All right, so I don't think anyone saw something in the chat so I'm going to move ahead and as you know, we have, you will have a mail address to contact us if you have a question coming later in your, once you're working with your data or if something comes to your mind. So for now, let's move to the last presentation of this training sessions that will be on energy balances. This was created by my colleague Taylor Morrison and me, Nicola Trent, and we are working in the annual energy statistics team within the IEA. And our work is simply, to put it simply, to use all of those five annual questionnaire that you've seen described before, so for the fossil fuel electricity annual goals. And use them to build energy balances. So for this presentation, we will be separating five main topics. So first, define a little bit what is energy balances and then we discuss why it's very important and we can use them. And for the later part, it will be a little bit more time on how we do that, how we manipulate the data and what are the rules that you try to follow doing so. And then we'll be focusing a little bit more on the energy balances layout as we do it in the IEA. So as you already know, I can understand that sometimes for different, depending on the organization of the country, this is presented differently. And this will also be a big part of the data session that we will have later on. And finally, we finish by a brief overview of the uses that we can have of the energy balances. So for now, let's talk about what are the energy balances. And before that, you start to know the drill. We have a mentee for you. Let me set it back here. You should now see the mentee with the correct code. So it should be 7, 8, 4, 1, 9, 1, 5, 4, 7, 8, 4, 1, 9, 1, 5, 4. And the question is, are you aware or are you working maybe directly on the production of your national energy balances for your country? And you can also find the code written in the chat box. And so we already have 7 people that are actually aware, that knows of the country producing national energy balances, which is nice. But I think we are something like 87 participants. So we might have more people normally within it. Oh, currently developing it, it's interesting. I would be curious if you can say for which country you are in the chat, I would be curious to know which country is currently developing the energy balances. That's a part of our work here to assist if you are doing so. All right, so now let's move back to the presentation. So now we are back to the PowerPoint. And so let's talk a little bit about definition. So what is an energy balances? So let me just move one thing on the events. So an audition can present an energy balances in many ways. And you see on the screen right now the way the IE chose to do. This is based on what is truly international recommendation for energy statistics or IRS. This IRS is a set of methodology and rules that have been established by the United Nations regarding energy statistics. And we see a way to build a comprehensive framework on the scope of energy statistics regarding classification, units, method. And to put it more simply, it enables us to speak the same language when we talk about the energy feed. That with both routes we can speak the same way of power plants in Africa or in Asia. We can speak about the same consumption in Latin America or in Europe. That they are all relatively similar and we can discuss them. And just also something to clarify, we are working on the annual basis for the energy balances. So this would be the representation of the energy supply and demand within a country, a territory delimited by border within a year. So if we look a little bit more closely at this energy balances now, you can see that this is a matrix. A matrix with different dimensions that we call products, flows, years. And within this table when we only select one year, you can already descent three main components. So you would have on the top of it the supply part, which would be corresponding to the production roughly and the supplying of the country, of the territories you are studying right now, of the energy commodities. You would have below it the transformation, where you focus on how those energy commodities are manipulated, how they use to generate another form of energy commodities, etc. And the last part would be on what we call the final consumption, which means, we call it final consumption, because after this usage, there is no way to use this energy anymore. Those products cannot be used for energy purposes, once they have been consumed in the sector, hence the final wording. One of the interests, and we will be speaking a little bit more about this later in the presentation, is that for all of those products that you see here, coal, hydro energy, geothermal, biofuel, they are all comparable between each other. All products are comparable and we see why, just a little bit further. And it's because it's in comparable energy. All of those data points are in terajoules, in this case, or in energy units, which means that they are comparable. When you cannot compare a gigawatt hour and a ton of coal, you can compare a thousand of terajoules to a hundred of terajoules. So, as I explained before, this is a way to paint, to display a global picture of the energy situation within a country. And so you can present this as a table, but there is another way that you can present it, but it will be as a graph. In that case, we call that a sandy diagram, a sandy chart. So, this chart is actually exactly the same information that you have in the table. It's exactly the same, but just presented with this way of representing the flux between production, transformation, consumption. So, you can see there the way the energy flows in the country, if I can say. It's a more visual approach to this. All of the energy balances are available on our website for the country we publish. So, you can consult for your own country if you are curious. You can follow this way with this link, igay.org, slash sandy. So, now, why do we produce those energy balances? Even if we find them beautiful and they are really interesting new tools, why do we produce those? The energy balances gives a general overview of the total energy system, meaning the supply and the consumption. And for many reasons, that could be political, technological development. It's important sometimes to have this global overview of the system and understand how it goes. And by presenting all the data in this common energy unit, we can see the total amount of energy that is used in the country. And the relative contributions of each fuel, meaning that you can know if your country is exceptionally dependable on, especially dependable on one fuel or has a relative stability in between suppliers. It also serves as the basis for the estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. So, my colleague Pouya would have probably a lot more to say about this. But, relatively, if it is what is used to then calculate what is the amount of CO2 produced by burning energy community within a country. To put it really simply in one sentence. Furthermore, a country can analyze its dependency on energy import, as I told you. And analyze it as the energy efficiency, meaning that it can monitor if it's policy in terms of energy efficiency. If it managed to produce the same amount of services or to produce more services with the same amount of energy. And we can also compare countries in between themselves as they are, as they are lying on the same methodology for these data sets. Meaning that you can compare a country that would use a policy A on its energy production to a country using the policy B. And this way you can make sure all make sense. And finally, it allows us to have good basis for forecasting, for modeling, for projections. And to check the efficiency of already implemented policies, of course. So, now that I briefly talked about all of those definitions. Let's do a little bit more within the engine and see how we are calculating those energy balances. So, as I told you, roughly speaking, we take all of the data energy statistics that are produced by my colleagues using the annual questionnaires. Or when the country we are working on do not feed those annual questionnaires for us using annual publications, websites, official data that we can find or that they provide sometimes in different formats. We aggregate all those and we create what we call the commodity statistics. So, this is a big table, but all of the data from both different issues and sources, but not in energy units. It's only in the natural, if I can say units of those data. But once we have these commodity statistics, we can generate the energy balances. So, we need to transform those data in kilotons, in digiawatt hour or in some other units into the units we want for the energy balances. And to do so, we need a specific item that we see just right now with another mentee. So, we can move to the second question in the mentee. So, still the same code of 7, 8, 4, 1, 9, 1, 5, 4. And the question is, if you want to convert mass or kilotons of coal, for example, from the energy statistics into a data and energy units for the energy balances, what do you need? Do you need to use the density of the material, its terrific value or the carbon content of it? I'll leave you a few minutes, the time for me to have a sip of water. All right, I think you might have already seen this presentation or already be aware of all that. So, yes, indeed, we need the terrific value to generate, to move from the, sorry, let me find again the point now. So, to move from energy statistics to energy units, we did need the terrific value. So, good job. And typically, this information on the fuel is found in unit of energy per mass, kilojoule per kilogrammes, for example. It can be found sometimes in energy per volumes, but the most useful one is usually used in the mass. So, let's get a little bit more into the details here. So, we have statistics by products, as I told you, and we use a multiplication with the calorific value. So, we move from kilotons. We mutilate the value in kilotons by kilojoule per kilogrammes to get the data in energy. And so, we process to a few format changes in the statistics. That would mean, for example, to apply a negative value to the exports when we toss positive in the statistics or these kind of things just to follow specific rules that we want within the tables. And using that, we get the energy balance. And if we would just to remind you on the definition of calorific value, but I think you all know it, it's the amount of heat that you obtain from one unit of energy commodity when you burn it. And it can be, it represent particularly the amount of energy that you extract from the physical unit of the commodity. And we insist a lot in this presentation on calorific value because they are quite important. And we have an example just here to explain you why it's not negligible to you to be careful with them. So, calorific value, let's say you have an example of statistics sheet with data in kilotons. And you have here the value of their calorific, their calorific value, their net calorific value. And you do what I did, so you apply the calorific value and you modify the format to get it into energy balances. And what you can notice in that situation is that you move from the statistical differences, so differences between the supply and the demand of zero in the statistics to differences of 200 within the balances. And these come from issues within the calorific value that do not match exactly what is real, but do not have enough quality in them. So that's why when you collect your data in physical unit, you really need to pay attention also to the calorific content of it to also qualify the quality of the fuel. But also to think in advance of when you need to transform those data, you need a good calorific value that match depending on the flow that you're studying. The calorific value of the production, of the importation you have, or of the consumption in specific sectors. So now we have, so now we have the way we transform, we pass from energy statistics to energy balances. So now we have several steps to follow to keep building our balances. So you need to set a common unit for the accounting. You need to choose if you want to work in net or gross calorific value. And to be, again, doing a treatment on the calorific value by products.  