The basic design of content delivery networks is such that it is meant to be scalable for large number of users the CDN can expand and for decreasing number of customers as The need requires as the requirements grow or shrink correspondingly the users pay what they use but in certain situations there is a spontaneous or Certain change in demand It's known as an upsurge This is called flash crowd in terms of Usage it was a term that was coined back in 70s So we are going to look at how Content delivery networks through their internal dynamism respond to such flash crowds We'll talk about some interesting case studies From the recent internet experience. We'll identify the challenges some potential Solutions the alternatives and then we'll focus on flash crowd elevation network based architecture What are flash crowds? Flash crowds actually are the spontaneous gathering or Collection of users which come close to an object of interest This is triggered in such a short manner and goes away Very quickly as well But this upsurge has to be catered for the users start Perceiving poor quality of service and from the network centric perspective The servers are unable to handle a very large number of requests There are some examples from history For example when the red hat Linux image distribution was announced The website offering that got overwhelmed similarly the Examples are play along TV show. It was streamed back in 2000 and again It got bogged down with an increasing certain interest of users who visited the site and brought it down the Chilean presidential elections of 1999 the live eclipse the solar eclipse or I guess it was lunar eclipse back in 2005 and the The CNN broadcasting of the images of 911 where the Twin Towers were brought down It was live broadcast. So these are the examples where the flash crowds Are created on the fly? There is something known as slash.net effect as well Slash.net is a very well known website that Discusses or brings into notice some emerging technology trends some new advancements or some celebrities In the kind of hall of fame manner. So this slash.net Website when it refers to another web server or a website that website Gets so much of attention that it cannot handle Whereas slash.net has a pretty robust infrastructure So the demand has to be met it cannot simply be denied There are certain challenges for instance how to organize the temporary overlay of The servers these are simply known as the surrogate servers which are Proxying on behalf of the original web server, but it has to be very quick efficient There should be a very marvelous cooperation mechanism amongst these surrogate servers and As soon as the flash crowd goes away it disperses then The situation has to get back to normal and all these Overprovisioned resources have to be relieved. So how can it be done in a very small overhead and minimum possible time? then Even the fundamental question arises how to detect flash crowds and how to detect if it has now departed for that some kind of prediction mechanism or interpolation or probably Extra-polation has to be taken into consideration and Last but not the least the clients which visit the website, which is a flash crowded or Slashed for that matter how to make it very Seamless and transparent for the clients Let's look at some Possible ways which are very intuitive alternatives. The first one is Server layer solution that is increase the number of servers. So the surrogates or the active proxies Takeover and Then there are some backups known as delegates So this server based solution is of course a server intensive it is not taking any support from smart algorithmic usage or Distribution of the content which is being accessed There's an example of paper known as dot slash what happens is some kind of Mutual mutually benefiting community Takes on the task of supporting each other in the wake of seeing flash crowd so it means that The web server community joins hands together There there's a catch though For instance to be exact if there is Flash cloud a flash crowd that flash crowd has to be now Managed principally through redirection this redirection Has to take place at the origin server. So it means the origin server Eventually is the bottleneck. It is simply not a purely decentralized approach Then we have the intermediate layer solution when we call it intermediate. It means farther from the server closer to the Clients or the users. So the first thing that can be done is identify how and Where the content is best replicated and replaced for that multi-level caching is one good idea Then there is a research paper known as backslash Here some free mirrored Proxies are used which do not replicate hundred percent content to be shared with the Users but replicate part of it and this has to be done very smartly so this offloads the central centralized approach by distributing it across the Caches of some servers across the CDN community The third and the lowest or the closest to the client is the client layer solution what happens is Through the mediation of the original web server, which is suffering from flash crowd Some client cooperation is initiated and the clients form a peer-to-peer overlay network so the clients are redirected to Those clients which have just recently downloaded the object. It's a very typical bit tolerant kind of working Visually you can see starting from the left the server based approach the server layer the clients are banking on the Surrogate and delegate servers Then the intermediate layer is where the Clients are not actually burdening the server as such rather some kind of caching mechanism and Content and