Hello, welcome to this lecture on digital communication using GNU radio. My name is Kumar Appaya and I belong to the Department of Electrical Engineering at IIT Bombay. In this lecture, we are going to use GNU radio to explore some of the concepts that we have seen in previous lectures. In particular, we are going to look at the how we can practically evaluate the likelihood function for the presence of a signal and explore how impairment such as noise affect detection of the phase offset. By looking at these impairments and how phase offset and other such problems essentially affect your parameter estimation, we can build ingredients that go into practical communication systems as well. So, let us begin our exploration of this with GNU radio. Let us first consider the likelihood function of the presence of a signal S of t under AWGN. In this case, if you see the hypothesis HS and HN are to be compared based on the distribution of Z and much like our binary signaling example where we were figuring out the probability of making an error when you performed binary signaling. In this case as well, the likelihood function turns out to have a very similar form and the boundary, the decision region boundary is actually norm square upon 2. Since this is very similar to the binary signaling example, except that it is with norm square, you can try this on your own and we will not be repeating this particular example. The first example that we are going to implement in GNU radio is the phase offset and ML phase estimation. Remember in this case that the carrier at the receiver or rather the local oscillator at the receiver has a phase offset with respect to the carrier at the transmitter. So, in this case, we have to find out what that offset is and this can be done by using an overlap with the template function S of t and figuring out the phase of the resulting integral. Let us implement this on GNU radio. To implement our phase estimation approach, we will once again have to put together the complete basic digital communication example with baseband and passband and all those. So let us quickly do this because it is a repetition of something that we have covered earlier. We will first set our sampling rate to 192000, we will create a variable, so ctrl f for command f and type variable and our first variable will be, we will double click this, we will call it SPS that is the samples per symbol and since we want 8000 symbols per second, we will write this as sample rate divided by and the double divide is for integer 8000 and we will also do ctrl f and grab another variable and this variable will be our carrier frequency which we will call FS. Now we are ready to put together our system. Let us first get, we need to do phase estimation, yes, let us first get a random source to begin with but later I will remove the random source for reasons which will become clear later. So ctrl f for command f, I will say RAN DOM, I will get a random source, the random source we will change it to byte, we will choose QPSK and make it go from 0 to 4. The next thing I am going to get is a constellation encoder. So I am going to side type ENC and we will have this constellation encoder maybe below, I will just type ctrl f instead of this, ctrl f, c, o, n, s, t. So I have my constellation encoder over here and while I have the screen, I will also grab the constellation object that I will need to specify the constellation. Let me call this MyConst, my, c, o, n, s, t, it is a very standard QPSK constellation and this will also be MyConst. We will add a throttle next, ctrl f for command f, tr, let us grab a throttle. Now to ensure that our bandwidth constraints are met, let us add a pulse shaper. So I will get an rrc pulse, so ctrl f for command f, rrc and we will get these rrc filter tabs as a variable. This rrc filter tab, let us actually have the symbol rate here as 8000 and the rest of the parameters can be kept as they are. The gain has to be square root of 24 which is roughly 4.89, so we will just write that. Now I need an interpolating FIR filter, so I will say ctrl f for command f. I will say int er, so interpolating FIR filter over here, the interpolation factor is SPS, the tabs are rrc underscore tabs which I did not name that, okay, so I will just copy this and I will name these tabs as rrc tabs. So now my interpolating filter is ready, I just need to take this to passband and remember taking this to passband involves multiplying this by eprj 2 pi fct and taking the real part. I am going to do that by first adding a multiplier, ctrl f, command f, m, u, l, t and I will get a multiply block and by connecting this I then need to add a signal source. So ctrl f for command f, SIGN. Now remember the signal source which is complex has the form of eprj 2 pi fct, if you really want a cosine you must make this float but we will keep this the frequency will be fc and for scaling purposes the amplitude will be 1.414 that is we want it to be root 2. Finally we will just take the real part of the signal and that is our passband signal, so ctrl f for command f, complex to real and we have our complex signal and we can actually add noise right here, so let us actually just add a noise source, so I am going to say ctrl f for command f and noise source and we will make the noise source real by double clicking it and choosing float and amplitude I will call it NOISESTD, noise STD. We will add a QT range to control the noise, ctrl f for command f, I will say range and this QT GUI range we will set the name to noise STD and the values I think we will make it 0 by default, start at 0, stop at 3 and the step let it be 0.1 and I am going to just add these, so ctrl f for command f add and double click the add make it float, we will connect these and we will have to take this at the receiver, so it is very inconvenient to continue on the right because you cannot see the rest, so I am just going to add a virtual sync VIRT, so this virtual sync and I am going to call it RXSIG because that is the receiver signal RXSIG. Now this variable should be FC as opposed to FS or FC make it 40,000, so we have everything set now, now at the receiver we will create a virtual source which takes this RXSIG and gets back the constellation, so let's grab this virtual source right here, go a little below, now this virtual source should have the stream ID RXSIG so that we get the same signal back and we have already added noise, now if you remember what we should do at the receiver we will mix it with two sinusoids, a sine and a cosine and put low pass filters, so let us grab a signal source, so ctrl f for command f, I will type signal source and we will place the signal source here, we will make the frequency FC but amplitude should be 1.414 but let's also add a phase offset, let's say of P-H-A-S-E underscore O-F-F-S-E-T, we will create this variable in a minute and this should be float, now we will copy this ctrl C or paste it ctrl V and double click over here and this amplitude should be negative and this should be sine, now we are ready, we just need the phase offset as a variable, let's do that, ctrl F, V-A-R and we will call this P-H-A-S-E underscore offset, for now we will set this to zero, we will attend to it later, now we will multiply these signal sources with this signal, so I am just going to take this multiply block and ctrl C and ctrl V but I will double click it and convert it to float, I will connect it over here, connect this signal over here, I will duplicate this multiply block ctrl C ctrl V, I will connect this over here, connect my signal over here, now I need a pair of low pass filters, now before I add the low pass filters, I mean when I add the low pass filters remember that they will introduce some delay, so I have to account for that delay, so let me also add a delay range and a delay block, so ctrl F for command F, I will say range and this QT GUI range will get, we will call this delay and the delay let it be a number, you know default thing to zero and it goes from zero to it should go only up to SPS minus one, so we will just say SPS it doesn't matter and it should be of type INTER and we will also grab a delay block ctrl F D E L A Y and we will put the delay block over here, make sure that the delay is linked to that range by typing delay, finally we need a pair of low pass filters so ctrl F for command F, low pass filter, now this low pass filter should be real, it's decimation we can keep as one that is no problem, cutoff frequency should be FC and we will keep the transition with us a thousand hertz, now we need a pair for this similar low pass filter for the other arm, maybe I can just move things a bit above so that you get space yes, ctrl C, ctrl V and I have another low pass filter over here and I'm going to now add multipliers, so I'm going to just, I'm just going to rather connect this over here, connect this over here I'm done, I'm going to now convert this to a base band signal by just converting it to a complex data type, so ctrl F for command F, float to complex and I have my over sampled receiver waveform which I'm going to delay appropriately and finally I'm going to put a decimating FIR filter, so ctrl F for command F, deci, decimating FIR filter, remove this to the side and once you have the decimating FIR filter it should again have SPS as the decimation and the set apps are the same, RRC tabs, you can reverse them if you want but it's symmetric or it doesn't matter and finally we will place a QTGY constellation sync to make sure that the constellation is received well, so ctrl F for command F, QT or rather let's do const C O N S T, look at the bottom you have this QTGY constellation sync, you can use the arrow keys to rotate it if you want, so I've rotated it over here and connected it over here, now let us execute this flow graph and see what happens, so as you can see that there's lots of this effect and if you remember from previous experiment if you make this delay 9 you get back the constellation, oops correctly even when you have noise you can see that the constellation is pretty good, if you get the delay wrong you lose some quality, if you have the delay right you get the constellation pretty well, okay so we are set, now to check the effect of the phase offset let us double click the signal source we have this phase, this should not be offset apologies this should actually be initial phase and we'll do the same thing over here it should not be an offset it should be initial phase, now let us set the initial phase to something like pi by 8, we'll type 3.1415 divided by 8 and if you execute the flow graph you will see already that there is some hint that this is a skewed constellation, so if you set the delay to be 9 which is what we found out was right you can see that the constellation is skewed, now what explains this, the reason is because the i and q which would have been there had you done the phase or the receiver had you had the phase at the receiver correctly are not present and therefore you have this extra rotation, if you remember in the lecture we derived this fact by actually multiplying cos 2 pi fct with cos 2 pi fct plus 5 and sign with the corresponding plus 5 and we found that there is a rotation of the constellation, if you want to check for other offsets also you can just for example let's say pi by 4 which will essentially return the constellation because it corresponds to, so this kind of return meaning it will rotate it by pi by 4, so this point which is 1 plus 1j by root 2 went to 1j because of the pi by 2 rotation and if you rotate it by pi by 4, sorry pi by 2 rather then you will essentially get back the original constellation or of course you must remember that actually this point is actually this point in disguise because of a pi by 2 rotation, now these kinds of calibrations can always be done but if you don't know the phase offset then you will make errors when you detect, now how do you find out the phase offset, so one strategy is if you are looking for a known symbols approach you can actually connect you can actually send something that is known for some time, let us take a simple example, to understand how this phase can be detected let us temporarily remove this random source by clicking on it and pressing delete and it's actually add a constant source so I'll say control f, c, o, n, s, t