with a speed of light, a cloud of dust, and the hearty high old silver, the Lone Ranger. The Lone Ranger was the greatest champion of law and order the early West ever knew. He fought crime and criminals through the length and breadth of seven states, but justice meant more to him than the letter of the law, and time after time he saved innocent men from death or imprisonment. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear. From out of the past come the thundering hoof beats of the great horse Silver. The Lone Ranger rides again. Come on, Silver! We're heading for Stewart's Ranch! Hello, Silver! Missouri opened the door that led into Mustang Mag's kitchen, cautiously looked inside, then called softly to Mag that. Mag? I beg! Oh, my gracious, you give me a scare.  Hush! A sky pilot around? Oh, it's him you're dodging, huh? I don't know where he is. But if you're coming in, hurry up about and close the door. You're letting in half the flies and creations. You don't mind if I smoke, do you? Me? Take nothing to me if you want to poison yourself. Swallow arsenic if it'll make you feel any better. The sky pilot's again it! Again swallow and arsenic? Well, that ain't hard to understand.  He's again smoking. He caught me at it yesterday. That's why I never got my work done. Took him the better part of the afternoon to tell me how sinful I was. Just the afternoon? Well, it goes to show you ain't so well acquainted with you yet. Oh, now, Mag! Sin and laziness, Missouri. I pray I'm plumb full of both of them. You think the sky pilot don't all the time be hollering at a fellow? It hurtin' you, Annie? The day before yesterday he caught me talkin' to that dog gone mule.  Now I ask you, Mag, how's a fellow to talk to a mule? Polite and respectful? Shucks the Dern Critter wouldn't have no notion what you're gettin' at. And the sky pilot hurt ya, huh? How'd it like to been there? You shouldn't never let him come to stay here. Glory.  I'm talkin' about the sky pilot! Let's pick up planes. That's what I'm tryin' to do, dog-gorners! He's again smokin', he's again cussin'. You shouldn't carry a shootin' iron. You're on the right of horse on Sunday.  It'd be in kind of immodest, am you? No, the sky pilot! You better watch yourself, Missouri.  As for the sky pilot, well, I'd say most times he's right. I don't hold with smokin' myself, so I've never made a point of it. And there's a sight too much cussin' and gunslingin' goin' on. Nope. It ain't his opinions that are wrong. It's the way he goes about spreadin' them. He just ain't caught on to the knack of a kid. Well, I'm cuttin' out a calf for Brandon. There's a right and a wrong way to it. Man, you're just on his side, cause I ain't. And I'm tellin' ya plain, if he stays on here much longer, I'll go clean local. You're that already.  You can put this bread that's ready for baking to top the oven. Awesome. Careful you don't drop it. Me drop anything? Why, I'm the carefulest fellow in six states. I never... Nice. Missouri, you old fool, look what you've done. Now just look at the mess of me. Good morning, Reverend.  Oh, I'll clean it off. Did I startle you, Missouri? Sex, no, I just... Do I smell smoke? From the oven, most likely. A pipe? Do you know to whom it belongs? My gosh, I ain't the slightest idea. Oh, I have to, Missouri, it's yours. Mine? But I never loomed it to nobody. You were just now smokin' it. Me? Yes, you. Certainly you can remember a simple thing like that, can't you, Missouri? I guess if Meg says I was smokin', I must've been. But ain't it funny how things can slip your mind? Why, only the other day, I was... Missouri?  Did I? You did. Now today I find that you were attempting to deceive me. Missouri, what am I to think of you?  I'm too old. It'd just be wasting your valuable time. Now why don't you try it out on the young folksy? Like Meg there, for instance. I'll find a new one, Missouri. I don't see who that was just rolled up outside. Yes. Well, go and be if it ain't Rod Sampson. Meg, you gotta hide me. You just got to. The sheriff's right after me for somethin' I swear I never done. You gotta hide me and my horse too. Oh please, Meg, please. You heard him, Missouri. Hustle right outside. Don't saddle Rod's horse and turn it out with the others what won't be noted. I must say that this is... Now don't bother me now, Reverend, this is important. You'll be along most ten minutes. Then get in that closet there and close the door behind you.  Of course you ain't. You think I have to ask questions to know that? Now get in the closet like I said.  I won't never be forgettin' this.  Well? I trust that you're equated with a citizen's duty toward the law. I trust I am. What about it? Very obviously you intend to forget that duty. You're harboring a confessed fugitive. He's my friend. But your duty... I don't know how you figure things. But after you've been in the West for a while, you'll learn that a friend's somebody you don't never go back on. A very dangerous attitude of mine. But it's my mind, such as it is, and it's my attitude. And I ain't apologizing for neither. I'm sorry to see you taking this tone. We can talk it out some other time.  Missouri, according to... He can be trusted. I come back to tell you the sheriff's coming. He's right. There he is now.  For all your practice, Missouri, you never did amount to much as a storyteller. Quiet. Come in. How do you feel? How do you feel, Sheriff? How do you feel, Sheriff? Well, heavenly days, Sheriff. What brings you here?  No, you can rest easy, Mag. I got other business.  You're joking? No. But Rod's place is clear. He's on the other side of Soda Springs. Say, you ain't after him for something like that. Great I am, Mag. Oh, now you're joking. No, none at all. Ain't nothing the least funny about this. Rod's warranted the right serious charge. I thought I'd seen him head in here. What charge? Rush them. No. Yep. Mr. Seward swore out a warrant for him. It's where Rod's been stealing this cow. He says he's got a witness to it. So, I reckon Rod will have to go to jail. When you find him, Missouri. Well, if you haven't seen him, he must have cut over to the north after I lost sight of him back at the gully. I'll have to keep moving or I'll lose too much time. You'd do better investigating Seward. I wouldn't take that high-bond and pole-catch word for the time of day. Shouldn't let you dislike in him affect your judgment any, Mag. Well... Pardon me. Huh? Do something? I feel it my duty, Sheriff, as one who has the highest respect for the law. Sure, we all feel it's our duty, Reverend. And if anything should come up or we can be of any help, we'll be glad to... Well, goodbye, Sheriff. Next time... One moment. Now wait. I won't permit this. Sheriff, these people have made a fool of you. No, don't go on if you look here. Tyler! The man you want, Sheriff, is in this house. He's here with the full knowledge of Mag and Missouri.  