Speaking of reminders. Yes, Bob gives us a reminder of something that we've talked about in the past But Bob writes in and says I wasn't aware of the ability to create tabs in email until I listened to episode 902 I don't know if this is a quick tip or not, but I use a free app called cheat seat. Yeah cheat sheet Say it ten times fast Cheat sheet cheat cheat cheat cheat And we'll link to it of course, but um, I Haven't I I actually have it on my machine, but I haven't run it for a while cuz At times I found it kind of annoying And then what happens is that you you typically hold I think you hold down the command key or something like that But if you hold it down too long cheat sheet Comes up and gets in your face And I didn't really like that right right right I found it, but for the purpose of Discovering keyboard shortcuts That's what it does so for example it showed Creating a new tab in mail so that makes sense. Okay. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah Interesting. Okay. Ah, I got it. Yeah. Yeah, right Yeah, it was frustrating that mail tabs thing was an interesting thing John because For years for one version of the OS so like two OSes ago. I can't remember anymore to our point There were options for manipulating the tabs in mail But there was no way to create one so it was like the functionality was there But we couldn't touch it and obviously now now we can I I use it constantly it really I agree It's one of those game changer things man. It it like it's it total workflow Rethink and I love it. I love I use it all the time


How would the world function if getting old stopped being a thing? If our bodies could rejuvenate indefinitely, would the world become overpopulated? Or would humanity expand into the cosmos? Will an aging cure only help the rich or bring more people out of poverty? Would older generations always be wealthier simply because they were here first? Would people in government literally never leave office? Or will ageism cease to exist? Is it weird for a 300-year-old to date a 70-year-old? These are the questions we're tackling in this four-part series on our Ageless Future. Welcome to Lifespan News, I'm your host, Emmett Short. We try to bring you the latest breaking news about longevity science, but being forward-looking and trying to anticipate trends and problems is also something that we here at Lifespan.io and Lifespan News are thinking about all the time. I'm personally fascinated with the future because it always seems to play out similar to what we expect in some ways and just wildly different in others. So I've gathered a bunch of different news and statistics to share with you to help you form a vision of the future post-aging. I'll explore four specific societal aspects transformed by the end of aging, impacts to the environment, the economy, government, and our own self-perception. Today's episode is all about the environment. So usually the first objection you hear from people who would rather we all die, I guess, is that the population will explode, will run out of space, will run out of resources. But Earth just can't support more people. Really? The Earth is finite, so we should all die? That's the argument, it's pretty flimsy, if you ask me. Have you seen space? There's a lot of it. I, for one, think civilization, intelligent life consciousness, can spread throughout the cosmos and that it should. Let's not limit ourselves to remaining forever locked to our planet. But since that may be far in the future, let's explore the more immediate effects of an aging cure on our planet. There are many statistics that point to climate change worsening, but it's not as simple as just more people equals more pollution equals environmental collapse. For instance, from the 1960s to 2024, Los Angeles's population grew from about 2.5 million to almost 4 million, yet air quality improved significantly over that time due to stricter emissions regulations and technological advancements in cars, most recently with electrification.  But what about the food, huh? How are we going to feed everyone? They're making our food out of people, next thing they'll be breeding is like cattle. Silent breed is people! The idea that we'll run out of food and have to resort to cannibalism is about as outdated as that clip. I've heard people say the earth can't support more than 10 billion meat eating humans because there just isn't enough land area to grow enough food to feed the animals that we would then eat. They say the math just doesn't work out, it's about surface area. I called bullshit on this and I took it to chat GPT and I'll share my thread in the description so you can verify it's calculations for yourself. But here's the quick math on a few different scenarios. We can calculate the maximum number of meat eaters supported by estimating the total meat production possible from the available land and dividing it by the average meat consumption per person. Poultry is more efficient than beef soap, the back of the napkin GPT math says theoretically we could already support 131 billion chicken eaters or about 32 billion beef eaters. This scenario doesn't even take into account technological advancement, but have you googled farm tech recently? It's awesome! Look at these urban farms growing organic produce inside cities to reduce transportation costs and carbon emissions. I mean, we've got robot farmers, we've even got moving chicken coops giving chickens and exercise while keeping the soil healthy. But what about water shortages? There's not enough water to feed the crops. We're not in any danger of resource collapse. But lots of people don't have enough food or water. Water, we will run out of water. Earth is 70% water by surface area. But you can't drink that. Decellination is absurdly cheap. Why don't we do it then? We do it, it is done. You have a lot of free time. It is done. There is a lot of desalination done. Yeah, he's right. Major breakthroughs have been made recently to turn ocean water into drinking water cheaply and efficiently. And they're currently being implemented on a massive scale. Desalination could vastly increase the land surface area available for cities and agriculture. So I asked Chachi BT about a couple other scenarios involving desalination, urban farming and aquaculture. And we got up to 320 billion meat eaters. If we all gave up meat or figured out healthy, tasty, lab-grown protein, we could probably be in the trillions. And look, all the breakthroughs don't have to be technological, they could be social. Sometimes making different choices makes a huge difference. Bill Marr just made this suggestion to Gavin Newsom. Almonds. No one ever asked you about almonds? Oh, I'm going to ask you about almonds. We grow a boatload of almonds here. I'm well aware. You know how much water it takes to grow? Any gallons. 1,900 gallons to grow a pound of almonds. We come on, man. Take on big almonds. Take on big almonds. On the list of things I'm willing to give up, almonds are at the tippy top. Almond milk. Right up here. The point is, the resource challenges of today are not actually due to a lack of resources. They're mostly due to a lack of logistical technology to allocate resources to our densely packed cities. Changing policy, implementing existing technology, and researching new technology is the strategy we're already using to grow. And my guess is it will continue to work. Okay, but what about wild animals? Where are they going to live if humans expand everywhere? Hear me out, urban ranges. I'm kidding. Kind of. But there are many strategies for responsibly expanding into the vast amounts of space that we have available in America alone. Just type what is the plan for human expansion that takes animals into account and read all about it. If we can solve aging, then we probably have a good shot of creating healthy lab-grown meat, huge carbon capture devices, vast floating cities, and theme parks on the moon. Why not? Do I have all the answers here? Nobody does. But the point is there are plenty of reasons to assume human ingenuity can keep pace with the population. Have you heard of this little thing called AI? It's definitely going to help us solve all these problems if it doesn't destroy civilization. And if civilization collapse is your concern, then the fact that people are dying faster than people are being born should be way more of a concern. In fact, if birth rates continue their current trend, a cure for aging will be the only way to save civilization. So if you're someone who thinks a cure for aging is going to cause population growth and environmental and civilizational collapse, have I changed your mind? And let me know what the top technologies are that you think will help humanity grow the biggest. The next video in this series is about the economy and how we'll deal with inheritance and hoarding and more in a future where no one ages. I'm going to put the video right here, so make sure you click on that when it's out. And if you're still watching, think about hooking us up with a like and a subscribe and heading over to Lifespan.io for more on the cutting edge of longevity science news. And I'll see you in the next one. Bye.