and grab this constant source and double click this constant source make it output the byte 0 constantly, now the byte 0 corresponds to the first element of myconst, the first element of myconst is minus 1 minus 1j therefore if I make the phase offset 0, make it 0 temporarily then if I execute this flow graph in the absence of noise you will get minus 1 minus 1j by root 2 which is the expected constellation point even in the presence of noise, now if you have a phase offset this minus 1 minus 1j will be rotated by that amount, for example let's say that you have a rotation of pi by 4, 3.1415 divided by 4, if you execute this you will find that this constellation point has undergone clockwise rotation of pi by 4, reason why it is a clockwise rotation is because the phase offset is applied at the receiver, if you again now find that the phase offset is pi by 2, let's also make it in the presence of noise you will find that it's okay let's check this phase offset should not be pi by it should be pi by 2 not 42, yes now you will find that this minus 1 minus 1j point has actually gone to minus 1 actually minus 1 plus 1j, this basically means that if you send a known training sequence from the transmitter that can be used to identify and correct for the phase offset, so in the training mode in a PSK or similar constellation you can use this fact to identify and correct for the phase offsets, to complete let us go back to a random source let me remove this constant source, let me do control f for command f and say r a n d o m and we'll get a random source, we'll again double click make the random source go from 0 through 3 by pressing 4 here make it sub byte and if we connect it back we get back our original performance we get we have to set this delay to 9, let us also just do a couple of things let's set the default delay to 9 so that we don't have to keep doing it let's also add a bit of noise and let's say that the default noise is 0.02, now you can see that you know if you have noise then you really need to be careful because if you have noise like this where it can go into the neighboring bin as well so let's do one thing let's actually increase the q2ga constation points number of points so if I double click this and say 10240 and let's say I also have 10,000 random values here if you have more noise you can see that in these levels you are bound to make mistakes in such a situation what is typical is to actually have a more or a prolonged training period wherein you actually train so much so that you can average the noise out in other words you take many measurements and average out the noise so that you get a sufficiently high signal to noise ratio and use that to reduce the impact of noise otherwise you can't really calibrate if you have too much noise of course even blind strategies are not immune to noise they are in fact much more affected by noise and may require even a larger amount of training so to summarize whether it is in the presence of noise or you know um whether it is in the presence of noise with training or without any training and blind approach you have to estimate the phase using some method by using the property of the signal or something and only then can you reliably detect the symbols that are sent now the next thing that we will look at is the phase calculation one remark over here is that if you have a constellation like quam4 qpsk that is or something like quam16 as well once you figure out this kind of phase offset and it's a frequency offset by just looking at the distance of these symbols from the boundary you can find out the amplitude a if you remember finding the amplitude a was also one of our challenges and that can be found using this approach as well of course there is a blind strategy and a training based strategy but it boils down to finding the distance of these constellation points from the origin or fitting the constellation properly that is also a remark that is the maximum maximum likelihood estimate of the amplitude is also something that is implicitly captured over here in this lecture you got a taste of some of the receiver impairments that you can model using GNU radio in particular the presence of offsets in phase and how they can be visible on GNU radio in the presence of noise as well as some of the other aspects like parameter estimation of the amplitude are some aspects that you have seen so far in subsequent lectures you are going to look at other receiver impairments such as frequency offsets and methods to overcome these thank you


already fantastic you are still watching hashtag why in the morning and today is all about music and lifestyle hashtag Thursday vibes and we are still hanging out with you right about now my name is Brian Sankua I'm sure that you chime in or you tag us along on all our social media platforms Facebook and Instagram and Twitter is at Y254 channel remember on Instagram Konaka underscore Y254 underscore channel and mine is at Brian Sankua one or one now into the conversation of the day today we are going to talk about mattress music they say music is a universal language and what better way to express yourself than through music and joining me right about now on set is a powerful amazing gentleman who is about to take us through the journey about his music when did he launch his career in music when did he start what inspires him he's a gospel artist who goes by the name Kelvin Namu Tambi and just a bit we're going to get to know him as we banter through this conversation so ensure that you jump on that hashtag once again why in the morning good morning brother thank you so much welcome thank you brother before before before you even get into the conversation of the day we were having a conversation behind the scenes and you told me that you know there's a difference between somebody who has a calling in their life when they switch to another genre than somebody who just started music but before you answer that question first of all I just want you to tell us people who are watching back at home maybe who you are how old are you where do you come from yeah okay I'm Kelvin I'm Tambi all the way from Hittangela route 110 I'm 26 years old yeah okay now let's switch back to music you are a gospel artist and you know what better way like I mentioned what better way to express yourself done through music but for yourself you are a gospel artist how did you venture into listening music before you even like precisely chose specifically the gospel genre okay before and I used to be a dancer too so school It's amazing. Awesome. Which year, which year was this? 2015, 2016. Okay. Now, your first song, what actually inspired your first song? Okay, my first song, it really inspired my life experience. Like now, on our way back to Nairobi from Meru to report an accident. And at the moment, it was an accident to report an accident. I managed to report an accident, even though many people were injured. And I had to come and get a testimony. So, I faced a lot of challenges, I faced a lot of challenges, I faced a lot of challenges, and then I came to this song, Yesuyanganene. Yesuyanganene. Yesuyanganene. Yesuyanganene. Awesome. You all come and say, Yesuyanganene means? Yesupekeake. Yesupekeake. Absolutely. So, it became my inspiration, really, part of that. From God, serving you from that very fatal incident that happened to you. And speaking of that, there's artists, some of these people who would say, for me, mine is a calling. Now, I don't know, maybe, I should like to study music, and I can venture into, like, different specific careers, some of the different specific genres of music. For you, would you say it's a calling and an inspiration to your Maeshe? Because in the first instance, you said it's a passion in the conspire called Zakuimba. Actually, it's a calling. I'm from Kittambu. Yes. I'm from my family. Okay. So, it's a calling. It's a calling.  Very true. For somebody, you're back at home and maybe, you want to get into the music industry, and you're going to venture into something else, instead of just getting into the music industry. So, it's a calling. It's a calling. You're going to venture into something else, inspirational, especially from your experience, or gospel. Okay. I'm going to say, first, you have to believe in yourself. Okay. Once you believe in yourself, or if you have a problem, though there are challenges, but if you don't know what I mean, it doesn't matter how difficult things are. But if you want to have a passion and determination, actually, you will achieve your dream. Determination and passion. Yes. In the music industry in Kenya, there are people who come to Moscow, to do their work, to do their work, to do their work. Okay. I don't know, maybe I'm allowed to mention names. I think to look at them, I have a conversation behind the scenes. I'm going to say, what triggers, in fact, it's not just me, especially your gospel Camaro, I'm going to check gospel music, and then all of a sudden, I'm going to switch to another genre.   I have a lot of pressure. Yes, that's right. I don't want anyone else to join me, I have a lot of freedom. But my point is, maybe you go to your exposure, I know, when you feel under pressure, because I'm partially martyred, I think I'll lose my money, I need to get a bit more pressure. Then I'm going to switch to another genre, I want to switch from gospel, and let me go the other side. Then another thing, as this movement Tinchtama, Tama him if I am not 20 year old, I lose focus. Tama yaa Pes am tama yaaa Okay, ow ak jujli kana, on na jwa me ansaleo anata k jujli kana ke show of which is not that way easy. So I want a ille patient, yak kumilia. So ille it amai ni anata k thinks zah raka no. Oh, bit wi ah raka. Mwapat e fey um Pes ah, bi tukai zoh. Nda wana fanya, I lose focus. Annalise focus, ya maisha. I'm a ghost-spell and I'm from a Christian background. Some of them are from a church, some of them are from a church. Some of them I mentioned are passionate about life. Some of them I mentioned are calling. Do you feel like you're under a certain case, for example, mentor, under a certain pastor, in a certain direction, in a certain model, especially if you mention you're under pressure.  If it's true, what about for yourself?  Yes, I have a few guys that I'm a mentor to, especially my bishop, I'm from the Glorious Ghost-Spell Centre in Tengela, and I'm close to myself. So, I'm a fan of the way I deal with cases that come out in my life. So, if I say I'm an artist, I need to be able to look after, I need to deal with cases, I need to be able to achieve your goals, I need to follow the way forward, the direction that comes out. Yeah, of course. And I love the fact that you're attributed to your bishop, as you said. Now, let's come back to music itself as a business, your ghost-spell, the ghost-spell genre.  How do you get in the studio, do you have a job, do you have a place, do you have a creative writing experience, what do you do so far? Okay, for me, I'm a big believer in content. I'm a big believer in content, so I can find the time and the opportunity to go to the studio for my production. Yeah. Yeah. Then finally, I'll come up with the final product. On that note, the money, because before you even record a track, let's do your time. For example, if you come over, you do vocals. Do you practice vocals? Yeah. You can sing. I'm sure you'll do that as you sum it up towards the end. And you can do it like, how do you prepare yourself to get up to the final product? Are you to an audio or could you go to a final, a very clear video for you as in how, how take us through that process and you can go through the final product. Okay. Thank you. You have to prepare yourself when I start of tomorrow. Bestie, Oku Support, Kamakuh, Fania Audio and my video. Yeah. Yeah. Back to the industry now. Do you see right now, we're starting to choose pie closure radio stations. Or to auto and subscribe our YouTube channel, or to distribution, the whole distribution process itself, because with my IT inspiration, and a이야Z and title, or the audio mark or the bomb play for you. Your music, the platform you're using as a food for now I'm going to go and maybe watch back at home and I'll send you the music you're using. And I'll see you as a fan of yours. Like me on YouTube and Facebook, I support you and see you right here. Maybe you're using it as a zingine, but I'm part of a lot of fans on YouTube and Facebook. Yeah. So what do you do? Like, you record music, you upload it to YouTube and then share it with you. I'll put a link here on Facebook and YouTube. Oh, awesome, awesome, bro. I'll give you some money. Generally, the main reason why I'm doing this is as much as you're serving God through it, with the same inspiration and whatnot, especially for financial benefits. So for you, what do you say the gospel music industry in Alipa is going to pay? Absolutely. Yes, it's going to pay. Okay. Back in the Bible, the Bible says, seek the kingdom of God first and the rest shall be added unto you. So, this industry, I'm a gospel industry, once you make amung umbele, at a provider too, however difficult the situation might be, God at a provider, at a connect too. Like, now me, my first video I didn't pay anything, God at a connect. My audio, I had a connection with God, my audio was free. Despite of paying some few cash, but 75% of it was free. So you get that, God, once you put God first, you connect to other things in the industry. Yes, but it's a good way to do it. In a good way. Well, thanks for that. I hope those are notes you're taking, put God first.  