadership wasn't going to go to a woman. And the men were not going to go with me. I soloed over the Himalayas.  I soloed National Geographic, funded you to solo across the Himalayas. I mean, that's extraordinary. And I totally agree with you. And that's something we need to talk about over dinner, because it's a comfort for you to do.  I think that's what women do. Like, well, Melinda, you know that answer. That's you. Well, we'll have to have an off TV discussion about that. I want you to take us right now to your extraordinary Vanishing Cultures book series. And you have published now, I think over 20 books, and talk to us about this project that you've been doing for probably many years and writing your children's book called Vanishing Cultures Book Series. Share that with my viewers. Well, I actually had a problem with my back and I couldn't walk for a couple of months.  What do you call them? You know, just a regular. Landlines are called landline. So regular landline phone. And the phone would ring. And the only way I could answer it was to roll off the couch and go in my hands and knees and answer the phone. So my back really, it didn't work. It didn't function. And I had done, I'd set a lot of records and all of this, but I had two months to really literally lay on the couch and think about it that if my body got put back together, what would I do? What's important? And during that time, that's how I came up with the Vanishing Cultures series. And for me, I figured, oh, there's always going to be people to set records. And that was that was so invigorating and exciting when I did it. But what meant more to me were these people that I met in the nooks and crannies of planet earth. They were lovely. And they were vanishing.  And I knew if I was put back together, because I scuba dive, I skydive, I ice climb, I ski, I can bike, I can hike, I can get into about anywhere. So I decided I wanted to do something to give these indigenous people around the world that I had met in the nooks and crannies of voice. And I wanted to photograph their way of life before we couldn't do it anymore. Now, if someone wanted to follow my footsteps and went back to all the places I went to, they would not be able to get the photographs I've gotten. It was changing that fast. And I lived with an indigenous tribe on each continent, photographed them, wrote about them, Tibetans in the Himalaya, the Tuareg in the Sahara, which is the matrilineal society, the men wear veils, not the women. And they ran the salt caravans across the Sahara. The Samis in the far north, the reindeer herders, the aboriginals in Australia, the Inuit for North America that were still building igloos and hunting. And the Anamama in the Amazon territory, which was hundreds of miles out, it took me two months to get permission to even get in there. And Mongolia. So that's how that was born out of having a, I almost wish for everyone not to have something go wrong with their body, but give them time somewhere in their life. A couple of months, like if I could do anything, what would it be? And then go for it. I remember my friend driving me to New York City and I ended up with back surgery and I ended up being okay. And I couldn't even sit down. So I laid flat and I would go into publishing houses and they'd say, oh, have a seat. We'd like to see your photographs. What are you proposing here? And I'd go, no, no, no, no, I've been driving in, I'd rather not sit down. I didn't dare tell them. I said, I'm going to the Himalaya. I'm going to the Sahara. And I couldn't even freaking sit down. Right?  So that was hilarious, you know. Well, now, Jan, you just got back. I saw you right before you left in November. Tell us about your most recent trip that you took in November and the book that you are writing about and that experience. I spent some time with the Bajau and I've always wanted to visit these people. There are a couple of things that I would like to get across in this book. And one is that with the Bajau, they can see underwater in a way we can't and they can stay underwater for almost 15 minutes. And they have lived on boats for many generations and they hunt underwater. So their bodies have literally adapted. So it's a way to show children that this human form we have isn't our final form. If you look at the Bajau, you can see how we genetically adapt. And so and then the other thing, I like the idea of showing again that we're all one human family, you know. Well, how did their bodies adapt? Explain that to us. Well, then if you're a geneticist, you understand it's kind of like any genetics. Let's see, how would I explain? Did their lungs get bigger? Did they, because they lived underwater? I think a lot of it is, one way I can describe it is if you go to Tibet, the Tibetans in the Sherpas can breathe up higher, better than we can. Because genetically, their bodies have been adapting for thousands of years. So that's a better way to explain it. So just with the Bajau, they have been adapting to being underwater. So they're, you know, all the, you need a scientist for that. But yes, genetically, we adapt to our environment like all animals do.  