So everybody should be in. Thanks again for being here. So what we have now is, well, let me remind again the rules. So please, if you have a question, post it in the chat or raise hand using the Zoom feature. And let me introduce the next speaker. So the next speaker is Arsham Gavazie, who is a PhD student at the University of Trento and from the Center at Bruno Kessler, who works on network science, statistical physics, and complex systems in general. And today is giving a tutorial on complex networks. So please, Arsham, thank you very much for being with us. And yes, great. Hello and welcome to this tutorial on complex networks. This would be a very brief introduction to network science, a science that has application to a broad range of disciplines. So no matter you are from a sociology background or physics, biology, economy, ecology, probably at some point in your future career or academic life, you will encounter networks. And it's better if you have the basic backgrounds to understand what's going on in network science. So first, I would like to thank the organizers for inviting me as a tutor. I'm Arsham. I'm a PhD student at Trento University. And I really hope that this lecture would be something of value to you. And also, you enjoy this time that we are having together. Let's go a little bit into the details of this talk. This is the content. First, I'm going to talk about complex systems with you. You all know complex systems. Complex systems are everywhere around you. You just need to learn how to identify them and how to characterize them by their important properties. Then we move to structure and discuss the structure of these wonderful systems. And after that, we can talk about the basics of networks because we model the structure of these systems as networks. We talk about the features of real-world networks. We consider only two or three important features for this short tutorial. Although there's a lot more to learn about the common features of these large-scale networks. After that, I elaborated on the concept of node centrality, which is just to answer the question that which node is the most important one in the network. So you have a network. You want to rank the nodes according to their importance. How to define importance? We will talk about it, but it's ill-posed question. So you can define the importance in different ways based on what problem you are going to solve with these definitions. After that, we move to network formation. What processes are underlying the network growth, network formation? How these networks emerge from the smaller-scale interactions between the nodes? And at the end, I will provide a very short glimpse at the problem of network robustness, which is a very important problem. Because, as you might guess, all systems in nature are in danger of damage. And it's important to know if a system is robust or not. So this is a very brief look at the contents of this talk. I'm going to introduce two references for this science, for the network science. These books are loved across the world. So it really depends on your taste, which of them you would choose. Network science book by Barabasi is probably easier to understand.  Also, there is a network science introduction by Professor Newman from Michigan. This book is a little bit harder to grasp and contains a lot of details that are probably more interesting to people from mathematical backgrounds. So it really depends. It's a preference to choose between them. We are going to talk about complex systems. So complex systems, by definition, are large collections of entities that interact in non-trivial ways. And they are characterized by their emergent properties, which means that their properties cannot be understood if you take the system into parts and study their parts. You should always consider the system as a whole and take a systemic view to understand what's going on in these systems. And these systems appear across disciplines. So you can see them in sociology, economy, physics, or biology. And perhaps that's why famous scientists like Stephen Hawking has said that this century is the century for complexity science. So probably you are learning something really important. Some examples of complex systems are shown in this slide, like the brain that is probably the most miraculously complex system in the world. And it contains a collection of neurons. So there is a large collection of neurons that are interacting in different ways using different neurotransmitters, electrochemical signals. And from this system emerges consciousness, memory, and other properties that you cannot learn by studying neurons in isolation. The same holds for our societies. So we are exchanging information in forms of text and voice messages. And our larger-scale behavioral patterns are not yet fully discovered. We cannot claim that we understand human behavior. Also, there is transportation systems, biological systems, like protein-protein interaction networks or treated or prey interactions in nature. And also, map of airlines, they all show complex systems. And you should have really a systemic view to be able to say something about these systems and to understand them at some point. All these systems exhibit structures. What do I mean by structure? So if you take a look at this network of neurons, this bunch of neurons connected together on the left side, you see that the connections between them are not random. So each neuron is connected to a specific set of other neurons and they are exchanging information. And there is something like a structure that is determining their relationships with one another. The other example is, for instance, Twitter. You can see in the middle a network of people that are exchanging information on Twitter or Facebook. You are friends with a certain number of people and you are disconnected from the rest of the world. There is a structure and a pattern of connectivity around every individual. And this structure brings people together and restricts the flow of information between them. The third example is a network of animals. This is the predatory pre-relationships between different animals. As you can see, Fox doesn't eat mice. It eats rabbit. And the rabbit eats carrots. But it's not that everyone is eating everyone. So there is some patterns and regularity there. And this system has a structure. These structures are often modeled by networks. So just to tell you briefly, neural networks or neural networks just show you how these neurons are connected together. Social networks are just representing the structure of a network like Twitter. And also, food web is there to represent the asymmetric way animals are interrelated in a predatory pre-relationship. From here, we are safe to move into the basics of the networks, get a clear view of the structure of complex systems. So a network is basically a set of nodes and links. Nodes are those blue circles that you see. They represent the entities or units or components of a complex system. For example, in brain, they show neurons or brain regions. In social networks, they show people. In food web, they show animals. And then links show how two nodes are interrelated. So if node one is in some way connected to node B, then you put a line between them and it defines a link. There is different terminologies in this domain because the science is old and there is social networks, there is graph theory, there is network science, there is complex networks. So depending on the background, people use different terms. In physics, we almost always say no-down-link. In mathematics, people usually say vertices and edge. In social science, people say actor or connection. People use these words interchangeably, but they are all referring to the same thing. So they are really the same thing. I'm putting it there because many people get confused by reading texts on network science. The important point of this slide is that networks represent the structure. Without networks, we miss a systemic view. And also the number of links attached to each node is important and we call it degree. Degree is the number of connections each node has and it will come important in the next slides. One distinction you need to be able to make is between asymmetric and symmetric networks. So in an asymmetric network, the connections between nodes can be asymmetric. It means that maybe I am your friend or but you are not my friend. So there is a one-sided relationship between us. And this is an example for a social system, but in many other domains, you can see asymmetric networks and you need to use directed networks to represent asymmetric connections. As you can see on the left side, section A, we are observing arrows going from nodes to nodes. So for example, let's take a look at node D and B. Node D is connected to node B, but node B is not connected to node A, D. So this is a type of asymmetric relationship between the two nodes while in the network represented in section B, you can see that there is no arrows, there is only lines. So every node is in a bi-directional relationship with every other node to each it is attached. So we have directed and undirected networks. And another concept is that as I told you in the last slide, the number of connections each node has defines its degree. Here, we can have two different definition of degree. You can take a look at the connections inward and call it in-degree and you can take a look at the connections outwards and call it out-degree. For example, let's take a look at node B in the directed network. As you can see, there is two arrows entering node B. So the in-degree for node B would be two. And there is one arrow emanating from node B, which defines its out-degree. So the out-degree for node B is one. Of course, for undirected networks, we don't have out-degree or in-degree, there is only degree. Examples can be food web. In food web, animals often are either prey or predator. So their relationships between every pair of animal can be better shown by an arrow rather than a line. But then in WhatsApp, you are either in contact with someone in a bi-directional way or you are not. It's very low probability that you are connected to someone who doesn't respond at all to your texts. So in WhatsApp, probably you want to consider the structure to be undirected. There is weighted networks and binary networks. And this is important to learn the distinction. It really depends a lot on how much information you have about the system. So if you know that, for example, in a social system, Fred and George are friends, but you don't know how much friendship there is. You can't compare the friendship between Fred and George with other people. You only know that they are friends. You define the network to be binary, so you make a link between Fred and George and every other people that you know to be friend. And for sure, for people that are not friends, you don't draw the line. There is no link. It defines a binary network. Invaded networks, in contrast, you know how much friendship there is between two people. So for example, you measure how many text messages are exchanged between Fred and George. You see that it would be like a 10 message per day. You compare it to other people and you decide whether the weight of connection between Fred and George is high, or is low. And then you get a weighted network in which there is more information compared to the binary version. To represent them, people often use the thickness of the links. So a link with higher weight is represented thicker and the tinier links show the weaker connection between pairs of nodes. This is the distinction between weighted and binary networks. Another important definition is the definition of path. So imagine that you are on a certain node of a network and you want to navigate your weight to another certain node. So let's take, for example, node A and node B and to do that, you need to jump from the node on which you are, go through a link and land in a neighboring node and continue it. So you move through a sequence of links and you eventually reach node B. So paths are just sequences of links and they can be of different length depending on how many links you have passed to get to your target. So you can choose a very long path, like a huge number of links to reach node B or you can just go through the shortest possible path that connects node A to node B. Perhaps one can argue that the shortest one is the most efficient, whether it is really a transportation network when you want to change the flights to get from New York to Sao Paulo and you want to get to your target in the fastest way or it can also be neurons in human brain that want to exchange information and it would be probably much more efficient if they choose the shortest path to communicate. So finding the shortest path, connecting every pair of nodes becomes something of importance and there's a lot of algorithms to calculate and compute the shortest path between every pair of nodes in a network. It's not easy, so you need to find an efficient algorithm because especially if your network is very large, finding shortest path has become very time consuming and computationally costly. Another important concept is transitivity. So as you can see on the right, there is a network of unconnected nodes. The second picture from the right is showing a connected pair A and C while B is isolated. The open triad example is where B is connected to A and C but A and C are not connected together and there is the closed triad. This is basically a triangle and this is very important because again in a social network example, you can think of yourself being friend with Fred and George to other person and you want to calculate the probability that if you are friend with both