Last, last... Careful, Rod. It wasn't our fault. I know it wasn't Mag. It neither was the Missouri's power. Rod, Rod. The best thing you could do would be to hush your mouth and start marching. Come on. You understand, Sheriff, but if there's any reward, I couldn't accept it. Mr. You'd better understand something. Mm-hmm. You just had to speak up and spoil everything, didn't you? Spoil everything? I knew all the time that Rod was here. I seen Missouri leading his horse away. Guy! I seen the muddy tracks Rod left leading to that there closet door. But, dawg, God, I didn't want Rod caught any more than Mag did. And if you just had the sense to keep still, I could have done my duty and kept Rod from going to jail. Next time, don't you meddle. Well, the very idea... A dawg on good idea, I'd call it. Now, do you see what I meant, Mag? I reckon I do. It seems that in this part of the country, not even the men sworn to uphold it respect the law. You know what they respect? A dawg on sight more. Well... Justice. And when laws get in the way of it, that better watch out. Young Rod Sampson had been popular in the district while Seward, the rancher who had sworn out the warrant for his arrest, was despised by everyone. Therefore, when the latter passed within the hailing distance of Mag's ranch on his way to town, met a group of cowboys coming from the other direction, the encounter led to interesting developments. Well, if there ain't Mr. Seward! And riding atop of a horse. Dog gone if I didn't think so. Well, if there ain't Mr. Seward! What's the matter, Mr. Seward? You think you're the only fella who can start anything? You'll live it through now. Don't you block that road. Oh, there. You had Rod jailed. He never stole a cow in all his life. And when a cow would like you, says he did, it just about proves he didn't. He did. He's a thief. And don't call a part of ours a thief. What are you saying we give Mr. Seward a little workin' over? Maybe it'll do. Maybe it'll do. Maybe it'll do. Maybe it'll do. Maybe it'll do. He made Mr. Seward a little workin' over. Maybe it'll teach him not to be so careless who he accuses next time. No, no, no, no! Wait, you cat. I série, you wouldn't dare! No, no. Please, ah! Drag him off the horse. Pull him down. Get his arms. Hey, watch out! The skunks goin' for his gun! Girl, this is yours. First or ya, it'll be self-defense. Watch out! You're shot, lefty. Where's a yellow pole, cat? We ought to string him up. Lefty! Where did he get ya? Oh, yeah, just my arm, He might have killed you. It wasn't his fault he didn't. Here's your own. There's a tree over there. Come on, grab it. We'll carry him there. Come on. Kill him. What? A masked man with a red skin with it. Help! Help! This way! Help me! Help me! Get back! Stay away from here, stranger! They're buttoning in. Shoot them. I'll get the engine. The masked man is mine! I... I have my hands! You can't get away with this, stranger. It's the must-have masked place, Thomas. You all right? They would have hugged me. I doubt it. I think they were trying most of them to scare you. They would have, I tell you. They would have. No, but they might have gone too far. There! Place! Right up! Oh! Oh, Scott! Hold on! Hold on! Hold on! Down with you. My... my horse. He can round him up later. If he doesn't return to your place by himself. All right, now you'd better stay out of sight. Have a great day. Hello, Meg. Oh! You! You're in town, though. Who's this you got here? Stuart. Some punters were threatening to hang him. Stuart. I want him to stay out of sight. Friend, are you? Yes, Meg. I know it ain't your style to let anybody get hurt if it can be helped. Well... But couldn't you have let Stuart get hung just this once? The curtain falls on the first act of our Lone Ranger drama. Before the next exciting scenes, please permit us to pause for just a few moments. Now to continue our story. After the Lone Ranger had rescued the rancher Seward from a group of cowboys, and had taken him to the home of Mustang Meg for protection, Kanto recaptured Seward's mount. At last, when the way seemed clear, the rancher made ready to leave. Well, we get along now. I won't thank you for nothing, Meg, because I serve it plain enough how you feel to omit it. And a good thing you do. But you saved me from the cowboys, friend. You were mistaken. No, but you did. They might have hung me up. You just understood me. It's just that I'm not your friend. I have good reasons for saying that. I came to your aid as I would have helped anyone else, no matter who or what he was. But I'll tell you something before you leave. So there'll be no further misunderstandings. Yeah. One of these days, you'll end behind bars. And I hope I'm the man who puts you there. How do you like that, Seward? How do you take your straight talk? Yes. I have nothing to worry about. Time enough to stop twirying when I have to hide behind a mask to dodge the law. Right put out, Wadi. Look at him. You know what he puts me in mind of? Nothing has to much of them white crawl and things you'll find but turning over a rock. But he's dangerous in the way all cowardly men are dangerous. They substitute cunning for physical courage. You know, there's something that puzzles me about all this. What is it, Meg? I'll put you right on it. The generation of Missouri wants you to never learn to keep shab. Ah! No, what puzzles me is why, Seward, accuse Rodger Ruslan. Just don't seem to be any reason for it. I have an idea. I know the reason. You do? I'll know more about it. Excuse pardon me. I would like to speak to this gentleman with you. Yes. Perhaps Mag or Missouri has mentioned me to you. I'm Jasper Cain. The Reverend Jasper Cain. Yes, they've mentioned you. I wonder, would you mind very much telling me that the man of your apparent education has chosen the life of an outlaw rather than to abide by the rules of society? Is it the easy money? This is one time you're barking up the wrong tree. Huh? For a great land agotion. This man here is doing what you just wish you was doing and he's doing it from here to the border while you ain't even got a good start yet in this hair county. Hey, McCrook. He packs more law in them two guns of yours than all the lawyers west of the Mississippi could write down in a month or Sundays