Hi, hey Hi, it's Bridget. Welcome to above-life channel. The purpose here is to inspire your spirit and to fill you with hope This video is a different kind of video today on our channel Usually we channel after-life celebrity guests, you know famous people and all that and today We're gonna channel one of my spirit guides someone I love Absolutely a hundred percent think is a badass and I need that I need that encouragement I need that connection. So instead of just not doing a video for you this week I decided to channel one of my spirit guides and someone that you will also know or recognize and She is historic. So You will know her recognize her name at least Also, I'd like to share that this is not a historic channeling.   Hey, I need some encouragement for my spiritual helpers and I want to show you how that works I think it's a good opportunity to do that and let you in a little bit into kind of what it's like to For me, you know, maybe encourage you then to start on your own spiritual journey and to Start to use your intuition and communicate with your spiritual healing team whoever that is. Okay? Alright, so All right, so I have a lot of energy moving around me. I'm gonna try to keep this Succinct not sure that's gonna happen, especially because it's a Bridget doing the channeling but we're gonna try so We are gonna have a conversation with Jonah vark in the afterlife. Come on in Joan. Come on in it's so cool because She she wears pants Like they look like yoga pants kind and let me just say with boots like she's badass and She she just looks like why are you like what and then she has a kind of this turquoise blue green. Well, it's more blue Kind of shirt thing. That's loose and open and kind of flowy and open and then there's like a white shirt underneath it Not not not girly at the time and all that kind of stuff just very practical and Warrior like is what I'd say and I like it a lot I think that's a cool vibe and look and it makes me feel like I can identify with her So I like that. That's how I see st. Jonah vark. So for some of you, she might be a saint for some of you She's a deity for some of you She's an aspect of another saint for archetypal energy and for me. She's just Joan of Arc And the floor delies which I love so much always I'll see that as a symbol and it's almost like a key that I know that I am that she's with me I'm connecting to her when I say I see it. I see it in my mind's eyes. So like with my third eye I see it so and then also another symbol for me with you is the The sword and I have one I have a selenite sword which selenite is a crystal that helps amplify here. It is It's a like a dagger, but it's my little sword slash dagger because I picture. She would have had one of these you know, I can her boot or something and this helps The energy of actual crystal selenite helps you to connect better with your spirit guides It also really detoxes and purifies the energy you'll see a lot of these as lamps like Himalayan rocks out is like the pink lamps the kind of peachy pink color salmon color and Selenite is pure just this white color This can shard though a bit. So if it drops or anything like that and it can be a bit fragile Like you can scratch on it and such so Probably why it's used to carve things like this because it's absolutely beautiful isn't it? I know I love it I got this a couple months ago and it's perfect. It helps to cut cords To the past and to things in this lifetime to help you break cycles But this reminds me of Joan as well So I'm bringing this in because it's an alignment for me Alignment is the energy that flows through your spine that creates a structure for you that helps you to To make choices about what's best for you and what you want to receive an energetic form and spirit guide form and in Human form. Okay, so if you're concerned about connecting with the Spirit celebrities afterlife whatever it is and you're concerned about protection Selenite is a great energetic Supporter to keep things pure and clean. Okay Right. So yeah, this she says, oh very nice. I do like that like she wants you can take it. That's fine You can you can have it. It is yours. Anyway, you know how much I love the energy that you bring forward It's just it's great. It's it's pretty awesome She says, oh, thanks. Like she's so casual you guys So she's personified for me even though she's a deity So she could have if you tapped into her two different levels of wisdom and knowledge And you might see me connect with her more human form like because I know her from lifetime and from past lifetime, um, I really am familiar with her energy and so You'll see you might see that with me having this casual conversation with her But you'll also feel the level up that happens with the ascension oftentimes You'll see that with some celebrities are very very famous people where they hold their iconic stature and the resonance of the the almost like at their own their own sacred geometry of what they hold with knowledge and wisdom from that point in history or time in life and it could just be like a cultural icon or The pop culture thing or like really strongly held by a structure like a religious institution or a people's or a culture or whatever That might be okay, so you'll see that okay and That ascension that is a very higher evolved level of consciousness that is more light being transmitted into message and word That's the best way I can describe it. So so John. Let's just talk. Let's just chat She's saying yeah, you've been doing some work bridge. Yeah, I have you've been doing some work. She says yes I have thanks for calling me out on that. She says we didn't I didn't say what it was. I know She says protect Protect what's yours and she says one of the messages like she's bringing in right away protect. What's yours? It's not about fear. Do you all hear me when when Saint Joan of Arc says when Joan of Arc says John says She is Not saying be afraid and they're coming to get you it's not like that. It's not like who's they anyway, right? Protect to what's yours is more about your inside Boundaries, thank you. She just put it in my word. Thank you. She's like You help me do my job. I'll help you do yours. She says Thank you. She says you help me do my job. I will help you do yours.  This is inside you She's not talking about people coming to get you and she says the war That is being waged now is inside of you and she says The the tamping down of your fire. You're trying to really she says you're mixing your water and your fire and these Elements, she says are grossly misunderstood fire and water and she says they're not opposite They are much like the symbol. Oh boy. Okay. Thank you. She literally shows me a yin yang symbol Thanks for that. John. Thanks balance Um, you could have used A infinity sign or a lemus gate, right? You could have used that, right? But no, you had to use Did you have to use the yin yang thing The black and the white of things Did did you have to did you The balance so water and fire are not competitors They need each other in relationship.  I'm changing my words.  I'm just gonna say we're getting a little gritty. We're getting a little gravely She says well, if you would talk to me in private, we wouldn't have to make this public. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay, John Okay This is how my spirit team sometimes talks to me and you why because I can handle it I can handle it All right, so Fire and water the elements. Can you talk more about that? She says god fearing people There are two problems with this God and fear She says god is love God is love And she's showing me that the balancing of the of the heart in our bodies Is the balancing of the water and the fire? Um, so when I do when a lot of people it's kind of commonly known It's not always the case for everyone energetically, but it's commonly known that the heart is a place of emotion And emotion is connected to love I can't even talk because I'm skipping ahead because I'm feeling so much there's so much coming in Water is connected to the heart space oftentimes not all the time for everybody But oftentimes and it's fluid and flowing and moving and it's about emotion Feelings right and water can be considered very feminine energetically and so to fire very feminine with the presentation or with the connectivity of being able to be a catalyst to start things By first destroying And or being used to light the way so to water Can be powerfully harnessed for creation to create electricity Both of these things are catalyzing energy.  