So I'd like to start with my own strategy and I'll go point wise. I'll start from prelims then mains and then personality test also. I think you will be appearing for 22, right? Yeah, so then that will be fine. So let's start with prelims. Mostly we say that prelims is the most difficult part of the journey. That is because the preparation that you have gone through for the past one year, two years, three years or even four years in my case. It'll be judged. Let's say judged only. It will be judged by the institution of your choice in just two hours spent. Right? So what do you have to do for prelims? I'll start with that and I'll divide it into two, the static part and the current part. So talking about the static part, there is some lines of difference when we talk about the static and current. So for static part, let's talk first. For static, you should be restricting yourself to limited sources. Like if you are doing your history like modern India, if you're doing. So I followed simply two sources, spectrum and modern India book. The Wipen Chandra NCRT. Now in my case, I had some problem with remembering the facts of modern India. So what I did was I took another book of Wipen Chandra. It is the big book which is India's struggle for independence. So I made notes out of that book, but that is not mandatory. Only because I had issues with remembering. So then I took up that source. The key is that you limit your preparation of static to limited sources. Now when you have limited sources, the advantage is that you can revise it multiple times. So the second point is that at least six to seven times, you must have revised your static portion before you sit for the prelims exam. So if you haven't revised it, what happened with me in the 2018-19 attempt is that even very simple questions like a book on Gandhi, it was. I don't remember the name of the book, but it was a book written by Gandhi. So it was supposed to be a very simple question, but I made it wrong because I hadn't revised my spectrum multiple times. So first thing, limited sources and second thing, five to six revision cycles. This is what you have to do for the static part. Now there are some parts which are both static and current. For example, the environment part. So for that, your foundation has to be absolutely strong. Like the Shankarayas book on environment is the most widely used book and it is also a very good source and but you should buy the latest edition because they keep segregating it in a better way. So whatever latest edition you have, you must read it again at least four to five times. And if you want, if your environment is not that strong, you can even make notes out of the facts. Now when you make notes, I also talk about the note making thing on problems a bit later. So this environment has to be complimented with current parts also like only reading that Shankar book won't do. You will have to keep updating your environment from the current affairs section that you do. Now when we talk about another static part, you have to absolutely focus on the static part more than your current. That is because you can predict questions on the static part. Like you can predict what quality questions or what economics questions that you can get. And these this static part will give you the foundation marks. If you commit three to four mistakes in a point in quality questions and prelims, you're absolutely out of the race to be brutal. You're absolutely out of the race. This is what happened with one of my friends and that's what that's the experience that I'm sharing. So static has to be very, very strong no matter how. And you have to of course focus on current, but static cannot be left loose. Now the problem here is that static anyways, the name is also static. So we get bored reading again and again, but you have to enjoy that boredom also. I understand that reading current is very interesting and static would get boring over time. But then you have to endure that boredom because those foundation marks that 50 marks you will get from static only. So now when I talk about the current part, you understand the three major points that I told you. Number one, limited sources. Number two, the revision cycle have to be very strong six to seven times and number three, the parts which are static and current, you have to compliment them both. Right. So converge them. Now when I talk about the current part, three, four things I'll tell you about the current because it is very dynamic. So you cannot expect yourself to attempt every question that you get in your prelims exam, which is absolutely okay. You don't have to be worried about attempting each question in the final exam. So what you do for current is all of us follow one monthly magazine. No magazine is good or bad. Just be neutral towards it. Whatever magazine you follow is the best because more or less the information will be the same only. So first thing anyways, you have to follow one monthly magazine the way you follow. But again, you have to revise it multiple times. Now, if you want, some people will be engaged in making notes all the time. Maybe it gives you a sense of satisfaction that yes, we are doing something, but more than making notes. What you have to focus on is that you are remembering and you're able to recall whatever you've read even without the notes because sometimes everything does not have to be noted down on paper. When you start writing something from a monthly magazine to your notes many times, you will feel it as if the book you were copying. So hardly don't do that. If you have very important facts that you tend to forget, maybe that you can note down again in bullet points. But then just noting a book down or noting your monthly magazine will give you no nothing. It will give you pseudo satisfaction sort of a feeling. You should avoid and refrain that. I'll tell you what sort of notes you need for current.  The second thing now you cannot rely on someone else's intelligence. Right because your monthly magazine is someone else's intelligence. It is the Institute's intelligence, but you do not forget that you have to rely on your own intelligence in the exam. So what do you do for that is I used to make daily notes from the newspaper every day again religiously. The way I used to follow my monthly magazine similarly. I made my own newspaper notes also not one day. I missed the newspaper first one day or something can be missed out. But then you try to cover up the next day. Now how to make notes for the prelims for current. I followed Hindu the Hindu for my prelims and means both. And then for personality test. I also added mint and Indian Express. The first talking about prelims. What you do is I used to make a prelim specific and main specific notes separately for from the newspaper. So for the prelim specific notes what you have to focus on are the facts. Right. So if you get some new species or if you get some some new law which is going to be passed you you have to note it down in the prelim section. Now again in the you cannot ignore any page. Like when we read the newspaper you often see any website or even your peers are going to tell you that you know you can read the first page and then you can directly go to the economics page and then you can directly go to the environment page or the science and technology page.  Maybe you can get any information from any page. So you should not ignore any page of the newspaper. Second thing we often think that this newspaper reading is taking a lot of time. But initially even if you take two hours on a single newspaper that is okay. And I'll also tell you why that is so because you have just started reading the newspaper. So you hardly have any background of any news that you see. So whatever you see will be important for you. So even if you get very involved or interested in the thing and you start reading it is fine because over time within 3-4 months you'll start getting background of every piece of news that you see. And then automatically your time is going to reduce. Even during that time if you take one minute and a half are you reading the newspaper you're not alone everyone is taking that much time. Even I used to take that much time. Even during the interview I used to take at least one minute and a half hour to read both the newspaper. So initially even if you're taking two hours that is absolutely okay. Now how to make a main specific quotes from the current affairs is that suppose in the editorial I see some piece of information on co-op suppose. So what I'm going to do first of all on the A4 sheet I'll write the paper in which it is required like GS2 first of all I'll write and then I'll also write that it is a part of IR. And then I'll start noting down the points. Now making notes from the editorial is a very fashionable thing. But how to make again is a point of concern. Suppose you start writing down the editorial line by line that is again not a correct thing to do even if you convert those lines into bullet points that is also not a correct thing. So what you have to do is you take out some very read the editorial at least twice initially you will have to read it twice. Maybe later over time you will have to read it just once. So when you read that editorial twice you will get to know the crux of the editorial. Also you will get to you will have an opinion on it because editorials are mostly opinion based. So again also you will get the crux and you will get the basic prominent points that are required you only note down those points in your notes. That is all that is required for me points are required for me plus an opinion is required suppose there is an opinion on an issue and you don't I mean that is not your opinion. So then you can simply see it. You can you can note down some points of that opinion because means answer has to be absolutely balanced. It's not a personality desk that you have to give your own opinion only. You have to give both sides of the coin. So even if you don't like that opinion at least note down two or three points for later because an issue will not be over in a day. Maybe next day you know down the points of the other side of the coin. So current I'm focusing too much because people tend to use multiple sources for current and then end up doing nothing. So only two three things two things.  Please do this exercise. It is very important and I actually did it in my last attempt only. That's why I'm stressing on it too much. So the second thing make your own current affairs notes. The third thing that I would like to say about current affairs is now in static portion. I told you rely on limited sources. But for current affairs you absolutely have to rely on diversified sources because one particular source cannot give you the information of the world. So you have to at least increase your probability of solving the question.  