if there was to work overtime at it. But the mask... Cain, you're an Easterner, aren't you? I have no reason to be ashamed of it. Of course not. But whom the little mag in Missouri have told me, I've gathered that you're trying to force a point of view you gained in the east upon the people bred here in the west. I'm not sure. I know what you mean. We'll put it this way. There's law and there's justice. In the east, the emphasis is upon the first and the west, upon the latter. If you rigidly enforce the law, then you're bound to have justice. There have been cases where the one didn't follow the other. For instance, Rod Sampson, a warrant was sworn out for his arrest and the law said that warrant had to be served. But everyone in this district is aware that Rod's arrest was unjust. It isn't for us to judge in these matters. That's the Easterner speaking. You come from, you scarcely know your next door neighbors. Here, people know everyone from miles around. Mag probably is acquainted with everyone within a 500-mile radius of her ranch. Well? When you know people that well, Cain, you're qualified to judge from their characters whether or not an accusation of this nature is true. In the east, you wouldn't be so qualified and your only course would be to depend upon the letter of the law and hope that it served justice. When you realize that difference, I think you'll understand the people of this country better. They have more success in your work. Barberist theory. Don't go on it then. If you think there's little of us as you say you do, why didn't you talk with me and hang around? For a very good reason, Missouri. Huh? It's just where I find persons as ignorant and uncivilized as you that there's the greatest need of my labor. Good day. What? What's that? He called me ignorant. He said I was... Well, and your horns, Missouri. When he said you wasn't hardly civilized, he sure called it a... Now look here, man. Oh! But all joking aside, just what is a fella like that doing out here? Why don't he go on back east where folks wouldn't be all the time offending him? My land, it seems to me... He's honest, Meg. Well, but just the same. And he's sincere. Those are qualities that are always useful anywhere. The West can use him when he's learned to understand it. Which same he never will. Don't be too certain of that. Huh? Meg, I have an idea that Reverend Jasper Cain will change some of his opinions sooner than he thinks. That evening, the masked man and his faithful Indian companion, Tonto, were at their well-hidden camp, not far from Mustang Mag's ranch house. Santa, did you find out the names of the two fellas who claimed they saw Rod stealing Seward's kettle? Uh-huh. One fella named Blake, other fella named Shaw. Isn't Shaw and Nester who got a small place on Seward's range? That's right. And it's clear why Shaw would back Seward's story.  But who's Blake? Him. Seward. Foreman. So that's it. Both of Seward's witnesses, men who depend upon Seward for their living. You and I know, Kimusabe, that they lied. Now they suspect it, but we know it. Then tell he big lie. I wonder if they won't tell the truth with a little persuasion. Persuasion of the right kind. And positive Shaw would. How about Blake? What do you think of him? Don't go make him talk. Call Scout. Here's Scout. Here's Silver. We ride. We're paying calls on Seward's two witnesses. Me, Savvy. Yep. They learn a lesson from this tunnel. And Seward came with them. Not that good. Ready? Get him up, Scout. Come on, Silver. Hey, Silver! How are you? Power later. What do you want? An Ask Man. Sean? That's me with you. Sadly, of course. You're coming with us. Me, look, go.  Joe Blake, aren't you? You bet I am, Mr. Knight. Let's go riding. Come on, Silver! Come on, Stormy! It's me, Mag. We'll now be switched. The Mask Man. Mag, listen closely. Tunner has Seward's two witnesses at our camp. They don't know that he wouldn't harm them. And the badly frightened men. I think we'll get confessions from them. Glory be. Things are going to happen. They'll happen fast. You'll have to know exactly what to expect. On the evening of the next day, a gathering of sober-faced men assembled one by one in Mustang Mag's parlor. Much to the bewilderment of the reverend Jasper Cain, to whom the proceedings were a mystery. When he asked questions, no one answered him. The group seemed to be waiting for a signal. A signal that came at last in the form of a loud knocking at the door. That must be them, all right. Come in. Get in there. Let me go. Why did you bring me here? If you've got no right to do this to me, put the law on y'all. Hold him. I got the scum. What? Quiet. Sit down. Sit down. What have I here for you? Make me a mask man, since you sit for me. Why? You're on trial, Stuart. But I... For lying, they get Rod Simpson jailed. And for shooting me. And for being a general all-round low-down sidewinder that ain't fit to decorate this county no more. No, you can't. You're not the law. I just bet we ain't the law. We're the same as vigilantes. That's what we are. Oh, please. Please. I've never harmed you. None of you. I've never done a thing. We know plenty you've done. There's likely more. Must more? We'll never learn about. Oh, no, you can't do nothing. The law has failed to punish you. Instead, it's holding an innocent man because of you. We're here to do what the law has not done. See that you get what you deserve. Oh, no, you're wrong. You're wrong actually. The sky pilot's got a gun. Where'd he get it? You can't do this. I won't allow it. It's not legal. I told you once before, Cain, that we weren't interested in the law. We are interested in justice. This isn't justice, and I won't stand for it. Don't move. Not a one of you. I'll shoot if you do. Why you? Be careful, Missouri. He means it. Seward. Get out. Hurry. I'll hold him while you get away. Bring the sheriff here. Every one of these persons has broken the law and is liable to arrest. Hurry. Bring him as quickly as you can. I'll get him. I'll bring him here.  There. You've let a guilty man escape. You've done exactly what I told you you would do. You followed the letter of the law and defeated justice. That's not true. No? Well, we have two witnesses here in this room who would have testified. They've been given a chance. Come out here. Why, it's... Mr. Shaw and Mr. Blake. Tell Cain what you know, or I'll turn you back to Tuddo. No, please.  