of them, they are friend with one another. So you are shaping the triad, the closed triad. This is very important because it shows how densely connected people are around you and to measure it on a large network, you only need to count the number of triangles or closed triads and divide it by the maximum possible number of triangles in that network. So it gives you, for example, 60% or 0.6, then you say that my transitivity in this network is 0.6 and you can compare it with another network and obtain that the other network has 0.8 transitivity. You can conclude that in the second network, the connections around people are more dense. They are more likely to be in closed triads like three body interactions and physics. So we move to probably one of the most important yet very simple concepts, which is modularity. This is a network you can see that there is two groups of nodes, two communities that are almost separated from each other while they are very connected inside within each of these communities. The red community represents the people with more tendency towards conservative parties. This is America, so it is showing the Republicans. The blue party, of course, is Democrats and you can see that people inside the party tend to make connections with similar people, with people of similar ideas and similar political thinking. So as you can see, there is two modules formed in this network and there are algorithms that allows you to find the modules in the network, find the communities, find how strong these communities are, meaning that how separated they are from other communities. This is not compulsory that a network has two communities, so a network can have a lot of communities. And this is just an example because political system in America is, has two poles generally, so that's why you see two communities here. Again, there is a lot of algorithms there is no consensus that which of these algorithms are better, but you can use these algorithms to find the community structure of your network. Now, can I ask a question? Sure, sure, let me just share the video and stop sharing here. Okay, so I'm here. Yeah, so I wanted to ask you about the difference between transitivity and connectivity. And what? The difference between transitivity and connectivity. So how do you... Okay, so connectivity is just the number of edges you see in the network, the number of links divided by the maximum possible number of links, okay? Yet the transitivity is about the triangles. So connectivity is about the interaction between a pair of nodes while the transitivity is about a triangle, three nodes. So this is of course in a very dense network, they too are high simultaneously, but then in a sparse network, it can be different. So in a sparse network, you can have high transitivity by low connectivity. So how would you interpret high transitivity but low connectivity? So how do I interpret it? I'm not sure if I correctly get the question, but anyways, around every person, there is a community of densely connected people, but perhaps globally, if you think of network, it's the connections between different communities is low compared to a new model or a typical network. So I have to probably... Dr. Greeley, should I answer all the questions or should I put it under? So if you want, you can ask, you can answer now. So I remember the participants that if they want to ask the question... Okay, okay. So probably I will move ahead, but at the end we will have 15 minutes to discuss. There is a question about the slide that you just showed. So if you want, I can ask it now, but... Okay, okay, let's go ahead. It's really, I think, a tough question. So you showed this plot about the two parties in the US and there were some yellow links. What do they represent? This is a question. Okay, so there is other parties in America and I think they are libertarians. I'm not sure, but they belong to other parties. But the density of them is really low compared to the two big parties. Yeah, great. I think that answered the question. So please go ahead and again remind the participant to use the raise and back to... Okay, okay. So I will go ahead with the talk. Real-world networks. Because in real-world we are observing networks for two decades and now we can say that these networks are showing unusual and extremely interesting characteristics. They are similar in one way or another. I'm going to discuss three features that are common among a lot of networks. So the first feature is a small wordness. As you can see on the left, there is a network with regular pattern of connectivity. So you can really see that there is a symmetry between every pair of node. Each node is connected to its neighbor and to its second neighbor, but not connected to any other nodes. This is a regular network. You can get the pattern by a loop. One point is that there is no difference between curved links and straight links. They both are telling the same. It's just a matter of representation. On the right side, on another hand, there is random network. As you can see, there is no pattern of connectivity. Everyone is randomly connected to everyone and it's chaos there. In the middle, you see the small word network. So there is the pattern, there is the regularity, but there also you can observe some irregularities, some randomness. And this randomness is represented in terms of long range connections, connecting these 10 nodes of the network. This is the topology of the small word networks. They are between regularity and randomness. And they have a lot of important properties that are good for complex systems. For example, they have high transitivity, which is related to the number of close triads, as I told you in the last slides. And the average shortest path connecting pairs of nodes is relatively low. So this would be easy to navigate your way from each of the nodes and reach another one. And that's why these networks are often considered as efficient. They are observed in multitude of systems, from brain networks to social networks. And the model of a small word has been used to justify many observations people have done on real world systems. So small wordness is a characteristic of real world networks. There is heterogeneity. It means that in real world networks, often there is a lot of nodes having only a few connections. As you can see, most of the nodes in this network have only one connection or two. And then there is a very tiny minority having a lot of connections, as you can see. This is a node A and C in this example, having each of them have, okay, about eight or even more links connected to them. So they have high degree. And that's why we are calling them heterogeneous networks or a scale free networks. So these heterogeneous networks are reminiscent of what we observe in economy, as you can imagine or you know, probably the distribution of wealth between people is somehow power law, meaning that it's heterogeneous. There is a tiny minority having a lot of money while most of people in the world are poor. So the distribution of degrees in these networks are important. They follow a power law distribution.  That's why we call these type of heterogeneous systems scale free. So a network can be heterogeneous, but not be a scale free, but let's forget this distinction now. And from now on, I will call heterogeneous networks like these scale free networks. The other element is hierarchy. As you can see here in this picture, there is five communities. Each of them consists of five nodes that are interconnected in a dense way. And these communities are just all of them connected to the community in the center. So the community in the center has somehow access to all other four communities, but the communities on the peripheral part are not having the same access. That's why we call this network a hierarchical modular network. And there is the element of control in this network. So the top module probably can control some properties or some information processing going on in the lower modules. So this is the third feature of complex networks that I was intending to share with you. I hope that you have now an idea of the common properties, of some of the common properties of real-world networks. And now we are probably safe to go to the topic of centrality. So what is node centrality? You have a network and it's a mess, believe me, when you look at the networks in your computer, you cannot really say many things, but what is the most important node in the network? Or what is the most important connection or link in this network? And you want to find a ranking of nodes based on their importance. This is a very abstract network represented here. It can be a network of neurons, individuals, proteins, and you want to know which of them are the most influential, important, or whatever different definition of being critical for the system you have in your mind. Also, you might ask which synops in a neural network is the most important or which social connection or which biological interaction is the most important link, defines the most important link in my network. And to answer this question, you first need to define the relative importance. How do you define it? So this is something that's worth thinking about and it really depends on the type of the system, the type of question you have in your mind, but I'm going to give you some of the most important, yet simplest definitions of node centrality. Probably you have guessed this one because it's quite trivial. You want to know what node is the most important. You calculate the degree of each node and you would say that the node having the most number of connections or the highest degree is probably the most important one. Here in this example, I highlighted the node with red. So you can see the highest degree centrality node is node J and you can really make the case that these nodes are very important. Like in social networks, imagine someone having millions of friends and connections so they can have really an impact on how society thinks about different things. The same example happens in protein-protein interaction networks and brain and also any other complex system that you can possibly think of. So degree centrality is a way to rank the node and say that, okay, this one is more important than the other one. The second definition of centrality, I'm going to discuss here is close and centrality. So you calculate the average distance of each node from other nodes. To do that, you need to compute the shortest pathos connecting each node to any other node and average the length of these shortest pathos. And you will find one of the nodes that has a very low average compared to others or the one that is simply closest to the rest of the networks. And you would say that this node is probably the most important according to closeness centrality. In this example, this is node P. To really calculate it, you need a computer or you need to really write pages of calculation for this network, even though the size of the network is relatively small. So there is algorithms, as I told you before, to calculate the shortest path and there's algorithms to derive the closeness from the shortest path. Another way to define the centrality is really to find the middle guide. So imagine that you are working in a physics department in a university and you want to have some collaboration with biologists from another department. And to do that, you usually find the middle guy, the guy who works between the two departments.  It's not important. The only important point is that he is the middle guy. He knows everyone from both departments. He can introduce you to many people. He can speak the language of both departments. So the middle guy is really important. Also in brain, if you think of two brain areas that are trying to exchange signals, there probably is a middle region that the signals should travel through it and it should pass the signal from one region to another. So the betweenness of nodes in network is important. And as you can see here, it's quite graspable usually that node H has high betweenness. It's connecting or less two patches of nodes. And this is another way that you can think of the importance of nodes in a network. So here we are moving to the subject of network formation. I'm going to discuss two theoretical models of how a network can be formed. What are the mechanisms underlying the growth of networks in nature? They are very complicated and probably much different from these two theoretical ones that I'm going to introduce. But the theoretical models are providing some insights into the system. This is the random connection. This is a very simple model. You can see on the left side, there is a lot of nodes that are totally disconnected then you add links with probability. So you add link with probability zero. There is no links added. So the nodes are disconnected. In contrast, on the right side, you can see that all nodes are connected to all other nodes. So you are in a regime where probability of connectivity is equal to one. Then moving from the left side to right side, you are increasing the connectivity probability and you will see that there would be different patches of nodes that are connected inside but they are not connected outside. They are not connected together. And the number of these patches would decrease as you increase the probability of connectivity. And at some point, there will appear a large giant component, a component that is very big and it's integrating all the network together and the network will be formed after that point. The point at which the giant component emerged is called the critical probability, has been shown by PC. And the size of the largest connected component in the system is a measure of how this phase transition