What exactly is a cocktail? Who invented the cocktail? Both Britain and America claim it, who's right? Welcome to the endless-naught cocktail bar. Today, we'll look at the word cocktail and its connections to political satire, feathers, and Aztec princesses. Cocktails are trendy these days. Every bar is inventing new drinks. I'm partial to a tipple occasionally myself, and I love the odd names some of them have. Not just Harvey Wallbanger, but even the classics. Where does Gimlet come from? Or Martini, or Gibson, or Jim Rickey? So, I'm making a series of videos exploring the origins of cocktails and cocktail names, and I think you may be surprised where we end up. First, let's get the definition straight. Traditionally, the word cocktail refers to a short mixed drink that contains spirits, bitters, sugar, and water. But these days, it's used to refer to just about any mixed alcoholic drink, especially those not consumed at a meal. The old-fashioned cocktail made with whiskey, angostura bitters, sugar, and water reflects the traditional definition. It's literally a cocktail made in the old-fashioned way, without all kinds of other ingredients, like fruit juices or syrups. The Oxford English Dictionary labels cocktail, an American word in origin, with the first recorded use of the word to refer to a beverage found in an 1803 issue of the Amherst, New Hampshire newspaper called The Farmer's Cabinet. Drank a glass of cocktail, excellent for the head. Called it the doctors, drank another glass of cocktail. The earliest definition of a cocktail as an alcoholic mixed drink is from another American periodical, the balance in Colombian repository of Hudson, New York. Cocktail is a stimulating liquor composed of spirits of any kind, sugar, water, and bitters. It is vulgarly called bittered sling, and is supposed to be an excellent electioneering potion, in as much as it renders the heart stout and bold at the same time that it fuddles the head. It is said also to be of great use to a democratic candidate, because a person having swallowed a glass of it is ready to swallow anything else. Ahem. But recently, the word cocktail has been backdated. That's when you find a reference to a word that's earlier than the one the lexicographers knew about. Jared Brown and Anastasia Miller found an earlier British reference in the London newspaper, The Morning Post and Gazetteer, from 1798. The story goes that the owner of a pub in Downing Street, called the Axe and Gate Tavern, won the lottery, and in an act of generosity, decided to cancel bar debts. The newspaper in question then satirically ran a supposed list of pub debts of prominent politicians, including this one. Mr. Pitt, tupitiver of Louis de Vines. Ditto won a parfait amour. Ditto cocktail, vulgarly called ginger. The Mr. Pitt in question, of course, was William Pitt the Younger, the celebrated and very successful Prime Minister, a notoriously heavy drinker who was sometimes referred to as a three-bottle man. Pitt is perhaps most well known for steering the country through the Napoleonic Wars, an expensive endeavor for which he enacted a number of new taxes, including Britain's first ever income tax, and a tax which raised the price of newspapers. No wonder then that the paper ran a satirical story on him.  Leaving aside the issue of the name cocktail, the background for the type of drink itself may lie in 17th and 18th century England. A mixed alcoholic beverage in the form of punch already existed. The word punch comes either from the Hindi word punch, meaning five, referring to the five ingredients, spirits, water, lemon juice, sugar, and spice, or from the word punchin, of unknown origin, which is a type of barrel. In either case, the drink seems to have been brought to England by sailors of the British East India company in the early 17th century. Then in the late 17th century, during the reign of William of Orange, with surpluses of locally grown grain and a desire for an alternative to brandy imported from their rival France, the tax on distillation of grain was reduced and the production of local spirits was encouraged. This led to the gin craze of the 18th century and much public outcry and worry, but it may also have fostered the development of the cocktail, what with all the cheaply available spirits. So in a sense, British colonialism and foreign policy may have been the real foundation for the cocktail. But this still doesn't settle the question who invented the cocktail as we know it today and where. Maybe it would help to look at the origin of the word itself. The word cocktail seems to contain the elements cock, as in rooster and tail, but what does a rooster's tail have to do with an alcoholic drink? Well, the answer may lie in colonial America. There are various stories circulated that a rooster feather was used as a garnish or that the ingredients were kept in a rooster shaped container. In his 1821 novel, The Spy, James Fenimore Cooper, the iconically American novelist who was most famous for writing The Last of the Mohicans, assigns the creation of the cocktail to one of his characters, Betty Flanagan, a lively tabern keeper. Betty Flanagan may be based on the real life innkeeper, Catherine Kitty Hussler, a Four Corners New York, and in turn, her fictional character may also have inspired a commonly repeated story about a certain Betsy Flanagan, who in 1779 in Georgetown, Virginia, is said to have served drinks to her customers, garnished with the feathers of her neighbor's rooster. She and her father had killed it earlier that day because of the feud with that neighbor. The patrons took to calling to drink cocktails so the story goes. Of course, these stories are almost too entertaining to believe. Another explanation is that the name doesn't refer to a literal rooster's tail, but to a plant called the cox tail, or cola de gallo, because of its resemblance to the feathered tail. According to this story, the root of the cola de gallo plant was used to stir a kind of mixed drink in Mexico.  Yet another idea is that cocktail comes from the expression cock tailings, tailings as in the dregs, in this case at the bottom of a barrel of ale. The cock in this case supposedly refers to the peg used to stopper the barrel. According to this idea, the tailings would be mixed together and sold at reduced price, perhaps with other ingredients mixed in to make it more palatable, thus leading to the idea of a mixed drink. But there's little linguistic evidence for this explanation. And now for one that's pretty clearly untrue, but it's so great I can't resist telling it. As the story goes, the word cocktail comes from the name of an Aztec princess, Xochitl, and related to the name of an Aztec goddess, Xochitl, goddess of fertility and beauty. The name Xochitl is a Nahuatl word meaning flower. There are a number of variants to this story which don't make a lot of historical sense. Xochitl was either a princess who served drinks to American soldiers, very unlikely, or an Aztec princess who gave a drink to the king for some romantic purpose. The most elaborate version suggests that Xochitl was the daughter of the Aztec emperor and was due to be married. However, she was also the mistress of the conquistador Hernan Cortez and secretly made a deal with him, possibly to protect her family. Apparently, she got the Aztec warriors drunk and seduced them. Then when they were all passed out, Cortez was able to kill them all. When her role in this was discovered, she was put to death. However, there doesn't seem to be any such historical figure and the story may be mixed up with the very real figure of the linguistically talented La Malinque who was indeed Cortez's mistress as well as his translator. The closest thing to a historical Aztec princess by that name is the semi-legendary Toltec queen Xochitl. During the civil war which brought down the Toltec empire, she is said to have raised a battalion comprised entirely of women. Interestingly, she is in fact credited with inventing an alcoholic drink, polkei, made from agave honey, which she gave to her future husband, the emperor Tekpen Kultzen, though that's certainly not a cocktail. This drink and their relationship was said to have brought misfortune to the Toltec civilization, which in fact fell before the Aztecs arose and thus before the conquistadors arrived too. This story might have become confused and turned into a later folk etymology for cocktail since Xochitl's name sounds a bit similar. Well, all that etymologizing is thirsty work. I think I'll take a break now and next time we'll look at a few more possibilities, including the most likely origin for the word cocktail and how the drink flows through subsequent history like it's about to flow into my cocktail glass. Today, since I've been discussing the earliest forms of cocktails, I'm going to make an old-fashioned cocktail, a recipe developed by whiskey distiller Colonel James Pepper and the bartender of the Pendennis Club in Louisville, Kentucky around 1900, but in the style of the original cocktail drink. First, place a sugar cube in the appropriately named old-fashioned glass and saturate it with angostura bitters. Then, add a dash of water, muddle until the sugar is dissolved. Fill the glass with ice cubes and add an ounce and a half of rye whiskey. Garnish with an orange slice and a cherry. See you next time for the conclusion of cocktail. If you have comments or questions, I'm at alliterative on Twitter or leave them in the comments section below. You can also read more of my thoughts at my blog, The Endless Knot.


Hello and welcome to the Coach's Corner. I'm joined now with Dave Burdan, head coach of the cross-country teams. And Coach, you went up the row in this week and got some pretty strong performances. Let's first talk about the men's side. A lot of guys finishing their personal best. Yeah, so pretty much every returning guy ran a big personal best, some of them as much as a three-minute PR. And then even Langston Gash, who was our top guy again, even he ran almost a minute PR compared to last year. So I was really, really happy with the performance. And overall, you guys finished fourth in a pretty, a larger field than you've seen this year. 17 total teams, and you guys finished fourth. Can you talk a little bit about that? Yeah, I was happy with the finish. The teams that beat us are all in the top three to five in their respective regions. So I mean, it was a stronger field than we've seen yet. And keeping on that trend on the women's side, you finished six out of a field of 17 again, with, again, some more strong finishes on the women's side. Yeah, so the women, I mean, they're continuing to improve. We sat out Kelly Winklebauer because her calf was bottoming her a little bit, and I just didn't think it was worth it this early in the season. So we could have finished a little bit higher had we run her. But I'm still happy with the way the performance has won. Did you push the teams a little bit harder into their meet in Rowan because they're going to have off this week? Yeah, so I backed off their training a tiny bit leading up to Rowan just to see what type of shape everybody was in. And then due to the fact that we don't have a race this weekend, this week's kind of a hard week of training. Got it. And then because it's so far out, I mean, we'll be able to talk a little bit more next week about what you expect in those two meets. But preliminary now, before you get into the training, what types of things can you expect in that meet two weeks from now? So the women, again, we're going to Salisbury, and they'll race 6K, which is their normal distance. The men, most of the men, when they go up to Dickinson, they're going to run a 4K. Dickinson has kind of a unique setup. They call it a long-course, short-course meet. So we can run people in the 8K, or we can run people in a 4K. I see. So it'll be a little different for the guys.  Well, Coach, good luck in those meets that you have, and good luck in the training this week. And he's Dave Burdan. I'm Joe Wamban. This has been the Coach's Corner.


