Hello, today we are going to be creating fab or generating fab icons for our website. What is a fab icon? When you go to a website, up in the tab of your web browser, there'll be a little icon sometimes for that website. It's also important if you're adding shortcuts to your home screen on your phone, it's nice to have that icon. That's the fab icon that's usually used. It's also used in a few other places like in Google searches, it might show the icon for your website. Different browsers and different devices will use different icons, so you need to have a few different formats and then you just put a little bit of code in your HTML. So that's what we're going to look at today. There's a website that I've been using for years. There's lots of websites out there. This one I have found to be the best, I've used it for years. As the standards have changed, they've updated their website and they just make it super simple. So I'm going to show you what a fab icon is, how it works and then we'll create one for a page. Here we are at my website. If you look up here in the tab, there's a little icon. It's the same as this picture of Tux right here, my fab icon. So how does that work? So if I was to go to a mobile device such as here in Brave, this is my website. If I was to say add to home screen, there I'll say add and then add to home screen and when I close this out, you'll see it has the icon there. Unfortunately, Android, a few versions back, they automatically put the web browser icon on top of your icon, which is a little annoying. Depending on your launcher, you could get rid of that. Let's go ahead and generate one. What you're going to do is Google search for fab icon generator. The one I like is realfabicongenerator.net. I'll put a link in the description. Here we'll select an icon. I'm going to use an SVG but you can use a PNG or a JPEG. We'll go ahead and click on that and it's going to upload it and what's going to do is it's going to resize it to all these different sizes and formats for different devices. If it is a really low resolution, it will warn you you should use a higher resolution. It's going to give you a preview here. This is what's going to look like on a desktop in the tab, on a Google search, on a mobile search. What it's going to look like on iOS. You can see this icon may not be the best for iOS because it has that square around it and they're cutting off the corner. It looks a little weird. You could choose to change it at this point and Android. It looks fine for Windows Metro. That's what it's going to look like. Mac OS Safari always just looks horrible. Clearly, they just want some sort of mask icon there. There might be some options you can change here to make that look better. I don't even worry. I don't care about them. Next, we're going to choose where we want to put this icon. If we're doing something for our entire site, you're going to put it in the root directory of your site. I each page, I'm going to have a different icon. Here, I'm just going to say icons. When I create a page, I'm going to create a subdirectory called icons, in which case I'm going to put all the icons in there. The only other thing you might want to change is here. If you go app name, you can click here and change the app name, which will change what it says when you make a shortcut on your mobile device and should change like mine says, films by Chris up here, but I'll just leave that as a default. I will say generate. We'll take a few moments to generate. By default, if you don't have a Fav icon, it's going to look like this little earth symbol here, or might be different depending on your web browser, but a little global symbol there. What I'm going to do is, I'm in this directory for that site. It's filmsbychris.com, forward slash scripts, forward slash 2023, forward slash Fav icon underscore example two this time. I'm in that directory on my web page and in here is just the HTML, so it's just this web page, very, very basic. I'm going to make a directory called icons because that's where I said I'm going to put my icons. I will move into that directory and on the Fav icon generator page, it has created Fav icon package for me. I can download it by clicking on this, but since I'm working on my web server, what I'm going to do is I'm going to copy that link and I'm just going to Wget that Fav icon zip file. I will unzip it and then I can at this point remove the Fav icon zip file. So you can see it's created all these different size PNGs for different formats, platforms, I guess I should say, and also creates a little manifest file here. The only other thing I need to do is go back into my index HTML and in my header here, I am going to copy and paste this code just like that. Now if I go back to this page and I refresh it, now it has that little icon there. And if I was to go to my mobile device, scripts, forward slash 2023, Fav icon example two, don't really see anything in the browser here on a mobile device. But if I click add to home screen, you can see it's using that icon. I can give it a new name. If I changed the app name on the Fav icon website, it will make put that in there, but I can name it whatever I want and then click add and add to home screen. And again, it will add that icon there with the little brave or whatever web browser use icon there. I this is a test device on my most of my devices. I use a launcher called lawn chair. And with that, I can long press it and say edit or customize and then I can pick whatever icon I want. But unfortunately, Android years ago, they decided to put this little they didn't used to put the icon of the browser there, which is super annoying because you can also set this up when you click on it. Like in this particular case, notice there is no toolbar at the top. So the Fav icon generator website, I'm assuming it's in their manifest file that we were looking at it tells it to get rid of that toolbar. So it really feels like a native app. There's no address bar at the top. It's still using brave in the background. But when I clicked on it, it's going to give the icon as a loading screen until it loads this page load pretty fast. If not, it would show that icon for a little bit longer. But again, full screen, well, besides your little toolbars here, but I mean, it doesn't have the address bar. I don't think my website, see, my website still shows the address bar up here because I created the Fav icon so long ago. I probably should update that. But with the new generated code, it doesn't show that and it makes it feel like a native app besides that little brave icon on top of your icon. So this is super useful. People can add shortcuts to your website. It's very clear what site it is because of the icon. The only drawback to this, as I have found, for example, sometimes when people will update brave all their shortcuts on their home screen will disappear. I've seen it happen a number of times to different people. It's happened to me. It's super annoying. And that's why these days I usually package my websites as APKs if I'm going to share them with somebody that prevents that from happening. And I went over that in a previous video on doing just that. So check out my previous videos. I thank you for watching. Please visit filmsbychrist.com. That's Chris the K. There's a link in the description as always. I hope that you have a great day.