So I want to welcome everybody to this month's Houston Functional Programming User Group. And our speaker tonight is Chris Bremer. He has presented here a number of times before and his talks are always fun and interesting and sort of down to earth, which I really appreciate. And today he wants to give us a brief not too difficult introduction to category theory and types. So I will turn it over to Chris to introduce himself and yeah, take it from here, Chris. Welcome. Hey, everyone. Thanks for having me today. This is actually a talk, I came up with the idea when Claude was asking for short speakers a few months ago and I was like, oh man, I think this is a talk I could give off the top of my head. But I couldn't quite get it together enough to give a talk then. But I kind of kept it in the back of my pocket and I decided that I think it's a pretty reasonable talk to give now. A few caveats. I really am going to try to keep it, well, if not easy. I want to minimize the amount of notation and the amount of new ideas that are presented. But I also want to get somewhere. I don't want to just say, hey, this is a category, have fun. I really want you to get a sense of maybe why it's useful and how these things actually capture some of the design patterns that I think everyone uses and not just functional programmers. Let me start off. So I'm going to start off with the Dramatis personae. I guess the idea is that if you kind of understand these things, hopefully you'll get a sense, you'll be able to kind of follow along with a lot of the examples in the talk. So the first actor I'm going to introduce is a type. So if you don't have an intuition for what a type is, you can think of it as being, I don't know, like a primitive type, like an integer or a string. If you like object-oriented programming, you could think of it as being my class, just an example of a class. Or if you like functional programming, I could be my record, for example. But the point is that it's not like an individual object in your code. It's sort of a general class of objects, a collection that all have sort of the same interface. If I want to actually talk about something with that type, I'll say u colon u. So this lowercase u is an example of type u. OK, types are great. We also have, now hopefully this is a functional programming seminar, so you have a sense of what a function is. So a function I'm going to represent by an arrow going from one type to another type. Again, if we have a function that takes the type u to the type v, we can say f colon u to v. Just as an example, we could have f takes int to int, f of x is equal to x plus 1. Not a very exciting function, but a function for sure. I also want to insist that functions are purer. What do I mean by that? No side effects. So the function only depends on the input or the output of the function only depends on the input. So no side effects. OK, lastly, tuples. So a tuple is just a pair of types. Now, a lot of people who use functional programming use tuples quite a bit. But if you don't use functional programming a whole lot, you can kind of think of a tuple as being the argument of a function that takes more than one argument. So f takes u comma v to w. Just as another example, we could have f takes int comma int to int, and f of x y is equal to x plus y. That's a perfectly good function, as we say. By the way, I don't know if I can quite see the participants on the screen. So if you have questions, if you want to stop, feel free to just unmute and hop right in. Perfectly happy to chat. And so the reason I like doing whiteboard talks like this as opposed to slide talks is that hopefully it gives you enough time and enough opportunity to look at the screen and then allow me to answer questions while I'm working. So that's the end of our introduction. And we're ready to start Act 1. What is Act 1? Categories. Now, you might say, hey, we're jumping into things too quickly now. The whole point of this talk is to talk about categories. But this seems like a little much at first. But if you're not, a category is pretty simple. It just consists of types, the collection of types. And again, I'll call these types u. It consists of arrows.  You can think of an arrow as a function. But that intuition doesn't always work. And we'll see why in a little bit with an example. With the additional properties, there's always an identity for every type. Well, the identity does, it just leaves everything the same. It behaves like f of x equals x. And we also have composition, which if we have an arrow from u to v and an arrow from v to w, we get for free an arrow from u to v to w.  So that composition is also associative. And that's about it. Now, one thing before I move on is I also want to insist, and this is something that maybe Neil can back me up on or complain about, I do want to insist that the arrows form something called a set. Now, I'm going to try to explain why I like things to be a set. So I think when I say set, I really sort of want you to think of, well, just a collection of objects, right? It's just a collection of things. It seems weird that I'm making this assertion here, that I want these arrows to be a set. But what I'm worried about is equality between sets. Because that's actually something that really comes up a lot. And it will come up as we talk. Can I ask you a question? Sure, sure. OK, so the category, the first sort of member of a category is the types. And you have the letter u, are you permitting other types as well, or does it have to be unique? Oh, no, no, no, yeah, yeah, so types, sorry. Yeah, so in this case, it's a collection, right? So it's like, u is just an example of a type. OK. So in this category, u and v would be two types in the category. OK, OK. And then the arrows, so you have an example going from u, arrow, v. So if I could name the arrow A. How about alpha? Yeah, alpha. So is it defined by its Rolada, the u and the v? No. No, OK. No, and the reason is because the arrows from u to v, so if you think about it like in a programming language, the type u to v, there's a collection of examples of that type, right? OK. So the example I gave before is actually a good question. We were looking at this function into int. There's actually a lot of different functions that go from int to int. It could have g, if you want, g of x is equal to x plus 2. And that's a different function. So both f and g are in the set of functions from int. Does it make sense? So it's a collection, right? So can you just consider the types also sets? Um, because the types don't have to be sets. No, OK. The types are just things. Like an integer, the type integer could be defined as the set of all integers. Yes, you're right. So yes, the types could be sets, but that's not necessary. So if you really want to be sort of like a really abstract way of thinking, it's really just kind of like a graph, so the types are the nodes on the graph and the arrows are the edges, a directed graph. So I've got a question. Sure. This is a job. So what I think about category is just what I'm speaking English. Sure. A category typically is defined by things that the members of the category have in common. Yes. Is that something that applies here or not? No, a category is just a thing. It's just a collection of types and arrows. So the most categories, yes, the most categories you want to say like from the English perspective of a category, I might want to talk about all the types in a particular programming language as being like a category, like HASC is all the types in HASCLE is sort of a well-studied category. I could also talk about the category of sets. Right. And the difference between the category of sets and the category of types is that they sort of have different, there are different functions between them. The set, a function between sets is just assigning one element in one set to another element in another set. But a function in the category of HASCLE functions has to be a function in your language. So categories, when you say like the English word of category, you're saying you want to think of sort of like a collection of objects that are defined by a shared property. But in this case, when you change categories, it also changes the arrows between different types in a category. Let me give some examples. And I think in this case, it's really worth thinking of types and arrows as being types in your favorite programming language and arrows functions in your favorite programming language, if that makes sense. So does that answer your question? OK, I hope it does. What do we mean by equality? So when I have two sets, so here's an example that I had in mind of two sets. So a set here would just be the first three numbers, right? One, two, three. And then here's another set, which is actually a set of sets, is the sets of items with one element, two elements which are exactly the same and three elements that are exactly the same, right? So these are two sets, right? This is a set of sets. This is a set of numbers. And there's a way to identify this set with this set by counting, right? If you count the numbers in this set, we get an identification with the first three numbers. So this is an example of what I'm going to call a natural identification. And we say that sets are equal if there is a natural identification between them. So I did want to give you an example of a natural identification that you're probably used to, curring. So we can express the notion of curring in a function or in a programming language in terms of these categories. So a curried function is an identification between functions from u, v, to w. These are equal to functions from u, goes to v, goes to w. So this is partial application. And what we get is f of u, v equals w. This is the same thing as f of u, v equals w.  But essentially, the idea is we're going from functions on pairs, on tuples, to partially applied functions. We'll come back to this.  I did want to give one more example before we move on to Act 2, which is an example of a category. So I already gave you an example of a category, which was our example of thinking of types and functions in a programming language as being a category.  I'm going to call it op, which has the same types. But we want to define arrows, u, an op arrow from u to v is just equal to arrows from v to u.  We take the original category and we just turn the arrows around. You think of it if you have a directed graph, if you just turn all of the edges in the opposite direction, that gives you a new category. And it turns out it works. It's perfectly fine. So it is kind of a funny theory, because you start to get a C if you really rely on explicit examples, because the category is a pretty loose definition. Again, we'll come back to this, too. But I want to talk a little bit more about what we can do with categories. OK, quick question. Sure. For when you set unequality, is your notion of equality for categories? So it says sets are equal. Sets are equal. Yes. OK. So the reason I want to say we have equality is because I'm only ever going to worry about equality for equality of functions or arrows. And that's actually the only place where I'm actually going to use her need equality. OK. So now we're going to get into the nitty gritty of categories. This is Act 2, Functors. OK. So we've talked a little bit about functions. And I think you brought up an example of a, if we want to identify categories, for example, you'd need some way to get from category A to category B. We're actually not really going to leave the category of a particular language in this talk. But we do have a way of either transforming categories or taking one category to another category that acts kind of like a function. And this is something called a functor. So a functor is just f of u. So this is basically an association from a type to a different type. With the following properties, we have a map function. So f map takes, if we have a function from u to v, this goes to f of u, goes to f of v. So anytime we have a function, we should be able to create a new function on objects where we've applied this functor. And this map behaves well with respect to identity and function composition. So we've actually, in our Dramatas personae, we've actually come up with a couple of examples of functors that we can already sort of think about. So here's an example of a function, a functor, t of u. I'm going to put an a here. But let's not worry about that for now. It's just the tuple u comma a. So it's not really a map between sets or anything like that. We're just saying, OK, so we had this type before, but once we apply this functor to it, we get a new type, which is the tuple type, u comma a. Here a is just a, well, I mean, you can think of it as a type parameter or something like that. I'm not going to worry about it too much, but in most of the identities, we're going to sort of assume that a is just sort of auxiliary to this functor. If you want to calculate t map, well, this should take a function from u to v. Let's say we have f as a function to u to v to a new function, u a goes to v a. I'll call this f bar.  