Ola, Danny, I think I know the most interesting fact about you to start. There are players who will be in the 2021 draft who are actually older than you are. Is that amazing? That is amazing. Let me kind of take the back story and you correct me where I'm wrong, OK? All right, let's do it. You moved to the United States from Nigeria when you're eight. At first, they want to put you in fifth grade, two grades ahead of where you should be.  They wanted me to let me just put it in sixth grade, but my mom put me in fifth. OK, so I was somewhat close. Yeah, somewhat close, yeah.   You became a football player somewhere in there. When did you start playing football when you were 13 or 14? When I was 13, that's when I started playing football. I got fat when I came into the States. So, like, at some point in time, it transitioned and I just couldn't play soccer like that anymore. So coaches came and started recruiting me, calling on my mom.  Who is Ola Adani as a player that Titans fans need to know? What are you going to add? Man, where do I start? Ola Adani is a guy that brings a lot of energy on and off the field. You know, I'm a fun guy, but I'm also a guy that's ready to learn. Also got ready to get better, very aggressive guy and, you know, a guy that's ready to contribute and add to the tight nation. Man, it's time to tighten up. There you go. All right. So let's talk about why you love special teams so much, because that's what you've been able to do mostly so far in your NFL career with the Steelers. What is it about playing teams that get you going? Man, special teams, man, it changes the game. You can do everything on special teams. So, you know, why not, you know, put the same energy towards that? I can do it to these things.  When you found football, you found hitting people was really a lot of fun, didn't you? It's good. That's what I had to do. They tried me to tie them, but I didn't like that. Tried me to Ola. No, sir. Talk to me about your skills at Outside Linebacker, because you're you're kind of the unpolished gem.  They found all these guys who are six feet, six, one, six, two, two hundred and fifty pounds, power players, maybe not built like the typical outside backers, but guys that find a way to get to the quarterback. What's your game like rushing the passer?  I have the versatility to bring speed to power at any point in time, you know. So I still have the power game. You know, I bring a lot of that aspect, too. And I have that sort of playing inside linebacker as well. I could move it on, I could do a lot of things. So I think that I have the same body that an inside linebacker could have, you know, so there's a lot of versatility to my game. Why the Titans? Coach Vable played a linebacker. He knows the game, he, you know, he played it at the top of the level. And that's why I'm trying to get to the bottom of the career, you know what I'm saying? Why not come learn from a coach like that? You know, why not study and also having a guy like Bugle? You know, that's my dog. We came from the same place, you know, we learned together, you know. And he's my OG, you know, and it'd be great to keep learning from my OG. What has Bud Dupri meant to you as a football player and as a person? It meant a lot. Even when I came to the league, I stayed in the same neighborhood with Bud Staten. We was probably five houses down from each other. That's how close we were. He had the same mentality coming in and he just taught me the game and just taught me how to get myself to the pro level. And, you know, I've just been able to learn from the locker. Our locker is right by you, you know. So every day I would have conversations and we were just so close. We just went on a trip together for his birthday, you know. So it's like, you know, we just went to be with him and we talked about this. I was like, bro, wherever you going, I'll go. You know what I mean? So and it's just it's great to see it actually come through. I'm just ready to go.


Okay, this is a video write up for the problem of request me for 30 points on TJ CTF recent capture flag competition It was a web challenge got 154 solves not that many and I think that was because so many people got frustrated with this challenge It was kind of a guessing challenge. I think I don't know really if that's fair for me to say and it's you know It seemed to be broken for a lot of the competition I think the organizers kind of had to fix it and change some of the request responses, etc Because and no one was particularly happy with it. I think some solutions would work for some of the time and then it would just simply not Sometimes it would work sometimes it wouldn't because things did not seem to be Working the way that it should have so okay I tried to showcase what the challenge originally did once you took a look at it It a simple get request will give you the wrong flag with a let me Google that for you notion So let's take a look at some of the other possible HTTP requests. We can do let's copy the link hop over to a terminal and In that directory because I like to make directories for every challenge We can go ahead and curl the link for it It tells me wrong flag and gets again giving me that LMG TY Because that is the get request that I tried to do if I wanted to change the method here I wanted to say let's try and run options just like it said we can see what options We potentially have we can run get we can run post we can run put delete and obviously options Just we just did so let's try and see what post will do It says it may actually need username and password. Okay, so let's go ahead and give it some of those we can pass in data username can equal Credentials here and there's no notion as to what credentials could possibly be used So I think some people tried the low-hanging fruit basic easy stuff We even went to some lengths as a try with Hydra, but it seems that the real solution was admin and admin So you can kick yourself over that if you're if you're angry, although that didn't work for us So let's try some other ones. I actually moved over to just try to use the put option and That said, oh, I stole your credentials. Okay, peculiar. Don't know what that means. It looks like we were able to supply it That's fine. Let's try and run Delete Because I know that was another option that we could use here and that says oh could not access your level for that You got a login with proper credentials. The other notion up here It says some methods require HTTP basic auth and I think that is the case with the delete options So let's actually add that to our credentials here We can use tack you with curl and we can specify like username and password as colon colon So that we should just run that My terminal kind of got screwed up in the display there So if you want that full thing, it's just tack you admin colon admin and it gives us finally the flag is TJ CTF Why are there so many options? So I never really entirely understood this challenge I think when I discussed with organizers and I tried to show them my script because I did this in Python for the real thing I was they said there's a certain order. You can go through some of these in I think you have to actually give it the credentials before you run delete You have to yeah, you have to run put or post on there before you get some of those So it acts very strangely, but I think that order should be put and then delete So if I change this to run put first, it says I stole your credentials. That's a new message It did not originally have that which again was kind of a strange gap Looks like delete didn't work with that. So maybe we want to run put post and then delete Again very very strange some guesswork in this case post whatever And then delete maybe No, okay Post put and then delete again. They told me it was some order that we needed to run and I got it kind of at one point eventually just developed a script that would get it constantly But it's very fragile and odd and I was unsure what they wanted there maybe post put and then delete But I just kept requesting it tried those different options and bang my head against the wall long enough that I got that so Again, I'm sorry if you're kicking yourself over this, but that was the solution for this challenge I hope you enjoyed watching this video and I hope to see you in some more I want to give a special shout out to the people that support me on patreon These individuals are phenomenal. Thank you so much $1 a month on patreon will give you a special shout out just like this at the end of every video $5 a month on patreon will give you early access to everything I'll release on youtube before it goes live If you did like this video and you want to see more capture the flag video write-ups programming tutorials other stuff that I do Please do like comment and subscribe join the discord server link in the description Awesome cool people community there totally hang out with us and play some ctf games. Hope to see you on patreon Hope to see you in the next video. Thanks