I do both of these things. I know I know both of these emotions. Okay, and I and I know them when they stay too long So i'm just going to say that to you. I get it. I'm not trying to In your face about what you should or shouldn't do but i'm giving you intel with jonah vark to tell you That when emotions are layered they crush you they crush you She's saying you move with fewer you have to you're more agile if you have fewer people around you to move you're more hidden you're more covert and Okay, so what do you mean? What are you talking about? So we're just talking about layers of emotions And she's saying having your back Like having your back you will not have armies of people that are loyal to you That is a myth. She said you will have a few that have your back So when you move through your emotions and you share that like this intimacy like you and I say intimacy she says you confide In confidence you take a few into your confidence and then you About this strategy or about this this concern that you have whatever it might be the concern to then create the strategy The balancing the yin yang right the the problem the solution And in the center point is the heart base where you do a check-in And she says and the people that you bring into your confidence the few not the many Will then all together stand and you then together will move forward and lead And she says so too the emotions can be like this. They can be like your confidence But do not make them your identity. They are separate from you They are only meant to inform you and to give you support So that you can then she says step into this heart-based space Move into the mind step ahead with the divine Energetics of like the crown chakra divine feminine divine energy god goddess all of the universal knowing and consciousness then you from the heart you step forward in to The implementation stage or the strategy of how you're going to live life And she says you do this with every decision you make you balance the fire water You connect into your heart space you gather the energy of what are your confidants energetically regarding What the pieces of the what the key themes of your feelings and emotions Are and then you present that to the mind area not through the mind, but to the mind space Which is she says your head above your head Thank you.  She says you are seven There's three and three each side the balancing factor the fire the water and then she says What those emotions represent the theme of them? And then you step forward up into the mind above the regular human mind That's where the thoughts are but you do not stay there You pass through this space from the heart you pass through this space Into the divine mind or the oneness of universal or cosmic consciousness is how I would describe it. Okay Okay, very good. Okay. Let me take a breath I See a ton of blue with you. Why do I see so much blue with you? And I really like okay, so she has these pants on they're like uh kind of uh Okay, so do you know the car heart color? Do you know what I'm talking about when I say that it's kind of like a camel color or a canvas color Hey, no one people say camel colored.  I'm just sharing that with you because you might have those Symbols or metaphoric kind of imagery things like maybe it's daisies or something that reminds you of that person in the afterlife that you know or It reminds you of that spirit guide, you know that kind of thing so Just sharing that with you so you know how you can connect for yourself So and then she has this really gorgeous blue shirt on and it's kind of flowy and underneath it is a white like puffed arm puppy arm Like peasant top thing, but it's more it's very gender neutral and I really super love that and I dig that like that's how she always has come to me much more masculine Presenting at that time and I super respect that I totally love that. I totally we just so click that way and Then there's this like blue kind of overlay shirt over the top of it kind of but it only kind of comes down a little bit Just it's not a vest, but it kind of looks like it might be But it's not it's almost Just like this overlay thing. I don't know what the deal of that is and then But it's not a bright blue. It's more of a almost like a not quite a cornflower blue. It's more of a A little bit of a blue green it kind of has more green in it, but it's definitely blue Which is cool because to me that's a very priestess color. That's a very divine feminine very leadership Leaderful color. I love that vibe. Plus. It's also third eye mixed with the throat Which means you're communicating effectively speaking and seeing so you have a voice And you're seen You're seen and you have a voice Yeah, right Interesting do you have any I'm just looking at the time here. Do you have any? specific advice or advisement when A person is really working through Like how do I ask this question? When you're faced with adversity and challenging times within your own life your own self and It's not necessarily like something's being done to you or something somebody's causing a problem Like it's not an abusive scenario or trauma situation But it's through your own inner evolution that you then have this hardship or this challenging time where in then Like okay, because you know because you were this woman leading this huge army of men How do you balance that like who you are at your core? And the body that you have Knowing that there are these preconceived notions About what society expects. Okay, that's a lot of question. Okay How do you be yourself even in an environment where that's not acceptable or normal? How do you do that? And and deal with that yourself, you know what I mean? Like you how did you handle that inside of you like not all the things you did to have everybody Get on board with you. But how did you handle that yourself as a young you were young? And a woman in a man's world like how did you handle that? She says to me, you know, I was the bad guy, right? Like I was presumed at first to be Up the problem and she says like many women the problem Until you're not Okay, you're the problem Until you're not And then she says until you're the only option And then she says it's like the right place the right time.  She says I questioned and doubt myself. Yes But she says in my body In my blood. I knew what I was created for I knew what I had to do. I knew what I was being called to do. I knew what god wanted me to do I knew And it's like this true north energetic. Just what she's showing me like I knew like how would you not Sorry Sorry, just a reminder that I had to session it a little bit so I gotta wrap it up in like 10 minutes. Um This is going on. Uh, I didn't expect to do this, but I was inspired to do it now so um so How okay, so She says, how could you how could you say no? Like how she said what is life if not to be fully lived? She says if you knew you could really change someone's life you could save millions of people You had the possibility of truly helping An an unbelievable amount of people would wouldn't would you not do it? How could you not?  It's what is guiding you and she said the purest divine guidance She says if you have that if you can be with that if that is in your body And you feel that as just such a part of who you are. She says then you Just move from that you just move from that then there's no other choice for you but to to do that to follow So Where you're led and how you're inspired to move through the world like that's you just do that you just do that She said you just do that I didn't set out to be some hero or a savior or a saint or any she's like I didn't I didn't set out for that I just set out to be in service And she said and I'm like you are so brave you are so courageous and like a badass warrior and she says It looks that way, but I have feelings too just like you as a person and my mind would try to Do the thing that some of you I'm sure do and she's like saying do the thing Bridget that says Who am I to do this? Why do I think I'm so special like imposter syndrome kind of vibe or am I enough and she says in my human body I could never be enough in my embodied divine guidance I was absolutely right place right time right person And she says so You just you you go when you're where you're called. She's like I was called I was called into service She's like it never occurred to me to say no She says it never occurred to me to say no never in a million years. It never occurred to her to say no That's just profound To me So it almost feels like the head and the body or the head and the heart are kind of like I'm kind of fighting but the body knows The body knows the truth What is an alignment and the body from what you're saying is holding the divine guidance I know this you guys. Let me tell you above live channel viewers. Listen to me This is part of the work that I've been doing over the past year and a half if not longer to be embodied to understand what that means and it means a lot because look at all the people that have dis ease and challenges and the way we treat our bodies is so not even just physically but emotionally the way we abuse our bodies By carrying such heavy loads that aren't even ours The emotions of the The the depression and the anxiety comes from other traumas and other people's energies that we misunderstand as our own and we think that We're a piece of crap and really we're not Okay, like we don't have this capacity. So we're therefore. We're not good enough, but that's not true That's not true.   