chapters one through four of an American Robinson Caruso. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. This reading by Allison Hester of Athens, Georgia. An American Robinson Caruso by Samuel B. Allison. Prefatory note. An American Robinson Caruso is the outcome of many years of experience with the story in the early grades of elementary schools. It was written to be used as a content in giving a knowledge of the beginning and a development of human progress. The aim is not just to furnish an interesting narrative, but one that is true to the course of human development and the scientific and geographical facts of the island on which Robinson is supposed to have lived. The excuse for departing so widely from the original story is to be found in the use which was desired to be made of it. The story here presented is simply the free adaptation of the original narrative to the demand for a specific kind of content in a form which would be interesting to the children. The teacher is and should be justified in using with entire freedom any material accessible for the ends of instruction. The text as here given has been published with an introduction and suggestive treatments as a teacher's manual for primary grades. The teacher's Robinson Caruso. Explicit directions and ample suggestions are made for the use of the story as material for instruction in all the language arts, drawing, social history, and the manual arts. End of Prefatory note. Chapter One. Robinson with his parents. There once lived in the city of New York, a boy by the name of Robinson Caruso. He had a pleasant home. His father and mother were kind to him and sent him to school. They hoped that he would study hard and grow up to be a wise and useful man, but he loved rather to run idle about the street than to go to school. He was fond of playing along the river Hudson. For there he saw the great ships come and go. They were as big as houses. He watched them load and unload their cargoes and hundreds of people get off and on. His father had told him that the ships came from far distant lands where lived many large animals and black men. His father told him, too, that in these faraway countries the nuts on the trees grew to be as large as one's head and that the tree were as high as church steeples. When Robinson saw the ships put out to sea, he would watch them till they would disappear below the horizon, far out in the ocean, and think, Oh, if I could only go with them far away to see those strange countries. Thus he would linger along the great river and wish he might find an opportunity of making a voyage. Often it would be dark before he would get home. When he came into the house, his mother would meet him and say in a gentle voice, Why, Robinson, how late you are in getting home. You have been to the river again. Then Robinson would hang his head and feel deeply ashamed, and when his father, who was a merchant, came home from the store, his mother would tell him that Robinson had again been truant. This would grieve his father deeply, and he would go to the boy's bedside and talk earnestly with him. Why do you do so, he would say. How often have I told you to go to school every day? This would for a time win Robinson back to school, but by the next week it had been forgotten, and he would again be loitering along the river in spite of his father's remonstrances. End of chapter one, Robinson with his parents. Chapter two, Robinson as an apprentice. In this way, one year after another slipped by. Robinson was not more diligent. He was now almost sixteen years old, and had not learned anything. Then came his birthday. In the afternoon his father called him into his room. Robinson opened the door softly. There sat his father with a sad face. He looked up and said, Well, Robinson, all your schoolmates have long been busy trying to learn something so that they may be able to earn their own living. Paul will be a baker. Robert a butcher. Martin is learning to be a carpenter. Herman a tailor. Otto a blacksmith. Fritz is going to high school because he is going to be a teacher. Now you are still doing nothing. This will not do. From this time on I wish you to think of becoming a merchant. In the morning you will go with me to the store and begin work. If you are attentive and skillful, when the time comes you can take up my business and carry it on. But if you remain careless and continue to idle about, no one will ever want you, and you must starve because you will never be able to earn a living. So the next morning Robinson went to the store and began work. He wrapped up sugar and coffee. He weighed out rice and beans. He sold meal and salt. And when the stray wagon pulled up at the store loaded with new goods, he sprang out quickly and helped to unload it. He carried in sacks of flour and chests of tea and rolled in barrels of coffee and molasses. He also worked some at the desk. He looked into the account books and saw in neat writing goods received and goods sold. He noticed how his father wrote letters and reckoned up accounts. He even took his pen in hand and put the addresses on the letters and packages as well as he could. But soon he was back in his careless habits. He was no longer attentive to business. He wrapped up salt instead of sugar. He put false weights on the scales. He gave some too much and others too little. His hands only were in the business. His mind was far away on the ocean with the ships. When he helped unload the wagons, he would often let the chests and casts drop so that they were broken and their contents would run out on the ground. For he was always thinking where have these casts come from and how beautiful it must be there. And many times packages came back because Robinson had written the name of the place or country wrong. For when he was writing the address, he was always thinking you will be laid upon a wagon and will then go into the ship. One day he had to write a letter to a man far over the sea. He could stand it no longer. His father had gone out. He threw down the pen, picked up his hat, and ran out to the Hudson to see the ships. And from that time on he spent more time loitering along the river than he did in the store. End of Chapter 2. Robinson as the Apprentice Chapter 3. Robinson's Departure Robinson's father soon noticed that his son was no longer attending to his work and one morning sent for him to come to his office. When Robinson came in, his father arose from his chair and looked him long and earnestly in the face. Then he said, I am very sorry, Robinson, that you seem determined to continue your evil ways. If you do not do better, you will grow up to be a beggar, or worse. Robinson cast his eyes down and said, I do not want to be a merchant. I would rather sell on a ship around the world. His father answered, If you do not know anything, you cannot be of use on a ship, and no one will want you. In a strange land you cannot live without working. If you run away from your parents, you will come to be sorry for it. Robinson wept, for he saw that his father was right, and he promised to obey. After two or three weeks, Robinson went to his mother and said, Mother, won't you go to father and tell him that if he will only let me take one voyage, and it proves to be unpleasant, I will come back to the store and work hard? But the mother cried.  You were the only child left to us, and if you go away, we shall be entirely alone. How easy it would be to be drowned in the sea, or torn to pieces by wild animals, away there in a foreign country. Both your father and myself are getting along in years, and who will take care of us when we are sick? Do not cause us the grief we must suffer if you go away so far amid so many dangers. I cannot bear to have you speak of it again. Robinson did not speak of it again, but he did not forget it. He was nineteen years old. It was one day in August that Robinson stood at the wharf, looking longingly after the departing ships. He stood there. Someone touched him on the shoulder. It was a ship captain's son. He pointed to a long ship and said, My father sails today in that ship for Africa and takes me with him. Oh, if only I could go with you, cried Robinson. Do come along, cried his comrade. But I have no money, said Robinson. That does not make any difference. Return the captain's son. We'll take you anyway. Robinson, without thinking for a moment, gave his friend his hand and promised to go with him. So without saying goodbye to his parents, Robinson immediately went on board ship with his friend. This happened on the tenth of August. End of Robinson's departure. Chapter Four Robinson Far From Home, Robinson's Voyage Once on board, Robinson watched the preparations for departure. At command, the sailors clambered up into the rigging and loosened the sails. Then the captain from his bridge called out, Hoist the anchor! Then the great iron hooks that held the ship fast were lifted up.  Robinson stood on the deck. He saw the great city shimmer in the sunshine before him. Very fast now the land was being left behind. It was not long until all that could be seen of his native city was the tops of the highest towers. Then all faded from sight. Behind, in front, right and left, he saw nothing but waters. He became a little afraid. At noon there arose a strong wind and the ship wrought to and fro. He became dizzy and had to hold fast to something. The masts and rigging began to dance. It seemed to him as if all was turning around. Suddenly he fell full length on the deck and it was impossible for him to get up. He was seasick. He wailed and cried, but no one heard him. No one helped him. Then he thought of his home, his parents whom he had so ungratefully left. He had been on the water about two weeks when one day, as he lay in his room, Robinson heard people over his head running about and crying. A storm is coming. The ship's sides trembled and creaked. The ship was tossed like a nutshell. Now it rolled to the right, now to the left. Robinson was thrown from one side to the other. Every moment he expected the ship to sink. He turned pale and trembled with fear. Oh, if only I were at home with my parents safe on the land. He said, if I ever get safe out of this, I will go home as quickly as I can and stay with my dear parents. The storm raged the whole day and the whole night, but on the next morning the wind went down and the sea was calm. By evening the sky was clear and Robinson was again cheerful. He ran about the ship. He looked at the glittering stars and was contented and happy. End of chapter four, Robinson Far From Home, Robinson's Voyage. Chapters five through nine of an American Robinson Caruso. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. This reading by Allison Hester of Athens, Georgia. An American Robinson Caruso by Samuel Allison. Chapter five, The Shipwreck. Several weeks went by. Robinson had long ago forgotten his resolutions to return home. It was very hot. The glowing sun beat down upon the ship. The wide surface of the sea glistened. No breeze stirred. The sails hung loose on the top of the mast, but far away on the shore could be seen a black bank of clouds. All at once the ship was thrown violently to one side by a fierce gust of wind. Robinson threw himself on the deck. The sea began to rise and fall. The waves were as high as mountains. Now the ship was born aloft to the skies. And now it would seem that it must be overwhelmed in the sea. When it sank down between the great waves of water, Robinson thought it would never rise again. The waves beat violently on the ship's side.  