And let me bring out to you the situation. For me, I'm a priest. They're well-known, they have the numbers, they have what it takes, but music here will reach far, especially the gospel genre specifically. She doesn't know what I'm talking about.  Okay, first, okay, I'm talking about gospel. Anything that you're talking about, like I said, general terms, anything that you're talking about, I think it's important to put God first. I love to dedicate. I'm doing this, and this, and this, purposely for your glory. So it's all allocated to favor. All allocated to favor. It's also a struggle to push freely. If you want to come across your song, and I push, you can do it. Okay, yeah. Let's come back to your song. I was watching the video, I listened to it to a ship, you know, Shape Me Up. Yeah. What was the inspiration between Shape Me Up? What happened at the, we can forget to apply, so it comes up to God.  Yeah, and I'm talking about a group. Yeah, I'm talking about that group. And where did something in common? After leaving high school, I joined a campus college. I was in Bakimta. I was in Kansas solo solo, but I was in a group, in Bayambaya. I checked it. So, at the moment, I'm not sure what happened. I'm not sure what happened. And in this direction, it's my life, it's in danger. So I'm not sure what happened. I was in a hurry. I was in a hurry. I was in a hurry. I was in a hurry. So I'm a role model. And it doesn't matter what you choose, like for a revelation, as long as it's not up to you, I'll take that! Yeah, interesting and remarkable. So, to be frank, many professional singers first came to Jumpazis. I chose RECP Tamam I was an actor then and then I chose RECP Tamam, and then an artist. Most of the testimonies actually, you can watch it as clear. Before, I was in my childhood. Is it because of the high-energy of the people who are buying, who are selling, who are selling, who are selling, who are gospel artists, how many experiences do you have in your life? Because, for example, in Osani Secular, when you go on to about women, drugs, sex, life, and so on and so forth, but now mostly gospel artists, so to realize it's a common pattern. What are your thoughts on this? This is my experience, God, and I came to say, I'm a lesson, I'm a teacher, I'm a lesson. So, I'm a teacher, and I don't want to be surrendered. It's like a lesson, just experience, life experience. You come back to your senses. Interesting, interesting. God will mention surrender. Some people say, I work so hard, I push so hard, I try to reach out to the producer, I try to be more precise. I put in the work, I put in the work I need to make it to a place, I'm a shindwa to Jack Fanya, I decide, what should I do? How do you feel about this? Do you think it's possible for you to come back at home? Okay, I'm sure I should give up. I do it to others. In the book of Nahum, two, I'll give up, I'll give up, two, three. I'll give up, I'll give up, I'll give up, I'll give up, I'll give up, I'll give up, I'll give up, I'll give up. Nice, thank you. To have a conversation behind the scenes, I was trying to explain to you how, Bahati and Willi Paul, when they transformed to the gospel genre, so we can shift to mainstream, we used the word mainstream to avoid saying secular. What do you think, apart from peer pressure, you mentioned a peer pressure, I think it's a thirst for fame. Do you feel like there are cells, there is money in the gospel field, because even some of the big R&B stars in your co-overseas, when you're in a kani-sani, but at some point you're going to ditch the genre, or you're going to go back to other mainstream genres? Okay, see it in the gospel, there is money in your money. Man, we know that our father is the provider. And I think it's important to understand that it's called mainstream. I think it's important to understand that it's our father. It's an illustrative strategy that we need to understand, that we need to understand it. God requires a lot of patience. If you don't have patience, then you're going to quit. So, I think God has everything, money is yours, money is yours. You need to be patient. You need to put a lot of trust in Him. Yeah. I think it's important to listen to the music.  I want to change the genre, so that the organization can accept what you want to do. For you. Personally, I love this music. I have a lot of challenges. I like to go to the studio, I want to go to Kaizo, and I want to be able to do it. I have talent, but I don't have the ability to do it. Personally, I don't have the ability to do it. I don't have the ability to do it. I'm Chinese, but I want to be able to do it. I want to recognize the talents that I have in Chinese. Like now, I'm working with my team of dancers, which I'm nurturing some of you guys there. If you want to watch my video, there is a lady by the name of Yusta. She's been nurturing her. I'm outside of 254, but she has been in my hands. So, I want to do it. I want to be able to do it. So, my prayer is to manage the talent that God has planned. I want to raise talents, I want to raise, I want to raise my talents. Awesome, amazing. Now, speaking of talents, who are some of the big collaborators that you've learned from the chance now, like Goma, Uta, Takubalia, Rakaraka, maybe some of them you want to look up to. Now, if you want to come out, just in case maybe they'll watch this show and launder this video at some point, we'll be able to find a cousin in the future. I'm a way forward. Yeah, one of them is Ila Gosa. He's a good guy. He's been doing events like this for a long time. And actually, I'm looking forward to work with him. The second guy is Gadi and Angel. He's the one who approached Marakada and he's the one who's the least. He's a chuchu. The lady by the name Chuchu. Okay. Why Gadi and Angel though? What's Gadi and Angel? He's a good guy. He's a good guy. Good guy. Okay. Let's come back still to sales and marketing. In terms of gigs, Kuchezo Akatika, Marigio Stations, Television, for you, I'll tell you before that, do you feel like you're the one who's coming and supporting you and coming back? You have to put in, you have to do something different. Like for you, you have to serve under your church and you have to support from your bishop. So, for me, I'm the one who's supporting, especially the upcoming issue. There is a lot of challenges, especially with the platform. It's just God's grace, you know, to measure it. There are so many media. You have to pay for it, but you have to give it to Kuchezo. You have to give it to Danganiatu, you have to give it to Asyum. You have to give it to Kuchezo. You have to give it to Gil. You have to give it to Fanya, you have to feel guilty. You have to give it to Sasa, you have to give it to GDValue. You have to give it to Fanya, you have to focus on the moral, you have to focus on the moral. So, that's it. That's it. That's it. Okay, speaking of that, before you even have your video played, your song played on our station, there's the aspect of the quality of the audio, the quality of the video, and the cost of the video. So, I think maybe I record a video at 3K and then I record it at the station. But at the station, I don't know if it's a stand, that's Pia, that's Kuchezo. Do you feel like Pia's lack of capital is also an issue for upcoming artists? Do you have the quality work, yes, but yes, you have the vision, you have the dream, you have the gift and the talent, but do you have a person that doesn't know how to do it? Exactly, this is the lack of capital. It's a lot of challenge. I think it's a part of the way that a person does it, but it's also the quality of it.  I think that when you have a voice, you have to have a voice, you have to have a voice, you have to have a voice, maybe you can do a voice, maybe you can do a voice, so there are a lot of challenges. And I feel that it's important to understand and understand that there are 10,000 students in the studio who have wasted money to do this. So there are a lot of challenges here. I believe as an artist, you're also a creative. We're any content creator. If you're in a mood to get into a studio, like I mentioned before, you read the Bible a lot, you call it Habakkuk, for you. The mood here is to get into your creative writing space. Especially, some people say that I'm a writer. I'm a writer who has a lot of space to interfere. I'm going to get into that space here to write lyrics. They want me to do that when someone gives me a Bible. I can't really make it to that space. If I'm just going to write an escreblant, so I can visit her room, and I'd feel that I'm going to have to move on.ере I'm a writer who doesn't listen.  I'm writing songs. Everybody has his own songs. So it's something of the sort that I'm scared to instrumental to. You know what I mean? I'm scared that I might not be able to read them. Sometimes you're not able to read them from the moment. Wow, awesome. Amazing. Yeah. Thank you for the interview. Some people say I have experienced God. I mentioned, is it your first song? You went through a fatal accident, but you survived. One attribute of your event is that you have experienced God. Come say you're back at home, and maybe you have trust in God, and you have experienced God. It's a funny idea. It's a simple process. Once you give your life to Jesus, it's a simple thing. Give your life to Christ. Also, let's come back to relationships. In church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, in church, If you want to go to Mesema or live in a new situation, how is the experience now that you are a gospel minister, do you even give us more light in that day? Okay. We are the gospel ministers. I don't know what is going on, but we are just human beings. We don't have feelings. So, I don't want to go to Mesema or live in a new situation. I don't want to go to Saudi Arabia. When the right time comes, come and go there and speak. Whatever. You are chosen, wife, husband. Yeah. Awesome. Let's come back to serving a church. You mentioned you attended a church at Kitangela. I believe that you are in every platform, C2 in mainstream.  Do you perform? Do you get gigs? Do you interact and socialize? It's a cocoon too. It's a restricted sacoambione. It's only for the selected few. Okay. Like me, I'm going to perform mainly in my church. I'm going to organize events.  I'm going to be willing to perform on a platform. I'm going to go there.  At least I'm going to perform on a church.  