from disconnectedness to integrity happens. As you can see in the plot on the bottom, this is the size of the largest connected component you are increasing the probability of connectivity. But firstly, there is not a real change in the size of the largest connected component. The size of the largest connected component is basically the number of nodes you can see in the largest connected component. So this is not really zero, it fluctuates but this is approximately zero before critical probability and then after critical probability, you can find that the giant component appears and then integrates the whole network. So this is only a formation model based on adding links with probabilities and from it, you see the interesting behavior of the giant components. The other model is preferential attachment and this is very similar to the idea of reach gets richer. So you start from one or two nodes, you add nodes, each of the nodes that is added in one specific step gets connected to the existing nodes in the network with probabilities. It is more probable that the newly arrived nodes get connected to the node with the highest degree. So you can see that the nodes that has already the highest degree will increase its degree very fast and you end up in a heterogeneous network where there is a tiny fraction of nodes with a lot of connections while most of the nodes in the network are having only one or two links as I told you in the last section. In this network, in this visualization, the size of nodes is taken to be proportional to their degree. So the number of connections each node has determines the size of the node, as you can see, there is five very big balls in this network. It means that they are hugely connected and you can see a large number of various small dots representing how heterogeneous these networks are. From this preferential attachment, you can analytically derive the probability distribution function for degree. So you can really show that degree is distributed in a power law way. Again, another emphasize on how scale-free the networks in nature can be people who are familiar with power laws from a statistical physics or statistics will get what I say. It's not a hard concept. You can really follow it from Borobasi book on the topic of network growth and preferential attachment. You will find the full derivation of how the power laws are obtained mathematically and what they mean. But I suffice to this for the moment because I don't have a lot of time. So the last part of this talk is about robustness. And robustness is the study of how robust or tolerant the network is against failures inside or external attacks. So complex networks because they are always in touch with dismantling two pieces and the system will die. System wouldn't maintain its function and it's very important to see how robust network is. So the procedure considered to model the damaging networks is just to remove notes. So you either randomly or according to an algorithm you select notes from the network, you remove them one by one as you can see from the image on the top left, the network is whole and then you remove the note around which there is a green circle and then in the image on top right you remove another bottom left, you remove the third one and the bottom right shows the network after removing these three notes. As you can see, the network was connected in the first place but it is now dismantled in the fourth place into one, two, three, four, five disconnected components. And the size of the largest component here is just one, two, three, four, five, six. So the largest connected component contains only six notes in the fourth step. While in the first step it contains probably more than 20 notes. I don't take the time to count all of them but as you can see the size of the largest connected component shrinks as you remove the notes and as the network dismantles into pieces. So this gives you a criteria to measure the robustness of networks. Here is the example of a lattice, a regular lattice. So every note is connected only to four of its neighbors in a very regular way. And then the size of the network, I don't know how much it is but it would be probably around 300 or 1000. So, and then you remove the notes randomly. So you make a code to remove the notes randomly and you will study how many disconnected components there is in your network. What is the size of the largest connected component? Of course, in the beginning, the size of the largest connected component is equal to the size of the network because everyone is connected to everyone. There is no different patches, there is no disconnected components. Then the number of disconnected component grows and the size of the largest connected component shrinks. As you can see, there is a phase transition again around FC, the critical fraction. So you are removing about 0.4 of the total links. It means 40% of the total links. And you see that the size of the largest connected component goes to zero. So the network totally dismantles. There is no connections in the network after that. This is very important. So you can see that the lattice is not very robust against random failures, against random removal of notes. But in other types of networks, this is internet that has a scale-free topology. So the structure of internet is really scale-free or heterogeneous for sure. You can see that if you follow the green light, you can see that the network dismantles after removing 90% of notes. So this is very, very shocking. These networks are extraordinarily robust against random failures. They can just randomly remove all of the notes. As you can see, the largest connected component has large size even after removal of 50% of the notes. And this is weird. So the take-home message here would be the real-world networks are probably robust against random failures and random attacks. While I'm going to get a bit into the details and I'm going to introduce you to the targeted attacks. So you can use the notion of centrality that I introduced in the last sections. And you can rank the notes based on every centrality of your preference here. The degree centrality has been chosen, meaning that each note is important according to the number of connection it has. And then you remove the note according to that ranking. So if this is degree centrality, you are basing your attacks on, then you're firstly remove the high, the note with the high key. The note with the highest number of connection, then you remove the note that is second with respect to the number of connections.  The purple line shows the response of system to targeted attacks. As you can see, you are removing around 10% of the notes and the system collapses. If this mantles into pieces, there is no network after these attacks. This is very important. So this is again a heterogeneous network with parallel degree distribution. And we see the green light shows the random failures. So the scale-free networks are very robust against random failures, but they are not at all robust against targeted attacks. And it depends on the type of study that you are doing. You might want to consider the random attacks. You might want to consider the targeted attacks. You might want to base your attacks based on, that base your attacks on different types of centralities. So these are the ways in which you can explore the robustness of networks in different situations. I'd like to finalize the talk here. Thank you very much for listening to me. I will be ready for Q&A. Disclaimer, I'm not an ecologist. I'm not a biologist, but I'll be happy to answer your questions about network science. And also I will try my best to answer your questions from other domains from ecology, biology, sociology, but no promise. Thank you very much. Thanks a lot, Arsham. Thank you very much for this very nice, broad, but yet compact introduction of a huge field. Thank you. Perhaps I'll start asking some questions that are in the Zoom chat. And please, if you have any other, if you have any other, they can raise hand or ask them in the YouTube chat if they're following from YouTube. So there is one question which I think is very broad, which is, is hierarchy always associated with modularity? Okay, so you can basically imagine networks that are not at all modular, but they are hierarchical. And there are examples of that in nature, but when I'm thinking about complex systems like brain or societies, modularity is always there, hierarchy is always there. And it's common that these networks are not homogeneous. So that's why I picked these properties. So basically there can be networks with only hierarchy. Great. So there is another question by Deepak. Why is the central network, what is the central network called small world? Okay, so this is based on a very old experiment in the field of social networks. So long before physicists entered the complex network domain, there was Milgram, a scientist who did a very famous experiment. You can search it on the Wikipedia, but it basically showed that your distance from any other person in the world is very small. Like you are connected to every other person with only a few number of other connections. So this is basically the shortest path between you and other people are very small. And the model that I showed you, that was something between the regular and the random network. This model was there to show how this is possible, how the small wordness immerse in the word, how we are really connected and our distance is very short. Great, thanks a lot. So there is a question by Pablo. Please unmute yourself and you can ask it. Hello, thanks for this talk. It was really interesting. You mentioned a derivation of the probability of the degree of a node when the network is constructed with preferential construction. And this is in the Barabasi book, but I looked it up and I can't find the chapter on network formation. I don't know if it works. Okay, professor, is there any place I can share documents with people that are interested in something? Yes, I mean, you can send it if it is something that you have in your hand now, you can share it in the chat. Okay, no, I don't have it now, but of course it's there in the book because this is the central claim of Professor Barabasi that networks are parallel. So this is probably in that book, but for sure there is papers. Yeah, so we can share material, so links to paper, not the opinion, they are on the website. So we have the program. Great. So just send an email. Sure. Great, so there is, we have time for a few more questions. So there is a question by Dionessa in the chat. So what insights do we usually make from the distribution of between a centrality in the network versus the network robustness? And is there any analytical way to get the critical FC robustness? Okay, so the critical FC can be obtained for a specific topologies. And this is a very interesting topic to discover if you are a physics fan and you like the networks. And the first question, I didn't get it. So what is the distribution of betweenness? The first question is, what insights do we usually make from the distribution of between a centrality in the network versus as opposed to a network robustness? Okay, okay. If I get the question correctly, please tell me if I'm mistaken. But if I get the question correctly, it's because I didn't really explain how to calculate the betweenness centrality. So between the centrality, you again have to calculate the shortest pathos and you will calculate how many shortest pathos cross a link. That's how you generally say that the link is in between other nodes. So there is many shortest pathos going through that specific link. This is how you can say that the betweenness of a node is high or low. And then according to betweenness centrality, if you base your targeted attacks on betweenness centrality, this is one of the best strategies of attacking the network. It's probably the best among the at least classical ways of attacking the network. And it dismantles the network very fast, very quickly. Great. So is there any other question? So there is another question in the chat which I'm not sure but I'll read it. So it's, can we combine network analysis with Markov chain by taking into time? So I guess it's related to temporal methods but I'm not sure. Okay, okay. So I will take this time to briefly talk about the dynamical processes on networks because this is the subject I'm working on. So you can have these structures like imagine the neurons connected to each other but you don't know how information travels from one node to another. Okay, so you can calculate the shortest path but it's not really the way that electrochemical signals flow in the network. That's when you couple the network with the dynamical process. It can be a random one, it can be continuous diffusion, it can be synchronization and the nodes exchange information in terms of these dynamical processes. That's a very huge topic and I really enjoy it and I chose it to be my masters and PhD thesis. Any other question? You're welcome. This was a reply to our thank you in the chat. Yeah. Great, if not, I think I'd like to thank you to thank Arsham very much again for this very nice tutorial which will be available on YouTube for the next generations. And before that,


If people are angry about your boundaries it's because they plan on pushing them and just because people push your boundaries, test your boundaries, ignore your boundaries doesn't mean your boundaries are failing and not working. It actually means they're working fine so don't keep adjusting your boundaries because people don't respect them. Remember boundaries aren't for other people therefore your boundaries are about self-respect not their respect. Hope that helps you guys.