Hi, I'm Kim karaoke. I'm a data analyst with a market theme. This is where I work. Let's go in. I feel like I'm doing more I like working at elderly. I love the opportunity to grow and to do new challenging things It's a very open-door policy people love to assist each other and to help you develop I Work with people from very diverse backgrounds Some are international from Europe from Asia from the US or a lot of Kenyans as well and others from East Africa There's a very good mix of specialities here too. Not just scientists, but sociologists Anthropologists and economists and people with a whole lot of other skill sets and academic experience Here I'm at the main gate There are a number of organizations on the Ilri campus and this works fine because many of our scientists collaborate on projects There is a wide range of laboratories and facilities on our campus in Nairobi come on. Let me show you some This is the Ilri farm. It's roughly 70 hectares and at last count. We had 167 cattle 13 goats and 41 sheep This is a small animal unit. We are standing outside the liquid nitrogen plant Let's go in and take a look. Okay. So where are we now? We're in lab three. This is our training lab Okay, it's one of seven labs and here we have people from all over the region who've come to work with us. Okay Previously before these facilities a lot of these projects were scattered around the world even outside of Africa working on African problems So now we have a lot of students and scientists who are coming to address the problems in context on the ground We've had visitors like Bill Gates the president of Kenya officially opened our labs after the renovation last year a Lot of my colleagues at Cambridge before I moved here asked me what would it be like working in Kenya? And I've been very pleasantly surprised. It's at the cutting edge of science and we have top scientists and visitors coming all the time looking for collaborations and Looking to support what we're doing here and it really makes for a vibrant and dynamic environment


If I hold this bowling ball at some height then we say that the ball has gravitational potential energy and the reason we say that is because if I let go of that bowling ball then gravity can do work on that ball. Now the question we want to try and answer in this video is exactly how much potential energy does this ball have. Meaning if I know the mass of this ball let's say it's m and I know exactly how high it is what is the potential energy that's what we want to try and figure out. Alright so how do we do this? I think we can do that if we understand exactly the meaning of this word. So what is the meaning of the word energy? Energy is the capacity to do work. It's a number which tells how much work you can do. So what would be gravitational potential energy? It is the capacity of gravity to do work. How much work gravity can do? So over here if gravity can do let's say hundred joules of work in moving that ball down then we will say gravitational potential energy is hundred joules. If gravity can do only two joules of work then we will say it's potential energy is only two joules. Okay so from this we can immediately say the gravitational potential energy by definition should equal how much work gravity can do on the ball. Gravity can do on the ball. Now before we begin you may be wondering why is it called potential? What is this meaning of potential? Well in short what it means is if I were to let go of this ball then gravity will start pulling on it and that ball gains kinetic energy right? It starts moving. So it's basically saying that the ball has the potential to gain kinetic energy that's basic idea behind this. And of course we have talked a lot about potential energies and kinetic energies in a previous video called energy. Alright so if you need more clarity on that great idea to go back and watch that video. Okay so let's calculate the work done on the ball. How do I calculate work? Well in physics work done is force acting on an object multiplied by the displacement of their object. So that means all we have to do is calculate how much force is acting on this ball multiplied by how much displacement this ball gets. Alright so how much force is acting on this ball? Which force are we talking about? Well since we are dealing with gravity we are talking about the gravitational force and we have seen before the force of gravity on any object is just mass times the gravitational acceleration mg. We also call this as the weight of that ball. Okay and how much displacement can this ball get? Well if I just drop this ball the ball will fall all the way from here to here and so the displacement of that ball is just going to be the height. And so what do you think will happen if I multiply force and displacement? What will I get? Can we just pause the video and think about this? Alright we'll get force which is the weight mg times displacement which is the height and so this is the gravitational potential energy of the ball. It's m times g times h. Let's take some numbers. Let's say the mass of our bowling ball is 2 kilograms and imagine we raise it to a height of say 3 meters. Can you calculate how much potential energy this ball will have? Go ahead substitute and see how much you'll get. Okay so if we substitute we'll get mass which is 2 kilograms. I'm not going to write the units and the reason for that is because I already know the units of my potential energy. Since the energy is the same as work done the unit of energy will be the same as work done which is joules and everything is in standard units so our answer is going to be in joules. Okay so I'll not put in the units. So 2 kilograms times g how much is g? g is 9.8 but we can take it as 10. We can round it off. Times the height which is 3, 3 meters and how much does that give us? That gives us 3 twos are 6. 6 times 10 is 60. So the potential energy of this ball is 60 joules and what does that mean? This means that if I let go of this ball then gravity will do 60 joules of work in pushing that ball or pulling that ball from here to here. Now before we wrap up this video one doubt I always had is should I calculate this height always from the ground itself? Here's what I mean. Imagine I'm holding a bowling ball on the first floor of a building. Now to calculate the potential energy over here should I calculate the height from the floor of that room or should I calculate the height from the ground floor of that building? Which height should I take? What do you think? This was my biggest confusion. Well you can take any height you want it all depends upon the situation. For example if you're dropping this ball on the first floor then it'll go and hit the floor over here. This is the lowest point right so this is kind of the ground for us. In that case it just makes sense to say that this is the height and so we'll get a smaller value of potential energy and that means gravity can only do work from here to here. So less potential energy. On the other hand if you were to take that ball and throw it outside the balcony first of all you should never throw a bowling ball outside the balcony but let's say you did. Now that ball can fall all the way down to the ground. So now it makes sense to say this is the height of that ball and so you'll get a larger potential energy for that same position because now gravity can do more work from here all the way till here. So yeah your potential energy completely depends upon what you choose as your ground and you're free to choose whatever whichever level you want as your ground and what I like to do is whenever I'm calculating potential energy of any object I will take the lowest point that object can go as my ground and calculate the height from there. So if I'm dropping the ball on the first floor itself then to calculate the potential energy of the ball over here I would just take this as the height and just to give you another example let's say we're dealing with a pendulum. Imagine that Bob is attached to a string and we can make it swing and now if I want to know what is the potential energy of the ball over here again I will think what is the lowest point that ball can come in this experiment. So here if I let go of the ball notice the ball can swing to this. This is the lowest point the ball can come after that the ball will go again go up there right. So in this case it just makes sense to say this as our ground level and this as the height to calculate the potential energy of the ball at this point. So to summarize what did we learn in this video. We learned how to calculate the potential energy of anybody due to gravity and how do we do that. Well we calculate how much work gravity can do and just like any work we multiply force into displacement. The force over here is the force of gravity and the displacement will just be the height giving us MGH which means if you ever forget this equation no problem if you just go back to the basics of work done you can always derive it in one step and if you ever get confused about from where should you calculate that height where is your ground in general and you are free to choose whichever level as you want as your ground and what I like to do is that in any experiment I ask myself what is the lowest point that object can reach in that experiment and then call that as my ground and calculate the height from there to calculate potential energy.