He believed every minute he would meet death in the waves. The night at last came on. The lightning flashed. The storm howled. The ship trembled. The water roared. So the night wore on. The storm raged for six days. Then on the seventh day it was somewhat abated. But the hope was soon dashed. The storm had abated, but to get new strength. Suddenly it bore down with frightful power on the doomed vessel. Struck it and shot it like an arrow through the water. Then Robinson felt a fearful crash. The ship groaned as if it would fall into a thousand pieces. It had struck a rock and there held fast. At the same moment the sailors raised the cry. The ship has sprung a leak. The water surged into the ship. All called for help. Each one thought only of himself. There was only one boat. The others had all been torn away. It was soon let down into the sea. All sprang in. For a moment the sailors forgot the waves. But all at once a wave, mountains high, struck the boat and swallowed it up.  The water roared in his ears. He sank into the sea. End of chapter five. Chapter six. Robinson saved. Robinson was born down far, far into the ocean. He attempted to work himself up so that he could see light and breathe air. But again and again the waves carried him down. Finally a wave threw him up and he saw for a moment the light of day and got a breath of air. But the next instant he was deep under the water. Then another wave bore him on its crest. He breathed a deep breath and at the same time saw land not far away. He bent all his strength toward reaching the land. He got almost to it when a wave caught him and hurled him on a jutting rock. With all his strength he seized the rock with both hands and held on. Presently he worked himself up a little and at last got a foothold. But scarcely had he done so when his strength left him and he fell on the ground as one dead. But he soon revived. He opened his eyes and looked around. He saw above him the blue sky and under him the solid brown earth and before him the gray angry sea. He felt to see if he still breathed. The storm had destroyed the ship. The waves had overwhelmed the boat. The water wished to draw him in to the deep. The rocks seemed to want to hurl him back but storm and wave and rock had accomplished nothing. There was one who was stronger than day. Then Robinson sank on his knees and folded his hands. Tears came to his eyes. He breathed hard. At last he said, Dear Father in heaven, I live. Thou had saved me. I thank thee. End of chapter 6 Chapter 7 The first night on land. Where are my companions? That was his first thought. He began to call and hello. Where are you? Come here. But no one answered. Then he wished to see if anyone lived on the land and he cried, Is there no one here? Hello! But all remained still. All at once he drew himself together and shrank back. He heard a bush rustle and the thought came like a flash. That is a wild animal that will pounce upon me and tear my flesh with its teeth and claws. How shall I save myself? Where shall I fly for safety? Where shall I turn? I have nothing but my clothes and my life saved from the water. All that I had, the waves that swallowed up. And then hunger and thirst began to trouble him. He had eaten nothing the whole day and the salt water had made him sick. In the meantime, the night had come on. Robinson was very tired. Everything was new and strange. He did not know which way to move. He was in the greatest terror. He expected to hear the roar of wild beasts from every secluded spot. Lions and tigers and dreadful serpents filled his thoughts. He must find shelter from them, or should he pass the night? Not a house, a hut, or a cave was to be seen. He stood a long time hesitating and did not know what to do. Finally he thought, I will do as the birds do and get into a tree. He very soon found a tree which had such thick branches that it would hold him up. Robinson climbed up into the tree, made himself as comfortable as possible, said his prayers, and as he was thoroughly exhausted, he soon fell asleep. When he awoke, the sun was high in the sky. At first he could not remember where he was. Then the truth burst upon him. He tried to move. He was stiff and sore. His flesh was bruised from being thrown against the rocks and beaten by the waves. He was dreadfully thirsty. His mouth and throat were dry and parched from the salt water. His tongue was thick and swollen. He said, I must find some water to drink or I shall die. It was hard work to get down from the tree. His limbs and back ached from sitting in the tree all night. At last he slipped down and fell on the ground. He clasped his hands in prayer and thanked God for keeping him through the night. Then he got up and tried to walk. He was so weak he could not stand. He threw himself down on the ground and began to sob and cry, Oh, Lord, do not let me die.   He listened. It sounded like water running over rocks. He tried to get to the place from which the sound came. He tried to walk. When he fell, he crawled on his hands and knees. At last the sound was close by. He dragged himself up on the rocks. Yes, there was a spring of clear, cool, sparkling water bubbling up and trickling over the stones. Robinson was so thirsty he put his face into the water and drank and drank. Then he sat down and after a while he drank again and again. After Robinson had satisfied his thirst and rested a while, he felt much better. He said, I must try to walk and see whether I can find something to eat. He found many kinds of fruits and berries all around him, but he was afraid to eat them as they were strange to him and he feared they might be poisonous. As he was walking along, all at once he spied a tall plant in the distance which had a familiar look. It looked like corn. He said to himself, I wonder if it can be corn? At last he came near enough to recognize it. Yes, it was corn. It did not look exactly like the corn that he saw at home, but still he knew it would be safe to eat it. He broke off an ear and eagerly ate the kernels raw. Oh, how good it was! Robinson could not remember anything that tasted half so good. He ate as much as he wanted and then filled his pockets with ears of corn for his supper. Then he went back to the spring to get another drink. End of Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Robinson on an Island After his hunger and thirst were satisfied, Robinson thought he would try to find another dwelling place. My legs are stiff and sore from sitting so uncomfortably last night, and there is so much danger of falling. He said, I will climb yonder hill and look round and see on which side the houses are. I will find me a stick to help me on my way. He broke a stick from a dry bush and climbed up the steep sides of the hill. After a half hour's climb, he was on top.  There were no houses, no huts to be seen, no smoke arose from the forest, no field could be seen, nothing but trees and bush, sand and rock. I am then upon an island alone without food, without shelter, without weapons. What will become of me? He cried. I am a prisoner. The island is my prison. The waves are the gods which will not allow me to get away. Will no ship ever come to set me free? He stretched his gaze out to the sea till his eyes ached, but he saw no ship. Robinson came down and seated himself on a stone and considered what he should do. It was not yet noon, yet he greatly feared the next night. I must find me a better bed was his first clear thought. End of chapter 8 Chapter 9 Robinson's Shelter Robinson saw at a little distance what seemed to be a cleft or an opening in a huge rock. If I could only get inside and find room to stay overnight, the rock would protect me from the rain, from the wind and wild animals better than a tree. He long sought in vain for a place wide enough to allow him to get into the opening in the rock. He was about to give up when he seized hold of a branch of a thorn tree growing on the side of the rock. He looked closer and saw that it grew out of the cleft in the rock. He saw, too, that at this point the opening was wider and that he had only to remove the tree in order to get in. The hole shall be my dwelling. He said, I must get the thorn tree out so that I can have room. That was easily said. He had neither axe nor saw nor knife nor spade. How could he do it? He had nothing but his hands. He tried to pull it out by the roots but in vain. He wasn't strong enough. I must dig it out, said Robinson. He scratched with his nails but the earth was too hard. What should he do? He saw a stick with a fork in it and dug it in the earth but it was slow work. Then he found a clamshell. He did better with it but it was hard work and Robinson was not used to hard work. The sweat ran down his face and he had often to stop and rest in the shade. The sun burned so hot and the rock so reflected the heat that he was all but overcome but he worked on. When evening came he would sleep in the tree and the next morning he would go at it again. On the third day the roots were all laid bare but the roots were fast in the clefts of the rock and he could not loosen it, try ever so hard. What would he not have given for an axe or at least a knife and yet he had never thought of their value when at home. He attempted to cut one root through with his clamshell but the shell crumbled and would not cut the hard wood. He stood for a long time thinking not knowing what to do next. He made up his mind harder than the shell to cut with. Then he tried a stone with a sharp edge but soon found he needed another one, however. He found one. Then he set the sharp one on the wood and struck it with his heavy one and this way he slowly cut the roots in two. On the fifth day there was yet left one big root bigger than any of the others. Robinson got up early in the morning. He dug out the dirt the whole day. Finally it gave a crack and it too was broken. Robinson had only now to remove the loose earth inside the cleft. He found the opening could be made large and roomy. It was choked up with dirt.  In the future he thought I will take out all the dirt and then I shall be comfortable. It was then dark and the moon shone bright in the heavens. Robinson gathered a heap of dry grass and made himself a safe bed. But as he lay there he saw the moon beams shining into his cave. He sprang up. How easy he thought for wild animals to creep in here upon me. He crawled out and looked around. Not far from the cave he saw a large flat stone. With great trouble he rolled it to the opening of his cave but before this morning began to dawn. He went inside the shelter seized the stone with both hands and rolled it into the opening till it almost closed it. I have now a closed home. I can again stretch my legs. Wind and rain cannot get at me. Nor wild animals. End of Chapter 9 Chapter 10-14 of an American Robinson Crusoe. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org This reading by Allison Hester of Athens, Georgia. An American Robinson Crusoe by Samuel B. Allison Chapter 10 Robinson Makes a Hat Refreshed and with renewed strength Robinson awoke late the next morning but he had a bad headache. The day before the hot tropic sun had beat down on his bare head as he worked at his cave. He was so busy that he forgot to go into the shade from time to time in order to shield himself from the scorching sunshine. He felt a new need. I must make me a hot! Said Robinson to himself. But how? He had no straw, no thread, and no needle. He looked around for a long time but found nothing. The sun mounted even higher in the heavens and shone hotter and hotter. He went to seek shelter at last in the deep shade of a nearby tall plant. As he stood there he examined the plant more carefully. Out of these leaves he said, I might make a hat. He climbed up the short stem and saw that it had not only leaves as long as himself but between the leaves were big bunches of long, thin fruit as thick as three fingers and similar in shape to a cucumber.  