I mean you follow a monthly magazine of some particular Institute. Now what you do you can also take up the current affairs tests of some other Institute not that particular Institute some other Institute and then you can try solving those questions now what that would give you when you solve some questions in a question answer format. You tend to remember things more. So that monthly magazine is followed the other source is also followed and your own current affairs notes and that's enough. Now whatever your friends are telling you asking you saying just absolutely don't focus on that because you have done your part. Now just doing it won't anyways revision is a constant thing in whatever I'll be saying you will have to keep revising it day in and day out. My revision cycle went like every two months. I used to revise whatever notes I had written and not just the previous two months. The initial notes also that I have I had made now a basic revision cycle. I would like to focus on a for static plus for current affairs. So my revision cycle went like suppose I'm reading a thing today. So I'll revise that thing on the second day. That means tomorrow then I revise it on the seventh day and then the 30th day. Okay, so this you can't mentally do it. So what you can do? You can simply make a timetable for yourself. You can write the topic that you did today. You write the second day, seventh day, 30th day and then tick mark whether you've done it or not because till the 30th day you will start forgetting even the topic that you had to read like even the heading that you had to read. So what do you do? You make this table and you take it mark whatever you've done and whatever you've not done very honestly also put across what this will give you is it will give you confidence one number two it will actually consolidate whatever you have read if you read one thing on the 30th day. That means of course you remember some part of it some 10 20% and then again when you read it it gets imbibed into you. So I strongly recommend this revision cycle for you. Please do this. Now this was about the preparation of the one year, two years, whatever time you are taking one year or even two years. Some people are starting off from college days also these days. So one year to your thing that I've told you now I would like to focus on the day of the exam. What you have to do on the day which is too premature to tell you but I would like to tell you maybe I get an opportunity next time or not. So on that day it is very important in the prelims exam to maintain your mental strength in means what happens is that once you start writing that nervousness goes off because you have to write you have that time frame in mind that you have to attempt 20 questions in three hours. So it goes off eventually it rains away. But what happens in prelims is you have to tick mark the options. So sometime like after three questions four questions again those feelings are going to come up. So that mental strength is very much required in your prelims exam particularly. So what I followed on the final day of the exam I'll tell you first very important thing that you absolutely must keep in your mind is that for prelims do not rely on your knowledge base. I mean don't be extremely confident or under confident about your knowledge base. What you must focus and rely on is your common sense and logic. See knowledge you have actually acquired in simply in two I mean two three four years maybe five years ten years but common sense is innate also and you have acquired it over time also. Since school we have been using this logic this common sense it is within us. So you must rely on thing that is yours and logic yours anyway. Now how you rely on logic is when your mind is calm. I absolutely understand the nervousness that is there on the day of the prelims but you have to understand and explain to yourself one thing that those two hours are mine. Only those two hours are mine before that time it's all gone after that time is again. It's like at home I can do anything I can judge myself people can judge me whatever but those two hours will never come back. So you enter the examination hall thing I did it. So I'm telling you I entered the examination hall thinking that Krithi are not going to know anything because it is UPSC. It wants to know what I mean. It's not an exam just for the urban people or for the rural people. It's for logical people. So I said to myself that Krithi are not going to know anything. You simply have to solve each question with your logic. That's it. That's it. What happened with me. I'll give you an example that I got the C code in 2020 and luckily and luckily whatever you want to say the initial four pages at least 30 to 35 questions. I hardly could attempt with my knowledge because all of those if you see that paper it starts with agriculture. The first question itself was from I don't know where. So the initial questions were all agriculture environment so answers could be ambiguous. And the pressing thing that that thing I could only get out. I said to myself that maybe Krithi I'm not going to go to do help her house this time. So maybe next time. So what what happened through this is that I was all calm and composed that okay let it just be what I have to do is I have to utilize this two hours and doing whatever I can. It absolutely calmed my mind. Now, if you see the 2020 paper most of the questions in environment are solved by logic only. For example, everyone to work in question was there it's seen the paper sugar can question we never saw. But if you see the options no two options are contradicting only. So one of them can anyways be eliminated. Elimination is a very important thing and elimination you cannot do through your knowledge base only you have to use your logic. So on that particular prelims day your mind has to be absolutely calm. The only key to success in trillions and you also like during the preparation you might have practiced a lot you might have made your own innovative magic number in which you get more than 100. Like more than 100 510 you get that much amount of marks for me that number was 85287 please stick to that number you in though in that one year you have to actually come out with that number and you have to apply it finally also. You have to go by the paper is simple. The paper is difficult. It is for everyone. You don't have to worry about it. But your magic number should remain constant. Right. So this was all about prelims. I like to come on means now. So for means means is the most strategic aspect of your preparation because it carries the maximum number of marks. So what you have to do for means is number of some things are very important number one note making is very important for means because you will you will tend to forget everything that you read. A current part I've already told you which from the newspaper. Now I'll tell you notes for the other portion. Now the other thing that you have to keep in mind while preparing for means is that each exam each paper is one two three four essay and even your option. All these papers have a different and unique requirement. I'll give you an example for example in essay what you are supposed to do is you have to pour your mind out. Not just your mind sometimes your heart and emotions also because these days UPSC is not giving you an option in either attempting a philosophical essay or a substantial essay. You have to attempt one from each section and section one is absolutely philosophical. So you have to be well versed with both so you have to pour out your mind your heart both in the essay. Now you can't expect yourself to write an introduction what you're writing in a GS papers similar to that introduction you cannot write in an essay. You have to write a longer introduction. So this is the requirement of essay that you have to explain it nicely. Now what is the requirement for GS papers in general is that there should be a basic understanding and a balanced understanding. You cannot be absolutely radical you cannot be absolutely extremist towards one end you have to be neutral. Now let me come to the specifics like for GS one and GS four. Suppose I'll compare GS one and three both are in absolute contrast like I'm writing a history answer. What does a what does an examiner expect out of me that I should know the story. So if I know the story how am I going to write it. I'm going to write it in paragraph form. Now I will avoid making flow charts or any of that stuff that we really I mean we like to make all that all of that. I'll try to refrain myself from making all of that in a GS one history question. Because a person expects that you know the story and then you also can make an opinion on that story. So that is what is expected. Now what is expected out of you in GS three is that you substantiate your answer using graphs or using flow charts. For example, they ask you the post COVID economy. So how are you going to substantiate it through data through graphs all of that you will get from your current affairs notes only. So the second thing that you have to keep in mind for means is the particular requirement of each paper like GS one has to be different just three has to be different. Now how to make notes for the means what I did was I did not make notes for everything like in GS two we have a lot of static parts like they have quality. So I didn't have to make notes for quality like because Lakshmi Kant is more than enough if you read it five to six seven eight that is enough you will remember that. Yes, but you can complement that quality with the current affairs material for that you can make note. For example, there is something about the president. So you can simply write down president. You can write the article before it and then you can start writing whatever recent has come in the new. The second thing that you can do is. Now what I did for means notes is that I focused first of all you have to read the syllabus very carefully. So when I read the syllabus I read the sub topics. So whatever subtopic I did not have information from one particular source. I restricted to making notes for that subtopic only for example in GS two there is a role of charities and Geos that is a very dynamic thing. Maybe you don't get a question out of it. But if it is there in the syllabus you have to do it at least one question you'll get even this time we've got a question question from self help group. So that that has to be there. So now that I could not get any notes from a particular source from one particular source. So I consolidated all the information and made notes out of it for GS three. You have to make your own notes for graphs and for flow charts. You have to take it from the current affairs also and from some static sources that you have the next thing for means that you have to take care of is time management. How you're going to do that is the very everyone says time management is important. So the first thing that you can do for time management apart from practice that is very obvious is that you keep some material ready. Like you can anticipate questions if something is going on in the news you can anticipate yes this is going to come or there are some static portion that are absolutely important so that are again going to come. So what you can do is you can keep your introductions and your conclusions for questions ready. Like if there is some scheme in the news recently so you can keep the introductions and the conclusions absolutely ready with yourself. So what that will do is it'll save your time because everyone says it is true also that introduction and conclusion both are absolutely important parts of your answer. And that is what shows whether you have understood the question or not so you can keep them ready so that you don't have to waste your time sitting in the exam and remembering what what has to be written in the introduction. The next thing that you can do is the introductions that OK introduction I can tell you that what you can keep for introduction for introductions you can have data points. You can have quotations or you can have definition of any keyword which is given. So for and GS to like some specifics that I was telling you in GS to for increasing your marks exponentially what you can do and everyone tells you also that you add some judgments and article numbers in your answers. Also you should remember all the SDGs so wherever you get a question on water you get a question of an education you can simply start or end with an SDG right. Also you can start with the fundamental duty you can start with DPSP all of this will give you an edge over others because even the examiner will be bored of reading the same answer. Now the next thing that you have to take care in mains exam is easy visibility like the examiner does not have so much time that he'll sit and check everything. So