You can't do the choice if you promise... Then talk. Did you see Rod Sampson's steel cattle, or didn't you? Quickly. We... we didn't. He said that because Mr. Seward told us we had to... And I'll tell the rest of it. I'll tell you exactly why Seward wanted Rod jail for rustling, was because Seward's a rustler himself. And he thought that Rod had seen him at it. He wanted Rod discredited, that anything he said would be ignored by the law. Then you were right. Seward... Seward lied. And how do you think I persuaded these fellows to tell the truth, Cain, by following the letter of the law, by handling them with gloves, so they could go on with the lies and keep an innocent man in jail? I did not. As I told you before, it's justice I wanted. I... I let him go. The sheriff, he'll run away. Maybe he won't be caught.  I... I do. And... And you have my word, gentlemen, that I will do everything in my power to see that Mr. Seward is brought back to... justice. It won't be necessary. Everything's out of you two, Sheriff. Seward. Sure. Me and Taro didn't let this come get far.  Tamed you down some too, didn't we, Seward? You have nothing on me. We have plenty, Seward, now that Blake and Shaw have talked. Sheriff, you... you said you were waiting for him. How could you know that he... Did he get a chance to escape? Well, tell the truth, I didn't. It was a mask man that did. I reckon, Cain, he had you sized up pretty well. Cain, this whole thing was planned. Do you think you could have affected Seward's escape alone unless we permitted you? I knew how you'd react when you thought we were going outside the law. Missouri put that gun you're holding where you'd be sure to see it. I... Well, I... I guess there's nothing for me to say. Nothing?  You've made your point. I was wrong and I admit it. And now? And now what? All that's left for me to do is resign and go back east, where I'm fitted. A man like me can be of no use here. You ain't stirring one step. Well, I should smiley. But why? Cain, you've passed the hardest test of all. Just like the masked fella said you would. Test? Masked man? He said when it come right down to where you've seen you was wrong, you'd be man enough to admit it. And by thunder he was right again. You did. 100 percent. And any fellow that ain't afraid to tell it when he's been wrong is a fella I can tie to. You mean... You mean you really want me to stay? Yes, we do. And Missouri and me will be to meet every Sunday in the year that there's a promise. Mag! Where does a copyrighted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated?


So, I know that by now you've heard anti-vaxxers say, it's my body, therefore it's my choice. So if I don't want to get the vaccine, then that shouldn't be any of your concern. And it's interesting that they make this argument because it's not necessarily applicable as it relates to global pandemics with viruses that are highly transmissible and are airborne. So that argument doesn't actually hold water during these times. But one man posted a TikTok video that has since gone viral explaining how you making that choice actually doesn't just affect you. It actually has a real world impact on other people who are also suffering who need medical care. Take a look. Hey folks, how you doing?  All right.  Last week I had to bring my wife into the hospital. She has stage four breast cancer. She was dealing with some symptoms and I had to bring her in to get some fluid drain. She was having some pain, blah, blah, blah. She was in there for two days. On the third day, she honestly should have stayed one more day, maybe two more days, okay? But on the third day, instead of draining her fluid and what they wanted to do, they had to diss, they told us that she had to be discharged because they had no room left in the hospital because of COVID. Here's my question. Why 99% of everybody that's in the hospital with COVID right now is unvaccinated, okay?  I'm not gonna argue with you about that.  If you don't trust the medical field to prevent you from getting it, why do you trust them to cure you from it?      If you really believe COVID's not a big deal, prove it.  Look, that is incredibly sad and it shows you that people who choose to not get vaccinated because they are stubborn or they're uneducated or misinformed, it doesn't necessarily matter but they need to know that their refusal to take the vaccine is leading to hospitals across the country getting overrun to the point where their actions or inaction more specifically is affecting other people's health and well-being. And it's not just more serious issues like his wife has stage four breast cancer. My mom was supposed to have surgery but because Portland hospitals are overrun, ICU beds are at nearly full capacity. Last time I checked it was 92 to 96 percent. We're going to cite that article here in a minute. But people, their own health is being disrupted because of the prevalence of COVID-19 and the Delta variant. And this is an issue across the country. So as Bloomberg reports, hospitals across the United States are running low on ICU beds. Across the country, officials reported alarmingly small numbers of open intensive care beds. In just one state, they could be counted with fingers. Eight, Arkansas Governor Asa Hutchinson announced. We saw the largest single day increase in hospitalizations and have eclipsed our previous high of COVID hospitalizations he wrote in a tweet. In Texas, where only half the population is vaccinated, Governor Greg Abbott on Monday asked hospitals to postpone surgeries and ordered the health department to seek help from doctors and nurses from other states. The governor, a Republican, didn't lift his order banning government entities from requiring masks and social distancing. In Florida, adult intensive care unit occupancy has soared to 5,804. That's a more than seven-fold increase just since mid-July, with some hospitals converting conference rooms and cafeterias into patient areas. Florida has an overall vaccination rate close to the national average, though some counties resemble the laggard deep south. Now I heard from a friend in Louisiana that talked about how bad the situation is as it relates to hospitals being overrun with COVID-19 patients and in Mississippi. And PR reports that their entire hospital system could collapse by the end of this week. I repeat, their entire hospital system could collapse because they're getting overrun with COVID-19 patients. And in my home state of Oregon, the governor actually had descended in the National Guard because hospitals are indeed reaching full capacity, 92 to 96 percent depending on the hospital as I stated earlier. And this is an issue because as Governor Kate Brown points out, quote, when our hospitals are full of COVID-19 