So all we're doing is we're just sort of like, if we have a function from u to v, it just only does anything to the first part of the tuple. So it's a nice example of a function. Here's another one. This is a little bit more complicated. I'll call this h a. Yup. So we don't need to just think about tuples. We could also have a functor which has as output an arrow. So we can take h a of u is equal to the set of functions or the type of functions from a to u. Now, this one's a little bit more funny because if you remember, we should have a mapping from f takes u to v to a goes to u to v, a goes to v. Now, this isn't so bad. Essentially, we already have this map from u to v. So if you follow through and apply a composition, you get a map f bar from a to v. So if you want to think about it, f bar of, I'll call this g, f bar of g of a is just equal to f of g of a. So we apply g first, and then we apply f. And that gives us a function from a to v. Hopefully, that's not positioned enough. Here we go. Now, there's one more function functor that is a little bit funny, and we're going to come back to it. Again, if there's any questions, I'm trying to give a high level thing. And hopefully, you'll be able to look at these notes later and figure out, it's not too bad. So I'm going to define one more functor. So this is a little bit funny. So before we defined h as maps from a to u, we can also define a functor, which is maps from u to a. Now, this is a little bit interesting, because if we try to define cmap, if we have a function from u to v, and we wanted to find a function from u goes to a, and to v goes to a, we're a little bit stuck, because unfortunately, the arrows go the wrong way. The natural composition goes from u to v to a. So if we have a guy down here, and this function here, we get a mapping g from u to a. So this is a little bit funny, because if we rewrite this expression, if we have a map from u to v, we get a map from u to a, u to a, from v to a goes to u to a. I'll write this map down explicitly. So this map is just g of a goes to g of f of a. So this gives you a map from u to a. But what we end up doing is we just say, oh, OK, well, forget about that. This is actually a functor from the category, the opposite category. So remember, I defined the opposite category earlier. This is kind of a little brain teaser here. But I did want to bring it up. It's actually going to be useful later on. So this is the first example of a functor where we're going outside of our original category. This is something called a contravariant functor. So if you come across contravariant, that's why it's called a contravariant functor. In fact, you know what? I think it's funny. C-sharp, the latest release of C-sharp, includes covariant and contravariant inputs. So I think even if you are a C-sharp developer, you'll end up seeing some of this terminology at various places. OK. So I want to point out something funny that comes up. Hey, Chris, can I stop you for a minute? Yeah, sure, sure. Can you scroll back up there? Yeah, of course. So when you first explained the BAP, I thought I understood it. Sure. But that last one, I'm not sure I really understand what you want to. So yeah, so here's the problem is that a functor can potentially take us outside of our original category, right? In this case, this functor takes us to the opposite category. Sort of a bit of Calvin ball, unfortunately, if you're familiar with that. Yeah, I don't know what Calvin ball is. I like to impose it on people all the time, but that's all over a few. So think about it this way. I'm not actually, essentially, I'd like to talk a little bit about sort of contravariant functors. But maybe I think it's sort of a deep topic. So think of this contravariant functor as sort of a bonus content. And maybe it'll make a little bit more sense when I sort of talk about why we care about these things in Act 3. Well, it actually helps a lot to say that you could use this BAP and you end up going outside the category. Yeah, yeah. Because that, yeah, OK. Yeah, so that's the idea is that we actually ended up using that silly category that I defined earlier on. OK. But no, I mean, that's a good question. I'm really just punting on it because it's a hard question. Can I ask a question? Maybe I should ask this a lot earlier. But no, it's fine. So if you scroll up again. So all the problem with the whiteboard is I don't have a good way of navigating through the whiteboard. Well, so I was wondering when you write down F map colon and you have what look like arrows. I'm actually not sure what those are. Are they arrows or are they functions? They are set functions. Set functions. Yeah.  OK, so that's actually another very deep question. So the point is this guy's, let me use this. This guy's a set, right? U to V. There's also a set. And F map is a function from this set to this set. So being a little bit loose, fast and loose with the rules when I'm saying this is an arrow. But in the case of the programming, if we're working inside of a programming language, this actually is fine because both of these things are actually typed. So not only is it a map on sets, but it turns out it's also well-defined in the programming language. OK. It's a little, yeah. So again, you're right.  But you're absolutely right that this is actually a morphism between sets. But when we calculate things, all the examples, we're going to see this is also an arrow in the programming language. Oh, dear. OK. So I want to come back to currying. And this maybe will give you a sense of where we're going with this. I'm going to call it currying redux. I realize it got way over my promised time, but I'm actually glad that there's lots of different questions because I like talking more than just lecturing. So remember, we stated what currying was before. Fortunately, it's right here. So here's if you look to the left of the board, you see the definition of currying. We can actually rewrite currying in terms of functors. Tu goes to v is equal to u goes to h of v. Hopefully, you can't hear that my five-year-old just started playing the squeeze box downstairs. So hopefully, it doesn't get too loud. Anyways, so this is actually really pretty cool. So I mean, this is hopefully a very suggestive formulation. Another word for this is anytime we have two function, two functors that behave like this, we call t and h are something called an adjoint pair. I'm going to explain why we care about adjoint pairs in just a second. But it turns out that these are something that mathematicians really love to work with. I actually spent a good portion of my thesis and early research racking my brain around different kinds of adjoint pairs. And certainly, Neil did as well. But they're super important to mathematicians. So there's a lot of prior art behind structures that look like this. We have another example of an adjoint pair, which you're absolutely going to hate if you didn't like the previous example. Ca u goes to v is equal to, oh, sorry. This is, remember, c is a functor to the opposite category. This is actually the same as u goes to ca. I knew you'd hate it. So ca is also an adjoint pair. We'll get back to that in a little bit. I do think it's a little bit cheeky to say that and to introduce it. But it's not such a bad thing because we're ready for our final act, which is final act, act three. Everybody's favorite monads.  So all the monad is it's a functor. It's a special kind of functor, mu. It has a special map, return, which is a function from u to mu. And another special map called bind, which is a function from u to mv goes to mv, mu goes to mv. OK. I'll give an example of why these things are useful. But I want to state a really cool fact first, something that I really don't see a whole lot in introductions to category three. And usually comes a little bit later. But this is a flat due to a mathematician called Pisley, which is that monads are really adjoint functors. Well, let me explain. If l, u is to v is equal to u goes to rv. So this is our adjoint pair. Then r, l, u is a monad. OK. So this is kind of a wild fact, because we haven't really talked about composition of functors. But it sort of works as you might expect. You sort of apply the first functor, and then you apply the second functor. But what's wild is that these two sort of high-falutin fancy theories are really equivalent. I'll even give you an inkling of how to prove it. I know that we're probably not, most of us haven't done a proof in a while. But let me explain really quickly. Let's say that we have u. So one of the facts about categories is we know that we have the identity map. We also know that lmap takes the identity map to some map from lu to lu. So it's actually the identity, because it behaves well under. And then finally, under this adjunction map, we get an identification from u goes to rl, u. And this is our return function. So it turns out if you follow through and do a lot of work, you can actually show that you can get the bind functor in the same way, plus all the other compatibilities I do want to mention just for completeness, plus compatibility. There are certain compatibilities between return and bind, but I'm not going to get into it. And now we have the payoff, which is why do we care about all this stuff? Well, it all comes back to curing. So curing, what comes after redux? Tredux, maybe? If we look at our previous adjoint pairs, so we had before t and h were an adjoint pair. And these correspond to the monad. Let's see. If I remember, it's ht is equal to, or ht of u is equal to functions from a to u, a to pairs u, a. And this is something called the state monad. Now, why do we care about the state monad? Well, it turns out this is the best way to work with mutable state when you're doing functional programming. So the way I like to think about this is let's say that we have an object, an object oriented kind of object. And this object has methods. So I'm going to call the object as type a. And we have a method. So the method takes this a and some input u and then outputs some v. So you might ask, well, this is a problem, because this gets mutated. Typically, when you have an object and you're applying a method, there's no guarantee that you're not going to change the object that's calling. So what we do is we then add this as an output, because the function, if it's mutating the caller of the thing, then it's reasonable to think of the caller as being another output of the function, but just discarding it. So it's actually funny. I know I gave a talk related to Matlab last time. Matlab is an example of a language that doesn't have naturally something called a handle class. So if you want to mutate your handle, which is the pointer to this, you actually have to return this as one of the outputs of the function. You can return it as a discard, but it doesn't really matter. So if you stare at this long enough, you actually see that this is really the same thing as taking a function from u to a. So this is our input goes to our output comma a. This is our output. And this is our discard. And then the bind function gives us a way to consecutively call methods on the function. So basically allows us to call multiple methods and keep track of state. So the funny thing is that if you are sort of perverse, sort of perverse, you can sort of get object-oriented, a lot of the basics of object-oriented programming out of this monad. Or you can represent a lot of object-oriented programming using this monad. OK, I have one more example, and then we'll be done. So remember, we had our other functor. So CA is an adjunct pair. So the corresponding monad is just CC of u is equal to functions from u to a goes to a. This is something called the continuation monad. Now, this is a little bit weird. But if we take a to be something like a task, then u to a is an action. It takes its input, and it does something. Given some input, you do something with that input. But you don't return anything. And then a function u to a goes to a is a callback. So