So, we have looked at various abstractions from precipitation because as we have already said our interest is in most of the times in the runoff which results from rainfall. And for that to find out the runoff we should know how much is being abstracted from the precipitation. We have already discussed a few types of abstractions. For example, the initial abstraction which consists of the depression storage, interception and so on and then we have some infiltration which goes underground. We have evaporation and some transpiration. So, we would look at all these abstractions in terms of taking some examples and looking at what is the magnitude rough estimate of how to estimate these quantities. We have looked at some of the equations and today we will look at some of the numerical examples to understand these equations better. Let us start with the initial abstraction which is when the precipitation occurs there would be some small depressions on the storage. There would be some water on the tree leaves and then these may either evaporate directly from the surface or some of it will infiltrate. So, the initial abstraction is the one which occurs immediately after the rainfall and that means that without satisfying this initial abstraction we will not have runoff. So, initial abstraction is what initial amount is taken from the precipitation and after that the rest of it will go as runoff or part of it will infiltrate and evaporate. So, in the initial abstraction typically we would be including interception and depression storage. We have already discussed the mechanism of these and the estimation of these typically the soil conservation service of the US SCS has proposed a technique because this is a very difficult to estimate quantity. Initial abstraction is depends on a lot of factors which are changing from place to place and then again from storm event to different storm event it may be different. So, a rough estimate of this can be made by this SCS method in which the initial abstraction is taken as 20 percent of S where S is a potential maximum retention. Naturally, if we have a surface which is let us say paved then there would be very small retention on the surface, but if we have a land which is agricultural then there will be lot of retention possible. Therefore, S will depend on the land use and also what kind of soil it is. The SCS has related S with an empirical constant called curve number or C n and typically this C n is popularly known as the SCS curve number. The curve number depends on the type of soil and the land use of that area. It also depends on what is the existing moisture condition. For example, if the soil is already moist then less infiltration will occur. If the soil is initially dry then more infiltration will occur. So, initial abstraction will be high if the soil is dry initially. So, this relation between the curve number and the value of S which is the potential maximum retention is given by 25.4. Now, this factor converts the inches because originally the formula was an inches. So, to convert this inches into millimeter we have this 25.4 factor then 1000 over C n minus 10. So, as you can see from here C n can be a maximum of 100 because when C n is 100 then S will be 0. 100 means there is no storage. So, perfectly everything which falls down on the surface will go as runoff there will be no infiltration evaporation. The curve number can be shown as in this figure in this table for normal existing soil moisture conditions. If the soil is dry then the normal conditions or if it is wetter than the normal conditions then the curve number will change. But for normal conditions depending on the land use and the type of soil we can find out the curve number from this table. A lot of other land use and soil combinations are not shown in this table. But for example, if we have a paved area then naturally the soil type will not matter because the area is paved. So, a curve number of 98 can be used for all types of soils. For industrial area which is not completely covered for example, it may be 70 percent covered or 80 percent covered then the curve number will also depend on the type of soil. For sandy soil we have 81 curve number for clay we have 93 curve number indicating that for the clay S will be small and the runoff will be larger for sand S will be large and the runoff will be smaller. Similarly, if we have a cultivated area then the curve numbers are even smaller compared to the industrial area. So, paved area will have very high curve number and high curve number as you can see from this equation high curve number will indicate low S and low S means low value of initial abstraction. So, for paved area initial abstraction will be very small. Some of the values may be for example, paved area using a curve number of 98 we can guess we can get S equal to 5.18 millimeter and initial abstraction of 1.04 millimeter. This indicates that if the rainfall is less than about 1 millimeter then we can expect that all of it will be absorbed by the catchment area and there will be no runoff. Once the rainfall exceeds 1 millimeter only then the runoff will occur. Similarly, if we have a cultivated sandy soil we can look at the curve number which is 72 using that curve number of 72 we can get S equal to 3.89 millimeter and initial abstraction of 0.78 millimeter. Curve number can be as small as 25 for example, if we have a forest area and soil is sandy and a good cover. So, that means the foliage density is very high sandy soil will cause more infiltration curve number of 25 will give us initial abstraction which will be 20 percent of this. So, 6 millimeter which is quite high and that means that your initial rainfall of 6 millimeter would be completely absorbed by the catchment and there will be no runoff. So, for forest area with permeable soils, sandy soil with a very good cover the initial abstraction is quite high and it also depends on the climate. So, for example, if we have a warmer climate we can reduce the curve number for paved area we have already seen that the curve number is 98 for all types of soils, but if the climate is warmer then we would expect a little more evaporation and we can reduce the curve number to 95. So, this method gives us an idea of how to find out initial abstraction from the precipitation. It is an empirical method tables of curve numbers are available for different types of land uses different types of soils and different types of existing moisture conditions what is known as the anti-sident moisture conditions. And under normal conditions we have shown the table this is under normal conditions if dry or wet then there are other tables or other equations which relate the curve number with the land use and type of soil, but we will not go into details of that. The other part which we have after initial abstraction then we have other abstractions like evaporation and infiltration and transpiration. Typically the evaporation from a water surface can be described as changing with time of the year for example, in summer months we would expect a very high evaporation for winter it would be lower. A typical variation of evaporation can be seen in this figure in which January has very small evaporation, December has small evaporation, but as we can see here may June, July even may have high evaporation as high as may be up to about 170 millimeters this is monthly evaporation. So, evaporation for the whole month may be about 175, 170 this is for a typical station sometimes evaporation may be as high as 200 or even higher than that in most of the dry areas in India it would be higher than 200 to 20 millimeters per month or so. So, the question is how to find out this evaporation which varies over a wide range if you look at this value it is close to about 40, 50 and if you look at this value it is close to 170, 175. So, evaporation will vary a lot from month to month and for a typical month or for a typical year if you want to find out evaporation then there are empirical equations which are given. We have already seen that we can measure the evaporation by using evaporation pan and then using a pan coefficient. So, that measurement can be done, but there are some empirical equations which can be used if data is not available from evaporation pans. Some of the empirical equations which we have seen for example, for evaporation we have the Meyers equation and the Rovers equation. Rovers equation and Meyers equation both are based on the fact that the evaporation will be directly proportional to the vapor pressure deficit. So, E w here as we have seen is the saturation vapor pressure and E a is the actual vapor pressure. So, E w minus E a denotes the deficit from the saturation value to the actual value and this will govern the amount of evaporation from a water surface. We have also seen that not only the deficit, but also the wind velocity will affect the evaporation because the wind velocity u will affect how fast the saturated air from here is removed from over the surface and then another air packet which is once it becomes saturated it is moved away then a drier air will come and then evaporation can continue. So, wind speed larger wind speed will mean larger rate of evaporation. So, most of the equations have one factor which depends on the saturation deficit and another factor which depends on the wind velocity. In the Rovers we have an additional factor which accounts for atmospheric pressure also at that location. So, we would need to know what is E w saturation vapor pressure saturation vapor pressure is generally a function of temperature and therefore, we can find out if we know the temperature we can find out what will be the value of the E w. So, some of the tables which are easily available in literature for example, one of the tables is shown here in which with temperature the variation of vapor pressure and there is a slope of vapor pressure curve this we will need in some other equations later on, but for now this is what is important how the vapor pressure saturation vapor pressure E w changes with temperature. There are equations also given for this and there are figures available like this which show for any temperature what is the saturation vapor pressure in terms of millimeter of mercury. So, for example, if we take the example of a lake we want to find out the evaporation from the lake given some data for example, surface area of the lake is given as 4 square kilometers water temperature is 25 degree Celsius. Now, this water temperature mean that we have to find out E w at 25 degrees. So, we can use the graph or some equations to find out what is the E w corresponding to this temperature. And as you can see from here it is obtained as 23.77 millimeter of mercury which we can get from the figure or the table also. So, for a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius vapor pressure of 23.77 is obtained the actual vapor pressure will be obtained by multiplying this saturation vapor pressure with the relative humidity. And the data which is given for this problem is a relative