I want to have an event around to organize the events. So, I want to perform on a platform as long as I'm willing to perform. Yeah, I think I can go to him. One of your favorite songs. Which one is your favorite among your songs? How many audios do you have at the top? I have audios. Then I have videos in nearby villages. Two videos. Among those, which one is your favorite? Yes we hang in it. Which is in Louis I believe. Do you mind just giving us an a cappella and before that I want you to tell us if you had a chance to maybe collaborate with Willy Paul or Bahati would you take it? Badu. You won't take it? For now Badu. Maybe that gives you a chance bro to get into a bigger platform. Maybe God is using them to give you that opportunity. Do you mind saying that? Okay I know they are our brothers but they are Bahati. We are on our direction and we are at the other side. So there are some two things about light and darkness. You see those things are darkness but to speak to God, God has to speak. It's not the time to work with them. Why not? Wow okay. So you consult God first, you don't pray about it. I love the fact that you all the time before you make a decision you come back to yourself and involve God which is actually like one of the main takeout from this interview. Now before that please just a little cappella and then you can tell us your social media platforms what you are doing as a character just in case they want to book you for a gig or as a fan. So sing us one of your favorite songs just a cappella. I'll sing too. This is your day. Thank you. Now if you're watching Better Home Guys and you're not rooting out for this guy I just have no idea what you are doing because this guy is powerful guys. He's got the gift, he's got the talent, he has the ambition, he has the dream. So I believe if you're back at home and you're watching please tell us feedback on our social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Advice254Channel. But before that bro maybe if somebody wants to book you for gigs you want to go and perform. And before that you want to give credit to some of the most people who support you mostly. Some of the people in your community support Zana, some of the people who shout out, some of the people who ask for support. Please mention them first and first as you give out the info. Okay first and foremost I want to pick up my father and my mother and I want them to support Zana from Aumbi. Sometimes financially Kedogo. My B-shop is the Glorious Gospel Center in Tengela. The Glorious Gospel Center is being their chairman and I want to support Pia Zana. I want to thank Tete Mesha Dance Crew and B-Cup Zana. Pia is one of my best friends. Koyole is one of the junctions. There's Beth. There's Imcidante. There's Chihuppe. There's Evans. Pia and I want to thank B-Cup, my brother who is in the family of Nelson Yandati. I'm in support. Pia Zana is pushing my work. Pia is my producer, John Blaise. He's a mentor. Pia is a coach. He's a member of my music team. I want to thank him for subscribing. I want to thank him for trying to make me sing well. I want to encourage and pick up Zana. Pia is my brothers. I want to thank the university, Lawrence, Duffin, and Nixon and my sister Sharon Pallekibabi University. God our bless Zana. Pia is our 254. Brian and the rest of the team. God our bless for this support. Amen. Amen. Thank you so much. I want to thank your social media platform. But before that, any future collaborations and projects with Zana in the studio? Next month, I want to thank Ilagosa. There is a big surprise by the end of next month. By Ilagosa, Guardian Angel, and Chuchu. Chuchu? Okay. So guys, you can expect that from him. From social media, Facebook, Kelvin, I'm Tambi. Or you can like my page Kelvin, I'm Tambi Music. IG, I'm Tambi Kelvin. YouTube, Kelvin, I'm Tambi. Subscribe to my YouTube channel. Like, share, and comment. Alrighty. Thank you so much, Kelvin, for coming through. Thank you for even giving us that a cappella, guys. I'm sure you have seen it. You have heard it. He's gifted. He's got what he takes. And he's very ambitious and sure that you check out his music, follow him on social media, reach out, give him gigs, and subscribe to his YouTube channel. And I think at that point, we shall take a short commercial break. And we had asked a question on social media. Please go check out our channel on our Facebook page. We had posted a question there. When we come back in just a minute, we'll be sampling and reading your feedback. My social media platform is at BrianSaco101 on Twitter. And our station is at 1-8254 channel. Hashtag is Y in the morning. Thursday vibes. Keep it right here in just a bit. We are back with much more.


Hi there and welcome I'm the technician projects and today's tutorial is going to show you how to audio capture on quick time player So we're going to start up on our desktop today. We're going to go to quick time player We're going to go to file Start new audio recording I'm going to select the audio recording And if you're on a Mac, it will say you want to use the microphone because yes Now it's a simple little box this Program you want to click on the drop-down menu here, and it has the microphone settings You want to set that to either your webcam or your audio device you have plugged in so mine's the Scarlett 2i4 USB Want to turn the volume down? While she recording you want to press record next You can tap the microphone and it will show Any signal coming through So we're just doing a quick sound check to make sure the microphone is working through my audio device and Starts recording my audio. We press stop afterwards, we're going to go to file and save We're going to save that file to our desktop. I'm just going to name it audio recording test and press save Recording audio for a quick time player can be done via the PC and via a Mac If you enjoyed the video today, please leave a like rating and subscribe for more. Thank you for watching and see you next time


11.4 seconds she ran 11.84 atalia in qualifying for the final Were you you know? It was a pretty decent race for you You won it comfortably when you finished second when you won comfortably and came in coming into this race Did you know that you had a shot at getting that gold medal? This is really a comeback because last year I came I made it to the finals But I got seven so this year I came for the good. Yeah, Diana's though Diana's really stepping up this Charyphtha games. What is a mood in the camp? Like what are y'all working towards? Of course bring home so many gold medals up to this point Well, we have been working very very hard since last year crypto We've been putting in the work training daily and just improving every day. Yeah, what about you though? How do you feel to be good? I feel very proud of myself. I told myself I'm not gonna cry, but I did that congratulations. Thank you. And it's nothing wrong with tears of joy But yeah, that's atalia Hickson there the gold mellies girls under 17 100 meters back to you Nothing wrong with crying


Actually, I used to work for the barbarian group back when they were office of the week and ad week. It was like back in 2014, I think, or 15. Yeah. I'm familiar with it. I know. Look at me now. Not an office manager anymore, guys. I keep up with everything because Subaru is one of my corporate sponsors for my charity. So I like to see who's on the advertising campaigns and I learn a lot about marketing. I learn about how you develop your audience, how you have content for audience and the growth of it because your audience changes every year, every decade. What's the stuff that the over-the-counter drug that clears up your throat? Musenax? Yeah, musenax. I did a play on Broadway and man, I became like a musenax addict. I can tell when I go to a Broadway play who's taking the musenax because you can tell about the spray. It's so gross. I know. Sorry. It works so well. It works really well. It works great.


Yesterday, Monday's lecture, we were outlining the expectations of the course, conceptually and practically, conceptually remember that I started with Frank, Frederick Douglass' an excerpt from his great speech, What's the Slave is the Fourth of July, told the story about how he had been honored in a sense by his abolitionist friends to come to Rochester to speak about the meaning of independence the Fourth of July, how he refused to do so because to proceed in that way for a man who'd been a slave and self emancipated, represented in so many ways the enslaved population of the United States, but to invite him to speak about liberty and independence was cruel mockery. We also talked about the ways in which going back from Frederick Douglass' speech in the 1850s, going back to the 1770s with the epitaph and the tombstone, but the ways in which freedom and slavery intertwined if you're trying to understand this country's history and the way that citizenship and non-citizenship are intertwined. I want to pick up on some of those same themes today and we are going to be lingering for the most part of this lecture just prior to the start of the Civil War. I'll offer a few, I mean scant details chronologically about the Civil War and end up with the New York City draft rights happening in the midst of the Civil War. And so this lecture is really our jumping off point from a chronological perspective for this course and as you see by the end of the lecture some core themes again that are articulated on Monday are going to be brought back into focus by the end of this narrative. So I want to begin today's lecture with a poem by the journalist, activist, underground railroad host with those slaves escaping towards freedom. She would open her doors to them. Woman's rights activist, anti-lynching crusader, woman by the name of Francis Ellen Watkins Harper. It's a poem written in 1854, the same moment that Frederick Douglass is castigating his abolitionist friends about their understandings of freedom and of liberty and of slavery. The poem is called Burry Me in a Free Land. And I want you to listen, it's not, I'm not going to say the poem is high art. It's better than I can do but it's not high art I don't think, but think about the images that are crafted in this poem, sort of the psychological terror represented in this poem as well. Burry me in a free land. Make me a grave wherever you will in a lonely plane or a loft hill. Make it among earth's humblest graves but not in a land where men are slaves. I could not rest if around my grave I heard the steps of a trembling slave, his shadow above my silent tomb would make it a place of fearful gloom. I could not rest if I heard the tread of a coffold gang to the shambles led and the mother's shriek of wild despair rise like a curse on the trembling air. I could not sleep if I saw the lass drinking her blood with each fearful gash and I saw her babes torn from her breast like trembling doves from their parent nest. I'd shudder and start if I heard the bay of bloodhounds seizing their human prey and I heard the captives plead in vain as they bound afresh his galling chain. If I saw young girls from their mother's arms bartered and sold for their youthful charms, my eye would flash with a mournful flame. My death-paled cheek grow red with shame. I would sleep, dear friends, where a bloated might can rob no man of his dearest right, my rest shall be calm in any grave where none can call his brother a slave. I ask no monument, proud and high, to arrest the gaze of the passersby, all that my yearning spirit craves is bury me not in a land of slaves. Again, 1854, although the literal start of the Civil War seven years away, this was an error when it was clear to people like Frederick Douglass and Francis Harper and so many other individuals free and not free, this is an era of incredible tension in the country and really the handwriting's on the wall as the country's barreling toward its sectional crisis. As early as 1820, the political battles had begun with the Missouri Compromise in an attempt to balance the number of slave states and free states. The Missouri Compromise angered the South because of the way the federal government intervened in this process. You're going to hear this often in this course. The tension between federal government initiatives and states' rights initiatives. Who has greater authority, the federal government or the states? Fundamentally important to the African American experience, pre and post emancipation. So in 1820, the Missouri Compromise balancing free states and slave states of neither would have an advantage in the federal government when it came to setting policy about labor in particular. Fast forward, 1850, the Compromise of 1850. Essentially the same issues as in the Missouri Compromise relating to territory gained in the Mexican American War, what part of the United States is going to be free versus what part is going to be, or what states are going to allow