what you can do is you can ease this thing out it has your answer should be very much visible to the to the examiner. What you can do for this is one thing is highlighting and the second very important thing is what subheadings we give in the answer that you can directly take from the question itself. So what that will do is the examiner will get to know that yes you've understood the question also and you know what you have to write in the answer that can help you again in increasing your marks. Now GS4 I would like to talk to you in some detail because it is also a scoring thing and sometimes we fail to forget I mean we fail to understand that ethics has its own requirement. Like when you're writing an ethics answer everyone is going to write the theory part but what can make you stand out is examples first of all. So examples again what I did I'll tell you an exercise that I did and you should also do it. First of all I took out all the keywords from the syllabus and also the keywords that I could see from the previous year papers. There are some keywords that are not explicitly mentioned in your syllabus but maybe you get a question on it in some year. So what you do you take an A4 sheet and you start writing down all the keywords on that sheet. Now what you do from those keywords is you write a lucid definition of three to four lines of that of that like for example honesty. So you write a very clear and lucid definition now definition doesn't mean that you have to use very high five complex words. What what scientists say is that if you've understood something you can show that you've understood something only when you use a simple language to explain it. So honesty is what that I don't tell a lie. This is the simplest that I can say that I don't I don't fudge anything. I don't fudge my documents. I'm absolutely transparent. This is what we can see. Now you also remember that using like while defining one keyword you do not end up for introducing another keyword in that definition. So the definition has to be very simple and you can just keep rereading it and improving it over and over. Like it should not be a very casual exercise because your definition can be so good that you can start your answer with it. Now after those writing those keywords leave some space also for that space in that space you can include your life examples on that for example honesty. So you you add an example from your own life and you also add an example from the administrative side like any previous IS officer or serving IS officer or even. These days you can even use celebrities like for you can use the example of so no suit for compassion that will again make you stand out. Now don't have any restrictions in your mind that I cannot use this example of that example you can even use the examples of movies. Why not this will again give you an edge over the other over others. Don't be very restrictive in your content or do not be restricted in your thoughts. Make it make it make your horizon very very broad. So what you can do is coming back with the keyword you write the examples because examples will show that yes you know how to apply that concept also. This is one exercise that I did. The second thing that I did was I made some notes of the philosophers that I could use in any answer even in case studies you can use philosophers. Like if you want to substantiate your what opinion you are giving in a case study. So you can use Kant's duty. You can even use Indian philosophers. We hardly use any Indian philosophy. So I made it a point that I'll at least include nishkaam karma in my answer and I actually did it. Now talking about the quotation type of questions what you can do for quotation type of questions as the sir only told me that for the quotation questions you start with your own quotation. Like a quotation is given you have to explain it. So it'll be really great if you can recall some quotation which is of the similar pattern and you write it down in the very beginning of the answer which will give a very good impact that yes the person can on the spot think of something which is very much relevant. Second thing that you can do in a quotation type of a question is that you include something which is contemporary going on. Like for example you can include mob lynching in some of the quotation when there is something about indifference. So you can include something about mob lynching or whatever is going on like the farmers protest. So if you include all of this in your answer it shows how your mind is open to accepting everything and you can put everything into a framework. Like if you are ethics is what ethics is whatever we are doing right now also I'm I'm ethical or I'm unethical whatever a person is doing in his life all of that is included in ethics so why not include it in your answer also. The very first thing is if you get a question on what are the options available with you and which you are going to choose so a very easy thing that you can do even for time management is that you make a table. You write you divided into columns and you write you write three columns and then you write the option whether you will do it what are the merits of it what are the demerits of it and then at the end you can write what option you're going to choose. So what this table gives you is again the easy visibility to the examiner and what it gives it saves your time. Because case studies are the lengthy even it had we had one one page case studies so the very important thing in gs4 is completing your paper. So all these time saving techniques that you have you can use all of that again you sub again I would like to stress that substantiate your answer with some philosopher or some quotation that you have read. So this was about gs4 of so again for means there are some pointers that revision again is very important. You make notes for subtopics that have diverse sources you make notes from the current affairs and you make all bullets points of both the sides of the argument and your answer must be absolutely balanced. These are the pointers for the mains now when we talk about the personality test personality test is nothing but whatever you've prepared for the past three to four years all of that has to be applied in 3035 minutes. Now very first thing that I learned in Shankar only through the interview guidance program is the first line the lecture started with first line that don't try to hide your personality. If it's a personality test why would you hide your personality we all have been raised quite well and bad persons. So we should not be afraid of exposing our personality if they want to ask you a personal question don't beat around the bush because they're very experienced people they understand that you don't want to answer them. So you simply answer them even if even if it is not a very perfect answer no one is perfect so you expose your personality is the first thing that you should do in your personality test. Second thing please don't go by the ratified answers that are provided in any Institute or in any on any website. Whatever you think you say that don't don't go for any lies if they are asking your opinion. So don't give opinions of the Supreme Court or don't give opinions of the government. Of course you can do that you can start your answer with that you can give both of the argument but then again within a very short period of time. If you do if you think you can't concise it down you can simply start with something of the Supreme Court and give your own opinion first of all so that the persons who are sitting on that side of the table they are satisfied yes the person has given the answer at least. So don't try to hide your own opinions because our opinions we are all good people our opinions will be good only so you don't have to hide anything you don't have to beat around the bush. Third thing never ever lie in an interview because they are going to simply smile and you think you will be guilty yourself. Then only you will start judging yourself so don't don't lie anything whatever you have done you've done I had nothing in my sport so that's fine. Luckily they didn't ask me anything but even if they had asked me something I would have told whatever is the truth. The fourth thing is what you can absolutely control in the personality test are two things the current affairs part and your dad. So for what for current affairs anyways you've been preparing for the past three four years that you have to again keep revising and don't stop reading the news. Even one day before the interview or on the day of your personality test you simply should go through the news. So even I did it before leaving for the personality test I went through the news because indeed it was on that day. So you know and then I went back to the to Lakshmikanth and read something about the official language although it didn't ask anything this is all we can control. The current affairs we can control we can have an opinion on farm laws so why not. If you can like there was a question not asked to me but someone that you tell me about farm laws in three to four sentences. Now if you haven't prepared it you cannot tell in three to four sentences. You can only do it if you have actually written it down or you know you've said to yourself at least three to four times only then you can very concisely say stuff. The fifth thing that you should take care is that in a personality test do not speak too much or do not speak too less. If you speak too much like we end up speaking a lot when we end up when we speak a lot we end up speaking all trash. So like if they're asking you what do you think about a particular issue you simply say it in three to four very concise and crisp sentences that is enough. But don't start explaining if they want some explanation from you they'll simply give you a cross question otherwise you don't start explaining because that will that will you know dilute your answer. If you give it only in three to four sentences they know what you're saying but when you start explaining they'll be lost in what you're saying. So just give them a crisp answer and wait for the cross question if any. Next is in a personality test always I mean be confident also don't be overconfident don't be underconfident simply go very calmly do not think about anything do not have any baggage in your mind. This is true for any any stage of the exam do not go with any baggage. What I would also like to say as the concluding remark is that every stage of UPSC has a unique requirement. It demands something from you for prelims it demands something different.  So the means has a different it has a different requirement and personality test has an absolutely different requirement. So what the beautiful part of UPSC is that each stage has its own unique requirements but you cannot separate these preparations.  