Welcome to our presentation about testing a wireless IoT product. My name is Reto Schneider, and this is my colleague Andreas Miller. First, we're going to start by giving you some background about our work and the context we did it. Then Andreas will tell you about the building blocks we used to test our system. After that, I will show you how we used PyTest to assemble all the building blocks into our test system. And then Andreas will wrap up with a brief conclusion. So short warning, we are by no means RFX birds. We are just regular embedded developers who got task to implement the SAP Gigahertz IoT stack. Sorry for the marketing slide. It's just one. But I think it's useful to help you understand why we are doing things and what we are doing. What you see here is the Gardena smart system. It consists of several garden devices. They are IoT enabled. They communicate with a gateway in the house of the customer. Communication is, as I said, based on SAP Gigahertz RF communication. And the protocol is proprietary and called Lemon Beat. This is the system we are on the market since 2016. And in the last few years, we put some effort into making it more modern and future proof. What we wanted to achieve is to be more independent from suppliers. We wanted to no longer be locked to a single MCU. And for this, obviously, we chose to move away from the bare metal system and to Zephyr. What else? We also, on an organizational level, put focus on making things ourselves instead of just buying from external companies. And not just making ourselves, we also improved the collaboration. For example, instead of buying from an external company, we got to work together on a shared code base. What we also had to keep in mind is that we need to be backward compatible. So despite basically redoing every part of the system, we did not want to betray our most loyal customers, the ones that are staying with us for many years. We didn't want them to force to buy a new gateway just because we released a second generation of our system. For this reason, we tapped one part, which is basically the RF communication channel, the Fire and Mac, the proprietary one we used before. We re-implemented it for Zephyr. It's still proprietary, but now we have total control over it. And we are not breaking compatibility. You can see some specific details about this protocol. The details don't matter that much, except maybe for the TX output power and the sensitivity. When future-proofing a system and rewriting basically everything, testing is quite an important aspect. Otherwise, I guess it will become instant legacy, instantly. And what we are telling you today about is just a device-based testing, like with the actual MCU and the Transceiver. There are many other aspects, but we're not going to have time for that. And the focus of our testing was to verify the features we released or we implemented. We wanted to make sure we're not breaking stuff we already implemented before, that's like avoiding regressions. And if we messed up, we also implemented additional tests to prevent regressions from the regression. And also quite important, we used this test system to evaluate the performance, maybe different settings for the Transceiver, see how well it works, how well the signal could make use of a certain signal. The main challenges we encountered were that tests really should be repeatable and reliable. Test system, that it's showing some red CI pipeline every day with another false error signaled and requiring people to investigate every day. It's degrades and it's not going to be useful at all. People will just start ignoring it and not really make use out of the system. And number one is the enemy of the repeatability, in our opinion, is the RF interference. And that's where I hand over to Andreas. Yes, indeed. I want to talk to you a bit about what we did to avoid this RF interference. But first, I want to actually go a bit into detail. What is RF interference? Or how does it manifest for us? And I guess when we started about like two years ago, like probably many of you, we were in home office. And in home office, this is what the spectrum around me, the RF spectrum in our band looked around me. And that's on a good day. What you see here is actually a screenshot of an application called GQRX. On the top half, you just see the spectrum, like you would see in a spectrum analyzer. You have on the x-axis the frequency from about 860 to 870 megahertz. And you have on the y-axis the amplitude. On the bottom half, you have what is called a waterfall plot. You also have the frequency on the x-axis. On the y-axis, you have time. And the amplitude is in the third dimension, is encoded as color. And here, it's pretty clean. But then towards the evening, it often looks more like this. And we see some things here. I don't know what they are, or maybe it's difficult to say, but I try to annotate. So the one on the left, that's just my neighbor. He's using a wireless headset. I don't know which neighbor exactly it is. I just know he's watching Italian TV a lot. And I also know this is kind of the channel two that we use, or it's very close to our channel. And I think that was the main reason why when I was developing often, I was working on some feature. And it worked quite nicely in the afternoon, but then towards the evening, I suddenly started getting more and more errors. And I didn't know why. And then I fired up this application. And I said, oh, OK. I guess he's kind of a nice neighbor. He doesn't produce noise, in audible noise. But for me, that would have been preferable, because now he's producing RF noise. So yeah. And I also have some other interference. This, I think, is like an unwanted emission, but I don't know what it is. And here on the right, we have some emission that might be like from a wireless weather station. So that's quite a lot of interference. And then at some point, we also moved back into the office. And the situation is a bit different. We don't have too many neighbors that need, at least not close by. But what we have are four different teams who are developing things, who are developing features. We have more than 20 gateways and more than 50 devices. And all these devices are sending things around the RV spectrum. And ideally, once the protocol is finished, it doesn't matter much. But when you're developing, you don't have all the safety mechanisms. And then it becomes quite difficult. And we could do things like, we could say, yeah, we just test in the night when it's not so busy. But that's kind of a half measure. And we thought pretty quickly, the real option is we just need to have a shielded test system. Now let me explain how we went about that. But actually, first, I got to give you a bit of background. I hope it's not too quick. But it's kind of difficult to explain. You might have heard about decibel also in the context of sound. It's also used for RF. The bell is actually a logarithmic value. It indicates a proportion. So it doesn't have a unit. The decibel is just 1 tenth of a bell. So for instance, if we say there's 120 decibel, it's just 10 to the power of 12. It's just a number. In contrast, the DBM is actually a power value. It's decibel with a reference of 1 milliwatt. So for instance, minus 20 DBM would be 10 microbots of power. And the nice thing about using or why people are using these decibel values is that the logarithm maps multiplications to additions.  And that also brings us to the link budget. That's really oversimplified, but I think it should be enough for this presentation. When we talk about link budget, we're interested in what kind of gains and losses do we have, which kind of power and sensitivity, and then we know how much power can we lose along our paths and still receive a signal. And in our case, it's more about how much do we have to actually do shielding. And with the numbers we had on the slide, the data already showed you the 30 DBM output power and minus 104 DBM sensitivity, we get a path loss of about 117 dB or 100. So that means we need maybe around 120 dB of shielding. And as Rito also mentioned, we're not really expert. So we kind of looked at up a bit, OK, so for RF shielding, you need to have it fully enclosed. You don't have too high openings. And actually, the higher your frequency, the smaller your wavelength, and the smaller your largest opening needs to be. So that's kind of the relation. And we need a lot of shielding. So we need really a fully enclosed case, and we need also filter connectors. But still, we just kind of tried it. We just tried using this kind of aluminum box. It's not really made for shielding, although it does come with kind of an RF shield kit. And I'm not going to spend too much time here. I'm just going to tell you it doesn't work at all. It gives you like less than 20 dB of shielding. So that's, I could say it's 1-6 of what we need, less than 1-6, but if you think about it, it's a difference of 100. So it's more like 10 to the power of 10 less than what we need. And our second try was similar, just using these kind of extruded aluminum exposures for shielding single devices. This doesn't work at all either. But then we kind of thought, yeah, maybe let's try something more professional. And we found this commercial shield box. This is specified to have at least 60 dB of attenuation. And we measured for our frequency because we don't have such a high frequency. We measured better than 85 dB. And that's quite great, although it's still not enough for us. And these also come with filter connectors. So you can have like a USB connector to feed through USB connection without getting the RF interference. You have Ethernet, all these things. So we kind of bought some of those and thought, okay, how do we proceed from here? And then we thought, well, maybe our solution is two-state shielding. And that's what kind of actually got us where we needed to be. So we have the inner shielding, this box from the previous slide, under the outer side we have a shielded server rack. These are usually, or in many cases, sold to protect your data center from nuclear blasts or EMP pulses. In our case, we just want to be protected from our colleagues who are testing with their devices. But still, that was kind of the right solution for us. And I've drawn it on the right side. You can see from inside to outside, you either have the inner shielding plus the rack, or if we're talking about interference from one box to the other, you go out of one box and into the next. So we always get more than 140 dB of shielding, at least theoretically. And it also works quite well in practice. So that was our solution. But before I continue, I have a slide digression. Or actually, I have a picture first. So that's how it looks like, our test system now. You have the rack and the shield boxes. We have three by now, and it's growing quickly. And our takeaway here is it's best just pay for a commercial solution in this part. There are some cheap ways, but they're quite difficult. And yeah, I wouldn't recommend it. And the digression I mentioned is that after we already had the solution, I read somewhere, yeah, you can just use a microwave. And I wasn't really planning on doing that, but I kind of wanted to know if it works. And so, a microwave, it has to be built to shield at 2.4 GHz, otherwise it wouldn't be legal. And it should then also work for lower frequencies. And we have this really scientific test setup. We just have this Nordic SDK with our shield and our sub gigahertz transceiver on the left, with my smartphone to provide power. And on the right, we have a spectrum analyzer. And then we put it in the microwave. Don't worry, we didn't turn it on, we just wanted the shielding. And you can see in comparison, the peak is kind of lower, but if you look closely, it's only about 30 dB of attenuation. And luckily, I also tested it at 2.4 then, and there it's better, it's about 50. And I'm quite happy about that, otherwise I don't think I would still be standing in front of it when I'm cooking food. But still, I wouldn't use it for actually, like, shielding purposes. Yeah, so that was about