So I'm Jeff Bonning, and I am a PhD candidate at the Research School of Earth Sciences at ANU. So most of the time what I like to study are the chondrites, and these really primitive meteorites, and they're the building blocks of the planets. Particularly for me, I love the carbonaceous chondrites, which are really our only pieces of the outer solar system that we have that we can actually look at. But a while ago, over the last year, it was the century, the 100th anniversary of, or since it was the 90th anniversary of the discovery of Pluto. And so we were asked to talk about Pluto. So I developed this talk that I'd like to share with you all now, which is just the geology of Pluto. That's what we're going to go over today. So it's really fun, and Pluto, as we'll see, is a really exciting, really bizarre world.  But with Pluto, things are so different, the chemistry is so different, that it's really hard to draw those analogies. So we'll look at, especially one called the Sputnik Planum, and we'll go over all that. So start off with, let's go here, so here's a little overview of what we're going over. To start with, I'm going to be talking about our intrepid little robot explorer, New Horizons, the spacecraft that actually went to Pluto. Before New Horizons got there in 2015, Pluto was a blurry haze in the Hubble telescope. We could barely see anything, but now we've got all these beautiful high resolution images next to New Horizons. Then we'll go over a little bit of the basics of Pluto, so Pluto one-on-one, just things about how big it's blue, how far away. And then we'll look at a bit of the geography and look at some of the specific features, which you can see right here in that map just there. And then we'll talk briefly about the moons, and then very quickly we'll look at the follow-up to the Pluto mission itself, which was New Horizons, because it's going extremely fast, it's at escape velocity, one of the few spacecraft to do that. It's on its way out of the solar system right now after it's fly by Pluto. And on the way out, it's stopped by a little tiny, tiny world called Arapa. That's the most primitive object we've ever seen, basically a clump of nebula as a world, so we're going to look at that at the very end too. And then we'll talk about the other fact that it's an interstellar space, and time for questions at the end. So New Horizons, yeah, so New Horizons launched in 2006, and you can see it's gone right out here, up and intercepted the Pluto system in 2015. Now we said a Pluto system here, because Pluto, even though it's not technically a planet, we call it a dwarf planet, is actually a binary planetary system, because the center of mass of it and its moon, like Charon, or Charon, if you were to balance them on a stick is actually not inside either of them, so we call it a double binary planetary system, or a double planet system, even though they're both dwarf planets. And then, yeah, so New Horizons is often, like these kbos, what we call the Kuiper Belt object, so really icy things. So we talk about the asteroid belt and the interstellar system between Mars and Jupiter, but you go further on that there is a lot more stuff out there that we are going to just begin to discover and understand. So New Horizons was basically a spacecraft, it's basically a camera and a spectrometer, those are its main instruments are taking pretty pictures and looking at what the things in those pictures are made of. So a spectrometer for those who don't know about them, a spectrometer is an instrument that we use to it splits up the light coming into it, and using that we can see so it splits it up into different colors. And then looking at the intensity of different colors, we can use that to figure out what things are made of, especially by comparing things to things in the lab. So that's how we figure out, so when I talk about chemical information and chemical composition stuff in this, what we're talking about is information that came through the spectrometer. Yeah, oh, and one thing you might notice about New Horizons here is a lot of our solar system exploration craft that you might have seen. A lot of them have solar panels, but this one doesn't because it's going so far away, it cannot rely on that. So it's actually relying on a nuclear generator, a small one. So it's basically just a bunch of radio isotopes in there emitting heat and it's getting power from that. One of the first strange things about Pluto is it's really eccentric, and by that we need really oval orbit. So most of the planets have very circular orbits, it's got a much more oval shaped one. It's also inclined, so most of the planets are in a single plane in the solar system. But Pluto is on this really, really high orbit kind of. And that's the case with a lot of things out there, they're smaller and they are much further away, so they're less tightly bound in some ways to the sun. So as I said, it's 30 to 50 times farther away than the Earth is from the sun. And at that point, the sun is still the brightest object in the sky, but it's only a point of light. So you couldn't actually resolve it right on Earth, right? The sun is about the size of the moon in terms of angular size, you can look at them like this. Out there, it's a point of light and it is 250 times farther than the full moon. So I don't know exactly what that is to look like, but it might hurt your eyes to look at it.  But there are a lot of variations. Because of this, so Pluto is extremely tilted. So not only is it itself inclined, eccentric, Pluto itself is at a really strange angle to its orbit. So we're at about a 25 degree, 24 degree angle roughly to our orbit and the Earth spins something like, I can't really do that with my hands very well, something like that on its orbit. To give us the seasons, Pluto is like this and it's doing something like this. It's doing these huge oscillations. And what that means is that it's summers and winters last an extremely long time. Yeah, so on Earth, you know, if you're at the South Pole or any either of the poles, the day times in the summer are six months long. And the winters, the nights in the winter are also six months long. On Pluto, that's true, but they last almost a century. So extremely long periods of day and night. And because of that really eccentric orbit, if a summer happens when Pluto is close to the sun, so the pole pointing towards that, if that lines up, that's what we call these extreme seasons on Pluto. Pluto has extreme seasons that happen as well as the seasons themselves when that eccentricity lines up. So then you've got, and those happen every 800,000 years. There's been a large cycle there that changes the temperature of the poles dramatically. So Pluto is very small. Here on the facts here, 0.2% the mass of the Earth and its surface gravity is less than 10%. So you could kind of walk around, you know, it's not too dissimilar from the moon or so, but wouldn't be easy. And it's about the size of Russia or a little bit over two times the size of Australia. So if you've walked across Australia, you can probably walk across this. And just as a comparison in the composition, so whereas we've got a rocky, I mean an inner metallic core inside the Earth. So these two bits are metallic. The core of Pluto is rocky. And instead of a rocky mantle like we have, so we've got, this is where a really dense, hot, kind of plastically deforming a really kind of gooey rock is the mantle. Instead of that, it's got water ice acting as its mantle. And above that it's got nitrogen. And this is again, I want to use the analogy that nitrogen is like the water on the Earth, but it's not exactly because it's still a solid most of the time. So it's not exactly like water on the Earth, but it does form this outer layer. Nitrogen is what dominates that bit. And it's also got an atmosphere. So that's something that we kind of knew about from Hubble, but it's not until we got out with new horizons. And we actually see how complex and thick that atmosphere is. So you can see it here. We've got these haze layers. So these are layers of actual haze in the atmosphere. And that haze is made of organic compounds. It's a little bit of methane on Mars. And that's part of the atmosphere and the solar radiation hits that methane. It reacts with itself. So that methane reacts and you form more complex organic chemicals. And as that continues, those organic compounds from the methane starts to get bigger and bigger and bigger and bigger until they slowly rain out of the atmosphere. So there's a really steady accumulation of rain or haze on the surface of Pluto. You can see it again here. It's actually blue. And that's the nitrogen. It's actually blue for the same reason that the Earth's atmosphere is blue. This is the nitrogen in the atmosphere. Now as I was saying before, this is one of the first things that shocked us. This is one of the nice beautiful pictures of Pluto. It's an extremely diverse surface. That was one of the first things that struck the scientists working on the mission. It's not just some dead body. One of the first things we can see is that you've got these really, really cratered ancient terrains like this down here. And then you've also got these really fresh-looking terrains like this. This is something I'm just here. And then you've got kind of intermediate-looking terrains, things that are a bit older but not quite ancient. So there's actually resurfacing going on on Pluto. Pluto is an active world. Mars, for example, can compare to Mars. And Mars is pretty much an extinct world. It's a dead world. I think the surface itself isn't turning over anymore. Pluto, this is clearly still happening. And just to remind you, there's going to be question time at the end. So don't forget to ask any questions if I've just glazed over something and you're like, hang on, what was that? Please ask me. So yeah, so with these organics here, so we're talking about that haze, right? In the atmosphere, and that slowly accumulates. And what that means is that we've got kind of an indicator for the surface age on Pluto. So you can see these redder terrains, the more red the terrain is, the more ancient it is generally. So we've got these really ancient red terrains, fresh white surface on Sputnik Planum, and something kind of intermediate over here. This is over, I think, Tartarus dorsus. So this intermediate age, a little bit red, a little bit cratered, but not quite as red and cratered as this over here. So this is our overview of the geography. This is our geography of Pluto session. And so we have Sputnik Planum in that middle here. This is this footprint shaped one. And Cthulhu Regio here. And this is one of the most ancient terrains that we've found out on. So this is what we call the encounter hemisphere. This is the bit that New Horizons got close to as it flew by. As it flew around the other way, we did get to see the far side. We didn't get to see the other side, but we didn't get to see as well. But we did see that this Cthulhu Regio type of equate band extends all the way around the equator. So you can imagine this thing standing all the way around. And then we're going to start looking at, first we're going to go over the compositions. So nitrogen, like I said, dominates the surface of Pluto. It's the most abundant chemical there.  