object replacement is taking place and then the most efficient and Extremely distributed is the client layer based approach where a pure peer-to-peer architecture Offloads the burden totally from the shoulders of the central server now the architecture which has been proposed in Raj Kumar Bhaiya is for the Elevation of the flash flash clouds the Afghan architecture here as you can see the clients are aware of The presence of certain cashier Under normal circumstances these cashier proxies Which can be approached by resolving using DNS Name resolution capability these clients are just accessing the coin content directly from the origin server But when the flash crowd starts to build and it does not build in in in a Jiffy or in a very short Time rather it might take a while you say 10 to 15 minutes so for the flash crowd to appear now the Clients would refer to the DNS because they would start getting relatively slow service now the origin server takes into account the Response that it is giving to the clients involves the clients to avail the DNS service for accessing the cashier proxies and Under a fully loaded Situation a very large number rather all the cashier proxies are now being used to Relieve the burden of the origin server in order to now comprehend how this Architecture works where the flash crowd are elevated through the involvement of proxies The entire process can be understood through the interaction between the server the initial set of proxies and the additional proxies which are Required as the flash crowd becomes intense So the server starts off as a normal server when it detects that there's a flash crowd it starts probing the proxies which respond to the server and Updates the presence of these proxies in its DNS records and then switches the proxies the proxies are now Delegated the task to act as surrogates and the start functioning But over time the proxies also get overburdened because of increasing load the server now checks the logs which are collected from the surrogates and probes for further proxies the Proxies which are the additional proxies which were not part of the initial set Respond to the server the DNS records are updated and then the proxies are switched to act as surrogates this process keeps on repeating itself For as long as the flash crowd keeps growing and when it starts going away or Departing correspondingly the number of proxies handling the situation are reduced in number This is again taken from content delivery networks by Raj Kumar, Bhaiya


A schoolboy from Baloo, he says, people are ready, you know. All right, then, Maneen Cup, Oliver Yashil yo make willing cup, they watch the Champions Cup and fancy season. Urban area schoolboy football in Jamaica was shaken to its core on Saturday as 31-time champions. Jamaica College failed to make the semifinals of the Maneen Cup for the first time since 2012. I don't know why Lance is doing that. You can't see what Lance is doing, something right now that he shouldn't be doing. No. I wonder why. I'll explain in a moment, but go ahead. Yeah, can I just continue with the script, please? Yes, thank you. So JC, who are reigning Maneen and Champions Cup winners, drew 1-0 with St. George's College, falling short of the three points needed to reach the last four of the Maneen Cup. This means the schoolboy football powerhouses will be unable to defend both of their crowns and can now only vie for the Walker Cup. Here is head coach Davion Ferguson and how Saturday's encounter played out. Created a lot of chances. Even the last minute, we had a 1-1 with the goalkeeper, half a ricochet, which we should have scored. For such as football, you win some, you lose some, and this one today is one that we didn't win. We came out here today with our plan. We created enough chances, but we just didn't put them away. We have had some issues up top, and it showed here too that the judges came, they came with a resilient spirit, and they deserve to go through. Yeah, on the flip side, St. George's College returned to the semi-finals for the first time in five years, and their coaching staff was elated. You know, most sacred to Jamaica College, something we're prepared for. We prepare today that we're going to suffer a lot today. It's a very quality team, JC, not taking none away from it. But it's a case of defense versus attack today. Attack with defense totally today, and credit must be given to the juror in goal today. It was fantastic between the six today. I think he made a difference for us today. Yeah, Marcel Gale, the coach of St. George's College, Neva Berthesville, the technical director, our in-house football analyst, Leger Williams, that joins us in studio. Good afternoon and welcome, Leger. By the way, Mr. Prediction Guru, you got it wrong. You said that Jamaica College would get through and that Neva Berthesville better celebrated as much as possible on Friday for his birthday, suggesting that he wouldn't have anything to celebrate on Saturday. It was inferred. It was inferred. You didn't say that, Lige, but it was inferred. Can we take the tag away from him until he starts getting it right? Wow! Yeah, I'll soon get to that. But first, Lance Whittaker. Chapeau, in your opening presentation, because I know where you stand on this issue, yes, it was conspicuous, in my opinion, the way you said Jamaica College failed to reach the semifinals. The emphasis and the vigor with which you read was startling for me, but not surprising, given the fact that it is what you wanted to happen. It is what I predicted to happen and also... You said vigor? Yes. You want our producers to replay the presentation? You read