Hi, my name is Ryan Guy, and if you're watching this video, you are interested in taking my fully online Fundamentals of Public Speaking course. In the past, this was a course that was only offered in a face-to-face modality. Recent improvements in video conferencing technology have made it possible for us to offer this class in a fully online format. This presents an opportunity for folks to practice and improve their public speaking skills without the need to physically come to campus. As you consider taking this class, there are a couple of things that you should keep in mind. First, as you may have noticed on Pirates Net, there is still a listed meet time for this class. These live class meetings take place each week via our campus video conferencing software. The specific time for your class section can be found in the course description on Pirates Net. In order to join these sessions, you will need access to a computer, a webcam, and a fast enough internet connection to be able to video conference. I find if you can watch HD videos on YouTube or Netflix, then your connection is fast enough. Additionally, to take full advantage of our campus video conferencing software, you will need to use an actual computer. If you have access to a laptop or a desktop computer with a webcam, you should be all set. Currently, smartphones lack the needed functionality to be able to fulfill the needed course requirements. It is important to understand at the outset that these live class sessions are a required part of the class. The speeches, which are the main graded component of the course, must take place in front of a live audience. Virtually attending the entire live session each week is how that is accomplished. If logging in and actively participating in the live class sessions is not something that you can commit to, then I encourage you to check out some of the other course offerings we have that fulfill the same course requirements as this class. If taking a class in this format sounds up your alley, then I look forward to having you in the course. The study and practice of public speaking can be very empowering. Learning the skills to literally find and amplify your own voice has a multitude of both personal and professional benefits. This course does not have a textbook that you need to buy. All of the readings and lectures come in the form of free open educational resources. You will be able to access everything you need via our class learning management system, Canvas.  Well, that is the online Calm 100 course in a nutshell. If you have any questions about it, feel free to send me an email. Thanks for watching this video and considering this class.


This video covers Part 3 of an Introduction to Cytology for Human Anatomy. We will cover the following objective, describe the structure and function of the major organelles and cell junctions. Here we can see an illustration of a prototypical human cell, although this is not indicative of any specific cell. It has most of the organelles found in cells within the human body. We will go through each of these different organelles starting off with the nucleus. That is the control center of the cell. The nucleus contains the genetic instructions. Those genetic instructions are found in chromosomes made of chromatin. The chromatin is made of DNA and proteins. DNA is the genetic material that forms a double helix structure. DNA is a long polymer, a long strand made from nucleotides that are abbreviated A, T, G and C. The DNA helix has two strands, it is a double helix. Those two strands are complementary where there is always an A across from a T and a G across from a C. Each strand of the double helix contains a version of the genetic instructions. This allows DNA to be replicated by splitting the two strands and making a copy of each strand. The DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones to form structures called nucleosomes. The strand of nucleosomes together is wrapped up into the structure called chromatin that is densely wrapped together in a chromosome. The central dogma of genetics is the idea that DNA codes for genes and DNA can be read by a process called transcription where a copy of the gene is produced and that copy of the gene is produced with a different molecule called RNA. RNA is very similar to DNA, but the messenger RNA will then move out of the nucleus and serve as a message for the next step to produce a protein. The messenger RNA is then turned into, is read, the genetic instructions from the DNA that are now in the sequence of the RNA are translated in order to produce a protein. The genetic instructions move from DNA to RNA to protein in the process of transcription and then the process of translation. A protein is a sequence of amino acids. Proteins are the main functional molecules in our cells. There are many different types of proteins that perform specific functions including the membrane proteins that regulate the movement of chemicals in and out and serve as receptors in order to recognize hormones and chemical messages. The protein is made out of amino acids. We can see here the abbreviations for the amino acids, MET for methionine, PRO for proline. These are examples of amino acids and the sequence of the nucleotides that are in the RNA is a code for specific amino acids. A sequence of three different nucleotides in RNA is a codon that codes for an individual amino acid. Each amino acid has a specific codon so that the amino acids don't share any codons. A specific three nucleotide sequence represents a specific amino acid although there could be more than one codon that represents an individual amino acid and it turns out that there are about 20 amino acids, 20 amino acids that are commonly used to produce proteins in translation. Summarized here is the flow of genetic information from the DNA inside the nucleus to messenger RNA, the process of transcription, and then from the messenger RNA moving out into the cytoplasm, into the cytosol to be translated in this process of translation. The messenger RNA is red and a protein is synthesized. Protein synthesis is translation and the organelle that performs translation is called a ribosome. There are ribosomes that are freely floating in the cytosol and these look like small dark bodies that are small dark spots that can be seen in an electron microscope image. They're much too small to see with a light microscope but they're also found in another organelle, a membranous organelle called the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum is surrounding the nucleus. The nucleus has a double membrane. There are two layers of lipid bilayer forming the nucleus, an inner and outer membrane, and the outer membrane of the nucleus is continuous with a network of fluid filled coiled tubes forming the endoplasmic reticulum. There are two different divisions of the endoplasmic reticulum called the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Endoplasmic reticulum is commonly just abbreviated ER. The rough ER contains many ribosomes embedded in the plasma membrane. There are many ribosomes embedded in the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and their function is to translate messenger RNA producing protein. The major function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is protein synthesis, especially the synthesis of proteins that are destined to be secreted from the cell or destined to join the plasma membrane at the surface of the cell or the plasma membrane in another organelle. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have ribosomes and so the ribosomes are what give the rough appearance, the small dots that stud the rough endoplasmic reticulum and without those dots the endoplasmic reticulum has a smooth appearance and is known as the smooth ER. The functions of the smooth ER are important for lipid metabolism. There are proteins called enzymes inside of the smooth ER that are important for metabolizing lipid chemicals that is nonpolar chemicals, for example cholesterol and steroids which are types of hormones. Steroids are hormones that are produced from cholesterol and so cholesterol metabolism occurs inside of the endoplasmic reticulum in the smooth ER. The Golgi apparatus is a stack of flat membranous discs, another organelle in the cell that's produced from membranes and the Golgi apparatus receives vesicles from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and those vesicles get processed through the Golgi apparatus and proteins that have been synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are sorted inside the Golgi apparatus. Then these vesicles, these small membranous compartments will bud off from the Golgi apparatus and they can follow different pathways to either go join another organelle or to join the plasma membrane at the surface of the cell where they could be a membrane renewal vesicle adding phospholipids and cholesterol and receptor proteins, transporter proteins and channels to the plasma membrane or they could be a secretory vesicle that releases hormones or neurotransmitters or enzymes out of the cell, excretes things out of the cell by exocytosis. Another type of vesicle that could be formed is a organelle called a lysosome or a paroxysome and so these are specialized types of vesicles that have different enzymes inside of them. A lysosome is specialized vesicle containing proteolytic digestive enzymes. Here we can see the example of the function of a lysosome inside of a type of leukocyte called a macrophage that's a cell specialized for phagocytosis. So in phagocytosis the cell wraps its plasma membrane around a particle in the extracellular space and brings that particle in to a vacuole and then that vacuole can merge with a lysosome. The lysosome contains digestive enzymes that will then break down the particle, break down the proteins in the particle and then those, the products of the protein being broken down, the amino acids can then be used to produce new proteins that are important for the cell's function. The paroxysome is a vesicle that's filled with special enzymes, oxidase enzymes and these enzymes are important for detoxifying harmful substances. They also have a role in lipid metabolism in the oxidation of long chain fatty acids but to detoxify harmful substances, for example alcohol and formaldehyde become oxidized by oxidase enzymes that are found in the paroxysome and the production of hydrogen peroxide is a common part of the function of the enzymes in the paroxysome and so because there's hydrogen peroxide inside of these vesicles that's where the name paroxysome comes from and there are enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide or break down other highly reactive species, highly reactive chemicals that contain oxygen things called reactive oxygen species which can be free radicals meaning they have an unpaired electron and are highly reactive and can damage other chemicals so the enzymes inside the paroxysome can neutralize these free radicals and also break down hydrogen peroxide and produce water and so in the process of neutralizing the oxidants the paroxysome produces water but protects our body from the damaging effects of these highly reactive oxidant chemicals the mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell the organelle that's responsible for producing ATP the cellular energy currency that's used by proteins here we can see the structure of the mitochondria has a double membrane there's an outer membrane which itself is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it and then there's a highly folded inner membrane which is also a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it and the folds of the inner membrane are known as the cristae of the mitochondria and this folded structure creates a large amount of surface area for proteins that are embedded in the inner membrane that perform the process of oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria where ATP is produced this process uses oxygen and produces ATP and so it's known as oxidative phosphorylation mitochondria also perform other metabolic reactions that are important for supporting oxidative phosphorylation the citric acid cycle is a process at the end of the breakdown of glucose where carbon dioxide is being produced and the citric acid cycle supports oxidative phosphorylation by providing high energy electrons to the electron transport chain of the oxidative phosphorylation process the process of fatty acid oxidation also occurs inside of the mitochondria and supports oxidative phosphorylation the mitochondria also contains its own DNA it has a circular structure a DNA with a circular structure unlike the DNA in our nucleus that has a linear structure and this is one of the things that hints at the origin of mitochondria the idea that the idea known as the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of mitochondria is that mitochondria were previously free-living bacteria that became engulfed brought into cells by phagocytosis and then lived inside of those cells that eventually became our cells and the cells of other eukaryotic organisms all the plants and fungi and all the animals the cytoskeleton literally translated as the cells skeleton is an internal framework within the cell of fibrous proteins that helps to support the structure of the cell and support organelles and also facilitate the movement of organelles within the cell and regulate the shape of the cell and can contribute to the movement of cells and the changes of the shape of the cell there are three major classes of cytoskeletal elements microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments microtubules are hollow tubes they're the largest size you can see 25 nanometer diameter of a large hollow tube called a microtubule which is made out of the protein tubulin which forms dimers and so there's an alpha and beta unit of the tubulin dimer and many of these tubulin dimers are strung together in a long polymer forming the tube of tubulin and so the tube of the microtubule is a cytoskeletal element that radiates out around the nucleus and it's important for anchoring organelles in place and providing a framework for organelles to move around on so there are motor proteins that bind to the microtubules and can move organelles throughout the cell and during cell division the microtubules are a framework that allows the chromosomes to be moved into the two daughter cells and so that's a special structure made of microtubules called the mitotic spindles that form during cell division microfilaments are the smallest of the cytoskeletal elements they're formed from the protein actin and so the actin subunits are strung together in polymers forming long chains that have a small diameter approximately 7 nanometers is the diameter of one of these fibers of a microfilament microfilaments are concentrated underneath the plasma membrane and they are important for regulating the shape of the cell and proteins can pull on actin in order to change the shape of the cell and this is how muscle cells contract when proteins called myosin pull on actin are able to change the shape of muscle cells during contraction Intermediate filaments are a large number of different protein fibers and they're