So I will try to spend more time on it. So, first of all, what energy to use? You have a lot of energy units that you can use, invest. You have British thermal units, ton of oil equivalent, ton of coal equivalent, joules, watt hours, a lot of unitages. In the area, we chose recently to use joules. For a long time, we were using kilotons of oil equivalent because of many reasons historically and for some other particular reason. And now we move to joules, which are more close to scientific approach and use more usable for many of our users, actually. So joules, you know, but any of those units are valid because you just need to apply a conversion factor to move from 1 to 0. Then net or gross calorific value. To remind you, I think you already discussed it in the gas presentations. You have a difference between net calorific value and gross calorific value for the energy commodities. This comes from the latent heat of the polarization of the water that is produced during commutations, that is effectively a lost part of the energy content. So that would be a 5% for coal, 5% for oil and 10% for gas. In the area, we work with the net values, because in our mind, it's the energy that is actually available for the users. But again, it's just a matter of presizing it and explaining it in your methodology. And then people can just apply what they need to apply. Now, one last time on the calorific value. So let's say the table of coal, natural gas, crude oil and oil products. Those calorific values for those products, first of all, can vary over time. Meaning that point of point is guess of coal, depending on what strata you are in your, in digging in your mind. The quality of the coal will not be the same. So you need every year to recheck to make sure that the calorific value is still correct. Of course, it varies between commodities. So coal and oil products do not have the same calorific value. But even weaving coal between different types of coal, you have sometimes big differences. So you can just use a default one for every of those products. From country to country, of course, natural gas produced in South Africa and natural gas produced in Norway will not have the same calorific value. It will not be exactly the same gas with the same amount of carbon in it. And then finally, from flow to flow. Meaning, for example, in the case, the amount of coal that you have imported through trade will not have the same calorific value than the one that is consumed in the residential sector because it has the same product that is sold at that moment and sometimes with the transportation, you can also get different, different, different values there. So now that we move out of the calorific value questions, let's go a little bit more into one of the difficult parts of the analysis, which is, as we saw for the, for the combustible sources of electricity, it's far more easier to report the, not far more easier, but it's easier to report the data because you have the production and you just have to report the input to power plant, to electricity plant or to CHP and the output in another line or another column for electricity. But for non-combustible, combustible sources such as nuclear, hydro-energy, or geothermal, wind and solar, this is a little bit more tricky because what is exactly the input to the power plant and what are the outputs? This needs to have a convention and there are many ways that this could be done. I would just present here the way the IES follows because of IRS, but this can be a challenge for some other methodology. So we use what we call the, we follow in the monitor what we call the primary energy. So we calculate the amount of primary energy input into those power plants. And how do we define the form of primary energy that we will be monitoring for the supply part? So we need to, we choose in the A2, you follow up with the first energy form that has multiple energy uses. So to clarify a bit, for the point in the case of nuclear, it will be a hit. We do not monitor the uranium or radioactive materials because they do not have multiple energy uses. It's only used for those ones. Another example, for example, in the case of electricity for hydro. So we only monitor the electricity direct output of the hydro dam because the potential energy of the water behind the dam does not have any other energy uses possible. This is just for the, we focus on the first one that could have different way of being used. So once we choose what type of primary energy we will be monitoring, we need then to decide how we report that for the transformation part. So we use what we call a physical energy content method. Basically, we try to monitor the amount of energy that is within the primary form of energy and that will be useful, that will be enough to generate the output that we are monitoring. So for to do that, we will have to use what we call implied efficiencies. So for example, to go again to the example of nuclear, remember nuclear, we use heat as primary form of energy. Most of the time when we receive the data from our contacts, they only report the amount of electricity that is produced from nuclear plants because this is what the plant is selling. This is what is more easy for them to monitor. So what we do when we create our energy balances is that we are back calculating applying the implied efficiency of 33% to the nuclear transformation to have the original primary heat to be reported as production in the energy balances. For another point, it is the same for solar thermal. Most of the time solar thermal plants will only report the amount of electricity that they are selling and we will have to monitor, to battery it then using a 33% efficiency estimation for the electricity generation and if the plant is also selling heat we are also taking all of the electricity of the heat as 100% efficiency in that case because it is not a transform heat it is just conducted. It is more easy for hydro wind and solar PV as we are focusing on the electricity as primary energy form so we are just applying 100% efficiency in the transformation. So what you have in the production line and what we have in the input to power plant line in the energy balances will be the same. I know this is a little bit complicated but we will go a little bit more into it during the exercises so bear with me here.  So we have 1000 terajoules we have an energy input of 1000 terajoules of electricity from a wind plant to 100% efficiency for in that case so it's 100% terajoules of wind that is inputted into the wind bin. And again for nuclear and for the other sources depending on which efficiency we are using here you will have different inputs of primary energy equivalent. Of course if countries report to us the real efficiency that they have we try to use them but most of the time we have to use the simple efficiency. I think we are a little bit late and I would like to keep some time for the the sizes and the Q&A so I will keep this main question if someone speaking you I think someone forgot to mute ok sorry sorry about that so let's go quickly to a detail more detail view on the energy balances layer so as I told you you have three main sections so you will have the production the supply part on top of it which include for example the production but so the trading the bankering and the stock change and let's focus here on following the oil products column because it's a bit more interesting so you see there is no domestic production and you have a negative supply TES for total energy supply that you have here this negative TES indicate that the production the actual production of those products as they are secondary products and the primary ones will be happening in the transformation so in that case you have a negative input of crude oil into the line of refineries and a positive output of oil plots which represent the transformations within this process and to see another case of that you can look at the coal column you have a negative input of coal into electricity plants and further to the right you have a positive output of electricity from coal within the electricity plants and if you sum all of that in the total column at the far right of it you will see that in the case of electricity plant you have a negative figures this represents the losses of energy that you will have in these transformations cause as you probably all know none of the energy transformation that you can do most of the time have a high efficiency most of the time especially for combustible fuels you will be around 30% or lower in the production and we will be going back to this a little bit more into the size part and to finish briefly to have a time for questions so what are the uses of synergy balances beyond or as cool as they are so applying some basic economic indicators like population GDP of a country you can already produce a lot of indicators that can be useful for analysis for political reasons or for even classifying and comparing countries in between them for example here you can monitor the total energy supply of energy supply per capita so per inhabitants of India and see how this evolves over time and see for the impact of some events worldwide events in the 2020 and afterwards you can also compare as a total countries in between themselves so comparing the total energy supply and the GDP of the country of different economies and see if the economy is passive or not and you can also monitor the self sufficiency by dividing production of the total supply of different energy communities of a country to see how dependent they are or self sufficiency they are on this lastly you can also from energy balances I told you create and calculate your CO2 emissions put it out very simply you apply carbon content factors to the energy consumption that you have in your energy balances this is a big sum up of huge work that my colleagues are doing but just to cite it briefly and you can also try some of the sustainable development goals that are been established by the UN and to conclude before we move to the Q&A doing energy balances they require a good quality in statistics for physical data and of charity value they are a compact source of energy information you can read a lot about a country using their energy balances and they enable accurate check of the energy statistics for example if you want to check the efficiency of your transformations in your statistics or etc and they are the foundation for some of the basic energy indicators energy accounting and CO2 emissions estimates


Benzodiazepines are one of the most commonly prescribed psychoactive medicines worldwide. They depress the central nervous system by enhancing the actions of a neurotransmitter known as GABA, which has a calming effect on many of the functions of the brain. Benzodiazepines have a high therapeutic value in the treatment of anxiety, stress and insomnia, but they should only be used for a short time because dependence and tolerance can develop within weeks. In general, benzodiazepines and any other psychiatric medication has its clear indications to be used. Outside those indications, people start having drugs by their own. It's like any other drug of abuse. Problem-opioid users are particularly vulnerable to misuse of benzodiazepine. They often use them in combination with heroin, methadone and alcohol. In Europe, 11% of clients entering treatment for opioid problems report benzodiazepine as a secondary drug, with some country reporting level up to 50%. Prevalence levels can be even higher among patients in opioid substitution treatment. For some drug users, it's actually for the reward, potentiating effect usually of other drugs. Other drug users use benzodiazepines because they are dependent on them and so they self-medicate for withdrawal symptoms usually. And then there's another group who self-medicate for mental health problems. Traditionally, benzodiazepines are prescribed, but other sources come into play, especially the illicit market. And the illicit market is made up of theft from pharmacies, pill machines, producing very poor quality illicit benzodiazepines. In this moment, to be honest, benzodiazepines are acquired on the street for low prices. It's always been like that. The doctor didn't accept me, I wanted to try again. Benzodiazepine are recognized as generally safe, but in combination with other substances such as opioids, they increase respiratory depression and the risk of overdose. This is reflected in the high prevalence of benzodiazepine in the post-mortem examination of fatal overdose cases. The simultaneous use of opioids and benzodiazepine is also linked with other consequences. They are negative for the health of the user, for the drug treatment outcome, and for the social functioning. It has also a huge impact on emergencies and non-fatal intoxications. The EuroDen project collected data on acute drug intoxications, presenting to emergency rooms. What we found was that just over 26% of presentations involved prescription drugs, and benzodiazepines were the most common group. We've looked at the heroin-benzodiazepine co-intoxications and found that they were associated with a longer length of stay in hospital and a greater proportion of patients who are admitted to critical care, suggesting the potential for greater toxicity associated with the combination. Our understanding of the risk and benefits of using benzodiazepines, including the interactions with other substances such as opioids, has increased over the last decade. This knowledge should be properly disseminated among practitioners and patients. Prescribing practices and clinical guidance can play an important role in the management of benzodiazepine use among high-risk opioid users. But it's equally important to prevent the diversion of these medicines into the illicit market, including the illicit sale on the internet.