What can I say? I think we all know why we're here right now. I mean we all know that Toy Freddy's now officially in Five Nights at Freddy's AR Special Delivery and a huge update has just rolled out. Look at this! So it's the Valentine's event, obviously. Um, yeah. Alright. There is an email but we'll get to that later right now. I just want to talk about this because this looks amazing! This looks so good. We got a preview of this doing um, Darko's Stream, the interview with um, Kiran. And this just, this looks amazing. Same thing with the shop. Like they updated the shop. Freddy's now holding a um, a um, box of chocolates. And it's got a little Freddy logo on the ribbon. That is so, so good. Um, before this big Valentine's update, they did roll out another one equally as big. And that had the free coins where you can watch and add.  I don't know if you can tell, um, but I've just been spamming that thing. And I do have 2.3. I, I've been debating on buying this because at the same time I want a suit, but I also want to beat him normally. Like officially beat him. Um, oh, CPU's here as well. That looks awesome. That, that is a great CPU. Um, yeah, I've just been spamming the ads. And sometimes they do disappear, but that is just a um, an error for the server. So don't freak out too much about that. So yeah, going back to what I was saying though, I might either, I do have one Freddy. And I don't know how he operates. I literally have zero clue. So I might just buy more lowers than hope. I didn't just hope we get a suit, but I don't know. I do have more money, but I don't really want to spend all of it. So um, yeah, we'll just see what happens. But right now let's activate our toy Freddy Laura. I'm super excited. Also, you can now rotate baby and rotate toy Chica. Um, I find her the back side of her bib super odd, but whatever, what can you do? I also got toy Bonnie's suit. So we have everyone except Frostbear and um, Toy Freddy. Also, uh, toy Chica now spawns naturally. And I think you probably could see it, but um, her mini pack is here. Um, 4,200 and then also some of her lowers are here for 1600 pretty good pricing. Not gonna lie, much better than her initial release. So, um, yeah, this game is becoming so much better and I'm so happy. Oh, I saw him. I saw him. There he is. He's right over the horizon. His cheeks look huge, but that might just be cause he's far away. So I did not realize that this gives three toy Freddy lowers. So you know what we're going to do? We're just going to buy there right now. Oh, I have 15 tokens left. Let's see. Uh, let's give it a Chica. Let's see him. Oh my God. He legit looks awesome right now. He looks so good.  Look at our big boy right here. Oh, I'm so happy. Also, apparently the original voice actor is back, but he does sound a little bit different. I have heard one or two of his lines on the Reddit cause some people got him early due to a um, a restarting bug or something like that. So I have heard his voice. No clue how he operates though, but we do have four tries. So this is going to be, this is going to be my first reaction to him as a character, which means I have zero clue how he walks at all. Um, I'm actually going to get rid of my chair like usual so I can move around better. Should probably move the camera down a bit more as well. Hey, how are we doing? Okay. I'm ready, Freddy. Also, the, uh, the gift box thing is back, though it's a box of chocolates now that I like that it's themed.  Hopefully they do that through other updates. Like, um, I think they talked about an Easter update. Maybe, um, personally, I think Easter Bonnie from Freddy and Space Two would be a great character though. I don't really know how they would do that, but, uh, yeah, that's my personal pick. The mask does return for Toy Freddy, obviously. I don't know if his eyes change color like Toy Bonnie. I don't know his haywire system. I don't know anything about him. Um, oh, here we go. Here we go. Yeah, it is the same voice actor, slightly different, uh, tone of voice, I guess you could say. Ooh, wait, what? Shake, shake mask? What do I do? Hey? What do I do? Ooh. Hey? Are you saying something? He drains your battery. That's interesting. Huh. Damn. Now I gotta wait a super long time for that to recharge. Shoot. What do, what do you do? I'm actually going to look up on the Reddit because I don't want to keep doing trial and error because I do only have three more tries. So I'm going to look up how he walks, be right back. So you put on the mask. So I did kind of do the right thing, but, uh, not really. All right. So now that I know, now that I know that, let's get back to, let's get back to the fight. All right. So I bought some extra batteries. I have seven now. So hopefully we should be good. Even though I know that I should put on the mask when he's draining the battery, I just want to make sure we're going to be safe for the entire run. So while I'm waiting for him to come back, I do want to talk a little bit about additional animatronics coming in the future. I don't think it's been too long since Toy Bonnie. I think it's been maybe two weeks. And I think if we get a character every two weeks, that is going to be the best thing ever because originally we were only getting one a month. We had Toy Chica. Um, and I guess you can count Frostbear as well in December. Then we had Toy Bonnie in January. Now we have Freddy very early on in February. So what I'm hoping is going to happen is that, sorry, I'm just checking to make sure he's not here yet. He's on the horizon right now. Hopefully this is going to be regular, like at least maybe two to three weeks. We'll get a new character. Honestly, who they're going to add next. Could be anyone. Could be the three characters that we've seen that have been teased already, plus trap left you a front time footy, or they could finish it off with a more of the toy animatronics, or at least animatronics from FNAF 2, like the puppet or the main goal, or literally anyone. They have so many possibilities and that's the best part about this game. I love the fact that they have another event going on because the last one we had, it's been a while since the last event. I think the last one was Thanksgiving. Yeah, it was Thanksgiving because it was the get your streak on event. So you could see how high up your street could get by the end of the week. I didn't really partake in it because I was already at a point where I literally couldn't get any farther because I suck at the game. Daily challenges. Again, I've mentioned this in previous videos, but hopefully those are coming soon because Illumix has mentioned that they're working on other features for FNAF AR besides additional characters. So hopefully we're going to get those soon. Maybe this month I'm hoping for within the next few weeks, but I don't know. I got to hand it to them. This is a big update and it's just it's great. That's all what I'm trying to say. They are really redeeming themselves with this update. All right. If there's another thing they need to update, it's the fact that Lord characters should have priority over other characters. I don't care whether they're natural characters or if there's characters that people have sent you. If I have purposely chosen to send Toy Freddy to myself, I should get them as soon as possible. Here we go. Where's the mask when he drains the battery? Oh, yes. Maybe. Oh, hey, keep that on. Yeah, that works. Put on the mask when he drains it. Oh, hey, no. You can hear it stop when it's done draining. You can hear it end. Oh, hey, shake, shake, shake a little bit. So his eyes don't change, which is good. Oh, my God. That's awesome. One of my copyrighted jingles.   What do you get? Sugar. Oh, hey. Oh, he's glitching out. Boy, he's glitching. Well, that was pretty successful. This is like a post a video where we were like actually beating him. Oh, we got a CPU too. This is the most successful video of an FAR that I think I've ever done. That's awesome. All right. I'm going to activate this final two, and we're just we're just going to beat him again, maybe even a second time. Honestly, he's not that bad. He's really not that bad. If I had to do like a ranking system of difficulty for the toy animatronics, he would probably be the lowest. Probably not above or below Torchiga. I don't know. He's really not that difficult. I literally beat him like second try. Then again, I didn't know how he worked the first time. So I guess technically first try. So yeah, he's really not that difficult. I would still say that Toy Bonnie is the most difficult toy character as of this video being released. We don't have mango yet, so I'm not sure how difficult they are going to be. But yeah, Toy Freddy, really not that bad once you know what he does. I wonder if they were eventually going to make all of the special event characters, permanent characters to the game, because they did that with Torchiga. I wonder if they're going to do that for the other characters. Probably not Frostbear because he is a really seasonal character, but like Toy Bonnie and Toy Freddy. Maybe? I don't know. Again, they can really do whatever they want. They have so many characters to choose from. All right, Toy Freddy again. Here we go. I think I've mentioned this in previous videos, but Sal is your best friend in this game. What's with you and Jingles, man? George? Hey, what are you doing? Declog maybe? Go on. Oh, hey. Quick. Unless it's, hold on. Unless it's AYO kind of very strict, he's not that bad. What was? I think you got cut off there, mate.  I think I kicked my desk. I like how you can see the light flashing when in the mask. That's a nice little touch. Nice. He's not that bad, really. He's really not that bad. Once you know how to defend against him, he's really not that bad. All right, we have the other one. He already, hopefully, he can come like, I don't know, right now. Just get it over with. All right, final Toy Freddy fight. Oh no. In fact, I want you to leave this party, please. Oh, is it glitch now? Oh, it might be. Shoot. He didn't want to do this. Oh, two used normal characters. I freaking love that line, but no. No, he's very forgiving. He's easy. He's easy, boys. My jingles. Oh, wait. Don't say that during a Valentine's event. That could be taken out of context very easily. Oh, keep that on. Shall we get it? Look at that bright light on him. Create thumbnail material right there, boys. Again, he's easy. I like, I don't like, there's nothing else I can say. He's a very easy character to defeat. I think this is the best update the gamers have gotten. This just, this adds so much. And I'm counting the, um, the whole Permanent Toy Chica edition and the ads when I'm talking about this update, I think it's the best thing yet. Very clearly, there was a need for, there was a need for a way to get Fast Coins without having to buy them. And even though 10 Fast Coins per ad isn't really the best, I was at 400 Fast Coins, and then I just sat there like all night, just add, add, add. And I got up, I got a thousand more coins. And I'm not good at math right now, but someone can do that math. And I, I watched hundreds of ads, but I don't care. Cause if Illumix keep releasing, if they keep releasing updates like this, you know, they can take my whole wallet. I will watch thousands of ads. I will watch ads for 24 hours straight Mr. Beast challenge. I just, this is a great update. This is fantastic. I just, I love it. I love it so much. I also love the fact that Toy Freddy is the Valentine's character. That's just hilarious. I also love that the original voice actor came back. Again, sounds a little bit different than what he sounded like in Custom Night, but you can't really notice it all that much. And hey, at least it's not Toy Bonnie. Yeah, that's it. I'm just going to end it right here so I can get this video up as soon as possible.  This, this is again the best update ever. So thanks for watching. Hopefully I'll see you pretty soon for another FNAF AR video. Again, don't know who it's going to be, but you can debate that in the comments. So thanks for watching and I'll see you all on the FubZine. Goodbye.