sort of a catch-all, a medium group they're larger than the microfilaments and smaller than the microtubules here we can see an example of an intermediate filament called keratin actin provides the structure of our skin and hair and nails and intermediate filaments inside the cell help to provide a framework, a structure in the cell that attach to cell adhesion proteins proteins that are embedded in the plasma membrane and so the intermediate filaments that contribute to the cytoskeleton attach to the proteins the plasma membrane that help anchor cells to one another or to proteins in the extracellular environment the centrosome is an organelle formed from microtubules centrosomes are located near the nucleus and are consist of two units called centrioles so a pair of centrioles is called a centrosome and each centriole is made from short cylinders of microtubules and so you can see here that triplets of microtubules are bound together with other proteins and nine triplets arrange together form a cylinder called a centriole and two centrioles together form a centrosome the function of the centrosome is to direct the formation of microtubules cilia are extensions of the cell membrane on the surface of an epithelium we can see cilia in the respiratory tract they are important for moving mucus along the respiratory tract so cilia can beat back and forth in order to move mucus along the respiratory tract when we inhale particles they get trapped in the mucus lining the respiratory tract and the cilia of that mucus membrane are able to beat back and forth in order to move those particles out of the airway the flagella is in structure similar to a really large cilium so it has the same basic structure of a cilia where there are microtubules that extend out through cilia and flagella that are important for the movement and motor proteins that can pull on those microtubules in order to move the cilia or in this case the flagella the only example of a cell with a flagellum in the human body is the sperm cell the male gamete the sperm cell has a tail which is a flagellum that functions in order to allow the sperm to swim in order to repel itself microvilli are smaller extensions of the plasma membrane on the surface of epithelial cells the microvilli function to increase the surface area of a cell and an example of where you'd find microvilli are lining the digestive tract there's microvilli in the small intestine where nutrient absorption occurs to increase the surface area of the small intestine so that we can have a maximal amount of surface area to absorb nutrients across tight junctions are a type of intercellular junction where two cells are held together forming an impermeable barrier so there are interlocking proteins that encircle the cells and prevent chemicals from moving in the space in between the two cells Desmosomes are a type of cell junction that anchors the intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton of two adjacent cells together and so there are proteins that cross the plasma membrane of two adjacent cells and interconnect these are called cedherins and the two cedherins bind to one another and then on the intracellular part the desmosome binds to the intermediate filaments and in this way the cytoskeleton of two adjacent cells is anchored together in order to create a strong linkage between adjacent cells gap junctions are a type of cell junction that creates a hollow space, a pore connecting the cytosol of two adjacent cells the gap junction has a hollow cylindrical shape that is created by proteins that span the plasma membrane of both of the two adjacent cells these proteins are called the connexon complex of proteins that span the plasma membrane of both of the two adjacent cells and are open to allow the cytosol to flow from one cell to the next this is important for chemical communication between cells and gap junctions are found in cardiomyocytes the muscle cells of the heart where they allow electrical signals to rapidly spread through the heart muscle they're also found in some smooth muscle tissues for example in the smooth muscle tissue lining the intestines there are gap junctions connecting the smooth muscle cells together so that they can have a coordinated contraction pattern as electrical activity spreads from one cell to another


Good evening friends. In the knowledge sharing by Justice Veeram Kumar, a former judge, Kerala High Court. We take another short topic, which would be divided into six parts of short, short questions. Whether a non-cognizable offense, whether a non-cognizable case can become a deemed cognizable case. This is the main title and in different questions, sir will be sharing his knowledge. And as usual, despite the fact that he's busy with his book as well as writing articles for live law and his passion to pay back to the society, it's what drives us to keep on requesting Justice Veeram Kumar for sharing his knowledge. And the most fascinating part is that we receive text messages as well as on the YouTube, whenever you post that Justice Veeram Kumar will be sharing his knowledge, you will actually look upon it. Thank you sir and over to you. Thank you Mr. Vigas. Good evening friends. Today's topic is a very, very, title is very strange. Can a non-cognizable case become a deemed cognizable case?  Now for those who are not familiar, a cognizable offense by virtue of section 2c of the Code of Criminal Procedure, CRPC for short, is an offense in which the police officer can arrest the offender without a warrant. Whereas a non-cognizable offense by virtue of section 2LCRPC is a case in which a police officer has no authority to arrest the offender without a warrant. Whereas in the case of a cognizable offense, police officer can straight away arrest him without a warrant. This is the main difference between cognizable offense and non-cognizable offense. Now what is a cognizable case? We are on the question of cognizable case. See section 2c, right away section 155 subsection 4, 155-4, CRPC shows that a cognizable case is a case in, is a case which relates to two or more offences of which at least one is a cognizable offense even though all the other offences are non-cognizable. So that is a cognizable case. This is section 2c, right away section 155 subsection 4. Therefore supposing there are five non-cognizable offences and if there is one cognizable offense where the police officer can arrest without a warrant, then it becomes a cognizable case. Now in section 155, clause 4 creates a legal fiction whereby the presence of a solitary cognizable offense transforms the case consisting of only non-cognizable offences into a cognizable case so that the police officer that is the officer in charge of a police station which we call SHO, station house officer so that the SHO can register an FIR and commence investigation without insisting on an order of the magistrate whereas if it is a non-cognizable offense then police officer has no right to register an FIR or commence investigation without the order of a magistrate under section 155 clause 2 subsection 2 of section 155 CRPC. So this is the distinction between cognizable offense and cognizable case. So if all the offences are non-cognizable, police officer is helpless, he cannot register an FIR. But if there is one cognizable offense involved in that case, then it becomes a cognizable, one cognizable offense is there, then it becomes a cognizable case because the presence of one cognizable offense makes it a cognizable case. If it is a cognizable case, police officer can definitely register an FIR and commence investigation. Now what is a non-cognizable