You cannot stand alone prepare for prelims you cannot stand alone prepare for me and then leave everything for the interview later on from the very first day you have to prepare for all three stages together. So if you have some question you can ask. Okay, so again this is about time management. So for a 10 marker you should take maximum five six minutes and for a 15 marker you take eight nine minutes that when you keep this as your target. No, then only you will be able to reach a 10 minute for 15 marker and a eight nine minute for a 10. Okay, again to elaborate on this only if you do not know an answer in mains. So what you do is you leave it for the last. I mean for the end you leave it do not try writing it then only because then your other questions are going to suffer. So what you do you leave it for the end and then anyways we have read for one year we'll have some generic points for every question that is asked. Like and see if he was asked the scheme on pollution and see if he and I had absolutely not read anything about it. But it's still even then I could write some generic points for NC AP also and I could fill up. Like it was a 15 marker still I could fill up at least two pages I could fill up. So you leave those questions that you don't know for the end and then you try writing some generic point do not leave anything in a mains paper. Because if you leave it you even lose even if you get one mark in that generic point answer no that is a bonus because we didn't know anything and there's no negative marking so you do that. Elaborating on this only I'll also say how to I mean start with your maids like which question to do for this is a very common question and a doubt that is that comes up in the mind. I'll tell you first what I did. Initially I did at least five questions from the beginning like the initial questions are 10 markers. See the pattern can change anytime I'll tell you about my pattern during my time only before that it was a 12 and a half marks for every question. But in our time it was and it has been going on for years now 10 markers and then 15 markers 1010 questions 10 questions for 10 marks and 10 for 15 marks. So what I did I first attempted four or five questions from the 10 marker because first impression is the last impression we have an if we have human interface in both mains and personality test. So you also have to do the paper very very psychologically. I mean you cannot go by the set rule. Okay write this and you get much know they're not machines then humans were checking your paper. So if you if they like your paper know they'll give you super good. They don't like it. They'll be all agitated and irritated. So your paper has to be balanced and the initial questions to be super awesome. Whatever you write in the middle has to it has great importance but whatever image is created in the first five questions know that will continue. Even if the image is very good in the first five questions even a bad answer will you know not suffered that much in between if you write some bad answer it will not suffer that much. So make it a point that the initial five questions you give absolute I mean don't go I mean don't go off the way and give 15 20 minutes to an answer not like that but put an effort to make make them really good. So what I did first five questions I did from there and then I tried to attempt the 15 marker. Suppose in between I don't want to do some 15 marker or I am stuck somewhere. So then I come back to the to the 10 marker again attempt or set pattern but yes some things you should remember the initial questions and last questions to be really good. That will set an impression for you. Anything else. Yeah. Yes. Okay. See again I'll tell you what I need to endure that boredom for prelims Hindu is one stop solution because it'll give you all the facts know. Some things it'll also give you a PIB. So even if I say okay you go and read Indian Express you know some things can be missing out there. Hindu is absolutely fine for prelims also means also. So please don't ignore that. Anything else. Zoology. No one would be Zoology here. See whatever notes you have made in the like one month is only for revision. Don't keep anything or mocks. That's all you have to do in your one month. So for the last one month if you have all notes prepare you will have anyways. So you go by reading the notes for quality for history for environment you can also read your books because if even if you don't have notes you can go by reading the books and then again the highlighted portions only because you have limited time. So yes. For the last one month you attempt some full tests that you'll anyways do some four five tests to attempt in the last one month to gain that confidence and to gain that atmosphere of the exam because ultimately we have to solve questions early and not read there and you revise all your notes especially the current affairs notes you and not read there and you revise all your notes especially the current affairs notes you revise at least your own handwritten even if you cannot revise your monthlies you the compilation you can revise you can revise your old notes and you revise other static notes also one week or two weeks before the exam I'll tell you always revise those subjects in which you trouble like for me I revise quality environment and history modern India all these three things I used to forget so so I revise these only these three particularly in the last before the prelims that's yeah I was studying only at that time I was doing my BSC MSE so first of all it was my mom's dream so I wanted that to come true and second thing I saw many issues in the education sector I wanted to improve that that was my basic motive but now presently I want to go into the district and analyze what that problem is but yes education is in my heart only I'll work on that see in means you absolutely must remember some basic data like GDP of the country how it is growing the unemployment rate IMRM all these things you must remember for making your answer better and substantiating your arguments so if you see if you write a generic answer you'll get a five five point five but to increase those marks what you have to do is you start even if you start with data what that will give you it will give you that you know a view of the economy so of course you don't remember every tidbit but just simply note down the very important data points for your mains particularly for the prelims you must remember the trends like how GDP is growing or declining and how unemployment is growing because that can be as it's also there in the economic survey so one or two questions you absolutely get in brilliance so yes I would say personally I would say that you must remember the data points even if people say no no that is not important I would say it'll give you it'll give you extra marks see if you there there will be obviously every time in every means there will be some questions you cannot tackle so if you write some answers very good no those bad answers will be covered up so in GS3 anyways these years is being beaten badly so it's better that you remember not in not only in GS3 in GS2 also if you can remember some data from the social issues if you can remember some articles and judgments that I previously said please do that so this is for the online students the strategy session is complete so if you want to ask any questions you can turn on your video raise your hands unmute yourself and ask any question okay thank you good afternoon ma'am what is that it's the solution to secure the marks in paper 2 at Prelims see okay see okay I'll talk about this elaborately because I didn't even mention seaside I'm sorry for that first for seaside first of all you see the previous year questions okay so the in the previous year questions when you see you will you will see you see yourself like attempt the paper just like you are attempting a UPSC paper and then you answer down see the answers analyze what you are strong in like some people will be very good at maths they'll be very good at reasoning some people will be good at English comprehension UPSC always is an exam of balance okay so you cannot ignore anything in a in the entire process so what you do first of all after recognizing your strength you make a strategy for yourself these days maths is the importance of maths is increasing in seaside at least 45 to 50 questions you get from math reasoning all of that so you cannot ignore maths at all even if you are absolutely from an arts background never ever rely on comprehension alone because the answers for comprehension can be absolute can be ambiguous many times so you cannot simply attempt all the comprehensions and then say okay fine I'm okay with it 40 45 you'll have comprehension questions and absolute five seven questions are bound to go wrong so you cannot only rely on comprehension so what you do is make a perfect balance like I was fine in quant I was fine in all so there are some people who are good at maths I'll tell for them you attempt the maximum number of maths and reasoning questions that you can which will give you the foundation marks it is very important to understand no matter how much you hate maths that quant and reasoning will give you the foundation marks for seaside because there will be an answer or they will not be an answer you will know the question or you will not do the question so if you are not committing any silly mistake now if you know the question you will do it correctly only so those basic foundation marks you can get by quant only and then your comprehension can help you in increasing those marks so for people who are not very good at maths you simply start practicing maths quant all of these from today itself now do not only rely on the mocks that you will go for or the preparation that you will go for because whatever mocks are then they are never able to unfortunately reach the level of UPS so start by practicing p yq's in the middle of your preparation again practice p yq's and towards the end again practice p yq's is it fine you want to ask some other thing I mean did I satisfy you I'm not audible I think I think you are muted unmute yourself fine thank you okay you were asking something tell me one minute one minute I have an offline question here one minute haha but I have self-study both important I'm syrup I'll speak in English so that everyone understands so see self-study has to be complimented with whatever classes you are taking suppose even if you have a class for like five hours there two and a half hours GS and two and a half hours optional you make it a point come back at least revise whatever you've studied in the class so initially it's a long process so initially you give at least eight to nine hours every day religiously and please do not include that time when you are thinking about becoming a DM when you lose the concentration that means you're not studying don't include that time in your studies please because I met a person he was to say I was I was studying for 10 12 hours and I was dumb stress looking at him I can't do that so please don't include all that time when you are doing stuff the very serious study you at least go for eight to nine hours at least and then towards the end you go like keep increasing 10 11 and stop counting the earth great what you do is close your books and because anyways if your books are open the books will remain open only you'll be imagining only so you have to cut that thought you close your books you think whatever you want to in the next five seven ten minutes then again open the books or what you do if it is lunchtime close your books have lunch chill go out have a walk come back start studying do not fight with yourself if you're feeling sleepy yes if it's the end of your preparation you can go for four or five coffees like me but in the beginning don't fight with yourself because if you fight with yourself that volcano is going to come out some day some day even before prelims if you are mind is all disturbed no it will harm you don't fight with yourself you feel sleepy take a nap for five fifteen twenty minutes to be an IS doesn't mean you have to be a robot you are a human everyone understands that so don't fight with yourself you think something don't don't restrict that because what does our heart do if I restrict someone from I if I restrict a kid from playing he'll play only if I ask him don't play with glass he play with glass only I give him anything in the universe he'll play with that so don't stop your heart time will take five minutes seven minutes ten minutes one hour two hours it's better than sitting before books for ten hours and simply thinking close your books take a walk take I mean think whatever you want to become the DM become the cabinet secretary then come back yes please sorry to trouble you there was some technically glitches