That's what she's talking about The inner wars here. Okay, stop the fighting You think the war is globally and stuff are a problem Embodiment embodiment is the way I'm telling you I know this I'm working on I'm working on this in my work My personal work year last year and a half and into the future helping other people as well I'm not talking about exercise or diet. I'm talking about feeling energetically and knowing Knowing how much you are love You are And there's so much capacity and when you realize that it's like, whoa, there's no stopping you then In good beautiful profound amazing ways just like Jonah Vark So this is Bridget with my good friend my buddy St. Jonah Vark. I'm gonna come in. She's like, yeah, let's do a selfie.  Okay, so She's gorgeous too. Let me just say She's she's she's beautiful.  She's like, okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Just the hair. Okay. All right. So st. Jonah Vark Here you go.  Okay. All right.  She says Bridey, you know, French and Ireland I actually got going on here Love it Okay All right above live channel. This has been a unique channel. Okay, now go go go go You might be able to come into my session actually because the woman that I'm talking to Definitely has your vibe and she's a businessy. I think person too entrepreneurial So we might bring you in and work with you just because you feel like a fit I do private session work Yeah, I'm an intuitive life coach. Did you know that? I am. Yes, I am Very good at what I do. Let me just say all right. So thank you so much for watching I hope I've inspired your spirit today with this different kind of video And encouraged you to live your life. It's your life after all and you get to live it And what do we say here? Just live it Thanks for watching


Howdy how's it going? My name's Davy Chappy and today it's time to get really pissed off over minor inconveniences because we're going to be talking about our favorite short man, the Dwarves. I'm going to be talking about the lore of the Dwarves as well as their fifth edition sub-braces and I'm going to try to do it without spontaneously breaking into a Scottish accent. Fun fact, I can't actually do a Scottish accent, it always ends up Indian. As always, keep in mind that a lot of this video is just my opinion so if you feel like your beard is thicker than mine, feel free to leave a comment down below. But with that out of the way, let's begin. So long ago there was this god named Mordin. Mordin was a master crafter capable of creating incredible works of art, whether they be statues, weapons, armor, or anything else that could be molded through metals, gems, and fire. Eventually he decided to create his own physical self representation and so he crafted living beings out of metal and gems and cooled the fires of their hearts with his own breath. He gifted these creatures souls and gave them their very own name, Dwarves. These Dwarves, like their father, decided that rocks were really cool especially when you hit them with other rocks and so they took up Mordin's profession of extreme rock collecting in order to get daddy to nose them. Their entire lives actually revolve around mining, smithing, and crafting works of art that they hope will come close to Mordin's perfectionist standards. Dwarf crafts are noticeably way better than most other crafts just due to how serious the Dwarves are about it. They guard their projects like they're crafting their own children just like Mordin and a dwarf's life can be measured and how numerous and how well-made their work was. This mental state of gotta work work led into their societal lives by making them highly devoted to stability, repetition, and tradition. So no dwarf is gonna reinvent the wheel and if it ain't broke make it again and again and again. Of course it's this mindset that spawns one of the Dwarves incredibly annoying traits which is their unwillingness to change their minds about things and by extension they're immense grudges that spend centuries and generations. It all serves them well in the end however since great minds think alike and a dwarf's best relationship is to the members of their own clan. Everything they do, all of the troubles that they go through, all the works of art they create everything trickles down to being a means to bring more honor and glory to their clan. A clan is made up of a dwarf's extended family and no matter how far that blood thins the connection doesn't waver one bit as dwarf would throw its head on a blade for even their fathers, brothers, nephews, cousins, former roommate if that roommate was a part of the same clan. Dwarf life consists of three main types of jobs all in service to the clan. The first type of job helps the community by making food, drink, and the like. The second type focuses on crafting amazing works of art for the clan to use such as arms and armor and the third type of job is to go out and interact with all the strange tall folk of the land so that they can keep up good diplomatic relations with their surrounding neighbors. Usually for the purposes of making sure that in case of danger someone else will get attacked first and the clan will have time to close up shops. Speaking of which, if for some reason you don't already know this dwarves are very fond of building their fortresses and strongholds inside of the bellies of giant mountain ranges like the world's most bearded ants. Given the dwarves' articulate nature, these strongholds are absolutely breathtaking works of art that would stun any outsider that lays eyes upon it. Stonecutters and architects work in tandem to create intricate stone carvings that not only look fantastic but actually serve to be a retelling of that clan's lengthy history telling battles won, dwarves honored, and stones cut for the glory of the clan. And no dwarf is more glorious than the king, queen, and royal nobles that lead clan and stronghold in their efforts to maintain, defend, and expand their riches and family ties. These dwarves can trace their noble lineage back to the original dwarves that were first blown by Moradin and their skill in leading is forged the way all things are forged with patience, care, and a lot of molding. Dwarven nobles when they're first growing up are required to apprentice under a master of every single profession that the clan can provide and this is done for two reasons. The first is so that the noble child can better understand the people that it intends to lead and understand how difficult each job is and how common dwarves live their lives so that the noble neither becomes too lethargic in its own comfort nor handwaves the troubles of those who are not as fortunate as them. The second purpose is so that the common people can better understand the noble that intends to lead them creating a much tighter bond within the community and making it much easier to assess where exactly the noble's strengths and leading would be whether it be as a war minister or even as an artisan overseer. Truly, every bit of dwarven life is set on a specific track crafted by the dwarves that came before but there are variations in the types of dwarves that you'll see based on where the dwarves settle. So let's take a minute to look at all the various stats of the dwarves! First of all, every dwarf from the littlest dwarf to the almighty dwarven beard gets a plus 2 to con, a speed of 25 feet because they got tiny legs, dark vision of up to 60 feet, resistance to poison damage as well as advantage against being poisoned, proficiency with battle axes, hand axes, light hammers and war hammers as well as either smith brewers or masons tools, the common and dwarvish languages and proficiency and or expertise in knowing where rocks came from. After that, you gotta look deeper into the dwarf by studying a subrace starting with the mountain dwarves. Mountain dwarves are your archetypical dwarf, spending the most time in, you guessed it, a mountain. This makes them generally a little taller and paler than other dwarves but other than that, you got yourself a dwarf. Mountain dwarves get a plus 2 to strength which is noteworthy in that it's one of the only times that a race gets 2 plus 2s in a stat and they also get a free proficiency in both light and medium armor. Honestly, the plus 2 is good but the mountain dwarves suffer from an identity crisis because all the classes that primarily use strength already have at least medium armor proficiencies and the classes that don't have them don't need a plus 2 to strength so unless you're doing it for the flavor of something there's a generally better subrace and that's hill dwarves. Hill dwarves are dwarves that didn't look very high up when choosing their mountain and subsequently set up shop on a hill. They actually build part of their fortresses above ground and then work their way downwards and they have a generally friendlier attitude towards outsiders due to their less well defended home. Hill dwarves get a plus 1 to dex and they get an additional 1 point of health every level. Considering how stupidly useful dexterity is in 5E most classes can benefit from getting a plus 1 to it and every class always benefits from getting more health so this is my personal favorite type of dwarf but there is one more type of dwarf one that we do not speak of except in soft tongues and that's name be Durger Durger have a long and complicated history with dwarves one that I will get into in a different video but the easiest way to think of them is as dark dwarves the same way that drow are dark elves Durger get a plus 1 to strength a superior dark vision of 120 feet the ability to speak under common as well as the other languages advantage against being charmed or paralyzed crazy durger magic that lets them enlarge themselves and turn invisible and the same sunlight sensitivity that plagues drow by giving them disadvantage on attacks if either they or their opponent are indirect sunlight personally while the sunlight sensitivity is still a major crutch if you look at what the durger have compared to what the other dwarves have the trade off is much more fair than with the drow although again sunlight sensitivity is still a bitch so choose it at your own peril Buuuut that'll about do it I hope you enjoyed this video leave a like and comment if you did subscribe if you want to be a cool dude and maybe support me on Patreon so that I can slowly make every bit of my life revolve around D&D also if you want to stay up to date on all of your Davy news I keep a link to my Discord and Twitter in the description below but yeah, Davy out