humidity of 45 percent. So, this will indicate that the actual vapor pressure would be 45 percent of the saturation vapor pressure which is obtained as 10.70 millimeter of mercury. In the Myers equation there is a an empirical constant k here which depends on the kind of body water body which we are dealing with. If we have large and deep body then k is taken as 0.36. So, since this is a large body 4 kilometer square area we can take k as 0.36. So, knowing k E w and E a we have we are now left with obtaining the value of U 9 which is the velocity at 9 meters above the ground level. The data which is given is for wind velocity at 0.6 meter above ground. So, wind velocity will be given based on where is this velocity measuring point and in this case we have data which is available at 0.6 meter above ground and the wind velocity is 14 kilometers per hour at 0.6 meter. What we need in the Myers equation is U at 9 meters. So, we need to use some correlation for example, we can use the 1 7 power law which tells that the velocity varies as 1 7 power of the distance from the surface. So, using that relationship we can estimate the velocity at 9 meters. So, the wind velocity profile would be like this at 0.6 meter the velocity is given as 14 and our interest is in finding out 9 meters what is this velocity. So, if we assume 1 7 power law then the velocity at 9 meters can be obtained as 14 into 9 divided by 0.6 which is the depth ratio to the power 1 by 7 and it turns out to be 20.6 kilometers per hour. So, looking back at the Myers equation now we know everything we have k, we have the E w and E a, we have U 9 and we can obtain the evaporation rate in terms of millimeters per day 0.36 is the value of k saturation deficit 20.6 is the velocity at 9 meters. So, in this equation 1 plus U 9 by 16 we have 20.6 by 16. So, this turns out to be 10.77 millimeters per day. So, we have evaporation from the lake surface equal to almost 1 centimeter in a day and we can also find out in a month how much volume of water will evaporate from that lake. So, the surface area is 4 square kilometers we convert into meter square and this is in millimeter per day convert into meters and 30 days assuming in a month. We have 1.29 million meter cube of water evaporated from the lake in a month. Now, we can also use the robust equation and see how much estimate of the evaporation we get. Since all these are empirical equations they would naturally give different values because they are based on different data. So, robust equation has this additional parameter P a and we have this given information mean barometric pressure is let us say 768 millimeters of mercury. So, this is in millimeters of mercury the velocity wind velocity which is used in robust equation is u naught which is at the surface. But, since the velocity at the surface it is very difficult to measure it ideally would be 0 if we say no slip condition therefore, u 0 is typically taken as u 0.6 and that is what we have measured here u at 0.6 meter above ground as 14 kilometer per hour. So, using the robust equation we have this constant 0.771 barometric pressure term, wind velocity term and saturation deficit term and this u 0 we will be using as u 0.6. So, using this data we get a value of 13.33 millimeters per day you can see that here we have 10.77 millimeters per day here we have obtained a value of just 13.33 millimeters per day. So, they are a little different and not exactly the same thing. The other thing which we do this is only evaporation. Now, most of our times we would be interested in combining evaporation and transpiration. So, we need to know what is the evaporation from a water body as well as what is transpiration from plants or vegetation in that area and as we have already discussed we combine these two and call that evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration will depend on a lot of factors for example, what is the solar radiation available at that point, what is the number of daylight hours because if we have cloud cover then naturally evapotranspiration will be smaller. So, we need a lot of information there are again empirical methods which use some equations and there are some theoretical methods which are a little more based on theory rather than only empirical coefficients. So, we would look at some of these techniques and see how to compute evapotranspiration based on some of the empirical and theoretical approaches. For example, we have seen the Blaney-Cradle equation which says that the evapotranspiration is equal to 25.4 again this 25.4 comes because we convert inches into millimeter and there is some factor k here which will be function of the crop type. So, this will affect the transpiration the crop type therefore, this factor k will come and f is a consumptive use factor monthly consumptive use factor which we will see later on how to compute it and there is another method which is commonly used is the thorn to it equation which again tells that E t is equal to 16 L a is a factor which depends on the latitude and the month t average is the average temperature and using these two equations we can find out the evapotranspiration at a particular latitude for a given month where average temperature will be known. So, let us take this data we have location where the latitude is 30 degrees north crop is given as wheat and for wheat we know that the value of k in the Blaney-Cradle equation is taken as 0.65 for rise it is 1.1. Now, let us look at two months months of November and December for which the mean monthly temperatures are 15 for November and 12 for December and what we need to find out is evapotranspiration for this period of two months November and December. In the Blaney-Cradle equation which is written as evapotranspiration is 25.4 k f we have already discussed that for wheat k is given as 0.65 there is a table of values of k for different types of crops for example some of the values are rise 1.1, maize 0.65, sugar k in 0.9 natural vegetation if it is dense then value can be taken as 1.2 to 1.3 and if it is light 0.8 to 1 here since wheat is given we will take k equal to 0.65. The factor f is the summation of p h p h is the monthly percent of annual daylight and this will depend on latitude and of course the time of year which we say as month. T average is given for November and December as 15 and 12 degrees in the Blaney-Cradle equation which was based on FPS system of units the temperature was in degrees for an height. So, we can convert this 15 and 12 degrees Celsius to 59 and 53.6 degrees Fahrenheit. The p h value is obtained from a table of values which relate the monthly sunshine hour percent with the latitude and the time of the year and for example if we look at this table this gives us the daytime hour percentage for each month for different latitude and different months we are given these percentages. For example if you are talking about equator 0 degrees north in January there would be 8.5 percent daylight hours compared to the number of daylight hours for the whole year. So, 8.5 percent of the year daylight hours will occur in January. Similarly if we look at February the number of daylight hours in this case you would see is the smallest at 7.66. If number of daylight hours are same in every month then the percentage would be 100 by 12 or 8.33 percent, but since February is a smaller month also and colder also the percentage of daylight hours is 7.66. As we move to the north you can see that in January the percentage is decreasing while in May it is increasing. So, this depends on the latitude as well as the season and therefore from this table we can find out the percentage which is required in the Blenie Cradle equation. So, for example the latitude which is given if we look at the data given for a 30 degree north latitude and the year the month has November and December we can look at the percentage values 7.19 percent for November and 7.15 percent for December. So, using these two values of percentage and using the mean temperature we can estimate the value of F which is summation of P H monthly percent we have already seen this as 7.19 and 7.15 percent. T average is 59 for November 53.6 for December. So, the summation of these two sigma P H T average for these two months comes out to be 8.07. So, knowing F and K we can find out the evapotranspiration 25.4 conversion from inch to millimeter K for wheat and F for November and December months for 30 degrees north latitude. It gives us 133.3 millimeters of evapotranspiration over the two months of November and December. Similarly, if we use the thorned weight equation we can write E T equal to 16 L A 10 T average over I T and exponent A. The exponent A as you can see from here is given by another equation which relates it with I T. I T is the heat index and it is given as for the whole year summation from 1 to 12 T bar over 5 1.514 which is this equation. So, T bar is the average monthly temperature. The heat index can be obtained if average temperature are given for each month. So, we have this additional data which should be given to us. This is the mean monthly temperature and of course, this is in degree Celsius. So, in thorned weight we are using Celsius. So, for January you can see that the mean monthly temperature is 10 degree centigrade. Number and December of course, these were already given to us, but for this method we need to have this whole year data available to us and using this entire data set we can estimate the value of I T and it turns out to be 96.1. So, T average by 5 for each month to the power 1.514 summing over all the month. So, this summation goes from I equal to 1 to 12 as written here. So, for each month we need to add up all these factors and when we do that we get I T equal to 96.1. A is a function of I T. So, some constant into I T cube again I T square I T and a constant term which gives us 96.1 sorry 2.1. For I T equal to 96.1, A is given as 2.1 and then the value of L A is the one which is required for different is given in table for different latitudes and different months. So, this is the adjustment factor L A and for the given latitude of 30 degrees for months of November and December we can see that the correction factor of the adjustment factor is 0.89 and 0.88. So, using this for these two months we can find out the value of E T as 36.3 for November. So, this is the December and this is November. So, 36.3 millimeters in November and 22.7 millimeters in December. These are empirical equations, but there are some theoretical equations also available to find out the evapotranspiration. The most commonly used theoretical equation is the Penman's equation. So, if we look at the Penman's equation, it is based on the incoming solar radiation at that particular location and for that particular period of the year. So, we need to have some data about what will be the solar radiation coming at different latitudes at different times of the year. So, there are some tables which are available for this purpose and we will look at a few of those tables which are needed in the