Oh, yeah, well, I, which is good to keep learning new things. I was scuba diving. I had to redo my scuba certification and got my underwater camera. And so I was underwater doing some photographs with my scuba gear while they were underwater hunting. Did you, and you lived with them? So, and you can tell us where this, where this was that you went?  So it took me four days to get all the way out to the Togian Islands. And I found some of the Bajau, they really are living on their boats.  It's like a house on the, over the water and the boat can go under. And they're pretty cool. You didn't speak their language. So how did you communicate? Oh, well, that's, that's not a problem. Hand gestures, whatever I've been doing that forever. Yeah. And I largely spend a lot of time with the kids. I mean, I, I suppose you don't want to do screen share. And if I had it set up, I could give you, show you a couple pictures of, of them. But, well, we're getting, we're getting towards the end of our thing. But, what I'd like you to do is tell us what the name of the book is, and when it's going to come out. And, and I have a feeling that you're probably going to have, I'm going to tell folks that your website is janrenalds.com. It's quite simple. Yeah. All my books are there. Jan Reynolds.com. But your new book, when is your new book coming out? Well, we don't know. I am putting it together now.  And I will be talking with different publishers in New York. Simon and Schuster's expressed some interest. But I'm also putting up free books on my YouTube channels. Just go to YouTube, go to Jan Reynolds. And I have one book called Loving Kindness about a young tulkoo. He's a reincarnated llama, just like the Dalai Lama. And I have a book about his life, learning about compassion and loving kindness. So I'm working a lot of different ways. So I'll probably have some of my Indonesian work up on my YouTube channel under Jan Reynolds, at Jan Reynolds. And if Simon and Schuster picks it up, then my Indian, my Bajau book. Right now, the working title is Bajau Book. How exciting. How exciting, Jan. So I want to talk to you a little bit about, we talked about the Anne's story from the revolutionary period about this woman who lived in Middlebury and her husband and son were, her husband was killed and she had her home burned and lived in a cave. And then she created, rebuilt her house and then had a tunnel where the Patriots could. The Green Mountain Boys. She worked with the Green Mountain Boys, yeah. Could flee. And that's down in that area where a lot of the Green Mountain Boy, and I don't know if Rick and I are kicking off this film on Ethan Allen. So we're going to want to talk to you more about that. So no wonder, you must know a lot about that. Well, we're just kicking this off, but we have 20 historians and we're going to want to talk to you. But Anne's story, so do you think that, and this Anne's story is quite famous, but her name was Hannah Reynolds. Do you believe that you could be, you probably are a descendant of hers? My dad always said we were, and like I said, she's buried in our family graveyard. There you go. So she's nearby no matter what. She's an inspiration. She ended up, she was a single mom with her kids way up in Vermont. When there was no road, you had to walk over a trail. I guess there was a road to Rutland, and after that you had to walk, but she had a horse to put the packs on. She went up with her kids. Her husband was killed, clearing the land, but she went up anyway. Fantastic story. Well, yeah, it is kind of, that'll have to be another interview, but people can Google Anne's story of Vermont. Yeah.  