He rolled the leaves and fruit together and hastened back to the cave. The bananas for that is what the fruit proved to be, were sweet and refreshing. After he had eaten enough he set immediately about making his hat. He broke off a couple of reeds. He bent one into a hoop but the hoop would not hold without thread. Sometimes it was too large and sometimes too small but it must fit his head. He pulled up grass and bound its ends together but the grass stalks were not strong enough. He hunted until he found a tree whose inner bark was soft and came out in long fibers. He bound his reed with this. This, too, made the hoop soft so that it did not hurt his head. When the hoop was ready and fitted to his head he found the banana leaves could not be used. Their veins ran straight from the midrib. This made them easily torn and besides they were too large. They were not the best shape. He saw that leaves about a foot long with broad and tapering points would be best. He saw, too, that if the leaves had their veins running parallel with the midrib they would be stronger. He made search and at length found leaves that seemed made for his purpose. They were thick and leathery and tapered from base to apex like a triangle. He now proceeded with his hat making. He would take a leaf and lay it on the ground with the base toward him. Then he laid the hoop on the base of the leaf, wrapped it around the hoop and fastened it with thorns. He did the same with other leaves. The thorns were his pins. At last he pinned the tips of the leaves together at the top and the hat was ready. It looked just like a big cone but it kept out the heat of the sun. Robinson now had corn and bananas and when he was thirsty he drank a handful of water from the spring. He had been now nine days on the island. Every day he looked out on the sea until his eyes ached to see if he might discover a ship. He could not understand why no ship came his way. Who knows how long I must wait here? He said sorrowfully. Then the thought came to him you will not be able to keep track of the days unless you write it down. End of Chapter 10 Robinson Makes a Hat Chapter 11 Robinson's Calendar The matter of keeping track of time puzzled Robinson very much. It was getting more difficult every day to keep it in his memory. He must write down the days as they slip by but where and how? He had neither pen ink nor paper. Should he mark every day with a colored stone on the smooth side of the huge rock wall within whose clefts he had dug out his cave? But the rain would wash off the record and then he would lose all his bearings. Then he thought of the beach but there the wind and waves would soon also erase it. He thought a long time I must find something he said to himself on which to keep a record. I must also know when Sunday is. I must rest one day in the week. Yes, I must find something he said on which to write. And finally he found it. He chose two trees standing near each other and then sought for a small sharp stone which he could make still sharper by striking it on another. When he had got this pen ready he cut into the bark of one tree shipwreck Sunday 10th of September 1875. He made seven cuts in a row for the seven days in the week. The first cut was longer than the others. This was to represent the Sunday. At sundown every day he made a new cut in the bark. The other tree he called the month tree. On its stem he was to cut a mark every time his week tree told him a month had passed. But he must be careful for the months were not of equal length. But he remembered that his teacher had once said in school that the months could be counted on the knuckles and hollows of the hand in such a way that the long and short months could be found easily and he could tell in this way the number of days in each. Robinson worked at enlarging his shelter a little every day. He was sorely at loss to find something in which to carry the dirt away from the entrance or enough so that it would not choke up the opening. A large clam shell was all he could think of at present. He would carry the dirt to the entrance in some distance away and then throw it. Fortunately the ground sloped away rapidly so that he needed a kind of platform before his door. He was careful to open the cleft at some distance above the large opening. For the air was damp and impure in the shelter, but with the opening made high above fresh air was constantly passing into and impure air out of his cave. Light too was admitted in this way. End of Chapter 11, Calendar Chapter 12, Robinson Makes a Hunting Bag Several days passed with Robinson's hat making and his calendar making and his watching the sea. Every day his corn and bananas became more distasteful to him and he planned a longer journey about the island to see if something new to eat could be found. But he considered that if he went a distance from his cave and found something it would really be of little use to him.  I must find something in which I can gather and carry food. He found nothing. The people in New York he said have baskets or pockets or bags of coarse cloth of them all. I could most easily make the net perhaps of vines but the little things would fall out of the net. I will see whether I can make a net of small meshes. But he soon saw that the vines did not give a smooth surface. He thought for a long while. In his garden at home his father had sometimes bound up the young trees with the soft inner bark of others. He wondered if he could use this. He stripped away the outer bark from the tree which before had yielded him a fiber for his hat and pulled off the long smooth pieces of inner bark. He twisted them together. Then he thought how he could weave the strands together. He looked at his shirt. A piece was torn off and unraveled. He could see the threads go up and down. He saw some threads go from left to right. Others, lengthwise, the warp. From his study of the woven cloth, Robinson saw he must have a firmer thread than the strips of bark gave alone. He separated his bark into long, thin strips. These he twisted into strands of yarn by rolling between his hands or on a smooth surface. As he twisted it, he wound it on a stick. It was so hard work. Of all his work, the making of yarn of thread gave him the most trouble. He learned to twist it by knotting the thread around the spindle or bobbin on which he wound it and twirling this in the air. He remembered, sadly, the old spinning wheel he had seen at his grandmother's house. His next care was something to hold the threads while he wove them in and out. He had never seen a loom. After long study, Robinson set two posts in the ground and these he bound with 72 strands horizontally under each other. Then he tied in the top at the left another thread and wove it in and out through the 72 threads. So he tied 72 vertical strands and wove them in and out. Thus he had a net three times as long as his foot and as wide as long. He tied the four corners together. He made a woven handle for it and put it on his shoulder like a sack, saying gleefully, This shall be my hunting bag. End of Chapter 12 Robinson Makes A Hunting Bag Chapter 13 Robinson Explores The Island After Robinson made his hunting bag, he was anxious and set off on a journey of exploring the island. So he arose very early the next morning. Before it is hot, thought he, I will be quite a distance on my journey. He ate a couple of bananas, scooped up a few handfuls of water from the spring, stuck a few ears of corn in his hunting bag, took a stick in his hand and went forth. As he left his cave, the thought was, What if I could not find my cave again? How can I manage so that I can come back to it? I will go away in one direction and return the same way, but suppose I were to lose the way. Then he noticed his shadow pointing like a great finger from the sea toward the land. He could direct himself by that. He kept his shadow in front of him. He had to make sure that the wind always blew north of the point where the sun rose. This helped him, but sometimes the wind would die down. He had to climb over many rocks and pierce many thickets. At each step he saw a rich growth of plants, stems, leaves, flowers, but nothing to eat, no fruits or nuts. At length he came to a tree in a small church steeple. Then he thought of what his father had once said about the trees in strange countries. Many are as tall as a church steeple and the nuts are as big as one's head. He looked again. Yes, there they hung among the leaves, concealed high above in the crown. But so high it was well that Robinson had learned to climb while on board He quickly laid down his hunting bag and clambered up the smooth stem of the high tree a palm. He picked off a nut and threw it down, then several more and climbed down again. But the nuts were very hard. How should he open them? He had brought along his sharp stone with which he had stripped off the inner bark. With this he forced off the thick outer shell, but now came the hard nut within and how hard it was striking it was of no use. Then he threw a great stone on the nut. The shell was crushed and a snow white kernel lay before him. It tasted like almond. With astonishment, Robinson saw in the middle of the nut a large empty space which must have been filled with fluid as the inside was wet. He wished that he had the juice to drink, for he was very thirsty. With this in view, he examined another and riper nut and the outside came off more easily. But how could he break it and at the same time save the juice? He studied the whole of the coconut on all sides. At the end were three little hollows. He attempted first to bore in with his fingers, but he could not. Hold, he cried, maybe I can cut them there with the point of my stone knife. This was done without trouble and out of the hole flowed the sweet white juice. Robinson put a couple of nuts in his hunting bag and also the shells from the broken nuts. Now, he thought, I shall no longer have to drink from my hand. With this thought he went on his way. As Robinson came to a rock in his path, out jumped what Robinson took to be a rabbit. He ran after him to catch him, but the rabbit was much the swifter. So Robinson hastened home, but before he reached it the stars were shining with their lustrous light. Tired, Robinson stretched his limbs on the bed of grass and leaves and slept soundly. At the end of Chapter 13 Robinson explores the island. Chapter 14 Robinson as a Hunter All the time Robinson was confined to the cave. He kept thinking about the rabbit he had seen and how he might catch one. Finally he determined to make a spear. He broke down a thin young sapling stripped off its branches and in one end fastened him. He then went to bed for he wanted to be up early for his first hunting trip on the morrow. With his hunting sack and spear, Robinson began to creep very, very cautiously through the underbrush, but he did not go far before he saw a lot of rabbits feeding peacefully on the soft leaves and grass. He drew back and threw his spear with all his might, but the spear did not reach the rabbits. Until far short and the rabbits sprang up and ran quickly away. He tried it several times with the same result. Then Robinson, discouraged turned back home and ate his corn, bananas and coconuts without meat. In the meantime he found a new kind of food. He discovered a nest of eggs. How good they tasted to him. But his longing for meat was still very great. I will try to make a bow and arrow, he said. No sooner said than done he bent a long piece of tough, young wood and stretched between the ends a cord twisted out of fiber taken from the coconut shell. He then saw it for a piece of wood for arrows. He split the ends with his splint knife and fastened in splinters of stone. At the other end he fastened on some feathers found on the ground. The arrows flew through the air with great swiftness. They will go far enough, thought Robinson, if I could only hit anything. He practiced shooting. He stuck his stone knife in a tree and shot at it the whole day long. At first he could not hit it at all. The arrows flew far from the mark. After a while he could hit the tree but not the knife. Then as he practiced his arm grew ever sure until at last he could hit the knife at almost every attempt. After a few days he again went rabbit hunting. He thought that the rabbit did not offer a mark so high as his knife so he stuck a stone in the ground and practiced shooting at that. He gradually increased the distance until he could hit the mark at twenty or thirty yards. The next morning Robinson took his bow and arrows and went out to hunt. He aimed at a rabbit, shot and it fell, pierced by the arrow. His very first shot was successful. He hastened up and took the dead rabbit on his shoulder, carried it to his cave and skinned it.  