So that's why you kind of want to use the analogy sometimes that nitrogens like the water on Earth. And so nitrogen is kind of like the water and it flows into this plane. So it does flow into it. And it's also the dominant gas in the atmosphere. So again, you want to use the analogy to water, but this plane, as we're going to see, isn't quite analogous to an ocean. It's very solid. It's very different to an ocean. Methane is also a feature here. So we've got that's also mostly as ice and also as a gas in the atmosphere and maybe even sometimes as clouds. So we've seen some tenuous kind of look things that look like clouds there and also in Hubble images, things that kind of look like clouds that might be the methane. Also carbon monoxide, but that's mostly sunk into that Sputnik Planum there. And water, as we know, water is what the bulk of Pluto is or bulk of the mantle of it, but that's only exposed at the equator, this high altitude equatorial region. So that's where we get the water actually being exposed because the nitrogen isn't actually stable there. So you can see it actually not, you see there's no nitrogen there. Just a little overview of some of the geography and the names that we've got on Pluto. So what's kind of fun about it is that it's got three main things that it's drawing on. It's got things that are often underworld deities. So Pluto itself, of course, is one of the three Roman deities of the underworld. But then we've drawn on a number of others, as well as fictional ones. So we've got Cthulhu Ritio here, the Balrog Macula, as well as some others. I mean, it eventually not as familiar with the Krunala Vokup Kameg. And then other things that are named after are explorers and that's a mixture of human and robotic explorers. So we've got Viking, which was a Martian rover. Hyabusa, which was a Japanese spacecraft that went to the first asteroid. And then we've also got the Aladrissi Montes here. So Aladrissi was an Arab explorer that went into Europe and backed all that. So now we're going to zoom in on the Sputnik planet here and see it in a little bit more detail. So again, you want to kind of call it an ocean, but it's solid, but it's still doing convection. It's a very strange thing. So yeah, it's got these cells. So we've got this cellular terrain. And so the middle bit is where the hot material, like convection, if you're not familiar with the term, is what happens in your petal when you're boiling your water or when you're cooking a stew maybe. And you've got hot stuff rising up in the middle and then pushing out to the side and then sinking down at the edges. And that's exactly what we've got going on these cells. So we've got things push up and rise up in the middle and then sink down at these edges. So those are our convection cells. And we can see that these things are quite young because there's no craters on them. We don't see almost any craters on the Sputnik planet. So we expect that these things are surfacing pretty fast in a geological time scale, which means maybe they're 100,000, they take 100,000 years, maybe a million years to turn over. We've also got the edges of Sputnik planet. We've got these mountain-sized icebergs made of water ice. So there's glaciers actually on the edges. So the nitrogen flows into Sputnik planet. So glaciers form at maybe higher altitudes. They flow into Sputnik planet. And as they do that, they break off the water ice that forms the basement rock and these things end up floating out into Sputnik planet. And you can see a little bit better on the past one here. So these things like this. And these are giant icebergs, but they're the size of mountains on Earth. So these things can be up to five kilometers tall. There's gigantic floating mountains. We can also see dunes on top of our convection cells. So that again is evidence that the atmosphere can become quite thick on Pluto. And so that's something else. Remember that nitrogen is acting as the atmosphere. It's acting as one of the things that's moving around on the surface. So it condenses out of the atmosphere like water does on Earth. It can condense out as an ice or it can be a gas. And on Pluto during those really intense summers, so much of the nitrogen is possible that it becomes a gas that the pressure at the surface becomes way greater. So you might actually have liquid nitrogen flowing on the surface of Pluto and wind able to actually blow grains of ice across these dunes, across these convection cells forming these dunes. So during those intense summers, you have the pressure of the atmosphere increase enormously. And the opposite is true during the winter. The atmosphere most of the atmosphere condenses out and you're in basically a vacuum again. And it just kind of forms a snow. Then during the springtime when things are heating up, you've got these sublimation pits. So these things are hundreds of meters across. And a sublimation is not a process that happens much on the Earth. But it's where a solid goes straight to a gas without going through a liquid state. Now most of the time we're used to seeing ice melt in spring. But in the rest of the solar system, especially where pressures are lower on Neptune. I'm sorry, Neptune. Well, on Neptune, Neptune Triton has it. Pluto and Mars as well. Things go from solid to gas pretty regularly. So this is what these pits are. You have a whole piece of the ground evaporating. And next we are going to look briefly at Tartarus dorsi here, which is what we call the bladed terrain. So you can't quite see the bladed texture here. I'm going to zoom in on that now. And so these things are ridges. And they can be kilometers tall. And they're basically oriented north south. So it's called bladed terrain. The description that's from some of the scientists that worked on this is that if you've got all of the knives in your drawer and just kind of stack them up this way and just did it like that. So this is these alleys in between the knives, alleys in between the knives, and then these just sharp clips of methane. And so this is a really bizarre terrain that doesn't really have an analogy on the Earth. And the best thinking about it is that during those extreme summers and extreme winters, the nitrogen evaporates from one of the poles, the nitrogen and the methane evaporate from the current summer pole and migrate to the colder winter pole. And while it's doing that, they're forced up the high altitude equator. So the equator is quite a high altitude. And just like snow on Earth. So when, you know, if you've got moist air being forced up a mountain, you get rainfall and you also get snow. Kind of coming out of the gas. Same thing happens here. As these nitrogen and methane winds blow from the summer pole to the winter pole, the methane crystallizes out and forms these massive ridges. And then the nitrogen winds are kind of blowing through the channels between those huge ridges. So it's a really bizarre terrain that we don't have a huge amount of analogies for on the Earth. And yes, the next we're going to look at the Cthulhu region here. So this is our most ancient terrain. So just that comparison, we've got almost no crater on Sputnik Planum and we've got this very heavily cratered Cthulhu region. Yes, lots of craters there, which tells us it's very old. It's been around to experience a lot of impacts. And because it's at that high altitude, that nitrogen isn't actually stable there. So we get, we see the water ice, that bedrock exposed, the water ice is exposed here. And because it's so ancient that water ice is then coated with what we call tholins. And those are the organics that we were talking about. Those things that rain out of the atmosphere from the methane getting complex. And then once they're all on the surface, they become even more complex still by solar radiation. So you get these really thick kind of on Earth, if you were to melt it, maybe it would look like a tar. But out here it's a kind of, it would be like a solid substance. Yeah, so we've got this really red layer of these organic compounds. And then this white bits, this is not water ice snow, obviously. This is methane snow forming on those. So it's a little bit maybe like those Tartarus dorsi where the winds kind of blow over here and precipitate out on the, on the mountain tops. And again, just remember, if you have questions, please let me know. And I'm rushing through everything here. So let me know. So one of the other things that we see in Virgil fausae, in Cthulhu Virgia, sorry, is the Virgil fausae. So that's this crack you can see here. And so this is a sign of something like tectonism. And this layer is actually a liquid layer in between. So we have that icy shell beneath water ice, nitrogen ice on the outside. But in between those two, there might be a liquid layer inside. And in fact, most of that water layer might be liquid. And so this crack, for one thing is evidence of it because it means that it's kind of shifting around and as that solid nitrogen and water ice layer on the outside shifts around, it might crack a bit. And the other thing that we have to do around that crack, you see a lot more water than you do elsewhere. So it looks like, so we call it cryo-volcanism. It's just cold, volcano. Because it's cold water being squirted out of this crack where that liquid ocean beneath might have just pushed that water out. And part of the way that it stays that cold is all those organic compounds actually form a bit of an antifreeze in there, which unfortunately puts a bit of a damper on the idea of astrobiology. Not to say that it's impossible. It's just that any organic chemistry that we know would find it very hard to live in a liquid water ocean with that much antifreeze kind of substance. It's that kind of, yeah, with that chemistry. So a brief look at the moons now. So we've got Charin and then these other little moons. We've got Styx, Nyx, Kerberos and Hydra. Now Charin itself is a really similar composition to Pluto and it looks like it also had a liquid layer inside at one point, but that froze over. And when it froze over, what you can see is this crack here.  That's basically what happened to Charin. The whole planet basically just rifted around the middle of the planet that expanded and cracked the surface. And you also have this weird layer of this weird immaculate, mordor immaculate on Charin, which seems to be some of the thulins coming. So there might be, what it might be is that between these two planets they're over to each other. Charin might be stealing some of that methane atmosphere. So there might be some of Pluto's tenuous atmosphere kind of trailing over to Charin and depositing on there. And as they deposit, they form those thulins again. So once that methane's on there. And then this is our final view. So this was our final view of Pluto as New Horizons flew past around. So we got the encounter hemisphere, just everything that we've seen so far. Oh, sorry, I should have said, I don't have to mention these guys.  