slavery. One of the most important texts in U.S. history, novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin is published in 1852 written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Quite a long time before Oprah's book club, the book sells in numbers that are astonishing. Three hundred thousand copies of this text are put into print and eventually over a million copies are sold. This is in 1852. It's, the numbers are sort of incomparable to today. The importance of the book is that it galvanizes through this very sort of romantic and sort of trickly novel. It reads very, it's an interesting read in our contemporary years. But it galvanizes so much of northern opinion about slavery and frankly helps pull this country apart, looking backwards. In 1854 you have the Kansas-Nebraska Act that wipes out the Missouri Compromise of 34 years earlier and starts a bloody war, and essentially a civil war within Kansas about whether we're going to have slave territory, slave states, or free states in these areas. Out of the battles in Kansas, the Republican Party emerges, didn't exist before. And it would become the party that was most sympathetic to the African-Americans' interests in becoming free and having citizenship rights. It becomes the party with which blacks would affiliate until the mid-1930s. Now this takes us up to around 1857. Again, I'm fast-forwarding through a lot of history here just to get to some of the main themes of this lecture. So the country is being ripped apart through a variety of federal state legal battles about where people can be free and where they cannot, what states can support slavery, recognizes as being legal. During all these battles, a court case is winding through the system, a legal case, and it's finally decided in 1857 by the Supreme Court, Scott V. Sanders, more famously the Dred Scott case. Now it's a complicated case which I'll reduce to its simplest forms. It's a complicated case that revolves around travel, essentially, north of the line 36 degrees and 30 minutes related to the Missouri Compromise and the battles in Kansas and Nebraska. North of that line, the country is, these are free states. South of the line, you're in slaveholding territories. Dred Scott lives on both sides of this line.  And for much of a decade, he's living in free territory. When his master dies in 1846, Scott soothes for his freedom on the ground that he had been living in free territory. You can't own me, I've been living in a place that doesn't recognize that status. So he's Susan Court. The courts go back and forth until the Supreme Court issues the final decision in 1857. Eleven years have transpired since the original suit. And in the course of these cases going, the decision going back and forth, Dred Scott and his family, if you can imagine it, have been emancipated, re-enslaved, depending on the court's decision. He's living a life in a terrible, I mean a limbo that we really can't imagine. Well, the Supreme Court weighs in and solves the matter once and for all. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney writes a decision that is quite notable. He says that Scott should remain a slave, that by virtue of his slavery, he is not a citizen of the United States. And so it could not bring suit in a federal court in the first place. He wipes out the whole process.  You didn't have the right to sue. Moreover, Taney says, that as a slave he was personal property, and personal property can never become free. And we think of personal property as inanimate objects. Certainly African-American slaves were not inanimate, but for Taney it didn't matter. That's a gray area. I mean if you could call it a gray area. For Taney that was a gray area. That was really reduced something simple. They were personal property. They could not become free. Adding insult to injury, I mean the decision gets just better and better from the standpoint of raising one's bio. Taney makes plain his opinion of blacks. They were, he offered, and this is a quote, so far inferior that they had no rights which a white man was bound to respect. They were so far inferior they had no rights which a white man was bound to respect. So in one decision he eliminates even the chance from a legal standpoint that you could sue if you had been slaves. That's not even possibility. Furthermore, your property weren't free ever. And now we should never respect you anyway because you're so far inferior. Taney's decision, building upon the legislative battles of the previous 37 years at that point, building upon the tension that's exacerbated I suppose might be the right word with Uncle Tom's cabin. Taney's decision helps move the country closer to Civil War because it infuriates anti-slavery advocates. On so many levels of his decision, he has made the wrong choice philosophically, ethically, and legally according to anti-slavery advocates. The new Republican Party which was opposed to the expansion of slavery. Now notice it's the expansion not wiping it all out. Things take time. The Republican Party which was opposed to the expansion of slavery criticized the decision. Here's a post script to this. In 1857, we don't want to lose sight of Dred Scott himself. Scott's mistress, his master's widowed widow. Dred Scott's mistress remarries and gives Scott and his family their freedom. Now why she couldn't do this 11 years earlier is a mystery that you know only she could answer I suppose. But she gives him and his family their final freedom. And if you remember the epitaph from Monday, I mean the painful, bitter irony of the whole process, just like John Jack, not long after he buys his freedom he dies. One year after Dred Scott finally gets his freedom, an 11 year battle in a legal system, one year later he dies from tuberculosis. It's a bitter coda to a life of struggle. So Dred Scott dies in 1858. Steading, continuing this March, 1859, John Brown, the former principal of a seminary where Francis Harper, whose poem I read to you earlier, the principal of the seminary where Francis Harper worked becomes an evangelizing zealot against, or for, anti-slavery causes. Slavery is inhumane. It's unholy according to John Brown. And he recognizes or he believes the way to solve this problem since the legal process isn't working. Since the process of moral persuasion isn't working, is to get guns.  John Brown invites Frederick Douglass, you know you're such an important leader for African Americans, you need to join us in this battle. And Douglass says this is, I mean I wasn't there for the conversation but John you're crazy. And you know he may have been a bit, well visionary I suppose is another word for crazy and sometimes. He forms a group, John Brown does, and they begin their raid. Doesn't last very long. Robert E. Lee, general United States Army, not yet a traitor, quickly defeats John Brown and his associates. Brown is wounded in the battle and he's captured. And in short order he's convicted of treason and he's ultimately hanged. Between the time of the raid or when he's caught that is and his hanging, there's a trial and during that trial John Brown becomes seen as a messianic hero to many people. Francis Harper again has a note sent to John Brown when he's in prison that reads in part, and I'm quoting from it here, in the name of the young girl sold from the, excuse me, in the name of the young girl sold from the warm clasp of a mother's arms to the clutches of a libertine or profligate. In the name of the slave mother her heart rocked to and fro by the agony of her mournful separations. I thank you that you have been brave enough to reach out your hands to the crushed and blighted of my race. I thank you. Brown himself fanned the flames of celebrity during the trial with long soliloquies, all to no avail. He's going to be hung. Some of his famous last words, he declares, I believe that to have interfered as I have done on behalf of this despised poor I did no wrong but right. To the end, he was quite certain his path, armed resistance was the solution to a country that could not figure itself out on this issue, whether it be a slaveholding country, a non-slaveholding country, or some strange mix. John Brown's raid in 1860, Abraham Lincoln's elected in 1860, simplifying a complicated story, but essentially the South has no electoral presence in the election, and it felt that the Union was doomed and Southern states begin to secede. April of 1861, the Civil War starts. Lincoln wants to preserve the Union at all costs and tries from the very start to lure the South back in with a plan of compensated emancipation. Essentially, we'll pay for your slaves.  Many people in the North balk at this idea. This is crazy, and the South completely refuses. Lincoln tries to develop a colonization plan to move blacks to Latin America. Now, this is part of a longer tradition. Lincoln didn't just create an idea of like solving the race problem by getting rid of the race. This has been going back to this point through colonization societies 30, 40, 50 years, and then in terms of individual ideas, much longer. But Lincoln thinks, well, this is a solution. We've got a problem with slaves, slaves are black in this country, there's also Native American slaves with a much smaller population. We'll just move them. That plan doesn't work out either. Now, Lincoln has an evolutionary viewpoint when it comes to slavery in terms of its role in society, pragmatically, how it affected the union, the sustainability of the union, or the possibility of reconciliation of the union. He doesn't support slavery, but he could not find a way to eliminate it and try to preserve or reconcile the union. Political and pragmatic pressures finally forced his hand. Congress had already begun to chip away at slavery by refusing to allow captured slaves to be returned to their bonded status. And with just a little over a year after the Civil War begins, Lincoln essentially throws up his hand. He goes, there's really no, there's no way to solve this problem and decides that emancipation is going to be the solution. How are we going to do it? What's it going to look like? By the end of the year, he's drawn up the plans and enunciated the policy. On January 1st, 1863, the Emancipation takes effect. Now, the proclamation is a fascinating document. It's compromised, as most political things are. It's a manifestation of compromise. And it declares that the slave population in any state that's still in rebellion against the United States on January 1863, slave populations in those states that are in rebellion against the federal government, against the United States, at that moment would become free. And what does this mean? It means, curiously, not much in a practical sense. If you're in South Carolina, you own slaves, your state has seceded from the Union. Lincoln says on January 1863, you don't own those slaves anymore. Well, if you're in South Carolina, you don't care what Lincoln says. You still own your slaves. In Maryland, though, which sided with the Union, if I had a plantation and owned slaves and I was in Maryland, my state is not in rebellion against the U.S., I still own my slaves. Now, slavery in Maryland is different from slavery in South Carolina on the level of typoslavery and also scale of it. So in terms of literally freeing people, the Emancipation Proclamation doesn't. It is still one of the most important documents in the history of the United States. Because when you think of politics, there is the literal effects and there is the philosophical or cultural symbolic effects. When you think of the Emancipation Proclamation in that way, it is an astonishing document. The Civil War, the debates go on to this day. The Civil War, was it a war about slavery? Was it a war about just a different economic system? Was it a war about political philosophy? And people still argue themselves blue in the face. But what is clear is that at the moment of the Emancipation Proclamation, the Civil War does become about slavery. Even if you are fighting it for some other reason, the stakes are very real. That if the North wins, if the Union wins, slavery will be abolished from the United States. Now let's head towards this last sort of 20 minutes of the lecture. We're going to stick North for a while here. Now the war is about slavery, at least in this sort of cultural