shielding, but now we have a second problem. We just put all our devices in this box, they have antennas, they kind of send a really strong signal, the signal will be reflected inside the box, you have kind of weird RF pads. And you'll get like, if you move the device even a little bit, it will change the whole situation. You get weird reflections, I don't know what happens. It's just quite inconsistent, inconsistent. And one kind of partial solution would be to use RF absorption foam, but in my opinion, that's just a really small part of the solution. And the better solution is rather than using antennas because you don't want to send out things. Anyway, you use cables, you connect the devices via cables. And I don't wanna spend too much time on that, I guess we kind of wanted to tell you about a lot of things and we have more things in the slides than we can tell you about right now. So I have a lot of things that I just have in there. For reference, if you wanna look at it later, also the slides we uploaded are a bit longer than what we have here. But the takeaway here is, if you don't have the medium, the air and the antennas, you need a replacement for that. And that is a power splitter. And most power splitters you see online are asymmetrical, we actually need the symmetrical type here. They are available, for instance, from this company called Mini Circuits. I quite like this company, they sell these small devices. These are just like RF building blocks. It's like Lego bricks for RF, is how I think of them. You could have an amplifier, you could have a filter and you also get these power splitters. Unfortunately, it's not that common to find power splitters with many ports. In our case, we need like at least 10. And they also get quite expensive. So we did find some with 12, but it was like $1,000. And we bought one, but we also wanted test things at home and our colleagues wanted to test things. So we didn't wanna like buy 10 of these. And instead we thought, yeah, why not just do it yourself? Such a power splitter is really simply on the inside. It's just a few SMD resistors. And then we just started, yeah, let's just design that, let's build it. And then you also have the advantage you can add on other components. Here we also have the attenuator. And that's quite simple. And we have like these prototype manufacturing services. You can just manufacture like five of them for $100. So it's like 50 times cheaper than if you just buy it from the commercial vendor. And it works for our purposes pretty much just as well. Then if you connect your devices, you'll also need some attenuation. Otherwise you would either damage your devices or if you just connect them directly or you would overload them. And then you don't get a good signal because it's too strong. So it can be both too weak and too strong. And ideally we wanna have about 40 to 80 dBs of attenuation. If you use more than 80 dBs, it actually doesn't make any difference. Your signal will just couple directly from your T export via the air to the R export. And then you have the situation you think you have a test system and you can unscrew your connection, take out the cable, it just makes no difference. You get a signal anyways and you can transmit your packets even without the cables. And what's nice about these attenuators is you also have programmable attenuators. And with these you can actually do things like test the sensitivity by just increasing your attenuation until it's kind of at the limit where you can no longer get a signal. And that's kind of like not the same but similar to doing a range test by just walking away with one device and increasing the distance. What you need to be aware of, of course, is if you wanna do that, you need to have your two devices in separate shield box or otherwise you get this direct coupling I mentioned. Yeah, and that's how it kind of looks inside or that's an early version of our test system. You have in the middle this power splitter, the attenuators, we have on the right, we have like here, we have six devices with our transceiver as a daughter board. And we can kind of communicate at the same time to do test different things. We also have some measurement tools like power measurement and STR hardware. And here again, that's just for reference, the block diagram, unfortunately we don't have time to go into that too much. Yeah, so that's the shielding and the connection. And now I wanna go into one topic that it's just one particular aspect, the STR and the GNU radio, but it's one thing that I kind of feel like it's from my perspective a really great tools and really helpful when you're doing RF work and it will be kind of nice if more people maybe knew about this. So what is software defined radio? That's kind of a complex topic. There are actually conferences on this topic alone and I'm just boiling it down to one slide, so sorry if it looks a bit overwhelming. But the basic idea is just rather than having hardware that does your signal processing, you just build as much as possible in software. And in an ideal world you would just have an antenna, an analog to digital converter and then process all the samples in the PC. And if you wanna transmit, it's just the reverse of that. Unfortunately in reality our analog to digital converters are kind of limited, limited sample rates, limited bit depth and for that reason you need analog front ends and you need specific hardware. But the good news is you don't really need to know about all that, you can just buy this hardware and work with the signals. And here I have two examples. On the left is kind of the low cost option that you can use just for receive. That's really cheap and you can, like if you just wanna try it out that's great for doing some basic experiments. And on the right is the hardware we actually use in our test system. There you have two TX and two RX channels. You can also do full duplex, transmission and reception and we really like this hardware and it's kind of not too expensive for what it does. And what do we actually use it for? We use it for several purposes. The screenshot I showed you in the beginning was done using this hardware from the last slide. You can check is there any interference and is your neighbor actually watching TV again or is it really my code that sucks? And you can also generate interference because of course now we have the test system but we can't expect our customers to have such acquired condition. So we need to, but we need to do it in a deterministic way. We need to reintroduce this RF interference. And that's what this hardware is also great at. You can reintroduce all kinds of interference. And then what we also did and if you have a less proprietary protocol that's even easier you can just go online and for most things like, I don't know like FSK like Wi-Fi you will find an implementation of that for SDR and then you can actually receive and send packets. We had to implement our protocol ourselves. We did the physical layer in GNU radio which I'm going to explain in a bit and the upper layers in SCAPI. And with that we can not just send actual correct packets but also we can send wrong packets. We can do kind of fast testing. What you can also do but that's kind of where the limits of these devices are you can also do basic qualitative measurements but you have to be where they're not, these devices are not built for that. In that case, using a spectrum analyzer would be much more appropriate. And the second part you need if you want to use this kind of hardware is software and my preferred software toolkit for this is GNU radio. GNU radio is a toolkit that allows you to implement RF processing blocks and also to wire them together either using Python or using a graphical tool into signal processing applications. And these signal processing blocks for me they are kind of the software equivalent to these mini circuits blocks I showed you before. And you can use that to just quickly build such flow graphs and I'm just gonna show an example that I think explains it best. So we have again this screenshot of the RF interference and now we wanna for instance model this wireless headset. And we could do that using a signal generator that's not a bad option because it gives you a precise power level but it's also kind of big and not too flexible. You could use an actual headset but that's also kind of yeah, I don't wanna add an actual headset to my test system. So in my opinion, the best option is just to use GNU radio and SDR hardware and then you have this very simple flow graph. You just have this audio file with some music or some radio show. You use a frequency modulation and you just pipe the samples to your hardware. So it's really as simple as that. And from this code, from this graphical file, you can also generate Python code and integrate that into your test system because we actually use Python and I guess that's your turn again. Now that Andreas has showed you our building blocks, I'm gonna talk a bit about how we put things together in our test system. We used PyTest, I'm not gonna advertise it right now because pretty sure most of you use Python and you do, you need testings and chances are that you know it already. But I want to highlight a few things. One is the fixtures. The fixtures allow to set up context for a test in a really brief way. Like the whole complexity of setting up for a test does not go into the test itself. The only thing needs to be done is to declare that the test needs a certain fixture and all the complexity is in the fixture itself. It can be reused and it's kind of really flexible. Like it allows a certain fixture to be initialized once per session or per function, per module and PyTest takes over like or manages and sorts the testing in a way that is optimized. We have a small example here. Let's say we have a fixed shock hold power supply which doesn't do a lot more than initialize your power supply and yields, well, let's say returns it to your testing code where the testing code can do whatever it wants with it. This makes sense to do it in a session scope so it gets done only once per test run. And on the bottom you have a second fixture. It actually reuses the fixture from above but it also enables the output power sets a defined level and once the testing code no longer needs the fixture it disables the power and it does do this for every function in our case for every test. So every test that uses this fixture gets a well-defined state of the power supply. And yeah, we found this really, really helpful and we have built fixtures on top of fixtures and it's really a breeze to work with it. Then to actually integrate PyTest or integrate PyTest with Sephir, we decided to go for the awesome shell and we wrote a bit of code to be able to access the shell of Sephir, execute the shell modules we need to inspect certain aspects of the product. There are so many shell modules available like for the net subsystem. And wherever we felt like we need to expose or test something that isn't yet there, we just wrote our own shell module and the counterpart in the PyTest fixtures. What also was really easy to do and helpful to simply parse the K-config files of the Sephir binary and this allows us to skip certain tests or ensure that certain features are enabled. So we don't test for things that will never ever work. There are some other very useful Sephir things and for us it was the possibility to stop the RF link by using internet. Over USB it allowed other teams to advance or work on their features before we were up and running with our RF stack. Same goes for MCU manager. It's another area very useful. We found it to be extremely helpful for photo testing and also exposing the shell over UDP is quite helpful during manufacturing like after you no longer have access to the testing pins and shell access or whatever communication is not really possible, we can still do it using UDP. And now I'm moving on to another example. This is how we tested the sensitivity of our transceiver and some pitfalls we encountered. To figure out the sensitivity, we decided to increase the intonation step by step