So these didn't really get to differentiate. And so they might have, they still argued about whether they accreted along with these other two. So you have a disk of ice as Pluto and Charin are forming around each other. These little moons might have formed from that disk or they might be captures from other coin-propelled objects. They might have just pulled them in and attracted them to it. So this here is the other hemisphere of Pluto that we didn't get to look closely at. But what you can see is that dark equatorial band again, that Cthulhu regia. So that is where that very ancient high altitude terrain goes fully around the planet. And New Horizons as we showed before kept going. It would be extremely hard to stop. So once New Horizons was going at those speeds to get out here, to get to Pluto in a reasonable timeframe, it's very hard to stop. It would have had to carry a lot more fuel to slow itself down. So it just didn't fly by. It flew past and went to this guy. So they didn't actually know exactly where they were going up there and figured that they being NASA and the New Horizons team figured that they could deflect it to one that they selected later. And they ended up with Arakoth. Now it was originally called Ultima Thule which was the most distant place known in Greek mythology. But unfortunately that name is also used by Neo-Nazis as the Arian homeland and the NASA scientists decided that was not a good name to keep Arakoth which is a Powhatan word from North America. So that was where the original settlers in Virginia landed. So that's one of their thunder deities. So it was discovered in 2014 Arakoth. So yeah, so one for one thing was discovered after New Horizons actually launched. And it is the most primitive object we've ever seen up close. So this is, if you were to imagine what happened, what would come out of a nebula. Let me see the beautiful, I should say, if you were to take a bunch of the ice and dust and just kind of push it together like a snowball, this is effectively what that would look like. This is a nebular solid basically. It's never been heated. It is in the same orbit that it was in four and a half billion years ago when the solar system formed. It's barely moved. So really the asteroids in the solar system as a counter example they have moved around. So this is really where they originally formed. Everything's been mixed up. But out here, things stayed really still and quiet and stable. So this is exactly where it was. So you can see it's another kind of a double planet. But what happened here is these two tiny bodies, I should say, it's about 39 kilometers long slowly, slowly orbited each other slowly, slowly, slowly until they just kind of bumped into each other and stuff. So you can see it's all mixed up. If you were to go there, you could grab a fistful of this and you would have basically pristine inter-star dust, the stuff between stars. When you look at the dark band of the galaxy, when you look up in Milky Way, that dark band is the dust between stars and you would basically be getting a sample of that in this kind of object. And as I said before, yeah, new horizons on the way out. So new horizons are the fifth spacecraft to achieve escape velocity from the solar system. So it is one of our fifth interstellar probe. So it's on the way out. Which is very exciting. So I don't know how long it will last after it actually. Any questions about it? Yes, I've got one question already. If you have questions, yeah, just please keep sending them in. We've got someone who's forwarding them on to me. Now the first question was on Pluto that getting more craters than other places. And as far as we have any reason to believe, no. It's not that it is the same on most bodies. We kind of expect that the the impactors come at all directions, come from all directions and on Earth, that's far as we can tell, that's exactly what happens here too. Things impact the surface from all directions and all angles . What the different ages, what the different amount of cratering tells you is much more so about the freshness of the surface. So a surface that hasn't been changed at all gets a lot more craters on it. So as another example, Australia is a bit more of a crater confident than some other fresher younger places. So if you were to take that out of the average size of Indonesia, there is then Australia, which is 3 billion years old, some parts of it. So it's got more craters on it. And likewise here, it's got very ancient terrain, very fresh and young terrain. Second question, does accretion require heat? How do those two lumps of ice get stuck together? It's never melted enough to create some kind of adhesion. So the adhesion on bodies like this is just gravity. It's very weak. They're not very big bodies. The gravity isn't very strong. And you can see that, well, there's actually a little bit of crater there. But a significant impact would break them apart possibly very easily and quickly. But it's just a very slow gravitational kind of settling on to each other. But then that gravity wasn't enough to deform their original shape into a ball, or a planet. The heat doesn't come to the heat integration on larger bodies is often because these things are kind of flying in hot and bringing a lot of energy with them. Whereas this was a very cold collision to start with. Accretion doesn't require heat is the answer to that, but it definitely can involve a lot of heat as it did with the Earth. And that's a big part of the impact. And especially because we were in the inner solvable system where things were being mixed up. So we've got all those Jupiter and Saturn moving around which moved all the planetary building blocks around and threw a bunch of these asteroids at the Earth and created these violent impacts which melted the surface, melted anything that was here. Or here's a very slow, slow question. What is the size of Pluto compared to the Earth? Now I've got that back here. It's all. There you go. It's about 2.2% the mass. And so you can see the surface area would also be quite small. So it's very small. It's actually smaller than the Moon. Yeah, it's smaller than the Earth's Moon, significantly smaller than the Earth's Moon. That's all the questions that I've got coming in so far. Oh, here's another one. How can such a small body hold on to an atmosphere? That's a good question. Sorry, the others are good questions too. That's a very perceptive one because when you go to places like Mars, it's lost a lot of an atmosphere. So how can this tiny body have anything on it? That nitrogen is found here. Yeah. Because it's so cold, the nitrogen, even though it is a gas, is just not kind of vibrating enough to bounce out of the atmosphere. Out there, even though it's barely being held on. It's just simply because it's so cold. And actually that haze, Pluto, one thing that was kind of confusing from Hubble and the measurements that were made from Earth, was that Pluto is actually colder than you would expect. So if you were to, you know, just imagine how cold an airless body is at different distances from the Sun, you can kind of estimate their temperatures based on just how much light is coming onto them. But Pluto is colder than you would expect for a body without an atmosphere. And part of the reason is because of that methane haze. So because it's atmosphere, it's atmosphere actually affects to cool it down because the methane in that haze reflects more light. So another question is how far away is Voyager 1 from Earth now? Answer that one. I don't actually know. I don't have the answer to that. I can look that up and I can Google that in just a second, but I don't actually know the answer to that one. How many moons does Pluto have? And how many is it? Five? Yeah, nailed it. So we got, yeah, Karen's it's major one. Although I could say maybe we should actually kind of say four moons around the Earth. Four moons around a double planetary system. So we can put on Karen's not really technically a moon because it's the center of mass of these bodies is outside of Pluto, which makes it a double planet system, not a planet moon system like the Earth. So four little moons, possibly more smaller ones. New Horizons did look for more, but it didn't see any. But that doesn't mean that there aren't any. It flew by very fast. So it didn't get to spend a long time out there looking for more. Yeah. Any other questions? That's all we've got right now. Any other questions about Pluto? I hope I didn't speak too fast. I hope you could all hear me. It's my first time doing this over Zoom. I'll talk about this. I'm going to get to see the audience's face and see how they're responding. Okay. So I got another question. How do you know the center of mass is in the middle of Pluto and Karen? By, as by knowing their mass, they're individual masses. Sorry, partly by knowing their densities. But we can, we can estimate the based on their composition and how fast they're spinning around each other. So we know that they're made of ice, a lot of rock. And by knowing how fast they're spinning around each other, we can estimate their respective masses from the amount of angular momentum they've got. And yeah, once, once you know those respective masses, then it's just a matter of, kind of balancing those, just taking the distance between those. And it's almost like, you know, in the model, you're kind of really just, if you're trying to, if you're trying to imagine it, you just have a stick between the two and you're trying to kind of put your finger on and balance in the middle of it. And on the earth, in the earth moon system, that balancing point is inside the earth. If you do that calculation, whereas with Pluto and Karen, it's on the outside of Pluto. Who discovered Pluto? Oh, gosh, I should know this one, as we talked about it. Was it Clyde Tombaugh? Is that was, so this feels like, who wants to be in a million area? I know I'm on the hot seat. Sorry guys, I can't Google this. You just saw that. Okay, so it's Clyde Tombaugh. And an extra fun fact was that it was named by a schoolgirl who just kind of wrote into them from what I understand. And I just had been reading about mythology in a book and it was like, Pluto would be a good name for that in terms of the thought of the underworld in this dark, cold place. So as a child, it actually ended. It was in the 19th. Yeah, 19th. Any more questions? So we've got no more questions coming in. So I'm going to wrap up. Thank you all for coming. Hope you enjoyed it. Hope it made sense. Yeah. Thanks. Stay safe, everyone.