the tea and you read the forescript. You didn't say one like that. Exactly. You know what? Let's talk about the football. Lige, how did Jamaica College not win that game on Saturday because they had all the opportunities in the world and just couldn't put the game away? Well, their head coach summed it up perfectly, I think. He said that they were having attacking issues all season. I'm not 100% behind him in that instance because they scored so many goals, but I think it was a similar thing where, once again last year, they got away with it because they put in Zimini's towards it and that really added more of an attacking flair towards the end of the season. But I think we see a similar thing this season where we're not seeing any JC players score a boatload of goals, like how we see Brandt Burkett scoring for St. George's, some of the players for, say, Andrew Technical, even some of the players for Moana. I think they were sharing the goals around because they didn't have that out-and-out number nine. Giovanni Taylor didn't really announce himself like we would have hoped that he would have this season. And then you mentioned the chances. There was chance after chance after chance. I counted eight clear. When I say clear, I mean eight clear-cut goalscoring opportunities that they didn't take. So I think Jamaica College were extremely unfortunate. A lot of criticism, I think, would go towards their coach Davion Ferguson after this loss. But I think if you watch this game, the only thing a coach can do is put his team in advantageous positions to score some of these goals. And he definitely had a plan. I think he out-coached St. George's by the end of the day. If a team doesn't take the chances, there's nothing you can do about that. And especially because Dujon Davis, Dujon Davis in that St. George's goal was quite spectacular. Everything just went against Jamaica College on the day, but it has to be said, they put themselves in this position to even need three points in this do or die game, this do or die situation. So I think at the end of the day, they can't blame anyone but themselves, but it's definitely a hard pill to swallow. Yeah, when you look at the chances, and you said you counted about eight opportunities, clear-cut opportunities that they failed to capitalize on, but we're talking about different players who were missing these opportunities. I think Howell, there was one for Howell. Just trying to remember correctly, there was one for a Marley King. Yeah, Marley King, Mr. Couple. If not two, the number 20 had a clear header. Yeah, they left about Mr. Few that chance at the end, the one that Davis... From Lawrence. Yeah, exactly Lawrence. There were so many chances. It's not something that they can really quantify. If you watch the game, then you would understand because I was in the St. George's section of the game and I was there with the St. George's fans. They were nervous all the way through. A lot of complaints, a couple of altercations, breaking out people saying take off, take off, they're not doing anything. Take off, they're their best players. There was that type of panic in the St. George's ranks. But I think St. George's in the end actually. I think they defended really well. As I mentioned, their goalkeeper was fantastic. So St. George's, I'm not going to say they deserve to go to the next round. But JC has to rule those opportunities because they're definitely a better side. I think that without a doubt they're a top four team in the Manning Cup. Yeah, your report card on the way St. George's College approached that game on Saturday. Well, you see, football is a mental game. St. George's came into the game knowing that okay, we all need a draw to go through. So just after that, when they come into the game, they aren't going to, and they know the threat that Jamaica College have as well. So when they started playing, they started the game really brightly actually. But then once Jamaica College got into their flow, they can see a couple of chances. They're saying to themselves now, all right, hold on, we need to calm things down. We need to try and see if we can ride out this storm. And then especially now, JC missed all of those chances in the first half, and then St. George's College get that penalty, they get that penalty to go up. After that, it's just all hands to the pump for them. They're just trying to defend that, which isn't usually a St. George's College strong suit. But they did it, they rode out the storm and all created them, their coach spoke, their coach spoke after the game about how the toughness of the unit has really improved, and I have to agree with them. Yeah, how about Brian Burkett? Because there is no the school of thought that he doesn't come to the party in these massive games. So he has scored a lot of goals, 39 goals now and is on the 19th schoolboy football career. But I keep hearing when the game is big, he doesn't perform as well. Your thoughts? Well, on a usual scale, I don't like to subject attackers to that school of thought because if Jamaica College is dominating the game in all aspects, the midfield, St. George's midfield struggled yesterday. I don't want it to... I want to say it like how Chapo said failed. They struggled on Saturday. They were completely outrun, completely outclassed in all aspects, and Brian Burkett plays in a pseudo, false nine striker position in this Jamaica College 3-5-2, 5-3-2 as it was on Saturday. In the St. George's College. For St. George's College, I beg your pardon. So if he's struggling to get the ball so often, we saw him drop deep into defensive positions deep in midfield to get on the