From the moment a radioisotope shipment is received, it is handled with great respect for the potentially dangerous effects of its radiation. Even before any actual experiment has begun, the radioactive material undergoes repeated measurement. Some measuring instruments are used for personnel safety, so that the handler may know how much radiation is reaching his body and how long he can work at any given distance. The cutie pie and similar instruments determine the rate of radiation dosage. The total radiation dosage received by the individual worker in a given period, such as a day or a week, is measured by the film badge and the pocket ionization chamber, both worn wherever radiation is a possible hazard. Other instruments are designed for the scientific measurement of radioactivity. Those most generally used are the electroscope, the ionization chamber, the proportional counter, and the geiger counter. The operation of all these instruments is based upon the ionizing property of nuclear radiations. Nuclear radiations, alpha, beta, and gamma, in passing through matter, dissipate energy by producing ion pairs. When air or gas between oppositely charged electrodes is ionized, the positive ions are drawn to the negative electrode, and the negative ions are drawn to the positive electrode. If an auxiliary circuit is added, this ionization results in a flow of electrons. This is the principle of most electrical devices which detect and measure nuclear radiations. When the voltage on the electrodes is slight, say of the order of a few volts, most of the ion pairs recombine. Only a small fraction of the ions reach the electrodes. At this voltage, the number of ions collected is roughly proportional to the number and energy of the incident particles. However, in operation, as the voltage is increased, ion collection also increases until all the ions formed in the chamber are collected. The chamber is then said to be at saturation voltage. This illustrates the principle of the ionization chamber, the simplest type of radiation measuring instrument employing the ion collection principle. One type of ionization chamber is the electroscope. It measures ionization by the cancellation of a charge, seen by the movement of a leaf or fiber. Most ionization chambers have a sensitive current meter to measure the current in the circuit. Attainment of the saturation voltage is shown by a leveling off of the measured ion current as the voltage is increased. Other measuring instruments employ the ion collection principle at higher voltages. At increased voltage, the chamber enters a new phase of performance, illustrated by a single beta particle. At this voltage, the primary ions formed by the beta particle in the chamber are so accelerated in traveling to the electrode that they are themselves capable of ionizing the atoms of gas in the chamber. These secondary ions contribute to a further increase in ion current. Each particle is detected as a single current pulse. When operating at voltages in this range, the production of secondary ion pairs is localized to the region of the tube where the primary ions are formed. The production of secondary ion pairs increases with increased voltage. Each incident particle triggers a pulse of current in the circuit. The size of each pulse is proportional to the voltage and the energy of the incident particle, or the number of primary ions produced. This is schematically the operating principle of the proportional counter. If the voltage is greatly increased to the order of hundreds of volts, each secondary electron is accelerated, in turn producing a new generation of ions, until successive generations cause an avalanche of ions throughout the entire volume of the tube. Each incident particle of radiation initiates an avalanche of ions. This avalanche is observable as a single massive pulse of ion current. The total number of ions produced is the same for any radiation particle entering the sensitive region of the tube, regardless of its energy. This is the Geiger counter principle, in which each individual particle is detected as a single pulse of current. To stop or quench the discharge after each pulse, an auxiliary electronic circuit is used, or a special quenching gas mixture is employed in the tube. The period of time during which quenching occurs is called the dead time. During this period, another pulse will not register. A simple graph can be used to show the effect of voltage on the number of ions collected for each particle entering the tube. In the ionization chamber, only primary ions are formed. At saturation voltage, it collects all of the primary ions. In the proportional counter voltage range, the number of ions formed in the chamber is increased by the formation of secondary ions. Ion current is therefore proportional to the voltage and also the energy of the incident particle. In the Geiger counter voltage range, each individual incident particle triggers an avalanche of ions. The size of the resulting pulse depends on the voltage and is entirely independent of the energy of the incident particle. Even a low energy particle capable of producing only a few primary ions will cause the tube to register a pulse. The Geiger counter is the instrument most frequently used for radioisotope work. Although it is a versatile laboratory tool, it does not entirely replace the other measuring instruments. The electroscope is simple, inexpensive and maintains its calibration for years, but it is slow and not self-recording. The ionization chamber and its associated measuring equipment is used for specialized purposes such as the measurement of C14 labeled carbon dioxide and other radioactive gases. It is not used as extensively as the Geiger counter because of its relatively high cost and more difficult adjustment. The proportional counter is usually preferred for measuring alpha and low energy beta emitters such as carbon 14 and sulfur 35. The Geiger counter is in wide use because of its versatility in measuring many types of samples. The Geiger counter has certain operating characteristics which must be taken into account. Geiger counter tubes vary in design and therefore in operating characteristics. Each tube has an individual minimum operating voltage, known as starting voltage, below which it will not function. As the voltage is increased above the minimum, the instrument begins to record some of the impulses. Full efficiency is not attained until the so-called threshold voltage has been reached. Above threshold voltage, the efficiency of its measurement is constant over a considerable voltage range. This is called the plateau region. The investigator usually makes a graph of the number of pulses per minute or counting rate against voltage to determine the operating characteristics of any specific Geiger counter tube. Every Geiger counter has its own characteristic threshold voltage in plateau region. Beyond the plateau, a continuous discharge takes place inside the tube which may damage it. Therefore, for accurate measurement, the scientist must maintain the operating voltage above the threshold voltage and within the plateau region. In a Geiger tube, the occurrence of ionizing events can be seen by the pulsation of the meter. A mechanical recorder, actuated by the current pulses, is used to record the number of events. Such a recorder, however, requires larger pulses to actuate it than are generated in the tube. Therefore, a pulse amplifier must be used. Another characteristic of the recorder is its inability to register more than a few counts per second. In order to provide for the counting of samples of high activity, a scalar is introduced into the circuit. This scalar is an electronic device which passes on to the mechanical counter only one pulse for a certain number of pulses received from the tube. The proportion registered to those received is called the scaling factor. The scalar may have a factor of 2, 4, 8 and so forth, or it may have a factor such as 10, 100 or 1,000. The total number of counts recorded by the instrument is determined by multiplying the reading of the register by the scaling factor, which is commonly 64. To this total is added the number of counts which have not yet reached the scaling total. These leftover counts are obtained from the scaler's interpolation lights. In this case, 1, 2 and 16, or a total of 19. The result is the number of pulses measured in a specific interval of time by the scaler and recorder in the Geiger system. In radioisotope measurement, statistical data are always presented in terms of counts per unit time. Yet because of the random occurrence of individual decay events, the counts occur in a random manner. How accurate are the statistics? Suppose for instance that a 10 minute count has resulted in 1,000 pulses recorded, or 100 counts per minute. Yet the counts in any one minute vary considerably from the average because of the random occurrence of individual decay events. This gives an average for the 10 minute period of 100 counts per minute. There is a definite deviation in any one minute from the average for 10 minutes. Similarly, the 10 minute average also departs, although not as greatly, from the value which would be derived from a much larger total count. How accurate is the 10 minute measurement? In practice, one depends upon a concept of acceptable deviation by qualifying the total count by a plus or minus figure. A convenient acceptable deviation which is widely used is the square root of the total number of counts taken. For a large number of counts, this approaches what is known as the standard deviation. On this basis, with the total count of 1,000, one might expect a deviation in total counts of plus or minus 32, or a percentage deviation of 3.2%. This is a simple concept which can easily be explained by referring to the curve of statistical probability. Statisticians know from experience that in a series of measurements of a random process, most readings will fall near the average value, with relatively slight deviation. Some readings have a larger deviation, while a few vary greatly from the average. It is known that in a series of random events, two-thirds of the readings fall within plus or minus the square root of the number of counts. Thus, in using a deviation of the square root of the total count, 1,000 in this case, the statistician merely states that if the same measurement were repeated a number of times, the results could be expected to fall within a deviation of plus or minus 32, two-thirds of the time. This limit of deviation is one of several arbitrary conventions for defining the accuracy of experimental results. Taking the square root of the total counts, the deviations