patients, there may not be room for someone needing care after a car crash, a heart attack or other emergency situations. And the worst part about all of this, again, is the fact that this was all preventable. The COVID-19 vaccines are very effective at preventing severe COVID-19 illnesses. So all of this suffering, all of this death could have been stopped or at least minimized drastically had people gotten the COVID-19 vaccine. But not everyone is eligible to get vaccinated. Kids under 12 years old cannot get vaccinated. And as USA Today reports, pediatric hospitals are filling with coronavirus patients as schools start opening amid the latest surge in infections. This one driven by the highly contagious Delta variant. Children's hospitals in Tennessee will be full by the end of this week. The State Health Department projected the 94 children admitted to Florida's Wolfson Children's Hospital in July was more than four times the number admitted in June. Schools are allowing students maskless or with masks back into the classroom. And some schools are closing as soon as they're opening their doors. A district in Mississippi reported 114 COVID-19 positive students for the week of July 24th through the 30th and 608 students under quarantine pushing two high schools and a middle school to virtual learning until August 16th. Children in one pre-K classroom in Georgia were sent home Thursday following possible contact with a person in school who had tested positive. Another school in Tennessee delayed the school year start date by one week because of a number of COVID-19 cases among staff. And that story is now more than a week old. So the situation has since gotten even worse. So this is tragic. I don't know what else to say. It's a very, very sad situation. And what makes matters worse is knowing that all of this was preventable. When it comes to children, they can't get vaccinated yet, right? But adults, if you are eligible and you want to be responsible and you haven't been vaccinated yet, understand that your decision to not get vaccinated. Could lead to other people suffering. It's not my body, my choice. This is a public health crisis. The health of the community affects everyone around you, right?  So everyone needs to do their part. Everyone needs to get vaccinated if they are eligible, because all of this suffering, hospitals reaching full capacity, it's something that doesn't need to happen in 2021 with modern medicine, with highly effective, safe vaccines.


Scientists have tried to conquer the mind, through many different ways for many different reasons. One such is in the treatment of mental disorders. Experimental science has, in some of its most controversial studies, shed a light into how the brain works. We have seen this in this very series with the monkey mother, baby Albert and Milgram experiments. But how about the treatment of mental disorders in a world before modern-day medicinal drug-based therapy? Around the mid-20th century, a form of invasive surgical procedure would gain praise for being able to tackle the problem of overcrowded mental hospitals and treat the previously untreatable. It would eventually be known as the lobotomy. The surgery would go down in the annals of time as a barbaric and cruel procedure, which would leave behind thousands of patients in its wake with devastating side effects including confusion, incontinence, seizures and in some cases even death. One of the main characters in the story of this surgical procedure would describe the operation as surgically induced childhood. Eventually, the surgery would become synonymous with the mishandling of mental health and the running rough shot over patients' rights. As such, I'm going to rate this dark page in scientific history a 9 on my plainly difficult ethical scale. Welcome to the dark side of science. It is the turn of the 20th century. Mental health institutions throughout Europe and the USA have become dangerously overcrowded. During the 19th century, where scientific discovery took leaps and bounds, many attempts to treat the mentally ill had failed, leading to a large population of incurable patients. This was due to many industrialised countries having national systems of regulated asylums. These institutions sought out care for patients that had been disposed of in the system by their families, poor houses and the criminal justice system. With no proper ways of treating inhabitants of the asylums, many different forms of medical procedure were tested on the unfortunate patients. There were many gruesome types of treatment on offer in the early 20th century. In 1917, malaria therapy was introduced, where a patient would be deliberately infected with the zoonotic disease to induce fever to fight neurociphalus. In 1920, the barbiturate induced deep sleep therapy for premature dementia, aka precocious madness, or in its modern name form schizophrenia. This treatment used drugs to keep patients unconscious for days or even weeks. In 1927, you might have been given insulin shock treatment, which used the peptide hormone to introduce daily comas. In 1934, patients could be prescribed with the first type of seizure therapy, where a patient would be deliberately induced into convulsions by the use of PTZ. This therapy would be superseded by the more familiar electroshock therapy. Although these treatments could cause long-term lasting psychological and physical trauma, the patient had not undergone a surgical procedure to eradicate the disorder. But in 1935, in Portugal, a doctor named Antonio Moniz would change this when he performed the first leukotomy on a patient. The leukotomy in its most basic form was the deliberate damage of brain tissue in order to treat mental illness. The name would later be changed to a more recognisable name when a procedure spread across the Atlantic Ocean, but that will come later on in our story. The thinking that inspired Moniz was that mental illnesses originated from abnormal neural connections in the frontal lobe. Moniz had seen the aft effects of soldiers who had received injuries to the frontal lobe, in which the vectorins would show a calm and quiet disposition.  