when you have a function with a callback, think about it like this. You have f of u comma callback is equal to void or task. And what this is, this is a function from u goes to a goes to task. And so in this case, the bind function is really just giving us a way of combining actions and a bunch of different callbacks. So if you're used to JavaScript, especially the people who are learning JavaScript, you find that a lot of JavaScript involves a lot of callbacks. And it's hard to reason about those callback functions. But there's actually a purely functional way to think about it. And this purely functional way has a background in mathematics. OK. So that's about it. What I'm going to do is I'm going to share these lecture notes, well, with cloud. But yeah, hopefully it's not too bad. I guess when I said a gentle introduction to category three, I really wanted to avoid being bogged down and introducing too many new ideas and too many thoughts. But I also, as I said, I wanted to make it pretty far. And I feel like we got to the point where we can actually see some monads that are actually useful, things we use every day as programmers. Any questions? Well, I want to thank you so much. This was really fun and interesting. And yeah, so let's open up for questions. So I have a question. Sure. I'll start out by saying I don't really expect you to be able to answer it. But if you can, it'd be really helpful for me. Sure. Is this consumption of a monad more like Leibniz or Plotidus' monad? Ooh, you know what? It's, I don't know. I actually, I don't know. This is, to me, at least my understanding of this comes out of early category theory, which was in the 1940s, which was well after Leibniz. Yeah, it's way after Plotidus, but yeah. Yeah, so I think maybe the name, maybe there's some relationship in the name. But this is something sort of different. OK. I always wondered that, too, because, yeah, so I know monad from Leibniz. And it's, Chris, as you're struggling to make a connection, I can't possibly see a connection either. But it's such a particular word to use that it's hard to believe that there wasn't some thinking of Leibniz when this was introduced. But I think when Leibniz was talking about monads, I think that came out of its explorations with calculus, like the infinite symbol. But I mean, I don't know a lot about programming, so I don't know, I guess, how monads relate to category theory from what I've seen. Yeah, I mean, I think it certainly was influenced by that concept, but I don't quite know. Do you have a definition of what a Leibniz monad is? Well, for whatever I remember in philosophy, I think it was like some indivisible particle, like it was supposed to be like some one foundation, I guess, of a proto-atom, something like that, outside of space-time. And I guess Leibniz's philosophy, God, is the big monad that we're all connected to, and like some network or graph, but I don't know. Yeah, it was sort of an alternative to Aristotle's substances. These were more idealized. But yeah, I think so it's really hard to see what the connection possibly could be between those. But then why use the word monad? I think you'd have to ask Saunders and McLean. I mean, technically, it just means the one. Yeah, I mean, it was unary, right? Right, and it's I'm really not a philosophy kind of guy. I have a son who's doing some plus-highness work right now. And so when he started talking to me about it, it's like there's sort of a connection here, but it's hard to explain, especially if you don't know anything about Gnosticism. I definitely do not know anything about Gnosticism. So yeah, so I have this really bad habit of and Claude can confirm this of like making connections between programming things and random things outside of that. But yeah, so anyway, it was just it's just one of those things that may not bother anybody else. I know an interesting connection, I guess. Like I know a canter who developed set theory. He was interested in like Leibniz and Kabul stuff like that. Yeah, I mean, I'm not a mathematician, but I know from what I hear about category theory is supposed to be a better foundational theory than set theory from what I've read. I mean, well, I have an English and history major, so none of this stuff makes any sense to me. Well, I mean, so one thing, I don't know, I tried to get this idea across in the previous talk that I gave here using computation expressions. Computation expression is the way F-sharp represents monance in its language, is that in some ways, if you think of a language as being from the point of view of an object-oriented programming philosophy, your grammar is quite limited. If you have an object, you have only a certain number of methods that that object can handle. When you're looking in terms of a computation expression in F-sharp or monads, you can consistently sort of, it gives you a way to string together methods in a coherent way in the same way that you can kind of concatenate words in a sentence. And that's kind of how I like to think about it. So I think there's certainly a grammar aspect that this talk doesn't capture. But I do like to think of things in terms of language. And maybe that's a different talk that I could do, monads for English majors. That would be pretty awesome. But yeah, I don't know. My hope with this talk is that if I can kind of pare it down or practice it, it might be something I could give elsewhere at another meetup or a conference or something like that. So thank you for being my guinea pigs. I don't know if it was as kind of an introduction as I had originally wanted it to. But maybe having given it once, I can work on that. I seem to remember you saying something about fitting this on a napkin at the last meetup or something like that. And I've never seen this kind of napkin. So that's a good question. You can see everything on if you were to unfold the napkin into four parts. Right, right. You could probably do this. So yeah, that was the original goal for the talk. But it becomes a bit of a trade-off, right? So one thing when I give talks like this, I really do like board talks because I think that they help with pacing and help prevent you from sort of trying to put too much into a single slide. But they do sort of slow down the pacing. And then the other trade-off is I wanted to give you sort of a full story where we started with some abstract concepts like arrows and types and some kind of pictorial math and then end up with something that I really do think that we do use every day as programmers. I think thinking of methods applied to objects is really being an example of a pretty standard monad. And also thinking of callback functions and actions as being a different kind of monad are useful, especially since they tie in with currying, which is somehow the font of both of these very commonly used monads. But it is also sort of something that's considered central to functional programming. I think I have a question. You were talking about the op arrow as being just the essentially, is it flipping the, like if you have U2V, it's VDU, essentially? Yeah. I know a lot of times and for practical purposes, when programming, like say V was an int and U was a decimal number, VDU is not equivalent to going the other direction. So if you converted the decimal to an integer and the integer to a decimal, it's not like the initial integer is going to be the same as the final integer. That's true. Here's a counterpoint to that, though, which is you're absolutely right that, for example, int goes to decimal. It's sort of a standard embedding, but then decimal to int is not your right. You need some sort of rounding. So it's not necessarily the same arrow. But what happens is, is if I want to say maybe if I have a function which says, let's say I have width of a div, so width takes integer to a div in HTML. So here, I'm just trying to understand like a layout of a screen. It's also possible to, sorry, it's possible to get a width from a decimal to a div. Sorry. I think I did things backwards, which is sort of apropos. Let's say that we have a mapping from decimal to div. This gives us an automatic mapping width takes int to div, which is inherited from our mapping from decimal to div. And it's basically just taking the coercion from int to decimal and then taking that to div. So this is a funny situation where our original map from int to decimal actually gives us a map in the opposite direction from a width function from decimal to a width function from int. Does that make sense? That's our op function right there. OK, well, anyways, we can talk about it more later. I need to take a quick break, but I'll be back for more discussion and more questions. Well, on that note, I think I'll then stop the recording. And yeah, then we can talk when you get back. Awesome. Thanks so much. This was great. Thanks, Chris.


THE HOUSE OF THE DEAD by Fyodor Dostoevsky Read by Nicholas Bolton for Naxos audiobooks. Part 1 Introduction In the remote parts of Siberia, in the midst of steppes, mountains, or impassable forests, there are scattered here and there wretched little wooden towns of one or at the most two thousand inhabitants, with two churches, one in the town and one in the cemetery, more like fair-sized villages in the neighbourhood of Moscow than towns. They are usually well provided with police officers, superintendents, and minor officials of all sorts. A post in Siberia is usually a snug berth in spite of the cold. The inhabitants are simple folk and not of liberal views. Everything goes on according to the old-fashioned, solid, time-honoured traditions. The officials who may fairly be said to be the aristocracy of Siberia are either born and bred in Siberia or men who have come from Russia, usually from Petersburg or Moscow, attracted by the extra pay, the double travelling expenses, and alluring hopes for the future. Those of them who are clever at solving the problem of existence almost always remain in Siberia and eagerly take root there. Later on they bring forth sweet and abundant fruit, but others of more levity and no capacity for solving the problems of existence soon weary of Siberia and wonder regretfully why they came. They wait with impatience for the end of their three years' term of office and instantly on the expiration of it, petition to be transferred and return home, abusing Siberia and sneering at it. They are wrong. Not only from the official standpoint, but from many others, one may find a blissful existence in Siberia. The climate is excellent. There are many extremely wealthy and hospitable merchants, many exceedingly well-to-do natives. Young ladies bloom like roses and are moral to the last extreme. The wild gamebirds fly about the streets and positively thrust themselves upon the sportsmen. The amount of champagne consumed is supernatural. The caviar is marvellous. In some parts the crops often yield fifteenfold. In fact, it is a blessed land. One need only know how to reap the benefits of it. In Siberia, people do know. In one of these lively, self-satisfied little towns with the most charming inhabitants, the memory of whom is imprinted forever on my heart, I met Alexander Pyotrovich Kolyanshikov, a man who had been a gentleman and land owner born in Russia, had afterwards become a convict in the Second Division for the murder of his wife, and on the expiration of his ten-year sentence was spending the rest of his life humbly and quietly as a settler in the town.


If you are seeing this security alert, time is limited. You must pay attention to and follow the guidance in this alert. Following the exponential growth of anomalous events on Earth, the SCP Foundation and Global Occult Coalition have decided to bilaterally evacuate the human race. Evacuations have been underway for some time now. An estimated 42% of the population has been moved off-world into colony ships or space stations. If you are seeing this message, the last evacuation ships are leaving the planet in less than 24 hours. If you wish to be on one of these ships you must hurry. Contact your local SCP Foundation or government representative to find your nearest evacuation vessel and make your way to it. Places on these vessels are on a first come first serve basis, with priority being given to families with young children. You should hurry if you desire evacuation. Please be aware of anomalous hazards as you travel to your nearest evacuation ship, such as cognitive hazards, reality hazards, and anomalous creatures. Thank you for your attention and cooperation. Adastra, Praspera. Secure. Contain. Protect.