End of Chapter 14 Robinson as a Hunter Chapter 15-19 of an American Robinson Crusoe This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org This reading by Allison Hester of Athens, Georgia An American Robinson Crusoe By Samuel B. Allison Chapter 15 Robinson's Shoes and Parasol The next morning Robinson could not get up. His feet were swollen and sore in consequence of walking without shoes over thorns and stones. He must remain the whole day in his cave. Before him, in the sun his walking stick stuck in the ground. He thought how he had been troubled yesterday to find his way and about the shadow. He had now time to study it. He watched it the whole day through. In the morning it pointed toward the land in the evening toward the sea. This comes from the daily movement of the sun. He determined to study the matter more carefully. Robinson got up and with great effort walked to the spring. There he cooled his burning feet and gathered some large leaves which he bound on them. He decided to remain in his cave a few days, for he had enough food stored up to last him some length of time. He planned how he might make himself a pair of shoes. As soon as his feet were well he sought out some thick bark and put fastenings of tough, strong fiber on it. These served very well to protect his feet. But he must have some further protection from the sun. It beamed so hot that his hat was not enough. He made a parasol out of leaves like his hat. He took a straight stick for a handle. He tied some reeds together and bent them into a hoop. He then fastened the upper end of the stick in the center of the hoop by means of six reeds which formed the ribs of the parasol. To keep out the sun he covered this framework with large broad leaves. With a cord he tied the stem ends of the leaves to the stick just above where the reeds were tied. Spread out, these broad leaves completely covered the ribs. Their tips reached over the hoop. They were fastened together by means of a small needle-like fish bones Robinson had found on the beach. End of Chapter 15 Robinson's Shoes and Parasol. Chapter 16 Getting Fire Now Robinson had heard that savages take two dry pieces of wood and rub them so long on each other that at length they began to burn. He tried it. The sweat ran down his cheeks but every time the wood was about to catch fire his strength would give out and he was obliged to rest and when he began again the wood was cold. How will it be in winter? He cried. When it is cold and I have no fire. He must try other ways of preparing meat for his table. He must think of some other way of getting fire. He remembered that once when a boy at home he had in playing with a stick made it hot by twirling it on the end of a piece of wood. I will try this he thought. He searched for a good hard stick and a piece of wood upon which to turn or twirl it with his hands. Having found the best materials at hand he began to twirl the stick. He made a little hollow in the block of wood in which to turn his upright stick. There was heat but no fire. He twirled and twirled but he could not get the wood hot enough to blaze up or ignite. He had not skill besides his hands were not used to such rough treatment. Soon they blistered and this method had to be given up. I must have fire. He still thought and recalled the sparks that flew from the stone pavements of the streets when the iron shoes of the horses struck them as they slipped and strained at their cruel loads. Why may I not get fire by striking together two stones? He sought out two hard stones and with great diligence kept striking them together until his strength gave out and he was obliged again to acknowledge failure. He remembered that sometimes travelers put the meat underneath the saddle and ride on it until it is soft. He tried it with pounding. He laid some of the meat on a flat stone and pounded it. It became quite soft and tasted very well. He then tried hanging it in the sun and finally wrapped it in leaves and buried it for a few hours in the hot sand. End of Chapter 16 Getting Fire Chapter 17 Robinson Makes Some Furniture One thing troubled Robinson very much. He could not sit comfortably while eating. He had neither chair nor table. He wished to make them but that was a big job. He had no saw, no hammer, no auger and no nails. Robinson could not therefore make a table of wood. Not far from his cave he had seen a smooth flat stone. I thought he perhaps I can make me a table out of stone. He picked out the best stone and built up four columns as high as a table and on these he laid his large flat stone. It looked like a table sure enough but there were rough places and hollows in it. He wanted it smooth. He took clay and filled up the holes and smoothed it off. When the clay dried, the surface was smooth and hard. Robinson covered it with leaves and decked it with flowers till it was quite beautiful. When the table was done, Robinson began on a chair. He made it also of stone. It had no back. It was a bench. It was uncomfortable to sit on. Robinson covered it with moss. Then it was an easy seat. Table and chair were now ready. Robinson could not move them from one corner to another nor when he sat on the chair could he put his feet under the table and yet he thought them excellent pieces of furniture. Every day, Robinson went hunting and shot a rabbit but the meat would not keep. At home, they would have put it in the cellar if only he had a cellar. He saw near his cave a hole in the rock. He dug it out a little with his muscle shell and found that it led back under a rock. From much bending over and digging Robinson's back unused to severe toil ached wretchedly he decided to make a spade. With his flint, he bored four holes in a great round muscle shell. They formed a rectangle as long as a little finger and as wide. Through these holes he drew coconut fiber and bound the shell to a handle fast and strong. With his spade, he dug a hole so deep that he could stand in it upright. Then he put a couple of shelves made of flat stones. In this cellar he put his rabbit meat eggs. Then he laid branches over it and finally covered the hole with leaves. End of Chapter 17 Robinson makes some furniture. Chapter 18 Robinson becomes a shepherd. With his bow and arrow, Robinson went hunting every day. The rabbits soon learned to know him and let themselves seldom be seen. As soon as they saw him, they became timid and shy. One day, Robinson went out as usual to shoot rabbits. He found none, but as he came to a great rock he heard from behind a new sound, one he had not heard before in the island. Baaah! it sounded. A kid thought Robinson like that with which I have so often played at home. He slipped noiselessly around the rock and behold, really there stood a kid. He tried to call it, but the kid sought safety in flight. He hastened after it. Then he noticed that it was lame in one four foot. It ran into some brush where Robinson seized it by the horns and held it fast. How Robinson rejoiced, he stroked it and fondled it. Then he thought, how could it come into this wilderness on this lonesome island? Has your ship been cast upon the rocks too and been broken to pieces?  He seized the goat by the legs and no matter how it kicked, carried it to his cave. Then he fetched quickly a coconut shell full of water and washed and bathed the goat's wounded leg. A stone had rolled down from the hill and had inflicted a severe wound on its left foreleg or perhaps it had stepped into a crack in the rocks. Robinson tore off a piece of linen from his shirt, dipped it in the water and bound it with shreds of the coconut upon the wound. Then he pulled some grass and moss and made a soft bed near the door of the cave. When he had given it water, it looked at him with thankful eyes and licked his hand. Robinson could not sleep that night. He thought continually of his goat and got up time and again to see if it was safe. The moon shone clear in the heavens. As Robinson sat before the goat's bed, he looked down on his new possession as lovingly as a mother on her child. The next morning, he was, I am no longer alone, I have a companion, my goat. He sprang up and looked for it. There she lay on her side, still sleeping. As he stood and considered, the thought came to him that perhaps the goat had escaped from its keeper. There must then be someone living on the land. He quickly put on his shoes and ran to the rock where he had found the goat. He called, he sought, he peered about to see if some shepherd were there somewhere. He found nothing. He found no trace of man. There was no road, no bridge, no field, no logs, not even a chip or shaving to show that the hand of a man had been there. But what was that? In the distance ran a herd but no dog followed them and no shepherd. They ran wild on the island. They had perhaps been left there by some ship. As he came home, he noticed the goat sorrowfully. The bandage had become dry. The goat might be suffering pain. Robinson loosened the bandage, washed the wound again and bound it up anew. It was so trustful. It ran after him and he decided always to protect it. I will always be your shepherd and take care of you, he said. And of Chapter 18, Robinson becomes a shepherd. Chapter 19 Robinson builds a home for his goat. But the goat was a new care. Wild animals could come and kill and carry Robinson's goat away and if the goat got frightened while he was hunting it would run away.  But from whence must come the tools he had neither hatchet nor saw. Where then were the stakes to come from? He went in search of something. After hunting for a long time he came upon a kind of thistle about two feet higher than himself. Having at its top a red torch like blossom. There were a great many of them. Good, thought Robinson, if I could only dig up enough of them and plant them thick around the door of my cave I would have just the thing no one could get at me nor at the goat either. Those thorns would keep anything from creeping through, peeping in or getting over. So he took his mussel shell spade and went to work. It was pretty hard but at length he succeeded in laying bare the roots of quite a number. But he could not drag them to his cave on account of the thorns sticking in him. He thought a long time. Finally he sought out two strong poles or branches which were turned up a little at one end and like a sled runner. To these he tied 12 cross pieces with bark. To the foremost he tied a strong rope made from cocoa fiber. He then had something that looked much like a sled on which to draw his thistle like brush to his cave. But for one day he had enough. The transplanting of the thistles was hard work. His spade broke and he had to make a new one. In the afternoon he broke his spade again and as he had made his third one he made up his mind that it was no use trying to dig with such a weak tool in the hard ground. It would only break again if I only had a pick but he had none. He found a thick hard sharp stone. With it he picked up the hard earth but had to bend almost double in using it. At home he thought they have handles to picks. The handle was put through a hole in the iron. He turned the matter over and over in his mind how he might put a hole through his stone. But he found no means. He searched out a branch with a crotch at one end. He tied the stone to this with strong cocoa fiber in bark. How his eye glistened as he looked at the new tool. Now he began to work. He first loosened up the earth with his pick. Then he dug it out with his spade and planted in a high thistle. Many days he had to work but finally one evening the hedge was ready.  