Today, I have the pleasure of speaking with Don Simmons from Hemisphere Energy. How are you today, Don? Great. Thanks. Don, we're delighted to have been introduced to Hemisphere Energy. As I see, your stock has moved up over 130 percent since the new year in the oil and gas industry. What are you doing differently? Well, for us, we're focusing on key assets and having the management team to execute on it. That's what our focus has been through this downturn, and as we're seeing things better now, we'll continue to focus on what makes the most sense and has the most value. Well, obviously, your shareholders like your results. You just had some production results recently from your Atley Well, how do I pronounce that? Atley Buffalo is the area. That's correct, Atley Buffalo. Okay. So what were these production results, and why are they being translated so well, or have they? Do you think you've hit your market valuation yet, Don? Well, I actually don't think that our new Well is being valued into our story at all. I think it's something that's just a factor, if it's going to take some time for people to understand the importance of this Well and the importance of this pool for the company going forward. Most of our long-term shareholders are well aware of what we've done over the past few years in Atley Buffalo, and really taking a property that had very little production and something we focused on to add a lot of reserves in production. The G pool, significantly though, and more importantly, recently with our new Well there, it's the first producing Well into this pool. This is a 38 million barrel original oil-in-place pool, only 3% of the production has been taken out. There's a huge amount of upside, a huge amount of future growth for the company in that pool. And of course, in that particular news release, you reference a reservoir and production concepts. Can you tell me what you meant by that? Yeah, in this part of Southern Alberta, it's fairly common for these pools of this size to be developed with horizontal wells and then followed up with secondary recovery or a water flood. These are things that have been going on for decades. For whatever reason, buried in larger companies, slipping through the cracks, these two pools in Atley Buffalo have remained undeveloped with today's standards. Hemisphere's job is to go in and consolidate these properties, which we have. We own them 100% now. We then went in to prove to the market that horizontals were the right way to go. We did that in 2014 in our F pool. We've done it in 2016 in our G pool. And we've also initiated water floods in both those pools. So all those concepts, we've checked the boxes on those. It's now moving to full development of those two pools. You talk about consistently achieving production results with limited capital expenditures. I love... I mean, that's the kind of message that an investor like myself likes to hear, Don. Can you tell us a little bit more about what you mean by that? Well, as a small company, access to capital is always an issue and cost to capital is probably the biggest issue. And so we have to work with what we have, cash flow, living within our lines of credit, and being able to top the market a very few times over the last year. So with very little capital, we've grown this company through the drill bit. And that being said, we focus on every dollar that we have. We have to get our money back and pay it as quickly. And we want to get a great, great return. We like to see 80, 100% plus rates of return on the capital that we invest. So during this downturn over the last couple years, it's something we've really had to focus on. Every dollar invested, we had to be very sure that we were adding value with that. And we've done that consistently. If you look over our track record, year after year, we've shown both production and reserve growth. And of course, what you've just explained is very challenging for many entrepreneurs. And obviously, you've had a very good year for performance. But what should we as shareholders and potential new shareholders anticipate in the next coming couple of quarters moving forward? Yeah, I think we're excited about the future. We've lived through what is undoubtedly one of the worst downturns over the last couple of years, but we're coming out of it. We're seeing prices firming up. We're seeing a Canadian dollar that is extremely attractive in this market for companies like us. We're going to go from strategic investment where we have been over the last couple quarters back into growth mode. As we start to see 50, 55, $60 oil, our netbacks and our cash flow will be at a size that we'll be able to start to ramp ourselves back up, back to where we were in 2014 on that growth trend. And of course, having reviewed your bio, you have a substantial depth of knowledge, a lot of experience yourself on. I'm going to ask you as an investor, what's going to happen with our oil and gas market here in the next, say, three to four months with the presidential election? Yeah, I think there's certainly the election and the next big thing is the OPEC meeting on November 30th. Those are two key things coming up in the short term over the next 30 to 45 days. And they're going to be key to either stabilizing and moving the price up or seeing the price basically stay where it is, I believe. I think as we're starting to see the rebalance in supply and demand and as we start to eat through those inventories that are high in both the US and around the world, we're going to see a significant up swinging prices through into 2017. And of course, this is Don Simmons from Hemisphere Energy. Thank you so much for joining us today, Don. Thank you very much.


Hello my dear friends, welcome to my channel. It's Eva from Bohemian Crafting. I wasn't too much active on a YouTube for the last few days, but I've been working in behind I'm putting together a few videos, and I hope you will like the coming tutorial, but those videos have to be put together Right now I'm working with cereal boxes with any kind of food boxes. I mean like boxes from your food from Toothpaste from perfume any kind of boxes I ever saved and I'm making my own embossing folders, and I have to say I'm in love with that. It's quite lots of cutting, die-cutting But it works But it works now when I realized what I did wrong. This was the first one I created and I was too hurry to use it So I didn't wait too long time to let it dry properly. I use it I think half hour after I glued all these pieces together. So I went through to my physics Die-cutting machine and it did embossed nicely. Look at that. It's my first embossing trying with my first embossing folder Made from old envelope and this is from those boxes And it's nice. It's not too bad, but this one. I hope you can see that that The difference with this one. It's much more Crispy, it's much more beautiful And it's just because I let it dry over the night properly I didn't touch it before and then I try to Embossed same card with this embossing folder, which was dry properly And it was much more better look at that that embossed effect here And you don't need any kind of thick chipboards or thick boxes because you do have those plates in your Cutting machine those acrylic plates which will make that stop. I'm gonna show you how I started here I'm gonna probably finished My layering What I found that the best Amount from my my point of view Maybe you want to make it a little bit more thick or a little bit more thin It depends, but from my point of view three layers of normal cereal box or you know That perfume box any kind of box saw three layers of die cut From some kind of these boxes glued together It gives me exactly thickness. I want I Try that where I do have or I do have Gonna show you straight away just bear with me. I'm gonna put these three together One two three, and I'm gonna let it dry and Make sure you've got a nice amount of glue and use glue which dries hard If you have any like that PVA glue, but I think PVA glue dries nicely So PVA glue, I think Mod Podge will be perfect because Mod Podge dries hard So any kind of glue which dries hard not not that totally bendable This put together was oh my that was such a terrible work because those pieces are too small. I did actually try The layers here you can see different layers. This is that pushed and Here I hope you will be able to see the number five. It's two layers Number zero are three layers and that rest are four layers of that chipboard So what I like the most the number that seven it's perfect actually that seven. It's beautiful, but in that in that In those numbers the number zero it's bolded and it still shows nicely all those and it's So number three. I mean three layers are From my point of view perfect the number seven. It's it's beautiful. It is but I think it's too thick So three layers. That's what I try here two three four four four four And I like those three the most here I put only two layers of those chipboards and it's it's nice. It's really good.  