from my side itself I happened so can you please repeat the brilliance part that you started off how to prepare for please tire or it is recorded it will be sent see it will be very difficult to repeat everything it will waste other people's time also we are recording the video so the video will be sent to you even if you have done issues no problem the video will be sent to you and one more thing you have one yeah please ask me and for seaside is it is it must to take seaside classes or how did you go about that okay so first of all can I tell you about it but doctor pardon me to repeat doctor doctor okay so in 1112 you had maths or you had bio only I had maths you had math so then do you have some particular issues with maths I mean 10th math still 10th is okay with you you can solve basic question profit loss and stuff yeah I can solve so it's been a long time right so see if then your background is similar to mine not as great as yours because I am also a biologist I studied zoology and I also had math in 1112 so if your background is similar to mine I can take the responsibility you need not go for any particular class if you do not have any particular problem with something like comprehension anyways you will not have a problem because you can practice it yourself also you don't need any particular coaching for that retention part if you talk about the content reasoning partner again you don't need some particular coaching if you can handle and tackle those questions simply before going or thinking about any coaching so 2017 to 2020 like 17, 18, 19, 20 CSAT papers you see how many quant and reasoning you can attempt see what score is your maximum and minimum that you can go and then only like if you're not able to handle any quant and reasoning questions no only then go for some particular classes otherwise not required I did not go for any classes my second any of the question from the online hello ma'am ma'am actually you left about the optional ma'am can you say something about optional okay general I will tell you about option what's your option what is your optional sociology ma'am sociology okay so in general I'll talk about optional because my optional was unique it was zoology now as I said that UPSC demands different things from different stages and different papers similarly UPSC demands a different thing from your optional why is it an optional and why it is given 500 marks is that they want to see how much specialized you can get if we give you a field so you have to show your specialization in the optional subject and you have to show your generalization in one two three four escape yeah that's it so in your optional you have to be absolutely well versed with whatever the specifics of your option a lot I have closure to sociology so I'll tell you something that if you start an answer with a philosopher your sociologist it'll be great if you quote some sociologist in the middle it'll be great if you quote some Indian sociologist that will be even better so if you if there is a question on some philosophy and you can quote another sociologist with that with that that will again give you that will again give the examiner that yes you've understood also and you can apply also so for optional what you have to do is you make this notes out of because optional questions are mostly very very predictable. So every topic you should have ready made notes because optional is extensive whatever option you take it will be extensive only so you should have notes for every topic that is there now one thing that I would like to say is don't go by the previous patterns. One thing that my senior told me that zoology paper is very predictable what you do you take up 2018 19 20 I mean 17 18 19 papers see the questions and simply prepare but what and I was a master's in zoology. I didn't want to do that because I thought what if someone has something else is asked and I'm not I don't have any problem in preparing so what I did I prepared also those topics which were which have never been asked in the exam which I could handle also so what happened this time luckily it was absolutely an unconventional paper no previous I mean one or two previous questions were asked so never go by this logic that whatever was asked previously will be asked again don't go by that and always remember you cannot write a general answer in optional you have to write a specific answer see your sociology will it is it will overlap the GS to also social issues and all of that now what you can do you can do one exercise you sit down write a GS to question on some topic like women in a GS to paper and you write a woman related question for sociology also then you compare them both if you find some if you find that both questions are more or less the same that means you're going somewhere wrong in option your optional answer has to be very very specialized so focus on that and focus more on your option because it will carry 500 miles it can make or break you it can give you a better rank or a bad rank so be specialized number that this was asked in last it will be asked again and number for value addition like if you your this subject is very dynamic so compliment again it with the with your current and if you can find some sociologist which is in news or something that is going on these days and you can find some unconventional sociologist for that it'll be great anything else no ma'am thank you so much see what an engineer you can do anything in the universe I believe that you can do anything in the universe if an engineer from a science background for years you are studying your specialization something electronic I mean diverse source in the mechanical I know only 2 3 so from that if you can come to a general background no hats off no matter what people say about engineers I have due respect for engineers because most of the ISP people will be engineer so don't worry whatever you want to do you will be able to do any science background anyone on this earth can do it and don't go I mean every engineer person has to go for I mean has to take an option that is from a scratch you will hardly take your own subjects I feel to understand why sometime you tell me personally but if you're starting from scratch that is okay see and through and sociology are very famous among the engineers so even talking from the background your topper is this only and through only and he got super awesome marks 320 so yes you'll be able to cope up and the syllabus not very huge and and through you can even talk to me because there will be some overlap between zoology and of and through so you can talk to me about the sources also but don't worry you will be able to do it see I don't know your syllabus but if you have something about evolution so then I'll tell you there is a beer baller as to be for revolution it is organic evolution book you read it and you will be able to answer any question read it. Yeah, the baller is to be so you will be able to answer any question you tell me the topic. I'll tell you the book.  I'll tell you don't worry also you will get the notes from for institutes also know and through notes that you anyways do some other books if you need I'll tell you I should I tell you for everything. I mean all the subjects. Okay, so a very conventional question starting from modern India. Okay, I told you about spectrum NCRT I had some issues so I read India struggle for independence within Chandra and I made notes out of so if you have an issue with it I would recommend you read that book even if you have some time no read that book because it'll help you build an opinion. Now talking about polity for prelims Lakshmi Kanth is more than enough if you have super extra can read DD bus who but just like read it so that you can write some nice lines in the main introduction or conclusion or some nice lines he's written. I mean he's written a book very nicely but if you want to read DD bus who read it only after four or five times you've read Lakshmita so polity then geography and restricted myself to the two NCR the NCRT not just to the NCRT is that are there with us 1112 basically if you have some problem in the basics of geography so then you start from 6th only it will not take much time. You can start from that and then you come to 1112 now old NCRT if you would ask me geography is a very contemporary thing so it's not very much required that you read old NCRT of geography. I was simply interested in geography so I read it but I would not recommend it's too old so don't read it. So I restricted myself to NCRT's plus GC Lyom very selectively you read the climate part also I did not but you please read it because I didn't like it. I couldn't remember but you read it also some clouds chapter very selectively like you don't need to read the landform thing you can like the NCRT would suffice so very selectively read GC Lyom. Then okay ancient medieval ancient I read NCRT only plus for Buddhism Janism you can also read the Tamil Nadu board NCRT and for medieval you see medieval was very boring for me. So honestly I took up some classes and there were notes provided from that classes. I simply restricted myself to those notes and luckily I got one question from that those notes only so now it's my Bible if someone wants to give you otherwise if you don't want to take any I would say if you are not very much interested or you don't like medieval no take some classes particularly for medieval only because what that will do is when you hear something that that remembrance is more so when you hear something you'll also understand and then you'll remember more if you don't want to do that you can again restrict yourself to the boring NCRT. I didn't like it was too boring for me but the people who read that you have to read that then tell me the subject next what is it economics I restricted again limited sources restricted myself to the book is Shriram Shriram latest latest edition and this is the other book like the external book apart from that the NCRTs have to be read two three times at least if you don't want to read micro economics don't read it it's fine maybe you will not even understand but macro has read at least three or four times because questions will be from that only like it will be conceptual based even if it is a question on bonding and it's there in the NCRT people will be rushing for sources but you don't need to do that please restrict yourself to that macro economics book the 11th class book you can read for the trends in your economics but that is again old so compliment it with the current affairs Shriram is for the comprehensive coverage like you know the final revision will you will get from Shriram book which is again a guide sort of a thing but keep complimenting everything with your current affairs okay and excuse me my online here my name is Sanjana I have background with humanities I don't know how to deal with CSAT I don't have the mathematical ability or the skills to make you know go back to school days and do mathematics I'm well versed with the comprehension but mathematics is something I'm unable to do see set paper how to crack CSAT is my question how did you cope up with it? Let me complete the sources I'll get back to your question. Yeah, thank you. No, my economics also what I told you I'm repeating please note down any graphs any trends you get and economic survey you should read very nicely even if you don't want to read the entire economic service which has become very lengthy these days also and not very interesting so what you do you at least read the summary and not at least you have to read the summary at least three or four times you don't need to make notes out of that economic survey because anyways the summary is not only the second volume you can give less importance but it has the data points so whatever data points you think and the trends whatever trends and data