are respectively 10, 32, and 100 counts. But although the amount of deviation increases, the percentage of deviation decreases. In other words, one can expect the accuracy to increase with the square root of the number of counts taken. Where a standard deviation of 10% is acceptable, a total count of 100 would suffice. However, where great accuracy is necessary, 10,000 counts or more might be desirable. In practice, the Geiger counter instrument must first be warmed up at low voltage. Only then can high voltage be applied to the counter tube. Now the investigator must find the proper high voltage setting at which to operate the counter. The correct operating voltage varies from one tube to another. To determine the operating voltage, the investigator places a suitable sample of radioactive material below the counter tube. Next, the counter voltage is set at a level somewhat above threshold. At this voltage, a reading is made. This count is the first of a series of readings of the same sample at successively higher voltages. The first count is plotted on a graph of counts per minute against electrode voltage. Successive readings at increased voltages yield a graph which shows the operating characteristics of the instrument over a range of several hundred volts. On this curve, there is a nearly level plateau over which the counts do not vary appreciably with the voltage applied. For most work, the maximum permissible slope of the plateau is about 5% for 100 volts. Since tube life can be prolonged by employing the lowest practical high voltage, the operating voltage selected is low on the plateau, but far enough from any large irregularity in the curve to assure a fairly constant counting rate, even with slight voltage fluctuations. This selected voltage setting must be maintained throughout the experiment. A background determination is next made. For even in the absence of a sample, cosmic rays and natural radioactivity in the counting room cause an appreciable number of counts to be registered. Since the background counting rate is low, a fairly long counting time is required. For accurate measurement, its statistical deviation is usually taken into account. Background radiation will remain reasonably constant during a single experiment. The background counting rate must be subtracted from all further readings in order to correct the experimental results for these extraneous counts. Since background radiation does not vary appreciably over short periods of time, usually only one value needs to be determined for any one experiment. Radioisotope measurements, generally speaking, are of two types. In most measurements, the activity of one sample is compared with another. However, some experiments require exact knowledge of the rate at which atoms in the sample are decaying. This type of work is known as absolute measurement. To perform an absolute measurement of activity, one must take into account several factors relating the response of the instrument to the activity of the sample. The first factor is the geometrical arrangement of the sample and counter. Since the counter window subtends only a small angle at the sample, a correspondingly small fraction of the total radiation is directed toward the window. This angle changes with the position of the sample in the counting chamber. The next factor to be considered is the absorption of radiation between the sample and the counting region. Of all the radiation directed toward the window, some is absorbed by the cellophane which is often used to cover the sample. Some radiation is absorbed by the intervening air. Some is absorbed by the mica or glass of the counter window itself. Thus, the absorption of the radiation by cellophane, air, and window is a second factor which must be taken into account in an absolute measurement. The third factor is self-absorption of radiation within the sample. It is impossible to make an absolute measurement with accuracy if the sample is so thick that an appreciable amount of the radiation is absorbed within it and does not escape to be counted. The fourth factor is backscattering of radiation from the material on which the sample is mounted. With supports that are thick or of high atomic number, backscattering is increased. Thin materials of low atomic number such as plastic or aluminum keep backscattering to a minimum. A fifth factor is side-scattering of radiation from the interior of the sample chamber. This factor is small and will remain the same for similar samples placed in the same position. The total correction for all of these factors is determined by counting a standardized sample, that is one for which the absolute activity is known. A sample calibrated by the Bureau of Standards or another laboratory is used. The standard, a beta emitter in this case, serves as a base of reference. Of the several shelves, only one is ideal for a given sample. The investigator must first select the proper shelf. If the sample is too high in the chamber, the counter is not able to resolve individual particles. Some particles arrive during the dead time and are not registered. This loss of counts, by coincidence as it is called, is appreciable only at high counting rates. If the sample is too far from the counter window, the measurement will be slow and impractical. The ideal shelf is one which does not exceed the capacity of the equipment and yet will yield a valid count in a practical time period. In this way, coincidence losses are minimized without sacrificing the experimenter's time. Once the proper counting shelf has been selected, the investigator is ready to make a count. This count is made over a time period long enough to produce a statistically valid number of counts. To find the counting rate, the total counts are divided by the time elapsed. The previously determined background rate is then subtracted. This figure represents the rate at which beta particles from the standard sample are recorded by the Geiger tube. However, the fraction of the particles absorbed by cellophane, air, and window is not yet known by the investigator. Usually, a trained scientist carries out the correction for these absorptions since it involves a fairly complex procedure. In order to evaluate absorption by cellophane, air, and window, the investigator starts a series of measurements through aluminum filters of successively greater thicknesses. The density thickness of each filter is known in terms of milligrams per square centimeter. After counts have been taken with each of the filters, the resulting figures are corrected for background. A semi-log scale is used to plot the net counting rates against the density thickness of the filters in milligrams per square centimeter. The resulting graph shows the degree to which the radiation from the sample is absorbed by matter. On a semi-logarithmic scale, most of the curve is approximately straight. The point at which the curve meets the ordinate represents the counting rate without any filter in the counter. However, this point does not yet represent the counting rate with zero absorption of the radiation. It is necessary to extrapolate back past the ordinate to allow for the cellophane cover on the sample, whose density thickness in milligrams per square centimeter is known. An additional allowance must be made for the density thickness of the air between the sample and the tube window, in terms of milligrams per square centimeter. A further allowance is made for the window. Its density thickness is specified by the manufacturer. The result is the counting rate for the standardized sample, corrected for absorption by cellophane, air, and window. After extrapolating, the investigator knows the amount of radiation from the standardized sample with zero absorption as recorded by this particular counting arrangement. Calling this corrected counting rate R sub C, then let A sub S represent the absolute activity of the standard. Since the calibrated standard sample is used, the investigator knows the total beta activity, or the number of beta particles emitted per unit time by the standard in all directions. By dividing the corrected counting rate of the sample, R sub C, by the absolute activity A sub S, a geometry factor G is obtained. It represents that fraction of the total number of beta particles emitted by the sample, which would be measured by the counter, without absorption, but including scattering. The geometry factor will be the same for this counting arrangement when any beta emitter is being counted. In this experiment, the investigator is found that the geometry factor is 8.2%. In other words, a value of 82 counts will represent 1,000 particles emitted by the atoms of the standard sample. Having determined the geometry factor with the calibrated standard sample, the investigator is ready to determine the absolute activity of the uncalibrated experimental sample. The preparation of a counting sample usually requires chemical manipulation of potentially dangerous radioactive materials. For this reason, personnel safety procedures are followed, which have been developed over a period of years in radioisotope work. All critical operations are carried out in a fume hood, so that no contaminated air will escape into the laboratory. After dilution, the experimental sample is applied to a support of the same material and of the same thickness as that used with the calibrated standard. Thorough precautions are taken to prevent contamination of the investigator. To avoid ingestion, mouth suction is never used. A rubber bulb, glass syringe, mechanical pipetter, or aspirator is employed. The sample is pipetted onto the sample mount to produce the same thickness and area as with the standard. An infrared lamp is frequently used for drying samples. When the sample is completely dry, the investigator covers it with a thin sheet of cellophane held in position by cellophane tape to form a tight seal. This will avoid loss of the sample material, possible contamination of the laboratory, and inhalation or ingestion by laboratory personnel. To prevent contamination from being carried to the counting room where it could interfere with the accuracy of later measurements, the investigator's smock should not be worn outside the chemical handling room. Back in the counting room, the investigator starts the last phase of the measurement. To keep the geometry factor constant, the sample is installed on the same shelf which held the calibrated standard, a count is then taken of the sample. This count will represent the radiation reaching the counting area of the tube after passing through the cellophane cover, the intervening air, and the counter window. If the sample were the same radioisotope