Hi guys, we're here for art room organization part 2 So and we're shooting it vlog style obviously We're gonna talk about stamp and stamp storage Last time we talked about stencil storage. Where's my rack? It is behind my head. Nope. Nope. Nope. There it is You see it there there there over my shoulder, right there all right Love the rack by the way. It's working out great As far as my stamp storage, it's been an evolution for me for literally for years. I Hesitate to say it, but we're probably going on a decade ten years or more I Have a few videos already on my channel regarding stamps and stamp storage and unmounting wood block stamps I'm gonna link the videos I can find in the description below When I first started My journey into mixed media. I was a creative memories consultant fun fact and doing a lot of scrapbooking I quickly learned that although it was a Nice thing for me to document my family's life and journey. I didn't enjoy scrapbooking in general I didn't enjoy card making so my first round of purging was getting rid of a lot of those kind of stamps And over the years, I've really whittled it down to things I use for mixed media. I don't have any more Alphabet stamps. I have very few sentiment stamps And the ones that I do are mixed media oriented type stamps stamps for instance, they don't say thank you They don't say happy birthday. They say believe create inspire I've stored my stamps and lots of different things bins baskets boxes The one that works for me and has worked for me And still does from the old house that I'm really not changing much Are my quarter bins and my cd cases. So I am going to show you how they sit in the closet We'll talk about that a little bit. Then I'll pull one down to show you what I mean Hang on. I'll be right back Okay, so here is the inside of my closet and this white bin in the far right is my silhouette This is my binded all machine and then these are all my stamps All these little boxes. They're called a quarter bin. They're from target I don't know if they make them anymore, but they're literally called a quarter bin So if you type that into the target website and search it, that's what you should find um I also in the quarter bin I have These are cd cases. We'll get a better look at those in a minute. I have them category Um category categorized into categories that work for me. So for instance people Doodles and small backgrounds backgrounds nature houses images Tim Holtz, Dina Wakeley ranger Tim Holtz blueprint stamps And then my own stamp line Um, so those are the ones that work for me I do have a few And by few I think I mean maybe one Wood mount stamp left. I don't really use wood mount stamps. I use cling mount red rubbers my preferred Kind of stamp a deep edged red rubber I can not only use it in a mixed media way without a stamp block But I can make great stamp images with it I do have one drawer in the closet down lower that as you say as you see says stamp stamping blocks and tools I have the tim Holtz stamping platform I have acrylic blocks and that sort of thing in here um to stamp with Um, that's what I have. It's not a lot and the one would mount and stamp I believe is my in my desk because it says happy mail okay, so This is what my quarter bin looks like this happens to be the one with my design line in it so it's really full and When I add more stamps to my design line, I don't know what to do what I'm going to do about these bins because They don't think they make them anymore Um, there are other bins that are of a similar size um, so I will probably just add one of those or I'll double up a category to make more room Uh, I'm going to give you measurements in a minute What I store the stamps in are empty cd cases. So these Um, actually are cd cases, but they don't have the little circular thing in them to hold the cd So they're perfect for storing rubber stamps. I get them on amazon. I'm going to link them in the description below and I do For my line put a copy of What the stamped images look like inside the you know plastic cover that comes on the outside of the case Um, or I stamped the stamps off On a piece of paper and then put that in there Um, and on mine I have them labeled because I otherwise don't remember which ones they are Um, I do try to label the stamps and that way, um, if somebody asks me Um, I can tell them I seem to be a little bit mildly better about labeling the stamps than I am stencils I suck at that What I will say is this Storage system seems to really work for me, uh, really well. It has for a long time Like I said, the only thing is I can't get these bins anymore, which Does kind of bug me um Let's see the bins are About six and a eighth inches high They are about six and a half inches wide And they are about Approximately 13 and a half inches long And they hold one two three four five six seven eight nine 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 cd cases very tightly um This works really well for me. It may not work for you. Maybe a binder works better for you Maybe you have a file cabinet or other storage system that works better for you. For me, this works great They are inside the closet, but they're in a place that can easily grab them and use them They're categorized in a way that I can easily grab say the box of background stamps when I want to do an abstract background And I know there is going to be a stamp in there that's going to work for me really well Um, so this is what I do. I'd be interesting to interested to hear what you do. Um When There's a lot of different ways like with everything else that you can do storage in your art room So let's share. I'd love if you guys all went over to our a life of art itself expression or art joy of sharing And um, let's share what we do in our storage rooms and maybe help other Creatives out who are struggling with how to store their stamps. Um, the one thing I will tell you that I did do is All that purging. Um, I really, um over the years have purged down to What I really love and what I'm really going to use. Um, I did do another round of purging right after I moved When I knew the stencils were going on that rack and I knew all my stamps were going to Um, these actually these stamps from my design line were in a binder and while that worked in the old space It didn't work here in the new space and I really wanted them all in one of these bins So that meant I had to purge some more and I knew I had still stamps in there that I wasn't ever going to use And I got rid of them all um no matter how bad about it I felt because I spent money on them It was better for me to sell them or pass them along to somebody who would use them Then for me to hang on to them and then just take up space and not be used Um, so it's not about having a ton of stuff. It's about just having stuff that you're going to use Um, I have like I've said a lot less stuff than I used to in this room What I have I can get to and that's like the name of the game and just keeping what you love and next I'm going to be um Working on the stickers, which is another stickers and die cuts that box. You haven't seen that yet That's going to be in part three Um, anyway, so this is what I do with my stamps. I'd be interested to see what you do Share what you do and um, yeah, I watch those other videos. They're in the description below I do still own a few stamps. Hang on. I own a few stamps like this one These were wood mounted stamps I unmounted it This is how it came off I've never replaced the bow on the back or anything um somewhere I also have a Hand writing stamp that actually cracked in half when I unmounted it and I did keep it because I do like that stamp um For me I should probably just take that off for me having them on wood blocks I knew right away a long time ago wasn't going to work for me and although I love some of the stamps like this one Storing them on their wood blocks