and see at which moment we no longer are able to receive the package we sent. And that allows us to calculate the sensitivity or verified sensitivity. And the very first approach, naive approach was to just do it in a loop and see once it no longer works. First result we got looked like this. It seems like at 52 dB no package can be received anymore and sort of implies that our sensitivity is minus 99 dBm. However, it's quite misleading because it was not actually the sensitivity that was limiting here, it was the data that basically just crashed at this point and gave us quite misleading results. Good thing about PyTest, it has a really nice feature called parameterization. It allows to invoke a test function multiple times and every time the test setup gets done by PyTest using the fixtures. So yeah, with this feature it's very easy to always get a well-defined state. However, there are still variables remaining that are not controlled and for this there is also something we found to be extremely helpful to just let the tests run in a random order every time. So the not controlled variables and the spurious correlation of those, yeah, they just cancel out. It doesn't give systematically misleading results. So that's pretty much at the end of our talk already. Our takeaways, it really helped to have a shielded setup and a cable-connected setup. It's just really improved our reliability and our repeatability. We found PyTest to be a great fit. I think on the homepage of PyTest they advertise it as it's great for testing software but we also thought it's really great for test for hardware-based testing. And also SDR and Knur radio just, if you have any RF work it just helps a lot. And of course also we're really happy with Sapphire. So that's also our contact information and if you have any questions I think we should have a few minutes. Yeah, I think, can you go to the microphone I guess? If you're using cables internally, do you still need the greater than 110 dbm shielding externally? Like you don't have antennas internally? It might be kind of enough to have one level but what for sure isn't enough is to just have the cable because that's the setup that I have in my home office. I don't have the shield boxes at home but I have the cables and that alone is not enough. With one shield box it might be enough but what you have to keep in mind is we don't just want to have the case where the stronger signal wins. We also have features like listen before talk where the transceiver checks is there any signal on air and if there's a signal it will not send. So even if it's just a really weak signal it might decide not to send and it's not the case where the stronger signal wins. So for that it kind of helps. It might be a bit overkill but we suffered enough to kind of want to do that, yeah. Or I can also repeat it. Okay so the question was like about the difference between the setup, the really shielded and nice setup we now have for the test system and the reality as it looks for our customers and how we deal with this difference.  One part we didn't mention is we're kind of just the low level engineers doing the low level tests and we also have other teams dedicated to doing system tests and they do it in a more real worst scenario and they are more than interested in the whole system work. They're testing from device to smartphone. So that's one part to make sure it actually works in a real worst scenario. And for us it's more about does an individual feature work with specific interference and there we just make sure to introduce this kind of interference in the test system. We're never gonna be able to cover an actual real-world case and that's why we need all these different types of testing or actually we have three different teams doing because we then also have the team developing the actual application. They test more on application level and we have the final test team that's an independent team doing the whole system test. So that's kind of these two parts that we do. So the question is if I take the test from the box and then random outside, how many will fail? And the answer is it depends and of course because I'm developing, we still have a lot of home office and when I'm developing at home, I don't have the shield box and it's again, it depends if it's like the first screenshot how my environment looks then pretty much all of them will work but then towards the evening maybe one third of them will just fail. So that's like really impressive to see the difference between okay, all my neighbors are at work and now they're back home and using the spectrum. Yeah. What I see from testing perspective that you are trying to solve two things with one testing setup, namely your channel capacity. Yeah. What do you call it? The channel. The performance, yeah. As well as the functionality of the software stack. Why didn't you choose to emulate the whole channel by new radio without an RF path? That's a fair question and I actually did that in some earlier projects and that's another thing I really love about using new radio. You can use the same framework to test poorly virtually just with a virtual channel model. You can model multi path fading. You can model a noise. You can model everything and that's really nice but here it's also a lot about testing our specific transceiver. It's about this specific hardware and that's why I think it wouldn't be too helpful here and also what we don't have yet is kind of the actual interface from Sapphire to GNU radio. If we talk about sending packets from GNU radio we do that from Python. I guess we could somehow use the Sapphire native build and that's actually something I thought about and I kind of want to do but I just haven't gotten around to it but like having a Sapphire native binary and hook up the network stack to our GNU radio interface. That would be a really interesting challenge.  Yeah, so we had one external supporter and he's the actual expert with RF and what he did is it just took several PCBs and he soldered them together and he also has a filter connector but then he told me, oh, I forgot that I need this comment and what I have to do now is I have 24 screws on top to make sure it really fits tightly everywhere and I have to unscrew those 24 screws actually put the device in the right state and well, re-screw those screws to make sure it's really well connected. So that's really cheap but you're not going to have too much fun. Or another option might be because we have the filters here you could use those filters and use kind of cheaper metal boxes. That's something our colleagues from another team are doing that's kind of a middle ground. Are you able to give a ballpark figure on what those enclosures sort of professionally made and shielded cost? Yeah, so the inner shield boxes it depends on what kind of filters you have but it will be like one and a half, two or three and a half thousand euros, something like that and the outer, the shielded rack there we got several quotes from several companies and it was like most of them were like eight to 10,000 euros. The outer shell though, when you had a photo where you had like a server rack it's a refrigerator basically. Well, it's a really expensive and really heavy shield. That's the outer shield, the refrigerator thing. Okay, that's my wife will be very unhappy. Yeah, and I can tell you it's about 300 kilos so it's not too easy to get it into your office or living room. Just one addition to previous question. Is this 35 micrometers copper layer sufficient for your demanded attenuation? Sorry, I didn't quite acoustically understand it. You told that your colleague make attenuation box from PCB board and if it is sufficient. Oh, good question. I don't know how much shielding he actually got out of it but I think the way he did it, it might be because it's really well connected and he did also very similar tests to what we did, this kind of sensitivity test. He did a bit of a variant where I also added interference but I think it should be. Yeah, if it's done very well, if it's sold well, if you don't have any opening it should be possible. Yeah, and I guess we're pretty much through with our time also. So thanks for attending and if you have any more questions you can find us outside. We're happy to talk about it more.


In this video, you're going to discover more about strong and weak acids and what makes them this way. The word acid comes from the Latin word acer, meaning sour, and you may have eaten some of them today. Lemons contain citric acid and makes the flavour of others seem less acidic. Tea contains tannic acid, vinegar, ethanoic or acetic acid, and fizzy drinks, carbonic acid. In contrast, strong acids are often used in school science labs for experimentation, but they have important uses in industry and the everyday world. Sulfuric acid, for example, is found in car batteries, but industry uses 200 million tonnes annually for the chemical industry. Hydrochloric acid, found in your stomach and nitric acid, are also examples of strong acids. We have established in our video What Makes Something Acidic that acids react with water to produce hydrogen ions, or more strictly speaking, hydroxonium ions. Strong acids, like the three mentioned above, dissociate 100% into their ions, like this. Most acids are weak and remain largely as molecules in solution, i.e. they do not ionise very much. Note the equilibrium arrow here. Acids can be identified by using full range indicator, from 0 to 7, on the pH scale. pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions. For example, at pH 0, there is one mole of hydrogen ions per litre. At pH 1, just one tenth of a mole of hydrogen ions per litre. Each increase of one unit of pH is a tenfold reduction in hydrogen ion concentration. So when you reach pH 7, there are only 10 to the power negative 7, or 0.000001 mole of hydrogen ions per litre. Here, there are also an equal number of hydroxyl ions, and we have arrived at pure neutral water. If you dissolve one mole of a strong acid, like HCl in water, to make one litre of solution, it dissociates completely into ions, so you also get one mole per litre of hydrogen ions, and a pH of 0. To get a solution of, for example, pH 4, you need to dilute this with 10,000 times its volume of water. We still have a strong acid, but it is very dilute. However, if you dissolve one mole of a weak acid, like ethanoic acid, or so-called acetic acid, to make one litre of solution, it remains mostly undissociated molecules. That's why it smells the molecules can easily move into the air. Let's say the acid is only 0.01% dissociated, so only one molecule in 10,000 are split into ions. Although the concentration of the acid is one mole per litre, the concentration of hydrogen ions is only 0.0001 moles per litre. That is 10 to the power negative 4, making the pH 4. So here is an example of a fairly concentrated acid, which is weak. Here are two common weak acids, vinegar and carbonic acid. Vinegar is also known as acetic acid or ethanoic acid. Ethanoic acid reacts with water to produce hydroxonium ions and ethanoate ions. Strong acids, however, are totally dissociated into their ions, which is indicated by the non-reversible arrow in the example shown for hydrochloric acid and water. So a little test to summarize. Here are the four pictures that you saw earlier of some acids dissolved in water. Can you say which two show concentrated solutions and which two show dilute solutions? And can you say which two represent a strong acid and which two represent a weak acid? Pause and think. Well, here is the answer. A is both concentrated and fully dissociated so strong. B is also concentrated but not fully dissociated, so weak. C is dilute but strong because it is fully dissociated, and D is dilute and weak. Most acids are commonly occurring organic acids such as you find in lemons or vinegar, which are all weak, so remain mostly as molecules and often have a smell. There are only a few strong acids, mostly non-metal oxides, dissolved in water like sulfuric and nitric acids. But there is also hydrochloric acid found in your stomach to aid digestion.