Okay. Welcome again. The next talk will be about Britain and the talk, the speaker is Anthony Towns. Howdy, thanks for coming. This was originally a full length talk and I got asked to turn it down and when I did my slides yesterday that didn't turn out so well so I might be going a little bit fast. I guess most people here are non-native English speakers. Can you stick your hand up if you don't speak English natively? Yeah, so the first section will be not that relevant so hopefully that'll get you used to my accent and whatever and you can cope with when we get to the complicated stuff. So I'm Anthony Towns. I'm to blame for a lot of stuff from about ten years ago. Most of that bit's not relevant so I was DPL of TP Master blah blah blah. But more particularly I was the original author of Britney so it was originally in Pearl and then Pearl and C and then Python and C and now it's thankfully been taken over by other people so there's a sat-solver version that I don't think actually gets used and there's a new version that's in pure Python so it doesn't have the horrible C stuff and I think there's a guy in the back there that's responsible for that mostly. More recently I was a release engineer at Red Heart so similar job, less political stuff, more technical things and obviously all RPM stuff instead of Dev stuff. I was in the Australian office and I worked with the docs team and the storage team and pretty much everyone else. If you're looking for a job and are interested in working with things that aren't Debian, I totally recommend Red Heart. The first day I joined there was a huge flame war about licensing so I thought right at home. So one of the things about working at Red Heart is that unlike Debian it's a big company so they actually care about all the boring legal side of things and not the copy left licensing stuff but are we going to be risking millions of dollars of money if we have bugs and whatever else? So one of Red Heart's customers is people running stock markets for instance.   So and one of the things that comes with that is a kind of reproducible builds version so if you've got everything you ever used and released you want to also be able to reproduce the build environment and be able to kind of get at the same thing again. So if you look at Red Heart reproducible builds you'll get something that's not quite as cool as the reproducible builds that's going on in Debian at the minute. Okay and so what that's all done with is the Koji build system. It's kind of a combination of tools from the Debian universe so it's like DAC in that it manages the archive that gets mirrored out or sent up to RHN and mirrored out whatever. It's also like S build in that it handles all the auto builders. It's kind of like P builder in that it's used for test builds from developers. It's like Alioth in that it kind of controls a distro wide get of the source code and it's kind of like snapshot.debian in that it's got a whole lot of history going back for years and years. So Koji was one of the things I worked on at Red Heart. Yeah, that's links to various information, whatever. So the sorts of things that you can do with Koji is commands like that that you'd run on your laptop to the first one is kind of like promoting a build into testing. The second one is doing an official build and uploading it and the third one is just doing a test build like you're doing P builder. So when I say it's like DAC, I mean it really is kind of the same. So take a DAC command line. You can generally have a pretty similar Koji command line. The example there is just listing the source packages that are currently in testing or the way yesterday and the source RPMs that are currently in Fedora 22. So where Koji gets interesting and does things that Debian can't do is in history. So with DACLS or R Madison you can see what's currently in the archive and you can do the same thing with Koji but Koji also lets you see what things were like what back in February the 8th. And you can do that just with a simple command line from your laptop at home, whatever. And you can also get an audit trail. So when did the packages get uploaded? When did they change? Who did them? And a simple command will just give you a history of that that you probably can't actually read. Is that any better? So an audit trail like that makes things easier to kind of understand when you're not just hacking on some code and you end up with a bug. So if you end up a few weeks later with something doesn't work on my system but it works fine on mine, is that because you're running a different version because I'm out of date because you're out of date. And it's basically similar to some of the sorts of things you get in Git. So you can do a kind of Git bisect except with repositories instead of just a single code base. You can obviously do a Git blame. So back here we had who tagged this broken version of Firefox into Fedora 22. And the other kind of useful thing that's, the other thing that's kind of useful for is that you can just look up the history of, if you were doing lots of build system stuff, you can look up the history of what you were doing three months ago. So I kind of think all that was pretty cool. And so the question is can I redo that somewhere else that's now relevant now that I'm not at Red Hat? And okay, it'd be cool to have DAC do it, but DAC's pretty complicated, so screw that. Be kind of cool to have devotee or DebBugs have kind of historical information. So DebBugs in its mail logs has a history of who changed the severity and whatever else, but it's not really queryable. That'd be cool, I think, but both of those are pretty complicated. So I figured what could be simpler than Brittany. Hey, I wrote it and it's still pretty similar to that. So that's kind of what I figured. So if you want to kind of try something new, keeping it simple is a good idea. You could go haywire with Brittany and try to record exactly when it tagged what into testing. That's kind of getting to the point of doing everything with DAC as well so that gets complicated. And I figured the hints file is kind of how the release team interacts with Brittany. Who here is familiar with the hints files? Who here is not familiar with the hints files? Great, next slide. So the hints files are how people control Brittany. The only other way is really changing the code, and that's not really very much fun when there's more than one person using it. So back in the day, that's how I did it. Okay, so not next slide. Sorry, we've got a break. As you might guess from the title of the talk, how you do this is with temporal tables. And temporal tables are relatively simple in that you're really just adding some time stamps to the database that you've already got. So there's two kind of different ways to do that. One is with a time stamp of when an entry is valid and when it's invalid, and the other is a history table as compared to the current table. So either adding columns to your existing table or adding a whole separate, this is how stuff used to be table. So the way I chose is basically the same way Koji does it. I couldn't find a better way. You store the times when what's in the database changed, you store when it's becoming valid, and I've also got an extra column that says that's just a boolean to say, okay, this is an active row because that makes indexing a little bit easier. I like that because there's only one table to query, and when you're doing updates, it can be fairly atomic. So that's what a table looks like. Is that readable? So a hints file might have a couple of packages frozen. So d-package apps in aptitude in this case. And the corresponding table to store that, it would have just originally, wow, that's exciting. It would have originally just had a single column saying the package to be blocked. To make it a temporal table, we add some timestamps, which are these two, and the active record. To make that a little bit more complicated, we've got the indexes and uniqueness constraints. So uniqueness constraint on active and package. If we set active to be true or null, then that means we've only got one active package at a time. And I've also got a primary key on create and package because I think that's useful, but I'm not sure. The other constraints are fairly straightforward, I think. So queries on that become a little bit more complicated, but not a whole heap. So if you want to insert something into a temporal table, you have to make sure that the old version is obsolete if there was one, and then you're just inserting one. So if there was an old active version, then where is it? If there was an old active version of GCC, then we set it no longer active and marked the time that we deleted it, and then we can just insert the new one. And that's a fairly simple formula that you can just basically pattern match to whatever your old insert clause was. Similarly for delete, we're not actually deleting anything from the table anymore, we're just setting the delete column, and updates get a bit more complicated because if you're doing more than one row, you need to get a copy of the data, possibly modified, and insert new rows, and that's not a trivial standard SQL command. And yeah, let's just skip that. Sorry for the video. Boop, boop. Okay, so Britain. I chose to do it in Python because everything's in Python, except if it's not in Haskell. SQL alchemy is awesome because it lets you do database agnostic, not obnoxious, database agnostic SQL. You kind of construct it as code, and it'll do the dialect stuff for you. I haven't been able to find anything other languages that really do that. And I'm assuming it's run locally, so I'm not doing client service stuff, and I'm doing it as subcommands because subcommands are cool. Okay, and the goals make something useful. Hopefully it'll be generalizable so I can reuse some of this code later for like devotee or debugs or whatever comes to mind, but make it useful first, and hopefully make it easy for the release team to try it out. Okay, so this is the next slide that I was referring to 100 slides ago. The hint types that the release team can stick in the hint files, and if you want to be a release assistant sometime and help them out, this is kind of useful knowledge. Basically, they're just a bunch of one-line commands that tell Britain that it should try and remove a package, it should block or freeze a package, that a particular version of a package is worth bypassing the freeze, that a particular version of a package should go in in spite of new bugs or broken compiles or whatever else, and it also has hints for the complicated transitions where one package breaks another, so they all have to go in at once, and the other one is just overriding the urgency, so instead of waiting five days or 10 days or two days, it can be forced to wait 20 days or zero days. Okay. So, because I want to make this kind of temporal now, so I want to have you be able to introduce a block on a package, remove a block on a package, but also have the block on the package be still there, but let this particular version of the package go through, I kind of decided that unblock was a little bit ambiguous, so I'm using the block or are you just going straight through it? So I've kind of renamed them, so the hints that I'm using are now remove, block, approve, exempt instead of force and transition instead of hint. And so the idea then is that for each of these hint types will be basically three subcommands to BritHint that let you list the hints that are current, and add a hint of that type or that you remove a hint of that type. Okay. So implementation, creating tables in SQL Alchemy, SQL Alchemy Core is what it is. My implementation of subcommands is pretty obscure and horrible, but I didn't get to repeat myself too much, so does that. If anyone wants to come and grab me later and tell me how to do subcommands nicely, that would be great because I really don't like any of the ways that actually work, let alone the way I've done it. Okay. So the main way that the code is structured is with a generic temporal table class. So instead of the ORM model of having an object per row, I've just got an object per table. So that object then implements query and insert and update and remove sort of methods. And my idea here is that once if I can make this generalizable to other applications, then this temporal table will just be able to pick up what's in the database and say, okay, sure, you've got a temporal table of bug severities, fine. Here's where you query functionality for that without having to write, without having to subclass or do a new code. And that's kind of working. So it offers a query method. So you can put in envis just to link to the database session. So the transaction lets you choose the time stamp to query on. And then the keyword arguments is all the columns for the database. So you can query on package or query on version or query on the transition name is pretty much all that these ones have. And then that just translates to a temporal table query, which is complicated enough, but not terribly straightforward unlike this sentence. Okay. So it also has an update method and also has a removal method that seemed to disappear somewhere. Oh well. Yep. So there's a Malt class because Malt is the name that I'm going to use if I can actually generalize this into other and to other uses that provides the access to the database. And obviously it's got a, I've obviously implemented a history option because I think history is cool. It's really complicated. The idea is that history calls are generalizable.  So the question is, does it work? Is anyone from working on the Tanglou stuff here? Okay, cool. Tanglou has another Brittany instance and they're kind enough to have actually checked all their hints into Git over the past couple of years. So that's been a great test case. So I've gone through the Git and imported that into Britain and voila, that's probably completely illegible. Better? Is that readable at the back? That's probably the best I can do. So it'll basically let you query who did something and tell you from 2014 to 2015 Noscage made these changes to the hints files and likewise for a particular package it'll tell you who did what to it and that's all working fine just imported straight from hints files and likewise obviously it can tell you what the current state of the Tanglou hints are. So they've only got removals active and these are the packages they're trying to remove at the minute. So ideas for the future, I'd obviously like to actually publish the source code. I've started synchronizing with the Brittany hints but that's only been for a few days so it's only been a few auto removals that I've got there which isn't terribly interesting. Obviously this is a pitch to the release team to see if they want to try and use it. Currently missing is easy and forced transitions, UDEB block UDEB and unblock UDEB variants which I don't think actually do anything different to regular block and unblock and urgent and aged days. Ideally I'd love to generalize this more obviously and there we go. Yes. So I've actually got one question for you guys what license should I use? What's a good license these days? Hands up for GPL2? Okay, that's pretty convincing. GPL3 interesting and non-copy left really more non-copy left than GPLV2 in this crowd. I'm shocked. Okay, non-copy left disease. So if anyone wants to ask me questions while I see if I can publish this anyone? Bueller? Bueller? How do I yes that. That's now freely licensed and up on GitHub. Hopefully. I assume that worked. Yeah. Okay, thank you very much then. So you go to all this effort to make the database time aware I'm kind of surprised that there is no ready-made support from let's say PostgreSQL that you can sustain well keep all history of all tables in the past and here are special SQL commands that query the state from some earlier point. Did you look into existing databases that provide that out of the box? So there are add-ons to PostgreSQL that there is a temporal add-on to PostgreSQL that does things along these lines. I didn't want to use database specific stuff because I like developing on SQLite and deploying on PostgreSQL so hence the SQL alchemy stuff. I'm not sure the PostgreSQL stuff is great but there's definitely Oracle and Windows stuff for doing this because I mean they do tax stuff with temporal table sort of things, right? So you could have used wine and used the database? I'm sure someone else could have, yeah. Okay, that must make it about lunchtime.