I used any kind of food boxes perfume boxes Anything I save from the items I bought for my home But for making my folders I choose a little bit something a little bit different and it's just because of my thinking I don't like to have my file for embossing folder Disturbing so any kind of that color through print Will will disturb me when I am crafting it will it will just not be the one I want to see and also If I will don't like my embossing folder anymore. I want to use it in my journals So for because of that all those thinking What I used it's this type of envelope. You can you can receive the items from amazon in this in this envelope and I'm using this one because it's nice strong and thick enough to make that reverse this one to make that reverse embossed effect and It's perfect because it's already folded. So I took my Ruler and knife And I just cut it on three pieces first. I cut it those sides because they are Overlapped together So I cut it those two sides here and on that opposite side And why I came up with this idea I do love numbers and there is not too many embossing folders with the right numbers, but I I found in my stuff Oh Die cuts with numbers with small letters. So I was thinking why do not do it and the idea came to me After I had to watch one of my very old video I think five years ago. I shared how you can embossed with stencils and how you can embossed acetate pieces I will put link for that video down below if you would like to see that I was quite funny to watch myself I always feel for you When I'm reading comments on old videos I'm thinking oh brave you that you did watch that Because I felt so badly When I watched my old video Anyway, I will put the link for that video down below so you can have a look So when I watched my video with that stenciling with that embossing with stencils I was thinking that stencil is not thick And why do not use my dies or die cuts to create Ouch my own Brushing folder everything it's falling on me So I cut that envelope on on the pieces then I Took my embossed three layer it I don't know it was two but now three layer it die cuts and I'm gonna make some some nice Layer and I'm always thinking already thinking about future use in my Journals and as you can see you already have that top cover. So it's really easy And I'm already thinking if I will want to use it Later in my journals It have to have some kind of style already now So I can actually use it later. So first I'm gonna glue that label And I forgot to cut. Oh, I forgot to cut The numbers So here I think I'm gonna put those plants here. I do have The word plants. So I'm gonna give it dry and I'm gonna glue it inside So I place my letters on that Envelope piece if you feel or if you see that you have there quite lots of glue around Try to take it off right now Because if it if is it glue which dries hard it can make Another bulks, which you don't want to see there after embossing And then let it dry over the night or what I did A few minutes ago when I tried those numbers on the other one I took my heating tool and I heat it like really hardly for a long time for 10 10 minutes. I think To dry out all that glue to make sure that it's not wet and it's holding well Here I think the end it's not straight. So I'm gonna And it's dry already. Okay Yeah So make your designs And if you are like me make the designs you will be able to use in your journals later on That's why it's good that you can use, you know scrap material or something. You already may be saved From perfume from what I said perfumes food anything you saved before anything Any of those boxes can be very useful So once you are sure it's totally dry and You can't feel the glue anywhere I made this one as well. So I give it really long time of that heat and I hope both are dry Take your cutting machine and first go with your File folder through to that machine without any card stock inside and I'm keeping all layers here on on my big shot It's like where I am using dies. So all those layers same like I'm using dies and go through with your folder So it will flatten that cardboard. It will kind of make it sit totally So as you can see, I already created my folder. I'm gonna take a card This is a 250 gsm card stock and I'm gonna put that this card I'm gonna place it right to the end Put it back. Oh not this way Put it back And make sure it's your folder. It's dry because remember you are working with paper And you don't want to get any of these to glue together oops And here are my plans And it looks like this plans and because I have created that wonderful. I'm really Wondering how this will looks like So I'm gonna go through to my machine first before without not before without any card stock I'm gonna take this parallel stand card stock. I hope you can see that and I'm gonna place it on my wonderful See I already have Embossed test. So hopefully we will see this is 200 gsm And I'm gonna give it try and we will see right You have to be careful. I think I maybe it didn't did I? Oh good. Good Now I got scared that it's still there glue that it was just look How beautiful and I do have also embossed the pattern of my of my envelope and I have to say That I really like that pattern of that envelope. It looks more vintage. So I'm pretty happy about it because the those those Those embossing effects are wonderful. They are if you want to see how to embossed with stencils I'm gonna put the link down below for that very old video It's kind of like very similar way in that video. I'm using Only toilet paper rolls because at that time I haven't had I haven't had this silicon mat This is silicon mat from scissor. I think they still have it But I think now it's different color. Maybe I I didn't actually google it, but I will have to have a look Here you can actually see one of my stencils when I use it on stenciling I can actually show you as well So for embossing with stencils. I'm gonna use as a base this pink Embossing sheet or plate then I'm gonna place there this clear one I'm gonna use this stencil with coca power out. I use that standard stencil on that Last project. I'm editing videos now. So hopefully you will like it. I'm gonna place it upside down because I want to have those letters erased embossed through To that writing in the right direction and not not this way like I it will be Um Backwards, but I want to have them in right direction. So I'm gonna place my stencil upside down on that cutting sheet Then I do have here 200 gsm cardstock. I'm gonna place it over my stencil And I'm gonna take this silicon mat And place it over it Next will be another cutting plate and it's kind of fluffy And I'm gonna give it try how thick it is Yeah, it's going too easy. So I know I need to reinforce it a little bit So I'm gonna take just old box And I'm gonna place that old box here on the top and I'm gonna give it try again To put there a little bit more pressure, but not too much And very easy. This is really easy It's I don't need to To twist it too much. So I'm not putting very high pressure if I will use This cutting plate, it will be just too much It will give to my cutting machine too much pressure and I don't want to Go there. So with this Kind of like sandwiching with another papers. I can help to that embossing process And we will see and really beautiful embossing effect So this way you can emboss even with stencils and when I watched that old video where I use those toilet paper rolls I kind of was thinking like It's not too thick. I can make it with my dies if I will stack them together, you know to make them a little bit more dimensional I don't know why it took me so long time But I'm so happy it did came to my mind And now I know I can I can emboss even designs I want to see if they are not on the market.  Oh, this is empty I totally forgot I've got these words by Tim Holtz And I'm planning to use them because I actually like how they can emboss and all these numbers. That's just my style So go to have a look what kind of dies you have go to have a look what kind of boxes and cereal boxes and You know stuff we save you have And maybe you can create your own designs and if you do have some stencils you like To have like a embossed effect go for it because it's not too hard If you don't have this silicone mat and this is from physics So have a look. I think it's called embossing mat Silicon embossing mat. I think it's called that way. So this is from physics If you don't have this one use some thicker Cardboard and place it under your stencils or you know over those papers Like I place those this silicone mat it will work too. You just need to put there some Some soft which will go through with your paper which will go through to that stencil. So something softer than a chipboard Something like cardboard boxes. They are soft enough or those those toilet paper rolls. They are perfect So this is my sharing for today. I hope you did enjoy it. I hope you found some inspiration I will put link for that out video down below for those brave brave people Thank you so so much for sharing your time with me. Have a beautiful day Take care about yourself and I will see you soon. Bye


Thank you, thank you, that was a wonderful introduction, yes, I'm here to talk about improving your internal linking structure, so my name is Marike van de Racht, I'm one of the co-owners of Yoast and the founder of Yoast's Academy, that's our online courses platform, you should check that out, that's great, and I was originally going to give you five tips on how to improve your site structure, but as this is a lightning talk, I can do three, and you can come talk to me later if you want to hear the other two. But first, why internal linking? We all know backlinks are important for SEO, right, for ranking, but why internal linking? Why is this even a thing? Well, there are three reasons why internal linking is important, and the first one has to do with your audience, your user, your reader, your internal linking structure will make or break your audience's experience, will make sure they find their way around your website. The second reason has to do with Google. So Google crawls your website, it follows your links, and the content it finds, it saves in the index, so that's a really large database in which all of our websites are saved. So internal linking makes sure that your content is indexed, but it's also like a guide for Google, it established the relationship between the pages, so internal linking is also important to get ranked. And then there's another reason why internal linking is important, that actually has to do with Google as well. So on your website, you're probably writing about similar topics, like at Jo's, we tend to write a lot about SEO, and if we do not tell Google which one of our articles is most important, we'd actually be competing with our own blog posts for a higher ranking in Google, so you can solve that with a good internal linking structure. So three things why internal linking is important, it's important that your audience will find what they are looking for, it's important that Google will understand your website, and it's important that you'll not be competing with your own content. So we now know why, just how do you do that, how do you improve your internal linking. So the first and maybe the most important tip is to decide upon your most important pages, which are the pages to post you're most proud of, which are the ones you want to rank highest with in Google. So whenever SEOs tend to talk about most important pages, we tend to talk about cornerstone content, and cornerstone content are these great overarching articles, which are lengthy and well written, and they usually tackle the most competitive key words. I would tell a little bit about keyword and keyword research