So another question I have is what you have done in your life has so often been on the edge of a cliff. You push yourself to do things that would defeat pretty much most any human being, certainly me, but most human beings. So again, I'm going to go back to this because I think it's unique to you and people like you, and there are women in our world who have that, but they don't get heard and you don't hear about them. And I don't know if there's as many as men, but where do you get the resolve to put and take yourself over the edge of what is humanly possible? Oh, I don't know if it's over the edge of what's humanly possible. Well, talk to me about you camping on the side of Everest, that incredible book that you wrote about your exploring that circle. Again, the name of your book is Everest Grand Circle, but it's in the more current book. It's called, it's called The Glass Summit. The Glass Summit. And I just got, I just got a copy and I was reading it and I got to the part where you, you literally are camping out on the side of the mountain and sleeping. You lost me from it. I'm in my office, this one. It's all here. The Glass Summit. It's got that story. It got translated into Italian. That's outstanding.  And you've done it over and over again. And I'm just, I mean, maybe, maybe there is no answer for this, except it is who you are. But yeah, but I think the answer is, you know, call it bizarre, but for me, it's fun. At the time I was doing it, it was the most fun thing I could think of to do on planet Earth.  And it's just that connection with your climbing buddies or mortality and picking a goal and doing it. There was nothing, there was nothing in the world at that point in time that I thought was more fun. Call it strange or bizarre, but to me, and for those that like that kind of thing, there wasn't any other place I'd rather be. Even when we ran out of food, it's still, it's so remarkable because you are so alive. It's not a death wish. You're so alive. Every moment counts. Every thought, every decision, your connection with your teammates, it makes life so big and real and immediate. Your life is big and strong and immediate. I'm just, I'm always in awe with you, but enough of my, I just adore you so much. But I'm older and more mellow, Melinda. Come on. I was just scuba diving with the Bajau. I'm taking it easy. But you're also a lecturer and you are very generous with your time and you speak to students and in communities and share your experiences. So Jan, what do you have to say to children today that are growing up in a world where their climate is heating and they're faced with one of our species greatest that threats? I think I would say that inside every one of you kids, there are skills and ideas that you have that we need. And the most important thing is to dig deep and find out what it is that you have to serve, to give, to offer.  Well, your words are, look at Amanda Gorman, okay? Poet. So, so your, your special gifts, your job is to find what that gift is and then give it, you know? And nobody knows what it is, but you and no one can tell you what you should be doing. Only you know. It's a big job to find that. It's a big job. It is. And I think you found it. And so, so now we're coming to the close and there's, and I want you, Jan, you see the world in a way that most of us can only dream about.  So what is your vision for the next 20 years? And what are your hopes for humankind? Live simply, consume less, share more. Say that again. Say that again. Live simply, consume less, share more. If we could all do that.  I wish we could all do that. You know, I do too. And that's so beautiful. And so you have great hope for the future of our species. Yes, no, I'd rather be positive than negative. You know, well, Jan Reynolds, thank you for your time. Thank you for your friendship. Thank you for being a seven generation for monitoring for sticking around for sticking around and for giving us the next generation in your two beautiful sons. And I honor you and thank you for being on my show. And to my viewers, I want to thank you for joining me and Jan Reynolds for this half hour. And I will see you soon. Have a good day. Bye bye.


Nanomaterials have been used to improve the effectiveness of photothermal therapy for treating cancer. These materials can be used as photothermal absorbers, drug delivery vehicles, photoimmunological agents, or theranostic tools. Photothermal absorbers take advantage of the optical absorption of near-infrared light, which can heat up tumors without damaging healthy cells. Nanoparticles made from carbon nanotubes, gold nanorods, and graphene oxide sheets can be used to enhance photothermal therapies and target the effect on the tumor tissue. Drug delivery vehicles can be used to deliver drugs directly to the tumor site, while photoimmunological agents can activate immune responses against cancer cells. Finally, theranostic tools combine imaging therapeutic capabilities, allowing doctors to monitor the progress of treatment and adjust it accordingly. This article was authored by Austin C. V. Dowdy, Ashley R. Hoover, Eli Violaden, and others.