Penman's equation, which are similar to the other equations other tables which show behavior with different latitudes and different times of the months. For example, in this case we can look at mean solar radiation in terms of millimeter of evaporable water per day. Again for different latitudes and different times of months, times of the year we can find out what is the mean solar radiation which occurs at the atmosphere, how much water it will be able to evaporate. So, the mean solar radiation is given in terms of millimeters of evaporable water per day because evaporation of water requires some energy. So, this millimeter of evaporable water per day indicates what is the energy coming in at the atmospheric level. And as you can see for different at for example, this 30 degrees north latitude in November the solar radiation will be able to evaporate 9.1 millimeter of water per day in December on the 7.9 millimeter per day. At 20 degrees north it would be able to evaporate 11.2 and 10.3 for the months of November and December. So, the other thing which we need for most of the theoretical equations is what is the sunshine hours per day. The mean potential sunshine hours per day actual sunshine hours of course, will be different depending on the cloud cover on that day. But this is the potential sunshine hours per day and of course, this will depend on the latitude and the time of the year. At the equator of course, this value does not change with time of the year. So, it is 12.1 hours of sunshine every day expected on the equator throughout the year. For 10 degrees north latitude, again Wednesday winter months since we are talking about northern hemisphere, January, February, November, December these are the winter months. So, the sunshine hours are smaller during this time and then they become larger during the summer months. So, that trend you can see here also a smaller number of daylight hours, sunshine hours in the winter months and large number during the summers. So, these two tables mean potential sunshine hours and mean solar radiation they would be helpful in obtaining estimates of evapotranspiration using the theoretical equations. In the Penman's equation, the equation which is given for finding out the evapotranspiration involves solar radiation. The equation which is given by Penman is potential evapotranspiration would be some factor A times h n this is the radiation. Again another factor gamma E A this is the evaporation and weighted by. So, these are the weights A and gamma and then divide by total value A plus gamma. The data which is given in this example is that for the month of November at a latitude of 30 degrees north mean monthly temperature is given as 15 degrees centigrade. In this case let us take the mean relative humidity as 75 percent and actual mean daily sunshine hours for the month of November are taken as 9. Potential the sunshine hours are larger than this, but actual daily sunshine hours are only 9 because sometimes there may be cloud covers. Wind velocity is measured in this case at 2 meters above the surface and was found as 4 kilometers per hour, but in Penman's equation we need the velocity in kilometers per day. So, we converted into 96 kilometers per day. There is an albedo required in the Penman's equation which is the reflectance of the surface. It is given that this area has very close to ground crops which have albedo of 0.2. This is the reflectance of the surface. So, 0.2 is taken as the albedo if we have water we have 0.05 albedo for bare land it can vary from 0.05 to 0.45 and for snow it can go as high as 0.95, but in this case albedo is given as 0.2. So, in the Penman's equation we would need the quantities as we have seen the albedo is given as 0.2. Net radiation we want at the atmospheric level. We also want a psychometric constant which is typically taken as 0.49. Then there is one more term which we require the slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve. This also depends on a temperature. So, if we take a temperature of 15 degrees centigrade the saturation vapor pressure is 12.8 and the slope of the curve is 0.82. So, for example, this shows the saturation vapor pressure and the next curve shows the slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve in terms of millimeter per degree centigrade. And for different temperatures we can find out its value. So, in this case for a temperature of 15 degrees Celsius the values which we will be using will be 12.8 millimeter of mercury pressure saturation vapor pressure E w and 0.82 as the slope of the curve. The other thing which we need is the amount of solar radiation available and if we look at the month of November for different latitudes we have these values of the mean solar radiation. So, this tells us that using these tables and the values of the coefficients we can estimate or find out the values of different parameters in the Penman's equation. So, we will look at the example. The month is November that is 30 degrees north. So, using these data we can obtain from that table which we have shown that h a is 9.1 millimeter of evaporable water per day. This we have seen in the previous equation function of latitude and month. So, the table gives us the available radiation as 9.1 millimeter. E w also we have seen for a temperature of 15 degrees was 12.8 millimeters of mercury. The relative humidity given in this case is 75 percent. So, the actual vapor pressure will be 75 percent of E w which is obtained as 9.6. So, E w and E a can be obtained from the temperature and the relative humidity data. The evaporation for the Penman's equation is given by this equation 0.35 wind velocity term and the saturation deficit term u 2 means the wind velocity at 2 meters. In this case the velocity is given at 2 meters. So, we do not need to use the height correction and therefore, we will be using 96 kilometers per day as the velocity. So, using 1 plus u 2 by 160 the wind velocity term saturation deficit term multiplied by 0.35 we get E a as 1.79 millimeters per day. The slow slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve again we have obtained from a temperature of 15 degrees and it was obtained as 0.82. So, that is the value of A. A is the slope of E w versus T curve and this is in millimeters of mercury per degree Celsius. The value is obtained from the table as 0.82. So, A is also obtained a psychometric constant gamma is 0.49 millimeters of mercury per degree Celsius that value is almost a constant. In the Penman's equation we use the St. Pans constant and the value which is obtained is 2.01 10 to the power minus 9 millimeters per day. The Stefan Boltzmann constant is used here sigma T to the power 4 T is the temperature in degree Kelvin. So, T as we have written here for a temperature of 15 degrees Celsius we have to add to 73.3 and we get a T of 288.3 degree Kelvin. There are some correction factors here A plus B n by n and 0.1 plus 0.9 n by n. These correct for the actual number of sunshine hours compared to the potential sunshine hours. In this case the potential number of sunshine hours for the month of November at latitude of 30 degrees north can be obtained from the table and the value which is obtained is 10.6 hours. So, this means that we can have a maximum of 10.6 hours of daylight in that period on that latitude, but the actual number n is only 9. So, this may happen due to number of reasons some days may be cloudy. So, sunshine hours are limited. So, because of this number of actual sunshine hours being less than potential hours we have these correction factors A plus B n by n here and 0.1 plus 0.9 n by n here. In which A is related to the latitude as 0.29 cosine of the latitude in this case 30 degrees and it comes out to be 0.25. B is constant equal to 0.52, R is the albedo given as 0.2, HA available solar radiation that we have seen will depend on the latitude and the month and from the table we have seen the value as 9.1. So, in this equation all the terms are known and therefore, we can find out the net radiation in terms of evaporable water per day as 1.74 millimeter per day. So, as we can see here E A and H n both have been obtained in this case they are very close H n is 1.74 and E A is 1.79. So, in this case the relative magnitude of A and gamma will not really matter because these two values are very close. So, whatever weight we assign to individual values will not affect the calculation very much. But still if we use A and gamma as weights we get potential evapotranspiration as 1.76 millimeters per day. So, for the month of November at latitude of 30 degrees north we can expect if the actual sunshine hours are 9 per day on an average and relative humidity is 75 percent. Then we can expect for event velocity of 4 kilometers per hour and for an albedo of 0.2 that the potential evapotranspiration from that area would be 1.76 millimeters per day. So, using either the theoretical equation where spendments is the most common or some empirical equations for example, thorns width we can find out what is the potential evapotranspiration from that area. So, knowing the initial abstraction and the potential evapotranspiration the only other abstraction which we need to look at is the infiltration. Infiltration depends on the soil type and as we have seen there are some curves which relate the temporal variation of infiltration rate. For example, infiltration rate will be very high at the beginning of the storm and as we move further in time infiltration rate will decrease because the soil has become more saturated the soil may also become compacted because of the impact of the raindrops. So, generally the infiltration rate will decrease with time. So, there will be some rate here at time 0 there will be some rate here at infinity and then typically an exponential decrease is specified as the change of infiltration with time, but this becomes very complicated to estimate these parameters f 0, f infinity and there is some rate here which typically is like 8 power minus 8 power minus k t. So, this rate finding out this k also becomes complicated. So, there are some simple methods which can be used to estimate the infiltration loss. The infiltration indices in a way represents an average value of the loss. The most commonly used index is the phi index and what it means is some kind of average loss from the precipitation. So, if we are given a storm hydrograph for example, a storm may look like this intensity may be millimeter per hour and time in hours. So, we may be given that rain occurs with this intensity and this temporal variation and we may be given runoff. So, knowing the amount of rain and the amount of runoff we can estimate what are the losses and using those losses we can estimate what is the average loss expressed in terms of phi index. So, let us take an example in which the precipitation of 88 millimeters occurs in 8 hours as shown in this table that from 0 to 1 hour the intensity is 4 millimeters per hour. Similarly, 1 to 2 is 8 and 7 to 8 intensity is 5. So, if we add all these up we get 88 millimeters