The Andersen family. I don't see how you think this juvenile delinquency problem affects Junior. I didn't say it did, now. But boys need supervision. The kids in the guard oil club are all nice, Pop. I didn't say they weren't. Then why do you want to supervise them? Just to help. It's a father's job. Well, according to that reasoning, a boy can't think. I didn't say that! Uh-oh. Here we go again, folks. Andersen family. This whole thing started when Oliver Andersen's boss, Mr. Thompson, showed Oliver Andersen the statistics on juvenile delinquency. Oliver isn't too impressed because he's never had any unusual trouble with Junior, but the boss wants to be heard on the subject. But you can't turn your back on this problem, Andersen. You have a son. But he's not a delinquent. I didn't say he was. But he easily could be. Could be that son. All right, all right. Take Jones, son. Nice young chap, smart in school, got in with the wrong boys, landed in jail. His father fired, the family ruined. Just because old man Jones thought it couldn't happen here. But Junior's different. Different. Why, Andersen, you can hear that same line every morning in the juvenile court. They're all good boys, according to their attorney. Ah, that's silly. All right. Let me ask you. How much time have you given your son lately? How much do you fraternize with him? How much do you join in his daily routine? Well, of course I have to work, too, you know. That's what I thought. Why don't you go home and show him his father's a great guy, even if you have to lie about yourself? Lie, huh? Well, that's a good idea. Then he'll respect you and live the clean life. Well, Junior doesn't smoke. I know of. And he doesn't stay out late at night. Oh, there you see. Just as I said, a father feels pretty well satisfied. If his 12-year-old boy doesn't smoke, shoot craps and stay out late at night. Well, I can save a lot of time by agreeing with... Don't agree with me. Just remember what I said to you. Someday, when Junior is asking you to bring ice cream cones to his cell. You don't know. Well, I mean, right at this minute, he's probably delivering his papers. Why? Nothing. But the boss has me sort of worried talking about juvenile delinquency. Worried? Why? Junior seems to be a normal person. Yeah, but I don't give him enough attention. He needs supervision. Why this sudden interest in your son? Uh, do you know the statistics on juvenile delinquency? No, I can't say that I do. Mr. Thompson does? Hmm. Did Mr. Thompson think Junior was going to the dogs? He didn't say that. He must have implied it. He says the whole structure of family life is being ruined. So there. How many children does Mr. Thompson have? Children? Uh, why, he doesn't have any. That's what I thought. But he's going to tell everyone else how to bring up their children. He's doing no such thing. Well, do you have any ideas? Well, not at the minute. It would take some thought, of course. Maybe if Junior took up the subject of vitamins or something in the chemistry line, I could help him with it. And then he wouldn't feel he was growing up in ignorance. Well, you know how to have a junior. All you have to do is talk to him, man to man. He's willing to learn.  A child can't be expected to know the things his father does. What's that? Sounds like Junior. Of course it's Junior. Hurry up and wash Junior. Your father wants to eat. Oh, sure. Hi, Pop. Hello, son. Better sit down so we can eat. I asked him to wash his hands, Oliver. Talk to him afterwards. Gina, I'm confused. Face washed or sit down?  Okay, Mom. Too bad, Pop. I couldn't help it. Ah, that's another thing. Boss said, no security.  Talk to him at the table, darling. He's more at ease. I guess we're just about ready. Now let me handle this, Mary. He expects me to be firm. All right, but don't nag him, Oliver. Nag him, of course, not now. Don't cuddle him. Just have to be firm. Here we are. Gee, Pop, you're looking on a beam tonight. Had a haircut, didn't you? Well, yes. You like it? Gee, I'll say I do. Well, I'm grown. That's why I'm going to have my hair cut. If I have as little hair as you have. Potatoes, Junior? Sure, thanks, Mom. Potatoes are good for you, Junior. I'm glad you eat them. I know it. They have starch in them. Why, uh, yes. Potatoes and bread. Bread's especially good now, isn't it, Pop? Well, it added riboflavin and nicotinic acid. With, uh, what? You know, Oliver, a riboflavin. I guess Pop wasn't listening to me. All I do is chatter. Oh, no, I wouldn't say that, Junior.  Anytime you have anything to say that's important, you just say it. You mean that if you're right, go ahead and stuff, huh, Pop? Well, uh, on that order, yes. Could I interest you in some spinach, son? Spinach? I ask, Mom. Thanks. Although spinach is somewhat oversold. Don't you think so, Pop? Well, I hadn't given it any thought, Junior.  You're thinking of fish oil, Pop. Spinach has iron in it. Have some spinach, Pop? Me? Oh, uh, well, yes. I'll take a little. Junior, uh, let Mother ask you something. Are all the boys nice in the gargoyle club? Oh, sure. They have to be, Mom. We'd black-boil them out if they aren't. Now, I have a surprise for you, Junior. Oh, good. You going to get my bike fixed? Uh, no, not yet. But I'm going to start a hobby for you, something to keep your mind occupied. Oh, gee, Pop, we just started one this afternoon at the gargoyle club. Wrote it in the captain and everything. Well, this won't interfere with what you've planned. I'm going to get you an indoor bath and a ball. Gee, that's swell. I was going to ask for one. That's what we've organized, an indoor team. A gargoyle giant. Oh, oh, you've already started it, huh? Well, uh, that, that's fine. Get all the boys together as soon as you can, and we'll have a meeting. We'll get eight gloves and eight baths. Eight? Sure. A bath for each player on the team. Eight? Gee, we must be playing it all wrong. Well, no, there are different ways to play it, maybe. Now, right after dinner, you get the kids together, and we'll all chip in a dollar. A dollar? Gee, Pop, I don't think the kids will go for a clip like that. It's not a clip. If they pay for things, it makes them appreciate them more. Well, why don't you try to cooperate with your father, Junior? I am, Mom, but I know how the other kids feel. Now, just let me handle them. Now, if you're finished, round them up, and we'll have a meeting. Okay. Uh, I mean, yes, sir. Huh? Yeah, yeah, what is it, Homer? Uh, what's all them kids doing that feel across from me, huh? Well, Homer, I'm licking the juvenile problem in the neighborhood. Uh, you know they ain't allowed to play ball that lot. Who says so? Well, well, Mr. Parker, owner, you won't love it. Oh, sir, he put up a big no trespass sign on it. It's not there now, bub. I pulled it up and threw it in the ditch. Oh, Oliver, he ain't going to like it. Oh, no. Well, it'll keep him off the streets anyway. Well, another thing, Oliver. When them kids hit a ball, it's my house. Okay, it hits your house. No damage. That's why we stopped them from playing there.  Would you like old man Meister if he was a crab? Well, well, no, no, I guess I wouldn't, but... Down deep in your heart, you like kids. Uh, well, yeah, yeah, yes I do. But when they break a window, I just... And you'd be the last one to stop them from being fine, clean boys. Uh, well, well, yes I would, Oliver. Gosh, I guess I've been a pretty hard man. Uh, I was just doing it to keep Marthea from arguing with me. I knew you'd see it my way. Yeah, Marthea's a good woman. Yep, yep. Well, I guess I've been a tired, Oliver. But I see what you mean. It's got to have a place to play, yeah. Well, sir, uh, take some back to the days when I was a boy. Had ourselves the right smart team, remember? One day we was playing, bases was loaded, and I come to bat, the picture through, I swung... Uh... Hmm, Marthea must have dropped the fishbowl. Fishbowl be darned! That was my front window! Okay, okay, so what's your front window? Can I help it if the wind's blowing that way? Here, everyone, you kids get and get past now. Go on, get out. Leave them alone! I'll pay for the window! Uh, this is all you're doing, Oliver Anderson. I got them darned kids out of here.  Well, uh, nothing, why? That's your racket. What do the neighbors think? Kids did that. They'd want to send them to the juvenile home. Oh, uh, a ball went through Homer's window, but I'll pay for it. Through the Meister window? Oh, Oliver. That's all right. It was cracked anyhow. Why don't you drop this whole thing, Oliver? I have too good a start now, Mary. The kids all seem to be happy about it. What did they say? Well, uh, they didn't say anything. I just told them about the deal, and that's that. A couple of them paid their dollar, too. Do you think we ought to tell the other parents what you're doing? Why? Don't you feel happy that I take such interest in their boy? Well, what about Homer? Oh, he would have been mad about something anyhow. He'll be happy with a new window. Yes, Mary, that's just what those kids needed. Supervision. You're getting results already. I'll get it, darling. Maybe another kid with a dollar. Yes? Is Mr. Anderson home? Well, uh, yes. Won't you come in? My name is Chapman. Oh, yeah, Chapman the plumber. My name is Anderson. Sit down. Have a cigar. I just talked with your boy a while ago. That's what I want to see you about. Did you ask him to bring you a dollar? Well, uh, yes. Yeah, then it's true. I thought he was lying to me. Why didn't you go to the Red Cross to the community fund if you needed dough that bad? Now, wait a minute. I'm sure you'll understand when all of us... If you'd have come to me like a man, I'd have let you have a couple of bucks for a week or so. I won't see nobody go hungry. I didn't need the money for food. I was just buying a bat and ball with it. Oh, I see.  Now, look here, Mr. Chapman. Mr. Anderson is collecting from several boys. From several of them, eh? Say, this is worse than I thought. A kid ain't safe in this land. Now, now, now. Look here, Mr. Chapman. I don't need money so desperately that I take it from children. Oh, I see. You don't need the dough. It's just a hobby, eh? And they talk about a juvenile crime wave. Brother, I've met some dandies in my time, but... If that's all you have to say, Mr. Chapman, you may leave. Yeah, yeah. Well, I never believed in causing a man trouble in his own home. But, brother, there ain't nothing to keep me from catching up with you when you step off your land. Now, back to the Anderson family. Oliver's idea to organize a boys' indoor team seemed to have bumped into a snag, a snag by the name of Mr. Chapman, who, by the way, is still hanging around the Anderson home hoping Oliver will come out. The trouble started when Oliver asked $1 each from the boys to buy the equipment. It seems that some of the parents misunderstood this. Well, here are Mary and Oliver again. Outside of Mr. Chapman, things seem to be going along all right, Oliver. I hear the boys playing out there.  