ball. So if he's struggling to get on the ball, I can't say that he didn't impact the game because at the end of the day, when he got his chance, he got one chance for the whole game. It was a penalty. He did really well to dispatch it. And he worked so hard for his team. So I'm not with the school of thought to say that he goes in big games. And like how we're on the subject, I think that there's unnecessary pressure placed on Brian Burkett as well because at the end of the day, yes, he's a fantastic player. But I think, and I'm not quite sure, maybe because he isn't playing in an attacking position anymore, but I think all of the pressure under St. George's unit player-wise should fall under the hands or at the feet of Adrian Rejunia because Adrian Rejunia is a player that has played in the Ling Cup Final for Cavalier. The Jamaica Premier League Final for Cavalier started both of those games. He's the captain of this team and in all estimation, in my opinion, he's the best player of this team. He's playing in that extremely important defensive midfield position. He's the one who's supposed to dictate tempo. He has been playing well, yes, but I think yesterday he may have struggled in, or Saturday I beg your pardon, he may have struggled in some organizational ways. So I think if St. George's are to overcome Mona and overcome whoever they were to face in the final, say for instance, they were to come against a high del with Ronaldo Barrett. Adrian Reed has to be that linchpin those games against those quality midfielders. It's interesting that you say that quickly because I actually thought Adrian Reed had a good game on Saturday and I think was a large part of the reasons St. George's College were able to hold off Jamaica College despite the many opportunities that they got. So it's interesting to hear you put it like that. I'm not saying that he had a bad game. I'm saying that he's better than what he produced. He's better than what he showed in addition to that because I mentioned that he was a good team. That's a massive compliment by the way because I thought he was pretty good. I think that in terms of the mentality of the team when you're playing in that position, especially when you're playing in front of a back three, a young guy, you have wing backs are trying to stay as wide as possible. He has to be that linchpin, especially in terms of in possession stuff. Too often you saw when St. George's got the ball, it was a bit scared from them. They just wanted to hoof it long. No one there to take responsibility in the middle. I'm not saying that he didn't defend stoutly. He didn't organize the defense well and shield the back line well at times. But I'm saying in possession, the game could have been much easier for St. George's College team that we know that they are adept at playing the ball well if he could have taken more control in those instances. And I think he's going to have to if they're going to overcome in the semifinal in the Champions Cup and just generally going forward for St. George's College. Yeah, I listened to everything that you've said so far. The struggles, the positives with the team. Can this St. George's College team go all the way? Well at this point, I think that all four of the teams left in the Manning Cup aren't a similar playing field, I think. I don't want to be that guy. I really don't want to be that guy because I know a lot of the fans of the other teams are going to come at me. But I think Mona with standing, I think two of the three best teams in this Manning Cup competition are out. And I know people are going to say, okay, they went through the quarter-final round and they didn't make it through and it was three games that they had to get through and they couldn't do it. But we know how football is we know football is round. We know the ball is round. Say, Andrew Technical and Jamaica College, despite of how boring it may seem because they've been dominant for so long, they were two of the three best teams in this competition. Now, I'm not saying that other teams don't deserve to be with you because at the end of the day, other teams had to beat them. But with that being said, I think that the rest of the teams quality-wise, I think, can have comfort in the fact that I think that all of them are on a similar level although I would put Mona as the favourites. I think now is the time that we're going to see a lot of key players. I mentioned Adrian Reed, I mentioned Bran Burkett, I mentioned Ralda Barrett. Of course, we have the Mona players as well. I think it's now KC. I think it's now we're going to see some real quality shine through because it's going to have to be individuals and maybe some excellent coaching performances as well that determines the winner in this Manning Cup. I put it to you, ladies and gentlemen, that what you just heard for the last minute and a half was the prediction guru struggling after getting it badly wrong at the weekend. By the way, the semifinal line-up will see Mona taking on George's College and Heidel will play Kingston College in the other semifinal and by the way, the last time, which was the first time Heidel made the semifinals of the Manning Cup, they got all the way to the final by the way, it was 2012 which was the last time Jamaica College did not make the semifinals of the Manning Cup before now. So it seems as if you can't get both Heidel and JC in the semifinals of the Manning Cup. St. George's College won that final. And that's still a possibility, so let's see. Yes, we could have 2012 all over again. Let's take a break. When we return, we'll be talking about the Dacosta Cup. Yeah, stay with us.