Grey matter is the brain's neurons and associated blood vessels and extensions. The white matter is the nerve fibres that connected to the areas of grey matter and carry messages between them through electrical impulses. Moniz theorised that by severing the white matter fibres from the frontal lobe would improve the patient's mental illness. Although in theory this might make sense, the connections within the brain in reality are far more complex than what was thought at the time. The grim procedure in its first form would involve drilling holes in the skull either side of the prefrontal cortex and injecting the connecting fibres with alcohol to destroy them. Moniz found this method to not yield very good results due to the solution damaging much more than the white matter. A tool was developed called a leukotome, which looked like a long stick with a retractable wire loop inside. It allowed the operator to insert a metal loop into the brain, which was used to sever the white matter by extending and then retracting said loop. The process cut six cores in the white matter of each hemisphere using the new tool. Because the procedure involved cutting through the skull, the patient had to be operated on in a proper operating theatre under general anesthetic. To test the theory, Moniz enlisted neurosurgeon Almedia Lima to conduct a surgery on 20 test subjects. While these initial 20 patients who were suffering from depression, schizophrenia and anxiety, Moniz claimed seven cures, seven improvements and six unchanged cases. Although the results were open to interpretation, Moniz claimed that the risk of some behavioural and personality deterioration outweighed the debilitating effects of severe psychiatric illness, which is understandable when taking mental health care at the time as a contextual background. A second set of patients were operated on due to the success of the first trial. These 18 patients all suffered from schizophrenia and three were considered as almost cured and another two had also become improved. Moniz did conclude that patients that had deteriorated considerably from their condition pre-procedure did not benefit much from the operation. In a well-known quote from Moniz, he described his radical new surgery. Pre-funtal leukotomy is a simple operation, always safe, which may prove to be an effective surgical treatment in certain cases of mental disorder. The procedure would eventually earn Moniz a Nobel Prize in 1949. But initially, Moniz's new way of treating the thought to be untreatable was widely derided by the medical community. In 1936, Moniz published his results through articles in the medical press and a monograph, but to little attention. On the 26th of July 1936, one of his assistants gave a presentation at the Parisian meeting of the Society Medico Psychologic on the results of the second test subjects, the 18 people suffering from schizophrenia leukotomized by Lima. This meeting wouldn't go down well as the lead doctor at the Institute in Lisbon, who had supplied the first set of patients to Moniz, was also in attendance and widely denounced the after effects of the surgery. Saying that patients who had returned to his institute post operation were diminished and had suffered a degradation of personality. Further adding that the initial results of calmness and improvement were more likely attributed to the severe shock of the surgery and ultimately from the horrible brain trauma that the procedure induced on its victims. Many other physicians denounced the procedure, but bizarrely, this isn't the end. As several individual clinicians thought Moniz's leukotomy could be useful on an experimental basis on severe patients. And as such, the surgery was spread throughout Europe and even to the US during the mid to late 1930s and this leads us down an even darker path. It is here that we are introduced to American doctors Walter Freeman and James W. Watts. Inspired by Moniz's new surgical procedure in 1936, the duo performed their own leukotomy. Walter had learned of the procedure after a chance meeting of Moniz at the London Hosted Second International Congress of Neurology in 1935. The American was fascinated by the surgical technique. Upon returning to the US, Freeman started communicating with the Portuguese doctor. Moniz, during the correspondence, promised to send a monograph on leukotomy and urged him to purchase a leukotone of his own. Upon receiving the paper on the procedure, Freeman reviewed it and set about with his colleague Watts on experimenting with the surgery, which led to September 1936. Seeing flaws in the surgery, Watts and Freeman developed their own variation which renamed the procedure the standard prefrontal lobotomy to differentiate it from the Moniz method. This version severed more of the white matter and would be the de facto method moving forward for lobotomies performed in operating theatres. Walter thought that the lobotomy could be streamlined even further still. The new standard procedure had the same shortcoming of the Moniz method and that was access to the brain. You see, cutting through the patient's skull required the operation to be conducted in an operating theatre. With all the trappings, anesthesiologist, qualified surgeon, hygiene and so on and so forth. Walter had heard of an Italian doctor, Amorello Fiamberti, who had performed the leukotomy by accessing the prefrontal lobe through the eye socket in 1937. Fiamberti's method was to puncture the thin layer of orbital bone at the top of the eye socket and then, much like Moniz's early experiments, inject alcohol into the white matter or in later surgeries, cutting the white matter with a hypodermic needle. Walter took this process and modified it using probably one of the most unlikely of tools. This is a surgical tool or is this a surgical tool? It's hard to tell as one was used in psychosurgery and the other is an ice pick, but the similarity is not a coincidence as Freeman's improvements on Amorello Fiamberti's transorbital lobotomy replaced a needle with a nice pick. In development of this new method, Freeman took an ice pick from his own kitchen and started practicing on a watermelon. He would eventually graduate to using cadavers. The thinking was that if the lobotomy could be performed without exposing the brain, then it could be performed by psychiatrists in psychiatric hospitals, allowing more people to be operated on. These are the tools used to the Freeman transorbital lobotomy, a new tool called the orbiter class, essentially an ice pick with markings along the side and a hammer. The method would involve the patient being either under anesthetic or electroconvulsive therapy used to render the subject unconscious. Then the orbiter class sharp end is placed under the eyelid and against the top of the eye socket. The hammer is then used to penetrate the surgical instrument through the thin layer of bone and into the brain along the line of the bridge of the nose, eventually going five centimeters deep. The orbiter class