Explain to him? He won't hold still for anything. I tried to explain to him in here and you heard how he acted. Well, don't worry. I want you to go to the store for me anyhow. Sure, I'll... to the store? Mm-hmm. Now, wait a minute. I don't know where this Chapman is, and I'm not looking for trouble. Oh, well, I'll run over myself. I'll see what the boys are doing when I go by. Maybe I should go out and have it out with Chapman. Oh, now what? Maybe it's Junior. How do you do? Something? Can I help you? You most certainly can. Let me in. Now, look here. Don't, lady, me.  Please, close the door. And be alone with you in here? Not me. Well, what's wrong? Has Junior done something? Did Junior do something? Don't change the subject. You, you delinquent. Now, now, now, wait a minute. I don't even know what you're talking about. You know what I'm talking about? My little Albert, don't lie. I never met your little Albert. I don't even know who he is. Don't know him.  Why, why, he's telling a falsehood. I never did. Don't deny it. Little Albert wouldn't lie. I sent him to the grocery store for some groceries. And you waylayed him and took it away from him. And he had to charge the groceries. Now, now, now, look. Wait a minute. You're entirely wrong. It was just a little deal I had with the boys. Here. Here's the dollar. It ain't the money. It's the cruel thing. Here, take it. Take two of them.  You take advantage of a widow. But money won't buy the heartache you're causing me. I'm sorry. Excuse me. What is it, Homer? Oh, nothing. I heard what the lady said. I don't even know the lady. Don't even know me, he says. You know Albert. And I'm going to the police with this. Maybe I can save some other... There she goes. Hey, wait a minute, Homer. No. Okay, bring back my hammer. It's a fine thing. If Homer tells Martha, Martha will tell the whole neighborhood. Who's that coming in the back? Is it Chapman? There we are, Oliver. Not the Aspen for a week. Why, Oliver, you're real. You know, what is a sheet? I am? Well, if you'd been through what I've been through. Pop! Hey, Pop! Quit screaming. Pop, that Mr. Wall's in his arms and he won't let us play with him. He says he's taken care of him. Oh, he is, is he? What right is he to touch them? The kids are waiting, Pop. I told him you'd come over. I'm sorry. You go back and tell that Chapman that I'll give him just 45 minutes to give those things back to you. 45 minutes? Cheapers, Pop. It'll be dark by that time. Yes. Your father knows that. Huh?  Okay, Mom, but the kids won't like this. Well, I tried to talk you into letting the boys handle their own stuff. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. I tried to talk you into letting the boys handle their own problems, Oliver. Now this. Um, I ought to go out there right now and settle this with Chapman. But I won't. Maybe you better call Junior. It's getting dark, dear. Yeah. Hmm. You know something? Hmm? I haven't heard a sound from that field for half an hour. Wonder where the boys went. Oh, look out the window. Don't see a soul out there. Is Chapman out there? No, nobody. That's funny. Junior would have certainly come home if there were trouble. You don't think he's easily led? Oh, you don't mean that at all, Oliver. You're upset. I'll get it, dear. You take a couple more askings. Yes? Mrs. Anderson? Why yes? This is Chief O'Reilly down the headquarters.  Pick up my boy? What's wrong, Mary?  Oh, no, he wouldn't do that. Oh, what's Junior done, Mary? Oh, I knew it. Oh, we'll be right down, Chief. Keep him there. Mary, what's happened? Get your coat, Oliver. Hurry. Junior's in jail. Where is he, Chief O'Reilly? Where's Junior? No, no, just take it easy, Mrs. Anderson. He's okay. I'd like to know what rights the police have in taking in a group of boys who aren't bothering anyone. If you'll just keep your shirt on, Anderson. Hmm. Now, uh, a fellow by the name of Parker said these boys was trespassing on his land and he signed a complaint. Said they deliberately threw away a sign. Now, of course, that's, that's wanting destruction. All I could do is take the kids in after all the law is the law.  Me with boys of my own? Now, Mrs. Anderson, they're on their third soda right about now. Third soda? Sure, over at the ice cream parlor. And the lieutenant is trying to talk Mr. Parker out of the complaint right this minute. But we sure put that ringleader on ice, resisting two officers. Ringleader? Yeah, a fellow by the name of Chapman. He wanted to get tough. Well, there must be some mistake. No, no, no mistake.  Said they were his and he started to get tough. Got tough with you too, huh? Look, Chief, Mr. Chapman isn't to blame. It was Mr. Anderson's idea. Anderson's? Yes, he wanted to help the boys organize a boys club. Mm-hmm. Well, that's different. Wait till I get this Chapman in here. Send in Chapman. This is a terrible thing to have happened. Well, it always happens when children don't have supervision at home. I was supervising them. Well, that's funny. No one saw you around there. Well, uh, I was, uh... You know, Anderson, Parker wasn't mad about the boys playing on that lot, but, uh, when they caused destruction by pulling up a no trespassing sign and deliberately threw it in the ditch, well, that was the last straw.  Oh, yes. Come in, Chapman. I see you got the ringleader, Chief. I hope he rots in jail. Making a jailbird out of my son. Stealing money from kids. Now, now, wait a minute, Chapman. I was just trying to help. No wonder there's inflation. Even a kid's dollar ain't safe. Mr. Chapman, we didn't need his money. Now, now, hold on a minute here. Now, Chapman, this fellow here was merely trying to help out on the juvenile problem. Why does he cost a kid a dollar to join? Keep quieter. Back in the tank you go. Now, Anderson here had a great idea. Just hit a couple of snags, that's all. But I'm going to publicize this thing. It's a great idea. Hold on, hold on, wait, Chief. My boss told me this thing would happen. I'm a dead duck if he hears of this. Well, wait a minute. You, Chapman, now, try to realize the benefits and help Anderson instead of pulling the other way. Well, that's different. I didn't know he was doing it for good. And, well, I'm the kind of guy who apologizes when he's wrong. Shake Anderson, I'm a bum. Oh, now, Mr. Chapman. Yes, I am. Maybe we can work this out together. We sure can. Well, what they need is his supervise. Yeah, well, well, then I guess there's nothing to keep any of you here any longer.  Yeah, yeah, but the boss is... Well, give me his phone number. I'll call him and square the whole thing. Don't worry about a thing. Well, then we'd better get the boys, dear. Yeah, thanks a million, chief. Okay, gentlemen. Just get along together. Get along? Oh, well, of course. Well, I'll show you what I think of a dollar, Chapman. I'll pay for their sodas. Oh, no, you don't, Jerk. I mean, Anderson, I'm a high-paying farmer. Want to make something out of it? Well, I'm certainly glad this day is over. Yeah, I've never been so misunderstood. Is that you, Junior? Yes, Mom. Where are you going, Junior? Oh, come here a minute. Tell us what happened at the gargoyle meeting. I'll tell you tomorrow. I'm tired. I won't be here tomorrow. I want to know. Come in here a minute. Gee, Papa, isn't that pressing, is it? Now, hold on. I'll tell you tomorrow. I'm tired. I won't be here tomorrow. I want to know. Come in here a minute.  Why, Junior, your eye, it's black. Yeah, and it hurts, too. What on earth happened? Oh, nothing. I was just outvoted at the club this all. Oh, my goodness, let me get something for your eye. Now, now, wait a minute. What happened to your Junior? Tell me. I'm always with you on everything. Well, the kids wanted to run their own club, and I tried to swing them over to you, but it wouldn't work. Oh, I see. Well, uh, how did the eye get puffed up? Oh, it was that Chapman kid. He said his father had you scared to go out of the house. Oh, he did, huh? They can't say that about you, Pop. Even if it is true. Oh, well, go on now. You were saying? Here, Junior, put this ice on your eye. I'll get it, Mary. All right. Yes, Oliver Anderson speaking. Hi, buddy. Junior, oh, uh, yes. Junior, phone. For me? Oh, sure. Who is it, Pop? Here. Take it. Thanks. Hello, this is Junior. Oh, hello, Junior. This is Spike's old man. Oh, hi, Mr. Chapman. Okay, Spike. Oh, that's all right. I had the same chance to do it to him. Well, he said he was sorry to disagree with you, but I learned him that a gentleman never shoots off his mouth. That's okay, Mr. Chapman. I feel the same way Spike does about it.  Yeah, so long. And tell Spike it's okay. See him tomorrow. Everything all right, Junior? Yeah, everything's keen now. Well, I'm glad to hear that, Junior. I'll have to get right in and pitch now. Well, uh, say, Pop, there's something I ought to tell you about our meeting tonight. Something wrong, Junior? No, I just wanted to tell Pop, before he makes any new plans, the Gargoyle Club membership passed a resolution tonight. No more outside interference. But don't feel too bad, Pop. No, uh, outside interference. That's right. They said every time grown people step in and try to take over, there's always a lot of trouble. Probably Chapman again. I'll get it, Mary. Oliver Anderson speaking. Oh, Anderson, my boy. I just couldn't wait to call you and offer my congratulations. Uh, uh, congratulations? No, no, wait, Bob. Yes, Chief. So am I. The wife has an article to do. Well, uh, Mr. Thompson, from my experience with the juvenile problem, I have found there is one thing of a paramount importance. Yes. It can all be summed up by saying, that the handling of the juvenile problem can best be brought out by the parents showing less outside interference and more inside information. And, brother, you can quote Oliver Anderson on that. The Anderson family is written by Howard Swart, directed by Herb Lytton and features Dick Lane as Oliver, Louise Arthur as Mary, Walter Tetley as Junior, and Herbert Rawlinson as Homer. Others in the cast were Paul Theodore, and Doug Young. Music by Gordon Kibbe, sound effects by Ray Erlenborn, and your announcer is Ken Peters. The Anderson family is a Hollywood broadcaster's production, transcribed from Hollywood.


Speaking of Islam, what is it that's especially beautiful in Islam? Well, first of all, I think that in a lot of ways Islam shares more with Judaism than Christianity does. First of all, it's a religion of the transcendence of God. It's a religion of law and commentary. And I have a theory for why that is, and Christianity isn't. Why Judaism and Islam are, if you want to hear the theory. Sure, let's hear the theory. Okay, here's my theory. My theory is that it's because Christianity grew up in the Roman Empire, so the laws were taken care of. But Moses and Muhammad had to create a people in the desert. So you needed civil law as well as criminal law. And the other thing I think that is beautiful about Islam, although today in some ways very scary about Islam, the enormous power that it has for large populations who one day know very little about it and yet the next day feel tremendous devotion to it. Something that can, some belief system that can do that is, you know, that's worth paying attention to on its own terms, not just from the outside.