Do you need a little bit more confidence as a new entrepreneur? Good news. We're going to talk about that here today on the journey. So as an entrepreneur, confidence is everything. And sometimes it doesn't come natural for all of us, which whenever I think of entrepreneurs I would automatically think, hey you're confident, you're going out there to start your own venture. But the good news is if it doesn't happen just naturally there's a lot you can do to get to that place of high level confidence. Confident leaders are typically a lot better with persuading clients, you know partners, and they're also seen as more authoritative and trustworthy. So that's why it's so important to make sure that you're exuding that confidence. And when you are more confident you're more assertive in your negotiations and you're more confident in your decision-making. But if you've never ran a business before it's natural that you might feel a little bit uneasy, a little anxious about everything, and you don't necessarily have that confidence to go forward. So here are some confidence building exercises that you can do. So step one, one of my favorites, fake it till you make it. And there's a lot of truth behind this and psychology. I know when you smile that automatically triggers more confidence in your brain, it also makes other people feel better. So if you are having one of those days where you're feeling down and not confident, fake it till you make it. Put on a smile, maybe stand up a little bit more straight.  All of a sudden you feel like you matter what you say has to matter and you're feeling a lot more confident because you're someone that is important. Yeah, and I can totally relate to that. I do a lot of webinars for GoDaddy and while the attendees do not see me, they hear me, it's really important that I come off as actually an expert in what we do. So I definitely, there's certain ways I dress that day or start my day and even how I am presenting myself while they can't see me, but it's that non-verbal mannerisms that are triggering the brain to think, hey, I am an expert and therefore I do feel confident about this information I'm relaying to you. So the next tip to help you with confidence, admit your failures and let go. Don't dwell on it, don't let it fester and I know just avoiding blame is a waste of time. It's to take ownership of this, be accountable of this and you know, relate to other entrepreneurs that also have failures and mistakes. We're human after all. One of my favorite quotes, Wayne Gretzky, you miss 100% of the shots, you don't take. Yeah, I mean look at Michael Jordan, he didn't even make varsity at first. He had to be stuck on JV and look at him now. Another great tip to boost confidence, celebrate your wins. We do this in my marketing meetings every Monday. It's a great way one to start the week, but also just to reflect on, hey, within our team, what are some of your individual wins that week? And it not only gets us more pumped, but it just feels good to share, which is a little bit what we talked about earlier, just the actual like body mannerisms or getting your head space into a good positive spot that positive thinking, celebrate your wins. Yeah, and it can feel really uncomfortable at first, like you don't want to seem like you're bragging, but who cares about that? Do it, own up to all of your successes. I know I'll go and get like a cookie if I had a really good day at work. I'm like, I deserve this. Yeah, I definitely do that too. I like to like have these, if I reach this goal, like this time in the week, I'm gonna treat myself to this little nugget of joy and that helps motivate me for sure. Celebrate your wins. Another way to boost confidence, seek ongoing education. This is a great tip. I know one way I do it for webinars is I follow a few different marketing blogs and this allows me to not only stay an expert in my field, but also gives me more confidence because believe it or not, you talk about something like Instagram every week, you do feel like you know it all, but when the platform like Instagram that changes all the time, it's easy for an attendee to pop in and ask you a question. You're like, whoa, didn't know they might get rid of the like button. So in order to prevent that from happening, I need to start educating myself across more than one blog and consistently. Yeah, that's a really great way to combat that imposter syndrome. We all have it sometimes. You feel like you don't know what you're doing at all, but once you start to really increase your education, you know a lot more, you're gonna feel more confident because you actually do know what you're talking about. Next tip, create and master your elevator pitch. Can't stress this enough and it gets its origin from, well, an elevator ride. 30 seconds. How can you share what you do in 30 seconds in the most powerful way? One way I mastered this and also saw this work for local businesses, chamber events. You go, you network and you are doing elevator pitches the whole time. So it's a great way to find out one if you need to fine tune yours, but also practice. How can I put what makes me interesting? What am I passionate about? How do I go about doing that? What are my goals into a 30 second little pitch? Yeah, and we've actually done an entire video on how to create an elevator pitch and you can click on that right up here. Our next way to build confidence is to find a supportive mentor, like a hype man. That's who is going to help you, you know, connect you with supportive resources. They're going to be able to give you advice and help guide you along the way. That actually brings me to a little memory I had where I used to spend a lot of time, like I said, the chambers of commerce, but also score. And score was super rad because they had a bunch of entrepreneurs that had already had successful careers many years of being confident and they're retired now. But what they did is they'd come in and have office hours for you to go and receive their mentorship and some of these programs were free. So for those new entrepreneurs that are getting out there, what a great resource to sit down with someone at score who can be a mentor and tell you like, yeah, you know, had that same failure or yeah, this is definitely a hurdle I experienced. And that mentor can really help you boost that confidence for the day and for years to come in your business. Yeah, and keep in mind, you get what you give. So if you feel like you have a lot of advice to give along to other people, maybe you should become a mentor. And I know sometimes even helping others can help you feel more confident in yourself. And one of my favorite things to remind new entrepreneurs, don't forget to have fun. And I know it can be tough because there's a lot going on to make sure your business stays afloat, but it's really important to pick up a hobby and that way you don't get burnt out on what you do. Maybe do an intramural sport with your family. Yeah, there's a ton of things you can do.  I knew you were going to say that. Exactly. It's anything it takes to really boost that confidence and get you ready to go. And while I love that routine, I do want to remind the new entrepreneurs to get out of your comfort zone as well. Routine can sometimes lead to that lack of confidence. Also what we talked about earlier, getting burned out. So make sure that you're mixing it up. The next thing you can do is seek feedback. You don't want to completely obsess over the opinion of others, but it is really important to get that honest feedback from other people because it helps put things in a perspective for you. Absolutely.  Use it in a constructive way to help you grow and also gain more confidence. And you might not like this, but get used to rejection. It's going to help you to grow and also feedback that you receive can be constructive. I actually talked about this lot with Yelp reviews. While some business owners hate reading them, it could be the feedback you need to actually improve at your business. One of my favorite quotes is, every no gets you closer to a yes. So just keep that in mind. Our last strategy is make sure you're using current and updated technology and professional tools. If you don't feel confident in your equipment, then you're not going to feel confident in yourself. I know I had this experience recently. I've been working on a 2015 Mac, which it's still alive. Shout out to Apple. But there has been times where my technology failed me. I lacked confidence in my next event, and therefore the people on the other end, the attendees, liked confidence in me. So I needed to, and I am in the process of doing this, updating my software and my technology. It's important to note that, look, this isn't going to happen overnight. Confidence doesn't just happen in 24 hours. So it's going to take some time. And you do need to give it that time to nurture and grow. But hopefully with these steps and strategies in mind, we'll get you there as a confident new entrepreneur. That's a wrap. Be sure to like our video, comment below with your favorite strategy, and don't forget to subscribe to our channel and ring that bell so that you're the first to know whenever we upload more new videos. This is The Journey. We'll see you next time.


Alright, sale or exchange of rental property. For information on a figure, on how to figure and report any gain or loss from the sale, exchange or other dispositions of your rental property, see publication 544. So obviously when we're dealing with the rental property, we have the situation of trying to account for, you know, the depreciation on the rental property. How are we going to do the schedule E calculations, passive income and losses and that kind of stuff. And then when you sell the rental property, that becomes a big exercise in and of itself because, because now you've got to deal with, you know, the depreciation on the rental property, calculating the gain and everything on the rental property. So specifically dealing with the sale, you could dive into publication 544, sale of main home used as a rental property for information on how to figure and report any gain or loss from the sale or other disposition of your main home that you also used as rental property. So this gets, you can see publication 523. So now you're selling, you had your home, you used your home for rental property to some degree. And now you're selling it, that complicates things because if it was your main home and you didn't have the rental property, you might usually get this big exclusion of the gain. And so that's usually a big tax benefit. But if part of the home was used for rental property, there could be an impact on the basis of the rental property. What's the actual basis of the home now, given the fact that part of it was depreciated possibly for rental property. And then, and then, you know, thinking about this and make this problem with the business versus personal use of the home. And what that does with the possible exclusion for your principal residence. All right, tax free exchange of rental property occasionally used for personal purposes. If you meet certain qualifying use standards, you may qualify for a tax free exchange, a light kind exchange or section 1031 exchange. So the 1031 exchange is kind of an issue in and of itself. So you can dive into that one of one piece of rental property you own for a similar piece of rental property, even if you have used the rental property for personal purposes. So if you're thinking about, you know, changing things up, then that's when you might think about diving into more the details to qualify for a 1031 exchange, so that you basically the general idea is that you can kind of defer the gain, the gain rather than selling a rental property realizing a gain. Because obviously when you're dealing with the rental property, if you're saying, I'm going to go from this rental property and then I'm going to have another rental property or something like that. If you had to sell the rental property and realize the gain, you could have a significant amount of gain at that time because you might have held on to that rental property for a long time. And because the dollar amount is just large in and of itself, which could mean that you have a significant tax consequence. And the tax consequence could be, you know, somewhat you can think kind of like, well, any case you could have a significant tax consequence, which could make it difficult for transactions to happen where basically you want to go from one rental property and then to another rental, it kind of gets you stuck. And so the idea would be, well, if you can have an exchange situation, it allows the market to flow more without the taxes because taxes always throw kind of a wrench into the into the situation so that they can basically defer the gain to some degree, given the rules of the 1031 exchange and allocate the basis of the property to the new property that they are selling that they are buying and then realize the gain when they sell the second property. So that could be a whole another course in and of itself that we've been thinking about doing. We might do it a future time, but for now, for more information on the qualifying use standards, see Revenue Procedure 2008-16, 2008-10, IRB 547. For more information on like kind exchanges, you can see Chapter 1 of Publication 544, which you can find on the IRS website.