points you think are absolutely necessary please please remember that and volume one has to be absolutely on your tips only then budget you have to be very well versed with the budget you read the original budget I would recommend maybe later for remembering and learning sake you can take any summary of any Institute which will help you in revising but please read the original budget also two or three times which I also did and I read it before interview also so before every stage read the budget read the economic survey what economic servant budget will do is it will give you also it will give you value addition in your gs3 paper so for means also you read it and prelims absolutely necessary right what else science and tech you restrict yourself only to the current affairs portion because anyways if you are if you are well versed with physics you can maybe attempt the static physics questions but if you are not from a biology background I would recommend you not attempting those questions because sometimes it can be really really technical like sometimes even I have to think that what the answer would be so you will please do not attempt any bio question if you are not from the bio background so for science and tech you can only read the current affairs from any monthly and focus on the Sunday newspaper the Hindu for science and tech right what else what are the subject is left ma'am right international relations again current has to be you have to be well versed with for international relations what you can do is the editorials whenever there are editorials and I know focus on them very very specifically because if there is a there is an editorial on quad or maybe India US so they'll also give you a background so that is a spoon feeding for you you do not have to go to any you know any static book because mostly the IR questions will be two three you will get but they'll be mostly current phase so you focus on current but for the background what you do you you can search the internet also like you don't need to read big books for IR because if you're optional is not PSIR so simply restrict yourself to the current affairs and give a background the backward linkage you can give by internet so and what you will say ethics so ethics again there is a book on by Atul Garg sir you read that because that book you will have to read at least five or six times to imbibe it within you because it will give all generic points but it will be very nice language and you can use those exact lines in the exam so please read that book at least four to five times before the exam plus the exercise that I told you elaborately earlier the keywords and stuff so this book will suffice everything it has everything for case studies also you can take this book it is in two volumes one is case study and case studies are also wonderfully given so even if you don't want to go for any particular ethics classes this would suffice any other subject that is left out art and culture the nct 11 class fine arts and nithin singhania if you do not want to read nithin singhania completely which is also not possible you read it very very selectively or the nithin singhania notes which are available in the market you can read that because that is enough if you want to take the book you do not go by those calendar and all those chapters which are there at the end only go by the very important selective chapters whichever you find in the previous year papers or the topics which are there in your finance those topics only elaborately read from nithin singhania also anything else okay I just did it I mean it's it's very very simple it's not that high five even what's your language Hindi also in English so then that I can't tell you but yes English what you can do again you see the previous year questions they'll be manageable for you simply do two three papers which I didn't do but you do if you're asking me you do if you think there is some doubt in your mind you do that but don't go for any specific preparation for English as such if your subject is Hindi you can you can take us basic book of parayawachi shabd and will ohm shabd all that you can do very very basic like very simple these are as a child whose ka bachya ka putha the parayawachi of bachya was asked so all that very very basic you do otherwise anyways the qualifying marks you will get through essay and other Grammar stuff only it's not very tough it's very simple don't worry also just covered agriculture should be from the current only there is no specific book we have not been able to come up with a specific book till now but in every compilation you get a particular thing of agriculture right you have a subtopic of agriculture focus on that focus on the current affairs prelims questions on agriculture if that's what you're talking about try to use logic if you can't leave it is there will be two three questions if you don't know the cropping pattern if you don't know something about anything don't do it some part will be covered in your human geography also like if you're talking about a question that was green Grammar and something it was very simple it does not need any specific knowledge per se and there is a myth that yes this year there were many agriculture questions and we need a particular specific book for that but at least two to four questions were very much easily solvable by logic only like the big bud chip thing that question was there that was very much solvable by logic simple very basic logic even the green gram question that I'm talking about it was also I don't remember the question but I could eliminate two options and I got to the answer so you don't need any specific agriculture knowledge whatever knowledge you gain out of human geography and the environment part of the agriculture and the current of it that is more than enough do not over stress on any specific thing whatever you're reading no just keep imbibing everything and keep correlating in your head it'll be fine don't over stress about simply are not an agriculture is so it's okay. Okay, that's it. Yes, okay. First of all what you do is you read if you have fear fact you know read the six seventh eighth nct book when you start find you start finding it boring. No then stop and come to the 11 12 nct books read the multiple times solve two three questions see some you know you can go for mapping all that is very interesting. No keep a map in your room. I had two maps India and world and whatever I used to read in the newspaper when I used to myself located if I was not able to then I used to look into the internet but this gave me that interest in geography like if I'm reading some every there was a lot going about Afghanistan so there were many cities of Afghanistan coming up so then I used to keep it in my yes this is in Afghanistan now when I'm seeing Afghanistan no I'll also see its bordering countries then I'll also see how much border it shares with India does it share border with like that so when you start asking questions to your son and it'll be great if you have some fear factor what you do you read geography talk to someone about it you keep roaming about you go for some traveling and then you see which river this is which land form this is this will give you an interest in geography because geography I find it personally very interesting because you see it around yourself then you see about Delhi if you're in Delhi see how much elevation Delhi has the ridge area in Delhi what what is the rainfall pattern of Delhi you see about your state what is the rainfall pattern of your state that'll give you sort of interest you read 11th class book two three times maybe that'll bring out interesting and if you have some problem in geography you can go for some videos because that will be even great. They'll give you some picturization and all that so you can go for some videos of geography. Okay, coming to the question online question of humanities background and tackling mathematics so if you're not very if you're not very fine with the mathematics of 10th grade also then I would recommend that you go for some classes which are going on for math the basic math classes if you take for a humanities background I would say that you take classes only because to be on the safe side. It is not possible and it is not very it it's not possible to ignore quant and reasoning. So I would say first of all take classes and even during the classes try solving PYQ and then you know keep practicing by a book of Arihant or any book which has a multiple questions on one particular topic and try solving that that will give you confidence on so and it will help you solve the questions also when you are taking classes focus on the areas which are mostly asked like averages are asked profit losses are percentages are asked these are very simple topics also time and work these four are very simple you can tackle them very easily once you are well versed with the formulae and the logic behind solving that so take classes if you're not very comfortable with math and then go for practice from a book also and from PYQ anything else from the online students. Okay, okay. Thank you so much and all the best to all of you for everything in life also one thing do not take UPSC as the starting and end of your life. Please do not keep any baggage. If your parents are doing something for you know, it is their duty do not think they are doing too much. I'll have to return all of this and that and don't keep that baggage in your head. I'm telling this because I used to do it. So please don't do it. Whatever the people are doing for you this it's for you. It is meant to be for you nature has kept it for you. So don't think that this person is doing this. I am useless. I'm a failure. No failures are the stepping stone of success. This line you must have heard hundreds of times, but I am the example of this line because this was my fourth attempt. This was the first time I cleared prelims. So I mean I have attempted many other exam also. So if you want an example of failure, I'm standing before you please don't fear any failure in life any failure. Yes. No, no, I did not leave even once and this was my fourth attempt 2017 first attempt. So thank you and all the best. Yes. So first I'll have to see the syllabus if it's the same then generally for Zoology I should have. Okay. So I would like to know if the person's background is Zoology or no, no, I mean he has he done BSC in Zoology or okay, okay, and what is the background? So if I can know even if he's a biologist and I can tell in that Zoology basic rate from do I mean which? Okay, so that much is enough. It's okay. Okay, so that's enough. So if you're if the optional is Zoology and BSC is from Zoology, so then it is of its very convenient for you because whatever syllabus you have in BSC the same syllabus you will have in optional also what you have to do is that you have to restrict yourself like in BSC we used to write really long answers even for a 15 marker 20 marker. We used to fill up pages. What this you do not have to do here. You again have to restrict yourself and the note making habit that you that comes in handy from the GS that will help you so make notes for every subtopic this time you cannot go by reading all books like we used to read in BSC what you do is make subtopics for every for every sub make notes for every subtopic one thing that I did was there are notes of evolution Institute available. So I took them as complimentary with the books and notes of my own now notes. I mainly made for the topics that I found them difficult. I kept the diagrams very handy and you can like there are some topics which you cannot find from one source of the book to what you can do. You can simply read those Institute notes. They are very comprehensive and they'll cover everything. Now what I did was I thought that I'll try to include diagrams and flow charts in most of this world you questions because being a science student. This is what comes in handy and this is what gives easy visibility to the examiner also so focus on answer writing answer writing practicing more because we are very emotional while writing an optional answer. We like to include everything but try to include only things that are also do not ignore anything that is there in the syllabus. There might be something that were deleted from your BSC and now you have it. So please focus on them also. I am not sure about the if there is some difference in the zoology optional syllabus of forest and civil but if it is the same then the strategy would be same only that focus on diagrams flow charts bullet points and try to make notes on most of the subtopics because our syllabus is very extensive. So for paper one the Zoology paper one you everything has to be ratified like for vertebrates invertebrates don't make notes go with the Kotpal book that we used to read in BSC also but for all the other things especially in the paper to like genetics biotechnology all of that you can make notes also it would be really great if in paper to you can include some contemporary things like if biotechnology if there is a question on biotechnology so if you can write something about the three parent baby so that will be great that will give you a value addition and focus on paper one because it is less scoring. So you know keep revising it six seven eight times so that you can remember it in the example.