We don't have to wait much longer to see who will be the Austin Celia world winner. Well, not much longer We do have to wait though. Jenny congratulations to you so much six point five zero meters Do you think you can did you think you could go farther than that? I think When I jump 64 I say I looked at the record and say Johnny going after that record and so so said so done You got it in your first attempt. Were you satisfied that you could have gotten it that early? Yes I wanted it early so I could shop my competitors and put them in a kind of uncomfortable situation So that was your plan.  Yes, I did. Yeah And now how are you going to celebrate your gold medal? Yeah, I have a big celebration. I told my know everybody's looking on So I want to thank my thank my to God, thank my coaches, my family, thank my supporters, everyone Thank you so much. Yeah, thank you for giving us such great entertainment. Thank you Congratulations. Once again, Jenny the guns. That's your long jump under 20 girls gold medalists


Hello ladies and gentlemen, welcome to a very strategic reaction video here on the Open Minded Thinker Show. If this is the first time you are stopping by on this channel, I would encourage you to stick around because on this channel we have tons of materials that can help you learn more about religion in a more open-minded fashion and of course to learn specifically about Islam. The video we want to look at is a video of about 20 women visiting a mosque for the very first time in Australia. But before we jump into that video, I've got a message for you. For a channel like this to grow more bigger, to grow more better, it's very very instructive to have people subscribe to it. So in order to support us, support what we're doing, support our journalism and our work here, our Dawa here, please hit the subscription button, there's a red button on the right hand side, if you're first on your screen and be part of this channel. This will help us grow and help us reach others in recall time. 20 ladies for the very first time visiting a mosque in Australia. It's going to be very interesting. That video has gone out of 2 million views on YouTube in the past 10 or 12 days and I think it's really interesting. Let's see really what happened there. Please remove your shoe first. Please remove your shoe. Please remove your shoe. Make yourself easy. First time everybody? First time in Penang, I guess? The first time in Penang. And first time to the mosque? First time to the mosque as well? My name is Din. Din. If you've forgotten don, ding dong, ding. That's all right. But my full name is Kamaru Din. So it might be difficult for you to pronounce it, so make it Din. Very universal. I guess all wearing a traditional clothes, I really don't know who, they're wearing rubber like Africans. This is quite amazing honestly. So welcome to the mosque called Kapitan Kaling Mosque. Why this word Kaling? This is origin from India. 250 years back and this mosque is about 225 years old. When the British came over, they brought the Chinese, the Indian, and also they brought the Indian Muslims. So we settled down here, my ancestors, and it will build this mosque and it was very small. It was until here. The later, after 50, 100 years later, it expanded, expanded until here.  So in Penang, we have about 224 mosques, 224. And each mosque has their own design and architecture based on the culture of the people.  If you go to New Delhi, India, you can see mosques like this because they're very Indian origin. There's something they observed. It should be a shame on the West today that Islam is the only religion, the only Abrahamic faith that's the uphold, decency and dressing and respect for sanctity. If you go to various churches in the world right now, especially the West, I can assure you that if you enter some of the churches the way people dress the church is unbecoming because when people do this and there's no penalty and there's no restrictions to what they do, they would actually see that as not being divine or holy. This exactly was happening the West today. The West needs to go back to the root of decency where Islam is really holding forth now. And beside the history, 224 years and the different architecture, but all the mosques in the world, they have the same pictures inside. This is the direction facing Mecca. See this is the direction. And men, women, children come from mosques. Men, women, children come from mosques. And when we pray, we face towards Mecca. And what you see, what you can observe, you don't see any pictures or any images to say that is God. Then to whom we pray, we still pray to God. And the direction is towards Mecca, the Black Cabba. Have you seen the Black Cabba? That was built by Adam, the first man, Adam. And later magnified and make it complete was Prophet Abraham. And later Prophet Muhammad continued it.  So what you see, very simple, no chairs, no tables. What is this carpet for? This carpet for not to fly when we pray. You see, if you remember the movie Aladdin the Lamb, there's a carpet. So I thought you might be thinking we can fly to Australia, you see. Now this carpet, when we pray, we pray side by side for standing purpose, comfort purpose for the lake. Ah, there's no fire, there's no music, very quiet, very simple. Men, women come to the mosque. We pray at the same time. We do all the same postures and actions, but we pray separately. So like this mosque we have on the right hand side, certain mosques, they are upstairs. That's the division. Come, let me show you something else. Let's look like a swimming pool, don't jump. Okay, come, come, see the inner part. Since this is an old mosque, it is very unique.  But it's a place where we perform our, what you call physical cleanliness before we enter prayer. Muslim men, women and children, before we perform our prayer, before we recite our Koran in Arabic, we will take what we call ablution. What do we do? This is a normal tap water, it's not holy water, we don't have anything holy here. It's a normal water, we wash certain part of our body. We start with Bismillah in the name of Allah, we wash our hand and we rinse our mouth three times, our nose, our face three times, our hand begin from the right to the elbow three times, left three times, and the head could be once or twice, and the ear once, and the feet right and left above ankle three times. In English we call it ablution. So Muslims, before we enter the prayer, we clean our certain part of the body five times a day. If you're Christian and I will say this is a minor baptism, why minor baptism?  We have minor and major, in university you do minor and major. So we have sins also minor dropped together, beside the hygiene, beside the cleaning less, also the spiritual part cleanse your minor sin. And after cleaning ourselves we will come here, over in here, come, follow me. Hafiz, we will, men and women after washing we come here, we face towards Mecca and where we now will perform our prayer. And the first is standing position, I'll say Allah, this is the standing position, very important position. All the Muslims in the world, whether they are from China or from Japan, in this position they will read their prayer in Arabic. Today Muslims about 18.8 billion Muslims including in Australia, in this position we will recite something from the glorious Quran in Arabic which I will share with you later. The second position he goes, the bowing position, not the Japanese bow, not this, where you can put a cup of glass here. So in this position he prays God, come back. In this position he prays God, by saying, Subhan Rabbil Azim glorify to you the most majestic. And after that he will fall on his face. And in this position he prays God, Subhan Rabbil Allah, glorify to you the most high. So this is how Muslim men and women pray standing bowing, prostrating and five times prayer. I will tell you how many circles that he have to do the bowing and I will tell you. Right? Come this way please. Am I going to answer? Yeah. Okay. All right. This way please. Come, what's your name? Asher. Asher. All right. Your good name? Ben. Ben. Easy, easy. Ben. Okay. Are you all with me? Friends, are you all with me? Right. Good. Beautiful. See this is the glorious Quran in the Arabic text. And I'm minding myself origin and today my mother tongue is English. You know why my mother tongue is English? According to the American psychologist, I write in English, I read English and I dream in English. That makes my mother tongue as English today. According to the American psychologist. Right. Now, this Quran have 114 chapters. This Quran have 114 chapters, 6,236 verses. 6,236 verses. Today, Muslims who are about 1.7 billion, a most 90% of the Muslim world can read the Quran in Arabic. Even they may not understand. And you will be surprised. We have 20 million Muslims from the age of three to the age of 85 years old boy or girl, male or female, Chinese Muslim or Japanese Muslim have memorized the entire book. We have 20 million. I doubt anybody have memorized their lonely planet to Malaysia. You know the lonely planet? Even your psychology book also you have not memorized it. But we have 20 million Muslims have memorized it. That's the fact. Why? Because the Quran is been recited in the prayer. And the Quran revealed to a man called Muhammad 600 years after Jesus Christ. Peace be upon them. So this Quran came to him in the period of 23 years. It doesn't came as a book. I give you one example. There's a woman went to complain to the Prophet Muhammad about the husband. And the husband was doing something not right. She went to complain to the Prophet and the Prophet was silent. He was not giving answer to her and she kept on pestering him until the revelation came. Chapter 58 of this Quran revealed because of her. And emancipated her from the husband. A great example. And these is most important. We call it remember when we are standing just now we're going to pray in Arabic. And these is the seven verses that we recite in our prayer. And it's a compulsory for all Muslim men and women children when comes to prayer. These are the seven verses we recite in Arabic. Have you heard any recitation in Arabic before Quran? Have you? Have you? Have you have? Never heard before. So I'm going to share with you this beautiful moment of yours. I'm going to read it to you. Bismillahirrahmanirrahim.  The Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, he said, when you read the Quran, read it melodiously. How? All right. One other thing I would I love about the video is simply other way the man is just instructing them in a very, very intelligent manner. I think the man prepared quite well. And you know, it's just very clean and very cool here. Al-Rahmanirrahim. He's the most merciful and most gracious. He's the master of the day of judgment. To you we worship and to you we seek for help.  