later, but the point is, you should think about this. Which are the articles that make people come back to your website? Which are the articles that make people to buy your stuff and to like your pages? Which are the articles you're most proud of? Ask yourself these questions, because if you don't have these questions right, then you are putting the wrong articles on top of your pal, and you will be ranking with the wrong articles. You don't want that. So you've decided upon your most important content. What to do next? This is important. You have to link from the tail to the head. I'm going to explain this. So you have competitive keywords. Everybody wants to rank for these. They're like vacation in the Netherlands. Everybody wants to rank for vacation in the Netherlands. So there's a lot of competition there. Really hard to rank for. If you would try to rank for vacation in the south of the Netherlands, maybe in the north of the Netherlands, nobody wants to go north of the Netherlands, then there will be less competition. So it would be much easier to rank for. Right? So in my case, I wrote this beautiful article about the search structure, which is called the ultimate guide for site structure. But that's a competitive term. I also wrote five different articles, each focusing on a slightly different aspect of site structure, like site structure, FIQ, internal linking, site structure practices, and all of these articles, these are optimized for long-tail keywords. They actually generate lots of traffic combined. But then the internal linking part comes in. I put links from all of these little articles, all of these long-tail variants, to the one, the most important one, the ultimate guide. And then you'll be showing Google that that one, the ultimate guide. That's actually the most important one. So Google will come along, crawl your website, and we'll see that you have pointed towards the one you want to rank for the most. So link from the tail to the head. That means link from the articles that are less important to the one that's most important. And then my third and final tip comes in. You have to make sure you link in context. So we spend a lot of time in the WordPress community, but also in the SEO community, which is totally different, by the way. And what comes back there is the word context. So Bill Schlosske, who's like this SEO veteran guy, he says that context is actually the SEO word of 2018. And I think he's right. So what we're seeing is that Google becomes more and more able to grasp the true meaning of your text. So in the old days, when you wanted to rank for the term ballet shoes, you had to have to use the word ballet shoes in every other sentence. But nowadays, if you use the word ballet shoes and maybe dancing shoes, ballet recital, dancing, I know a lot about ballet, then Google will just understand from the whole context what your topic is about. So the same will go for links. If you put a link from one page to another, which is totally unrelated, Google will understand that you did that. And that will not help with your ranking. If you put a link in, that's related. That's actually making sense to link to another article. Then Google will see that. And that will help with your ranking. This means that internal links are important to get your site indexed. And the context of internal links is important to get your site ranked. So all of these internal links are important because Google will crawl them, no matter what, and get your site indexed. But in establishing which page will rank the highest, you'll need to have context. So I talked to you about three tips on just how to improve your internal linking. We talked about deciding upon your most important pages. We talked about linking from the tail to the head. And we talked about linking in context. So that's it. Questions? Quick for me. We have time for one or two questions. I have a hand here in the third row. And then one over here. And that will be our two questions. Thank you. Hi. When you say linking context, do you use exact match keywords or you also use LSI keywords? Or you mix it up to make sense and then link to stuff? I think you should just think about it and think whether or not it makes sense. So if you're thinking too much into words, you're probably overdoing it. One of my other tips is using our internal linking tool, which actually looks at which articles you've already written resemble the ones you are writing now. And these would be good to link to. So let's say we have a security page and then we have malware pages and other blog posts. So we want to rank for service page. So we use relevant anchor tags. And then on other ones, we can use LSI keywords and others. Or you meant like a longer text that makes sense. I actually meant the longer text. And I don't mean to say that the other things won't work. But in my case, it's more about writing and linking from one post to another, which are related to each other. Yeah. Okay. Thanks. And we had a question over on this side, please. Thank you. You talked about link from the tail to the head. Yes. But then these cornerstone article will probably mention subjects that were also in the tail pages. So is it harmful for the ranking to blink back to those? No. You just have to make sure that all of the ones are linking toward that one. And you can link back, but you should make sure that you're not linking towards another one as well. So choose one and make sure that you link to all of them. And you can link within each other as well, but you have to make sure that the most links get to the most important one. Okay. So that's about the most out of all the ones in the website. Yeah. In that category. Yes. Yeah. Thank you. Marika lives for this stuff. If you're not following her blog on the subject, you really should. Will you please give it up for Dr. Marika Van Der Racht.


Hey guys, it's your girl Coco. So welcome back to my channel. I'm just gonna jump right into this video I wanted to show you guys something that I purchased from a new designer Her name is Julia alert and I got the dress from Wolf and Badger Wolf and Badger has a ton of designers on it It's kind of like far-fetched and all that stuff, but not with like super high-end stuff And I purchased this dress from her. It's a full leather red dress and guys Absolutely love it. This video is not going to be super long. I Just wanted to show you ladies how I make regular brands work for me without giving you like a whole bunch of other stuff in the Video and this dress is a good example of that. I got a size 12 I'm not a size 12. However, because I don't know the designer. I'm gonna go for something that is Larger so I can get it tailored if I need it to if you look at this It's kind of big here, but I don't mind it. I do not have anything on under here So it's sticking to me around the neck, but it's a really really nice dress I'll pop in a video so you guys can see it, but it's a full leather dress Nice detailing. I'm gonna come closer and pop that video in Nice detailing. It wasn't the cheapest So if you do not want to spend over a certain amount on something that is full leather Then don't do it as far as like the inside of the dress.  I'm not sure exactly What the blend is? Let me see if it's on here I'm gonna see if I can find the blend of it, but it's absolutely Gorgeous, okay, you guys will see it on me in a picture. I just thought I don't have any shoes on with it I just wanted to give you guys a quick little video on the dress Nothing crazy. The zipper does go all the way down in the back okay all the way down and It wasn't hard to zipper up Okay, so what I did was I'm in here by myself right now. So I ended up just Pulling it as far up as I could in the back and then reaching down and pulling it up I didn't need to use a hanger or any type of device to pull it up So that's a plus and it was easy to zipper up. I absolutely loved it. This reminds me of something From when my mom was young Just like the style of the dress is so much my speed and girls I'm telling you if you are looking for something like this. Definitely check in check it out I'm gonna email her Let me tell y'all One thing about me if I like something I'm gonna email the designer if they're like a small business I'm gonna ask if they can make it in other colors because your girl needs this in black and she needs this in white Or maybe even like a ivory ivory color will work.   I don't wear scrunchies But I'll give it to like a little girl or something in the neighborhood. It came with a letter Like a full-on letter To me with my name Sinaya and she kind of you know wrote this out, which is what I thought was really nice one thing about small businesses They have extra stuff like this and I don't know I know my Teresa is a huge website, but they also do like nice little stuff inside their packaging Which I absolutely love This is why I like to shop at them because they do take their time and they care about their customers And I could appreciate that some of these other designers They don't and I do know it costs money to like this is not cheap paper, right? It to be honest It probably was handwritten Um Yeah, it probably was handwritten So I'm gonna do like a nice review. I'm gonna tag her on Instagram and stuff. I shared the information with you guys Girls check her out from the reviews that I read on Wolf and Badger. She has really nice things This is the first thing that I saw so I just grabbed it I haven't gone back to look at a ton of her stuff But she had really great reviews so I gave it a chance and again her name is Julia alert I don't know if you guys could even see that Yeah Love it Let me know what you guys think simple video on Something that I purchased at a brand that doesn't necessarily cater to to a women and making it work for me I love to do this guys the majority. Well Everything in my closet. I don't have anything From one single tall girl brand in my closet But anyway, thank you guys for tuning into this video I just wanted to do a quick little video on a review on this dress and hope you guys enjoy it So, thank you if you stay to the end of this video, please comment Coco we see you and guys don't forget to follow me on Instagram at Cocoa Styles NYC and Cocoa Styles NY And my personal style blog CocoaStylesNYC.com and my personal style services CocoaStylesNY.com And I will catch you guys in the next one.