was then pivoted 40 degrees at the orbital perforation, so the tip cut towards the opposite side of the head. After this, the tool was then hammered in a further two centimeters into the brain. Again, the orbiter class was pivoted around 28 degrees each side to cut outwards and again inwards. Once this was complete, it was removed and the process was repeated on the other eye socket. The first patient to receive the procedure was in 1946, but once Freeman's partner Watts had heard about this new method, he'd left their practice disgusted at the transorbital lobotomy. But like every other chapter in this story, this would not hamper the procedure's prevalence. The lobotomy had now been transformed from a serious surgical procedure of last resort to a 10 minute doctor's office job. Along with this came a severe lack of follow-up care and monitoring, which led to high relapse rates. Because of this, towards the end of the 1940s, nearly 20,000 people in the US have received the procedure. But not only that, the transorbital lobotomy would spread across the world and even back to the Leucotomy's home ground of Europe, spreading further still to the Soviet Union and Japan. To get a lobotomy in its late 1940s peak, you really didn't need to have much of a mental health condition. With the treatment touted for all kinds of ailments, the list of treatable illnesses with a lobotomy included but were certainly not limited to ADD, OCD, anxiety, PTSD, postnatal depression, chronic pain, Alzheimer's, criminality and violent outbursts. Freeman, Everda Showman, was responsible for a patient's death in 1951 when pausing a lobotomy to pose for a photo, in doing so causing severe brain hemorrhaging. He was even known to lobotomize two patients at the same time, one with each hand. The doctor even performed the operation on minors, including children as young as four. In total, around 15% of patients who received the lobotomy died, but many more were changed for life, a shell of what they once were. For those who survived the ordeal, relapse would often follow. But like its first unveiling to the world in Paris in 1936, the procedure didn't go uncriticized. In the late 1940s, as Moniz was set to receive his Nobel Prize, multiple voices in the medical community spoke out on a barbaric procedure. But it wouldn't be the criticism for the December banning of the procedure in the USSR. But the synthesization of chlorpromazine, the first anti-psychotic. As a side note, Soviet psychologist Dr Nikolai Orozetsky was quoted saying that lobotomies violate the principles of humanity. And that was from an official from 1950s USSR. The procedure gradually fell out of vogue, but Freeman would continue to perform the lobotomy all the way until 1967, when after their third lobotomy, one of Walter's patients died of a hemorrhage. This final procedure would get him banned from performing it ever again. The USSR wouldn't be the last to ban lobotomies, as even Moniz's Portugal would disallow the procedure from use. With further developments in drugs such as SSRIs, anti-psychotics and types of therapy like CBT, the need for surgical intervention slowly faded away, and by the 1980s lobotomy became a thing of the past. Now how would you rate the lobotomy on my ethical scale, one being good and nine being pure cruelty? Let me know in the comments. This is a plainly difficult production. All videos on the channel are Creative Commons attribution share like licensed. Plainly difficult videos are produced by me, John, in a sunny southeastern corner of London, UK. Help the channel grow by liking, commenting and subscribing. Check out my Twitter for all sorts of photos and odds and sods, as well as hints on future videos. I've got Patreon and YouTube membership as well, so if you fancy, check them out to support the channel financially. And all that's left to say is thank you for watching.


Everybody forced here ripping 2022 tops definitive baseball hobby three box case number one on release day This literally just came off of a UPS truck So that's pretty frickin awesome PYT cases one through nine will take place daytime guys. Let's read off the team of the names and teams for case one Adam L blue jays Adrian F Astros Alexander M. Padres Andrew L. Cubs Brian G. Metz Chad C. Giants Chase K. Tigers Chris B Rangers Christopher C. D. Bax David M with the Guardians Derek a Dodgers Edgar B Phillies Frank L. Red Sox Gabriel C angels and Mariners Han S Royals Howard Z. Reds And A's James V Yankees Jeff G. White Sox Jonathan H. Pirates Carl K. Orioles Michael G. Brewers Patrick F. Rockies rain with the Cardinals Ryan M. Braves Rays Nats Tom C. Twins and Walter B with the Marlins All right Let's see what this case one has to offer. Let's see some cuts. Let's see J rod O'Neill Cruz Wanda Franco Bobby. Well, let's see a big rookie Here we go Here we do All right, there it is definitive 2022 so again, usually there's a Couple relics in each one relic He hits per box six autos. I think sometimes it's more when I remember but either way, we're gonna have a good day You guys can see some big cards and spoiled first hit of the day is an Astros jumbo patch Jose Altuve 11 of 15 beautiful three color patch There you go. Stroze Red Sox jersey card Xander Bogart's 31 of 50 and again everything will be game used in this Or should be anyway should be I won't say for certain Xander Jersey first auto Going to the rays Jersey auto Wade Boggs 25 of 40 double-rays Boggs Nice hit Tampa Bay Bogsie white Sox jumbo Jersey auto Jose of Bray you 21 of 30 Nice one white Sox big Jersey swatch there. That's sick Twins dual relic dual auto Torrey Hunter Byron Buxton boom Look at that patch on the Buxton 7 of 10 Twinnies with a big one first boom of the day Tom see Heck yeah, dude. What a card Love Torrey's auto Game used bat relic on the Hunter sweet three color game use patch on the Buxton This is how we're starting the day, huh is our start of the day Gold frame angels Showtime auto 10 of 25 boom There he is show hey, oh Tony Yeah, buddy Gabriel see Monster show Gorgeous love the design this year.  