So, we saw in the last class the link between energy and quality of life. We talked about the human development indicator. Today we are going to look at the inequality, how to measure inequality and what do we understand, what is energy inequality. So, the two questions that we need to ask are how do we measure inequality, why is it important. And any society or any development that we have, we would like to see that the benefits of that development go uniformly as far as possible to the entire population. And if you have a society which has more inequality, then of course that is not necessarily from a long term that is not necessarily sustainable. So, if you look at around us, you will find that in general inequality, we talk about inequality in terms of inequality of income. So, for instance if you see, if you look at this is from an inequality report, you will find that the top 10% of the population, what percentage of the income do they own. And you will find that in India, top 10% accounts for about 55% of the total income of the GNP. And similarly, you find Europe is relatively less in equal because the top 10% owns about 37%. So, this is this gives you one possible way to look at inequality. See how much the top 10% own in terms of the income. We may also look at how the share has been changing over a period of time. So, if you look at this data, this plot shows you over a period of time from 1980 onwards, how these numbers are changing. And you will find that in most of the cases, the top 10% the share of their income has actually been increasing at a faster rate than the rest of it. So, that means that the rich are getting richer. And of course, this means in many cases that the inequality has sort of increased. And you can see in the Indian case, if you look at this plot, you can see how this has been going up and then it's sort of plateaued at this point. This is the kind of shape. If you look at in this is again from the inequality report, you find that if you look at the total inequality and the income growth in terms of the different income groups, you find that the riches have been growing at the fastest rate. And so, it means that of course, this is not sort of surprising, but this is it's quite striking in terms of the top 1% captured, top 1% captured 27% of the total growth if you look at from 1980 to 2016. So this is in terms of inequality. If we want to measure this and we would like to look at inequality in income, we would also like to look at what is the inequality in electricity use or energy use. So one of the metrics that we can do is we can actually take the entire population and arrange the population in terms of lowest to highest. So if we talk in terms of income, we take the lowest x percentage, lowest 1%, then 2% cumulatively, how much of the population if you take the lowest 10%, how much of the income does the lowest 10% have and so on. So we have a plot and that plot is called the Lorentz curve on the x axis go to 0 to 1 or to 100% and on the y axis also go to 0 to 1. The x axis shows the percentage, cumulative percentage, the lowest x percent, lowest percent and the y axis shows the cumulative share, cumulative share of income, energy whatever we are income or if we want to plot energy and so if we make this here. Now if we had a real, if we had equality, complete equality, if we take any point here as x, the minimum x percentage of if you take the fraction x, x going from 0 to 1 and you want to know what percentage of the income, if you had a complete equality then the 5, if you take 5% of the population, it would account for 5% of the income, if you take 20% it would account for 20%. So the line that we would have would be y is equal to x, this is where you have a complete, it is a 45 degree line and this is when you have complete equality. On the other hand if we had a set of different individuals where everyone had 0 income and only one individual had all the income then you would have a curve which would go something like this and then go here. In actual practice we would have something like this and so this deviation that we have from the 45 degree line shows us the amount of inequality in the system. And so this curve that we have is called, this is called the Lorentz curve and the Lorentz curve if we see Lx is the proportion of the income earned by the lowest x proportion of the population. So obviously by definition L0 will be 0, 0% of the population will have 0% of the income and L1 means 100% of the population will have 100% of the income and since by definition this is a cumulative increase and the cumulative amount, this will be an increasing function. The extreme case is where Lx is equal to x, this is complete absolute equality all earned the same and absolute inequality is where Lx is equal to 0 for 0 less than equal to x less than 1 and that one individual earns the all the income. So in between this is what you will have the curve and this is how the curve would look. So in this what we have is we define a coefficient called the Gini coefficient and the Gini coefficient is defined as the ratio of these areas, the area A divided by A plus B. So as you can see this Gini coefficient will be between 0 and 1 with 0 representing absolute equality and 1 representing absolute inequality, anything in between the lower the Gini coefficient the more equal is the society. And so let us look at some of these numbers, how do we compute this? So as we said Gini coefficient is A by A plus B and obviously A plus B because this index was 1 if you remember the units were 1 on the x axis and 1 on the y axis and we have a 45 degree line. So the total area of A plus B is just half and Gini coefficient can also be written as G is equal to x minus Lx dx and you can if we use we can approximate it if they are points and we use the trapezoidal rule you can also show very easily that this is equal to if you