Welcome back to think tech Hawaii. I'm your host on likeable science Ethan Allen And thank you for joining us this lowly Friday afternoon today on likeable science We have a very special guest Senator Glenn Wokai welcome Glenn. Thank you. Thank you for being here. You're such a likeable host Likeable science. Well, we try to keep it late and happy here And it's guys like you we're helping make science and technology really happen and be a bigger part of all of our lives every It's the future it is it is indeed and that's that's what we're here to talk about right is some some of your ideas and some of the ideas that are brewing around the legislature about How to bring more technology to Hawaii how to develop our own technology how to and where to do this and you have a Thing that you call your for a economic plan, right? Yes aerospace Aquaculture alternative energy in a low-cost stadium, right? Yes And would you like me to talk about it? Yeah, if you don't mind I want to just take a one-step back about Just economically we built our Our two biggest economic engines Of the past are our plantation, right? That's what brought many of our families here and then now it's tourism And I just don't think that that's going to be sustainable that we need to pivot from a society that uses this Muscle to a society that uses this muscle because this has limited capability This has infinite opportunities and it's with that mindset that we've pivoted towards the triple a economic plan, but more generally for the idea of an 8080 plan, which is to create 80,000 new tech Innovation type jobs with a minimum salary of $80,000 Because what we have now is we have a lot of Menial jobs and that's why we see so many of our neighbors who have one two three jobs Trying to pay their rents because you're cab cabling together $25,000 a year jobs to pay your rent wouldn't it be better if we provided the Pathway for meaningful jobs that pay North of $80,000. So again, that's that's the effort. We're trying to get to so how do you how do we get there? I'm a believer that We have to change the dynamics and the thought process for our neighbors who look at the price of Paradise right and the price of paradise is our kind of resignation that Hawaii is junk Hawaii is expensive Shipping energy costs all of these things make us very bad of a terrible place for us to do business And I want to shift that to The profits in in paradise not the price of paradise, but the profits here and when we do that that's a mind shift of Looking at our isolation as no longer a judgment But how in the world can we be world leaders in certain areas? So that's where the four a's come in the first a being aquaculture It baffles me that in Hawaii 70% of the fish we consume is imported All right, that is a ridiculous proposition Particularly since Hawaiians traditionally far on fish they were doing agricultural centuries ago on quite an extensive scale Fish far we're plentiful fishing and then the the ocean was was our the bed in basket for Hawaii. I'm totally and Going back to the idea of us importing fish That would be similar to somehow folks in Nebraska importing cows I I highly doubt that that would be a model that they want to embrace But we continue to ignore The plentiful resources that the ocean provides us and I'm a big fan of agriculture Right agriculture was actually the first economic engine for for this state, but agriculture has its inherent conflicts You need land you need water. We need more housing. We need more retail We need more business development and if you have a limited terrestrial plane to play on then you can have all of these Conflicts and we fail to look just offshore at the infinite possibilities of the ocean for food sustainability and economic development Exactly. It's a sort of it's a new frontier out there to do aquaculture. It's it's tomorrow's agriculture, right? True. It's the old frontier that we've failed to kind of acknowledge and take advantage of so yes it's it's new because we're reinventing the old and Getting back to the sustainability portion of it. I mean you can bring a growth seaweed or go right can become our vegetable As well as the meat side of things the crustaceans the mussels the fish that we could be Cultivating here. We don't pay enough attention to aquaculture in the state Absolutely, and there are thousands and thousands of jobs in that in that area Learning about the ocean science learning how to farm this the seaweed efficiently What are the what are the characteristics? What kinds of water flow do you need? How do you best sort of house it as it were? You're absolutely right And it's also taking the the Hawaiian model the fish pond and bringing in 21st century ideas in creating these fish pens These global position fish pens in which we have the fish swimming around right? It's no longer a pig pen on a on the land It's a it's a pen global position pen out in the ocean that will keep our kimpachi in in an area And so we can feed them and utilizing the ocean as a real Opportunity and playground for us. Absolutely absolutely all the more reason to be sure We know a lot about the ocean keep our ocean water is in good shape so we can exploit that now Yep, exactly and the other aid would be alternative energy and anybody who's lived in Hawaii more than day knows the Opportunities here right the wind the rain not the rain the wind maybe rain one day the wind the Sun ocean movements Ocean thermal dynamics all sorts of opportunities here And we have the highest cost of electricity in the nation at 33 35 cents a kilowatt hour And in the rest of the nation it's about 12 or so cents We can't compete Economically so we need to you figure out how we can get Hawaii down to a level playing field Where our innovative companies are paying the same electricity bill as their counterparts on on the mainland's alternative energy is something We need to continue to to really Think forward on absolutely and considering solar is basically free for the taking once you invest in the infrastructure and you're just using the sunlight and Actually just a few weeks ago. I had a One of the founders of the whole ocean thermal energy conversion on here and that was that's an amazing system that he's worked out And I guess they're getting ready to do a big pilot project on a substantial scale up and down in Guajalan now And no reason we shouldn't be doing that here right and think about also although Otec and Nelha on the big island was built for Ocean thermal energy conversion Otec There's all kinds of collateral benefits that have popped up at Nelha, right because if you For for your viewers right you bring the water up at 40 degrees You mix it with the surface water at 70 degrees that delta difference in temperature of 30 degrees helps create steam Which helps create energy? But we also found that you bring water up at 40 degrees from the bottom of the ocean Then you kind of fake out the fish right so now we're growing abalone. We can grow main lobster. We can grow cold environment Stations and muscles that we couldn't be because our Tropical environments are so warm, but we're pulling water from that depth and it fakes out the whatever with livestock We're trying to grow and so we've had this collateral benefit of the beginnings of aquaculture industry there I was hearing recently some I guess set up a test plot where they're running the cold piped water through the land and now growing the temperate fruit trees Right, right, and we're faking out the past like we're the fake capital of the world I mean pretty soon we can pipe bring it up and pretend we're Iceland and make eagles or something out of the cold water Yeah, one of the beautiful things that the Otec ends up producing fresh water as a throw-by product of the whole thing Well, yeah, that's actually you're absolutely right our number one export product is bottled Reverse osmosis seawater. It's not corn or coffee. It's not macadamia nuts It's not pineapple. Our number one export is bottled water You're absolutely right and the stink gets one penny off of each of those bottles of water that are mainly the Japanese market is a consumer of water Yes, so you're right. So we faked out the vegetables We got economic development through bottled water and we're growing cold weather Crestations and muscles that we've never had the opportunity to have before wonderful. Wonderful. So that's that's super We did we go through all of the a's the other a was Aerospace, oh great aerospace another going back to using our location as an advantage and not a disadvantage Hawaii should be ground zero for aerospace and even Trump today and his his group that's looking at his NASA group has said that they want to position America to get to back to the moon and we're gonna colonize the moon Which is a huge leap right one thing to get this one thing another thing to live there We're gonna colonize the moon Hawaii should be at the forefront of how are we going to prepare our astronauts for that? Huge undertaking right the moon Mars like terrain on the big island is a perfect spot Absolutely right next to that area perhaps in Pahaka, Loa They're the best set of telescopes on on the on the planet there and you have even low up in in Hilo and You have the opportunity for space Satellite small satellite launches off of the big island Right because Hawaii's is most southern most State in America, so we're the closest to the equator and for you science folks are watching right you you're spinning faster at the equator Than here at the North Pole and therefore it takes less energy to jettison a satellite into orbit And so Hawaii is in a unique position in America to be the launch spot for for the planet And here's kind of an interesting tidbit You know when you and I were growing up the space agency was NASA and government also Russia and Japan the government were the leaders of space expenses and exploration the number one Entity that sends rockets into space today is direct TV the private sector has taken over the world of space So we can get direct TV and their competitors to go launch satellites off of the big island more power for us We have another economic engine that goes into the aerospace arena, and I know the idea of space launches off of the big island Brings up bad memories for some people particularly in Puna, but we're not talking about your grandfather's rockets anymore Right Apollo I mean that some seven eight story type rocket. We're talking about small space launches So it's not going to be quite as impactful as what we saw in Cape Canaveral in the 1960s and 70s So that is another area of immense opportunity Right again another asset that we have rather than a liability basically right and again Where is our location and how is that to our advantage and how can we be the global leader in that area? Perfect the last a is more provincial It's Aloha Stadium and that is an area of hundred acres Which to me is a underutilized piece of property home to six UH football games a smattering of foot high school football games And a swap me we can do far better than that like 80% of the time It's doing nothing in terms of bringing in revenue Why don't we go down the road of creating Aloha Stadium in that area as a destination? Similar if you're familiar with LA live where there's the Staples Center, and then there's a hot theaters, there's ice rink. There's there's retail There's hotel. I mean, why can't we recreate something like that where we've created a dynamic destination? Especially if the rail stop is going there We don't want people to stop there for six UH games and pick up your your ukulele made in China from a swat me vendor There we want you to go there eat get entertained there Maybe have work there and maybe even live in that area So if we're going to make rail a viable part of Hawaii's future, then I think part of it is to create you know density and smart growth around the rail stations and and of all of the spots that we have that Aloha Stadium area is the biggest piece of state land that we can utilize to really make that a dynamic stop Excellent and we're going to dig into these issues in greater depth when we come back right now We're gonna have to take a short break. I'm here with Senator Glenn Wakai, and I'm your host Ethan Allen here on likable science I've got the Beagle sisters here with a healthy tip We encourage you to enjoy the food you eat this holiday season and keep it local and healthy Yeah, eat the rainbow in your rainbow And if you need any produce come to the red barn on the North Shore Aloha, this is Kaley Akina with the weekly a Hana Coco Let's work together program on the think Takawaii broadcast network Mondays at 2 o'clock PM Movers and shakers and great ideas. Join us. We'll see you then Aloha Aloha, my name is Justine Espiritu, and I am the co-host of Hawaii farmers series this is my co-host Matthew Johnson and We are live with you every Thursday at 4 p.m. At think tech Hawaii dot-com and our show focuses on Hawaii's local food Community we feature not only the farmers that are producing our food but we also feature the supporters and other folks involved in the community that are Trying to promote local agriculture And you're back here on likable science I'm your host Ethan Allen with me today and think tech to do is a senator Glenn Wakai happy to be here and great Have you here? We've been talking about about the four economic a's aerospace aquaculture Alternative energy and Aloha Stadium, and we went over briefly at the start how these each