That is awesome gold frame show Look at that Gorgeous. He's got a good amount of autos in this too. They're gonna the angels are gonna be a crazy team to have in breaks The rookie auto Diamondbacks do the design of the rookie autos. I like that you have like the home plate Kind of both ends with the rookie card in the middle there. That's death beer to 50. I love beer Great great player love beer. Yes Nice hit d-backs, I think they were the last team sold there you go Chris and Oh, dude really great first box Vladdie Jr. Definitive collection auto 13 of 25 boom blue jays Adam L the American League MVP the American League runner-up for MVP in the first box Uniple dual auto as well. Just some foam Wow, worth the wait worth the sweat Thank you UPS for showing up all right at noon What a day you guys so sounds like garlic bread in here, and I'm getting hungrier by the by the second I guess that's the one downside to doing daytime breaks is that everybody eats lunch? at this time and Yeah John and I are just sitting here right next to where everyone's heating up that sweet smelling food If somebody should feed me baked ZD while I break Yankees patch card CC sabathia 14 of 15 there you go Yanks on the CC patch Yankees great patch here look at that Anthony Rizzo for of 30 that looks like the why potentially from New York I Would think I'm not sure maybe it's a name plate. It is the gray. So what have their name, right? Maybe it's the K. Maybe it's the K Either way great patch there Rizzo as a yank for 30 One of the best Muppets Rizzo the rat that Rizzo is not a rapper, you know great Muppet there Jersey Auto Reds Barry Larkin 29 of 40 Barry's got a great signature nice hit for the Reds. They got a deep checklist as always Right. Yeah patches in the front. That's the first thing I noticed. I was like, okay good The relics are on the front not the back nice Barry beautiful jumbo Jersey Auto Mets Pete Alonzo 14 of 50 two pinch stripes on that one Love these big jerseys this year Polar Pete having a heck of a year at the plate to interestingly enough like his home run count is down, but he's just He's hit hitting better Take a better approach, I guess we've got a St. Louis dual auto Steve Carlton Jack Flaherty 9 of 35 Carlton has a cardinal What the Flaherty nice hit there St. Louis Yeah, maybe we'll hit a triple auto this this first case. They got triples this year Beautiful man. Love the designs keep saying it but they're great. These are always cool cards the Yankees or the Dave Winfield The finding images auto Not the finding images Dave Winfield auto Yankees. I'm gonna check the checklist. I don't think these are numbered. I'm not missing it, right? That's happened before Still beautiful cards There you go. Yanks the finding images is a good set instead of that like gray background you have an actual like stadium backgrounds The player focus on the center Raise rookie auto Joshua Lowe to 25 nice low good rookie there Not wonder but Josh Lowe is still he's gonna he's gonna be a good one go Tampa Bay and The Rockets blue Jays auto Roger Clemens one of five Blue Jays having a heck of a break legendary auto the rocket again blue Jays Roger Clemens Good stuff there Jays those throwbacks I mean Roger Clemens is a throwback. I guess I don't like saying players that I watched growing up were throwbacks, but He's what it is number three last box. Good luck everybody. So, you know the gold frame Before I get into this I'm gonna check our spots really quickly We're gonna be a little behind guys, but the the product is here So that's all that truly matters at this current moment case four is now sold out case five Look at that Astros Giants Rangers And again guys those three teams are on sale lots of teams on sale for the rest of the daytime breaks Astros have a loaded checklist dude.  They have Springer as well. I think Actually, they may not they may not have a lot of Springer I keep you mostly a blue Jays and blue Jays last year. So I take back the Springer, but they do have a loaded checklist Yordon's on fire too, man. He is People are finally realized and he's like arguably the best hitter in baseball. I said arguably don't come after me. All right last one Beautiful A's patch Matt Chapman 24 of 30. I didn't even drop a link Thought I did Sorry guys, here's that link for that case That's my bad There you go. Beautiful Matt Chapman A's Twins with a powder blue jersey card Byron Buxton 6 of 50 nice bucks White Sox with a patch auto of the Big Heard Frank Thomas 23 of 40 from one great first baseman to another MVP contender Bat relic auto Cardinals Paul Goldschmidt to 25 Nice Goldie You want to talk about underrated His entire career. I think he's been underrated Great hit for the Cardinals there Jumbo bat rock. I like the jumbo relics this year on some of these cards 22 of 25 there a lot of duels a lot of duels one every box Brewers dual relic dual auto Robin yow Christian Yelich 33 of 35 Caleb will like that one pinch stripe on the ounce Beautiful duel for them for the brew crew great hit there Oh my god, that is so gorgeous Gold framed patch auto Mets Mike piazza 10 of 15 With the black throwback jersey patch there Look at that Beautiful hit Mets really good all around first case here piazza I know it's national fried chicken day, but now I want pizza too I think I think I'd probably eat anything if it was available to me right now. It's to be honest Pirates rookie auto Roanzee contrarus 7 of 10 low numbered hit for the pirates there Not O'Neill, but the contrarus as far as pictures are concerned having a very good rookie season especially Go buckos And it looks like our last hit of the break goes to the a's Big mac martin mcglyer 7 of 25 on the auto There you go oakland There another team that always has a deep checklist and and products and high end products Lots of greats played for the a's Might not seem like it if you're wrong enough. I might not seem like it. You might think the a's are just It's terrible Once upon a time they were great All right, let's do our recap. We'll have we'll start with our relics here byron buxton Matt Chapman anthony rizzo cc sabathia zander bogarts and a hose out to vey autos now He had that big mac martin mcglyer Roanzee contrarus The yantan yellage duel noise Goldy jembo bat relic auto Frank thomas jersey auto josh low rookie auto for tampa bay Dave winfield the yankees auto again. This one's not numbered um The the the finding images may just be like that this year Nice hit for the yankees got a carlton and flairty cardinals duel auto there Nice picture duel. Uh jembo jersey auto pita lanzo You got a berry larkin jersey auto Great looking cards man. Lots of relics this year too. I feel like on the autos seph beer Jose abrayu Wade bogs as a devil ray raise wade bogs These mags beautiful gold frame patch auto mike piazza for the mets Roger clemens auto 105 goes to the blue jays Blue jays again, vladimir guerrero jr. Auto 13 of 25 Twins dual rallying dual auto tori hunter byron buxton And gold frame show time auto to 25 angels Big show Heck yeah, dude great first case. We got case two coming up