Hey, what's going on guys? Welcome back to another video. So bit of a different style video today. Usually I'm talking about and showing you how to start a successful drop shipping business. However, today I'm going to be showing you what not to do. So instead of showing you what you should be doing, today we're going to have a little bit of a laugh, I suppose, at some of the Facebook ads out there selling these weird and wonderful and wacky products. And ultimately the sorts of things that you shouldn't be doing if you're trying to be successful. However, there is kind of like a double edged sword here. So whilst I recommend avoiding what you're about to see in this video, they seem, the Facebook ads I'm going to be showing, you seem to be having a pretty decent level of success. So maybe you have more information than me on how they're able to do this, how they're able to get away from it.   And yet, just because you have somebody face in your Facebook ad or you use a certain type of wording, your Facebook ad gets banned and rejected. And yet there's ads like this that continue to be shown and continue to be ran and get shown to hundreds of thousands, millions of people. So that's what we're going to be doing today. Just having a little bit of a laugh and a little bit of a giggle, I suppose, at some of the weird and wacky and wonderful drop shipping products that are out there. Okay, so Facebook ad number one, then jumping straight into it. It's a company called Young Guide, space JP if you want to check them out. And this one was started on the 10th of January, 2023. So it's not even a month old yet. And yet it has 12,000 reactions. We can see one of the most popular or nearly 2,000 of them are the laughing face. And you'll soon understand that when I show you the actual creative itself, 600 comments and two and a half thousand shares that's probably coming mainly from people who want to share this as a bit of a giggle to their friends. And basically just like, can you actually believe what they're selling here? But before we jump into it though, let's take a look at what people are saying about it. So Yelena from four weeks ago said she got this sooner and it's a great little gadget. This person here says it works really good and gets the job done. The CIRA, they've ordered one, this person loves it. This person's just ordered one, just ordered one, just amazing, obsessed with the results. This person's just ordered it, this person's just ordered it. So it goes without saying people are actually buying this product and maybe I'm completely missing something here from my point of view and my experience when it comes to fitness and health then these sorts of products tend to be fads and don't really work. But make sure you give me your opinion in the comments section below. Okay, let's take a look at the actual creative there and see what the product is and what they're claiming to do. So I've turned the sound off, I'll talk you through it. It's basically kind of like a text to speech narrator talking about this products you can put underneath your chin and we'll melt away the fact, give you a more sculpted and defined neck muscles and jawline they're talking about. To my knowledge, this sort of technology doesn't exist and doesn't work. I think there's a lot of people which would agree with me based on how many laughing reactions they've had. However, the creative itself is pretty good. Like it features lots of different people who have tried the product in lots of different settings and locations, different age ranges. They clearly feature in the types of people that ideal target market for who they're going after for this product. And as we saw in the comments section there's lots of people buying it. So maybe the product does work, maybe it's the next best thing since sliced bread. However, I'm a bit skeptical myself and I'm a bit dumbstruck how a Facebook ad like this can get this level of traction and this level of reach without flagging any warning signs or red flags from Facebook. So if you've got any insight at all, I'd love to hear it. Just leave a comment down below. If I had to give my advice into somebody selling this product then I think it would be your time is limited.  If that's the right word, a product that basically is making false claims and doesn't do as it says. However, I don't know if they can actually prove that. So it's one of those kind of gray areas. So in my opinion, stay away from it. However, like I mentioned, a bit of a double-edged sword even though I recommend staying away from these types of products, it's clear that people are actually buying this thing. Moving on to Facebook ad number two, a really good one. You've probably seen this product before. It's definitely a proven product. It's been sold extensively. Again, if we take a quick look at the comments, in fact, we'll start with the engagements. So downhill, try and zoom that in so you can see. 2.8 million views started about two months ago. So again, to get that level of viewership, 700 shares, 3000 likes, at least 700 comments. It goes without saying they must have made some money from this, otherwise they wouldn't continue to plow more and more into it. So where's at the top here from five days ago? So these are all recent. Bought one, showed up in a plastic bag broken. Was told it was in a good condition when it left their warehouse, would not be getting a refund. So not a very reputable company, according, allegedly, according to Wes. I've had one of these almost a year and they still in great shape and work perfectly. So there's a positive review. Michael said he bought this and it never shipped. So good luck to anybody else. Dennis has three of these, two in his house and one to his son, and they love them. So by the sounds of it, it is a good product. If you can get a good supply and you stick to your word and people are gonna be happy with it when it arrives. So at this point, you might be thinking, why am I featuring this product? It's a decent product. It's just the actual company themselves. Let's play the actual ad for you as well. So the shower head, I missed that bit, realized common shower heads were making people sick. So again, I mean, I'm not a doctor. So I might be completely way off the mark here, but I'm pretty sure that shower heads don't make people sick. It's probably the water that's coming out of them.  This is the story of Dr. Robert Ballas and four in five people don't know that water is a major determinant of our health and well-being. That's probably true. However, probably not true in the westernized world. After a year of testing my patients with skin and hair problems, I found something shocking. While we are scrubbing, cleansing, exfoliating dirt, these chemicals are responsible to cause an array of health problems from skin to hair. Whether that's coming from the water, again, I'm not a doctor. So maybe that's true, maybe it's not, I'm not 100% sure. I'd like to hear what your input is if you put it in the comments section. Aggressive amounts of one chemical called chlorine and they have a reason to do it. So they're talking about chemicals which are used to clean the water. I'm assuming the shower head then removes those chemicals, water impurities to restore skin and hair to its natural luster. A shower head worthy of the 21st century, you need the hydro shower jet with stop button. It looks like a pretty cool product. It's a pretty nice effect. Has an ionic filtration system. So the reason why I wanted to show you this because again, it seems all in all like a pretty decent product and people are happy with it when it has actually arrived. However, the claims they're making are quite bold to the point where it's probably misleading people to some degree. However, that's only my personal opinion. I'm not a doctor. This person is, if this person is the person behind this brand and this business. The message I wanted to pull across and the reason why I wanted to show this video is just be careful about the claims that you make when you're selling your products, especially if they're health related. Moving on to the third and final ad then. Before a player, they're awesome. What's the way to put it? Unpleasant scenes from this one. It's basically like a mouthwash which they're saying can transform your gums and teeth and things like that. Again, let's talk about the engagements. So December 19th to 2022, 30,000 reactions, 11,000 comments and nearly 7,000 shares. Goes without saying it's had a significant amount of reach. In fact, let's take this link. Let's take a look at how exactly how many views it's got. So nearly 10 million views. So it goes without saying people have definitely bought these products. They've probably made a bit of money from it so far. So good taste, great, I'm interested. Positive reviews, I'm interested. My teeth are very sensitive, I ordered. Gonna use this twice a day, gonna use it with implants. So it might be that the product does what they're claiming although we'll see in a second. The reason I wanted to show you this is again, it's one of those health related things. Especially when it comes to teeth, then I don't think you should take any advice from anyone unless it's a professional. And if you mix yourselves with products like this, you open yourself up to lawsuits and extremely unhappy customers. Especially if you end up causing some significant damage financially or pain related to a customer because then there's definitely some level of claim or along those lines gonna be involved. So let's take a look at the actual creative itself.  So, yeah, it's one that eventually Facebook will probably catch up to these guys and say you can't be making those claims or implying your product is gonna do these sorts of things without any sort of proof. It's just one of those things that I'd probably stay away from because it's not gonna be worth the potential backlash that comes with selling the products like this. It probably does make your teeth whiter. However, at least from my own experience speaking to dentists, the only safe way to do that is with proper tested whitening gels and whether this is one of those things I don't know maybe it is, however, it seems unlikely. And so with that being said guys, I'm gonna wrap the video up there. They have the three ones I wanted to show you. Ultimately the message I wanted you to take away is just be careful about the types of products you're gonna be selling, especially when they come from China. Make sure it comes with all the kind of required safety certifications. You get it from a reputable supplier and if it's anything that you put in your mouth or put in your skin or has any kind of health related benefit, then you have to be especially careful and I would advise everybody staying away from that sort of thing unless you have experience. If you're a beginner, keep it as simple as possible. There's hundreds, if not thousands of great products out there that you don't have any of those worries with. Just to make it clear as well, I didn't want this video to come across as I was badmouthing these companies. All I'm saying is that in my opinion they're treading a thin path and when it comes to to my knowledge what the Facebook advertising policies are, at some point Facebook is more than likely gonna catch up with these guys and ban them from advertising in such a way. And so thanks again for watching guys. I hope you enjoyed this video and I'll see you guys in the next one.