He counted the marks on his calendar tree. The day on which he had begun to make his hedge he had especially marked out. He had worked 14 days. He had completed his hedge with the exception of a small hole that must serve for a door. But the door must not be seen from without. As Robinson thought it came to him that there was still a place for two thistles on the outside. He could easily get in but the entrance was difficult to find from the outside. Robinson looked on his hedge from without. It was not yet thick enough. For this reason he planted small thistles between the larger ones. With the digging them out and transplanting them he was a whole week longer. Finally the hedge and the yard were ready. Now Robinson could rest without fear and sleep in his cave and could have his goat near him all the time. It delighted him greatly. It ran after him continually like a dog. When he came back from an absence it bleated for joy and ran to meet him as soon as he got inside the hedge. Robinson felt that he was not entirely alone. He now had a living being near him. End of chapter 19 Robinson builds a home for his goat. Chapters 20-24 of an American Robinson Crusoe This is a LibriVox recording all LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org This reading by Allison Hester of Athens, Georgia an American Robinson Crusoe by Samuel B. Allison Chapter 20 Robinson gets ready for winter There was one thing that troubled Robinson greatly What will become of me when the winter comes? I will have no fire to warm me I have no clothing to protect me from the cold and where shall I find my food when snow and ice cover all the ground and when the trees are bare and the spring is frozen It will be cold then in my cave What shall I do? It is cold and rainy already I believe this is harvest time and winter will soon be here Winter and no stove no winter clothing no winter store of food and no winter dwelling What shall I do? He considered again the project of making fire He again sought out two pieces of wood and sat down and rubbed them together The sweat rolled down his face When the wood began to get warm his hand would become tired and he would have to stop When he began again the wood was cold He worked for an hour or two then he laid the wood aside and said, I don't believe I can do it I must do the next best thing I can at least get warm clothing to protect me from the rain and snow He looked down at his worn thin clothing His trousers his shirt his jacket his coat thin and worn that they were threadbare I will take the skins of the hairs which I have shot and will make me something He thought He washed and cleaned them but he needed a knife and he said about making one He split one end of a tough piece of wood thrust his stone blade in it and wound it with cocoa fiber His stone knife now had a handle He could now cut the skins quite well but what should he do for needle and thread? Maybe the vines would do but they are hardly strong enough He thought He pulled the sinews from the bones of the rabbit and found them hard Maybe he could use them He found fish skeletons on the seashore and bored a hole in the end of the small sharp rib bones Then he threaded his bone needle with the rabbit sinews and attempted to sew but it would not go His needle broke The skin was too hard He bored holes in the edge of the pieces of skin and sewed through the holes This went very well He sewed the skins together with the hair side inward made himself a jacket a pair of trousers a hat and finally covered his with rabbit skin for the rain had already dripped through the leaves of it The trousers did not fit He loosened them and puckered them to no purpose Anyway, he thought I am now well protected from the cold when it does come End of Chapter 20 Robinson gets ready for winter Chapter 21 How Robinson Lays Up a Store of Food Now for the food Could Robinson preserve the meat? He had often heard his mother tell about preserving meat and salt He had even eaten salt meat, pickled meat But where could he get salt? One day when the wind blew hard the water was driven upon the shore and filled a little hollow After a few days the ground glistened white as snow where the water had been Was it snow? Robinson took it in his hands with salt The sun had evaporated the water and the hollow had vaporized it and the air had drunk it up What was left behind? Salt Now he could get salt as long as he needed it He took coconut shells and strewed salt in them Then he cut the rabbit meat and thin strips rubbed them with salt and laid them one on the other in the salt He put it over with a layer of salt He put over each shell the half of a larger one and weighted it down with stones After a period of 14 days he found the meat quite red It had pickled But he did not stop here He gathered and stored in his cellar coconuts and corn in such quantities that he would be supplied for a whole winter It seemed best to catch a number of rabbits and build a house for them and keep them Then he could kill one occasionally and have fresh meat Then it came to him that goats would be much better for they would give milk He determined immediately to have a herd of goats He made a string or lasso out of cocoa fiber Then he went out slipped up quietly to a herd of goats and threw the lasso over one But the lasso slipped from the horns and ran away The next day, he had better luck He threw the lasso drew it tight and the goat was captured He brought it home He rejoiced when he saw that it gave milk He was happy when he got his first coconut shell full of sweet rich milk His goat herd grew He soon had five goats He had no more room in his yard He could not provide food enough He must let them out He must make another hedge around his yard so that the goats could get food and yet be kept from going away He got steaks from the woods and gathered them before his cave He sharpened them and began to drive them in the earth But it rained more and more each day He was wet through as he worked He had finally to stop work for the rain was too heavy End of Chapter 21 How Robinson Lays Up A Store of Food Chapter 22 Robinson's Diary Robinson was much disturbed because he had no means of keeping a record of things as they happened from day to day He had his calendar It is true He would not lose track of the time But he wished for some way to write down his thoughts and what happened There was no keen search for anything that would serve him this purpose Every time he journeyed about the island he kept careful watch for something that he might write upon He thought of the leaves of the palm tree the white under surface of the shelf fungus But these he found would not do He tried many kinds of bark and leaves There was a kind of tall reed or grass growing in the marshes that he could when dried He examined the inner bark of many trees He at last found that the inner bark of a tree which resembled our own tree worked best He would cut through the bark with his stone knife around the tree At about one foot from this he would cut another ring He would then cut through the bark lengthwise from one circular cut to the other He could then peel off the section easily While it was yet full of sap he would separate the soft tough thin layer of the bark This usually came off in sheets without a break When these sheets of bark were stretched and dried they could be used very nicely instead of paper Robinson next searched for something that would serve him as ink and this was much easier to find than paper He had noticed many kinds of galls of many different colors growing on trees He did not know what they were or how they grew but he had learned in his father's store that ink was often made from galls gathered from trees Anyway, he thought I can get ink from the cuttlefish He had watched this animal get away from its enemies by sending out a cloud of purplish fluid in which to hide as it darted away He had learned also that indigo is made from the leaves of a plant He had noticed a plant growing in the open places in the forest whose leaves turned black when dried Robinson gathered a quantity of gall nuts and soaked them in water To the black fluid thus obtained he added a little rice water to make it flow well and this served very well as an ink He kept his ink in a cup made from a coconut shell He was not long in getting a pin though the lack of a good sharp knife made it hard to make a good one In going about he had gathered a quantity of large feathers He saved these for the time when he should have his paper and ink ready Now he cut away a quill to a point and split it up a little way He was now supplied with writing materials Is it not wonderful? He thought how all our wants we have only to want a thing badly enough and it comes Robinson began at once to write down the date for each day and the main thing he did or that happened on it He called this his diary He now had a better way of keeping time than on his tree calendar He did not need it anymore You have no doubt wondered how Robinson could work in his cave especially at night without a light The truth is it was a great source of discomfort to him At sunset he was in total darkness in his cave During the day light enough streamed in from the open door way To be alone in total darkness is not pleasant If I only had fire he said again and again He watched the many large beetles and the fireflies flash their light in the evening as he sat in front of his shelter The thought came to him that if he only had some way of keeping together a number of them they would serve very well for a candle in his cave at night How he longed for a glass bottle such as he had so often wantonly broken when at home Back of his shelter there was a hill where the rock layers jutted out He had noticed here several times in transparent rock that he had seen in his father's store It is called Isenglass I will make a living lantern He said aloud in his eagerness He soon had a suitable peace-pride loose He cut a part of a coconut shell away and in its place he put a sheet of Isenglass That evening at dark he gathered several handfuls of the great fire beetles in his lantern What joy their glow gave him in his cave at night It was almost as much comfort as a companion But while it lighted up the deep dark of the cave and enabled him to move about he was unable, after all, to write in his diary at night Every morning he set his captives free In the evening he would go out and capture his light End of Chapter 22 Diary Chapter 23 Robinson is Sick One evening Robinson went to bed sound and well The next morning he was sick Before he had only the heat of the day to complain of Today he was freezing He wanted to go to work to get warm, but even this did not break his chill It increased till his teeth were cold Perhaps, thought he If I can sleep a little I will get better But he could not sleep He was burning with fever and then shaking with cold by turns He felt a strong thirst but he was so weak that he could scarcely get the goat's milk He had no sooner drunk the milk than his tongue was as dry as before He felt better after a night of sleep His fever and chills were worse than before Then he be-thought him of his parents How kindly his mother had taken care of him Now no one was near that could assist him Ah, he sighed Must I die here Who would bury me There is no one to miss me At this the tears came to his eyes His sickness increased with each day Occasionally the fever would go down sufficiently to allow him to get something to eat Then it would be worse than before In his dire need he wanted to pray but he was so weak that he could only stammer Dear God Help me, or I shall die One night he had a strange dream He thought he saw his good old father standing before him and calling to him He spread out his arms and cried aloud Here I am, here I am He tried to get up but he was so weak