case? A non-cognizable case by virtue of section 2L CRPC, right away section 155 again clause 4 CRPC is a non-means a case in which all the offences are non-cognizable offences. There is no cognizable offense at all, therefore the police officer cannot register an FIR, police officer cannot arrest the offender without a warrant, he cannot arrest also, unlike cognizable offense and cognizable case. Now how to find out whether the offence alleged in the information given to the SHO, is a cognizable or non-cognizable offense, how do you find out? Supposing some particular offence is alleged in the FIR, question of information report, how to find out whether that offence is a non-cognizable offense or a non-cognizable offense. Now towards the end of the CRPC code of criminal procedure, there is the first schedule, first schedule to CRPC contains two parts, part 1 and part 2. Part 1 deals with all the offences under the Indian Penal Code, IPC Foursaur, and part 2 deals with offences under other laws, that is under laws which are other than Indian Penal Code. Now part 1 enumerates all the offences in the Indian Penal Code and column 1, column 1 of that table, column 1 of the table in part 1 shows whether the offence, every offence is given, described. Column 4 of the table shows whether the offences are cognizable or non-cognizable. It is already predetermined by the framers of the code. Therefore, if you look at column 4 of the first schedule, part 1, you will find out which offence under the Indian Penal Code is cognizable and which offence is non-cognizable. If it is a cognizable, police officer can straight away arrest him without a warrant. If it is a non-cognizable, police officer cannot arrest him without a warrant. Now, the provisions for issuing warrant and execution of warrant, etc., are contained in sections 70 to 81 of the CRPCs. Now part 2 of the first schedule, part 2 deals with offences under laws other than Indian Penal Code. There is a notion of plethora of statutes whereby there are offences, where under there are offences. So it is not possible for the framers of the code to catalogue, to enumerate all the laws other than the Indian Penal Code in the schedule. Therefore, a different yardstick has been adopted by part 2. In part 2, if it is an offence under any other law, that is other than the Indian Penal Code, then if the offence is punishable with 3 years and above, if the offence is punishable with 3 years and above, then it is treated as cognizance. If under the special law, if under any law other than the IPC, the offence is punishable with imprisonment for 3 years and above, it is considered to be cognizance. Police officer can arrest without a warrant, can register an FIR. Whereas if the offence is punishable, offence under the other law is punishable with imprisonment for less than 3 years. It is non-cognizance. Police officer cannot register an FIR. Police officer cannot arrest the offender without a warrant. He will have to obtain the permission or order of the jurisdiction to register it under section 155 to CRPC. Now, next question is almost, is already I have answered. In which category of cases can an officer in charge of a police station that is SHO register an FIR? Section 154 of CRPC shows that an SHO can register an FIR only if the information, that is first information report, only if the information received by him relates to a cognizable case. Cognizable case we have seen. All the offences may be non-cognizable except one. There is one cognizable offence, so it is a cognizable case. He can register an FIR, only he can entertain the complaint only if it contains at least one cognizable offence. In which case the information, if the information given to the SHO contains at least one cognizable offence, then he can register an FIR. That information given to the officer in charge of a police station is called the first information report. And once the SHO receives information regarding the commission of a cognizable offence, he has to register the FIR in an FIR book or FIR register. There is an FIR book or otherwise called FIR register maintained in every police station. Now once he receives information regarding the commission of a cognizable offence where the officer can arrest the offender, he has to register the FIR in an FIR book, enter the FIR in an FIR book or an FIR register. If that register should contain 200 pages with proper pagination, etc. The SHO should also enter the substance, the synopsis, substance of the FIR in the general diary. General diary is also called station diary or daily diary. Station diary or general diary or daily diary is not a diary prescribed by the Code of Criminal Procedure. It is a diary prescribed under section 44 of the Police Act 1861, Central Act. It is a diary prescribed for every police station under section 44 of the Police Act 1861. That is the Central Act. All these information you will get in paragraphs 48, 53, 54 and 56 of Lalitha Kumari, Constitution of Benjadism. Lalitha Kumari versus Government of UP. AIR 2014, Supreme Court 187. AIR 2014, Supreme Court 187. Constitution of Benjadism consisting of five judges. The Chief Justice P. Sadashivam is himself the author of the judgment. The other judges were Dr. B. S. Chauhan, Renjana Prakash Desai, Renjana Gokoi and S. A. Bobade. But if the information received by the SHO relates only to a non-cognizable case, he has no authority to register an FIR or commence the investigation, except with the orders of the Jurisdictional Magistrate under section 155, subsection 2, CRPC. So, for this, there is a decision also. H. N. Rishbud, H. N. Rishbud versus State of Delhi. AIR 1955, Supreme Court 196, corresponding to 1955, Criminal Law Journal 526, three judges. M. K. Mukherjee, Vivian Bose and Justice Jagannadadas. Jagannadadas is the author of the judgment. Now, we come to the fifth question. When can it be said that the SHO has registered a crime? We very often hear news that an information was received by the SHO, which is called FIR, First Information Report. SHO on receipt of the information did not register an FIR, did not register the FIR and therefore the party had to approach the district superintendent of police or to magistrate etc. Now, after this Nadeethagumari, constituted by the decision, once an information mentioning about the commission of a cognizable offense is given to the officer in charge of a police station, SHO, is mandatorily bound to register the FIR. He has no other option. He has no freedom to say that, no, no, I will not register the FIR. He has no such freedom. He has to mandatorily, necessarily, compulsorily register the FIR. That is what the constitutive bench said, except in certain category of cases where the constitutive bench said that if there are certain categories, for example, if the information does not reveal, does not disclose a cognizable offense, there may be a cognizable offense actually committed, but the information given to the police officer, he does not disclose the commission of a cognizable offense. That is one category of cases where he can conduct a discrete preliminary inquiry to find out whether there is a cognizable offense committed, in which case he will register the FIR. He has to register the FIR. Another category of cases is where the dispute is a matrimonial offense or family dispute, matrimonial or family dispute. This is a category, this is not there in the CRPC. This is a judge-made law or I would say judge-made conundrum. Unnecessary confusion has been created by judges. It was not necessary. The CRPC does not contemplate any preliminary inquiry. In fact, the inquiry is not a