وَأَقُولُ فِي القُرْآنِ مَا جَاءَتْ بِهِ آيَاتُوهُ فَهُوَ الْكَارِيمُ الْمُنْزَالُهُ وَأَقُولُ قَالَ اللَّهُ جَلَّ جَلَالُهُ وَالْمُصْطَافَ الْهَاديِ وَلَا أَتْ أَوَّالُهُ الحمد لله رب العالمين له الحمد الحسن والثاناء الجميل واشدوا الله إلا الله وحده لا شريك له يقول الحق وهو يهدي السبيل واشدوا اللي سيدنا وليبينا محمد صلى الله عليه وعلى آله وأصحابه والتابعين له بإحسان إلى يوم الدين أما بعد وإن الشرح of the Kitab نُسَة الدضر في توضيح النخبة الفكرة للحافظ المحاجر رحمه الله We spoke about in our last lesson the asbab the reasonings what necessitates rejection of a hadith ملمر بدود حافظ المحاجر إما أن يكون لسقطن أو طعن that if a hadith is rejected and is not taken it's not taken for one of two reasons إما أن يكون لسقطن it may be because of a disconnection in the hadith أو طعن أو there's a criticism regarding a particular narrator in the hadith that Hafظ رحمه الله goes into the types of saqt the types of disconnection there are before we go into that he says in his Musaat al-Nadr ثم الملمر بدود وموجب الردي what necessitates the rejection إما أن يكون لسقطن من إسنادن that there's a disconnection in the chain أو طعن في راون على اختلاف ودوه الطعني or there's a criticism pertaining to a particular narrator in the chain في راون على اختلاف ودوه الطعني and the ways in which that criticism is different from one person to another but it just means that there's a criticism some criticism are very serious some criticism are not that serious but that is what that's a criticism regarding the narrator and look what he says after that and the criticism that can be put to the narrator is one of two it goes back to the integrity and the religion of this narrator or the criticism can be regarding his precision and his memory so if a narrator is criticized it's criticized for one of two either that he is what either he has a religious deficiency there's something to do with عدالة his integrity this is a criticism regarding his عدالة or his memorization and his precision of the حليث والسقط حافل says that the سقط the disconnection it could possibly be من مبدأ السندي from the beginning of the chain من مصنفن from a particular author from a particular author and it is disconnected due to a particular narrator so the beginning of the حديث this particular narrator has what it's connected from him the beginning of the chain what does the beginning of the chain mean it means بخاري's teacher is the beginning of the chain not the prophet the beginning of the chain is where بخاري narrates from his teacher okay so when بخاري narrates from his teacher this is where the chain starts from this is من مبدأ السندي من مصنفن from a particular author بخاري's the author here so if بخاري's teacher is not in the حديث this is what the first type of deficiency we're going to see what the name of this one is that's one أو أو من أخيره بعد التابعي or the second one is the ending of the chain the opposite side after the تابعي somebody is missing this تابعي is basically attributing this to the prophet so there's somebody missing in between them we're also going to see the name of that one so the ending of the chain here is what بعد التابعي after the تابعي half of them goes back to explain to you what that is he says to you أو غير ذلكة أو other than that أو أو other than that and other than that he means two other types عافة من حجر the two other types are what المعضل which is when two consecutive individuals when two consecutive individuals are dropped from the chain they are missing from the train too consecutive they are right next to each other if they are separate from each other this is من قطر it's disconnected but معضل means it's when they are both ولذلك بيغوني's definition of معضل is a bit deficient because what does he say when معضل الساعتر من حثناني that معضل is when two people have been taken out of the chain and that's not correct they have to both be next to each other half of this is going to bring that and the fourth type is what من قطر the fourth type is من قطر من قطر means any type of disconnection that happens in the chain it's always a what معضل is a من قطر مرسل is a من قطر معلك is a من قطر and من قطر also has something that no one has shared with it which is it happens in the middle of the chain does that make sense one person is missing from the middle of the chain this is من قطر and it has no other name so the معلق is a من قطر the مرسل is a من قطر the معضل is also a من قطر but there's also a من قطر which none of them share with it so من قطر is more comprehensive in general it means disconnection those four half of them are just going to go through each one what was the first one again he goes the first one was a معلق this is what it's called the name for the first one is called معلق now half of it in his kitab he explains it more to you that the معلق which is that the teacher or the authors from the authors somebody's missing okay half of it tells you that if the person is missing his one or if it's more it's the same doesn't matter he's a teacher from the حديث okay and he just misses his teacher that's it he just jumps to him okay but he goes so he misses he straight away goes what do we say here it's called معلق what about if بخاري رحمه الله drops حميدي عبد الناس he also drops محمد وراهيم التيمي sorry يحمي سعيد العنصاري and he goes directly to محمد وراهيم التيمي it's also a معلق so it's also a معلق and it's also a معلق معلق and it's a معلق why is it a معلق because the teacher is missing if it's more it doesn't matter the teacher is missing if بخاري رحمه الله this is also a it's also a معلق بخاري didn't meet the prophet so if it's one or more this is a معلق half of it tells you here whether this disconnection is one he only missed his teacher and he jumped to his teacher's teacher or it's more as in he jumped to what he jumped to his teacher's teacher okay the whole chain he just said or he went to the statement of the companion this is also a what this is also a معلق it's also what a معلق as Abu Bakr mentioned which is now is where it would go in with the معلق it would go in with the معلق if it's more than one and it's two consecutive individuals that are missing then it will say معلق and it will also say معلق half of it tells you that look what he says that it could happen that the معلق which is two consecutive individuals dropping from the chain could sometimes come in line with the معلق that we just took that the معلق actually become one thing it could happen he said sometimes they both come together and sometimes the معلق can actually be away from the معلق صحيح can it not be if only Bukhari drops off his teacher or maybe I'm trying to explain this is not معلق this معلق but the times can happen that this is معلق and it's also معلق half of it explains that to you and he gives you an example of what I just mentioned he gives you an example of what I mentioned so he gives you all the different forms that he can come in ومن صور المعلق أن يحذف جميع السند ويقال مثلا قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم now he gives you the forms in which he can come the first one is that the whole of the chain is disconnected the whole of the chain Bukhari says number two أن يحذف جميع السند والصحابية أو إلا الصحابية والتابعية معا the second one is that the chain is all removed and it's not mentioned all of the chain except the companion or the companion and the student of the company which is the tabi'a that's the second third one is أن يحذف من حدثه ويضيف إلى من فوقه the second one is that he doesn't mention his teacher and the person who his teacher took from he just takes those two people out that's the third form in which it comes in are we all together the first one is all of it goes the second one is that all of it goes except the companion and the tabi'a and the third one is what he takes his teacher of the chain and his teacher's teacher of the chain as well فإن كان من فوقه الشيخ لذلك المصنف فقد يختلف فيه هل يسمى تأليق أو لا let's hypothetically say بخاري's teacher is محمد من إبراهيم التهيمي sorry I said يحمد السعيد الأنصاري let's say so let's say بخاري narrated from the حديث اللي ما لبنيات he narrated from الحمدية عبدالحمد زبير we're together let's say if he drops حمدية عبدالحمد زبير what did we say it becomes it's معلق but why is it معلق because he dropped his teacher who is حمدية عبدالحمد زبير but who did he go then to يحمد السعيد الأنصاري right? if it happens that يحمد السعيد الأنصاري is from the sheikhs of بخاري now he dropped one sheikh and he narrated from another sheikh can this now be called معلق the scholars differ upon it he didn't hear this particular حديث from يحمد السعيد الأنصاري even though he's his teacher sometimes your teacher might not have told you but another teacher of yours must have heard it from him and told you about it but they both are his teachers his change is longer now which is حديث which is نازل but in this situation the scholars half the says فقد يخطولي ففيه the scholars differ on it هل يسمبت عليقا أو لا should we call this حديث معلق or not there's a dispute there's an argument amongst the scholars regarding this والصحيح في هذا and the strongest in this particular issue is حافظ says that this issue the best way to deal with it is a تفصيل what does تفصيل mean تفصيل means that this matter can't just say yes unrestrictedly like that and we can't say no unrestrictedly like that it requires us to go into more details more explanation and more more looking into this issue حافظ is now telling you how to he said if it's been known تقشيلي this has been known تقشيلي أو بالاستقرائي أو by deduction ونفاع إلى دانكة مدلس this particular person is a مدلس this individual is a مدلس he's known either by means other scholars have come out by تقشيلي means that other scholars said he's a مدلس this is what other scholars have clearly come out and said he's a مدلس أو by observation and deduction you've come to the conclusion he's a مدلس maybe not a textual فقضي به وإلا فتعليقن فقضى به وإلا فتعليقن if he's known to be a مدلس either by نص or استقراء then there's no problem وإلا if not though فتعليقن if he's not a مدلس like بوخاري and others then we say this is a what it's a what it's a what it's a what it's a what it's a what it's a what it's a what it's a what it's a what it's a معلق even though he's narrated from another teach of his وإنما ذوكي للتعليق في قسم المردود للجهلي بحال المحدوفي now the question is why is تعليق a problem why is it a rejected hadith half it tells you the reason why تعليق the hadith which is معلق is mentioned in the types of مردود and it's brought under the مردود للنجهلي بحال المحدوفي because we are ignorant about this particular person has been removed from the chain this teacher of بخاري who he hasn't mentioned or this particular author the sheikh that he hasn't mentioned is really unknown to us he's unknown to us and the fact that we don't know this narrator we he could probably be a liar he could be a شاسق he could be a مبتدع so we need to know who this individual is for تعليق today brothers I want you to take this benefit with you which is that a lot of the times these criticism that I put on a person somebody has been made a مبتدع لا تقضع عنه العلمة لا ترجعوا إليه so don't take knowledge from him go back to him if you do research if you go to the person who is saying this he says أخبرنا بذلك من ملّا نتهمه this was told to us by somebody we don't suspect they've told us about this particular person's situation situation so he's doing جرح on a person he's criticising a person and the source of his criticism of this particular person is what he's selling us somebody told him this and he's not telling us who it is right and this is the basic of that you're saying that you're talking about the basics is that you need to tell us who told you it if you don't tell us who it is we have ignorance of the situation of this particular person then this حديث becomes what مردود من أخسام المردود it's from the types of what it's from the types of rejecting a حديث okay وقد يحكم بصحتي if we come to know who this person that he threw out so we didn't know who it was right but if we come to find out who this person is بأي جي أمو سمن من وجه آخر that the name comes about from another way another طريقة فإن قال جميع من