Not the path will earn your anger and ministry. Amen. Seven verses. This is where we perform our prayer. Let's go that way. One more. You will surely you have heard this. You see the minaret. Since how many I think you spend a lot of time in Penang, have you heard somebody shouting? Yeah, shouting, especially in the morning. They are actually not shouting. They are calling. My Jewish brethren, they have the Trump, the horn to call for prayer. My Christian brethren, they have the bell. But the Muslims in the time of Prophet Muhammad, they was deciding how to call for prayer. Since we pray five times a day, so much. So that was God inspired to compete in the call. And the call is in Arabic. If you go to Istanbul for holiday, you will be hearing a lot. Who been to Istanbul before? Have you been to Istanbul? Don't miss Istanbul, one of the most romantic city in the world. I'm going to bring my wife there again for second animal. So you will be beautiful architecture in Istanbul. So the call is in Arabic, whether from Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand, up to Alaska. The call is Allah Akbar, Allah Akbar. Remember the call? It's not the same like I'm reading the Quran. It says Allah Akbar, Allah Akbar. Allah is the greatest. Well guys, thank you very much for watching this video. It's relatively long. It's about 27 minutes, over 27 minutes of video. A tour of Australian students who, you know, stomped a mosque. I really don't know where it's happened. But I think this is in Australia or somewhere in India, you know, considering the introduction that the Imam gave in the beginning of the video. So it's really very, very clear here that increasing number of young people are really attracted to traditionalism. And they are pounding towards, obviously, those who maintain their traditions, those who maintain the faith until the end. And I think Islam has aimed that respect and that's why people are touring some of those places to really see and know what Muslims actually do in the mosque. Because people have different notion about what really Muslims do. Some say Muslims worship the devil. Some say they're heretics. They're sismastics or whatever, anything they can call them. But the truth is that when you go to the mosque, you'll witness peace, serenity, seriousness, lack of discrimination, lack of racism. Just pray and everybody goes his or her way. Well, thank you so much for being part of the show. You can show our support by subscribing to this channel so that this video can get to a lot of people, share it to a large group of people on Facebook and other social media so that others can witness this firsthand. You can head on to their channel, main channel, and watch the complete video. Thank you so much for being part of it today. Asalaamu Alaikum.


Hey guys, Shane here. So this video is going to be all about how you can go about calculating your net worth and comparing it to other people that are around your same age. Now the average net worth by age will probably shock you, hopefully in a good way. And the average wealth by age between you know, somebody who's like 20 or someone who's 30 or 40, there's a completely different, there's a huge gap, especially in this day and age where nearly everybody's in debt. It's great to see where you're at compared to other people who are around your age. This is most important if you're a millennial or you're a young person watching this because you're just going to be shocked at what the average net worth is for your country, for your gender, for your age. And then I'm also going to compare it to other countries. And so you can get a really good perspective of where you're at in the world and how lucky you really are if you're watching this from a first world country. So without further ado, let's get started going to jump into the computer right now. Okay, so it's important to note that this information that's on the screen right now is based off of the United States. So it's not Canada, it's not Australia, it's not anywhere else, it's the United States. So do keep that in mind. And this is also calculated based off of households. And this was a really good article by wallethacks.com. So the median net worth for everybody under the age of 35 is $6,900. So this is, you know, everybody grouped together. So 18 through 35, all of those grouped together. And then you take the median of all that it's $6,900. So it's not very high. This could be due to several factors. I think a lot of it has to do with how much debt people are in. I mean, even people who become doctors under the age of 35 probably have a negative total net worth because they have to pay like $100,000 to get their doctorate. But it also could be due to just making poor choices. So for instance, you know, buying an expensive car that you can't afford going into debt for that, taking out a payday loan, not saving, not investing your money, not keeping a budget, spending way more than you need to on things like food. All of these things contribute to this low $6,900 median net worth. Now moving up to the 35 to 44 year old age bracket, it seems like this is the age where people kind of start to get their stuff together. You know, they've got a steady job, they're saving money, they're starting to invest, maybe think about retirement. And so their net worth jumps up to about $45,000, $46,000 almost. And then moving on to the 45 to 54 year old age bracket, they finally hit $100,000 median net worth. So probably around like 49, 50 years old, people hit that $100,000 median net worth. Now I'm going to go ahead and skip to the very last age bracket here, the 75 plus. So generally, you see that the net worth actually goes down a little bit.  And I think the reason for that is because people tend to retire around 65 to 70. And their peak net worth is probably around the time that they retire, just because after they retire, they're going to be living off of their retirement savings. Now it's a little scary to think that most people in this age bracket only have $225,000 saved because that's simply not enough to retire on. Now a lot of people this age also might have a pension.  So it's something that we can't really rely on anymore. And then of course, they also have social security to help them, which is something that may not be around forever. There's a lot of people saying it's going to be gone within the next 10 to 20 years. So don't rely on that either. So it's a little bit scary to see that people are actually living off of $225,000 a year net worth. And chances are you won't be able to do that by the time you get that age. So it's very, very important that you start saving and investing as soon as you can. So the big takeaway from this is start investing early. Okay, so the data on this next one was gathered by thecollegeinvestor.com. It's a really good study they did. So this actually looks year by year at the average millennial net worth. So you see all the way at the bottom here, at the age of 18, you have a net worth of negative 8,893. Because a lot of people at the age of 18, they take out college loans and they have to pay for that. And then you don't get to a positive net worth until the age of 31. So if you're watching this and you're under 30 years old and you have a negative net worth, you probably are very upset about that. But guess what? Almost everybody else under 30 years old also is in the negative. I'm in debt up to my eyeballs. I can barely pay my finance charges. So if you're under 30 years old and you have a net worth of $100, you are better off than most people. Somebody help me. Now do keep in mind this is the average and not the median. They are calculated a little bit differently. So you can't compare this one to the last slide that I showed you. So the interesting thing to note here is like I mentioned earlier, past generations had other things that they could count on for when they got older. For instance, baby boomers had pensions and they had social security as well as other programs that would help them out when they got older. Generations before the baby boomers, they relied completely on their family. So when you got old, your family would take care of you. And that doesn't always happen in this day and age just because a lot more people rely on the state. And another thing I want you to notice here is once they actually get back to that point where they have a positive net worth, their net worth starts going up extremely quickly. It starts compounding. And the reason for that is probably because they're starting to invest and they're starting to go into retirement accounts and savings accounts. And the thing is, is most people don't start doing this until around 30 to 35 years old. So if you just start doing this at a younger age, you'll have a huge jumpstart on everybody else. And I talk about this in a lot of my videos is the difference, you know, in just a few years, like three years, five years, 10 years can make a absolutely huge difference in the long run when it comes to the power of compound interest and how your investments and savings can be hundreds of thousands, if not millions of dollars higher than other people, if you just start investing the same amount just a little bit earlier. Now I also wanted to go into your net worth by gender a little bit. So Ernest.com did a study where basically they compared a lot of different things, but the most interesting one was gender. And as you can see here, the male gender has $12,188 net worth, whereas females have $5,541 net worth. So that's about a $6,000 to $7,000 difference. And there's a lot of reasons for that. But the biggest reason they found, if you go to the bottom here, the biggest difference here, if you scroll all the way down to the bottom of the study was investments and retirement savings. So men had $17,000 almost in their retirement savings and $10,000 in their investment savings at the same age as women, whereas women only had $12,000 and about $7,000. So that makes up the majority of that $6,000 difference right there. So for some reason, men are deciding to invest and save for retirement at an earlier age than women. Now this video on net worth would not be complete if I didn't also go over average salary by age. So as you can see, from the age of 20 to 24, the average salary is somewhere around $29,000 a year for people who are working full time. As you get a little bit older, it increases quite a bit to about $41,000 a year, almost $42,000 from the age of 25 to 34. And then the age 35 to 44, it jumps quite a bit again, about $51,000. So that's another $10,000 jump. That's pretty significant. But this is where it gets interesting right here guys, from 45 to 54, it only raises to about $52,000. That's only a $1,000 jump. So as you can see, the increase from ages 35 to 44 to 45 to 54, that 10 year difference does not make much of a difference. And I'm not sure what the reasons for that are. There could be a million different reasons. The first thing that comes to mind is companies do tend to try and hire younger people, probably because they don't have to pay as much for health insurance and that sort of thing. I don't know though, I honestly don't know. But it is something to keep in mind if you're someone who's thinking about trying to retire early maybe retire by the age of 45 or so, which is absolutely possible if you start investing early and you make really good choices like budgeting and making good career choices. And these are all things I talk about on the channel and my other videos. So go ahead and check those out. Now if you do want to compare yourself to other people that are the same age, there is a really good site to do that. It's called stack me up.com. I'll go ahead and link it in the description. So the way it works is like let's say you're 25 years old and you're male. So let's go net worth by gender and age, choose male and 25 years old. And then you enter your net worth up here. Let's say I don't know, let's say 25 $50,000 net worth stack me up. So if you have a $50,000 net worth by the age of 25, your net wealth is ranked in the top 87.81% and you're about $31,578 more than the average male your age nationally. So you're doing pretty well. If you haven't done it already, you should head over there and just check it out just to see where you're at compared to all of your peers. Now I do want to just state again that this is compared to your peers in the United States of America. So let's just really quickly go over and check how the rest of the world is doing. So I wasn't able