that he fell back fainting He lay there a long time but finally came to He felt a burning thirst but no one reached him a drop of water He prepared to die He folded his hands and prayed to God that he would be merciful to him He prayed forgiveness from his parents Once more he raised his head and gazed wildly about then sank back and knew no more When he again awoke he felt better His hot fever had gone He attempted to walk He had just enough strength to crawl to the table and fetch a shell of water When he tried to walk he had to sit down at every two or three steps gradually growing better and better and he thanked God inwardly for his recovery His sickness had continued from June 18th to July 3rd End of Chapter 23 Robinson is Sick Chapter 24 Robinson's Bower Robinson's sickness set him thinking about his home He had been so afraid of animals when he came to the island there was nothing but protection from them He had been now a year on the island and had seen nothing more dangerous than a goat The fear of animals had practically faded away In thinking over his sickness he made up his mind that it was caused by sleeping in his cave where the sun never shone The ventilation seemed good but the walls were damp especially in the rainy season Then the water would trickle down in spite of all he could do He resolved to build if possible a little cottage or as he called it a bower in the yard in front of his shelter The hedge of thistles was growing and formed a fence that an animal could not get through His screen of willows on the outside of this would soon hide him from view of the sea He had the wall of rock and the hill behind him He planned out his way of building it very carefully It must be done He said Robinson formed the habit of talking to himself so that he would not forget how to talk Without hammer, nails, or saw He first sought out four posts as large as he could well handle There were always broken trees and branches in the forest If he searched long enough he could find posts that suited to his need He wanted four of the same thickness and height and with a fork at the end After long searching he found what he wanted He was careful to get those that he could drag to his shelter He placed these in the ground forming the corners of a square about ten feet long In the forks he placed poles running around about eight feet from the ground At about every three feet he fastened others running in the same way with heavy cords made of fiber He found his greatest trouble with the roof It must be sloped to shed rain He had to find two more forked posts three or four feet longer than the others These he placed opposite each other in the centers of two sides Upon these he placed a ridge pole He then laid other poles lengthwise from ridge pole to the edge of the frames His frame was now done His plan was now to cover this frame with straw or grasses tied in bundles He had seen the barns in the country thatched in this way by the Dutch farmers in New York State He gathered the straw of the wild rice It was long, straight and tough It was easily tied into flat bundles These he bound securely onto the framework with cords He began at the bottom so that the ends of the row would lap over the tops of the last one put on In this way he built a very comfortable and rain-proof bower It was easy to make a bed of poles covered with straw A table and bench were added and shelves of poles Robinson felt great joy over this new home I will not now be sick anymore, he said In case of danger I can get into my cave but at all other times I will live in my bower He had use still for his cave He could use it to store some things in but he had to be careful about the dampness in wet weather Robinson was getting to feel at home He was no longer sad He did not grieve so much for home He looked upon his home with great delight He was very secure He had his herd of goats always in his sight At evening he would do his milking He found he could keep the milk for some time in the cave He was tempted to try making some butter from the rich good cream But, said Robinson I have neither vessels to make it in nor bread to eat it on He planned many things to do I will make a hammock in my bower and some vessels to use in my work He thought End of chapter 24 Robinson's Bower End of chapters 20-24 of an American Robinson Crusoe chapters 25-28 of an American Robinson Crusoe This is a LibriVox recording All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain For more information order volunteer please visit LibriVox.org This reading by Allison Hester of Athens, Georgia an American Robinson Crusoe by Samuel B. Allison Chapter 25 Robinson again explores his island When Robinson recovered his strength he had a strong desire to see more of the island At first he had been in constant fear of wild animals He thought he would like to see all there was to see in the island On the 15th of July he started out First he went to a brook which ran into the sea near his cave Its water was clear and pure along its shore lay beautiful meadows As he came to the upper course of the brook the meadow gave way to forest On the border of the forest he found melons and grapes The night came on again in a tree The next morning he went farther and came to a clear rivulet Here the region was wonderfully beautiful The flowers bloomed as in a garden and near the flowers stood splendid apple and orange trees He took as much of the fruit as he could carry and went on his way This journey continued three days The grapes which he had carried he dried in the sun and made raisins The 10th of September came One year had passed on the island He was many hundred miles from home alone on an island With tears he cried out Oh, what are my dear parents saying They have no doubt long given me up as dead If I could only send them a message to comfort them and let them know how much I love them The day was celebrated as a holiday He thanked God that he had given him so many good things Often he had lived the whole day in care and anxiety Now he tried to be more cheerful and meet the troubles of each day with courage But Robinson was not yet satisfied He longed to know more of the island and prepared himself for a greater journey He slung his hunting pouch filled it with food took his bow and arrows stuck his stone hatchet in his belt and started on his way He traveled over meadows through beautiful forests in which were hundreds of birds He was delighted as they sang and fluttered about The journey was beautiful and pleasant to Robinson In the forests he often saw small wild creatures but he shot nothing under a tree in the soft grass for he now had no fear of wild animals Along the shore he saw great groves of palms with their large nuts He saw too many goats in all parts of the island Now he was ready to take the shortest way home He had not gone far before he came into a dark forest He became confused and wandered about for several days On the fourth day he came to a little pile of stones which he had made to mark the way as he was going out From this place the way was easy to find On this trip he was gone already two weeks End of Chapter 25 Robinson again explores his island Chapter 26 Robinson and his birds Of all the things he saw on his journey Robinson was most delighted with the birds They were of the most beautiful colors The forest was full of them They gleamed like jewels in the deep masses of foliage In the morning their singing filled the air with sound Robinson had never taken much notice of the birds at home but now every living thing attracted him He loved to see them happy He would watch often by the hour and learn the habits of nesting and getting food of nearly every bird on the island Robinson did not know the names of many of the birds he saw on the island He had to make names for them The strangest thing he saw on his journey was the nest of what he called the yellow tail This bird lives in colonies and makes its nest at the ends of the long leaves of a mountain palm When he first saw these queer looking sacks hanging from the leaves he was amazed He had never seen so strange a sight From the end of each great leaf hung a long closely woven nest Robinson could not make out at first what they were Soon however he saw the birds come out of the mouths of the nests Here 100 feet from the ground they hung their nests perfectly safe He had not gone far from the tree in which the yellow tails had their nests when suddenly startled by a voice crying, Who are you? Robinson was greatly frightened and hid beneath the drooping branches of a cedar tree He feared every moment that the owner of the voice would make his appearance but it kept at a distance Every few minutes from the depths of the forest would come a powerful cry Who are you? Robinson did not dare to stir from his hiding place He remained there overnight After the night came on he heard the strange voice no more The next day he renewed his journey He saw many birds that were wholly strange to him There was a kind of wild pigeon that built its home in a hole in the rock It was a most beautiful bird with slender graceful feathers in its tail He saw the frigate bird soaring high above the island The number in beauty of the hummingbirds amazed Robinson They were of all colors One had a bill in the shape of a sickle The most brilliant of them all was the ruby-crested hummingbird Near noon while Robinson was shielding himself from the scorching heat of the sun in a deep shaded glen There was a strange voice crying Who, who, who are you? He lay quite still determined if possible to allow the voice to come if it would within sight He heard it slowly coming up the glen Each time it repeated the cry it sounded nearer At last he saw spying at him through the vows of the tree under which he was lying a large bird with soft feathers of green and chestnut Who, who, who are you? said the bird Robinson could not help but laugh He had been frightened at the cry of a bird But the bird that interested Robinson most was the parrot There were several kinds of them They flew among the trees with great noise and clatter and shrieking Robinson determined if possible to secure one for a pet He could teach it to talk He said, and I will have something to talk to As soon as he returned home he said about catching one He noticed that a number were in the habit of visiting an old tree near the shelter every morning He planned to snare one and tried several mornings but he could not get one into the snare He tried to hit one with his bow and arrow He at last succeeded in hitting one so that it fell to the ground He ran rapidly to pick it up but before he could get to where it lay in the bushes it had disappeared After thinking the matter over he concluded that it would be much better to get a pair of young birds and raise them The old ones would be hard to tame and difficult to teach It was easy enough to find a nest in a hollow tree He secured from the nest two birds just ready to fly to the cage for them out of willow rods He placed the cage at the entrance of his cave and studied how he would feed them Much to his surprise the parent birds discovered their young ones and brought them food and fed them through the open work of the cage When the birds were grown they rapidly learned to talk Robinson took great delight in teaching them He taught them to call his name and when he came near Poor old Robinson Crusoe! These birds remained for many years with Robinson In fact, he was never afterward without a parrot They helped him to pass away very pleasantly many hours that without them would have been sad Another bird that Robinson loved was the little house wren This bird was exceedingly tame and friendly It was a very sweet and strong singer It loved to make its nest in or near his shelter There it would build and rear its young within reach of his hands while its throat was always bursting with melody The mockingbird too always nested near and awakened him in