takes up a lot of space And then rifling through them when you want to pick one out to create with just drove me crazy Because unless you have A room even bigger than the one I have now and you can devote a whole entire wall to just Wood block stamp storage um, it's You're going to just have them in a bin somewhere and you're going to have to dig through it And that just drove for me that drove me crazy that might be fine for you for me It drove me crazy. Um, and I also had Other priorities for the wall space in my old art room as I do in the new one. So Just Dedicating and whole entire wall to stamp storage wasn't going to work for me So I unmounted the stamps a long time ago and I do have a video for that I have a lot of different things I tried for Um, sticking them to a acrylic block um Some of them worked. Okay. Some of them didn't what you can do is Um, you can just keep microwaving it when which is basically how you take it off the wood block And you microwave it enough till you get this stuff off and then you put it um You attach the rubber to some easy mount Um easy mount is a clean mount stamp foam That you can put red rubber stamps on and then make it into a clean mount stamp So I'll link that in the description below too along with the video links and everything else Um, I just I hope it gives you some ideas of what you can do with your stamp storage This really works for me. It may not work for you, but if you have something else that works We I'd love to hear it. Let's share and let's inspire each other to create A easy happy stress flute free creative space for Everybody I really I wish that for everybody. Um, and I want to share ideas so everybody can have that And that's it for right now. Don't forget to please like share and subscribe check out the description for all those links I spoke of there's also a link to link tree Uh, the link tree is a basically a list of links Uh, my social media links my place is online that you can support the free content here on youtube and over on facebook Like patreon and my etsy store and my amazon affiliate store and all of that stuff I have a teespring store coming out. Um, you're going to be able to get some of my artwork on leggings and things and um What else my happy mail address is down there and a bunch of other stuff So check that out like share and subscribe hit that little bell icon if you want notifications on future videos And the most important thing go out and have a great day Enjoy your space do something nice for yourself because you deserve it and I'll see you later. Bye guys


And welcome to another new show right here on Y254.  My name is Philiin. You can find me across all social media platforms at Philiin June at the hashtag to get on. It's karaoke Y254 and as always I don't do the show alone. I have my very loud and crazy co-host. Kwa mifumi genu la fulu imboko and remember it's Easter. Yes. Alright, that's all you're going to say. Ya, sinisters. It's tani furaha manze. What's it to kwa evo ni Easter? Sin na temi oku beba matawi. Alright guys, find him on social media since I mentioned how at half flu imboko as well. Come on with a story if you're not reach out to him at half flu imboko. Right, and the show is karaoke live Y254 on Facebook and on Instagram. Karaoke underscore live Y254. Sayze, nasasa kitu puwa ni me bambika kwa uzi tokona gays to surf surf in danyasho. Yes. Nya ni timiaband. Ya ha. They have a good voice. Ya, they have really nice voices, I like them. Ataka wama na se mangwa no me tu si crashiwa na umoze tu sa uti tu me kubadi. Uzi na mume crash. Nime crash. Una cho wama bui dani ni. No, shia uriwa na ume. Uzi pimo na ume, yundi uzi daini. Alright guys, now we have the very talented, now we play their song Alia On On The Show and I told you guys that was like two weeks ago, I tell you guys we're going to look for them, find them and bring them on the show, guess what. We did find them, they are a boy band of three. They have really, yeah, they are three guys. I'm friends. Okay, jinaio band? Vijana Barubaru. So, Barubaru? Yes. Barubaru. Yes. Siw ni kama siyangun di umbaya. Vijana Barubaru tu kwa uzi na yundi kama Vijana? Wale Vijana wame. Vichuangumu. Apana. Vijana Barubaru nwale na Mayut. Mayut. I don't know. Alright, so they are right here in the studio and they will be telling us more about their journey in music. No, let's meet them. Na ume sota. Ataka maninshipi. Siku moja utaka punga. Na wewem si chakna. Ume tenwa ume hanywa. Ma penzi uta pata. Uta penwa uta ringawe.  Feeling good, feeling good. Feeling good man no more stressing. Every running, every running, every running. Every running like water, you better taste sweet. Feeling good, feeling good. Cause we feeling good, getting good vibes. Take it away. Getting good vibes for life. Getting good vibes for life. Getting good vibes for life. Getting good vibes for life. Getting good vibes for life. Ima isen kutibamba. Kutibamba. Ataka ma uli blanda. Inki ya peznam zingam. Tutalipa lonya dinga. Ima isen kutibamba. Tiga lupiga pamba. Kabla tukulep pamba. Kabla tukulep pamba. Namastika tukupamba buda.  Feeling good, feeling good. We feeling good man no more stressing. Every running, every running. Every running like water, you better taste sweet. Feeling good, feeling good. Cause we feeling good, getting good vibes. Good vibes, good vibes. Getting good vibes for life. Getting good vibes for life. Getting good vibes for life. Ladies and gentlemen, this is Hz Life. And I'm hanging out with the Kulip guys. Ya. Ya, kids on the block, I'm talking about. We say it everybody out of the Dino TV show. Thank you. That was amazing. Thank you. You're super talented and welcome to the show. So the guys watching at home, they've never heard about you. They're seeing you for the first time. Can you please do us a special of introducing yourself? So I'm going to start on my far left or right? Left? Yeah. Right. Left or right? Anubali nama Spiky K.E. I'm a content creator. He's an actor now. He's an actor now. Good to have you guys on the show. I don't know if guys at home remember, I played you a song, Uremonin Bonas. I played it on the show. And then I told guys, you know what, we have to look for these guys and bring them to the show. Guess what? We found them. And they are here. And they are so amazing. So guys are here. Okay. We found them. We motivated them. That's really good. That's good. I like that. Now, so tell us about the name of the band. How did that come about? We all know what it means. Vijana Barbaru. I laugh when they speak English, so they really don't understand. So maybe just break it down. Vijana Barbaru. Break it down for us. Vijana Barbaru. Come on. Vijana Barbaru just means young and... energetic. We were performing for a whole year without a band name. And we were good. We weren't even looking for a name. We were just like, let's just get another show. Let's just do it. You're just winging it. You're like, yeah. You know what, you just like, let's wait for God to give us that name. Sayin. Okay. Give us a sign. And we'll run with it. So we were performing at Kenya National Theatre. And after performance, some guys were like, Eru. Y'all are like, so the fans actually gave you the name? Yeah. Because we were doing a regular show every Thursday. The show was recurring. So every time we went there, guys were like, Ah, Vijana Barbaru. Vijana Barbaru. I love it. That's the sign. God, I see you. Right. So how did you guys meet before you were coming up? You're like, yo, so I can sing, you can sing, you can sing. Why didn't you form a band? How did that happen? How did you meet? Who met who first? I met him. Oh, you met Spike Lee. Yeah. So then I met them. That's the sign. That's how I got. Yeah, that's how it happens. So where in school or at a concert? At an audition.  You go first. Okay. Yeah. So it was like this, right? We were playing the show called the TOTRB. Yeah, TOTRB. Yeah, at the carnival. They did have a drama. So I just jammed with the guitar there because it was so nice. I was like, eh, this thing is too dry. I think I just played a drum there by the way. I jumped in. What? We were like, who are you? Who are you? I think if most of us were like that, when it comes to opportunities, if most of us were like that and who are you to the baumbele? Because most people like confidence and you feel like you're really talented but you're drunk behind by the fact that you're not confident at all. So we dumped that time. Then we blended nicely. Afterwards we hooked up. Right. Okay, like hooked up at a session. Not like hooked up, hooked up. I know, I know, I know. Jesus Mary. I can't remember. Oh God. Tulipata na tulipata. Tulipata. Right. Okay, I think we get it. Thanks for the clarity. Now, so growing up, maybe you can tell us, who are some of your influences when you're growing up before this music thing came to happen? Kinkaka. Yes. I remember back then when we was doing Urutui Amasudi. That's, I don't know if it was an EP or a mixtape but Urutui Amasudi was so nice. He would talk about his entire life. When you are still rabbit, I got to see which. Growing up in Jericho, about Mamiake, I could relate to Kinkaka on another level. Right. From Kitosawa, I grew up listening to Ukoflani Naumau, I grew up listening to Nazizi. Yeah, I should have told you Nazizi. Let's just say anyone who is active in the hip-hop scene between 2000 and 2006, make me who I am. Awesome. And Tuku. Man, my influence is weird. Don't lie. Did you just pull that on me? Begin. Now, guy, you should wanna know. No, no. No, of course. We understand, we understand. Okay. We have kakai kelondzo. Okay. We have kelondzo. All right. We have... Why are you laughing at me? No, why are you laughing at me? That is bad. Then I moved from Katitu. I went to Lingala. People were like, this guy who did that, why do I forget his name? He said, my sweetheart is a baby, where did you go? Kandabongoma. Yeah. Kandabongoma. Fali pupa just recently. Then Sasan Kenjiya kwa Zungusas. Hey, akina niyo naryano. Yeah.  