could be Followed as an asset another a here to Hawaii rather than a than a liability and why is it that Hawaii is Ranked essentially the bottom of the states for sort of business friendliness. Well, everyone agrees we have an amazing quality of life here, right? You know what? It's so interesting is you're absolutely right You look at the CNBC reports and year after year we either 49th or rock bottom at number 50 but you look at those same Entities that create those poles and Hawaii is a number one quality of life Spot in America and so if you if we understand that people want to live here But they're not making enough money But they're willing to sacrifice this to be here if we were to a be able to we always want to be number one We always want to be the best place in America to live But if we can ratchet us up a few spots to meh, we would never be number one But if we could be in the 20s or maybe low 30s, we've dramatically changed the quality of life for our people here and So to get to that as we started off at the outset We really got to help lower the cost of living housing Reduce taxation some of the impediments The government has placed in front of people to make a profit and at the same time raise the Salaries and the quality of life for people here then all of a sudden we're in a very very sweet spot All right, and we've got a lot of the stuff sort of in place, right? I mean we have a great university sitting here that does amazing world-class research We have wonderful sort of informal learning centers the Bishop Museum Wikiki Aquarium those those sorts of things again can support the kinds of development that we want to Foster and yes, then we can as you sort of put it You wean ourselves off the tourism industry and begin to build a much more sustainable economically sustainable homes or a homegrown Technology-based economy, right and you know to but you might want to ask how are we going to grow? How do we improve the business environment and just to like kind of set the stage of? How little regard government gives to business development our state budget is 14 billion would have be 14 billion dollars The largest chunk of that is education which takes about 22.2 billion dollars of that that budget and economic development or DBed department of business economic development in tourism gets a budget of a hundred and fifty million dollars, so they have a minuscule amount of Investment into growing the business environment, but we expect the business environment to pay for everything else that we need The roads the prisons the schools those are all losses for the state, right? There's no revenue opportunities in that arena We need to have the business coming to give us the taxes necessary to provide government services But you can see the way we budget our state resources there's not enough likeable like mines in in the Senate and the House to devote more of the state budget to economic development and I'm not a fan of digging deeper into people's pockets. I'd rather have the state create more pockets, but we We have this weird situation where if there's a dime left on the table That's going to go to human services or some other good government service I'm a fan of if there's a dime left on the table. Let's go put it into economic development initiatives and grow more pockets Yeah, I mean it's very tricky business right because we can't shortchange our education system You want to produce great great educational programs so the Hawaii's kids grow up learning learning learning the learners loving learning and Better yet being able to come back here for the economic opportunities instead of leaving as many of them unfortunately do they leave for better Jobs better positions elsewhere with a farm system for innovation in other states. We have a net Negative exodus of ours best in and brightest now I was talking to a venture capitalist just the other day about just Hawaii's kind of schizophrenia in this area because you know We create some of the smartest and brightest people right on many yards the Obama's of the world The cases of the world But they all have to make their millions Elsewhere, but it shows you the talent pool that we have here And so if we know that we have smart talented innovative ambitious creative people here We've got to create the mechanism for them to stay here I was told like in North Dakota and I'm not meaning to bash people who might be from North Dakota But you know you have a North Dakota Montana up there the quality of life is is different But they don't they're not creating the innovators of the future So they can't they don't have step one to get to step ten of having a vibrant innovative Economy Hawaii where it's probably step three, but we're we're not cashing in on the value-added part We're we're educating smart people to high school and then they're bailing and some other state benefits from that talent pool That has been gone here. So we really have to make a concerted effort to Build up the opportunities for them here, right and again It sort of goes hand-in-hand with the energy costs that you point I are just just Prohibitive for businesses and there's no reason for it. I mean there really isn't a reason for there's no reason we are bringing diesel fuel in from Around the world basically and burning it here when we have perfectly We are the best position state basically for solar energy in many many respects right and the technologies for solar are here With a little bit of extra incentive and investment It's likely we could we could shift to a truly a solar-based economy that's of course a goal of some groups here in Hawaii and You know suddenly our energy costs go way down and that's more money in everyone else's pocket, right? Right and we got to figure out the battery storage part as well Right because you know we all know that solar provides us energy half the day But we got to be able to store it somehow at night, but yeah You pump water up and let it run down night and generate the flow of the water You know or whatever yes battery storage is there are lots of different interesting options and again That's a real interesting frontiers here. I think that we have to be willing to explore and be willing to sort of say Let's go and let's let's put some serious time serious money serious minds into into looking at this see if it'll work See if we can make this scale up. Yep, you know and we have this organization called the Hawaii Technology Development Corporation Which is kind of leading that the pathway on in that area and they are focusing on three areas that are Necessary to grow this area this this up part of our economy and that's up through infrastructure Through workforce development and through financing. We need all three Legs of that stool to be stood up if I could briefly briefly talk about each leg Infrastructure that's the broadband capacity right we we got to join the rest of the world in faster and cheaper broadband here And also the infrastructure of incubating ideas. It's one thing to work out of a garage It's another if you could take that idea from the garage and be given Mentorship and grant opportunities to help grow that idea into a sustainable business So we have the infrastructure at the Manoa Innovation Center We have a Maui Innovation Center that does the same thing of the other leg of the stool is a workforce development And that's where we're working with the University of Hawaii the colleges even the Department of Education to have that Not just have STEM education but have a really comprehensive pathway for a child to explore his Creativity in math and sciences and work that through the education system as well as through the college post-secondary education system and create a clear pathway to develop the workforce that we need and then the final leg of The stool is the finance part because we could have the best and brightest and the best ideas but unless there's money to Research it and ultimately test it before it goes commercial then we Have great ideas that are not monetizable So that finance part the venture capital in the investment state does a little bit But we've learned that we need to bring in private money to match that and all of a sudden We have these three stools that we're slowly getting up to speed on and we'll have the beginnings of Creating a really innovative economy of the future. Yes, and it's sort of a question. It's sort of almost a race here, right? I mean we can't afford to just be sort of slowly step by step developing these We really need to be moving ahead at a faster clip right the world is moving on very quickly The technologies are changing all the time but technologies in sort of every sphere here that we've been talking about and we can't Prepare our students for yesterday's jobs We have to really give them an education skill and think for tomorrow What are the skills that our businesses will need tomorrow, right and we in Hawaii need to be more forward thinking and What makes Hawaii special is our you know our past our culture and and I'm not saying that we shouldn't hold on to that But at the same token we need to be more progressive in the way we look at things I mean the fact that one of the biggest legislative Shuggles we're gonna have this year is figuring out how does Airbnb fit into our tourism landscape, right? We should be embracing that rather than trying to figure out how to keep them out and how to pin them down and penalize them We should just say that they're part of our future and let's embrace it even with uber. That's another area where Why should we stop uber from competing with the taxi cab drivers? We got have the taxi cab drivers up their game create their own apps and compete with uber But it's it's hard right when you're the the vested interest that if I'm running a taxi company I don't want Apps to destroy my business, but that's the way of the future So you either gonna embrace it or you're gonna get left behind and Hawaii we kind of struggle sometimes in embracing the new world order and We need to yeah, I mean you you don't see many buggy whip manufacturers anymore, right? No, you know some industries is go by the wayside and some models have to be Periodically refreshed replaced brand new things going in just disrupt the technology disrupt the whole status quo And yes, it's very tough We're talking about artificial intelligence and it's it's potentially impacts and it is gonna disrupt things And it always sort of does and how do you take care of the people who sort of get left behind when? Their jobs get automated away from them basically and again the state has to take some responsibility to invest in their training And their retraining to new careers. Yeah, so it's it's many challenges here Well, this has been a wonderful been a very rich discussion. I've enjoyed talking with you so much Thank you. We have we've covered. I think some good ground and it's nice to see Great hopeful people like yourself Working so hard for for our good was great that people are interested in technology because that's going to be the future The fact that you have a show like this that spreads the good word about opportunities Is a sign that Hawaii's is slowly but surely embracing the idea of technology for its future. Excellent Well, I thank you so much. Thanks for having me Aloha. Hope to join us next week Back here on likeable science


My name is Michel Nadeau. We are Team Tactio Vital from Canada and California. I actually founded a company to do network diagnostics and we were successful in very large networks. The word Tactio is a sense of touch and we decided to make it that word for two reasons. We wanted to design software with no keyboards and no mouse. Just use with the finger, with the simplicity of finger, and that was the beginning of the iPhone, actually, at those times. The other thing is once you take all the information about your body and you bring it into some form of a screen or something, you get more connected to yourself and we thought the sense of touch was actually something interesting. I think mobile health is changing the whole business model. A lot of people see mHealth with all the paradigms of the current healthcare system, which is very curative, very driven on the hospitals and the information that the doctors needed in the hospital to be digitized. I think mHealth is all about providing a totally different experience and reversing all that pyramid with the patient as being the center of this whole new healthcare system. We needed some biosensing technologies to help us. We were working with several popular biosensors for physical activity and all kinds of things and some blood pressure cuffs and all that. But we wanted something a little more closer to the body or maybe within the body or something very, very close to spend a lot more in the chronic diseases area. So far, you know, we have done a lot in a lot of different chronic diseases. You know, busy the hypertension, we've done diabetes management, working on the COPD and CHF. So we're working various chronic diseases one by one. I think for the tricorder to be effective, it needs to be something that can scale to very large population levels to actually achieve enormous outcomes and change healthcare. Our expertise is really in our technologies centered around the scaling, the platform and all the software required for that. Combined together, we have a solution, I think, which is very compelling for a very broad scope of chronic disease management and diagnostics. Thank you.