من أحديث وهو تقاتل and then he says every person I have dropped out are reliable people if he says that مثلا فلان and he goes I as an individual I will only drop those who I think if I do I'm the only person who will get rid of is a person who is what it's a تقا okay we're together and we've come to know who this person that he dropped we found out the name of this particular individual okay now this particular person what do they have right now what time are you going to come across some of the narrators they were known as what they were known as what مدلسين but they are at least they will only drop out people who are reliable they were never known to drop out people who are who are bad so here we have if he is or if he has said or if he has known he's become known for taking out a person who is reliable who is a تقا that means that he prays anybody who he come across that he drops out by another chain we come to know who this particular person is it's a form of praise from this narrator to this person right is it not because he just said what did he say I only drop out people who are تقا and this is now called تعديل الإبهام which basically means I haven't mentioned it to you which is التعديل على الإبهام he's made a I'm general praise according to the جمهور المحديثين لا يقبل this hadith is not accepted according to them until he names it until he names who it is it's not acceptable إن صلاح ذو said إن وقع الحذف في كتابه if a health occurs in a book okay the sheikh is missing from this hadith the removal takes place in a book where the author restricts himself on authenticity كالبخاري لك الإمام البخاري فما أتى فيه الجزمي دل على أنه ثبت سنده ثبت إثلاده عنده إنما حدي فليغرض من الأغراضي إن وقع الحذف if the removal of the chain occurs في كتابه in which the author condition himself that his book is going to be authentic كالبخاري لك صحر البخاري فما أتى فيه بالجزمي anything that he comes with with jizme meaning he says it with قالا وعن and etc دل على أنه ثبت إثناده عنده this then indicate according to the book even though they as I mentioned the sheikh to him this is what إنما حدي فليغرض من الأغراضي the only reason why he didn't mention the name of the sheikh or the name of the person who he took from is for another external reasons it's another purpose for it so we just look at how he speaks the reason is because he condition already that he's going to bring a hadith which are authentic okay وما أتى فيه بالجزمي ففيه مقالن and he mentions that anything for the person who he brings that he doesn't use jizme قيلا روية with سيره التمريل then this is what فيه مقالن there's a research to this now some people would say it's weak no it's not weak it might be weak to the author though it might be weak to بخاري لكنه لا يعني it does not mean in any way for more shape that the hadith is necessarily weak because it could be what it could be authentic to other people some scholars might think it's authentic so it just requires a research the author might even see it to be authentic and others might find it to be what weak some scholars say that and if you want more into this issue حافظ said وقد أوضحت أمثلة تدالك في النكة على من الصلاحي وقد أوضحت أمثلة تدالك examples pertaining to this I have explained it and I have spoken about it ذالك في النكة على من الصلاحي and it is a look that he made on the book of Ibn Salah someone who didn't finish it he died in the Maklub his own Maklub, he died I think the ninth ish Hafeb died and he did't finish it off because one of the last works So there's a look at when it says If you want this matter to be if you want to know more about it if you want a research more into it إذا الله قد إيجادنا لنا مستحيلة إذا الله قد إمتعى الكتاب، فهي يمسف روتون المحضر وهي تغليق التعليق تغليقه التعليق هو يجد ذلك ويجب أن أحد يأتي بخاري بخاري لقد فعلت معلقا لا يتعلمه حافظ من حاجة when Arab is way to bring the chain for it the complete chain for it that's why they called it تغليق تعليق which is what to bring a chain for the Ahadith in which ألمام البخاري رحمه الله chose not to bring the chain for what's the second type of disconnection وهو ما سقط من آخيني بعد التابعي and it's what is disconnected after the التابعي after the التابعي هو المرسل after the statement حافظ من حاجة the statement is good as for the statement of Beikouni where he says ومرسل منه الصحابي سقط وقول غريب ما روا ورا وين فقط ولمرسل صحابي منه ومرسل منه الصحابي سقط مرسل is when a companion drops that's incorrect why صحابي who really think about that but why is it wrong to say that مرسل means when a companion drops ها that's what he's saying that's what he's saying he's saying that مرسل is when a صحابي is not in the Patreon so why is it wrong تابعي that's exactly his point طاها الفطوحي ها now there can be مرسل الصحابة صحابي's can do مرسل as well عبد اللهي بلا عباس was not there and he says قال رسول الله he done إرسال the companion can be he can do a statement of إرسال by speaking about an issue and a situation where he wasn't present will you together and إرسال of the صحابي is what that's مقبول is what مقبول so the إرسال doesn't necessarily mean there's a companion necessarily missing that will so for him what's his name بقولي he's one would be the one I gave which is that if he says مرسل is when a صحابي is when a صحابي narrates from me the process of the situation and there's another companion missing from there that's his definition of مرسل but there's this مرسل I'll just mention which is the تابعي missing that's the one that's missing from him صح that's the one that is missing from him so he's only restricted himself to one of the forms of إرسال so the best definition of for مرسل is what anything after the تابعي is missing now pay attention here brothers the تابعي who's doing إرسال the تابعي who's doing إرسال the تابعي who's saying قال رسول الله he's a تابعي he never met the prophet he's took from a companion the تابعين are not the same they're between themselves there are تابعين which were known as the كبار التابعين another known others known as the صغار التابعين the young تابعين let's take an example of two one of each for example the كبار التابعين is like سعيد بن المسيب سعيد بن المسيب is from the كبار التابعين from the ألدي التابعين and محمد مشيهاب الزهري محمد مشيهاب الزهري is from the صغار التابعين from the young تابعين first of all how do you distinguish between who's the elder and the younger how would we say this تابعي is old and this تابعي is young how do they distinguish between the two good not necessarily met but the number of صحابين in which they narrated from the way that the scholars would distinguish between which is older and which is younger is based upon when we look at his narrations let's say he narrated 10 narrations if 8 of those narrations are صحابين and then 2 of them are what are the تابعين that he took from then we would say he's from there كبار التابعين because the overwhelming majority of the hadiths of his are what from the صحابين and if for example the opposite is that 2 حديث are from the companions and the 8 are from the other تابعين then he's a what he's from صغار التابعين from صغار now here's the اشكال now if a person is known like سعيد بن المصير who has that large his narrations are like that that the overwhelming majority of them are from companions if he does إرسال قال رسول الله what are the chances of it being another تابعين because we know if he's a companion it's what it's reliable we will take it but what about if he's known to only take from the companions generally he's really known to take majority of his narrations from there this is why scholars had اشكال them to aid them say of now say of now the companions the قاعدة for them is what ابهام الصحابي لا يضر the ambiguity or the anonymity of a companion لا يضر it doesn't harm we don't need to know the companion look how many narrations do we have جاء رجل إلا رسول الله and man came to the prophet you don't know this man you may never know who he is even the خطير البغداني wrote a book on all of the جاء رجل سعال رجل اولى that خطير بغداني wrote a book to tell you who that man is if I ask some of you today who is the man who the prophet corrected his prayer and the prophet said to him ارجع فصلي فإنك لم تصلي majority of the people don't know who he is who which the companion is who the prophet kept sending and praying and pretending to pray and telling him to go to pray and telling him go in go to pray the reason is because the ابهام the fact that you don't know who this companion is لا يضر he doesn't harm you so he is if he's the overwhelming majority of those people who he narrates from our companions and that's who he takes from this question here is is that is this hadith from those a hadith which he dropped out a companion in which we can then take and say no problem is لذلك الشيخ الإسلام sorry بلذلك رحمه الله رحمه الله he spoke about this in more detail لذلك there's a book I advise you guys to buy if you don't have written by على علاقية الكيكل دي رحمه الله اي مام على علاقية اي كود كتاب جامع التحصيل في احكام المراسيل صمت الله يتا جامع التحصيل في احكام المراسيل صمت الله يتا جام التحصيل على كل حال it's the best book written on this particular issue of إرسالة واس مرسالة what does it mean the examples of إرسالة وأنه this is the best الإمام العلائي والكيكل دي رحمه الله he's from the great أئمة الشافعية جامع بين الفق هو الحديث he combined between the knowledge of حديث he's a ballet in حديث very grandly in حديث فقيه very knowledge of بسكوله he's the reauthor of the book المجموع كتاب القواعد المذهب كتاب المجموع المذهب في القواعد المذهب كتاب he's combined ويشوف قواعد الفقية كذلك كذلك إمام حديث إمام قواعد فهم حافق is ريان الله له الله تباركه it's easy for him so he's a كتاب that he wrote المجموع المذهب في القواعد المذهب or if it's كود المجموع المذهب في القواعد المذهب I think it's of the level and the كالب of the قواعد ابن رجب الحمد رحم الله so that great book على كل حال so what is it is أن يقول التابعي سواء كان كبيرا أو صغير حافظ mentions what Mursal is he says the way it comes the image the reality of it is أن يقول التابعي يقول سواء كان كبيرا whether that is the old أو صغير or whether he's young قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم كده he says the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said this أو فعلا بحضرتي كده or the prophet did this or something like that this is what it means Mursal وإنما ذكر في قسم المردودي the reason why the Mursal has been put into the chapter of Mardoud rejection is ليل جهلي بحال المحدو فيه is because the person who is missing from the chain is unknown to us we don't know who this person is and lack of knowledge of a narrator makes the Hadith weak we need to know everybody لأنه يحتمل أن يكون صحابيا it's possible it can be a companion ويحتمل أن يكون a follower and it's possible it can be a follower وعلى الثاني يحتمل أن يكون ضعيفا if it's a according to the second possibility if it's according to the second possibility if it's a follower it could be weak ويحتمل أن يكون it could be reliable it could happen وعلى الثاني يحتمل أن يكون حمل عن صحابي ويحتمل أن يكون حمل عن طبيعي أخر all of this is possibilities so if that's the case then scholars will not take that possibility there has to be reassurance there has to be a definite answer there can't be this is possible this can be happening it has to be definite half of them says the kalam that I just told you he said if it's known from the nooms of a follower أنه لا يرسل إلا عن ثقات that the only person who he drops out and that he does of our reliable people فدهاب الجمهور المحدثين إلى التوقفي the overwhelming majority of scholars of hadith have taken the opinion of what التوقفي توقف means to withhold if this narrates scholar he's known to do أنه لا يرسل عن ثقات he would only do إرسال of ثقات reliable people فدهاب الجمهور المحدثين إلى التوقفي and the overwhelming majority of scholars of hadith have taken the opinion that we do what is known as what التوقف he brought the to bring to your attention it has become light on many people's tongue the usage of the word تساقضة what does that mean it means that if a hadith they come to a hadith for example when we were speaking about the concept of a hadith which is معمول به وغير معمول به remember when we were speaking about