I didn't see that. But I love the genre. You know why I should not tell you. You think of the vocals as you grow. Thank you, come back. Remember, your day one. Yes. My mind is there right now. My mind is there. My mind is there. My mind is there. And how about you? My influence. Mine is weird. Weird as well. Okay. My influence is mostly rock. See? We get that. Don't do that. I don't want to do that. I don't want to do that. I don't want to do that. I don't want to do that. I don't want to do that. That's a thing. That's a thing. So, he's making parkour. He needs classes. We'll school him later after the show. So, my first was making park. Right. LP all day in India. I was in the J. We did a theme song for the first transwomas movies. As 2007. My life has changed that time. Right. So, I started playing the guitar when I was in Form 3. From that time, we just rock, rock, rock from now on to all those. So, But it down. All of them. All of them. So, for me, it has been rock. We have a rock show right here. Every Saturday. Five to seven. So, we continue in rock tour. Right. We have a rock show right here. Every Saturday. Five to seven. So, we continue in rock tour. Right. But back to the band. So, how long ago did you guys meet? And since then, how was the journey been for you? That's three years ago. Basically, it's been different. It's been challenging. Because when he came to my scene, I was just a poet. I was just a spoken word poet. And then he came with these mellow, mellow moods and all those things. What? I called the moods. And then they moved. The emotions just transformed. Wow. My sound. And then he just became a rapper. He became a rapper too. I think he became a rapper because of competition.  I'm very competitive. And he felt like, Nah, I can do this. I can rap. He's actually really good in rapping. So, he started rapping too. So, since we've met, what has changed is our genre. Oh, yeah. Because when he came to the scene, I was basically being spoken word. He was dreaming. Right now, we just brought rap, Afropop, all these Afropop sound into our music. So, do you have a specific sound? If someone was there to identify you guys, what sound do you go with? Afropop. Afropop. Basically, that's it. Afropop. And then, the three of you, are you looking to recruit? What's happening? We don't recruit. When the vibe just comes, you go. Yeah. We feel like, we feel like Ongora, he's been our guitarist now for a while now. For a long time. He didn't apply. He applied? Yeah, yeah. You just come. We didn't know him. He played for us and we didn't even know him. At first. Well, from today, you are going to be a guitarist. Yeah, man. That is not going to change. So, if we vibe, we vibe. If we vibe, if we just know. You just come. One of those things you know. When it works, you just know. When the spirit you know, you know. If you know, you know.  If you know, you know. If you are for fathers, bless it. I saw, I saw somewhere, like, most of the music were influenced by the way you grew up. Like, I saw somewhere, you grew up back in mother and all. And how was it growing up there and is it true, like the lifestyle influenced most of the music? It's very true. It's very true because hardly can you talk about something you haven't seen. Right. So, it's almost struggles, it may be tears, the friends we've lost, the friends we've made, the struggles we've seen our parents going through, we didn't meet, it's kumana nazo hule. All that. It's not what it is. Right. So, every time we sit down to write, just go back to what makes you. And, well, we'll have to talk about what I'm going to want to ask. You have to come through. Like, that's my jam.  Tell us about the song, how did that come about? Actually, they can tell the story better. Alright. Alright. Okay, this is the real story. So, we have a comment. We have a fake one. Tell me about the fake one. I want to know it's fake. Because this is the real one. I just used a word. I know. Hey, kase, kase. So, basically, we were writing a song. We had, we were having a writing session. Then, we have a common friend. She has acne. Yeah. Then, we started talking about the, because she had shared her life story, the challenges she had been through, courtesy of acne with him. So, it really bothered him. So, we started having a conversation about it. And just out of that, we decided, let's write a song that tells people, or girls, that beauty is not really everything that you have. You know? There is more to you than how beautiful you are. Beauty is just a bonus. And out of nowhere, the chorus came. And out of nowhere, the verses came. We wrote this song twice. We wrote it the first time. It was good. Then we had to rewrite it again. Now it was. It was just dope. We're like that. And how did David Hunter come through because they know the music video was done by an American music producer, David Hunter. So, we won a competition. It was called Dreams to Beats. Right now, we are working very closely with DJ Pinyin. So, DJ Pinyin has been like our mentor, our father.  Our father, our brother. So after we won Dreams to Beats, it was like an online competition. So he took us in. He's been the one sponsoring us and everything. So he introduced us to Hunter. Hunter is a close friend of his. And we became boys. So Hunter's been recording our music and just even directing and arranging our songs. Right. Yeah, so that's how we met Hunter. That's nice. We're like that. Now, because of time, so, we are almost winding up. The year is so fresh, like it's April. Yes, but the year is so fresh. So what next for you guys because Rambo is definitely a hit and I think it's the major breakthrough for you guys. So what next? What should people expect next? What are you currently working on? We have an album. You have an album coming? Awesome. Public announcement. Why do you keep saying this? You had it here first. You had it here first. You had it here first. It's called public announcement. No, you're lying. Yeah. No, I thought you were saying like public announcement. You have an album coming. Yeah. The name of the album. Okay. That's the name of the album. Public announcement. You have an album coming called public announcement. Public announcement. Dub, tell me about it. We want to make an announcement to everyone we want to make a statement and we can bring a side of ghetto that is cool. I like what you used to say. That is fresh. Kikila sku ghetto Kulia liya, Madhwan liya liya. We need a good story. We need a good story. We need a good story. Kulia liya, we need a good story. Kulia liya, kikila kikila kikila We need a good story. We need a good story. Right, so just one more question, and then you tell us the social media handles. Now we've seen, um, guys are dealing with a lot. Let's talk about the mental health, and we're just talking about that before the interview. We've seen what's happening in schools, even like kids as young as nine years, they're killing themselves. Like what can you tell your funds out there, maybe just the youth, even from Madari, like you guys are from Madari, and you're proud of that. So we let them to go to Madari and they're dealing with a lot. Because I don't know, do you need a course in school for guys to talk about their issues or what do you do? Actually, we actually do, but since... It's not there. We don't have much time to talk. Let's just give each one whatever advice. Yeah, that advice. For me, I would say this to everyone watching this show, that what happens, happens. Don't create meaning out of things, and everything is meaningless. You have the power to give words life. So choose what you give life. Right. Choose what you want to materialize in your life. Don't say bad things to yourself, or let people say things to you and give them meaning. People can actually say things about you and let it be that. So give words meaning to your life, but give positive words meaning. All right. I'd say you are what you consume. In the end of the day, we feed on a lot of things, but we need to be very careful with what we feed on and how we feed on it. Because now you can't just be taking in everything everyone is saying, because you are the author of your life.  