Dickinson gets an 11-10 win over Stevenson here tonight night one of the Mustang classic Glenn Clark with head coach David Webster Coach, I believe we would need to start with your ride when we talk about what it is that you're able to do tonight Tell me about how that came together and really sort of turn the tide in this game Well, that's that's my assistant coach clip who was a goalie at Bucknell, which is they're known for their ride So he brought that to our program a couple years ago and the guys have really bought into it And it can be a game-changer and he's an excellent coach and has done that Remarkably well and the guys have really invested in it really was and made the world a difference in the second half As the game went on the other thing it jumped out to me. You had to play back up goalie And now you know he came in a week ago played well for you and he follows that up with another great performance tonight What can you say about Patrick Scarborough and the situation that he's been put in? Pat's all all-heart this was his first start and and he just man He embraced it and just owned it and everybody had his back and we all believed in him He played with great confidence Terrific job in the ride and getting ground balls out of the goal and made a ton of saves So really proud of him. There was a lot a lot of good there coach To win a game like this this event this environment What does this do, you know, you're off to this great start at six and no you now had to win back-to-back close hard-fought games What does this do for your program and how good do you feel about what your team has proven? It can do when pushed in in tough situations like this. Yeah, I feel great about it But you know at this event you got a right away get ready for that next one So we're already there We're already focused in on a great Dennis and team and getting ready for that And we'll be able to review this in a couple days, but right now it's that next one I understand I understand but pretty good wins pretty good back-to-back wins with that in mind Being being being able to just be back here and have the event back You know what what it means to your program what it means the entire sport of lacrosse This is the premier event and I think in college across not not just Division 3 But it's it's just so much fun. Paul does an amazing job Stevenson the whole institution hosts just an incredible event and so much fun be back together It's great to have you here coach. Congratulations on another hard-fought victory. We look forward to seeing you back out here tomorrow All right. Awesome. Thank you all. He's David Webster. I'm Glenn Clark. Go Mustang sports.com


noticed this problem, OK. Now that... I show you that studying F1 is enough to understand the troubles. And then I quickly mentioned the work of waitingINAUDIBLE. After waiting letting was also Arnold, Arnold produced this work when it was 22, I guess, I guess you are aging... maybe you are older than you. You are still late for... It's a bit depressing, you see, the age of dispersal. When they produce this masterpiece. OK, so now consider the most... climate situation. Let me assume that this stuff... Let me assume that this is... analytic. So admit a... where m is an integer. m is a vector with... m1, m2, mn. And each of these are integers. And so this is Fourier series on the angle. And I assume that this direct system go to zero exponentially fast. So a very, very, very, very, very climate assumption. And then I write the same... I try to look this in the same form. Let me use the same data. And I put this here. And I compute this. I have to compute this quantity. OK. And... OK, this is simple. So I have to... So I have h0, f1. This is the derivative h0 theta n f1 respect to i minus... This is zero. This is zero. This is omega. OK, this is omega. And so I have that... Oh, sorry. Let me put it here in minus. So I have this one. So the minus is this. And so I have some... Omega n i. And here I have this. So I use this formula. So I have some on m. When I perform the derivative, the derivative is only here. The derivative I have i, i, m, n. You see? I, m, n. And then I have f1, m. OK. This is the Poisson bracket. Then I have to repeat the same with the other term. And then compare... So let me... Let me consider the case where f0 is a certain action. So I have the minus, the derivative of f0, minus the sum of n, n, derivative of f0, respect to delta n, derivative of this, respect to i, n, plus the sum of n, f0, respect to i, n. This is zero. This is zero. This term is zero. This is delta. This is delta. This is delta. Because this is delta, j, n. And here... Here I have... Sorry. It's the same computation before. Here I have sum of m. When I derive this, I have h1, m, i, a, i, m, theta. And the derivative... I have an i, m, derivative of i, m, j. So I have to compare this with this. So I have an equation for f1. I hope that everything is correct. So what is... The important thing is this part. This part. So I have to compare this and what I have. So apparently I have the solution because I have f1, m, i, equal to what? Equal h1, m, i, and... We have some decoration. Some decoration is not important. What is important is that... I have to divide by this term. This is the important term. Sum on n omega n, i, m, n. This is the important stuff. And apparently I solved the problem. This is the problem of the denominator. So you know this. You know this. You know this. So apparently you solved the problem. But now you have to be sure that this is possible to do. There are two possibilities. That omega is rational. The frequency are rational among them. Or are irrational. If they are rational, there is a problem. But you can say, this is a rare number. The mathematicians say rational. Who care rational? Rational are small. Are... Rare in the sense of the back measure. So, yeah. The situation, omega... The omega rational. No. But this you can decide that you don't consider the case with the rational omega. So the omega are irrational. So if are irrational, apparently you are happy because this is for sure different from zero. It's true that it's different from zero. But it can be arbitrary small. Because there are... But you have that. This is different from zero. But arbitrary small. So you can have some combination of m that this can be arbitrary small. And this is the end of the story. This is the end of the story. This approach cannot work because you have formally the solution. But the solution is meaningless because this can be arbitrary large. At least for certain m and certain region of the phase space. This is called small denominator problem. Small denominator this denominator which not can be small, but is small. For sure is small. For some value this is small. And this is the end of the story. So apparently this is terrible new. This is terrible new for all the people working in celestial mechanics. But apparently is a wonderful new. For us it means people working in statistical mechanics because in statistical mechanics is a wonderful result there is apparently a very positive consequence in statistical mechanics. Because if you have a conservation law for sure the system is not ergodic. This is clear. Now here you have not a conservation law. The result is the good direction. Maybe you can expect that since you have no conservation law then the system is ergodic. Ergodic is what you can hope. This idea is tempting. Even a genius like Rigo Fermi arrived to this wrong conclusion. Even Rigo Fermi arrived to the wrong conclusion which actually is wrong. And it is wrong for a very subtle reason. And the person who realized so you see that this result for the people working in celestial mechanics is very negative. People working in statistical mechanics apparently is positive. The situation is in between. It is in between the sense that the result is not so negative for the celestial mechanics but it is not so positive for statistical mechanics. So at the end both the community complain. As it is said in Italy mal comune mezzo gaudio. As it is said in English. For the Italian. OK. Now the rest of the story. Kolmogorov. Kolmogorov. This result was in blatant contrast with the fact that the people working in celestial mechanics perform in a naive way the perturbative computation with also rather good result. But apparently this result of one creation this is forbidden. In principle this is forbidden. But using this formal method of the expert of celestial mechanics the result are not so bad. And the reason that is not so bad has been understood by Kolmogorov. The reason is the following that this result this statement is that doesn't exist a conservation law in the whole phase space but it's not clear if it's possible to have a sort of local existence in the phase space. The idea is roughly there is the following. You see that this thing says OK apart in the region where this is more so you say if I remove the region where this is more maybe I can go on. It's not a joke to do this because you have to remove the part and you have to be sure that the part you remove is not the whole space. So this is the idea of Kolmogorov. Kolmogorov was able to prove the following. Kolmogorov and then the part on the motor. The following result. So you have H0I plus epsilon A1 H is one. OK. There is some hypothesis for example you have the hypothesis you have the omega the omega which are given by this stuff and you have the matrix determinant of this A must be different from zero and then you have some some regularity some regularity on this. OK. Some regularity on this. You have that. You have the following result. That. Four. Small. OK. So if epsilon equals zero you have the the tori. So the tori means I n equal constant and theta nt equal zero plus omega nt. OK. So you have the the motion involved on this tori like in donuts. Then you can then when epsilon is smaller when epsilon is smaller according to in buvankere this tori are destroyed. Right. But are destroyed generically but the fact that in a region let me call I don't know omega omega epsilon the region of omega epsilon the I the one is in order epsilon the formation of the tori for epsilon equals zero. OK. So it means that you imagine that you have this tori. These were epsilon equals zero. Then when you introduce epsilon instead of this you have something like that. But this not