I did my best," the boy Mallory sobbed, but when it came to stepping on all those faces I just couldn't do it. The rent-a-mammican arranged its features into a severe frown, and strengthened its grip on the boy Mallory's arm. "'You knew that they were only painted on the game floor to symbolize the competitive spirit,' it said. "'Why couldn't you step on them?' The boy Mallory made a final desperate effort to gain the bedroom door which his mother had just slammed, and before which the rent-a-mammican stood, then he sank defeated to the floor. "'I don't know why. I just couldn't. That's all,' he sobbed. He raised his voice. "'But I will step on them. I'll step on real faces, too. Just you wait and see. I'll be a bigger get-rich-quick man than my father ever dreamed of being. I'll show her. I'll show her,' the man Mallory murmured. "'Just you wait and see.' He opened his eyes. Safe for himself the bedroom-office was empty. "'Rawina?' No answer. He raised his voice. "'Rawina!' Again no answer. He frowned. The door to the bedroom-office was open, and the castle certainly wasn't so large that his voice couldn't carry from one end of it to the other. His shoulder throbbed faintly, but otherwise he was unaware of his wound. Rawina had bound it neatly. It was said that age of chivalry-gentle-women were quite proficient in such matters, and apparently she had once again got hold of the right counter-agent. He sat up and swung his feet to the floor. So far so good! Suddenly he stood up. A wave of vertigo broke over him. As it passed he was as good as new. The blood-restorer pills had done their work well. Nevertheless everything was not as it should be. Something was very definitely wrong. "'Rawina!' he called again. Still no answer. She had removed his armor and piled it neatly at the foot of the bed. He stared at the various pieces, trying desperately to think. Something had awakened him. That was it. The slamming of a door, or a lock!' He took a deep breath. He smelled green things, dampness, a forest at even tide. He knew then what was wrong. The lock of the yore had been opened, and had been left open long enough for the evening air to permeate the interior of the TSB. Long enough, in other words, to have permitted someone to ride across the imaginary drawbridge that spanned the mirage moat. Afterward the lock had slammed back into place of its own accord. He hurried into the wreck-hall. Easy money stood all alone behind the tourist-bar. The black roe-horse was gone. His eyes leaped to the wreck-hall table. The sangrayaw was gone, too. He groaned.  And after he had forbidden her to leave the castle, too. Well, no, he hadn't forbidden her exactly. He had forbidden her to leave it during his absence. He walked over to the tele-window, nearest the lock, and scrutinized the screen. She was nowhere in sight, but night was on hand, and the range of his vision, while considerably abetted by the light of the rising moon, was limited to the nearer trees. Presently he frowned. Was it still the same night, or had he been unconscious for almost twenty-four hours? It couldn't be the same night. The position of the moon disproved that, and yet he could swear that he had been unconscious for no more than a few hours. Belatedly he remembered his gauntlet time-piece and returned to the bedroom office. The time-piece registered ten-thirty-two. But that didn't make any sense, either. The moon was still low in the sky. He knew then that there could be but one answer, and he headed for the control room post-haste. Over enough the jump-board time-dial had been set for eight o'clock p.m. of the same day. He looked at the space-dial. That had been set to rematerialize the yore one-half mile farther west. He wiped his forehead. Good Lord! She might have sent the T.S.B. all the way back to the age of reptiles. Even worse she might have plunked it right down in the middle of World War III. She hadn't, though. In point of fact she had done exactly what she had set out to do, taken the yore back to a point in time from which the Sangreyal could be returned to the castle of Karbonik less than an hour after it had been stolen. Suddenly he remembered how she had watched him from the doorway of the control room each time he had reset the time and space-dials. Technologically speaking she was little more than a child, but jump-boards were as uncomplicated as modern technology could make them, and a person needed to be but little more than a child to operate them. Grimly Mallory returned to his bedroom office and got into his armor. Then ignoring the throbbing of his reawakened wound he mounted easy money and set out. He had no weapons, but it could not be helped. With a little luck he would have need of none. He was about due for a little luck, if you asked him. He gambled that Rowena would use the same route back to the chamber of the Sangreyal that they had used in leaving it. Actually she had no other choice, and he and Cephalo guided easy money at a fast trot in the direction of the river in the hope of overtaking her before she reached the entrance to the subterranean passage. However, the hope did not materialize, and he saw no sign of her till he reached the entrance himself. Strictly speaking he saw no sign of her then either, but he did discern several dislodged stones that could have been thrown up by the black roe-horse's hoofs. Entering the passage he frowned. Until that moment the incongruity of a sixth-century damsel and Cephalo guiding a twenty-second-century roe-horse had not struck him. After a moment though he had to admit that the incongruity was not as glaring as it had at first seemed. And cephalopathing was merely a glorified term for thinking, and Rowena, shortly after mounting perfidian steed, must have made the discovery that she had only to think where she wanted to go in order for the roe-horse to take her there. He had not remembered to bring a light, nor did he need one. The infrared rays of Easy Money's eye units were more than sufficient for the task on hand, and overtaking the girl would have been as easy as rolling off a log if she hadn't been riding a roe-horse too. Overtaking her wasn't of paramount importance anyway. He could confiscate the sangriail after she returned it just as easily as he could before. The odd part about the whole thing was that Mallory never once thought of the inevitable overlap till he saw the flicker of torchlight up ahead. An instant later he heard the sound of a woman's voice, and instinctively he and Cephalo guided Easy Money into a nearby shallow cave. The flickering light grew gradually brighter, and presently hoof-beats became audible. The woman's voice was loud and clear now, and Mallory made out her words above the purling of the underground stream. And when he set down the maiden, and was armed at all pieces, save he lacked his spear. Then he dressed his shield and drew out his sword, and bore smote him so hard that it went through his shield and havergen on the left shoulder. And through great strength he beat him down to the earth, and at the pulling of bore's spear there he swooned. Then came bores to the maid, and said, How seemeth it to you of this night ye be delivered at this time? Now, sir, said she, I pray you lead me there as this night had me. So shall I do gladly. And took the horse of the wounded knight, and set the gentlewoman upon him, and so brought her as she desired. Sir Knight, said she, Ye have better sped than ye weaned. For an eye had lost my maiden-head, five hundred men should have died for it. What night was he that had you in the forest?  So what! I never with what engin the fiend and chafed him. For yesterday he took me from my father privately. For I, nor none of my father's men mistrusted him not. And if he had had my maiden-head he should have died for the sin, and his body shamed and dishonored for ever. Thus as— At this point the truth behind the sense of deja vu that Mallory had experienced the first time he had heard the tale, hit him so hard between the eyes that he jerked back his head. When he did so his helmet came into contact with the cave wall and scraped against the stone. The roe-horse and its two riders were directly across the stream now. Sh! Mallory the first whispered. Rowena the first gasped. It were best that I thank ye now for thy great kindness, fair knight, she said. For anon we be no longer on live. Nonsense, Mallory the first said. If this fiend of yours is anywhere in the vicinity he's probably more afraid of us than we are of him. Per—per adventure he hath already had meet, Rowena the first said hopefully. The tale saith that on the fiend be filled he becomes a weary, and besets not them the which do pass him by in peace. I'll keep my sword handy just in case he changes his mind, Mallory the first said. Meanwhile, get on with your autobiography. Only for Pete's sake cut it short, will you? On it please, fair sir. Thus, as the fair gentlewoman stood talking with Sir Bors, there came twelve knights seeking after her, and anon—for a long while after the voices fade away—Mallory the fourth could not move. Hearing the story the second time, and more important, hearing it from the standpoint of an observer, he had been able to identify it for what it really was—an excerpt from Le Morte d'Auteur. The Joseph of Arimathea bit had been an excerpt too, he realized now, probably lifted word for word from the text. It was odd indeed that a sixth-century damsel, who presumably couldn't read, could be in such familiar terms with a book that would not be published for another nine hundred and forty-three years. But not so odd, if she was a twenty-second century blonde in a sixth-century damsel's clothing. Remembering Perfidian secretary, Mallory felt sick. No, there was no noticeable resemblance between her and the damsel that hight Rowena, but the removal of a girdle and a quarter of a pound of makeup, not to mention the application of a luster-rich brown hair-dye and the insertion of a pair of plum-blue contact lenses, could very well have brought such a resemblance into being, and quite obviously had. The past police were noted for their impersonations, and most of them had idetic memories. Come on, easy money, Mallory and Cephalopath, you and I have got a little score to settle. When he entered the chamber of the Sangreal, Rowena IV was arranging the red samite cover around the grail. She jumped when she saw him. Mary, fair sir, ye did startle me. May thinketh ye be asleep in thy castle. Knock it off, Mallory said. The masquerade's over.  He got the impression that she had been crying. The... the masquerade, fair knight? That's right, the masquerade. You know more of the damsel Rowena than I'm the knight, Sir Galahad.  I... I want well ye be not, Sir Galahad, fair sir. It... it happened that a foretime I did see, Sir Galahad, with my own eyes. And when ye did unlace thy unbearer, and I did see thy face, I knew ye could not be him of which ye spake. Finally she raised her head and looked at him defiantly. But I knew from thy eyes that ye be most noble, fair sir, and therefore unye did pretend to be him the which ye were not. Ye did so for noble cause, and it were not for me to question. I said, knock it off, Mallory said, but with considerable less conviction.   