Not my slap. So I need people to get that and realize that everything is in your hands. Yes, how you deal with issues. Every day, every time, someone is going to mess you up, someone is going to do you bad and it's bound to happen. So it's up to you to teach yourself to deal with it calmly, intelligently and to realize that other people's bad actions mean that it is them that have issues and not you. Right. And then your last remarks and your social media handles, your official underbans, where can people find you and buy your music? Where can they find your music as well? Okay, for me, I would say everything has a source. When you come from some particular homes, so parents of any kaziyao, everything comes back to the homestay. Let's tackle things from our homes. Talk to your kids, talk to your bro, talk to your friends. Just start there, opening up. Talk to people. But not everyone. Just the people you trust. Not every single person is happy for you. Alright, so your social media handles, your personal handles. Okay. So on IG, I go by E and it's called Komora. Komora will see okay. Okay. It's actually Pocomone. Right. On YouTube, Komora Ayub on... Facebook is kinda different. I come from two tribes, Kikuyu and Kipokomo. So on FBAs, Evans and Motanduki. Right. We like that. Motanduki. Awesome. Motanduki. Really, okay. Right. Your handles as well. Facebook to Kukantu. Instagram to Kukantu. YouTube to Kukantu. What else? Twitter to Kukantu. Kukantu. Okay. Vijana Barubaru everywhere. Vijana Barubaru. Instagram to Vijana Barubaru. Facebook to Vijana Barubaru. YouTube to Vijana Barubaru. I want to see this beard anywhere else. Sparky Kee. Sparky Kee is the brand. Right. But basically all the content, everything you want to see, just go to Vijana Barubaru. Everywhere. Alright. That's really amazing. Thank you so much guys for coming. Thank you for having us. Thank you for having us. Anyone know music? We're looking forward to that album. I hope it drops before the end of the year. Yes. And then, anytime you release new music, you can come launch it right here. Yeah. The other platform. Alright. So, maybe we sign out with Rembo Niboners. Yes, sure. And then, yeah. Thank you. Let's go. This goes out to every woman out there. Rembo Niboners. Check it. What I see in you is all you need to know. Hata macho zako zikiku danganya. Make up on, make up off by the wayninganya. Maa, potato plant size. Eat your body, rock it how you like. No approval. Black or white baby wear your skin with pride. Make that decision. Head up high. Usi chocho don't believe their lies. Nime ku gotcha till we close our eyes. Why? Cos if your beauty ever fades, I will love you the same. Rembo Niboners. Rembo Niboners. If your beauty ever fades, I will love you the same. Rembo Niboners. Rembo Niboners. Rembo Niboners. If your beauty ever fades, I will love you the same. Red or blue. If your beauty ever fades, I will love you the same. Rembo Niboners. If your beauty ever fades, I will love you the same.


I mentioned earlier that in some contexts commands can be run in what's called a sub-shell. To illustrate, here's what happens in what we can think of as the normal case, where we have the shell, and it runs a command process by simply forking itself, and while the parent process, the original shell, waits, the child process, the child shell, execs the command executable. When a command is executed in a sub-shell, however, the shell, again, forks itself per usual, but then it's the sub-shell which forks itself and waits while its child fork execs the actual process executable. Again, the reason why it's important to understand when this happens is because that sub-shell, any changes made in that process do not affect the parent shell from which it was spawned. So say if we assigned a variable in a sub-shell, the change won't be seen in the shell from which it was spawned. For reasons which are at this point fairly obscure and I can't really explain here, you may wish to execute a command list in a sub-shell, and we can do this with what's considered an operator a pair of parentheses. So here if I write this command list and put them in parentheses, that will execute not in the shell itself, but in a newly spawned sub-shell thereof. So here in this example, the first command in the parentheses is an invocation of the built-in CD, and CD as I've explained will change the current working directory of the shell. But because we're running in a sub-shell here, this will only affect that sub-shell, not the shell from which it was spawned. So that actually perhaps is one reason why you might wish to use these parentheses to run something in a sub-shell, because you want to invoke commands which will affect the shell, but you want the effects of those changes only to be seen in a limited scope. A seemingly similar syntax that uses curly braces instead of parentheses will execute a command list in the current shell rather than a sub-shell. The syntax for this though is actually quite different because the curly brace here, the begin curly brace, that's really a built-in command. The curly brace, that's just the name of the built-in. Because this is a built-in and not an operator, there has to be a space after the opening curly brace and before the end curly brace, which is really just an argument to the built-in that signifies the end of the command list. You may notice that superficially this curly brace built-in resembles the curly brace syntax we see, say, in a function, but really they're actually quite separate things. They're not inherently related. When you use the function built-in and you write the curly braces for it, they're not the same thing as this built-in, even though they pretty much sort of have the same effect. In any case, you're probably wondering what the hell is the purpose of this, because if I want to write a sequence of commands, I don't have to write it as a command list like this. I can just write them one after the other. So when would I ever use this? Well the answer here is if you use redirection on this curly brace built-in, that will effectively redirect all of the commands in the command list. So it's simply a nice convenience when you wish to apply the same redirections to a series of commands. If you're wondering what the exit status of this curly brace built-in is, it's simply the exit status of the last command executed in the command list. Now where sub-shells most commonly come into play is with the use of the ampersand terminator. If we terminate a pipeline with the ampersand rather than the semicolon or a newline, then that pipeline runs in the so-called background, as opposed to the usual foreground. What it means to run on the background is that first of all, the shell will not wait for the pipeline to complete. Secondly, it means the commands of the pipeline are run from a sub-shell, and it is the sub-shell which will wait for the commands of the pipeline. Additionally, anything running in the background should not read from the terminal from which it was spawned, because that would interfere with the continuing operation of the shell. When we start something in the background from the shell, we want it to execute while we are continued to allow using the shell. We don't want it to interfere with the use of the shell. So it shouldn't read the terminal. In some cases, you may also prefer that something running in the background shouldn't write to the terminal either, because that might interfere with your use, or at least it might just confuse you. So you may choose to redirect the standard out of a pipeline running in the background so that you don't see any of its output. But it's a matter of preference whether or not you allow something running in the background to write to your terminal. Reading from your terminal, however, that is verboten, because then it wouldn't really be running in the background. Consider an example use of the ampersand terminator. Here, the foo command will be run in the background, and even before it finishes running, the shell will then invoke bar. The shell will then wait for bar, however, because bar is terminated by a semicolon, and then it will run fizz, and again wait for fizz, because it's terminated by a semicolon. But then once fizz is completed, the shell will run buzz in the background, so the shell will invoke buzz, but not wait for it to complete. Just like we can apply redirections to the whole of a command list in parentheses or curly braces, we can terminate these with an ampersand to run them in the background. And the interesting thing here is that because running in the background always involves a subshell, effectively the behavior here is precisely the same. While the curly brace command doesn't normally involve a subshell here because it's running in the background it does. To make the foreground-background distinction more useful, modern unixes have introduced a feature called job control, which involves organizing processes first into groups called jobs, and those so-called jobs in turn get organized into what are called sessions. A processes membership in a job and a session actually is a property of the process itself, kept track of by the operating