phenomenon. It is not a proceeding given to the police at all. Inquiry is a process conducted by a magistrate. Police officer has no power of inquiry. This is a judge-made law. Then the third category is whether the offense is a commercial offense. If it is a commercial offense, Supreme Court said he can conduct a preliminary inquiry and try to find out whether there is a cognizable offense disclosed. Then fourth category is a medical negligence cases. Medical negligence cases also. It may be this way or that way. There may be really negligence on the part of the medical doctor. But there can be cases where there may not be real negligence. It may be an error of judgment. He might have given the proper medication, proper treatment. But there was a bona fide error of judgment in good faith or the particular patient might have reacted differently for a particular medicine even after giving tested dose. All those contingencies can happen. The medical negligence cases also. The police officer can conduct a preliminary inquiry. Then in corruption cases, cases falling under the Provincial Corruption Act 1988, in corruption cases also of the SHO in a case where the information does not reveal the cognizable offense. But all offenses under the PC Act, Provincial Corruption Act are cognizable offense. But if the information given does not reveal the cognizable offense, he can conduct a preliminary inquiry. The last is 60 where there is unexplained delay of more than 3 months in informing the police in lodging, in reporting the offense. In reporting the offense if there is unexplained delay of more than 3 months, that's a case where the police officer can conduct a preliminary inquiry. Barring that, once information regarding the commission of a cognizable offense is disclosed in the information given to the officer in charge of the police station, he has no option, no freedom, he has to mandatorily register an FIR. Now what exactly is the process of registering an FIR? When the SHO decides to register an FIR, he has to enter the information. He has to first information report, he has to enter the first information report in the FIR book or FIR register. This process of entering the FIR in the FIR register or FIR book is called registering the FIR. This is the process of registration of a crime. When the SHO, stationals officer officer in charge of the police station, on receipt of an information disclosing the commission of a cognizable offense, register the FIR either in the FIR book which is also called a FIR register. That process of entering in the FIR register is called registering of a crime, registration of a crime or registration of a case. This has been explained by Ladiza Kumari, paragraph 30 of Ladiza Kumari AIR 2014 Supreme Court, page 7. Now we come to the last question for the day. If the SHO cannot register an FIR and commands investigation in respect to a non-cognizable case, what is the procedure to be followed? If the information received by the SHO relates to a non-cognizable case, that is a case involving non-cognizable offense only. Now see, the police officer may receive so many information, first information, regarding offenses. Now supposing a particular information received by the SHO alleges only the commission of non-cognizable offenses. How to find out? Column 4 of first schedule. Column 4 of the table in first schedule to find out whether offense is cognizable or non-cognizable. Supposing he finds out, the SHO finds out that all the offenses mentioned in the information are non-cognizable offenses. He cannot register an FIR. So what exactly should he do? You get the answer in section 155 subsection 1, PRPC. He has to first enter the substance of the information, synopsis of the information in the general diary or station diary or daily diary, that is section 155-1 and also paragraph 48 of Laddada Kumari, Laddada Kumari's case, area 2014, Supreme Court 187. Then as enjoined by section 155 subsection 1, the SHO should refer the informant to the jurisdictional magistrate because the SHO cannot register an FIR. He can register an FIR only if the jurisdictional magistrate passes an order under section 155-2 CRPC. So in order to facilitate or enable the informant to get an order from the magistrate, what section 155-1 CRPC says is that the SHO should refer the informant to the jurisdictional magistrate. Now is it very practically possible or is it easily possible supposing the SHO refers an ordinary informant, he is an ordinary rustic villager a rustic villager comes to the police station complaining of non-cognitive offenses. Now if the police officer refers him to the magistrate, what will he do? Who will help him? Therefore, even though the section says he shall be referred to the jurisdictional magistrate the Supreme Court has observed in paragraph 11 of state of Gujarat versus Girish Dada Krishnan state of Gujarat versus Girish Dada Krishnan AR 2014 Supreme Court 620 AR 2014 Supreme Court 620 corresponding to 2014 3 SCC 659 2014 volume 3 SCC 659. The judges are G. S. Nguyen, Gyan Sudha Mishra Gyan Sudha Mishra is the author of the judgment where the lordship said that the SHO can himself approve the magistrate and get an order under section 155 subsection 2 instead of driving the first informant to the magistrate because if the first informant were to be referred to the magistrate how will he meet the magistrate? It is difficult to meet the magistrate for a rustic villager. He may have to approach some advocate and to help him for getting orders under section 155 2 and will an advocate help him without payment of fees so it will be an expensive affair for a rustic villager to get the orders of the magistrate. That is why Supreme Court speaking through justice Gyan Sudha Mishra notably said that the police officer himself obtained the orders under section 155 2 After all we are living in an era of people friendly police and we call here Jainamaitri police station. Jainamaitri police station is people friendly police therefore police can always come to the rescue of the citizen by helping him in such a way now instead of driving him to the magistrate. Now what happens once the magistrate passes an order under section 155 2 CRPC then there is a legal fiction under section 155 3 CRPC converting the case into a deemed cognizable case. It is a to begin with it is a cognizable it is a non-cognizable case all the offenses are non-cognizable the only thing which has happened is magistrate has passed an order under section 155 2 that order under 155 2 converts the non-cognizable case into a cognizable case it is a fiction legal fiction and it becomes a deemed cognizable case entitling the SHO to exercise the same powers which he can exercise in respect of investigation of a cognizable case except the power to arrest without a warrant. He does not have the power to arrest without a warrant after they are all non-cognizable offenses they are relatively minor offenses therefore the officer does not have the power to arrest unless a magistrate issues a warrant of arrest therefore without a warrant of arrest the officer cannot arrest him but once the the order under section 155 2 has been passed by the magistrate in respect of a non-cognizable case it becomes for all intents and purposes a cognizable case enabling or entitling the SHO to register an FIR commends investigation and after the close of investigation under chapter 12 CRPC he can file a police report either for placing the accused for trial or not placing the accused for trial depending on the strength of the evidence collected thus armed with the order of order under section 155 2 the SHO will be entitled