of precipitation. It is also given that because of this rain there is a 46 millimeter of runoff and therefore, a total loss of 42 millimeter takes place for this particular event and when we say this loss this includes all losses. So, everything else goes as runoff. Now, in order to find out the phi index what we need to do is draw a line here such that the area above this represents runoff and the area below this represent the loss. Then this value is called the phi index. So, how to compute this phi index basically we want the total precipitation and runoff. So, that we can find out the losses and then we have to adjust this line in such a way that the area below that is equal to the loss. So, in this case for example, we can say that the average loss is in 8 hours we have loss of 42 millimeters. Therefore, the average loss is 5.25 millimeters per hour, but if we look at the table we can see that for the first period and the last period rainfall intensity is smaller than 5.25. So, first period is only 4, last period it is 5. So, in the first period in the last period the losses cannot be 5.25 because the losses are limited to the amount of rain. Whatever rain is falling all of it can be lost, but no more than that. So, what we have to do now one more iteration in which we assume that in the first hour the loss is 4 millimeters, in the 8th hour the loss is 5 millimeters. And in other 6 hours we have to find out what will be the loss. So, we can say that a loss of 42 minus 4 minus 5 will be in 6 hours, which means that a loss of 33 millimeters in 6 hours giving us average loss of 5.5 millimeters per hour. And all the other values are higher than 5.5 therefore, we can say that phi index is 5.5 millimeter per hour. So, in this way we can obtain the value of an average loss over the entire period. T e we can also if we look at the hydrograph and let us say that the phi index is somewhere here. Then we can say that an effective duration. So, this T e will be 5.5 millimeter per hour duration of effective rainfall or excess rainfall. So, this rainfall is what is contributing to the runoff and the rest is lost to infiltration, evaporation and abstraction. So, the 6 here represents the effective T or the time of excess rainfall. So, phi index is very commonly used to estimate the average loss. There are some other indices also. For example, there is a W index, which is given as precipitation minus runoff minus runoff minus runoff minus and initial abstraction divided by the duration of rainfall excess. But phi index is little more common. There are some other methods also of estimating phi index. So, after getting the phi index, we can prepare a table like this, which shows for different times what is the excess rainfall. That means after taking care of the losses, what is the additional amount and in this case if we look at this table. So, this 4 is completely lost. Out of this 8, we have a loss of 5.5 millimeters. So, all the other values we subtract 5.5 except the first in the loss will become 0 and sum of all these will turn out to be 46 millimeters. Central water commission CWC of India has given an equation by correlating the runoff with rainfall. So, if rainfall of i centimeter per day occurs in 24 hours, the runoff can be correlated by alpha i to the power 1.2. Alpha is depending on the soil type 0.2 for sandy 0.45 for clay. So, we have a higher runoff for clay soils and then phi index can be defined as i minus r divided by 24 and can be used to estimate the effective or excess rainfall duration. So, in today's lecture, we have seen various abstractions and how to compute them. We have looked at the initial abstraction, the evaporation, evapotranspiration and infiltration. We have looked at various empirical and theoretical methods to obtain an estimate of these parameters which can be used to find out how much percentage of rainfall will be lost and how much will go as runoff, which is our main part of interest as to how much runoff will occur due to a particular storm event.


Marian Tulski is a Polish journalist and historian and one of the last living survivors of the Holocaust. For several years he lived in the ghetto of Lodz. From there he was deported to Auschwitz and later to Buchenwald. After surviving the grueling death marches, he was finally liberated at Theresienstadt in 1945. Tulski decided to stay in post-war communist Poland. As editor and journalist for the weekly Politiker, he worked towards reconciliation between the various communities. Last January, during the commemoration at Auschwitz, Tulski gave a powerful speech that made headlines across the globe. Good morning my Dutch friends, not only my Dutch friends, but mainly my Dutch friends. My name is Marian Tulski, I live in Warsaw, Poland, and English is not my native language. So do please forgive me my errors, my mistakes which I will probably have while lecturing today and maybe one explanation more. I'm a survivor of Auschwitz. Prior to it, I was sent to it because of my Jewish origin. Prior to it, I spent more than four and a half years in the ghetto of Łódź, second largest Jewish population in prior Poland, so in a way I am a witness of history. My education, I'm a historian, this is my profession, this is my education, this is my job, and I can understand that a woman, the boss of the Nexus Institute in Amsterdam, invited me to give this lecture in order not only to present you, I would say, an academic point of view, an academic research, but also to combine academic research with eye witness experience. Thank you, Pope Riemann. And now to the point. The topic is what did the victims, that means the Jews, what did the Jews know about their faith, and precisely as well, what did I know, being a boy and then after three years, what did I know about my faith? Well, I can't understand and I can guess that some of you who are listening to my lecture would be maybe even amazed and they would oppose, they would say, hey Mr. Turski, what are you saying? You knew everything, you knew everything, where Hitler was not hiding his ideas, his approach to the Jews, Hitler was a full anti-Semite and not only, he also used anti-Semitism as a tool in gaining power, in gaining, yes, this is true, the souls, the hearts, the support of people of the state. And he announced his pronunciation were public since the 20s. Everybody knew Mein Kampf, his autobiography published in millions, in millions of copies, was a kind of a Bible of Nazism and in this Bible you can find his approach to the Jews. So what are you saying? Wait, wait, you are right, but only to some extent. I will give you in a while some evidence that pre, in times before the war, even the Germans themselves did not know exactly what would be the fate of the Jews. In this meeting, that they didn't even guess a particular moment when, when there would come a sudden and violent way of annihilating the Jews. And here's my evidence, here's my proof for it, probably most of you know the famous event of what is known in German as the Kristallacht, in English it means the night of the broken glasses. It happened November the 9th, 1938. It was in a way a landmark, a milestone in German Nazi policy vis-à-vis the Jews. The 9th and the 10th November 1938, they were, for the first time in this scale, a program, a total attack on Jewish businesses, Jewish homes, Jewish synagogues, almost all the Jewish synagogues were burned down, almost all of them, 91 Jews were killed, at least 91, then the shafts were looted, it was absolutely a night of broken glasses. One of those who was the implementer of it and who in the future would become one of the executors of so-called final solution of the Jews, his name was Reinhard Heidrich, who was very close to the narrow circle of those people who decided upon German politics, Hitler and then Göring, Himmler, Goebbels, Bohrmann, maybe some other, but this was the narrow circle of the deciding people and Heidrich was very close to them, he was a favorite student, a favorite supporter, a favorite son, I would say, pupil of Hitler, in a very short time he would become probably a member of this narrow circle who ruled Nazi Germany. Imagine that this Heidrich, a day or two days after Kristallnacht, wrote in an internal memo, we have it in the archives and I'm quoting it, the process of getting rid of the Jews will take 10 years, end of the quotation. If that had been the case, it would have been, not before 1948, but it happened, South girls, well, you see, he in his imagination, it would take 10 years to get rid of the Jews, I'm calling him to get rid. What did they mean? What did they had in mind, have in mind while using the word to get rid? The Nazis don't deserve to be excused, but as a historian, I must look into the sources objectively and to be very close to the historical truth. In those days, it meant, if the Jews, it meant depriving the Jews their citizens right, the depriving the Jews, taking them away their civil rights, taking away their property, if they only agree to leave their property, their businesses in Germany, and if they want to emigrate, okay, why not? We want to have a Germany Judenfreie, this was the idea of getting rid of the Jews in those days. Well, so it would, something happened special. It would, afterwards, what will change their policy, their approach to Jews and not only to Jews. And I'm coming to the title, so if you ask me what the victims did know about their fate, first of all, we should fix when it was decided by the Germans themselves. So we have, first of all, to determine when the fate was decided, when and more precisely, when the fate, when it was decided to speed up that fate, to accelerate to sudden, violent, immediate extermination. You will find in very many books, also in some textbooks still, and it's such a great source of information, as is the Wikipedia, that this was decided in Valse, the famous conference in Valse in 1942. It is, this information is misleading. I tell you why. Not only because the participants of this conference, which took place January the 20th, 1942, were not the high, the highest rank dignitaries, German dignitaries. Only Hydrish, who was presiding the conference, he was really one of the top, from the top. Maybe closest was the boss of Gestapo, Hydrish Müller, and then rather important dignitaries, but third rank, fourth rank, vice ministers, deputies of different ministers, they were not able to make the real decisions. Second point, look, the Valse conference convened exactly January the 20th, 1942, and since December the 8th, 1941, the first gassing in the German Kulmhof was implemented. The first gassing of Gypsies and Jews from so-called Wartegau, and we should have a little bit of imagination. You cannot just have an object ready in one day. Probably it took them at least a month to prepare the place, to prepare the transport to it, and so on, so on. So no doubt that the decision was made at least before November, maybe before October 1942. Yes, Valse was important, very important, because it worked out the logistic of the