to find any really good research by age or you know gender or anything like that, but overall adults in the United States of America have a $65,000 net worth and that's median and then and then for mean it's about $391,000 net worth and this is by far the highest of anywhere in the world. The next one would be Europe, China and then Latin America and then the rest of the world. So if you live in the United States or another first world country, you have a ton of opportunity. Now when they break it down by country, you know Iceland has the highest median wealth per adult. Then Australia, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Canada, Japan, New England, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Singapore, Spain, Norway, Italy, Taiwan, Malta, Ireland, South Korea, Austria and then the United States. So even if you're kind of struggling a little bit in the United States, you're somewhere in the middle or maybe you're below average, you're still doing pretty well compared to the rest of the world and that's just something to keep in mind. I think business is moving towards being a little bit more international than just advertising to the United States. So skills that you gain in the United States, you can probably take and then use arbitrage, make a lot more money somewhere else while you're living there and then have much lower cost of living. This is a really big opportunity that you could take advantage of in the next 10 to 20 years. And that's what this channel is all about is identifying the big opportunities that are in the world right now. So go ahead and like, subscribe, comment down below, hit the little notification button and check out my other videos so you don't miss anything that I put out in the future. Have a good one and bye for now.


Hello there everyone and welcome. This is Melissa Arm of the Stock Swishy reviewing CTRP. This is such a nice move Two ads in this it's just felt like a brick and I mean I'd be lying But instead the market did help us today it did a little bit But it really still was very very weak and dropping and falling so This could fall for another hour. We'll see where it goes really good right here Just have to be very careful and watching it Glad to stay with this had time that it was doing work and got a lot of stuff done And this thing just fell so hopefully everybody is still in it or if you're out of it That's fine if you get out on the drop into two two thirty two forty five It should looks like it made the previous though that would be fine But again the FFOMC minutes came out and the market did fall a little bit So it helped this but don't let any of this go away from you this could break down. It could go to 27 It's got an hour left go there left in the market So who knows I you know this is going to close very weak and it was a really nice straight today So congratulations everyone that held it and did it and we'll see what we get tomorrow morning. Thanks everybody. Have a good day


Kentucky's new moonshine trail, which will be kicking off its second season this spring, has brought tourism to many destinations around eastern Kentucky, one such destination being the Kentucky Miss Distillery in Letcher County. It's good for our tourism. It's been well accepted here. The the Whiteburg location is a destination for folks coming to eastern Kentucky. They come in and stop and take a tour and do the taste testing and stuff. And it's fun to get to collaborate with other counties and just see what's going on. Appalachian Wireless just can't stop themselves. Get the iPhone 13 128 gig for a penny with a two-year contract on the mix and match or unlimited plan, new or renewed line. While supplies last, one penny for an iPhone 13. We are you. We are Appalachian Wireless. The trail takes tourists to six different distilleries around the state with four side stops. Trailgoers receive a passport that they can get stamped at each stop along the way. Adam says the boost Letcher County receives from the trail is a big win. We think it's a win-win for tourism. I think people will start getting out of the house.  And I think that the Kentucky Mist moonshine is just a wonderful destination for folks to come to Letcher County. And then once they're here to to be a part of the moonshine trail. For a list of all the distilleries on the moonshine trail, you can visit moonshinetrail.com. For mountaintop news, I'm Kelsey Fidele.


In this presentation, we will take a look at equivalent units of production using a weighted average method. We're going to calculate this within Excel. This is going to be our data down below. We have the given data in terms of units and then we got the percent completed for materials and percent completed for the conversion. Support Accounting Instruction by clicking the link below, giving you a free month membership to all of the content on our website broken out by category further broken out by course. Each course then organized in a logical, reasonable fashion, making it much more easy to find what you need than can be done on a YouTube page. We also include added resources such as Excel practice problems, PDF files, and more like QuickBooks backup files when applicable. So once again, click the link below for a free month membership to our website and all the content on it. Remember that the conversion consists of those things to change the material to the finished goods. That includes the direct labor and the factory overhead. We've got the work in process for June 1st. We're talking about a particular department here. So we're calculating for a particular department processing this department. Units started into production in June for this time period, June, the month of June. Units completed and transferred out of Department A during June. So we're going to say this is the amount of units that we took out and then we've got work in process for June 30th. So notice what we're talking here are in terms of units. So we have units that we're talking about and we need to determine the units that are involved so that we can use those as well to apply out the dollar amounts that will be involved. When we look at the financial accounting, of course, we're going to be talking about dollars. We're going to use units and equivalent units to help us to apply out the dollar amount to the portion that is still in our department, the stuff that's still in ending work in process, and the stuff that has been completed and has been transferred out of our department. And we're going to do that with the use of units. To consider the units then, we have the total units that we need to account for, but some of these units are partially completed. So then we got to think, okay, well, if they're partially completed, there's two ways that we can consider the partially completed numbers. One, materials. Are they partially completed in terms of the material involved? And two, the conversion. Are they partially completed in terms of conversion? Now, you might think, hey, there's three things involved in inventory. Materials, direct labor, and the overhead. But note, we only have two things we're considering here, and that's because we're combining together the conversion, which is the direct labor and the overhead. So we're combining those things together so that we only have two things we have to consider. So we have the utilities, units, and then the percentage completed with regard to materials of the same 330 total units, and then the percent completed with regard to the conversion of these same 330 units. So that's going to be the data that we have here. 40% complete for the working process in June 1st, 20% complete for the complete conversion costs, the direct labor, and the overhead. So we have 330 total units. The amount that's going to be completed for materials and conversion is always going to be something equal or less than that. It can't ever be more than that, the 330 total units that we're accounting for. And then we're going to do the same for the ending process here. So the units that are started into production are the 6,600, units completed and transferred out of the department, 5,940, working process what's still in there at the end of the time period, the end of the month, 990, 60% complete with regard to materials, and 30% complete with regard to the conversion. So then we're going to go down and compute the equivalent units of production. So the equivalent units of production. We're going to start with the units completed and transferred out of the department in June. And notice how easy this process is going to be. We're just going to say that that is equal to this 5,940. And we're just going to say that that is it. It's going to be it for both the materials and the same for the conversion. Notice what we're not doing. We're not trying to break out the portion that was in the beginning work in process. And that's going to be the weighted average method, because we're kind of averaging out the beginning and ending work in process. And in doing so, it's basically less calculation. So when we consider the first and first out method, it'll be a bit more complex, although it might make a little bit more sense, because we're assuming a first and first out flow method. In this case, we're just basically kind of netting out or averaging out the beginning and ending work in process. And therefore the calculation is going to be a little bit more simplified. The units completed and transferred out of the department in June. We're just going to say is the 5,940. And then we're going to take with that the work in process for June 30th, the end of the month. So we got June 30th, the end of the month. That was this 990. This one we're going to take into consideration the 60 and the 30% completed. How did we come up with these numbers? Most book problems will of course give them to you in practice. We would have to determine how much in Indian inventory, how much is there, how many units are there in Indian inventory, and how much is complete with regard to the materials and conversion given our best estimate and the industry that we're in. We're going to take this as the given on the book problem, that it's 60 and 30 materials and conversion. So what we're going to do is we're just going to take that 990 times 0.6. Oh, that's not right. That's going to take the 990 times 0.6. And that's going to give us the 594. So we're going to have the 594 here. And then we're going to take that 990 times the 0.3. The 0.3. And that's going to give us the 297. Let's do that in Excel. We're going to say this equals the 990 times the 0.6 tab. That's the 594. This equals the 990 times the 30. And that gives us the 297. Now we're just going to add these two up. That'll give us the 6534 here. And it's going to give us on this side the 6237. We're going to use the sum function to do so. I'm just going to say equals SUM and sum these up. I'll do the same here. Equals SUM. We're just adding those up, of course. And that'll give us equivalent units of production in the department during June. And then the next thing we'll calculate is the cost per equivalent unit so that we can assign out the costs to the units. And that's going to be the costs here. So eventually we want to be able to apply out the costs to the amount that are still left in ending working process and the amount that have been transferred out. And now of course we've got the units involved that are still in ending working process with regard to materials and conversion and the amount that has been completed and transferred out. And so now we're going to take those amounts and use them to apply out the cost and we'll need to, in order to do that, get a cost per equivalent unit calculation.