as the standard, the correction for absorption would be the same for both. But since the uncalibrated sample is not the same radioisotope, the energy of the beta particles emitted is different. For this reason, another series of measurements must be made through several graduated aluminum filters in order to find the proper correction for a different degree of absorption. As with the calibrated standard, the counting rates for the uncalibrated sample are plotted against the corresponding filter thicknesses. The curve is then extrapolated to correct for absorption by the cellophane cover, the air, and the window material. Once the corrected counting rate is known for the sample, it is only necessary to apply the previously determined geometry factor G to find the absolute activity of the sample. Thus, he has determined the total number of beta particles emitted per unit time by the radioactive atoms in the sample material. Absolute measurement of the rate of decay is basic to experimentation involving radioisotopes. It is primary and essential to the accurate evaluation of research in the isotope field. Frequently, as in tracer experiments, all that is required is that the activity of one sample be compared to another. In this comparative measurement, the activity of a sample extracted from the system under investigation is compared to the activity of a control sample to learn the quantitative change of activity produced by decay or dilution. Both samples must be mounted in the same position. In addition, the two samples must be prepared in the same manner. Also, the count must be sufficiently long to give the statistical accuracy required. Self-absorption can seriously affect the counting result. Exact comparison is best carried out with samples of identical thickness. A thin sample should be so thin as to eliminate any appreciable self-absorption.  To determine the self-absorption of a sample of intermediate thickness, an involved procedure must be carried out. A series of samples of different thickness and known activity must be measured. Finally, for valid comparison, the sample's support should be identical to equalize the factor of backscattering. Illustrative of the simplicity of comparative measurement is an experiment described by Hevesi and Hahn, who used radioactive phosphorus to study the fate of blood phospholipids. The experiment is typical of most medical and biochemical tracer research. As frequently occurs, an animal is employed as a living laboratory to produce a needed reagent. The rabbit has received an injection of radioactive phosphorus. The blood sample, which is now removed, contains phosphorus-labeled phospholipids formed in the rabbit's bloodstream. Since the phospholipids are components of the plasma, the blood solids must be separated and the plasma isolated. For this purpose, a standard clinical centrifuge is adequate. After several minutes, the separation is complete and the supernatant plasma can be decanted. The scientist then sets aside part of the decanted plasma as control material. The remainder of the labeled phospholipids will be injected into a second test animal where it will be metabolized along with the animal's normal phospholipid supply. Comparison of the control material and the experimental sample will allow determination of the rate at which the phospholipids are metabolized in the test animal system. When the tagged phospholipids have been injected into the bloodstream and are permitted to circulate for a definite period, a blood sample is withdrawn. It contains some unknown proportion of the phosphorus atoms originally injected. The question is, how fast has the phosphorus been taken up from the rabbit's bloodstream? After this blood sample has been centrifuged, it is prepared for counting. The size and thickness of the evaporated sample are not important, since the control sample will be prepared identically. In order to serve as a basis for comparison, the control material from the first animal is diluted with normal rabbit plasma, equivalent in volume to that in the test animal. Since the mechanical dilution of the control sample is the same as that of the experimental sample in the animal system, any difference in their activities will be attributable to the rabbit's metabolic processes. After the control sample is measured for beta activity, it is removed from the counting chamber and the experimental sample is installed on the same shelf. By comparing the counting rates of the two samples, the scientist has determined the rate of movement of phospholipids out of the rabbit's bloodstream. This simple comparative measurement is valid only when the radioactive substance is of known identity and free of radioactive contaminants. In a case where the identity or purity of the sample is in doubt, its identity may be checked by determining its half-life. This is practical with isotopes of half-lives up to several months and is in itself a comparative measurement. In a half-life determination, a series of counts is made after several time intervals on a sample whose half-life and identity are either unknown or in doubt. Immediately thereafter, a similar measurement is made on a reference sample, which has a half-life so long that its decay can be ignored. This reference sample count permits the investigator to correct his results for any variations in the performance of the instrument between successive time interval measurements. After a series of measurements of the unknown sample has been made and corrected for counter-operation, the investigator is ready to plot the results. He plots a decay curve, a semi-log plot of activity against time. On the semi-logarithmic scale, the exponential decay of the unknown sample will be represented as a straight line. On the completed graph, the half-life can be read directly from the abscissa. Half-life can be used to make a tentative identification. A half-life experimentally determined to be 12.6 hours indicates that the sample is probably potassium 42. However, in this particular case, the identification is not so simple. For readings taken over an extended counting period show a change in slope. Therefore, it is evident that the unknown sample is contaminated with one or more additional radioisotopes, each decaying with a different half-life. In this case, K42 is mixed with a radioactive contaminant of considerably longer half-life. The plot of the longer-lived contaminant is a straight line. It may be extrapolated back to give its half-life about 14 days. The curve for the long-lived contaminant may then be subtracted from the observed curve. The corrected curve may then be drawn for the short-lived component. Now, from the half-life figure of 14 days, a tentative identification of the long-lived contaminant can be made. The literature indicates the contaminant is phosphorus 32. In this case, and in others where the half-lives are nearly the same, or one is too long for practical measurement, chemical studies may be required. Having tentatively identified the two radioisotopes, they can be separated into two samples and further identified by their radiation properties. After counting the two samples, the investigator draws an absorption curve for each of them. The curve of the beta-emitting component is drawn, a semi-log plot of activity versus density thickness. By extrapolating the curve to intersect the abscissa, the investigator obtains a point which represents the maximum range of the beta radiation. From this value, approximate beta energy in MEV can be determined by using a graph of range versus energy. This figure can also be obtained by the application of a simple empirical formula. Since radiation energies are specific for a given isotope, the figure for maximum beta particle energy gives added weight to the previous identification of the contaminant by its half-life. One component of the original sample was tentatively identified by its half-life as K42 before it was chemically separated from the P32. This component, like Phosphorus 32, can be checked and identified further by taking an absorption curve and finding the energy of its beta radiation. The absorption curve has no cutoff point, but flattens out horizontally. This indicates the presence of gamma rays expected from K42. A gamma ray absorption curve would further identify the isotope. Therefore, a second series of absorption measurements is made. For gamma measurement, lead filters instead of aluminum are used because of their high density and absorption. Except for the difference in filters used, gamma absorption is measured exactly as is beta absorption, and the data plotted in the same way. From the completed curve, the investigator determines the half-value layer or half-thickness. By reference to a graph of energy versus half-thickness, he finds the approximate energy of the gamma rays. Thus, by a third method, he has confirmed the identity of the gamma emitting component of his sample. The procedure this investigator has followed illustrates several typical applications of comparative measurement. He has combined technical proficiency and theoretical knowledge and applied them with understanding and foresight to the very practical problems of measurement. These techniques are common to all fields of isotope work. In absolute beta measurement, one of the basic techniques of isotope work, the rate of decay or activity of an unknown sample is determined by comparing it with a calibrated sample whose absolute activity is known. To do so, one must first take into account all factors which might cause experimental error. Absolute measurement is essential to the interchange of exact scientific data. Further, this accuracy is of paramount importance when, for reasons of safety to a patient, radiation dosage must be rigidly controlled. However, in most radioisotope work, comparative measurement is employed, in which an experimental sample is compared with a reference control sample. In a simple comparative measurement, the experimental sample, after passage through a process or system, is compared to an aliquot of the original stock material. Since the decay characteristics of both samples are identical, any difference in activity can be ascribed to the experimental process under study. Or, in another type of comparative measurement, the investigator determines the half-life of an unknown sample by comparison with a reference sample whose activity for all practical purposes is constant. In all comparative measurements, reference and experimental samples must be prepared identically and measured under identical conditions. The correct procedure of any measurement, to a large extent, sets the design of the isotope experiment.