so-called final solution of the extermination of the Jews, how many transports, how many cars you need, what would be the schedule, who would be responsible for the logistics, and so on, and so on, so on, so on. But it was only something to work out a decision which was the verdict which was passed at least several months earlier prior to it. When? There is no doubt that the so-called Barbarossa plan, the offensive, Hitler's offensive of Russia, against Russia, and this very cruel war, that this was a change and then combined afterwards with the Pearl Harbor and the war with the United States, this was a new milestone, this was a real milestone, the landmark in German policy. Let me quote something very important, very interesting. A week before the offensive against Russia started, one of the most important personalities of Nazi Germany, Joseph Gabels, was invited by Hitler, and this is what he wrote, what he put it down in his diary, I'm quoting. It is the entry from his diary, dates June 15, 1941. The most powerful offensive the word has ever seen, he's predicting what will happen in one week. Napoleon's story has no grounds to be repeated, the Fuhrer estimates that the whole campaign will not last longer than four months, I personally estimate that it will take us less. We are a step away from it. The pact with Russia really was sustained on our honor. The Fuhrer says that whether or not right is on our side, we must win. There is no other way for us. What we plan is in every way proper, moral, and necessary. And when we have won, who is going to ask us how we did it? End of the quotation. And now another quotation, I don't want to overload you with quotation, but still it is part of my job, because those are the sources. Several weeks later, when the offensive is developing more and more, and also they started killing the communists, the Jews, the paratroopers, and so on, by special units called the Einsatzgruppen. Here you have this following entry from Giebel's diary, I'm quoting. It is a life and death struggle between the Aryan race and the Jewish basilis. Another government, another ruler, would have left the carriage to address this question and solve it once and for all. The Fuhrer has shown himself to be the undaunted pioneer and spokesman for a radical solution, and that is precisely what the present situation demands. Praise God, there is a war and we can reach for means that we could not apply in peacetime. We must use them to the full end of the quotation. Well, I think this is, it depicts the change of their own attitude, of their own, of the Nazi's own attitude, and not by incidents. From the same time, I can quote also something important, the authorization of second run in Germany of Hermann Göring, given to Heidrich. I direct, I am quoting, I direct you to make all necessary organizational, logistical, and material preparation for total solution of the Jewish question in German zone of influence in Europe. I direct you to submit to me shortly an exhaustive plan of organizational, logistical, and material preparations preceding the achievement of the desired final solution of the Jewish question, end of the quotation. This was really a kind, he entitled, Göring entitled Heidrich to convene the van der Konferenz to look for means, for ways, how to work out the final solution. And here the result of the first year in 1941, after the beginning of the Hitler's offensive, which was June, end of June, the 41, till the end of 41, 600,000 Jews were murdered in a normal way by shooting, by executions in the Baltic States, in the former Eastern territories of Privor Poland, in Belarus, in the Ukraine. And probably you know special names of executions. It was Padirai, Ponary, near Vilnius, Lithuania, 49 in Kaunas, Lithuania, it was Rumbula in Latvia, it was Babinyar in Ukraine.  The news about Ponary was the first Jewish Polish Jews. And I will try to have a glimpse into three circles, three great Jewish populations, first around Vilnius, second the largest population of Warsaw, and finally I will come to my town, to Łódź, where I lived and what I experienced. There were rumors about Padirai, about Ponary, and thanks to the corporation even dated for before the war, between the Jewish pioneers, Jewish scouts gathered in the other organization Hashomer, has a year, with the scout organization, a clandestine scout organization, a Polish scout organization, headed by a wonderful gentleman, a great hero, Aleksandr Kaminski, they used the nickname, the gray ranks in Polish, Szare Szeregi. There was a corporation and because the Jews were not permitted to travel, the people, the wonderful guys from the Polish scout organization, sent dedicated people, like Irena Damowicz, Henry Grabowski, to those areas and they brought the report to deliver them to the Jewish leaders. One of the leaders was, you probably know the name because he was very famous, become very famous, Istrak Tsucherman Antek and in November 1941, when the scout, the Polish scout Grabowski, reached him and reported him what happened in his native town Vilnius, he was absolutely shocked, he was absolutely shocked and in his memoirs he confessed, by the way if you will have a chance to read them, they were published also in English under the title, surplus of memory. I'm quoting, it was a great blow, that was not just epogrom, the knowledge that Ponary Panerai means death knocked me off my feet. And this is significant, said this milieu, the circle of Jewish leaders in the area of Vilnius, of Lithuania, which was before the world, Polish territory, that they, they first realized what happened. Their leader, a great personality, a great, absolutely a poet, a fighter, may be some of you know his name, Abba Kovner, he gathered the main active of the young Jewish fighters in this area of Vilnius and the night of December 31, 1941, he declared publicly to them, it was a clandestine meeting and he declared and this is what he told and friends, comrades, colleagues, we are the witness of a new stage of German policy with respect to Jews. It is the stage of immediate extermination, end of the quotation. At this moment we can say, we can state that the leaders of Vilnius, of Vilnius Jews in the end of 1941 realized that this is a new stage in German policy, that it means immediate annihilation. How was it in Warsaw? Rumors about Kaunas, about Vilnius, about some other places reached the Warsaw ghetto in the first month of 1942. But, my dear friends, you should understand that maybe I will repeat it twice or three times, people don't want to believe that something at what's wrong could happen to them. People still believe maybe it was only an incident in this place, maybe something it was a revenge in this place, maybe it was a special coup, Nazi commander, but they could not, they could not embrace in their mind that a full nation could be a goal of extermination. My very good friend who also survived of Auschwitz, maybe you know her name, Halina Birnbaum, a poet, she lives in Israel, she wrote her autobiography and she titled it The Hope Dies the Last. This is true, people so long they live, they have some hope and therefore it was so, it was so difficult, so hard to understand it, to comprehend it, but there were two facts which had to disturb this routine, this way of thinking. First, when Zuckerman arrived to the Warsaw ghetto with the news and the news were delivered by the Scouts and second, very important, as probably you know, the first gazing started, as I mentioned before, in Chelmno, which was German Kulmhof. It is a long story, I'll tell it in brief. A young Jewish boy whom we know as maybe finer, maybe winner, rather winner, who afterwards would obtain a nickname Grojnowski in order to hide himself while to fight the shelter because he was chased by the Germans, was forced to be one of those who buried the Jews being prey to it, gassed in Kulmhof. This was the first gazing, the first examination camp which was established, Kulmhof, Chelmno. He escaped, this is a long story how he escaped, deserves a film, deserves a movie, but I don't have time now to tell about it. Then he found for a one day a shelter in a nearby 20 kilometers away from the camp in a little town, Grabov. He was looking for the local chief rabbi, it was a rabbi Yakov Shulman. He told him the story and what happened, escaped further on because he was chased by the Germans and found a place, a way to come to the Warsaw ghetto and after he came to Warsaw ghetto, he was in touch with the clandestine archive in the Warsaw ghetto. Maybe you have heard about it, there was a group headed by Dr. Emmanuel Ringelblum, a wonderful historian and they established a clandestine archive in the Warsaw ghetto now because it survived, it was preserved not fully, more or less 65 percent, now it is on the list of the great treasures of mankind, of the list of UNESCO and people from this clandestine archive took an interview with this schlammic wiener, we have it in our archive, still it is in Warsaw, when you come you can see it and he gave the first testimony how the gazing in a extermination camp takes place, so what he reported was afterwards published in the clandestine in the underground press in Warsaw, so you see two ways, one way the news from Wieners delivered by the Polish scouts and it's back to German, on the other way the testimony of the escapee from the extermination camp of Kulmhof, it could change the idea of the Jews, it could, well in a way I would say yes since this testimony it was already known in Warsaw ghetto what would, what is happening to Jews but am I not exaggerating what does it mean it was known who knew it, it knew only the elite dear friends how can you, can you imagine how many copies, how many copies were distribution was distributed a clandestine newspaper 200 300 500 maybe even 1000 people people were reading it some were shocked but in general they did still did not believe maybe it happened as well but with a great population of 350,000 or 400,000 Jews would he do the same impossible, impossible this was the way of thinking in Europe in those days and therefore I tell you if somebody knew it it only knew the elite and still between even some people knew about it it was not before July 42 when really the Warsaw ghetto population realized that this is a new stage in German policy vis-à-vis the Jews the 22nd of July 1942 began the so-called we know it from textbooks the great deportation from Warsaw in two months almost 300,000 Jews were deported to Tbilinka and were given to Tbilinka when the leaders of the Jewish organization understood realize that this is beginning of the liquidation of the ghetto and of the population of the ghetto you probably have seen the film pianist of Poroski so you can imagine how it looked in those days in Warsaw so the next day all the leaders of the parties convened gather together and we're discussing what we have to do the young leaders among them Zuckerman demanded we shall go out onto the streets we the leaders we the leaders of the political parties and tell the Jews