system, and there are system calls, which we didn't mention in the previous unit, for setting a processes membership in a job and a job's membership in a session. We won't go into those details because there are system calls that are used pretty much only by shells, so unless you're going to write your own shell you won't ever have to deal with them, but the concept here of how the processes get organized into jobs and sessions is relevant if you're going to use the shell. The usual arrangement is that when we open a terminal window and inside that terminal window you have a shell running, that shell represents the start of a new session, and that session starts out with one job containing just the shell process. When the shell then runs a pipeline in the foreground, the processes of that pipeline run as members of the existing job, the same job as the shell. Anytime though the shell creates a sub-shell, that sub-shell runs as a new separate job. So say if we run a pipeline in the background, that creates a new sub-shell, and all the processes of that pipeline and that sub-shell run in a new separate job. Now associated with a session is what's called its controlling terminal. This will be the terminal which the original shell of the process is using as standard input and output. At any moment in time only one job in a session is running in the foreground. All other jobs are marked as running in the background. Whereas processes in the foreground job can freely read and write the controlling terminal, processes running in a background job get sent to the signal sig-t-t-i-n when they attempt to read the controlling terminal. So with this feature called job control that modern Unix has have, processes running in the so-called background are actually prevented from reading from standard input of the terminal. The other special thing about the foreground job is that when the user at the terminal types control z, this sends the signal sig-t-stp, which means terminal stop. This signal is sent to all the processes in the foreground job and the default behavior when a process receives sig-t-stp is to suspend execution. What control z also does is send the signal sig-cont as in continue to processes in a selected background job, therefore resuming them if they had been suspended and that background job is also then moved into the foreground. So quite simply control z will suspend the foreground job and move another background job into the foreground. Usually when the user has control z at the terminal, they want to suspend whatever job is running and get back to their shell. So normally the background process that gets resumed is the one with the shell in it. To manage the jobs running in the session of our shell, we have three built in commands. First jobs, which will list all the background jobs and their job numbers, which are numbers assigned to uniquely identify each job. Then we have the bg command as in background, which will nominally what it does is it moves a job into the background, but what it really does is it effectively resumes any job that's been suspended because it sends the sig-cont to all the processes in a background job you specified by number. This is most typically useful because say we invoke a command, but then it takes too long and we want to get back to our shell. So we hit control z, that suspends whatever program was running that puts it in a background job, but it's suspended and we want to then resume it. So we write bg and it's job number two so it can continue on in the background while we get to work with our shell. Lastly, we have the command fg as in foreground, whose name correctly implies that it moves a job from the background to the foreground and in the process it will also send sig-cont to all the processes of that job. So with control z and these three commands, you can control the jobs running in your session. The very last thing we'll talk about in this unit are shell scripts. A shell script is a file of shell commands using the bash syntax and the idea is we can execute this file just like we can say execute a file of JavaScript code or a file of Python code. So assuming we've written such a file, a file that consists of a list of shell commands, observing all the rules of shell syntax, if we wish to execute this file, we can do so with the built in command source. The source command is invoked with the name of a file as argument and what it will do is read through that file and execute the commands in the current shell. So what we get from this is the same effect as if we were to read through that file and manually enter at the command line each command one by one. So for example, what actually happens when we start up a new shell in a new terminal window is bash will invoke the commands in a file in your home directory called dot bash RC. RC here stands for run commands. The idea of the dot bash RC file is it's a place we can put any sort of customizations we want for our shell and because this file is run every time we start a new shell, we don't have to manually enter the commands in this file each time to get our shell the way we want it. Like say, very typically in a dot bash RC file, you'll see lines giving default values to certain environment variables. In any case, it's important to understand that this shell script, this dot bash RC file is run with the source command such that all the commands in that file are executed in the shell itself, not some sub shell thereof. Now, sometimes we don't want a shell script to affect our current shell. We want it to run instead in a sub shell. To do this, we can simply invoke the bash interpreter as a program and pass to it as argument the name of our shell file. The bash interpreter in most unixes will be found at the path slash bin slash bash. And so here we are starting bash and telling it to run the file foo.sh in the current working directory. Be clear that shell scripts don't have to end in .sh but it is a common convention. To make invoking the script more convenient, we can use a bit of Unix magic called the shebang. If we start the first line of our script file with the number sign character followed by an exclamation mark followed by the absolute path to a program, usually an interpreter, in this case, the bash interpreter slash bin slash bash. But if we were writing a Python script we could put slash bin slash Python. And if we were writing a Perl script we can put slash bin slash Perl and so forth. But in any case, what the special line does is it allows us to invoke our script file which is a text file as if it were a binary executable. It turns out that the exec system call doesn't have to be passed a binary executable if you pass it a text file that begins with these two special characters, these ASCII characters. Exec will then execute the program specified by the file path in this case slash bin slash bash and then pass the script file as argument to that program. So if we put the shebang line at the top of our file foo.sh we can then invoke the script as if it were like an executable. We can write dot slash foo.sh and that tells the shell to execute a file in the current working directory called foo.sh. Now actually there is one last detail here. If we're going to be executing the script file as if it's an executable then Unix requires that we have execute permission on this file. To give the file execute permission we use the chmod program which is a standard Unix utility. Notice it not coincidentally has the same name as the system call which sets permissions on files. And here when we pass it an argument u plus x that tells chmod to turn on execute permission for the user that owns this file foo.sh. So having done that assuming we're running a shell with the same user account as the owner of the foo.sh file we can run the command dot slash foo.sh to run this script. And again remember that in this case we're running the script in a sub shell not the current shell. So that's everything we're going to cover in this unit about bash but what did I not cover? Well I only talked about a handful of built-ins whereas in total there are about 70 of them nor did I mention many of the standard Unix utility programs. We mentioned LS but that's pretty much it. There are over a hundred utilities a few dozen of which are used quite commonly and we only talked about one or two. So if you're going to want to use the shell you're definitely going to want to learn to use more of the Unix utilities and also you're going to want to learn at least a handful more of the built-ins. And aside from those two major areas there's a handful of other features that I didn't discuss like for example it's possible to have values which aren't strings but are actually arrays and there are other features like aliases and there's what's called the history mechanism and also when I talked about substitutions and expansions I glossed over some of the more complicated forms. Those are all what I would consider rather advanced uses of the shell and you can probably get by for years without ever using them but they are features which you may eventually wish to look into.