So let's modify the arrays we can create them now by just adding values or strings We can generate them by either filling them running a little for loop There's all sorts of ways to to Generate an array, but let's see once they exist. How can we change to them? We're gonna look through a few functions built-in Julia functions that will change them They come in two varieties Basically one with and one without the exclamation mark that exclamation mark is usually referred to as a bang and when you add a bang It makes the changes that that function Makes to the ray it makes a permanent. So let's just create an array. We're gonna use the collect function Through this unit range. I'm not putting a step in so the default steps gonna be used Which is one so we're just gonna jump one integer at a time. We've got a five element column array of 64-bit integers now, let's add a value to the end and There we can use this push exclamation mark or push bang the arguments that it takes is the ray that you want to To act on and the value that you want to add So let's add that and lo and behold. We have a six. It's permanent that mod underscore ray is now permanently changed What if I want to add an element at the start of the array? Well, there is the unshift Function and we're gonna add a zero day and lo and behold. We have zero one two three four five six What if I want to remove the last element? okay, let's use pop and Mod array and it removes the last value which was a six and it returns that value Let's call mod array again, and you can see it is just be zero to five Whatever I wanted to remove that first element now. We're gonna use this shift function So shift is going to remove the first element unshift will add a first element So it's a bit confusing. There you go. It returns what it will remove for unmoderate or moderate again I says one two three four five. Let's create a new one called mod underscore ray And we just passed the values 11 12 13 14 and 15 because I want to show you What if we wanted not to add or delete something at the start or the end but some way in the middle? So let's choose an index. So I'm gonna say delete at Moderate comma three so this delete at with a bank. So it's a permanent change on the moderate function Please remove index value at index number three Julia starts counting from number one. So 11 12 13 13 is going to be removed and It returns for me the full sometimes some of these functions return the full array Sometimes it returns what it removes. You just have to watch out So delete at it's going to return for me the new array So what if I wanted to add Or to put the value 13 back at position 3 Now it's not as simple as that. What is at position number 3 now if we were to call moderate now We're gonna get 11 12 13 14. What is in position number 3? Well, it's the 14 and in that Place there. I want to put a 13. So if I run this, what do I get? I get 14 back That might be a bit confusing, but what it is returning the splice function Is the value that it is removing to make place for the 13? So it's this 14 that is going to be checked out because if I call moderate again, it's now 11 12 13 15 Now what if I want that 14 back? I didn't necessarily want it to placed Well, then I have to pass more than one value. So replacing the value in position 4. What is position 4? It's 11 12 13. It's the 15 So go to splice the moderate position 4 and add to it this unit range 14 to 15 with an increment of 1 and if I do that is this going to say 15 that is what was removed it was spliced there and the 15 was removed because if I call moderate now It's going to be 11 12 13 14 15 So you've got to be very careful when you want to try when you want to add things in The middle of an array or at least not at the start or the end Now let's sort arrays. Sometimes that's very necessary thing to do. So let's create a 10-element array I'm going to use the ran function in this unit range 10 to 20 inclusive and I want 10 Elements back so between the values of 10 and 20 inclusive, please give me 10 values at CEDA random So there's a 10 element array all of them 64 bit integers in the first dimension That means a one column. I can ask for it to be sorted. So I'm just going to use sort and just a string array I'm not passing any other arguments and that is just going to go in a sending order So 12 12 14 15 all the way up to the 20 20, but I did not use a bang. I just said sort So if I call string array again, nothing has changed. It is still in the order that it was before So if I want to make that permanent, I've just got to use the bang version of the sort function And if I now call str underscore array, it is still sorted So that's a few ways just to modify the common ways to modify an array Next up, we're going to just increase the Dimensions or we're just going to have more than one column or more than one row. We're going to talk about matrices


Hey guys, welcome back to my YouTube channel. This is Daniel Rosal here bringing you this video from Jerusalem And I want to talk today about buying computer gear in Israel If you are into desktop computing or gaming or just tech in general and you're looking to Find where to buy these things in Israel if you've just made aliyah slash move here I wanted to just record this video to try help people out. Okay, so Without further ado, let's jump into the browser. Okay, so when it comes to bricks and mortar slash retail stores in Israel There's really two main names to be aware of one of them is called KSP. The other one is called Ivory and they're very they tend to be really similar in terms of their inventory in terms of their prices even I don't know if it's if it's an actual common pairing company. They definitely share a supply chain As I said, you'll find huge overlap in terms of both the prices and what they have both have a Chain list on the internet. It's called in Hebrew reshumats nefim and you can look for you can either type that in a Hebrew KSP reshumats nefim or Ivory reshumats nefim, or you can click on nefim on their website All will get you to a list and as you can as you can see, you know, both have kind of a nationwide presence They're everywhere from Ashkelon to her it's Leah to Haifa to Daveria So KSP Ivory, I find them much of a muchness. I actually slightly prefer Ivory But I buy a decent amount of gear from both of these places and by and large I find the service relatively decent Exception being sometimes warranty repairs in Israel very important to ask about the warranty and how that's provided There's something in Israel in in Israel called ayavuron Harish me, which means the official importer To the best of my knowledge, that's the that's the entity that has the official import license for a particular product So you'll often see that as a benefit listed on Israeli websites But it's good to know who provides the warranty service if you need it because I've had experiences of buying Office office that stuff like a shredder that broke down and they're like, oh the great this is from KSP Oh, it's in warranty. If you want to get your warranty repair, you need to bring it up to this place That's three hours drive away and you're like, I'm not gonna do that So KSP and Ivory and anyway for like general day-to-day stuff they both sell You know in terms of computer components and more or less everything networking networking hardware CPUs RAM GPUs Motherboards speaking of all these components. There's actually also offer really good service of computer assembly So the desktop I'm recording this on I actually Built this in KSP a few years ago now. I say built this Meaning that I basically picked out the components. I picked out a CPU I picked out everything from the fans to the case and then they go ahead and actually do the build So that is a service that exists here. You can also just buy the parts now to state the obvious stuff in Israel is really really expensive for the most part and Computer parts and computers are no exception. It's generally speaking cheaper to buy outside of Israel whether we're talking about Pre-made computers or components or whatever So that's something that you can just to bear in mind Besides those two guys. There are also a number of smaller Operators, so there's a kind of these a long list of niche tech smaller, you know, smaller tech stores smaller IT stores One of them Planta is kind of well known among the gaming community. I'm big into desktop computing But I'm actually not a gamer. I don't game So I'm not so familiar with what kind of stuff gamers like I think mechanical keyboard's higher-end GPUs are up there Planta has a has a decent Selection in this in this kind of world. They don't have a physical Shopfront so it's a store where you buy online and I believe you can pick it up But I'm not sure I checked the website if you're interested Planta is pretty big There's also the site called TMS. I've ordered a couple of things from TMS I Ordered a graphics card. I think I also bought some RAM from them or something like that. I Was a really good experience. I was very happy with them thought they provided good customer service And that so there's also a couple more more like enterprise IT stores. I dealt with a couple I didn't have a great experience with one in particular. Therefore, I'm not going to Recommend them or disrecommend them But just to say that if you're looking for stuff like load balancing writers VPN writers or you know Just your kind of higher-end networking gear Prosumer slash enterprise grade and you can find places for that as well a couple more things just to mention Ali express and ebay Ali express if you haven't heard about it It's this Chinese website that sells it either does free shipping from China to Israel or it does really cheap shipping And I kind of buy like cheaper stuff. I don't buy anything expensive on Ali express I buy stuff like I've popped open microphone foams here because this microphone foam is actually from Ali and this this Microphone and the scissor arm is from Amazon. So that's kind of what I do I Try to buy the best quality at the most affordable price and reasonable logistics So I do buy some stuff here other stuff. I order from Amazon or Ali