now you the overall population would be killed would be murdered we should start the resistance against the Germans and because our faith is absolutely I've heard the verdict is passed on our faith we should resist with an axe with a knife what with everything possible I remember those words the words of Zuckerman I want to see the blood on Warsaw streets before it would be the blood in Tbilinka and it is very important to understand the most absolutely decent people decent decent leaders of the Jewish community well known leaders modest with great merits I will name they by name it was the leader of the religious party Rabbi Zeshe Friedman he was one of those who opposed the young leaders I'm quoting the Lord God will not allow allow the killing of the world society if we go onto the streets everyone will die end of the quotation another great leader Zionist leader professor Schripper Yitzhak Schripper said responding to the appeal of Zuckerman of the young people I'm quoting listen war requires sacrifice maybe 50,000 will die or even 80,000 but the rest will be left if we go out onto the streets as you want they'll kill everyone end of the quotation so my dear friends how to evaluate how to appreciate this kind of thinking you cannot abstract that you have a town with families Jewish families and those people those leaders responsible for those families they didn't dare to appeal to start what they were sure would end with a mass killing sometimes it's hard to understand but as a way to understand this possibility of those people who had the old people and the kids and the families to go with no arms against the Germans doesn't make sense maybe and still nobody could imagine that there could be a plan of a total annihilation of the Jewish nation but no doubt that this was the real after the deportations this was the main stimulus for those who left alive not very many some between 40 50 55,000 maybe 60,000 who prepared the uprising and which and we know we are proud of it we are really this is sometimes called the second massada but no doubt that after the great deportation when they realize that there is no other way they decided to make the uprising and also because there were not not more old people who were murdered not young kids they're murdered single young people desperate people could afford an uprising so here we come lastly to my ghetto to the ghetto of Łódź the deportations from the Łódź ghetto started in January 1942 and this is significant till May they were deported 55,000 out of the 160,000 population of the Łódź ghetto people of course were shocked but and he'll also please do understand our way of thinking at the time there were total families deported first of all those who came from Germany from Austria from Vienna from Prague from Luxembourg and them and then local people but in the beginning because the Germans the siege people they betrayed people they were telling them you are you will go to a new large ghetto where you will get more food than you get it in Łódź and what was absolutely absolutely mostly touching the population Łódź starvation hunger listen I will give you a quotation from a famous Czech Jewish writer who was in the Warsaw in Łódź ghetto Oscar Singer he wrote his diary his memoirs he didn't survive by the way and he admitted he confessed and I'm quoting some above all Jews from the Old Reich and Vienna accept the blow with their own kind of calm many say it can't be worse than the ghetto hunger outside the ghetto can't be greater and that is the most important after all a significant proportion of the Jews sign up of their own accord they want to take advantage of the opportunity to leave the ghetto and this is the mentality of people who know that if they will stay alive they will die due to hunger due to exhaustion due to tbc so if they go maybe it will be better there was something in addition in the beginning where there was the beginning of the ghetto in 1940 really the Germans recruited some labor people labor young people to go to the west the western part of Poland it was the eastern part of the aldreich to build auto routes to build highways and it was a very very decimating people job but they some very many died but some of them returned and told yes it was absolutely unbelievable hard work but we got more food than we were used to it in the which ghetto from this point of view some people believe maybe this is also something to new jobs they have new territories in the east maybe they will take us to work there and they will feed us better because where's that it is here in the ghetto of which cannot be and so this a first a first signal of that it happened something is the atmosphere wrong took place in may why in may 17s a little community of the little ghetto not far from which 20 kilometers from which Pabianica ghetto was joined was moved from Pabianica to Łódź and they told us a story that in their ghetto was a great acute laundry in this laundry to this laundry were sent to clothes to be cleaned and they found the people in the ghetto in Pabianica they found in the pockets money from Łódź ghetto what does mean what does mean imagine that the Łódź ghetto issued its own currency well first a fake currency just to take away the good money from the Jews but there's another story but when they found it they understood that the clothes come from people who were sent in deported to Kulmhof this was the first signal that we understood where the people deported went to a second or minutes signal was in July the same year when the commander the commander of the death camp in Kulmhof sent a letter to the Łódź ghetto asking whether in this in my ghetto could be produced a meal a meal to grain bones this this was something absolutely horrible but who knew about it only those who were close to the letter those there were some rumors but people still didn't believe a meal to grain bones is it this is so inhuman people can't couldn't believe in such inhuman possibilities and then it was one month even maybe two months because the deportation stopped in May and then June and July even August were respectively calm even more there was even more food in the ghetto why now we know because 55 000 people were kicked out were went away from the ghetto and there was some little bit more food in the ghetto additional food for those who still were leaving the ghetto and a new blow and maybe the last one to understand what is our fate reached us in the beginning of September in the beginning of September September the first suddenly she Germans went into all the hospitals in the ghetto took all the people put them on tracks and deported from the ghetto four days later was announced in German it goes in a gay spirit it means a curfew and the elder the elder of the Jews the so-called sometimes he's called the king of the Jews Rumkovsky had a speech as he used to doing it at the square in front of the fireman quarters barks and i'm going now to quote this his speech at least part of it because it is really i'm out of time the ghetto has been struck a hard blow they demand what is most dear to it children and old people in my old age i am forced to stretch out my hands and to beg brothers and sisters give them to me fathers and mothers give me your children yesterday in the course of the day i was given the order to send away more than 20 000 Jews from the ghetto and if i did not they said we will do it ourselves guided not by the sword how many will be lost but how many can be saved i arrived at the conclusion that however difficult it was going to be i must carry out this difficult and bloody operation i must cut off limbs in order to save the body i have come like a robber to take from you what is dearest to your heart i tried everything i knew to get the bitter sentence cancelled i succeeded in one thing to save the children over 10 let that be our consolation our great sorrow there are many people in this ghetto who suffer tuberculosis who they are perhaps a weak side number i do not know perhaps this is a satanic plan but i cannot stop myself from proposing give me these sick people and perhaps it will be possible to save the healthy in the place i know how precious each one of the sick is in his home and particular in particularly among Jews but at the time of such decrease one must weigh up and measure who should be saved who can be saved on who may be saved i don't want to comment it this is so moving so touching so horrible it is sometimes like like reading Shakespeare yes that's something of Shakespearean spirit mood climate and i i don't doubt that if there would be a collection of the greatest speeches in history of mankind this speech should be enclosed my defense now after september 5th everybody in the ghetto of which realized that this was the new stage the new policy that our faith the verdict was passed thank you


Hi everybody, welcome back on another technical demo around the Quarkus application. In this video, I'm going to walk you through how to consume the reactive GRPG service with the Quarkus immunity application. So this is the second part of how to implement GRPG service on top of the Quarkus. If you don't have any chance to watch the first video, please make sure to watch the first one because it will be very helpful to understand how to implement GRPG extension on the Quarkus Flamer. Alright, let's get started. So there are a couple more ways to consume GRPG on the Quarkus application. We learned about the blocking API consumption in the demo one and we're going to talk a little bit about the reactive immunity on the Quarkus application. And you can also inject GRPG channel in the Quarkus application as well. Let's go through the demo, how it works. Alright, this is the existing application we implemented in the demo one, how to implement blocking GRPG. Let's take a look at that one more time to recap very quickly. So go to the Hello World profile file. We defined a couple more appeal options like a Java multiple files and a package name here. And more importantly, we defined service name like a GRPG and exchange a message and Hello request and reply. And also we extend Hello service based on Generator GRPG implementation base. And in order to consume and actually invoke the GRPG service, we use the GRPG annotation and also we use the stuff file, the grid of blocking stuff. And the My Quarkus application already running as a development mode and let's try to using a reflection API to make sure this GRPG is invoked. And I got the right result, Hello Daniel O. And also I tried to ask the endpoint, actual endpoint, and I got the same result, Hello Daniel O. Alright, so this application is still working properly. Okay, let's try to add the muni extension to consume muni, the GRPG service here. Okay, so we're going to add, we just add the muni extension. So muni is the reactive program library allowing to express and compose asynchronous action. So first of all, we just needed to change the service here. Let's say change the name first, the reactive Hello service. You know, we need to change the