the morning with its wonderful song Robinson became a great friend and favorite of the bird inhabitants on the island They seemed to know him and near him This pleased him very much End of Chapter 26 Robinson and his birds Chapter 27 Robinson gets fire Robinson was now pretty comfortable He had his bower with its chair and table He had his cave in case of danger He had his cellar in which to keep his meat He would sit in the shade near the door of his bower He was very comfortable for But there was one hardship that Robinson could not get used to and that was the eating of raw food How fine it would be if only I could partch a few grains of corn in the fire I could live like a prince Thought he, if I had fire I would grind some of my corn into flour and make some cornbread or cakes and cook rice He did so long for roasted meat to be termed again to make the attempt to get fire Robinson was fast losing his idle, thoughtless ways of doing things He had become a thoughtful and diligent man in the short time that he had been on the island Trouble and hardship had made a man of him I must carefully think over the whole matter of getting fire He said He had fell twice and was now resolved to succeed The lightning would only strike a tree, he thought and set it on fire But he could not wait for such a thing to happen and how could he keep it when once thus obtained It was clear he must have some way of producing fire when he wanted it just as they did at home He thought over the ways he had tried and the one most likely to be successful He resolved to make a further trial of the method by twirling a stick in his hands He selected new wood that was hard and dry He carefully sharpened the stick about 18 inches long and standing it upright in a hollow in the block of wood began to roll it between his hands By the time Robinson's hands were well hardened it seemed that he was going to succeed at last But he lacked the skill to be obtained only by long practice If I could only make it go faster he said there must be some way of doing this I believe I can do it I used to make my top spend round with a cord I wonder if I could use the cord here The only cord he had was attached to his bow He was going to take it off when I thought struck him He loosened the string a bit and twisted it once about his spindle Then he drew the bow back and forth The spindle was turned at a great rate He saw he must hold one end with his left hand while the other rested in the hollow in the block With his right he drew the bow back and forth how eagerly he worked He had twirled but a few minutes when the dust in the hollow burst into fire from the heat produced by the rapidly twirling spindle Robinson was too overjoyed to make any use of it He danced and capered about like one gone mad until the fire had gone out But that was of no matter now since he could get fire when he wanted it He hastened to make him a rude fireplace and oven of stones He hollowed out a place in the ground and lined and covered it with large flat stones On one side he built up a chimney to draw the smoke and make the fire burn brightly He brought wood and some dry fungus or mushroom This he powdered and soon had fire caught in it He kindled in this way the wood in his stove and soon had a hot fire The first thing he did in the way of cooking was to roast some rabbit meat on a spit or fork stick held in his hand over the fire Nothing Robinson had ever eaten was to be compared to this I can do many things now thought Robinson my work will not be nearly so hard my fire will be my servant and help me make my tools as well as cook my food I can now cook my corn and rice And Chapter 27 Robinson gets fire Chapter 28 Robinson makes baskets Robinson still continued anxious about his food supply when he could no longer gather it fresh from the fields and forest and become ripe He had found in a wet marshy place some wild rice plants loaded with ripened grain As he now had fire he only had to have some way of storing up grains and he would not lack for food He knew that grains stored away must be kept dry and that he must especially provide against dampness in his cave or his bower If he only had some baskets these would be just the thing But how was he to get them? Robinson had never given a thought to either material or the method of making them He, however, was gradually acquiring skill and confidence in himself So far, he had managed to meet all his wants He had invented tools and made his own clothes and shelter And now, he said to himself I will solve the new problem I must first study the materials that I have at hand He remembered the splint market baskets in which his father took vegetables home from the store He recalled how thin the splints were woven They went over and under He said, that is simple enough if I had the splints He said himself diligently to work to find a plant whose bark or split branches could be used for splints He tried to peel off a rough outer bark of several trees in order to examine the inner layers of soft fibrous material He found several trees that gave promise of furnishing abundance of long thin strips But the labor of removing the bark with his rude and perfect tools was so great that he resolved that he would have to find some other kind of material Hmm, why need the strips be flat? He thought I believe I could weave them in the same way if I used the long thin, tough willow rods I saw growing by the Brookside when I was returning from my journey He found on trial that the weaving went very well but that he must have strong thick rods or ribs running up and down to give strength and form to his basket He worked hard but it was slow work It was three days before his first basket was done He made many mistakes and was obliged many times to undo what he had accomplished in order to correct some error And at last when he had woven the basket as large as he thought was suitable for his purpose he did not know how to stop or finish the top so as to keep the basket from unraveling At last he hit upon the plan of fastening two stout rods one outside, the other inside These he sewed firmly over and over to the basket with a kind of fiber from a plant he had discovered that looked almost to be what he had heard called the century plant in the parks at home On attempting his next basket he thought long how he might improve in safe time He must hasten or the now almost daily rains would destroy his ripened wild corn and rice If I could use the coils long grass I saw growing in the marsh beside the rice he thought I could make twice the progress He gathered an armful twisted it into cables about an inch thick and wove it into his frame of upright rods instead of the horizontal layer of willow canes This answered his purpose just as well and rendered the making of large baskets the work of a few hours He found however that the willow rods or osures were not pliant enough to work well in fastening his coils of grass cables together He tried several things and at last succeeded best when he used the long thread like fiber of the century like plant He had however to make a stout framework of rods He would first coil his grass rope into this frame and then sew it together with wood made from this fiber He afterwards tried making smaller and finer baskets out of the fiber that he had discovered which could be easily had from the thick-leaved plant he thought he had seen at home He first used long tough fine roots he had seen when digging at the tree at the mouth of his cave Afterwards he discovered some tall tough reeds growing nearby He laid in a supply of those He found that when he wanted to use them a good soaking water made them as pliable and tough as when first cut The making of the baskets and storing up grains made it possible for Robinson to become a farmer and thus make himself independent This thought was a great relief to him End of chapter 28 Robinson Mates Baskets


The past decade has been especially creative for Spintronics since the re-discovery of various two-dimensional, 2D materials. Due to the unusual physical characteristics, 2D materials have provided new platforms to probe the spin interaction with other degrees of freedom for electrons, as well as to be used for novel Spintronics applications. This review briefly presents the most important recent and ongoing research for Spintronics in 2D materials. This article was authored by Wei Han.


Howdy how's it going? My name's Davy Chappy, and do you know something? I don't really know much about Magic the Gathering. I played it a little when I was younger, but it just- it never clicked with me outside of reading the story that came with the cards. But, lucky for me, I happen to be friends with someone who does know all about Magic, so this video is just gonna be me hanging out with the nerdiest nerdcore rapper this side of the coast, Rustage. Hello everyone, my name's Rustage. I'm like an anime rapper guy, but I'm also a huge fan of Magic the Gathering. Alright, let's do this! My name is Davy Chappy and I'm here to say I'm gonna get cringy in a major way! Um, what are you doing? I'm rapping. Why? What's wrong? Are my beats not fresh enough? I can get fresher beats. Uh, I mean, I just thought I was coming on to talk about Magic the Gathering. Oh, yeah, that- right, yeah, no, that would be a better idea. Yeah. Okay, um, so, in rapidly- I mean, who would want to hear me rap? I mean, come on, that's so lame. Um, are you okay? Do you need a second? No, no, no, just go on. Keep going, why'd you even start? Right, alright, okay. So, the world of Ravnica is best understood as one huge world-spanning city with ten vastly different organizations vying for total control over it. The organizations are called guilds, and they have effective control over at least one important facet of the life of Ravnica, to the point where about half of Ravnica's entire population belongs to one of the ten. Long ago, these guilds would battle in the streets, and their conflict threatened to level all of Ravnica. But before the world could fall, a pact was made. A pact between each of the ten guilds of Ravnica, that segmented each guild into a specific lot in life and prevented any guild from expanding its power, or trying to take it from another guild. And, for a time, Ravnica was at peace. However, ten thousand years later, the magic of the pact was broken, and Ravnica was plunged into guild warfare once more. For a short time, the guilds were able to postpone mutually assured destruction by imitating the rules of the guild pact, but it was only a band-aid on the wound. Until one day, a contingency was found, one that would forge a new guild pact. Through a series of magical misadventures, the guild pact was reforged in a new way. Its power and authority bestowed onto one man, named Jace Bellerin. As the new living guild pact, any word that Jace said became law, and was unbreakable by any of the guilds. However, for reasons that he would never share, Jace Bellerin had a habit of disappearing for long stretches of time, his location impossible to track, leaving Ravnica without a guild pact until he sees fit to return. This new reality doesn't sit well with any of the guilds, and time will tell how long it will take for all of them to descend back into war. But before you can start prepping for the end of days, you have to know all the key players, so let's delve into each and every one of the guilds in Ravnica!  