politics of the moment. It's a miserable war. The South and the North are beating themselves up to a pulp certainly. And Lincoln faces a problem. The Union troops face a problem. They don't have enough people. As we head into the, through the winter of 1863, Lincoln decides he has to try to find a way to raise the number of troops that are available to fight in this, in these wars, in this war. And you have the Conscription Acts being passed. You're going to take effect in March of 1863. And what the Conscription Acts say is that there's mandatory military service for men who are between age 20 and 45, unless, and there always seems to be an unless when it comes to conscription, unless they happen to have $300 on them. If you had $300, you can buy yourself an exemption. It's a long history of that in this country, many other places. The history is still with us today. Political leaders bought their exemption. It's, you know, it's called Daddy's a Powerful Political Figure. I will not go to war. Conscription Acts of March of 1863 said if you were between 20 and 45 when you were a man, you had to serve unless you could fight with $300. Well, $300 is a huge sum of money, 1863. So no surprise, the wealthy gave their money and they were exempt. Most of the country wasn't wealthy. This was a way to raise troops and also raise money. They needed both. There was an unintended effect. I don't think it would have been a surprise, but it was an unintended effect. It exacerbated class tensions within the country, within the Union I should say. So as you're heading into spring of 1863, the battle is still going on. Young men are dying left and right. The war, what is this war about, really? Who is it for? It's going to, it's about emancipating these black slaves. And you head into, into marching, had these Conscription Acts taking place. Now I have no choice but to go. Then you head into the summer and these tensions, wondering what the war is about, not having the resources to get out a risking one's life for something you're not sure if you even believe in. Class tensions exacerbated. In New York City, all of these different tensions combine and essentially combust. What's going on in New York in particular? In addition to the things I just mentioned in New York, there are labor tensions, really dramatic labor tensions. The Irish immigrant population treated horribly for quite some time. The Irish control the docks. The Irish are already struggling with local blacks for that bottom rung on the ladder. Who's going to have a chance to get a purchase on that bottom rung and to start to pull themselves up? And the Irish stock workers control this important port of New York City. Horrible, dirty, messy, dangerous job. We're not going to let blacks take this job. So there's tensions in labor ranks in terms of who can actually be the labor to start to pull themselves up by their bootstraps. There is a fear adding to this labor tension, has an ethnic and racial aspect to it. There's a fear now that since January of 1863, since Lincoln freed the slaves, these slaves are going to end up in New York City. How they're going to get there is, you know, another issue, but that there is going to be a fear, there is a fear of a flood of emancipated blacks coming up to New York to find work. And let's face it, these folks had nothing. They'll take any job was the expectation. And so the Irish stock workers felt even further antagonized by the fact of job insecurity and the fact that this other, these black folks, were going to take their jobs. Now as I said before, the Irish, many of them are brand new to this country. The scrambling to secure their own place as citizens in this country. Looked down upon, treated terribly by other groups. And they believed, aside from wanting to keep these jobs, that their claim to citizenship rested in part, at least, upon the fact that they were not black. This is a very important point. It's not that it's just about a job, but about belonging. Irish treated like, you know, there would be signs in the stores, no Irish or dogs allowed in. Blacks weren't allowed, already weren't allowed in. No Irish or dogs. The Irish were treated horribly. And so they realized, well, as long as they are not like that person, those people, that person, those people being black, having been emancipated, whether they were actually ever a slave or not, they are tarred in a sense with that same label, from an enslaved people, people who weren't citizens in many people's minds. The Irish work could say, well, at least I'm not that. So I'm moving up the ladder. So you take emancipation. You take the conscription acts, which are certainly affecting the Irish more than any other population in New York City. You take the fear of emancipated blacks coming up and taking jobs away from the Irish stock workers. And it makes it plain that the Irish now feel incredibly compromised. Everything they had fought for might be in danger of slipping away. Their freedom, as I mentioned when talking about John Jack and the Citizens of Concord in 1773, Irish workers' freedom was incumbent upon blacks' slavery. They're intertwined. Now we're into July of 1863 after setting all this stage. On July 11th, the first lottery is held for conscription. So we've had this plan. Now we're going to make it real. And within two days, mayhem ensues. Now New York is a port city. So aside from having the dock workers unloading material goods and products or loading them onto these ships, you have troops that are being rallied from different places in the northeast that are coming down to New York City or they're leaving from New York to head further south into military battles, into military stages, scenes. And so there's all this tension around the military being there.  Several days of rioting begin. The military commandant of the region, anything embodying military or suggesting police control is targeted. So the commandant is sought out. Soldiers are sought out. Police are sought out. They're targeted by these gangs. Largely ethnic gangs, largely Irish gangs, the other ones who felt most at threat. And these gangs also targeted blacks. The call went out from the commandant, we need more troops. Now it takes a couple days, during 1863, to get people there. After a few days, military troops are brought in to the city to restore calm. When the dust has settled, as many as a thousand people are dead during these riots. Anybody from New York City? There's got to be a couple of people here. Well, think of these places. On the west side, 27th and 7th Avenue, West 33rd Street, 37th and 7th Avenue. On the east side, 34th and East River, very specific street, address 147th, East 28th Street. All of these sites that you have, you've walked around them. I know you have. These are sites of lynchings in New York City. We're not talking about gangs throwing rocks and beating each other up. We are talking about lynchings, in addition to that as well, I should say. In total, 11 people are lynched during the several days of riots. A few examples, Joseph Reed, separated from his mother and grandmother. He's beaten to death. He's seven years old. William Williams, a sailor, assaulted by the Longshoremen. The dock workers, when he asked for directions, not knowing this riot is happening. Someone picks up a cobblestone, hurls a stone at him. Someone else stabs him. Crowd cheers. And they start chanting. And I'm sorry to use the language, you'll be hearing it several different times in the course, but this is just the history of it all. Start chanting, don't hire niggers. Don't hire niggers. Labor and class all intertwine, and certainly citizenship as well. The colored orphanage, a very large building there to take care of abandoned children. The crowd sees this place as a site of threat. I guess you would say it's threat, but something given to blacks that the Irish didn't have the benefit of. And they decide they're going to set the orphanage on fire. Thankfully, word gets to the orphanage in time and they were able to escape out the back as the building is torched. So the colored orphanage is burned to the ground. One story is particularly illustrative. Not a happy story, of course. On the third day of riots, Abraham Franklin, a disabled black coachman, and his sister, Henrietta, were pulled out of their boarding room. There's one thing I forgot to mention that's important, thinking about this particular setting. Blacks and Irish were at each other's throats through this process, but they're living in the same areas. They're interacting all the time. And that's what makes this story that much more horrific in a sense. Many Irish, I don't want to paint entire groups, many Irish and blacks go along perfectly fine and certainly commingled in every way that you can imagine that word being used. Happily, passionately, or angrily, you name it. But they were living in their own neighborhoods. Abraham Franklin and his sister, Henrietta, are pulled out of their boarding room. Henrietta is beaten while Abraham is hanged. Federal troops who are now coming into the city trying to quell the riot as it moves to different places. Federal troops arrive and they cut down his body. It's too late to save his life. Troops break up the crowd and then disperse heading off to another flash point. The rioting crowd rehangs the body and they start chanting. Just as you had William Williams being murdered to chants of don't hire niggers, inflammatory declaration. In Abraham Franklin's case, you have chants coming out from the crowd, inflammatory in a different way. They rehang his body to chants of Jeff Davis. Jeff Davis. What does this mean? They're praising the President of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis. So you have Irish workers living with other African Americans, certainly feeling threatened that their citizenship is at stake, deciding they're going to take out their threat and feeling they might be conscripted into the military, likely would be.  And they're going to honor the idea of keeping people out of unions, don't hire niggers. And they're going to honor curiously the Presidency of the Confederacy, President of the Confederacy. So Abraham Franklin is hung, body cut down, he's rehung, rehanged, excuse me. And then later on, after the crowd disperses to do something else, somewhere else, a 16-year-old Irish butcher cuts down Franklin. Maybe his body will finally be put to rest. No, in fact, the butcher decides to drag his body through the streets as a trophy. And so doing, I claim, marking his own claim to citizenship on the dead body of a black, a crippled black man. Now, what's the point of all this narrative? The point of this is that we can see in the crucible of the Civil War a very clear picture of what it means to be a citizen and what it means to be American. Foundational question for this class, as I mentioned in Monday's lecture. Douglas questioned the Sanctity of July 4th, that great cultural marker of freedom. Why would you bring me here? Representing the people who only know slavery. Harper, the poet and journalist, activist, makes clear how blind people were to the psychological anguish of slavery, children being torn from their mother's breasts. The Dred Scott case is explicitly about who could be a citizen in the United States. Taney didn't think any slave could be a citizen. They're too inferior and their property. The political turns made out of necessity, and this is very important, made out of necessity in the Civil War, made it absolutely plain to people like Abraham Lincoln, who starts to decide to change these policies, made it absolutely plain that citizenship was going to be linked to freedom, and that freedom was linked to race. The connection is certainly there in terms of social, cultural forms. It's there in political forms. It is tangible. As soon as he signs in to being the Emancipation Proclamation in the fallout of the Conscription Acts in the New York City Draft Riots, it is real. Citizenship is linked to freedom. Freedom is linked to race. The tensions between all of these linkages are made really quite perfectly clear by those people who are riding in New York City. And I really think made abundantly clear when Abraham Franklin was dragged to the streets of New York by his genitals. Thank you very much. I'll see you on Friday.