to register an FIR and if necessary commends investigation and file a police report before the magistrate once the investigation is complete the police officer in charge of the police station has to file a police report as defined under section 2 R before the appropriate magistrate under section 173 subsection 2 of CRP that police report is the document on which the magistrate can take cognizance of the offense this is how the procedure is done I suppose I have completed this but six questions we have answered any doubts you are freed welcome there is only one question as of now this is in a preliminary inquiry the inquiry has to be discrete can an accused be called for a statement in a preliminary inquiry he can call he can call the accused and ask questions he can definitely orally examine him orally examine him we are not on preliminary inquiry in this session but during preliminary inquiry the officer delegate the officer empowered to conduct preliminary inquiry as the station officer can question witnesses including the accused also because even if it were investigation under section 161 section 161 is the power of the section 161 CRP gives the power of the police officer conducting investigation to examine orally any person supposed to be acquainted with the facts and circumstances of the case now any person supposed to be acquainted with the facts and circumstances of the case this phraseology has been interpreted by the court to include an accused person also not only witnesses but even the accused person he is the best person who is acquainted with the facts and circumstances of the case he knows what happened culprit is it not so that the person includes the accused person also if it were an investigation police officer can certainly question him and even record his statement so likewise the preliminary inquiry there is no provision in the CRP as I told you it is a judge made law preliminary inquiry by the police officer therefore during preliminary it is a discrete inquiry discrete inquiry which has to be conducted just to ascertain whether there is a cognizant of an disclose or not if the cognizant of an disclose he has to register the FIR must say must yes so though we have done a session on legal fiction one has asked what is the legal fiction legal fiction is what is not there is assumed to be there by the operation of law for example all the offenses are non-cognizable offenses the law says that once the magistrate grants permission under section 155-2 it shall be deemed to be a cognizable case for the purpose of registering an FIR and conducting investigation as though it is a cognizable case it is actually a non-cognizable case but this fiction operates it is what you call legal fiction you are not audible there is a cognizable and a non-cognizable offense during FIR after investigating cognizable offense is not charged is the final report effective I didn't really understand the question after investigation he finds that after investigation only cognizable offenses are not charged is the final report effective it will have the it will conform into a complaint by virtue of the explanation to section 2d CRP the offenses are if it is a cognizable case consisting of non-cognizable offenses and cognizable offenses so it becomes a cognizable case now the police officer conducted investigation he conducted investigation but after investigation he discovered that the cognizable offense alleged is not there all the offenses are only non-cognizable offenses so he should have taken the permission of the magistrate there again there is a legal fiction created by the explanation to section 2d CRP 2d is the definition of a complaint there the explanation says if in a cognizable case the police officer after investigation discovers that the cognizable offense alleged is has not been committed all the offenses are non-cognizable offenses even though he committed he conducted the investigation without the order of the magistrate under section 155 2 because all the offenses are non-cognizable he commenced the investigation because of the presence of one cognizable offense therefore his investigation was valid and after the completion of investigation with regard to the non-cognizable offenses he can file a complaint it is not a police report what he will be filing before the magistrate will be a complaint deemed a complaint and he shall be deemed to be the complainant you please read the explanation to section 2d of CRP that is your answer last question we are taking it says motor vehicle act offenses are mostly non-cognizable then how can the police file report I am not very familiar with motor vehicle offenses I have not been dealing with those offenses of course I can look up and say because there will be at least one cognizable offense and probably motor vehicle act must be saying that offenses under this act are cognizable under the CRPC they may not be cognizable they may be non-cognizable the special act might say that the offenses under this act are cognizable in which case not understanding what is contained in CRPC the motor vehicle act will prevail whatever be the special law the special law says that an offense which is non-cognizable under the CRPC is cognizable under the special law then special law promotion will prevail this is because of the operation of section 4 to section 4 subsection 2 of CRP section 4 to say any all investigation inquiry and trial in respect of other laws shall also be in accordance with the CRPC except any deviation is made by the special law now supposing a special law says all the offenses under this act shall be cognizable then not understanding the provision under the CRPC these offenses will be cognizable and police officer can arrest the offender not understanding part 2 of CRPC first to show you this should be the answer I have not checked up the provision again you are not audible the last question is can you explain why preliminary inquiry is called as judgment law judges don't know why they ordered preliminary inquiry only instance of preliminary inquiry ordered by the Supreme Court was way back in 1971 in Sirajudin versus state of Madras where in a corruption case the Supreme Court said that in corruption cases there should be a vigilance department in every state and the investigation should be conducted by the vigilance police and in corruption case you are dealing with a public servant public servant he might be a very reputed officer in a government department or a public department so if you are prosecuting him and if the prosecution turned out to be false very incalculable harm may be caused to the public servant because he was holding a respective post even curry favours from the public servant might be filing a vexation complaint against him therefore Supreme Court warned that if you are prosecuting a public servant and if ultimately it turns out to be a false complaint you are unnecessarily vexing a public servant therefore before a public servant is a prosecutor before an FIR is registered against a public servant the police officer in charge of a police station should conduct some concrete enquiry to find out whether the complaint is genuine or not the veracity of the complaint but unfortunately Lady Thakumari went further to say that veracity of the complaint need not be gone into only thing to be gone into is to whether the information reveals the disclose of the confession of a cognitive problem that's all anyway in my view if the police officer can conduct a preliminary enquiry it should be for the purpose of finding out the genuineness of the complaint yes thank you for sharing your knowledge sir