The Senate is made up of three columns, the Gelling column which makes up laws, the Sova column which debates laws, and the Liev column which enforces laws. While the ultimate idea is for the Azoria Senate to create a utopia out of Ravica, they tend to overlay their plans right on top of all the other guilds, which causes a lot of pushback from anybody that doesn't want the fuzz on their bums. Still, their legal authority over all matters makes it hard to say no to them, and they pride themselves on having very powerful law mages that use their magics to protect the innocent, enchant people into telling the truth, and use powers of divination to both uncover the secrets of crimes and stop future crimes before they can happen. Where the Azoria Senate takes an imperialist approach to the law, the boros legion finds strength in, well, strength, embodying the might and zeal of a religious force, bolstered with the power of angels, and tempered with the duty to protect all that is good. The boros legion shines a staunch middle finger in the face of the Azorias' unflinching and unbendable laws, by instead sending all of its newly recruited members to the Horizon Military Academy, where members learn not how to follow the rules as written, but how to enforce the rules as intended, which often causes the Azoria Senate to see them as vigilantes instead of true allies, when a member of the boros legion has to break a law to get that good boy job done. If you've ever wanted to join a plant cult that worships life and death as the same basic thing, then the Golgari Swarm might be good for you, ruled by an elf lich named Jarad. The Golgari want the world to go back to the wild, untamed world it once was, and they keep a symbiotic relationship with all of nature's creations, even the scary ones. This symbiotic relationship forms the face of the Golgari personality, as each member doesn't see themselves or other members as individuals, but as pieces in a great whole swarm, a swarm that will never deteriorate with death as death is just the next stage of life, with Jace having gone to nowhere in particular, and with Ravnica starting to show its cracks as a result, the Golgari are taking this as a sign that it's time for civilization to go back to its roots. What can I say about House Demir? No, really. What can I say? The whole organization is a spine network dedicated to controlling the world through misinformation and instigating fear about everybody else among the populace. So most of the information about them is shrouded in so much secrecy that any fact about them could just be another one of those lies. They may not even be a House Demir. I may not even be called Rusted. I could just be Dabby Chappy with a voice changer. That's how deep this rabbit hole goes. Demir is so dedicated to keeping their secrets that they even went so far as to create a unique spell that only members of their guild can use, which lets them pull memories out of themselves and others and turn them into little strands of magic that can only be read by other members of the Demir. The only thing that is for certain is that their spine network has feelers in every other guild. So members need to be careful when speaking to even their own guildmates, or they risk feeding their own sensitive information to the Demir. Now, if you want all that wild emotion but packaged into a nice little glass bottle and shaken in with a jar of smart stuff, the Is it League of Inventors and Magicians wants to create the greatest inventions they can as fast as they can, and they want to go out with a bang. Is it guild members all share an unquenchable thirst for knowledge that would rival House Demir? But where Demir goes out in search of secrets that somebody else already knows, the Is it League prefers to question, answer, and twist all in one. They create invention after invention just to see what it's possible to make, and their experimenting is often fueled by their saying that the only action worth taking is one with an unknown outcome. And they could give a damn about the rest of the guilds unless they start to ruin their projects or, better yet, just come to join in. Another guild that would prefer it if all of Ravnica's cities crumbled and burned away had the Gryll Clans of Barbarians, Berserkers, Brutes, and Brigands. Where the Gorgari swarm wants the world to revert back to nature's grand design, the Gryll Clans don't want any design at all. Whether that be civilized or natural, they detest the idea of anyone telling them what to do and they emphasize the importance of letting your emotions run wild and trample anything or anyone in its path. If they had it their way, the world would be a lawless wasteland populated by those that society rejected but owned by those who rejected society themselves. They say that no good deed goes unpunished and no one knows that better than the Orzav's Syndicate. The Orzav have their hand in any and every money-making scheme in Ravnica and if they don't, they will. From being the main bank where all money comes and goes to being the religious center of Ravnica, where for a commensurate fee you could buy your way free of all divine punchments, the Orzav Syndicate seeks to grow into the most powerful and influential guild using the language that everybody can understand, money. And for the Orzav, your debts aren't freed and debt.  The Orzav Syndicate seeks a binding control of the world for the ultimate purpose of bringing order and stability to Ravnica by keeping everybody on a level playing field. Everybody but them.  The Cult of Ractos, otherwise known as the Cloud Cult! Sorry, I'll stop there. The Cult of Ractos has no reason to be tolerated, and yet it is as it populates its members with gestures, performers, and artists looking to entertain the masses with the greatest show but just behind that cover to the point where they not only don't hide it but actively revel in it and make it part of the act is a worship of the great demon Ractos, the embodiment of selfishness, lust, hedonism, and evil. Cultists of Ractos believe that life is always just a stone's throw away from death.  And so the Ractos Guild members have nothing to do all day but mess with the other guild.  The guild that understands that nature will always find a way but isn't interested in waiting for that process is the Simic Combine. The guild dedicated to body modification and biological experimentation. They believe that expediting nature's evolution will help all of Ravnica achieve a higher sense of being, but will never let their experiments venture beyond the natural, lest they encroach upon the domain of the is-it. Promotion and perfection are the principles that punctuate the Simic Combine and they are sure that, as long as the other guilds don't try to muck anything up, their way is the way to a perfect utopia. But not if the Celesnya Conclave has anything to say about it. Many guilds have a problem with civilization. They want a controller or they much rather burn it to the ground. But the Celesnya Conclave sees that there doesn't need to be such a divide between nature and modern life. The two can easily connect in harmony and that's what the Celesnya aims to achieve. By following the teachers of Matt Celesnya, that's like the lead of the Demir was named David Apostrophe Demir. Following the teachers of Matt Celesnya, the world soul, who is, by the way, a union of several dryads. So he is essentially seven dryads in a trench coat. It's not even a heat. What is it? What are you? Anyway, the Conclave is a peacekeeping guild, not through laws and arbitration, but through peace, tranquility, and failing that, a large fuck-off army that could crush almost any other. The guild isn't naive enough to think that happiness and sunshine is all that it takes, but it also isn't jaded enough to think that the world still isn't full of happiness and sunshine, regardless of whether you want it to be or not. And the Celesnya Conclave knows that making such arrogant assumptions is why none of the other guilds were outlast Matt Celesnya. But that'll about do it. Hope you enjoyed this video. Thank you so much for Rustage coming on the show, talking about Magic the Gathering. Thank you so much for having me. You can check me out on YouTube, YouTube.com slash Rustage. Anyway, like that, I do raps about anime mostly, but if you're interested in that, come and check me out. I, you know, it's music. Listen, with your ears. Please go check him out on his channel, where he is way cooler than I am. Be sure to subscribe to him, like him, follow him on Patreon. Does he have a Patreon? I don't even know. If he doesn't, follow me on my Patreon. Or better yet, save your money. It's your money. Do what you want to do with it. But yeah. Davie out.


We have a practical question, how to recognize the cost of an asset? See this question. A company imported a machine from China. The list price of machine is 1 million. This supplier allows 5% trade discount. Do remember this is trade discount. That is reducing 5% straight away. You negotiate and they say, okay, let's give 5% trade discount. Then 2% import duty. Now this import duty is on our side in the port side. So we have to pay that and that is part of the cost of the assets. 1% purchase tax. In fact, I have written, I have gone through only the number of taxes at the time of import. So what we do, we add them all together as a cost of the assets. But do remember, if there is something refundable, that should not be added to it. Dismantling and removing old machine to put up the new machine. Again, you are taking out the old one and putting the new one and you incur certain cost of in that case. So that should also be added to the cost of the machine. Transport, loading and unloading cost total to be added. Site preparation, site of 30,000. That is also to be added. Now construction of room. Here you have to be very careful. Is this room is essential for the accommodation of that machine? If that machine cannot be used unless you construct a room for it. In that case, that room is also a part of cost of the machine. Then engineering, engineers were paid 70,000. Again, if they are engineer outside the firm, if they are inside the firm, you are not supposed to add that cost into it. Then sales value of sample production. It happens, you know, when you start sample running, so you come across that there is some material you add into it, there is a cost of it and then you sell that. So whatever you collect while selling the samples, that will be reduced from the cost of the machine. Now let's compute the figures. Computation of cost of machine under IEA 16. List price is 1 million. 5% discount less. And then less of sales value of samples. And then construction cost of rooms we added. And 2% of import duty. Here you have to be a bit careful. Because import duty is paid not on the cost of 1 million. It is paid the invoice value that will be after the trade discount. Similarly, 1% purchase tax, site preparation, transport, loading and unloading, engineer cost, cost of dismantling and removing. If you add them up, it is 1.250 million. Be clear about it. Staff training costs not capitalized. Similarly, allocated general overheads are not supposed to be capitalized. Now, some time you see, for example, we arrange it a trip to go to the China to get that machine. So the expense incurred on that trip. Some people are of the opinion that should also be part of that machine. If you bought the machine and you paid for all those expenses of their travelling, that should also be. But it all depends how essential those expenses were when they are buying that machine. Thank you very much.


You can't ban abortions, you can only ban safe abortions. But the problem is there is no safe abortions. There is always a victim, the child. Not to mention the traumatic effects it has on the mother. But if it's not legal, women will have to get back alley abortions. You really want them to get hurt, don't you? No, not at all, but if it is a child in the womb, we would be insane to try to make the criminal act safer for the perpetrator. Should we be concerned for the safety of the home invader? He might step on broken glass or get hurt wandering in the dark. We shouldn't make it easier for people to un-alive their babies, but rather call people to repentance and continue to provide care and support amidst a challenging situation. Open your mouth, judge righteously, defend the rights of the poor and the needy.