I don't think there will be any impact. I think we all learned in every country we learned how to manage COVID-19 and maybe next time, if there will be another wave or there will be another similar virus, we probably are much better prepared And I guess we will continue to do CAR T-cell therapy and trials with CAR T-cells


This is Berlin, Germany and this is such a diverse and unique city where you can see the impact of Soviet and capitalist policies all in one place. Berlin was a divided city deep in the Soviet sector during the Cold War. After the wall came down, you can still see the artifacts of the old West and East transportation planning in the trams, the buses, and the cycling networks that crisscrossed the city. As the city reinvents itself for the 21st century and beyond, you can still see many remnants of the transportation system that was once divided. Today I'm going to give you a tour of Berlin, Germany by train, by walking, and cycling, and then we are going to give Berlin a human mobility score. We are in Berlin Central Station and it is a monstrosity. There's five levels in total, two of which is used for trains, and the other three for shopping and dining. And there's an office building connected to this whole complex. From here you can catch trains to Munich and Hamburg all on the high-speed rail network. We're now going up the stairs to check up the other set of tracks on the top of this station. This place is absolutely huge. Built in 2005 as an incredible station layout with five different levels and we're standing on the top level with six tracks across. This is one of six elevators connecting the five levels of the train station. It's very cool and check out this view. The whole station was supposed to cost 410 million euros, but it's absolutely beautiful and I don't want to know what the cost overruns are. Berlin is committed to increasing accessibility by lowering many of its curbs around transit stops, 30 million euros in bicycle infrastructure investment per year, 100 kilometers of bicycle highways, 15,000 bicycle parking spaces, instituting 30 kilometer an hour streets, and 30 new place streets around the city. We are right down the street from Checkpoint Charlie, which is where East and West Berlin met at the wall. Started on August 29, 2020, this 550 meter street experiment consists of a bike lane right down the middle. It used to be a four lane road with plenty of traffic and now it is completely quiet and there's space for kids and whole families to come out and play. When this experiment is over the street will then be converted into a pedestrian only zone with the two streets along the sides being bicycle streets or Fahrradstraße in German.  I love sitting on the front of these double decker buses it's like you're driving the bus but you don't have a steering wheel and enjoy the view. This video is brought to you by Urban Mobility Explained and if you love learning about urban mobility check out their new courses completely free at urbanmobilitycourses.eu. Link in the description below. Alexanderplatz Station is one of many in the S-Bahn network. It is the third largest and you can catch both the S-Bahn and the U-Bahn trains plus a few trams and night buses from here. There are nine lines of 24-hour trams that run in the network. These 24-hour services are designated by the M symbol in front of the route number. The iconic yellow tram network mostly serves East Berlin whereas the West is served by underground metros and the S-Bahn system. This is a relic of a cold war where the West Berlin government invested more heavily in roads and underground rail and the East Berlin government invested in trams. We're in the iconic teal blue underground platforms at the Alexanderplatz Station. A cool tidbit for you is that this station was completely closed during the Cold War because the trains from Western Germany would come through here and go back out West therefore the Eastern Germans had no access to this station. Double decker bike parking is such a great idea but I rarely see these outside of the Netherlands. In Berlin I'm surprised there's not more because some of the bike parking especially around the train station is quite packed. The whole bike parking situation in front of Alexanderplatz is a bit of a mess making it quite difficult to find the bike parking space when you're looking for your train. You know this place could use some double decker bike racks right here it would really clean up the space and allow for more bike parking. And now I'm going to unlock one of these rental bikes from Donky Republic with my phone and we'll take you on a ride through Karl Marx Alley. This grand avenue was constructed in 1952 and it has space for six lanes of traffic, a large grassy median plus we still got all this space for a wide bike lane. Along with the 89 meter right of way you also have these gigantic roundabouts that are dotted throughout Karl Marx Alley. Hey look who I found it's Karl Marx himself. For this massive roundabout they found a pretty intuitive way to deal with cycling traffic around it. There are signals at each crossing but you get routed up to the sidewalk and you get separated from the six lanes of cars that go around. I appreciate how they've taken such a militarily inspired streetscape and made it into something that's relatively pleasant to bike down. This bike counter shows that there is almost 800,000 cyclists using this bike lane this year. I wonder how wide it is. It looks to me like it's whoa look at that it must be like five meters it's insane. And that brings us to the end of this tour of Berlin Germany and now it is time to give the city a human mobility score. For transit I really enjoyed the grand entrance to the city through the main train station. It is just an absolutely massive structure. I had a wonderful time riding in the very front of the double decker bus and I enjoyed riding the tram through the city. The iconic yellow livery of the Berlin transit system is also so cool. You can identify buses and trains from very far away especially when you can hop in and out of the U-Bahn system it's literally everywhere you go. For all these reasons I give Berlin a transit score of five out of five. For cycling riding through the city is generally a very pleasant experience but there are discontinuities in the bicycle infrastructure network where it goes from five meters wide all the way to nothing. Cycling down Karl Marx Alley was a unique experience through its 89 meter wide right of way and it's like five six meter wide bike lane. The bike share system had plenty of options but it was overwhelming at times to choose which one and to have all the apps on your phone. Shared bikes and scooters were generally parked neatly in its place but there are some streets where they were scattered about. For all these reasons I give cycling a four out of five. I thought walking through the city and as many unique neighborhoods were a great experience. There are some great urban nature around the river pass and the museum islands but walking along these very wide roadways make for a noisy experience. I was especially impressed by the Frederikstraße street conversion which will be a future pedestrianized street. For all of these reasons I give walking a four out of five. So that gives Berlin, Germany a human mobility score of 13 out of 15. Leave your thoughts below subscribe and I will see you in the next city.


The new withholding tax that YouTube will deduct from your revenue starts June 1st. If you did not submit your tax information into your adsense.com account. YouTube has been sending this email to all of you if you haven't read it, read it now. Where they clearly state that royalty payments and tax withholding will start to apply June 1st. Where Google will now withhold taxes because they have changed the way they treat YouTube revenue. They're now treating it as royalties from a US tax perspective. So what do you do? Go to www.adsense.com, sign in, go to your payments page, click on settings, and then you will see a payments profile. Here, if you're not in the US, you will get a form W-8-BEN-E. If you are in the US, then you will get a form W-9 with a green verified mark. If you have not inputted this tax information into your adsense.com, whether or not you're partnered with a network, it doesn't matter. You have to do this for every channel that you own. And if you do not, YouTube may withhold up to 24% of your US-sourced revenue, which is a lot of money, for no other reason, except you were too lazy to input your tax information. Click that I to see this video behind me, where I explain in more detail what this means, why it's happening, and how to do it. Hope this helps save you the 24% withholding tax. In order to make even more money, let's go to E3. Why does that make you more money? Well, because on the official E3 2021 site, Freedom Games is listed as an elite partner. Right next to Capcom and Mythical and Sega and all these other big names, we are right there as an exhibitor, an elite exhibitor at E3. E3 2021 is June 12th to June 15th, and it's free for everyone to watch. Normally, E3 is an in-person event in Los Angeles where you have to pay to get in. Now it's free, live-streamed.  It's not free for us, but it's free for you to watch us. What will you see at E3 2021? Well, you'll see this shiny new... Well, you won't see this dashboard. You will see all these games at E3 that we will present. There are many. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven. And the next game that we are publishing is Dark Dady in June. So check it out. Go to www.110.tm. You will see this shiny new website right here. Click Join Now or Sign In. Then you will be prompted to submit the videos you make about the games we publish. Let me show you. Any of these games, if they catch your interest, let's say Dark Dady, since we're just publishing that one, it's launching in June. It'll take you to the Steam page. Here you can read about it, watch the videos showcasing the game. You can add it to your wish list so that you're notified as soon as it is available for purchase. And you can make a video about it, even if it's just a speculation video. Then you will get a 110% revenue share if you submit it into your 110.tm dashboard, which is dedicated to the 110% and nothing else. No MCN language, no MCN contracts, nothing to do with MCNs at all. All it has to do with is paying you 10% more than what YouTube pays for the videos you make about the games we publish. Now, fun fact, that 10% is not subject to withholding tax. Why? Because it's a commission and commissions are not subject to withholding taxes. So even if you don't submit your tax information to AdSense, we'll still pay you the full 110% rev share, 10% more than what YouTube pays without withholding any taxes. Hope you found this helpful. Click that I to see the playlist of all episodes of The George Show in case you missed any, because those will be helpful to you as well. And guys, I went to the gym again today. I've been going to the gym regularly. I am now 77 kilograms. My target weight is 75. I'm almost there. How about you? What's your target weight? How close are you? Tell me down there in the comments below if you need extra motivation to get your butt off of a chair like this one and to the gym. I get my motivation because I have a big belly and I don't like it. And I did an hour of cycling today at level 18 on the exercise bike. And I normally do only 30 minutes, but today I was extra motivated and I feel great guys. You will feel great too. You won't feel great while you're exercising. You're wondering why am I doing this? Why does it hurt so much? Why am I suffering? But afterwards you'll feel great and you'll thank me and you'll thank yourself and you'll just be healthier overall.  