class name as well along with the file name, the reactive Hello service here. And then we just, let's try to delete the existing code and delete the extension here. So we need to extend the muni implementation base rather than the blocking. So we extend the newly and then override the new method of public, the unit type and Hello. So muni offers two types of asynchronous action like a unit. And you can have some different type of multi-item stream based on multi-stream. So in this case, we're going to use the unit types when you invoke the muni program library for reactive system. And the return object is the unit, just create a form and item. And then the same say Hello. And the item is we're going to put the Hello if right. So we're going to new build the message here. The same message came from the muni and Hello. And we're going to add the parameter name from the request add get name here. So we just create the new reactive services based on single tone CDI beans. And also we don't need to, we can delete or require an input file to make clean the Java classes here. All right, here is our research file. Let's try to change that to endpoint first. So endpoint is a blocking. Maybe we're going to change that more make it clear. So go to let's say the muni and also the method name maybe change the blocking to replace the muni, replace the blocking. And then the CDI injection, we're going to change that to reactive. We're going to use the muni stop file because we need to invoke the muni greater grpc service in this case. So muni grpc this old grpc stop file was generated automatically when you define in your Hello world profile. All right, so change that invoke the muni Hello service here and say Hello and the same request. And we need to new build the request message. And then this is on item. This is not string type and on item and transform this message to Hello reply as the return message here and get message as we define in a service. And one more thing we need to do, we change the return type. Here we use the string return type when you consume blocking grpc. But in this case, we need to muni or multi. So in this case, we already find the unit type with the string in a services. So that's why we need to replace the unit string type. All right, let's try to invoke endpoint. Once again, the recompile packaging redeploy my running on top of my running pockets here. And let's try to reflection you API first to this is totally working. So muni Hello Daniel. Okay, this is totally working my reactive grpc consumption. Okay, let's try to one more time to access the actual endpoint. The HTTP and Hello and muni and the parameter like Daniel O. So my name and it should be returned with muni Hello and comma Daniel O. Yeah, totally working. So this is the how to consume the reactive grpc programming on Quarkus. All right, just to recap what we run today. So we're going to run how to consume the reactive grpc on Quarkus application. Also, we already know how to implement a grpc specifically broken API on Quarkus extension. I think it's very helpful for you to implement reactive or traditional broken API using grpc services on the Quarkus application framework. And please make sure to subscribe my YouTube channel for the next interesting and practical example. Thank you for watching today and have a good rest of the day.


Thank you I'm going to try this in Spanish. Bienvenido DevCon 3 de Ethereum Foundation Cancun, Mexico. I'm We're a little bit late in starting so I'm probably going to go right into the Ethereum team introduction the team is the team leads are here and I am just going to say their names first and then have Them come up and stand beside me and after that they will each come up and do a Quick introduction of themselves and the projects that they that they lead in the efforts that they lead so Vitalik Buterin Chief scientist overseeing research Martin spenda security lead Peter Szilagya Go team lead Jolt Telfolde Go team light client lead Dr. Christian right vizna C++ solidity lead Yoichi hirai formal verification testing research Alex Spiric Sasi Iwazem Ethereum.js and Solidity Yon Leroy remix Ariam payevm Victor Tron, although I think it's not Daniel nudge who will be standing in for him Daniel Swarm team Vlad Gulhowsky is a lot here come on up whisper whisper team lead Everton Fraga representing the miss team the infogal Stella of web3.js and missed Okay Vitalik Vitalik hello everyone Yeah, so I am in as you all know the founder of the Ethereum project and the chief scientist of the Ethereum foundation and I Basically spend most of my time focusing on research problems. So this basically has to do with Figuring out what the Ethereum protocol might look like in the future Coming up with thinking about working on refining various advancements including proof-of-stake sharding scalability solutions privacy solutions Basically things that will take Ethereum from the state where it is now Into something that actually could be used by a decentralized applications that would be used by millions of people so and I the Ethereum research team has Expanded very significantly in the last a few months from only maybe a few people to something like 15 people all together And it will only continue to grow So and we'll talk about much more of what we're doing Later over the over the course of today and some of the following days But some of the highlights include Casper, which we have a in Vlad Zamfir, Karl Flush and Chiangwu who is going to be present presenting in about an hour in a bit right right after I make an introduction to Ethereum We have sharding which is a scalability solution that we have a couple of developers is starting to work on as well and we're also Focusing on just various smaller protocol improvements including things like parallelizability cashability something you'll hear hear about called stateless clients and this to various other smaller, but very significant Hope improvements to the Ethereum protocol so And I also I just personally hope that everyone enjoys everything that we're going to present over the next couple of days and just Listen, I see See what's here and just you know hope that there's something that you find interesting. So thank you Hello, everyone My name is Martin Svendor. I work as the foundation security lead Which means that I'm part of basically all the projects and trying to ensure that the security aspects someone looks at those and takes care of those during the life cycles of the projects and also Not only within the organization, but I also work with Actors in the ecosystem in general for all the issues concerning the Ethereum network and the protocol and Security in its various forms for all these participants and in my talk tomorrow I'm going to talk a bit about the retrospective of what's happened during the last year and How we have improved And in what ways and what work we've done in some snippets of the security field. Thank you Hello, everybody. My name is Peter. You probably don't want to pronounce my family name and currently I'm the team lead at go ethereum and Just I would like to give you a quick recap of what happened behind the scenes over the last year since Shanghai So go ethereum had quite a large progression. We since Shanghai We actually released mobile libraries for Android and iOS for ethereum We have been working and you will actually be able to Hear more about these on the status talk tomorrow and the wallet talk tomorrow Then we have actually developed a new peer-to-peer discovery protocol to aid in private networks and test networks Felix will give a talk about this again tomorrow from 9 o'clock 9 15. Sorry 50 We have been working and released a light client version one and version two short. We'll probably detail this in a moment We have and we did a lot of things to help developers For example, we supported configuration files You probably remember last order that at the beginning of this year where the Robson test network fell apart and thus We actually introduced proof of authority protocol into go ethereum to have a custom test network. That's not attackable With a pluggable consensus model that actually has functioned really well for the last year or so And we are already at lock 1 million and something We're really proud of that one Swarm had a huge Never mind. I'll leave it to the swarm people It's simpler we introduced a support for hardware wallets for example the ledger and treasure which we're kind of proud of and Just to give you a sense of what we're currently working on we kind of feel that One of the biggest issues at least for go ethereum is performance bottlenecks currently So we've put quite a lot of work into on this front For example, we've reduced the database size by about 50 percent. We reduced the synchronization bandwidth by 60 percent We kind of introduced long or improved long filtering by two orders of magnitude from minutes to seconds and Currently we're actually working on revamping the entire sync mechanism So hopefully we could get a node up and running in maybe two minutes, but maybe that's a bit too optimistic but that's our goal and So that's a really really quick recap of the last year And if any of you have any suggestions or anything you would like to see go ethereum support in the following years Then feel free to find me and tell me what your pain point is. Thank you Hello, everyone. I am a short fellow D. I'm also working with the foundation's go ethereum team I'm mostly responsible for the light ethereum sub protocol and the go light client This year has mostly been about under the hood developments as Peter already mentioned the Have just recently merged the second version of the alias protocol and this implementation in our code base We are soon are going to have a lot of nice new features and performance improvements We are going to have a fast log searching and then the and Utilite clients and the transaction status retrieval so feature wise We are already quite good right now The biggest challenge is to expand the team with more people to work on the light client and the work out all the important details and finally Bring this project out of the experimental research stage and make it a real product Thank you Hello, my name is Christian Reitwitzner. I Yeah, I participate in several projects and among them are the ethereum C++ client the Solidity projects project and yeah, also some CK snarks and Over the last year we Yeah, succeeded to get CPP ethereum back in shape and Andre and Pavel mostly worked on that to get get it synced against the against the main net so C++ ethereum ethereum was always useful to have a third Validating client to to check the tests and consensus rules and We now implemented snapshot sync so you can sync it really fast and we're Yeah, removing some for the last race condition bugs. So I think C++ ethereum should be usable again soon and Greg Colvin is also working on an improvement of the ethereum virtual machine as part of the C++ project Which is called EVM 1.5 and he will give a talk at some point, but