have points xi and yi we can write this as the area in this form. And so we given a set of data you can calculate what is the Gini coefficient now just to show you some of the Lorentz curves and you can see that the kind of different cumulative proportion of the you can see that these are different obviously if you compare this curve with this you will find that this one shows more inequality as compared to this, this will have a higher value of the Gini coefficient. We have plots and you can if you just Google you will find maps which will show you different kinds of Gini coefficients for different countries and so of course some regions are have relatively more equality for instance if you look at Europe and if you look at the Scandinavian countries and then there are other regions which are relatively more unequal. So just to give you an example if you take this data this is from a paper for the US electricity US household electricity consumption and this gives you the cumulative proportion of population and the cumulative proportion of the electricity consumption one can take this plot one can take this and plot it and draw the Lorentz curve and you can also from this get the Gini coefficient for this. If you look at for the world this was done in the global energy assessment and you can see that the final energy and the electricity use you can see that it is a fairly significant inequality. So for instance if you look at from this side if you look at the poorest 10% if you look at the richest 10% you will find that the richest 10% consume more than 40% of the world's electricity and the final energy while if you look at the poorest 50% you will find that the poorest 50% consume less than the less than 10% of the total cumulative energy. So when we talk in terms of the overall energy scenario there is a very significant inequality and distribution in terms of the access to energy in terms of the electricity and as we develop these inequalities the plan is to try and reduce these inequalities. So similar kinds of so for instance now this is from a paper by Jacobson in energy policy and you can see that the electricity cumulative electricity consumption residential electricity consumption you will find that relatively if you see Norway as Gini coefficient of 0.19 much more equal than when you see Kenya large proportions do not have access to electricity Gini coefficient is 0.87 and it is only this which is and similar kinds of things you can see. We had developed similar kinds of using the data from the NSSO we tried to develop Lawrence Curves for India and you can see that over a period of time the inequality in terms of electricity use has been declining and this has been due to our efforts in terms of providing access and providing electricity and often providing subsidized electricity for low income uses and you will see that in the case of urban it is even better in terms of the Lawrence Curves. So this shows you the way in which we can map the inequality in terms of the Lawrence Curves and from this we can then calculate what are the Gini coefficients and there are papers where the overall inequality in the carbon has been also mapped and this is called the carbon Gini in doing this in this paper in Tang et al they have actually taken not just in a particular year but they have taken the cumulative share of the historical emissions and you can see very clearly that the emission trajectory is such that it is the and it is the richest 10-15% which has actually been contributing for a significant proportion of the cumulative CO2 emissions. Of course, please remember in all of these calculations we take every country as an average there is an inequality within the country but these inequalities when we talk in terms of an overall problem in terms of CO2 emission reduction and we are trying to get the entire world to come to some agreement these are the issues which come in when we look at how to get an agreement how to reduce the CO2 emissions and to have and so that is why we have gone in for instead of having a mandatory sort of emission every country has come up with a voluntary declaration of what they can do and that is how we have made an agreement in Paris and we are moving forward with that. These are again different kinds of countries on that carbon genie and this gives you some kind of so these are some of the references where you can find more details what we have done today is we have looked at the metrics for measuring equality or inequality we talked about the Lorentz curve and we also looked at the genie coefficient in the tutorial will give you some examples of equations and how you can make some calculations so that you can calculate the genie coefficient in terms of income in terms of energy and this is something which we can use when we talk of in terms of different development strategies and decide on what kind of energy requirements are required to remove the inequalities.


Thank you for letting me into this room. It's very crowded outside. It's a great honor to be standing inside. So I will talk about a consulting job I did. First of all, some words about me. I did my PhD in computational physics a long time ago. I was involved in projects like Minix 468k, the Mathematics Library for Linux. I did the high precision mess. Pearl Python porting to the Psyon 5, flight simulators and some contributions. And I'm a maintainer for the MSKT-UTIL, it's Active Directory Kerber's integration tool. Right now, for the moment, I am the PMC of the Apache Victor project. More about that later. In my real life, the other world life, I'm a software architect for connected e-bikes. And the thing I'm talking about is how to attack a problem when you have to do some consulting jobs and with a big data label on it. And the problem I had to solve was from chem informatics. You have for the development of medical drugs. So the problem at