express or ebay It's really kind of a mixture. Sometimes it is hard to find the more obscure stuff in Israel And that's where they're in the that's where the internet can be a lifesaver So there's there's Ali express which offers really poor customer service But it does have a gigantic product inventory and it takes a long time to get to Israel Sometimes up to a month or even longer. Finally, there is Amazon. So Amazon at the moment when I'm recording this video They're doing a deal to Israel. It's a forty nine dollar deal So if you spend that or above on qualifying items, the shipping is free now in order to see if the items are qualifying They do have this filter called eligible for free shipping You I'm looking here at just some networking cards So these are examples of things that you could buy in Israel But it would probably be cheaper to buy on a place like Amazon despite the fact that it's coming from Somewhere else in the world stuff in Israel probably cost more because the shops also need to import it and also need to make a profit margin So, you know, you can try different places on the internet The only one thing to say is that you have to be a little bit careful When importing wireless gear to Israel now, you might not think What's wireless? We're talking about like walkie-talkie. So wireless can be a Router slash modem router can be is a piece of wireless equipment now I've done covered in a separate video about Importing legally wireless gear to Israel. There's actually a process you can do you can actually request permission from Misrada to show at the Ministry of Communication to import a specific product They also have a pre-approved list covering everything from wireless intercoms to Riders and that kind of thing so you can either see if something's on your list Which in theory means it should get through the system or you can request permission from Misrada to show it But if you do not do do those things and you try to either put a modem in your suitcase or just buy it from a website There is a chance That you might be breaking a law and there is a chance that it's going to be seized at customs By Misrada to show it and they're going to compound it because it lacks the necessary Permission to get into Israel if you don't believe me I've both known people this has happened to and I had a wireless intercom that has vanished into the Israeli bureaucratic black hole So just a couple of heads up to be careful about before you're spending your money Just make sure that it is something that can legally be imported to the country Thank you guys for watching if you're new to Israel looking to buy computer components or whole computers I hope this video was of help and final thing $75 or above in Israel does incur a VAT charge of 17% so just bear that in mind Amazon does have a Import fee calculator feature built into many websites do not Including like new egg. I think so just another thing to be aware of Thank you guys for watching and if you'd like to subscribe to get more videos I do publish ones about living in Israel from time to time. Thank you very much for watching


Hey guys, how are you doing? This is Richard from Merch to be live and I have some breaking news from Pure extract symbol pole. You can see it's been a big winner for a community already. See the trend the website is pure Extracts corp calm and they have some huge news today Take a look at this Pure extracts commences build out a facility in preparation for mushroom extraction and dealers license Big news breaking news from pure extracts technologies corp pole in Canada PULL and a 2Q jaj in Frankfurt Germany a plant-based extraction company is pleased to announce it has begun to build out the fourth unit of its facility for the extraction of mushrooms and to commence research and development of Silo-Cybin under a dealers license huge news breaking news for pole The company is preparing an application to health Canada for a dealers license under the controlled drugs and substances act CDSA which provides among other things the framework for legal access By controlled to controlled substances and the control and regulation of production distribution and sale of Silo-Cybin Under this framework a company is required to obtain a license issued by health Canada in order to conduct various Activities with controlled substances License holders are responsible for compliance with the CDSA and its regulations as well as compliance with other applicable federal provincial and territorial legislation and municipal bylaws the issued license dictates activities conditions and Restrictions for the license holder depending on license permissions a dealers license could allow for the following activities Procurement of controlled substances including by import synthesis Propagation cultivation and harvesting of psychedelic mushrooms for Silo-Cybin extraction Research and manufacture of controlled substances such as Silo-Cybin and Silo-Cyn Business-to-business sale of controlled substances including by export sale of controlled substance via Pharmacies peer extract CEO Ben Nikolaevski remarked as a plant-based extractor and you guys know I love plant-based companies Bringing functional mushroom products to market in Q1 2021 We are very excited to be building out our facility for our move into the controlled substances world of psychedelics It's great to have space adjacent to our cutting-edge facility Which has built the Health Canada standards and to know that the space will also have the same high standards of Construction that peer extracts prides itself on having the ability to do extraction research and development into psychedelic compounds such as Silo-Cybin and Silo-Cyn will prepare peer extracts to work with partners such as medical doctors pharmaceutical companies and pharmacies as clinical trials lead to the legalization of psychedelics and Advancement of micro dosing in the near future Huge news submission of the company's dealer license application is subject to compliance with apical securities laws Including any necessary approvals by the Canadian securities exchange a boat peer extract symbol pull in Canada a 2qjaj in Frankfurt, Germany Company features an all-new state-of-the-art processing facility located just 20 minutes north of world famous whistler British Columbia The bespoke facility has been constructed to European Union GMP standards aiming towards export sales of products and formulations Including those currently restricted in Canada into European jurisdictions where they are legally available on September 25th 2020 peer extracts was granted its standard processing license by Health Canada Under the cannabis act and the company stock began trading on the Canadian Securities Exchange CSE on November 5th 2020 so only five weeks public and it's been a huge winner and now this big news Pure extracts commences build out a facility in preparation for mushrooms extraction and Dealers license big news breaking news. Let me know what you think if you like this video smash the like button Comment down below Subscribe and share the video everywhere. Remember rich TV live is strictly for education entertainment purposes Do your due diligence?  This is the breaking news and we're bring it to you first yet again Thank you guys for watching. This is your boy rich from rich TV live, and I'm oh peace


Mae'r clywed y cwmysgau gwahanol. Mae'n ymgyrch, ac mae'n gwybod gwahanol. Mae'r cymaint gwahanol yn gweithio'r cwmysgau gwahanol. Mae'n cymysgau gwahanol yn y ddod o gyfan, mae'r parlwn cyffredinol ymgyrch yn ei eistedd yn ystod y pethau. Yn cael ei gwrth o'r parlwn cyffredinol, mae'n rhaid i'r ffordd newydd yn yr hynny sy'n cymysgau gwahanol i'r parlwn cyffredinol ac yn cynnig o'r ddod o'r ddod y mynd i'r cyffredinol, fel mae'n of jedi bod nagio? The debates that happened at Westminster Hall have actually got exactly the same status are equally reported as is in an event in the chamber. The difference is that you cannot have a vote in Westminster Hall. As long as it's something where you just want to have a general debate about something the minister still comes into Westminster Hall and gives answers You've still got the shadow minister as well asking questions and making speeches it is exactly the same reportedly in exactly the same way ac mae'r unrhyw ychydig sy'n cael ei wneud. Can I say at the outset that I also support the overall aims of the government in respect to this issue? Members sit round a hemicycle rather than facing each other as they do in the Chamber and it has the advantage that it's more intimate, I think, than the Chamber. The public sit on the same level, which does, for some debates, if you're talking about something that the people listening are very concerned about, makes them feel more connected to the people speaking. This morning, if I may, I want to set out the practical problems and concerns with the government's proposals. You see the Chamber packed for Prime Minister's question time and, of course, for the big statements, for the budget statement and so on, the Chamber is cramped. At other times, my constituents will say to me, well, you know, where are you? Because the Chamber is, you know, either half empty or actually pretty empty. And actually what MPs do outside the Chamber is really important. Members of Parliament have a very busy life, I think. Many are members of select committees, so they will be attending meetings probably at least once a week, usually. Quite a few will be on something called public bill committees, which are the committees which go through legislation, or they will be on committees looking at secondary legislation or on European documents. If we're not in committee, we will have lots of all-party groups that we may be members of, that we are subject matters that we are concerned about. But also, you're obviously back then in your office working with your researchers because we field about 1,000 emails and letters a week from constituents. The job is so varied and one of the things about being an MP that is fantastic is that every single day you arrive and you absolutely have no idea what's going to happen that day. It's always completely different.