And submit your tax information into AdSense and go watch E3 on these dates. And go to their official website at E3Expo.com and check out Freedom Games, an elite E3 2021 partner. All right, Freedom Family, who am I? I am your Papa George, your George Sunpai, your Obi-Wan George Novi. And I am also this guy here that's presented the 110% revenue share to you. And you'll see that we're still powered by freedom. The freedom family limited is strong and healthy and creating awesome tools to help all creators grow. We are going to be launching more tools. One of the ones that I'm going to give you a quick sneak peek at is thumbs.tm. How many of you guys like Imager? Does this look a little bit like Imager? This is actually thumbs.tm, where you can paste any thumbnail from any video and boom, there's the thumbnail with the download button. And the goal here is to build a collection of the best thumbnails on YouTube that you will get to submit from your own channel. You'll get to set your privacy as the same as on YouTube, public, unlisted, private. And people will be able to edit thumbnails together as a marketplace where you can hire people to create your thumbnails. Or you can just collaborate with others. There will be a lot of cool tools at thumbs.tm. But for now, it's just a handy way to get any YouTube thumbnail. Hope you will like this project. I'm certainly excited for it because I've always had to go get thumbnails. Whenever I make a blog, either on mgn.gg, which is right here behind me, or on tip.tm, each of these come from the video thumbnail on YouTube. And I just use thumbs.tm to get it, so it's easy to write the blog about the video. I want to draw attention to this one in particular by Luke Cowling. It's the Forza Horizon 4 detailed game review. Luke did an awesome video and he wrote a very detailed article explaining all of the key points about his 10 out of 10 review for this game. Now, if you look at these time codes, if you want to learn, see this paragraph, click. And the video jumps exactly to that moment. Appearance is point two. Forza Horizon 4 is gorgeous. If you scroll down and you want to see this paragraph about the story, click the 801 and boom. Story, look, a lot of racism. You're on the story section of the video. This is all possible through heartbeat moments. And this is our unique tech that we are building to help you see any paragraph that you're reading by jumping to that point in the video exactly at that moment.  And Luke, awesome work on this review. It's published by MGN and the video itself. I'm going to click that I to see this video behind me. And check out the MGN channel. Let's just do a quick hop over to there. MGN TV is our gaming entertainment YouTube channel. It's only got 266 subscribers. Click that I to check out the channel in case you want to subscribe and see all the great videos that we've published here. We have the Wasteland 3 detailed game review. There's even Power Rangers, Battle for the Grids, Super Edition. That's a mouthful. Uncharted 4 for PC. These are all the latest games and news and reviews. And here's the one I just featured from Luke, the Forza Horizon 4. Now the way we do this is OVob. One video, one blog. In the video description of each of our YouTube videos is a link to the blog. And then the beginning of the blog is the video that I just showed you on YouTube. So it's got a bi-directional connection where we have the blog driving traffic to the YouTube channel and the YouTube channel driving traffic to the blog. I recommend you do that to your channels because you will see an increase in views. You're going to get Google SEO love from the blog driving new sessions to YouTube, which YouTube really loves and gives you a boost in YouTube SEO if you are creating new sessions from web browsers, from people browsing the web, not YouTube, coming to YouTube through your embedded video. That's the secret sauce of getting an SEO boost. All right, we'll talk more about that in future episodes. But for now, Luke, awesome job. Keep it up, man. Heartbeat moments. Rock. You rock. And M.G.N. rocks. This is actually getting a bit off track to the original topic of the video, but I'm trying to end it. So other news where Puppy is now five months old. I know I still haven't shown you our Puppy, but I will in a future episode. He's a Havanese little guy, very cute, but he's getting to be barking a lot. So we have to help him, you know, use other ways to get attention. He hasn't been potty trained either yet, which is annoying because me or Xenia are often wiping the pee-pee from the tiles wherever he happens to pee-pee and poo-poo in our home. So that's, you know, not a good job yet. We haven't trained him to go pee-pee and poo-poo in his potty soon, hopefully. All right, Freedom Family. Until the next episode of The George Show. Freedom helps you grow faster on YouTube. The last thing I'll mention is that we have a new website at Freedom.tm, www.freedom.tm, where you can see the 110% revenue share, weekly and instant payments, steam games free for all partners, and all the tools that we've built to help you grow faster. I hope this helps. And I also encourage you to check out freedom.gg. So www.freedom.tm is the site I just showed you. www.freedom.gg is Freedom Games. The site I'm showing you now, which is also a new site featuring our latest games like Koromon, God Strike, Ruin Raiders, Anarchard, Cat Cafe Manager, and so on. And remember Dark Dady, that's the game that's launching in June. Hope you check it out, hope you like it. All right, Freedom Family. Until the next episode, I am George, and you've been watching... Who you dreaming but love, here. Click that I to partner with Freedom and join the Freedom Family so we can all grow together. You get many perks like position music, you also get epidemic sound, a lot of other access to royalty free videos, sponsorships, and many things to help you grow. Just click the links down there in the description below to get involved in our community, our forums, our Discord chat servers, meet our graphics team, meet our community team, all of that on Discord and the forums. What are you waiting for? Get started. 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Moving things have energy. We call this the kinetic energy. But the question is how much kinetic energy does a moving thing have? For example, if we knew the mass of this ball, let's say it was 2 kilogram and let's say it was coming in coming in at 10 meters per second, how much kinetic energy does it have? And what would that number mean? That is what we want to try and find out in this video. Now there are more than one ways to derive things, right? So over here we'll take a little different approach compared to the standard textbook derivation. We will use a definition of energy to derive things. So what is energy? Energy is the capacity to do work, right? So what is kinetic energy? Kinetic energy would be the capacity of moving things to do work. So for example, if this cricket ball can do a maximum of let's say 500 joules of work when it hits something. Okay, let's say maximum. Then that's its capacity. Capacity means maximum and therefore we would say the kinetic energy of this ball is 500 joules. On the other hand, if you find out that when it hits something it can only do let's say 3 joules of work as an example. Then that's its maximum capacity. Then that would be its kinetic energy, 3 joules. So we have to figure out how much work this ball can do when it hits something, maximum work. That would be its kinetic energy. Okay, so how do we calculate work? Well, we calculate work as force acting on an object multiplied by the displacement of that object. And we've talked a lot about this energy and work in previous videos. So if you need more clarity, great idea to go back and watch them. So let's say this ball goes and hits something. Let's say it goes and hits my hand. Let's say I'm trying to catch the ball. You might know whenever you try to catch a ball, when you catch it, eventually your hand moves back a little bit. So let's say after catching my hand has come over here. Now can you see the ball has done work on the hand? It has pushed on the hand with some force. It hits your hand with some force. Let's call it as force on the hand. And notice it has made your hand move. It has displaced your hand from here to here. And therefore it did work on your hand. And by the way, since the ball has come to a stop after catching it, that means it can't do any more work. So it has done the maximum work it could. So whatever work it does on your hand, by definition that would be the kinetic energy of this ball. Okay? So let me just write that down. The kinetic energy of this ball will equal the work done by the ball on your hand. So work done on the hand by pushing it and by moving it. And now before we substitute and see how to calculate, you know what we'll do? We'll first write these in general. Instead of two kilograms, let's say the mass of that object is m kilograms m. And similarly, instead of say 10 meters per second, let's write it in general. Let's say it's coming in with some velocity u. So that will get a nice equation. All right. So we just have to calculate how much this work is. And we know how to calculate work. It is the force in your displacement. So the work done on the hand will be the force on the hand. So that is this force on the hand multiplied by the displacement of the hand multiplied by s. So what do I do next? Well, I want to get rid of the forces and bring out bring in masses and velocities into the picture, right? Which means I need to connect force and motion. How do we do that? Well, there's one equation that connects force and motion, which you have studied earlier, Newton's second law. Newton's second law basically says that the force acting on an object or net force acting on an object equals mass times the acceleration. Hey, I can use this, right? But there's a problem. If I directly substitute f equals m a here, I will end up with the mass of the hand because you think force of this is the force on the hand. It will be the mass of the hand and the acceleration of the hand. Hey, that's not something that I want. I don't know what mass of the hand. I don't know the acceleration. I'm not interested in it. I don't want that. That's not what I want. So what do I do? Well, think about this. When the ball pushes on the hand with some force, we know from Newton's third law that the hand pushes back on the ball with an equal and opposite force. So the ball also experiences a force. I'll call it as force of the ball. And this is exactly equal to this. And it's in the opposite direction. So we can now substitute the force of the hand to be equal to the force of the ball because of Newton's third law. It's equal, but it's also opposite, right? It's also opposite. And how do we write opposite in mathematics? We write a negative sign, all right? Into the displacement. Whose displacement is this, by the way? This is the displacement of the hand, but guess what? This is also the displacement of the ball, right? Because ball also gets displaced by the same amount. So what we have done now is we have brought in the properties of the ball. We now know the force of the ball and the displacement of the ball. And that will be easier to bring in mass and the velocity of the ball. So what do I do next? Well, next, I can apply Newton's second law to this one. This is the net force acting on the ball. There's no other force acting. So I can say the force acting on the ball should equal mass of the ball times the acceleration of the ball. And we have