I'm don't remember which talk which date will be on and And Yeah, in In the Solidity project We also did some improvements. I guess There will be talks to to explain that in detail and especially we're adding a new form of verification framework where I will talk about on day three, I think and And then another subject I'm working on is a CK Snarks which adds Privacy but also improved verification of computations and there will be a separate breakout session about CK Snarks and also a talk by Jakob Iberhardt. I think on day two where he will present a Yeah, framework to make CK Snarks more easily accessible and usable Thanks My name is Yoichi Hirai. I write proofs like mathematical proofs Sometimes I prove my own wallet Correct and I put my own ether on it and ask people to attack it and steal my ether because The magicians of proving something Doesn't necessarily Guarantee anything about the reality to know the reality of where to learn my Follow the metropolis changes carefully. I translated those II Improvement proposals into the specification document yellow paper. I work on generating test cases with Dimitri, Martin Swinde, Jared Guido, KC I also work on the C++ Framework for generating these test cases On the sideline, I also work on proving Kasper correct. I talk about that this afternoon. Thank you Hi, my name is Alex Berksassi or Exit on GitHub And I'm involved with three projects the Solidity, Ethereum.js, and E-Wazm So I'm gonna tell you a bit of each of them And so Solidity just some of the facts from the last year We had probably 300 entries on the changelog 15 releases and not that many bugs or at least not many bugs discovered And I guess the major changes we had from Shanghai includes Most of you have seen all of these but includes like function types, contract metadata, which helps very fine contract And we have also added a new compiler interface which would help in Retrieving everything from the compiler in a much better way than it was before now for the next year We really work on a new intermediate language Which I will gonna have a talk about after lunch today and as Christian has mentioned we have a new form of verification framework Called an SMT checker and that's almost ready as well, but this is that a big part for next year And I would like to thank all the external contributors all the volunteers We had for Solidity because their numbers is really growing and we have a lot of good people helping out Now with Ethereum.js We also received a lot of volunteer contributors this year and with the help of them we were able to update All the Ethereum.js project to be up to speed and support by Zentium This is actually very important not many people knew about this, but it is very important because Ethereum.js is used in many Widely use projects which include remix Truffle metamask and many others Now regarding E-wasm, which stands for Ethereum WebAssembly. There hasn't been that much development in the last year But that's due to a few reasons the specification is is practically ready It doesn't include by Zentium, but updating it to by Zentium shouldn't take a long time and Secondly the intermediate language in Solidity, which I've mentioned will enable us to create to compile Solidity contracts to WebAssembly And and also we received a lot of new contributors there Which seems like it will kickstart the project into creating a new client very soon Thank you Hello everyone. I am Jan Lebrou, remix developer So there is a lot to say on remix. So remix is a Web ID I forgot to say this is a way to develop smart contracts and then to run smart contracts in a test environment remix has been a started development like one year and a half ago and We are now in The way of improving the UI We already improve the code the back-end code and We have a lot to say. So I will be presenting on Friday One talk about remix One important thing that we add since last year is this new UI There's a bit has been merged like a few weeks ago, but we also add new users since a few months we have remix guitar channel that Arrows people to give feedback about the UI give feedback about a remix the application and We also have and it's quite important For a free story new contributors So we have Rob, which is over here, I think and we have Nina and Alex with also working on remix and they help The community to improve remix and to go further under contract development So for the next I will be giving a talk then on Friday but basically we are in point where we can be Proud of what remix do now, but we still need to work on it and we still need to improve some some stuff in remix for example we need to Split down the code of remix so it can be used by the community We need also to find a good way for the community to be able to have Constituent integration on remix and so this is a bunch of work that will be done in the next year And I will be presenting on Friday some some other features that we have made last year And I will be also presenting some new features that have been merged a few weeks ago and Yeah, I hope to see you around for this week. So we can just show you how it works and We can just show you how it's now become easier and easier to develop smart contracts. Thanks Hello, I'm Piper Merriam, and I'm the Python team lead for the foundation Let's see earlier this year and myself and a number of other framework developers Came together and established a spec for packaging smart contracts. I'll be talking about that a little later today shortly after lunch I am responsible for a lot of the Python tooling in the ecosystem and this year. We've been working on maturing that tooling bringing it closer to being up to par with the JavaScript ecosystem and I've been working on an alternate Implementation of the EVM and Python called Pi EVM and I will also be talking about that later today Later in the afternoon Over this next year. The hope is to bring that implementation online as a new light client node as well as Getting broader support and adoption of package management across the ecosystem. Thanks Welcome. I'm not the victor. I'm standing in for him I'm Daniel and I'm the architect of swarm Our project has grown a little bit beyond the original scope of providing mass storage decentralized mass storage for Ethereum and it also now includes Applications like hide band with communication between the nodes Our team has grown considerably to grow up to to the to the new challenge Tomorrow, we're going to give you a more detailed report on What we're doing and what have we already achieved? But briefly, I would like to mention a few cornerstones So first of all, we have developed a simulation framework where we can test how our network and how the algorithms that we're building are going to cope with various situations at scale like network partition band with bottlenecks or High churn so nodes leaving and joining the network rapidly The first practical application of swarm is being in development. It's going to be a Cloud storage where people can synchronize data between their devices and also share large fires and directories between each other There are third-party applications of swarm emerging Such as live peer, which is going to be live video and audio streaming using swarm as a transport layer and Perhaps it is also worth mentioning that We are working on issues such as privacy and censorship resistance so that We can actually support sensitive data and Censorship resistant communication so please come to our talk tomorrow And also our breakout session is on Saturday. Thank you Hello, I am Vlad Gluhovsky and I'm working on whisper which is communication protocol for distributed applications and And At its most secure mode of operation whisper is supposed to deliver darkness Which means that Communication is not only encrypted But also not no meta information is being leaked. This is very important for the cause of liberty and on the last day, I am going to talk about liberty about whisper and How to achieve darkness with it? Thank you Hi, everyone. I'm Everton. I'm from Brazil. I'm from the Maze team Miss was first written by Fabian Vogelsteller here on my right And Alex van der Sende who couldn't be here for personal and really good reasons I work this year on bonding together some other projects into the browser and Dealing with some security concerns, which is a primary one for us And we also have Victor Maya, which is a really skilled developer who is presenting a new experimental project this this week And we have also Margot Rowe a really nice guy Worked with Redux and his refactoring mist to to be more scalable one for the future Well, I invite you all to to our presentation on the main hall Friday 9 14 Well, see you there. Hello. I'm Fabian Vogelsteller. I built the initial mist and Working on web 3.js. I also built a theme wallet and a few other things Probably now known because of the ERC 20 token standard I together Vitalik initiated Working currently on web 3.js I will have a presentation on the third at 1 p.m. About the 1.0 refactor, which is a major refactor And it actually includes a lot of new features and it's Right now, it's I think the tool which I always wanted to have working on dApps and I will also present later today New ERC I initiated called ERC 725. It's about identity and You're welcome to join the breakout hall at 3.30 today Which is downstairs? And maybe a short notice the the Wi-Fi password if you want to know Wi-Fi it's attendee is the Wi-Fi name and it's the uppercase three attendee lowercase Yeah, thank you Thank you all and thank you guys for doing this on time where actually we have a few minutes, but I'm going to Invite you to step down and we'll invite our special guest speakers for to start off the Event up Jerry Britto and Peter van Valkenburg of coin center are here to Do the regulatory update and look ahead? This is the talk by coin center We invited them last year to also do the regulatory talk then theorem foundation Takes regulatory and compliance matters very seriously so we do this at the beginning of the Dev kind event and then after that we have a full agenda for all four days of topics on Ethereum platform development base layer development Research today is greatly happening today in both this hall and the presentation breakout hall downstairs on the second floor and Just generally we didn't really I don't give you a quick overview of the four days So today many of it's the subject the subject matter of the talks are There's a lot of research. There are a lot of research talks going on today Tomorrow we have core development and a number of technical talks Related to core development platform development and base layer development then day three we have we're moving into dApps and tools and and Then on day four we have a number of topics that are miscellaneous of different interests and different day for just to let you know we Are moving the main stage down to the stairs to the Cozumel So we have this room today tomorrow the next day and day four We will be self-contained on the second floor so