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Hello and welcome to Open for Insight, the free open online course about understanding how we can gather insight. To begin I want to ask you three questions. How do you know what's real? How do you know what's true? And how do you know what's fact? Those are some really tough questions. Figuring out what's something and what isn't is not always so easy. We deal with these kinds of questions more in our everyday life than is perhaps apparent at first sight. Let's look at some examples. First, consider social media. People post things about themselves and their lives online. Some of these things are definitely real and true in facts. For instance, pictures from someone skiing holidays might be real and they give an impression of a sporty and fun-loving person. But you never know if that's all there is or if specific information is left out. For instance, maybe those snowy peaks were covered in artificial snow, revealing that the Traveller values winter sports fun over environmental impact. Here's another example. Often, when you buy cosmetics, you will find some testimony on the cover proclaiming that 9 out of 10 users would recommend the product or that 86% of users felt they had smoother skin or wider teeth or something like this after using the product for a certain amount of time. But is such information evidence that the product will work and will it work on you? Similarly, consider the case of manufacturer specifications for products that you buy. For example, car manufacturers provide some estimation of how much fuel the car will use over a specified distance. However, when you drive yourself, you might find these promises varying quite a bit from the mileage that you can achieve. Finally, consider the current debate about fake news. Some people claim that the media are reporting stories that are untrue and that they are blind to issues they don't like to cover. At the same time, media outlets are fact-checking political figures, suggesting that claims made by powerful politicians may sometimes be untrue. So in a world where it's apparently totally unclear what's fact and what's not, how can you tell? Interestingly, a similar debate is underway in science. Which scientific findings can we trust? How can we generate reliable, robust scientific insight? Tough questions tend to be tough to answer. But this course will give you an idea of how to differentiate between solid insights and shaky claims. For that, we cover three main areas. First, we ask a rather philosophical question. How can we learn things about the world? Then we'll introduce the concept of experiments, the current gold standard for trying to achieve solid insights. Second, we ask what makes a good experiment? We talk about how to make your own experiments and about the merits of using experiments to gain insight. Finally, we ask about shaky insight. We identify markers of claims you don't want to trust too much and also identify signals that can help increase our trust in claims. All in all, we're going to work on understanding the principles of solid insight to help you critically evaluate empirical evidence in everyday situations and navigate the world of facts and truths with these principles in mind. With hands-on examples, exercises, and the goal to break down the concepts of solid insight into understandable and application-ready messages, this course is made to help you answer tough questions yourself. Come join the course.


So Basically my lab is a bioinformatics lab that's a two things one is analyze next-gen sequencing data and the other one is analyze microarray data And kind of historically I got my phd in developing some of the core methods used in analyzing microarray data So it's something that I've been doing for a lot longer than I want to remember 12 13 years now And to some extent microarrays are a technology that's not particularly evolving anymore They kind of reached a very stable very strong point and people often ask why do we use microarrays? And actually within my team we use microarrays every day They're a quality control for next-gen sequencing studies. They're a cheap way of doing a large number of samples They're a good rationale check there are more useful for certain types of that and so it's some fundamental way They're important because there's still a major use and they're important because they provide us the Origin of most of the ways in which we analyze secrets and so there's a lot of flow through how we work with microarray data That is informed how we work with But I'm going to walk you through that today, and I think mostly I'm going to talk to you about What you should be thinking about in the context of a micro-experiment what it actually looks like you start off with Platform and samples that you want to do and then you ask what do you need to do to actually get to the useful biology out of that And we'll sort of flow through that over the course of the day So we're basically going to be designing for maybe an hour or two hours and then at the end of that you will guide an analysis of the micro-experiment The first part might take a little bit longer than two hours It's probably around time Come back afterwards do a little bit more Then move into the workshop. The key things that I'd like to get out of this I want there to be an understanding of the data itself where it comes from what are the types of microarrays and why they have error Why is this not a perfect measurement technology? What are the things that go wrong? That should allow you to appreciate the overall pipeline that we use to analyze the data and then in the practical session You'll learn how to input the data and do the basic pre-processing We'll start off with a question for you the most common And being able to measure something about our name, but what are they actually mentioned? What are these the top microarrays actually? What about the data that has been first transcribed from M. R. And by hybridization. Yeah Anybody want to highlight anything? The report itself which is the most important difference between a microarray and a microarray Ultimately an array doesn't measure In an absolute basis I can't do so. It's not just a bit of an array. It's giving you a relative abundance I think the microarray can never compare two different genes to one another. It can never compare The genes across different regions of the gene in a quantitative way. It's only able to look at the correlation point The other part of it is they measure RNA abundance in some way. They measure for this transcript and this region of the gene They wouldn't measure different place points. They wouldn't measure different variants. They wouldn't even measure what they measure Aligning what are microarrays in a bit of detail and The definition of the microarray is here Multiplex technology containing thousands of spots each of which contains oligonucleotides The oligonucleotide length can vary quite a bit and each of those spots contains picomoles of the The oligonucleotide for a specific sequence Most classically we use it to want to take RNA, but it's also equally useful to do DNA And the applications are very varied Normally use them in a hypothesis generating code. So the idea would be to identify genes or features that show some interesting characteristics over a set of experimental conditions and then That would allow you to take those into further follow-up studies to understand mechanistic detail And so from a paper perspective, you'll normally see the microarray screen is Figure one and two Mechanistic work. There are some really obvious and important exceptions. The most key one would be butthole analysis So the idea would be that you run a series of microarrays on clinical specimens And then you use those to discover some sort of a predictive marker I can tell you about the patient response. And so Rob would have talked about some of that data yesterday Of course, there are pathway analyses that are inherently linked to microarray. And hypothesis generating Obvious necessity or inspection of it. I'll come back to this at the end The sample of the problem that I've seen in liver specimens or some other media Makes immense to start thinking here is a potential source of bias, harder controls that I can So Let's talk about what an action of an experiment is critical to doing good bioinformatics So the simplest microarray in the world is made for an X95 and So there's several other things Asymmetrics are really worth sparing. There's a series of spots. These actually go all the way down the size of the array Those spots are what are called landing lights. They're quite light but one of my favorite topics That's that we will talk about the microarray now Part of this is really looking at this and you could ask the exact same questions about Has anybody here used machine learning so everybody's use machine learning heads up All right, so where did you use machine learning today? Today has anybody done it today nobody has used machine learning today Okay, so anybody take an elevator today Check your weather Use Google Amazon if you like this book you might like that book All of the global mail the front page of the global mail uses machine learning The front page of the global mail uses machine learning to decide from a couple of different features What article that they can show you one of the features is geographic location It's actually a nice to describe how those things that you can talk about have a group of things together across two criteria Okay, so we're gonna talk now So as Michelle said start getting the cell files the expression level files from the Waking to download and then we'll walk into the The practical right after this Michelle we go until 12 30 So we'll probably need 15 or 20 minutes right now to go through the rest of the the didactic stuff What I want to talk about is give you an example of how The general pipeline gets changed or modified for a specific platform This is the general pipeline and it's all the steps that we spent lots of time talking about Actually every aphiometrics environment is quite fine in the same way Can tweak it a little bit when we see miss once there's some By default they all happen exactly the same way One channel only a single sample is on each array. So there's no psi three psi five There's just a single fluorescent label everything else. We basically ignore spot quality Couple of normalization aphiometrics arrays will do a simultaneous normalization that it's Both in turn and intro array variable collapse that together Kind of refined one EL files cell files are the output of the metric's quantitation and are starting point We do background correction Step that's unique to aphiometrics arrays probe sedentation talk about that in a second Then we do statistics fostering integration the arrays are kind of outdated by definitions our president one time point in time We know these the gene today. This is our knowledge of the human That's what we we base everything on being finished splice variants will be discovered Different types of actually is a transcript to know that is reduced only 500 copies of a single product and you have to produce the software and the entertainment That's a lot of money and respect that they would like to have a single product that could last a while and so And so this A mismatch in 12 base pairs of mismatch probes to identify whenever the fact of modern arrays They don't make these any high metric single selling array. Yes, there's anybody. No one that stands for unit gene So a long time ago One of the most common ways of getting the knowledge of the transcriptome was doing what's called est sequence random RNAs Sequence them and you do this using traditional Sanger sequence as an experiment But you could learn something about the structure of the transcriptome Then be assembled on our knowledge of the genome into sort of transcript clusters So that was unit gene. So unit gene build 133 A quick deal for where we are today Um energy So unit gene is still available and is sort of still getting use. I don't know how widely used it is today But it's available for all sorts of species including things that don't get a lot of a lot of Usage from other things and that's one of the advantages of it So the human unit gene build is a representation of the transcriptome and it's at build 236 so in other words for a product that started in 1990 and is probably going through A version every month and a half two months that tells you how old the definition of the transcriptome that was Used to define afymetric single best-selling array today. It's like 10 years old and so the net effect of that is um The net effect of that is that it is in our knowledge of the transcriptome. So They have all sorts of uh, wide usage today and they represent a body hundreds of thousands of arrays in the public literature That represent