displacement. Oops, same color. Let me use displacement. Okay, fine. Is this my final answer? No, this is not my answer because I want to bring in velocities. See, I know the initial velocity of this ball is u. I also know the final velocity is 0, right? So final velocity v, let's call it. It's also 0. I want to bring in velocities over here. I don't want acceleration. I don't want the displacement. So can I somehow connect acceleration, displacement, initial velocity, and final velocity? How do we do that connection? Hey, this brings us back to equations of motion. We've seen that in equations of motion, we can do these connections. So let's quickly recall what were the three equations of motion. Let's get rid of this over here and let's write down the equations of motion. These were the three equations of motion we had. Now we want to choose an equation which connects the velocities, the acceleration, and the displacement. Which of these three equations do that? Can you try and pause the video and check this for a while? All right, let's see. The first one has velocities, but it has time. I don't want that. There is no displacement also over here. I don't want that. Second one has displacement and initial velocity, but it doesn't have final velocity. Again, there's also time which I don't want. That's my main culprit. I don't want time. The third equation, that has final velocity, initial velocity. It also has acceleration, displacement. It has no time. This is our winner. So let's use this equation to somehow get rid of a and s and bring in the velocities. All right, let's see. Let's substitute and see what we get. Now before I do it, it would be a great idea for you to pause the video and see if you can continue this derivation yourself. Because we have what we want. We can use this to get rid of acceleration and displacement. Look carefully and somehow bring in the u into the picture. We can do that. All right, so great idea to pause and see if you can continue derivation from here. All right, let's do this. I know that v is zero, so this becomes zero. And if you look carefully, the a s is over here, which I want to get rid of. So let's find out what a s is from this equation. Okay, so let's keep a s on this side and let's put everything else on the other side. So let's subtract u square from both sides. So I'll get a minus u square over here and that equals two a s and we can divide by, we want to get rid of this two, right? So let's divide by two on both sides. And so that gets rid of the two and now I know what a s is. So a s turns out to be minus u square by two. Let's plug that in over here. So this will be minus m times a s which is minus u square by two and I have gotten rid of everything I wanted and now I have mass and velocity. Also the negative sign cancels out, that's also good. And so what we see now is that the kinetic energy of the ball is m u squared divided by two. And so in general we say the kinetic energy of any object will be half times mass times its velocity squared. Okay let's see, quickly see if it makes sense to us. So the equation is saying that if the velocity increases the kinetic energy will also increase. Does that make sense? Well yeah, right? I mean if this ball were to come and hit you with more speed you would expect it to push you more and move your hand back even more so it would do more work. It has more capacity to do work, more kinetic energy. It also says that if the mass of the object increases then also kinetic energy will increase. Does that make sense? Well let's see. If instead of a cricket ball if a bowling ball were to come and hit your hand with the same speed let's say, don't you think it'll now push with much more force and push your hand much further back? So therefore it has a much higher capacity to do work and therefore it will have more kinetic energy. So hopefully that makes sense right? All right so now that we have the exploration let's go ahead and see how much is the kinetic energy of our cricket ball. What numbers did we take? We said the mass of the cricket ball let's call it as 2 kilograms and we said the speed of the cricket ball or the velocity was 10 meter per second. All right so if we substitute over here we will get mass which is 2 kilograms and I will not substitute the units because I already know the units of kinetic energy. It's the same as that of the work joules right? But of course you can try substituting the units and checking that you'll get the same unit as well but I will not do that everything is in standard units. So two times velocity is square velocity is 10 so 10 squared divided by 2 and so the 2 and 2 cancels and we end up with 10 squared which is 100. So in our case the cricket ball has a kinetic energy of 100 joules and what does that mean? It means that this cricket ball can do a maximum of 100 joules of work when it goes and hits something not more than that. All right so to quickly summarize how did we derive the expression for kinetic energy? We said it's the capacity it has to do work and so we calculate how much work it did, maximum work it did when it hits something and comes to a stop. Then we use the formula for work and then we use Newton's laws and some equations of motion to finally arrive at the kinetic energy.


Hi everyone, Joe for jasmizcasebreaks.com coming at you with the Astros, Nationals, Royals, Phillies, Cardinals, Red Sox, Orioles, Brewers, Giants, Random number block randomizer, which fills up that Pick Your Team tent, which will be coming up in a separate video after this. This is how a number block works. In case you're not familiar with it, we can check that out. Big thanks to these folks for getting into it. And there are the numbers right there. Let's roll it and randomize it six and a five eleven times for each list. One, two, three. And eleven the final time. Alright, six and five eleven. There's eleven right there. Chris down to Carmonos. Eleven times for the numbers. And eleven the final time. After eleven, we've got six down to four. Alright, so Chris with six. Matthew with five. Rhea you have zero. So you get any and all redemptions as you saw in the item description. For these teams right here, including one-of-one redemptions, Rick you'll still get live one-of-ones. TJ with eight. Chris with nine. Mark with three. Wes with seven. Rick with two. And Carmonos with four. Let's order these numerically right here. Coming up in a separate video will be the break itself. Jaspyscasebreaks.com. I'll see you next time.


What's up everybody? Jason here for jaspyscasebreaks.com. Sorry about that guys. There was a typo in here I know it did say number four, but it was only for number one as you can see obviously number four is still available left there with four left But this was for break number one that sells out Pikachu number one for the Lakers So again, you get a piece of the Lakers and Spectre basketball for a box break Pikachu's number one And again, they're 10 total spots everybody gets a random number from zero through nine Of course, we go by the first number on the left side of the serial number dash So for example, we pull a hit for the Lakers here 243 out of 299 and you get block three randomized to you block Three gets that 13 out of 99 3 out of 25 43 out of 49 etc etc that goes to the block three spot All redemption cards will automatically go to spot zero even we know it's a one-on-one We'll still go to spot zero and of course if there's any non numbered cards, they'll be randomized to the group So again, here's the dice roller Here's the customer names and here's the teams roll it and We got ourselves a two and a three five times one two three four and fifth and final time five Greg down to Kevin one two three four five four down to three So Greg get four Kevin with nine brownie with seven Simon with six Peter with two last bubble directs with one And you want to ones would be yours as well as number five Brandon with zero any redemptions will be yours Brian Wofford with eight and then Kevin with three So there you go guys now let's switch scenes or start out switch scenes Let's end this video now and good luck to you guys that are in this break coming up next is the break itself


What's up ladies and gentlemen, Steph back again and today I want to talk to you about TIP, a system which allows you to get free games from our dashboard. It has now been renamed to GG or Get Games, so let's find out how it works and more in this video. GG is a system with which we provide you three keys for great titles such as the Solace project, an amazing survival story game where you whilst looking for a new planet to house humanity have crash landed and discover strange things on a journey to discern the facts of the planet's former ancient inhabitants. As well as this we have games like Steam World Dig 2, an amazing hand painted action platform exploration game set in a steampunk world where you play a cute little robot trying to find her friends with massive amounts of upgrades to customize to your play style. This is an amazing game and one I highly recommend. So what is it? So how do you get this stuff and what do you have to do? It's pretty simple you just log into your dashboard and go to the game giveaways section. Once in this section just take a little time peruse and read to find a title that really resonates with you and you think will resonate with your audience. Open it up and check the terms and conditions and make sure there's no additional requirements for this game on key claim. Once you've got your key have two weeks to come back and submit a video here. So your video has to be about the game. That's it it could be a review, let's play or a parody. As long as it's game relevant and over five minutes it'll likely be accepted. Finally make sure to really read the text and look for any additional requirements that the game may have and make sure they are fulfilled in your video so your video is accepted. We'll be updating the game giveaway system very regularly going forward and you can expect to see a video around every new tie or we release in the system. This is to ensure you can get the most out of it. Get the most bang for no buck. How good is that? Going forward we'll be updating Gigi quite a lot so you can expect videos by me on the new features and announcements as they come out. As well as this we'll be making a video around every single game released into the TIPS system so you can be up today on what's new and what you can grab. As well as this you can follow our social medias linked in the description down below to find out about upcoming events featuring TIPS games so you can interact more with the Freedom Family and collaborate. A lot of these events will be hosted by a very own knoll from the brotherhood of gaming so you'll get to meet up with him, have a chat and maybe murder some people. And that's it from me folks I've got a lot to do today so sorry this video isn't very long but I hope this gives you a really good overview of the game giveaway system. Let me know in them comments down below what you think and what sort of things you would like to see within the system and also outside of it. Would you like to see us promote you more on our channels, on our dashboard, in our forums and on our social medias? That can be done we just need to know what you want down there to really take this program to the next level. So keep an eye out for announcements around the program and stay tuned to Freedom Central to find out about all the new goodies that are coming over to you. Bye! And see what you can get how the system works and A lot of those will be hosted by our very own knoll from the brotherhood Okay and this is just gonna be VO Because there's gonna be screenshots there