This is Think Tech Hawaii, Community Matters here. Aloha, welcome to another edition of Hawaii in Uniform. I'm your host Calvin Griffin, and for those of you who may not have seen the program before, which I think everybody around the world is viewing, we talk about military and veterans issues. Today, my special guest is Dennis E. Yee, he's an activist. He does a lot of things in the veterans community, travels around the country talking to different groups about what's happening out there. And again, what we try to do here is bring the information that's going to be beneficial or to enlighten you to what's going on. And a lot of the subjects we talk about, of course, deal with the military and veterans. But we want to show you how the military and veterans interact with the local communities and try to get as much support for those individuals who are out there serving us. Dennis, thanks for coming on the program. Yeah, thanks for having me, Calvin. It's always good fun when we get on the air. Yeah, good. So what's been happening lately? What's the last time you've been back to the mainland and some major issues that's been coming up? I understand. I wanted to read something real quick, anyhow, before we get into it. Well, yeah, it was last October. And this was to attend a military retiree seminar in Pensacola, Florida. And then I'm planning to go again in March this year. And this time it'll be to Washington, D.C. to wish Mary a happy New Year to our members of Congress. Yeah. Okay. Okay, one thing I want to get out the way, because since we had been, did a couple programs about the Branch 46, the Fleet Reserve Association, we had the national president that came on and also some of the local officers, anyhow, just to give the viewers an update on what's happening. I know that there is a lot of things that's still going on. They're still trying. There's an effort to still try to save the organization. I know there's a meeting on the 19th of January, as of this taping, for those who want to get involved. But of course, with some things that need to be worked out and clarified. So we want to publicly acknowledge that and then for the sake of clarity or honesty or whatever it is, I'm a branch of a lounge member, as they say. And I think you're a full member? Full member. Yes, full member. Actually, you have the branch. Yeah, okay. Yeah, I want to make sure I like say that when we put anything out here, I like say, you know our affiliation. So I'm not personally not involved with any of the administrative or anything like that. But as I mentioned, just a concerned veteran who is a member of the organization. But hopefully they'll get it together and like Sam will find out what's going on because not only with that organization, I was surprised to find out that there's like 180 different entities over here that claim affiliation or some kind of workings with the veteran community. You were aware of that, right? I wasn't aware there's that many. There's probably too many, but that's my opinion. Yeah, that's a question that's coming up where I call it divide and conquer. Yeah, we need to more and more solidify as far as some of the efforts anyhow because roughly we have like about 180, 120,000 vets give or take throughout the islands anyhow. And with the amount of involvement, individual community activities that the veterans are involved in. A lot of it doesn't have to deal with organizations, but the attitude that a lot of veterans have is spirit of giving. We talk about that a lot. So hopefully we'll see how things transpire in the future or what happens with this organization, with that organization and see if there's going to be a change in attitude within the veterans community, especially with a lot of these different organizations. Because unfortunately what happened, we have people that have been in positions far too long. And what happens with the new people that come in, it seems like they're kind of turned off with some of the internal politics sometime that goes on. And not saying that all these organizations are like that. Of course, there's some stellar groups that you can point out, while we veterans counsel or the operation down there. One thing is totally transparent with three to one anyhow. So we'll see. What do you hear this one that arises and that's affecting veterans right now? Well, I still think that the veterans administration is going to be under the gun this year. The non-mainstream media keeps on leaking horrible things into the social media. And people listen to this. I do too. And I believe that eventually, quietly or with some drama, the VA will eventually ditch the VHA. And right now they're very quietly outsourcing more and more providers. My hearing aids, they're maintained by a contractor. So I think this is the way it's going to go. Fort Bliss area in Texas, the congressman sponsored this for that area. He sponsored that type of, and the VA agreed it would give it a try. I mean, Fort Bliss is pretty big. And there's lots of retired and military and veterans who reside in the area. And it seems to be going so smoothly, we don't even hear about it here anymore. Yeah, we hear about all these different stories that go on within the VA. And there's supposed to be changes that came about to understand that there were people in high places and around the country that were removed. And then some of them are being put back and reinstated. And a lot of people are curious about what's going on with that. But again, that's at a large level.  But as far as with your personal knowledge, the feedback that you're getting from veterans, are they happy with the VA system over here? Or there's been some improvements? Or there's, of course, there's always room for improvement. But what is the sense that you get about what's happening with the VA here? Well, I think the veterans, they're somehow we're happy. And then there's more who are afraid to say they're not happy. They're afraid of retaliation. That's the feeling I get. And so you don't say anything if you don't want it to get worse. That's one of the things I've been hearing also is the fact, and again, this is unsubstantiated, but I believe the source anyhow, is yeah, sometimes when you do appeal certain things, there's that letter that you know you sometimes get where it's like a veiled threat where if you pursue this, the possibility that you can lose more or all of it.  And they say it's been quite a few people I've heard that had, in fact it happened to me personally. But I tried to, you know, it's one of those things that need to be dealt with anyhow. Well, Congress recently turned over another $10 or $20 billion to the VA. Because the VA went to Congress and said, the sky is falling. And they said, okay, well, every one of these congressmen has veterans in their district. And if you presume one veteran per household, that's a good chunk. So they all voted to give some more of our money to the VA to do. We're really not sure what they're going to do with it. The choice program, I think, has been running into a little heat. I've always favored transforming our veterans' health care enrollment ID card, the photo ID card, into a proof of insurance. And making that statement to Senator Hirono on her last field hearings that were here kind of shocked her. And but she did share with me when she got her composure back that, oh, well, we have to put everybody under contract. I mean, is everybody who provides Medicare under contract? If they are, we don't know about it. And Medicare seems to be working. Or it would be 17% of the population in Hawaii is over 65, and presumably on Medicare, or at least eligible to be there. So that's a good chunk. And the veterans would probably not even add 10% to that. 120,000 more people here in Hawaii. Maybe we should put the veterans on Medicare.  I'll tell you, there's something else that I ran across I'm going to read off to you. It's the Republican representative to Gabbard introduced a bipartisan bill to improve access to the quality of health for disabled veterans. And the Fair Access to Insurance for Retired Heroes Act will allow medically-retired veterans to choose between Medicare, Medicaid for health coverage. And you know, it sounds like a good idea. Well, I like Tulsi Gabbard. She's a go-getter. Some people, they will claim that she's out for them, but then they don't like her. So you can expect that. And you can smile when they say that. But I think she's trying to be effective. And in some cases, she has been. She's new to the game. So all the machine may not be aware of all the nuances. But she has a staff. Anybody who works in the staff for a member of Congress is seasoned. They just recycle themselves through the offices. When one of them decides to retire, the staff goes somewhere else. So that backup is always constant. I talked to a gentleman, and one of his issues was access to the PX. There were a lot of individuals out there who do like 10, 11 years in the military discharge, honorably for the most part, or whatever. And there's a call to open up the PX system. I know that right now, there's something that may already be in place where they can purchase things online if you're a veteran. Are you aware of that? Yes, you can. This is something new. It tells me that the exchange system is not attracting as many customers as they would like. Other private sector retailers could probably kill the exchange system by just you flash your ID card, you get a 10% discount. And that would probably be the end of it. Also, I think another thing that may help is that rather than trying to invent a management style that is effective, outsource the management to a private sector giant, I mean, there's always Walmart. They seem to know what they're doing. And the exchange can still be the exchange. It'd just be managed by somebody that maybe knows better what they're doing about providing those kind of retail services, the military personnel, people who are in the reserves, or whatever. When you go to the PX system, the commissary, I mean, the commissary is great for what they provide and the pricing and everything else. But the PX system seems like you can go to Walmart, as you say, or some of the other places, retailers, and get a better price.  So it's about even up. You go to the exchange, they rave about you're not paying any taxes in the store, but they don't tell you about the surcharge. Surcharge, yeah. Anyhow, so with this being an election year, what do you think are gonna be some of the hot topics that some of the, our elected officials who wanna be reelected, what are some of the things you think they're gonna jump on to try to, you know, garner that military and veteran vote? Well, since only 30% of the people in Hawaii voted for the current president and his administration, I would say that it's supposed to be gonna be focusing seven and 10 on jumping on the president and administration. So we won't hear if the president is doing anything good, we won't hear much about it here. And if it can be perceived as being bad, we'll hear about that here. But then again, we can always apply humor to both sides of this drama. I would say that we do have illegal immigrants residing here, but many of them are actually performing useful services. They work and they come from countries that if you don't work, you starve. So I would say that's gonna be an issue, maybe not so much, but it has been an issue with our department of justice here in Hawaii. We've got the leader of that team is gonna run for Congress and see if he can get a Hanabusa's vacated seat. Yeah, okay.  