that and we said that حافل محدث كلام وإلا فترجيحوا أو التوقف صح we do ترجيح between the two if we can't then we stop we withhold the concept here that many would use is التساقض they will say that these are hadiths or both of them they both drop since they both were unable to bring both of them they used the term تساقضة this term should not be used it's incorrect to say تساقض تساقض means since we're unable to reconcile between these two احديث both of them drop that term which is التساقض both of those chains are hadiths drop it's a bad manage towards the hadith it says التوقف I would hold that's the correct manner وذلك مل على القارق he says على مشتهر على الالسنة من أن الدليلين إذا تعرضا he says that that which has become very common on the tongue of the people من أن الدليلين إذا تعرضا if two hadiths oppose each other تساقضة that both of them are dropped اي تساقضة حكومة but that a meaning both of their rulings drop وهو يوهب يوهب الاستمرار and this says it gives the indication or it gives the it brings to people's mind it makes people think that this is continuous that whenever two hadiths seem to be opposing each other or you just تساقضة معنى الأمر ليس كذلك when the reality isn't like that he says لأن السقوطة لأن السقوطة حكمهما إنما هو لعدم يظهور ترجيه أحدهما حينئين he said because the dropping of its ruling it is because the ruling hasn't become clear to you at that particular moment ولأ يلزم منه استمرار تساقضة and this so-called dropping of both of them it doesn't necessitate that it's going to carry forever معنى إطلاق التساقض this is what concerns me now even that though the unrestricted usage of the word التساقض على الأديلة الشرعية and using it for the textual evidences the Kitab and the Sunnah and using it for the Adilla شرعية using the word التساقض خارج عن سنان الأداب سنية it goes against the etiquettes of when speaking about the textual evidences it goes against it so what is it you should say توقف توقف على كل حال if a Tabe'u is known أنه لا يرسل إلا عن تقاتن that the only people who drops from the chain are the T'qat they are the people فدهب جمول الوحديتين إلى التوقف the overwhelming majority of the scholars of Hadith have taken the opinion that we withhold from it why اللي بقائل حكمان why are we going to withhold with it because these possibilities still stand they can be narrated from a Sahabi how do you know okay وهو أحد قولي أحمد and this is what one of the statements of ألمام أحمد رحمه الله وثانيه بعد the second is that وهو قول الماليكيين والقوفيين this is the view of the Malikis okay and this is also the view of the كوفيين which is يقبل مطلقا that it's unrestrictedly accepted if تتابعي أنه لا يرسل إلا عن تقاتن that he does not drop out except the reliable one reliable ones according to the قول الماليكيين and the call of the كوفيين is that يقبل مطلقا unrestrictedly accepted وقال الشافعيو ألمام الشافعيو said and this is a very very moderate statement of ألمام الشافعيو للكتاب الرسالة page 464 to page 468 وذلك شافعي الكتاب الرسالة is what وأول من ألف في الكتب محمد إبل الشافعي المطلبي وغيره كان له سريقة مثل الذي للعرب the first person who wrote in أصول الفق the first person who wrote in أصول الفق is who ألمام الشافعيو رحمة الله كتاب الرسالة is the كتاب in which عبد الرحمان ابن مهدي requested from him to write he asked him ألمام الشافعيو his كتاب الرسالة he wrote it after the request of عبد الرحمان ابن مهدي came to him he wrote this book وذلك it's a book that it has been narrated from يحيى من سمعيل ابن يحيى سمعيل ابن يحيى المزانيو it's narrated from him that he said in some of the narrations 50 times in some narrations he said 500 times that I read this كتاب الرسالة سمعيل ابن يحيى المزاني say this sometimes some places he said 50 times and some narrations that I stood over it says 500 times I read it 500 كلما قرأة to every time I read it استفدت منه شيئة I benefited something from it every time 500 times imagine you read a book 500 times and every time that you read this book you felt that you took knowledge from it this is the student of who he's a student of he is the student of ألمام الشافعيو himself كتاب الرسالة is the Kitab that شافعيو رحمه الله wrote with the request of his teacher عبد حواني مهدي but by the way many people don't know this كتاب الرسالة the one that we have is the second version of it there was two times شافعيو wrote it the قديم one we don't have شافعيو wrote it twice when he wrote it twice this is the second one that we have the second version of it and the way the reason why شافعيو wrote it out of the purpose and the aim behind it and what it was that he was trying to get to is ألمام الشافعيو is to reconcile between رحمه الله he tried those who are very stubborn on the usage of the نصوص stubborn on the wordings إعمالوا ضواهر النصوص I'm not ضواهر النصوص لكن when they have they're very strict on the terms they're very what stubborn on the usage of the term instead of looking at the meaning and those who go overboard with the meaning and don't give much consideration to the wording of the حديث and إمام الشافعيو رحمه الله he tried to reconcile between those two مدهب ذهي الصور رحمه الله تبوات دب ملو باث so he wrote أكتاب أكتاب الرسالة وقال الشافعيو رحمه الله يقبل إنيع تضاد بمجيئه من وجه آخر يباين الطريقة الأولى مسندا كان أمرسلة ليترجح احتمال كون المحذو في ثقة في نفس الأمر شافعيو يقبل نتحدث عن ماذا؟ إذا عادة بالتابع is that أنه لا يرسل إلا عن ثقات فهي only does إرسالة ثقات شافعيو يقبل it's accepted from him إنيع تضاد إنيع تضاد means what if an external evidence supports it بمجيئه من وجه آخر that comes from another angle يباين الطريقة الأولى that is not that is different from the other طريق it's different from it whether that other طريق is مسند or مرسل whether that other chain that has come is مسند it's to the prophet or even if the other chain that has come is also مرسل it doesn't matter ليترجح احتمال كون المحذو في ثقة في نفس الأمر so we can now that speculation that is in us the person he dropped is it a thicka so that suspicion can become slightly removed if there comes another chain another طريق شافعي says يباين الطريق الأولى that is not the other path whether that other path that comes is مسند or whether it's مرسل احتمال كون المحذو في ثقة في نفس الأمر so then we can now we will accept it on that grounds because what would that remove from us that's suspicion it will slightly remove that suspicion from us we'll stop there إن شاء الله anything which I have said that was wrong or incorrect is from me الشيطان and his messenger are free from it سبحانك الله بحمدك أشدو لا إله إلا الله


Why well because Biden is against lead pipes So since Biden came out against lead pipes and says we need to replace lead pipes Well, the Republican by default has to be against that position since a Democrat took it That's where we're at in American politics and I just want to show you the tweet because this to me It's just it's not shocking like I don't want to call it shocking or surprising But I just feel like the Republicans in favor of lead pipes might think hmm How are my constituents gonna take it if I come out in favor of them drinking poison water But let me just get to the tweet here quote Biden wants to replace lead pipes He failed to mention that the unfunded mandate sets an almost impossible timeline Will cost billions and fringe on the rights of the states and their residents all for benefits that may be entirely Speculative he is unironically saying that the benefits of replacing lead pipes where water comes from is Entirely speculative now, of course the community note points out in addition to the known harm of lead exposure Especially to children. Mr. Coback is incorrect when he states the mandate is unfunded In fact, the bipartisan infrastructure law Joe Biden signed into law in November of 2021 provides 15 billion toward lead service line Replacement projects now as the New York Times points out the timeline that Coback was referring to here will wipe out all lead pipes Within 10 years which is really important and the subtitle reads here The proposal to rip out 9 million pipes across the country could cost as much as 30 billion dollars But would nearly eliminate the neurotoxin from drinking water But Biden shouldn't do this because he's violating states rights and the rights of the constituents in these states Listen, maybe states shouldn't have the right to just let their residents drink contaminated water Maybe I'm crazy like maybe I'm losing my mind But I feel like states rights should end at poisoning their citizens states have a Responsibility to take care of the people who elect them and if you think that letting them drink lead water is a states rights issue Maybe you're just too far gone.  They're just too far gone. They're saying well because I don't like Biden I'm willing to drink lead water and potentially poison myself and my children all so the president doesn't get a dub That's insane like that's insane. Listen flip it for a second Okay, let's say Trump was in power and he said I'm gonna replace all lead pipes Would you be against that? Of course not. I would commend Trump for doing that and it's something that I think a president should do a President should be doing things that help people given the number of crises We've seen in certain cities like Flint, Michigan where Generations were poisoned an entire group of people were poisoned They contracted diseases Legionnaires disease all because lead pipes and our water infrastructure in this country has been outdated for a while So replacing these lead pipes and doing a proactive thing is good actually But because the president did it who's a Democrat we've got to be against it because we're all hacks now I mean, this is hyper partisanship to the death literally But the New York Times says this about the policy the Biden administration is proposing new restrictions That would require the removal of virtually all lead water pipes across the country in an effort to prevent another public health Catastrophe like the one that came to define Flint, Michigan The proposal on Thursday from the Environmental Protection Agency would impose the strictest limits on lead and drinking water Since federal standards were first set 30 years ago It would affect about nine million pipes that snake throughout communities across the country quote This is the strongest lead rule that the nation has ever seen Radhika Fox the EPA's assistant administrator for water said in an interview. This is historic progress They continue digging up and replacing lead pipes from coast to coast is no small undertaking The EPA estimates the price at 20 billion to 30 billion over the course of a decade The rule would require the nation's utilities and most likely their ratepayers to absorb most of that cost But 15 billion is available from the 2021 infrastructure law to help them pay for it now call me crazy But I think that's spending 30 billion dollars to replace lead pipes That's pretty reasonable especially considering the fact that that's 30 billion over a 10 year period, right? But let's say hypothetically speaking that it was more expensive and it cost a hundred billion hell Let's say a trillion dollars. Would I still think that it is worthwhile to replace the lead pipes in this country? of course because Some things are just more important than money and us having clean drinking water so we can literally live That's more important than money. So I don't care what the cost is.  They're gonna indirectly attack this policy by saying the EPA needs to be defunded There's too much red tape and yada yada and when they say things like this and use code words They're not gonna expect you to dig deep and say hmm What do they mean by regulations and red tape and really what they mean is safety precautions with regard to our environment and clean drinking water So understand that any Republican who comes out against the EPA wants to defund it wants to attack it They're also attacking this rule as well because the EPA is implementing this policy So if they attack the EPA That means that they want you to drink dirty drinking water. They want your children to drink lead That's what this means.  We got to fix that for you immediately so you can think straight again I mean