hand is you have a database, a large database of molecules that can be produced quite cheaply, for instance. And you have this medical database of things is written down, for instance, in the smart notation. That's a complicated notation to the chemical structure of this thing here. I didn't remember the name of it. I just picked randomly one out of it. And the problem is to look for substructures into these molecules which have some healthy, can make you healthy or something like that. So that's not a new problem. There's a commercial solution for it. You throw an enterprise database in it. And you have something like a cartridge in it. And you can make a SQL query. And you get results. The problem is the duration is very long. For instance, it needs about a day or something. It's not very reliable. And it's very expensive. So the customer looked out for a big data approach to this problem. And fortunately, there's an open source project called RDKit. It's a beautiful library for chemo-traumatics. And you can do something like that. You read in a molecule from SMILES. And you put in the SMILES notification. And you have your molecule object, a Python object. And you can simply say it has a substructure match from the other SMILES notation. That gives you true or false. That's fine. And OK. So it's always the same thing. We have the ingredients, a time-consuming job. We have a large data set. And make it fast. So the environment we wanted to use is a big data cluster or an HPC cluster. We have both. So what can we do? So now, about how not to scale out, you can simply benchmark it and see that the reading of the SMILES notation and constructing the molecule object is the most time-consuming thing in this whole problem. And OK. We can simply read it in one time and serializing the molecules. It's called pickling in Python. So you can dump it to a file, as though you do not have to reconstruct all the molecules at any time. So that's a huge gain in runtime. But it does not scale anything. We are looking out for scale in order to make the program faster, stronger, more machines in it. So we are simply looking at the problem. It's simply an EP problem. It's embarrassingly parallel. So we can simply divide the database into small chunks and throw each chunk at different machines. Quite easy. And the big data approach is to distribute the algorithm to the machines and not the data coming to one machine. So yes, the beautiful framework for us is a Spark. It's a Spark core with no special ingredients needed. And we use the RDD paradigm that's Resilent Data Distribution. I think it's called that the files are hacked into different components. So we can distribute it to all the machines. And Spark is beautiful because it runs each on HPC and big data in the environment. It does not need, is not tied to the HDFS, for instance. So all I did is read the instructions at Spark. I never haven't used Spark before. And it's quite easy. We read in a text file. OK, in fact, I'm reading in the pickled file, but forget about it. Text file, I have the input. And I can distribute the algorithm. That's the algorithm here, the function to the cluster and do some aggregation in order to get benchmarking results. That's all. All I have to do is if I remember about constructing an MPI job and thinking, what I have to do with all the initialization and it isn't fail-safe. This is inherently fail-safe because Spark handles if a node is crashing or had misbehaving or something like that. And only realize on that every node can read that file. So if I have some kind of shared file system, I can distribute it and run it in the environment. So HPC mode is quite straightforward. Use a cluster file system, dump the Spark jar on it, distribute the data in the same directory. And OK, it does not use the locality of Datastore, but this is CPU bound, not data bound. And we can use the standalone mode of Spark. And OK, let's compare about with the big data setup. OK, I have to make some advertisements for the Apache Big Top distribution. And only one minute left. OK. Oh, yes. OK, the Apache Big Top is a deviant of big data solutions. It's reused by Google, Cloudera, Canonical, and UDPI. Please turn around, Roman. And it contains all the usual stuff. And it's important to have a compiler environment. We have repositories. We have provisioning with Docker Compose for testing, of course. The open stack is broken now, sorry. It had deployment templates based on puppet orchestration if one needs to like to have it with Juju Charms. That's the Canonical thing. We have an automatic testing environment. And we have non-intel architectures. And that's a glimpse for CI Composystem. That's the distributions. The Linux distribution center is 7.6, Debian Fedora, Fedoria on PowerPC, and Ubuntu on ARM64. And that's something like Hadoop, Girav, Hive, and something like that. That's all these big data ecosystem. And it's simply deploying it with the puppet scripts. Use the HDFS, put the data into it, use the yarn mode to Spark, and unpack the Spark 2 because we do not support it until now. And run, OK, it works. Preview of BigTap 1.2 is we will have Spark 2, but unfortunately, it's not finished until now. And we need more help. Please join us at BigTap Apache org. So let me conclude. The problem runs much better on the HPC environment because it's compute-intensive, not a data pipeline. That's simply because the big data environment is optimized for data throughput, not for HPC runtime. And the problem scales really well. It's over n. But unfortunately, that's the number of machines we put in. And we have some runtime, the total runtime I'm waiting for the job. That's the commercial solution because it's a fixed environment. And that one is too much for the customer to pay. So we will have to investigate how well we can speed up it much better. Thanks. Thank you, sir. Any questions? One question.