I what not what? An agent of the past police, one of those do-gooders who run around history replacing stolen goods and turning in hardworking people like myself. You gave yourself away when you lifted that Sir Bors bit straight out of Le Morte d'Arterre, and... But I did say ye sooth, fair sir. Sir Bors did verily sucker my maiden-head. I what not how there can be two of ye and two of me and four hackneys when a four there were but two, and I what not how by touching the magic board in thy castle in a certain fashion that I could make the hour earlier, and I what not how the magic steed I did bestride brought me hither. I what not none of these matters, fair sir? I what only that the magic of thy castle is marvellous indeed. For a while Mallory didn't say anything. He couldn't. In the plum-blue eyes fixed full upon his face truth shone, and that same truth had invested her every word. The damsel Rowena, despite all evidence to the contrary, and despite the glaring paradox the admission gave rise to, was not a phony, never had been a phony, and never would be a phony. She was, as a matter of fact, with the exception of Sir Gallahad, the only completely honest person he had known in all his life. Tell me, he said at length, weren't you afraid to come back through that passage alone? Weren't you afraid the fiend would get you? La, fair sir, I had great fear. But it were not fitting that I bethought me of myself at such a time. She paused. Then what might be thy true name, Sir Knight? Mallory, Mallory said, Thomas Mallory. I have great joy of thy acquaintance, Sir Thomas. Mallory only half heard her. He was looking at the Samite covered sangrayal. No more obstacles stood between him and his quest, and time was a wasting. He started to take a step in the direction of the silver table. His foot did not leave the floor. He was acutely aware of Rowena's eyes. As a matter of fact he could almost feel them upon his face. It wasn't that they were any different than they had been before, it was just that he was suddenly and painfully cognizant of the trust and the admiration that's shown in them. Despite himself he had the feeling that he was standing in bright and blinding sunlight. Again he started to take a step in the direction of the silver table. Again his foot did not leave the floor. It wasn't so much the fact that she didn't believe he would take the sangrayal that bothered him. It was the fact that she couldn't conceive of him taking it. She could be convinced that black was white, perhaps, and that white was black, and that fiends hung out in empty caves and castles. But she could never be convinced that a knight of the qualities she imputed to Mallory could perform a dishonorable act. And there it was, laid right on the line. For all the good the grail was going to do Mallory, it might just as well have been at the bottom of the Mindanao deep. He sighed. His gamble hadn't paid off any more than perfidians had. The real Sir Gala had was the one who had inherited the grail after all, not the false one. The false one grinned ruefully. Well, he told the damsel Rowena, it's been nice knowing you. He swallowed. For some reason his throat felt tight. I imagine you'll be all right now. To his amazement she broke into tears. Oh, Sir Thomas, she cried, in my great haste to return the sangrayal to the chamber and to right the grievous wrong committed by the untrue knight, Sir Jason, I did beret my trust again. For when I aspired ye and me and easy money in the passage, I did suffer a great discomfort, and it so happed that when my steed did enter into a cave that the sangrayal came free from my hands, and Mallory was staring at her. You dropped it? Stepping over to the silver table she lifted a corner of the red Samite. The dent was not a deep one, but just the same, you didn't have to look twice to see it. I missed not what to do, she said. Suddenly Mallory remembered the first sound he had heard in the passage when he and Rowena were leaving the castle of Carbonic. Well, how do you like that? he said. He grinned. I take it that this puts your hands in jeopardy all over again, right? Yay, Sir Thomas, but I would lover die than beseech thee again to which, Mallory continued happily, makes it out of the question for a knight such as myself to leave you behind. He took her arm. Come on, he said. I don't know how I'm going to fit a sixth century damsel into a twenty-second century society, but believe me, I'm going to try. And will ye take easy money to this land whereof ye speak, Sir Thomas? Sir Thomas grinned. Which ye well, he said, and his buddy too. Come on. In the yore he tossed his helmet and gauntlets into a corner of the wreck-hall and proceeded straight to the control room. There with Rowena standing at his elbow he set the time-dial for June 21st, 2178, and the space-dial for the Kansas City time-tourist port. Lord, it would be good to get home again and get a haircut. Here goes, he told Rowena, and threw the switch. There was a faint tremor. Brace yourself, Rowena, he said, and took her over to the control room tellow window. Together they gazed upon the screen. Mallory gasped. The vista of spiral suburban dwellings which he had been expecting was not in the offing. In its stead was a green tree-stippled countryside. In the distance a castle was clearly discernible. He stared at it. It wasn't a sixth-century job like carbonic. It was much more modern. But it was still a castle. Obviously the jump-board had malfunctioned and thrown the yore only a little ways into the future, the while leaving it in pretty much the same locale. He returned to the jump-board to find out. Just as he reached it its lights flickered and went out. The time and space-dials, however, remained illumined long enough for him to see when and where the TSB had rematerialized. The year was 1428 A.D., the locale warwickshire. Mallory made tracks for the generator room. The generator was smoking and the room reeked with a stench of shorted wires. He swore. Perfidian! So that was why the man had broken with tradition and invited a common time-thief to a game of gulp. If he had been anyone but Perfidian he would have gimmicked the controls of the yore so that Mallory would have wound up directly in the 15th century Sons Sojourn and the Sith. But being Perfidian he had wanted Mallory to know how completely he was being outsmarted. The chances were, though, that if the man had anticipated the near-coincidence of the two visits to the chamber of the Sangreal he would have seen to it that Mallory had never gotten a chance to use his Sir Galaad suit. According to the control room Mallory saw that the Lumilusion panel had been pre-programmed to materialize the yore as a 15th century English castle. Apparently it had been in the books all along for him to become a 15th century knight, just as it had been in the books all along for Perfidian to become the proprietor of a misplaced hot-dog stand. Mallory laughed. He had gotten the best of the bargain after all. At least there was no smog in the 15th century. Who was he supposed to be, he wondered? Had his name gone down in history by any chance? Abruptly he gasped. Was he the Sir Thomas Mallory with estates in Northampture and Warwickshire? Was he the Sir Thomas Mallory who had compiled and translated and written Le Morte d'Arterre?  He could have popped up from nowhere, made his fortune through foreknowledge, and been knighted. He could have been a reformed time thief stranded in the 15th century. But if he, Mallory, was Mallory, how in the world was he going to get five hundred chapters of semi-historical data together and pass them off as Le Morte d'Arterre? Suddenly he understood everything. Going over to where Rowena was still standing in front of the tele-window, he said, I'll bet you know no end of stories about the doings of the knights of the table round. La, Sir Thomas, ever I saw day of my life I have heard not else in the court of my father. Tell me, Mallory said. How did this round-table business begin? Or, better yet, how did the grail business begin? We can take up the round-table business later on. She thought for a moment. Then list, fair Sir, and I will say ye. At the vigil of Pentecost, when all the fellowship of the round-table were come into Camelot, and there heard their service, and the tables were set ready to the meat, right so entered into the hall a full-fair gentlewoman on horseback that had ridden full fast, for her horse was all beswetted. Then she there alit, and came before the king and saluted him, and he said, Damsel, God thee bless! Sir, said she, for God's sake, say me where Sir Lancelot is. Yonder ye may see him, said the king. Then she went unto Lancelot and said, Sir Lancelot, I salute you on King Pellis's behalf, and I require you to come on with me hereby into a forest. Then Sir Lancelot asked her with whom she dwelled. I dwell, said she, with King Pellis. What will ye with me, said Lancelot? Ye shall know, said she, when ye. That'll do for now, Mallory interrupted. We'll come back to it as soon as I get stocked up on paper and ink. Scheherazade, he added. Scheherazade, Sir Thomas? I want not. He leaned down and kissed her. There is no need for you to watt, he said. Probably, he reflected, he would have to do a certain amount of research in order to record the happenings that had ensued his and Rowena's departure, and undoubtedly said research would result ironically in the recording of the true visits of Sir's Galahad and Lancelot to the Chamber of the Sangriaal, the time slots on which he and Perfidion had gambled and lost their shirts. The main body of the work, however, had been deposited virtually on his lap, and its style and flavor had been arbitrarily determined. Moreover, contrary to what history would later maintain, the job would not be done in prison but right here in the Castle of Yor, with Rowena sitting and dictating beside him. As for the impossibility of giving a sixth-century damsel as his major source, that could be avoided, as in one sense it already had been, by making frequent allusions to imaginary French sources. And as for the main obstacle to the endeavor, his twenty-second century cynicism, that had been obviated during his encounter with Sir Galahad. The book wouldn't be published till 1485, but just the same he was keen to get started on it. Writing it should be fun. Which reminded him? I know we haven't known each other very long in one sense, Rowena, he said, but in another we've known each other for almost nine hundred years. Will you marry me? She blinked once. Then her plum-blue eyes showed how truly blue they could become, and she threw her arms around his gorget. Which ye well, Sir Thomas, said she, that there is nothing in the world but I would lever-do than be thy bride. Thus did the prose epic known successfully as La Mort d'Artur, the most ancient and famous history of the renowned Prince Arthur, King of Britain, as also all the noble acts and heroic deeds of his valiant knights of the round table, and La Mort d'Artur come to be recorded. End of section six, recording by Roger Maline. End of A Night There Was, by Robert F. Young