I know there's a certain, of course, the troops are getting some of the gravy on that one anyhow, but it seemed like the majority of the money is going towards, like, say, these technological, technological, you know, weaponry that in a way, we do help to eliminate a lot of the personality out. Anyhow, we're about ready to take a break for a minute, but anyhow, stay tuned, we'll be back in a few minutes with the, this is Hawaii in uniform, and we'll continue our conversation with Dennis, and let me get my tongue straight and I'll be fine, but we'll be back in a moment. Good afternoon, my name is Howard Wigg. I am the proud host of Code Green, a program on Think Tech Hawaii. We show at three o'clock in the afternoon every other Monday. My guests are specialists, both from here and the mainland on energy efficiency, which means you do more for less electricity and you're generally safer and more comfortable while you're keeping dollars in your pocket. Aloha, my name is Mark Schlauwe. I'm the host of Think Tech Hawaii's Law Across the Sea. Law Across the Sea comes on every other Monday at 11 a.m. Please join us. I like to bring in guests that talk about all types of things that come across the sea to Hawaii, not just law, love, people, ideas, history. Please join us for Law Across the Sea, aloha. And welcome back to Hawaii in uniform. And again, I'm yours Calvin, and we got Dennis E. Gay, of course, with us. Dennis, for those who may not know and know that you've been around for a while, and you deal with a lot of the legislative issues, not only here in Hawaii, but you do visit Washington. What is the response that you're getting and has it improved as far as the attitude with a lot of our elected officials or just business as usual and they'll play it by ear? It's slow, but it's slow and it's measured. So when you learn not to be frustrated with the pace because there's so many different, I mean, in Congress, there's 400 opinions, right? 100 of them are in the Senate. And how many people appreciate the fact that our senators represent our state's interests in the Congress or as the house represents the districts within those states. Sometimes there's one in the same, in the smaller states. But once you understand that and you start working with the people who are elected to represent your interests in Congress and in the state legislature, because we show our face in the state legislature also and we've had some success in the past. I'm looking for some more this year. It's mostly based on what the National Defense Authorization Act did for the benefit of divorcing military personnel. And then also the Supreme Court finally set the table straight here on what is the status of a disabled veteran's disability compensation? Is it disposable income? No.  No, it's off the table. It's not even considered. But that took the Supreme Court to overcome almost 40 years of inequity. Yeah. It was just like when we talked about veteran. A lot of people still confused, because you have like the federal terminology or definition of what a veteran is and you had a state and everything else. What is your definition of a veteran? I'll use the VA's definition. When you swear allegiance to the flag when you're sworn into the military, some of your VA benefits begin at that moment in time.  You may not be the veteran of any war yet, but it may take time to get there. So the VFW can't accept you. The largest veterans support organization, the American Legion won't even set limits on that. But they're support organizations. They're not the government.  Not for everything, but for many things, that if something kicks in, you're a veteran. You just have to kind of wait for all of the benefits to kick in for you. And that's when you do your service, you perform creditably, which in the dictionary says honorably, then all the services and veterans benefits, administration and veterans health administration, they're all yours. Yeah, there's another thing that came out of the, let me read this also. The department of veterans of Harris has suspended the application for the new veteran identification card program. It seemed like that was launched, I think, in November or early December. I think so. And then almost immediately, like I said, the system went down, where they were so overwhelmed. But again, that's another thing where they have these different programs that come into place, so they announce it. And then when it's kicked off, then these little glitches start happening. The people, the veterans are wondering, what is going on here?  The next thing you know, it's on temporary or even permanent hold. And again, that's another thing that's frustrating to a lot of veterans because again, number of times when we did the council meetings and some other ways we get our information, it's like they'll keep telling you sometimes where it's in the works, it's coming. And we hear this, like I said over and over again, five, 10 years ago, the same thing that they're saying, or if they do get something in position, then it's like once it starts working well, then they wanna turn around and institute another program and then they're asking for a little bit of time to lose their flesh and sing out, five, 10 years, whatever, and you're back to square one again. Let me speak to that issue. We all remember Tammy Duckworth. Yeah. She was a helicopter pilot in the Gulf War. And before she became a member of Congress, she moved into the Veterans Administration Building, which is about 150 yards away from the White House. So the president has close association with that and the state treasury, there's a side gate from the grounds of the White House. So I guess if the president wanted to go visit the treasury building, he could do that without showing his face in public. But anyway, at the time I went to visit Tammy when she was at the VA, she said that President Obama had gotten the VA and the Defense Department chiefs, the shake hands on the idea of integrating their healthcare databases. Oh, it still hasn't happened. At the time that this happened, the VA's healthcare database was touted to be the best and it was most compatible with the private sector healthcare industry database. And now it seems like maybe that's not true. Maybe the Pentagon pushed back and said, we're gonna keep ours, even though it's not compatible with the doctors, it'll be treating veterans. We're more concerned about the military personnel that we're treating, but I don't know. There's something I can find out in March and I probably will. So if I get back on the air after I get back from my adventure in Washington DC this coming spring, we'll know more about it. Good. What I'm gonna try to do here is in the past, I've tried to contact or yeah, the contact of some of our people in Washington or in places where they're making the decisions to come on and give us the direct story. We're gonna make a more concerted effort here. Like I said, go ahead and get in touch with these people to have a call in and see if we can do like a call in session or whatever it is to answer some of the questions or if not get in touch with other organizations or entities that may be on top of the current situation there that we won't have any lag time as far as getting the information to the veterans here in the state of Hawaii and on around anyhow. So that's one of the things we're doing in here. Well, I haven't seen him recently, but I think it's the chief of staff at the local office for Senator Hirono. Yeah. He seems to be very articulate when we're asking questions, he has the answers. And if he says he's gonna get back to you, he doesn't actually rely on you to forget that you asked the questions. And of course that doesn't happen. The president of all veterans council won't let them off the hook so their only recourse if they don't have an answer or they know we won't like the answer, they just don't show up. This is also the case for the VHA here locally. The VBA is always there touting their home loan guarantees, et cetera, et cetera, on the benefit side, but on the healthcare side, we have to rely on the state office of veteran services to provide a lot of that information here in Hawaii. That is supposed to be our advocate. There's supposed to be the liaison between us and the federal government. I know there's been some questions that a few people have approached me about it. Is the doctors, again, like I said, the treatment for the most part is top notch. I mean, once you're getting in the system, it's fine. But when you're being evaluated for your claim, for benefit, I mean, increase or whatever it is anyhow, it seems to be where some of the doctors don't seem to be, someone can be downright rude when they're talking to you or how they handle it. And again, from my personal experiences, again, I don't wanna go ahead and put that in because I had a bad experience with the system. Doesn't mean that it's totally all wrecked and everything else. But that's another thing where as far as we're veterans when they have issues about the way they're being treated within the system, who can they go to? Is there really gonna be a resolution to the situation? It's just a matter of respect. And I think that that's another thing that needs to be addressed within the system. Some of the personnel, as a majority of them, are courteous, conscientious, trying to do what they can to what they have to work with within the system, but still and all, you can have that one veteran, like I said, it has that bad experience where it has a major impact on his life and could be detrimental. So we wanna make sure that nobody falls through the cracks, it can't be perfect, and we understand that. But when there are things that are identified that are seem to be common instead of uncommon, then it has to be dealt with. So that's what I said. Well, if my option comes true, all veterans will belong to Medicare. And then you do have an option. You don't like your doctor? You go find another one. If you don't like your VA doctor, you're kinda stuck. And I don't really have the answer to your question if you're having a beef with your VA doctor. Now, I'm on my third VA doctor, and that's because they rotated in and out, okay? No, I thought it'd be fired. No, no, I didn't, okay. No, I know that, and they're my backup. I mean, they're my reliable backup to be in on Medicare, for example. So I would say that if you can't work with your doctor, I would suggest that you try to work with the nurse and see what the nurse, the nurse may be able to change your perspective a little bit to where you understand what the doctor is doing. Now, some of the VA doctors may not really be MDs. They could be a nurse that's got advanced training, and so they're almost a doctor. And that's almost good enough, right? For some things that a veteran brings to the doctor's office, and you still got the backup of the full professional staff. We're getting it out to the wire, but Dennis, like I said, we're gonna follow up. I know you're gonna do what you can to go and keep us on top of everything anyhow, but yeah, what I'm gonna do is, like I said, make a conservative effort to get more information out there directly, and get some of the people to come in to answer these questions about the treatment of veterans anyhow, but we'll do that. Take it from there. But yeah, I wanna thank the viewers for staying tuned and tuning into the program and join us again next time here on Y in Uniform, and God bless and until that time.


Hello everyone, this is Amit Dan of AmitDan.com You are watching one of my Egypt travel videos and today I am taking to the catacombs of Com Al Shafaka date back to the 2nd century AD and were accidentally discovered in 1900 when a donkey got lost. The catacombs are the largest known Roman burial site in Egypt and they consist of 3 tiers of tombs and chambers caught into bedrock to a depth of 35 meters. The catacombs of Alexandria were originally a private tomb but later expanded and became a public cemetery. These are one of the most last major works of construction dedicated to ancient Egyptian religion. Inside the catacombs, the endless tunnels were like a maze and it was impressive how they curved them in the solid rock. The entry was like a spiral staircase. In the old days, the dead bodies were lowered on ropes to the center of the circular shaft. The archaeological site was one of the Seven Wonders in the Middle Ages. The anti-chamber, the most important part of the major site had decorations and statues. It had carvings of the ancient god Anubis, the god of the dead, dressed like a Roman. Thank you for watching this video. There will be more Egypt videos coming up. See you shortly. Thank you. Continuous years. Well, you've got Egyptians here that will bother you. He was Anubis. He's wearing his crown, the sundress, and he had the shape of the jackal and in front of him on the bed that is the body of the human. And he started to mummify it. And under the ground, we could see four jars. We called them the Canubic jars. Anubis and that, when was he carved? 3,000 years? 4,000 years ago? It was nothing.