Hi, my name is Naima Dean. The book I'm presenting today to you to share my love of is A Measure of Time, A Measure of Time by Rosa Guy. The book basically starts out in the Jim Crow era with Doreen on a train headed from the south to the north and she goes to Harlem to meet her man who she sent up there with a bunch of money to set up a home. When she gets to Harlem and she sees Sunny, she realizes that her man has his own agenda. As a result, the young Doreen has to learn to fend for herself. She's a booster, a hustler. She's a gangster. She robs across the country with a team of other gangsters. She does time in jail. I first came across this book with right after high school and I read it and it was so vivid and alive. I found the main character, Doreen Davis, to be one of the most exciting characters I've ever come across. Before I became a librarian, my undergrad was theater and this story was like the one story that I always, the one character I always wanted to play, wanted to make a screenplay of, wanted to make a stage play of and just like share the vibrant Doreen Davis with everyone else. When I bought it, I loved it so much that I loaned it to a friend and never got the book back and so this was the first book that I chased down and looked everywhere and hunted to reclaim and own and add to my own personal library. My copy at home is extremely beat so that's why I'm using the library copy. I love this book so much. I'd probably take it on a date for Valentine's Day if it was real.


This paper proposes a hybrid algorithm combining similar days selection, SDS, Empirical Mode Decomposition, EMD, Long Short-Term Memory, LSTM, Neural Networks, Extreme Gradient Boosting, XGBoost, and K-Means Clustering to create a more accurate load forecasting model. The XGBoost algorithm was used to identify the most similar days in the past, while the EMD method was used to decompose the data into intrinsic mode functions, IMFs. Finally, separate LSTM neural networks were trained on each IMF and residual to generate more accurate predictions. Testing showed that this approach outperformed other methods in terms of accuracy and precision. This article was authored by Hu Dingjing, Jibin Yuan, and Long Chen.


But I wanted to show you this one segment because it is so funny absurd I mean this is theory of the absurd so not only is Putin feeding Tucker in this interview Russian propaganda But he's also feeding Tucker Nazi, I mean Nazi from Nazi Germany Propaganda and Tucker Tucker challenges him. What do you guys think you guys think he challenges him? No No All right, so let's watch this segment. I'm gonna show it to you. I think it's pretty self-explanatory just read the Translation on the first slide now. I have verified with Russian speaker That this is indeed what Putin said because I thought this was a joke Right, I think a lot of people online thought this was a joke, but you know watch this, right? The polls overplayed and forced Hitler to start World War two by invading them. Why did World War two start on September 1, 1939 in Poland? It didn't want to negotiate Hitler no other choice but to start bringing his plan to life in Poland They Played What do you do with laugh and Tucker's facilitating this He's facilitating this nonsense It was a disgusting Fawning ridiculous interview and worse than that Tucker didn't prep so he was surprised by many of Putin's answer Answers in spite of the fact that his answers were obvious I knew exactly what his answers were gonna be and And and and Tucker was surprised by them particularly his whole thing about why did you invade Ukraine? And Tucker surprised that he goes into a history lesson if you've watched my discussions of why Putin invaded Ukraine Why Putin invaded Ukraine? then It's it basically Putin Confirmed everything I said on his interview and Tucker And Tucker just bought it Tucker just swallowed it and Tucker did nothing, right?  You couldn't have found out by reading Putin's previous talks There was no real pushback except the one point about the worsty journal journalist and that led nowhere Putin handle it and and and it just moved on and Tucker got nothing from it. It was sorry, but it was pathetic. He shouldn't have done it No American journalist should be interviewing Putin And it turned out exactly the way I expected it to be that is just You know providing Putin with just one more Avenue for his propaganda That's it And and Putin doesn't lack avenues so for Putin.


What I want to do is look at, give an overview of the tumor microenvironment kidney cancer because we think obviously that this environment can lead to immune dysregulation and if we can understand more about the tumor microenvironment, we might be able to come up with additional targets for immunotherapy. So these are my disclosures. And so just talked about the tumor microenvironment. The tumor is not just the tumor cells, but in fact there's a number of different kinds of cells, fibroblast, myeloid cells, various immune cells, but turns out that many of these cells that are infiltrating the tumor are dysregulated, functionally impaired and contribute to the tumor progression. And this is illustrated here. This is, I took this from Nick Rostevo and you can see that there's the tumor microenvironment here. And these are the tumor cells and these are the infiltrating cells. So it was originally thought that these cells were all coming in to promote an anti-tumor response, but it turns out many of these cells are there to promote the tumor. So it's the opposite of what we originally thought. And so the idea now is to try to understand this better. And this is occurring now with the interactions, looking at PD1 and PDO1. So this is just a slide from Walt Storkas to showing that in kidney cancer patients in melanomas there is a decrease in the type 1 gaminephuron response and it's linked to active disease. So the only time you see in these patients a T-cell CD8 response was when they either had no evidence of disease or they had disease, but they were long-term survivors. And this also shows that these cells are skewed towards the type 2 gaminephuron, type 2 response rather than gaminephuron. So they're making more like immunosuppressive molecules like IL5 and 4. So they're all making IL5, but they're not making gaminephuron with the exception of the ones with NED. So people that have, so in this setting the tumor is actually regulating the development of a T-cell response. And we've seen this in kidney cancer and in melanomas. So what are the features that can promote this dysfunction? Well it's, you can have a level of T-cell priming where you have function, reduced function of dendritic cells, reduced, reduced the recruitment of these cells into the tumor. You can get less recruitment of effector cells because maybe the chemokines that we're using to attract them are not there. There's also, as we're going to talk about, there's presence of these immunosuppressive cell types. I'm not going to talk about the PD-01 and CTL-4 because that's being covered. So I'm going to focus a bit on these cell types. So as you know there's T-regulatory cells that have the FoxB3 that helps regulate the suppressive activity of these cells and these cells can come from the thymus and go into the tumors and where they can suppress. You can also take naive T-cells and after exposure to cholerogenic DCs, the presence of TGF beta, they can become T-regulatory-like and suppress. And you can see that there are multiple mechanisms by which they can suppress immune response. It's looking now like CTL-4 may be one of the more important components here. But there are multiple mechanisms. And if you look at, there's always, in most of these cancer patients, this is kidney cancer, there is an increase. It's a modest but an increase in these T-regs within the blood and you can also see them in the tumor and in some cases I think we looked through the literature and there was nine papers showing that there's an increase in T-regs in the patients with kidney cancer but only four of those related to poor clinical outcome. So there's a little more work to be done to look at that, how this relates to outcome. You can also show that in this paper that if you deplete the T-regs by using IL2 that's has a diphtheria toxin, you can improve the T-cell response to the vaccine as shown here. So the other cell that's important and that's the one we've been studying more is the myeloid drive suppressor cells, heterogeneous population of myeloid cells that are present at less than 1% in the peripheral blood of normals but are increased in response to a variety of different growth factors as shown here. These cells can leave two flavors, they're either granulocytic or monocytic and mice and the same populations here but in humans there's also a lineage negative population and these cells are interesting because they have a lot of plasticity. They can differentiate into these endothelial cells or they can differentiate into macrophages or the monocytes can differentiate into granulocytic cells. So understanding that process I think is going to be important. So in many cancers including kidney cancer, lung cancer, brain cancer, the largest population of the granulocytic MDSCs and that's shown here, these guys, and that there's now some data suggesting from a paper recent in Nature Medicine that the levels of these does correlate with bad outcomes. So patients that had baseline levels of low levels of these MDSCs, the monocytic population had a better survival curve than those that had higher levels and this has also been reported in the same paper for the granulocytic population and there's also data on several other tumor types.  