really interesting things. For example, there are thousands of breast cancer samples that have been profiled on these arrays We want to be able to account for that So we find out that there's a splice variant right here that separates off this part of the gene Identify that one of these samples cross hybridized sounds like a lot of work each of 25 basepairs Who wants to go ahead and like analyze your microwave? Well, we started off talking about here scanning the array Back to what we see imagine that I designed On the human genome All right, there's some samples That array is not going to be a good representation of the human Imagine that we have a Human genome in some cells body. It should be exactly the same Are there any How many point mutations might there be in a typical breast cancer? Now each of those point mutations not just at the protein level But even a non synonymous synonymous change that doesn't affect protein level will affect the hybridization to an array Now you've got a problem in cancer samples. You might have something that looks like it's different Symbol of using multiple probes across the gene and able to identify those types of artifacts hybridization This is particularly subtle, but imagine that you're very correlated to the signal Some array centers have ozone free rooms to allow them to do it I found this so interesting where I was trying to do chip chip experiments And I could not get anything to work Summer so much still I thought I sucked which actually do but it wasn't just that I sucked Nobody could get anything to work in the summer because the ozone I also know so there Processing is an attempt to to remove those three processing It's never a substitute for good experimental design And I'm not going to talk to you about statistical design but there's a product as hard as you can in a whole series of different things but Valencing also means that you have money to do 50 arrays this year at 50 arrays next year See if it actually looks to some sort of a change to a technical replica Take multiple RNA samples from the same tumor far taking multiple to also find out that At the same time technical and biological variability together instead of just Now imagine there are only three In the world your technical thing money is a little after biological replication so that we can take the differences there And we're not going to take What happens if all your tumors are Be fixed for five please ffb fix these normal tissues. It's really worth it. Trust me. It's really worth it Actually, usually By being true about This are the problems that we're going to face. Here are examples of people surprisingly People who want to save money and not do all the controls that they need to So all you can do is ask and say and present the consequences and People will usually I find that my best web lab collaborators are the ones who actually listen And the ones who listen are the web lab collaborators that I don't uh and similar People sometimes tell you you know what that control won't work or won't do this because of some reason that you didn't realize That's really good What is going on? We're going to start looking at some aphometrics data There are two major ways of pre-processing aphometrics in the literature multi-array protocol protocol and it does full pre-processing both of these And pre-processing all the way from background correction normalization and process summarization So rma is a little bit newer than mass five and they each have sort of strengths and weaknesses Actually, they can their software package was called micro array analysis suite mas and version four of it Had an algorithm that was called the average difference algorithm, which Very good at what they did Decided this was a bad At the same time, you know, we could probably do better Aphometrics learn something rma and mass five are pretty interchangeable to develop the software probably somebody else will It's very much The last substantial novel algorithm that came out of aphometrics the work of those statisticians convince them that there's no point in it So rma and that Multiple replicates will tend to be much tighter Mass five will have better Take a look at the full changes that you can Because the fact of it is that you're going to have What you might be missing stuff you can give me Do a mass five normalization You can't quite do that with rma. There are weeks to modify it to make it work in that context So things like frozen rma, but nevertheless, it's hard for diagnostics Mass five might be preferred for kind of small


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Hello, this is Christian, welcome to the video. In this video, I'm going to show you how to create handlebars helper functions in the back and using Node.js in Express. So here in the IDE, I'm going to go into Unit 6. And let's run this application first. Open up the files. I'm going to run in the terminal. And so here we go, Noman. I'm going to press and control click this. And it should load somewhere. OK, let's go to my browser. I'm not showing that, maybe it's a different browser. OK, so I think it's a local whole course 8, 9, 0, 0. All right, so here we go. Now in the previous video in the portfolio tab, I wanted to number these from 1, 2, 3, 4, and so forth. I showed you to do that and didn't work the way we wanted because it's a zero based index. So it will always print 0, 1, 2, and 3 instead. We want this to be named starting from 1 to n. So in the code, if you remember, let's go off this terminal. Go to the views and the portfolio.hbs here. So right before the title, I wanted to display the index here and the dot followed by the title. And this works fine, except the problem was that it always starts from 0 and not 1. So ideally, you want to say 1 here. And to do this, it's very simple in like Vue.js or Angular or React. You just put that plus 1 and it would work fine. But the handlebars engine doesn't do that automatically for you. So you have to write a function to do that. And so normally you'd be very tempted to do this, right? If you do that, it doesn't work. There is a math library that you can overwrite. Also create your own function to do that. But for us, we're going to write a function to produce something like this to render that to the browser. Just to show that doesn't work, if I save that, if I go back to the browser and refresh it, you'll see that it should cause an error. It doesn't know what that is. So it has a parsing error. So let's go and fix how we can do this. So what we can do is we go to the index, the application. And you also notice that I have updated my Express.js version. And this body parser here is now deprecated. So if you're using Express version 4.16.1 or higher, I believe, you don't need that body parser anymore because it's now a part of the Express library. And you don't need that anymore. So if you go to the module, you search in there, you will see that it's a part of our video. So therefore I should go back and just remove that. Or so we move my body parser. I don't need that anymore. It's redundant in this case. And instead of body parser, you can now just put here Express. Call the Express object, and you leave that. That solves the problem. OK, so our helper function. Now when you set the engine here, the way it's set up is a little different from, there's another way to do it too. But this is the way I did it. So here's what I'm going to do. Inside this property here, this object, there is a property called helpers. It's an object. And the helper is where you can create all your custom helper functions. So let's say I want to create a function called counter. And it's going to be an I use the error function. It will return, for example, 1,000. You can create multiple functions too. We can put here, say, speak. And this one will speak a message, for example. Say, high earth, like that. So all your helper functions can be created right in here. Now these are also known as the instance level. Or I guess you can say the global helper functions. Not like global to the handlebars, but global to this application, this instance. You can create multiple instances. So it's going to be available everywhere in the program in your application to all these templates. So here is we're going to just focus on the counter. It's going to return 1,000 back to where it's been used. So I'm going to go back to my portfolio. Here I'm going to replace all of these with the counter function we just created. You invoke it by just putting the counter name here, just like you would with the variable name over here. So save that and go back to the browser. And let's refresh this. And now you see that it renders 1,000, 1,000 for each of those lists. So that's exactly what we want, one in mine. Now instead of 1,000, we want to plus 1 do the index. So let's go back in here and modify our code. We want to say the index plus 1. And in here, we're going to pass the index to this function. This is just a variable name. Use whatever you want. I'll call it index. And then now this one now takes a parameter. So in your template, you now have to supply that parameter to this counter function. You cannot do this. You would be tempted to do that because you think that's a function. I've got to pass in the index to that function. That's how you do it. This template uses something very similar to SQL Server or SQL commands where you invoke a store procedure. You invoke the function with the procedure name. And then you put a space. And then all your parameters are passed to that function or parameter procedure just by adding it right here. This is one parameter. If I have two parameters, I put a space. And then second parameter, third parameter, and so on. In that order. So I'm going to pass the index to the counter function. And then the counter function receives the index. I'm going to plus 1 do that. And I think that is exactly what I want. So let's go back and refresh our page. And there it is. That's how you resolve this problem here. And you have to create your own function to do that. So what we did is a global helper function. It's available everywhere else here. What that means is that I can go and put counter inside another file too. I'm just for the example here. I can go to, let's say, the about page, for example. I'll just put here, for whatever reason, I'll just put here after the paragraph, counter here. I'll pass in a number, maybe like 100. So I should get 101 back for this about page. So save that. Go back to my browser, if I go my about page. And there it is, 101. Kind of tiny to see, but that's where it is. Okay, so now how do you write a function so that it's only available to this template? You can do that too. What is called the template level. Now, if you remember that everything here can all be overwritten, pretty much all of them, especially the layout here. It can all be overwritten. And we did that down here. I think I showed you one example right here, right, the chat layout. We have our own layout. We call it chat main instead of using the index layout. The index is the base layout for all the other pages, but the chat has its own index, own layout. So by the same token, you can override these global helper functions too. So here in the portfolio, let me go ahead and reorganize this so it's easier to see. So this is the object, right? And one of these properties is, again, the helpers. So I can go here and add this property and the same function name called counter. Let's put it down here. I'm gonna, I put in this time and I'm gonna put in times two, okay? I'm overwriting this function only here. The other one I did not change like the, you know, speak, but the global function will be using this. If I'm supplying the local version, it's gonna use this instead. So let's go to the browser and see. Yeah, so let's go back here. And so you can see it's 101 here and the portfolio, it's still the same. Actually, no, yeah, it's only zero because I did not add a one to, I think. So that's the portfolio times two. Yeah, that's great. We multiply that by two. So we got an even number instead of one, two, and three, and four, okay? You get like zero, two, four, and six instead, okay? Otherwise, if it's, you know, the local version, you would have got zero here because zero times something is always zero, okay? So that's how you can create helper functions and using handle express and express. And of course, as you add more and more functions to this list, it's gonna grow, right? It's gonna grow really huge. And so instead of doing that way, you can move all of these functions out into another external JS file. Import that in like you did up here and assign the helpers to that list of functions available here. Okay, so I hope this is helpful. And if you have any questions, please feel free to let me know any recommendations. They're also welcome. Thank you for watching. I'll see you guys in the next video.