everywhere in a certain region. OK. Then the integral part of the work is that the measure of this region go to one where epsilon go to zero. This is an integral part. This is an integral part. We sense that OK. And this is so this means that there are always some situation where this is not true but there are a lot part of the phase where this is true. So this is this is the anonite OK. You have this OK. You have this OK. You have this this amytonian system with amytonian system you have that no no OK. You have this amytonian system. You see this is the integral part you are just two oscillator and then you have anonite integral part some cubic stuff and so according to then and then you you study this with the Poincaré map I guess Fabio introduced with the Poincaré map and so with the Poincaré map you understand if the system is regular or not OK. So for example this is here this depends on the energy. OK. If the energy is small then you have that the perturbation is small so you have that in the grid part of the phase space you have regular behavior this curve you see these are the the intersection of the so you have this sort of tube then you cut and you serve this OK. This means that you are looking these are the survived torai but there are some regions where this is not true you have this this is a unique trajectory this is chaotic region so you have that 99% of the region is regular but there are 1, 2% which is chaotic OK. Then of course this depends on the epsilon so in fact if you increase epsilon if you increase epsilon so you have that still remains some region but now are not so so big so if you increase again if you increase energy you have that so almost the full space is chaotic but remain still so you see that from the statistical statistical mechanics point of view these are disturbing these are disturbing in the area you don't want this OK. Why for people working in other field don't want this OK. This is the story. So you see that at the variance with the dissipative system in the dissipative system you have a sort of a transition chaos not in the Lorentz system so up to a certain control parameter value the system is somehow trivial and then after this critical value you have chaos in Hamiltonian system is different in Hamiltonian system you have no critical value of epsilon this is very this means that what happened increasing immediately the system is not is not integrable immediately and if small if epsilon is small you have that only in small region you see the trouble this is the difference the fact that in this case you have known attractor so you have known attractor this means that your result depends on the point where you start this is not true in dissipative system in dissipative system you start from any point after a certain transient you approach to an attractor here is different so this is a big difference between dissipative and Hamiltonian system infact the two communities are more or less split so the people who are experts in Hamiltonian system people who are experts in dissipative system ok now but let me so now let me just explain you that the Hamiltonian system usually the Hamiltonian system the first thing you have a system with bolts with springs these things this is true but there are very nice application of Hamiltonian system in a different contest for example in fluid dynamics let me explain why so imagine that you want to follow particle in a fluid so you have a fluid you have a fluid with a certain a certain velocity field ok let me consider the case in 2D in 2D ok and in compressive fluid since it is compressive this means that you have you have two components you have two components but you have a constraint this constraint so you understand that in some sense the two components cannot be independent ok and so one possibility is just to use one of the components but for tradition the people introduce what is called the string function such that u1 is equal u2 is equal to minus so you see that this is automatically this is true so this is the way to remove one of the two components instead of to decide to use u1 or 22 you use another quantity string function ok this is the elementary market now consider the following problem consider the problem that you put the dust in your in your field and you want to follow this dust ok this dust must be small enough in such a way you don't feel it ok but not too small otherwise you feel the brave emotion ok and this is actually what what happened in the experiment in Jofici the people put the balloons in the atmosphere what is this consider the boy the boy consider the boy the boys the boys in the in the ocean and so they follow so you study you study this equation ok this is the the question of the dust a small dust in the fluid follow are affected by the fluid ok and because of this so this means that we are x x equal x dot equal u1 y dot equal u2 but this is the derivative of this this is minus the derivative of this so you remember that if you have q dot equal derivative of h respect to p p dot equal minus derivative respect to q you have the same structure so you have the same structure instead instead we have q p h you have x y c ok so you have usually we consider the case where h is autonomous but now we allow h to be time dependent ok is not forbidden and why because it is the unique interest situation because in the case c is is autonomous the system is integrable the system integrable because p is conserved ok so now the you have that the do you want to study this problem with c equal a part which is stationary and a part which is time dependent particular periodic in time this for example when you imagine you want to study the dust how evolve so for example contaminant you want to be contaminant you have the velocity you have velocity field which change in time and you want to understand how this contaminant ok this problem this this problem is called a system with one degree of freedom and alpha why because one but then alpha because there is also the time and this is this is the first non-trivial problem you can try to understand in a Victorian system why and because in order to understand where this is the the problem you can reformulate the problem in term of simplicity maps and so for example you can instead to look at x continuous time if this is periodic period let me call t I can define let me find x, n and y, n like this x at time n, t and of course of course I can I can write these two these two term as a function let me call this gamma gamma n so I have that gamma n plus 1 must be a certain function of gamma n of course because the system is deterministic and I look at any period so this is since the starting problem is a Newtonian this problem must be simplistic so you have a conservation of of the area so the fact that you have is let me put it here also epsilon ok when epsilon equals 0 where epsilon equals 0 you have a conservative system sorry you have an integrable system then where epsilon is different from 0 you have a in an integrable system you want to understand how this behaves ok this is at theoretical level is the simplest nontrivial question you can you can wonder ok even these have been studied by Poincari always Poincari ok and it introduces the idea of which is extremely important and powerful the idea of homoclinic intersection I don't want to discuss in the tables I have no time but just to give you what it means so imagine but it is necessary to pass technically to pass for the imagine that you have pendulum just pendulum you have pendulum you have p squared over 2 minus cosine of p ok you have something like that and so forget the constant so you have something like that so this is the potential ok this is the potential this is the potential so you see that if you are at this energy you have a periodic motion so you have relations cosine of q q q sorry and this is the potential and and so if you look at the qp so here you have something like that ok and if you are here you have if you are here you have something like that you have open line you have the this is the oscillation and vibration ok if you are exactly at this energy if you are exactly at this energy you have if you are exactly at this energy you have something like that you have something like that these two points coincide of course you have exactly like that so tzv.��� hill wall Dynamic highlight.ion v predovitec, to je je sought-up. Pa da ga se jažem, ja stabal,FF oj. Vskega, srečna, Produkti no naprej, 4-e Mojaff italija, Co zelo? Osoba je...... you see you have this particular trajectory which is the which separates the... rotation from... libration from oscillation, if you are here, that doesn't... you don't see nothing particular. If you are here you don't see anything particular, In, kako jaz sem tukaj, tukaj je tukaj kandidej, kaj je kao. In, kako jaz sem tukaj, kaj jaz sem tukaj, kaj jaz sem tukaj, kaj jaz sem tukaj. Tukaj, ni tako vzadno v izgledu. To je vzadno. To je tukaj, kaj se kaj so pri aimsku, pa ta job delna vzadno אני. To je vzadno, ki je tako vzadno, ki je vzadno, ki je vzadno. Ki jaz sem dolgova, ki jaz sem dolgova, ki jaz sem dolgova, ki jaz sem dolgova, ki jaz sem dolgova. Zato se počim vidimo, ki jaz sem dolgova ozvr triječe. In vidiš, da vse predstavljeni, da vse predstavljeni, vse predstavljeni kaos. To je poslednje, da poživajte. To je nekaj izgled, nekaj poživajte. In kako se zelo, nekaj nekaj vse predstavljeni, nekaj, ta kombinacija kajos in regulari. Zame, kako imam tukaj pravda? Zato je inštačnja aplikacija v geofiziku. Zato je inštačnja aplikacija v geofiziku. Zato v geofiziku je... v geofiziku je nekaj tukaj. In tukaj je tukaj večo mekanizma, kaj je tukaj opočen. Če, čas čas smo se zazaj, čas si posledajte, je pri vse z pošličenje v vso vseh stacijnega vseh vseh stacija, čas je, čas je, čas je, čas je vseh stacija, čas je vseh stacija. V zelo v sežite, v naturalnje stvari se počkaj vseči se vseči začne. A zato počkaj se vseči izvah vseči na odličnji vseči. Prezat, zato vseči je zelo potrožen. Zato je bilo vseči vseči odličnji vseči začnji. Zato se počkaj se izvah vseči. In, izgledaj, to je zdravitko, bo to je laminarstv. To je laminarstv.  To je neko nekaj idejo, ki je Arno, neko neko Arno, in ki je vse zelo vse zelo vse zelo, ali, nekaj, zelo, zelo, zelo, zato sem zelo vzelo vse zelo, x dot equal u x t. Zato vedimo, da, even if this vector field is smooth, simple, apparently simple, you can have chaos, why not? No, but if you translate this in terms of fluid dynamics, apparently it is a paradox, because you have that field, when you look at the field, it is very smooth, very regular, then when you put dust, dust performs strange behavior. Which apparently is a paradoxical situation, but if you look from the point of view of dynamical system, it's not paradoxical at all. This remark is due to Arnold many, many years ago, and actually you can have that even very, very simple velocity field, just with sine, cosine, and so on, can produce astonishingly complicated Lagrangian transport. This, for example, the people working in fluid dynamics, working in geophysics, they, the idea of Arnold was in 66, something like that. And geophysics upset this idea at least 20 years later, maybe even 30. The sum, in Italy, very few geophysicists accept this idea, because they refuse to enter in two mathematical tools. OK, I guess I can stop here. Tomorrow we will have this written exam. Of course it will be not on this part. So my suggestion, look at the maps, look at Peron Frobenius, look at the Godissi, the exam will not be too serious. OK, thanks. Do you have questions? So this last part, I understand, is a bit too dense, but just to give you an idea that dynamical system is not just a game of simple stuff, no, we can enter in real physics. OK, this is just to mention that there are real applications, for example, in geophysics. OK, so thank you very much, Angelo.