We also find that these cells probably promote angiogenesis because if you inject these tumors into nodskin mice, these are human tumors, you can see the blood vessels after five days but if you put in a few of these granulocytic MDSCs, you can increase the vascular component here of these tumors so they also make pro angiogenica molecules. So how do they suppress, well they do so by different mechanisms. One of the major ones is they produce arginase and nitric oxide where they can then down-regulate or reduce the amount of these two amino acids which then causes T-cell dysfunction and you have the loss of the zeta chain. They also can produce reactive oxygen species and they can also make nitric oxide which can then nitrate the T-cell receptors and cause dysfunction. Indirectly they can induce T-regs, cells they can induce TH-2s and macrophages. Nutri-fills we also think are important, they're just being studied and there is elevated level of these in kidney cancer and other patients that correlate with bad outcome and if you look at the neutri-fills from these patients, they are, when you compare them to normals, suppressive as shown here and these cells can also promote, unlike normal neutri-fills which don't, can promote the vasculature when you mix the tumor with these granulocidic imidazes and you put them in the not skid mice. So we do think they play a role as well and that's being studied. Macrophages can also be part of the problem here because under normal tissues you have these macrophages which can promote a type I inflammation, a type I response and a tumor acetyl. But in the tumor maleu you have a bunch of cytokines and other growth factors and products that can shift these to this kind of a phenotype and there could be different levels of this M2 phenotype and it's produced primarily by exposure to IL-4, IL-10 and 13 and this then drives these cells to suppress T-cell function, suppress the type II, type I response and they can promote immune suppression. This is just one example in kidney cancer, it's recently identified that there's a number of MDTAMs in the tumor and they have an up-regulation or activation of the lipoxygenase pathway leading to the production of these lipids and these lipids can either promote more monocytic infiltrates, reduce IL-10 and also promote the induction of these T regulatory cells. And also, because there's this kidney cancer where you have the VHL mutation, you have constitutive Hifone Alpha and you have hypoxia, that also can promote immune suppression, you can see here the T-regs are increased in this setting, there's increase in the chemokin that can promote these cells into the tumor, it also can induce more MDSCs to be more suppressive and also to differentiate into tumor-associated macrophages and on the flip side it can down-regulate dendritic cell ability to present antigen. So this tumor buyer is pretty hostile for the immune system. Just the one slide I have for the PD-01 is that there's renal tumors, lines that have PD-01 and if you can down-regulate that on the surface with the SIRNA you can see that there's some reduction in the ability of these tumors to induce apoptosis in T cells and you'll hear more about the fact that PD-01 is expressed in kidney cancer to correlate with poor outcome and it's not only expressed on the tumors but on macrophages and dendritic cells and there's also a secreted form of this. This is just a slide to show that one of the important equations here are the chemokines and chemokine receptors which we're going to study as well as others and this just shows the kinds of receptors are on these different suppressive cells and here are the ligands that combine and attract these cells into the tumor. So which of these is the most important for trafficking is a good area of investigation going on. There's a lot now that just made a short list of all the different strategies used to reduce these MDSCs or TAMs or T-regs and so there are now different methodologies you can use to reduce these and so it'll be interesting to see what effect this has when you combine this with vaccines and with other approaches. I just wanted to mention one example of modulating the tumor microenvironment with synitinib. So we have shown that in cancer patients, kidney cancer, you can see a reduction in the number of MDSCs over time and that's their corresponding increase in T-H1 response came in if you're on and if you look in the tumor it's more of a mixed bag where some of these papers had very low levels of MDSCs and good T-cell game interferon response but the others had retained the MDSCs and there's no T-cell response and so we have some now data that suggests that these myeloid cells are involved in the resistance to some of these TKIs and there's another group that has similar data. So because they can suppress MDSC numbers and T-regs and can improve T-cell game interferon response, people have combined this with the various vaccines and I think there's like four or five papers now on this and this is one by Anna Mikobos and Walter Sorkes' lab where it shows that this combination can reduce the tumor volume better than either drug alone but this slide actually shows that it can really improve the T-cell response. You get a great increase in CD8s, CD4s, the loss of MDSCs and the loss of T-regulatory cells and there's also in the tumor if you look there's a skewing towards a type 1 response both in terms of game interferon production as well as in game interferon production and the cytokines and receptors that are associated with the type 1 response and based on that there is now several, two clinical trials ongoing to compare to look at whether or not synitinib will be advocated with the vaccine therapy and we're beginning to look at another vaccine with Walter Sorkes looking at the targeting antigens on the tumor vasculature. This is just to show that not only do these TKIs working with vaccines but there are people now that are looking at synitinib and sopimid with anti-PD1 and probably CTLA4 so that's coming down the line. So in conclusion there is heterogeneity in patients response to immune-based immunotherapy and it's a significant component of that heterogeneity comes from differences at the level of the tumor microenvironment. So the key determining factors in the tumor environment include the recruitment of the factor T cells, local production of cytokines and the presence of local immunosuppressive mechanisms. So further understanding these processes we think will uncover additional targets and it's pretty impressive to see what the studies have shown so far that CTLA4 and PD1 have been major players now. So I think I will stop here. This is usually sunny days in Cleveland so.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com. Happy Wednesday coming at you with 2019-2020 Panini Chronicles Basketball. Fat Pack break number seven, five, six, which unlocks pick your team number five. Yeah, David Epstein's like, let's bust some prism, we're about to. First we're gonna do this pack and then give away these teams at the end of the break. Big thanks everybody here for getting into the action. We're gonna do the break itself first and then we'll see who's gonna win those teams. Let's roll it, let's randomize names and teams six and a three, nine times, one. Two, three, and ninth and final time. After nine we got Sean down to Jesse. Six and a three, nine times for the teams. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight. And ninth and final time. After nine we got the Lakers down to the Kings. Let's move this over to this tab right over here. All right, so here's the first half of the list right here. Here's the second half of the list right here. Why do we hate football breaks? We don't. Just hasn't been too many football releases lately to fill up the side pad, but we've got that nice first off the line break that everyone's sleeping on. But today is Prism Basketball Day, brand new release. Jaspy's casebreaks.com. I'm sort of in the off season for football, so that's why there's not a lot of football around. But hey, Pat, can you help fill up that NT first off the line break? I'll bet you we'll scare up some football real quick. Some Kendrick Nunn, Hachimura, and some Hachimuras at the end right there. Not bad. All right, so thanks everyone. So we're gonna re-randomize this list right now. Let's see who gets what. Sean down to Oliver and everybody in between. So we're gonna randomize that list five times. Five times. So it's gonna be the top six. Here's the team giveaway area right here. ABC, Pat, always be closing. All right, so the top five will get teams. Name on top will get the Kings. Second name will get the Celtics. So on and so forth. All right, there we go. Five times, top five after five. Good luck, one, two, three, four, and fifth and final time. All right, so from six on down, I appreciate everybody giving this a shot. Very close, Brian. Thanks for trying, I appreciate it. Sad times for everybody here. Thank you for trying though. Happy times for Sean, Luis, Ryan, Oliver, and Luis. There you go, Luis with two of the five teams. Let's get those names in here. Congrats to you. So Luis, you have the Sacramento Kings. Oh, I'm sorry. Brian Croft, you're also in. There's six teams in this one. There you go. False alarm for Brian. Luis with the Kings, Oliver with the Celtics, Brian with the Pistons, Luis with the Heat, Sean with the Raptors, and Brian with the Pacers. There you have it. Pick your team five from a fresh case coming up in a separate video right after this. Jasper'scaseworks.com.