So good morning, and I was saying to the first four folks in the room I think you should all get an award for navigating to this location you've got to the heart of the labyrinth and I hope it was worth your while and I appreciate you being with us this morning and my opportunity to speak with you so having gone back through my material just recently in preparation for Presenting here today. I'm beginning to think maybe this should have been called what Kenny I am do to you because we're going to take a quick gallop across quite a complex landscape and look at many of the Components that go into the development of an enterprise information management function for an organization And I'm going to try and give you more a list of takeaways of things You might want to consider about a program that you may have or a program you may be planning So just very quickly I want to acknowledge that I'm privileged to be in the Bank of America environment It's a great place because we have a wide franchise of offering all of the financial services products necessary consumers small businesses and commercial enterprises around the globe we function in 156 countries as of the end of 2011 and have a full service franchise. So it's a very challenging and complex environment we're around a quarter million employees and Have the opportunity to tackle almost every problem you can think of in the data management space based on that profile And I appreciate Sandy's introduction. The main thing is I hope I bring sufficient depth of experience to This conversation to be a value to you So before we get started How many folks in the room? Haven't component in your organization that you would view as an enterprise information management or data management capability So that's about half of the folks here Could one or two of you give me maybe just a quick insight into what you think the key focus areas of your Organization is and what problem space. It's most focused on solving. I Saw you raise your hands sir We have So you've got multiple areas of focus within that group. Yeah Someone over here, I think raise the hand Well, and I apologize I probably can't solve that for you here and I certainly can't give you the funding If I could I would take it back with me to solve my problems But I hope what we might do is give you some points you can factor in and consider But just out of those two quick vignettes What that shows us is there's different areas of focus and emphasis Within two groups that sound similar and might be perceived to have the same function So just as context are the other folks in the room who think that their organizations might be moving towards setting up these kinds of groups in in your organizations Because if so, hopefully this material will give you something to use to help guide as you do that Because my goal is to talk about the drivers and objectives of an information management organization And give you some considerations and then look at what that might be some of those benefits I realized in re-reviewing my tier material I have committed the fallacy of putting too much and I've put you know a quart into a pint pot So we're going to go quite quickly. Hopefully that means it won't get boring So what is EIM and why do we care? What what I believe we're looking at is the emergence of the Significance of information and data as a corporate asset and an asset that should be used to help fulfill the mandate of the organizations that we work for so Enterprise information management is the response to trying to provide a location That gives a custodial home to this crucial asset, but it's all very emergent very nascent and we're struggling to clarify How do we really do that and what does it really mean? So this is going to illustrate that this is a complex space and we have lack of clarity about it But what are some of the things we should be considering as we look at tackling to answer the question? What is EIM and what can it do for each of you? So I'm going to do the thing that being a data model of by birth and and origin and orientation After I got over being an arts graduate Unlike most people in this industry We're fascinated with our words and definitions and the fact that I went to the Oxford Dictionaries is not because I have English roots It's because actually these definitions were much easier to share the Miriam Webster who is where I usually go for my definitional references Enterprise So the blue highlights are the the phrases. I think are significant to this conversation a project or undertaking Especially and I do like this a bold or complex one So therefore we are going forth boldly to tackle the complexity and that is actually completely true So that's not usually the context I think that we use the word enterprise in when we're talking about enterprise information management It's usually more in the context of being a business or a company Talking about wanting to do something at the more overarching level rather than the subunit level so Information what is information? Well, we could probably spend the whole day on that but we won't And the other one I love is what's data and what's information and why do we have information practices which always have data labels on them and But information facts provided or learned about something or someone. That's the generic use in the in the everyday world a second one which actually is going to get more significant to us as Data and information professionals is that it's what's conveyed or represented by a particular arrangement or sequence of things So a very good example of this is the genome the elements of information when you analyze the DNA There is actual meaning Obviously in the sequencing of the genome not just in the information that is in that So that's something that over time is probably going to get more pertinent to many of us that it's not just the Element of information but the sequence can be important again not our primary focus right now Probably the third definition data is stored processed or transmitted by a computer And what that means which is implied but not stated by that definition is it's in a digital form so there's some thoughts about Enterprise and information and management the process of dealing with or controlling things or people Wouldn't it be great if we can control our data? I thought it was wonderful the gentleman at the back actually knows he has eight domains of information I wish I knew how many we had So I was pleased now some of that is to some degree probably an arbitrary Classification and you probably have boundaries that you have discussions about But you are at least beginning to put a framework for controlling your information in place The people managing a company or an organization obviously are also called the management and those are the people We're always trying to deal with to get money from right so that that's another context and management as a More adverbial form the responsibility for and control of a company or organization So let's put all of this together and do the cheerleader thing and say you know Give me a knee. Give me an eye. Give me an M And we are the cheerleaders for data in our organizations if we're looking at the information practice and establishing the Enterprise information management function and what we get is that traditionally EIM is really just dealing with data for the total company I think that's what people transcribe that to mean when someone comes up and says oh I work here for EIM So you're busy trying to organize the data for the company and we're going to look at how true is that and What are the nuances that that can mean but for right now? I think that the more Common interpretation is what's bolded in blue But as I said at the beginning when we were looking at the definition of enterprise enterprise I do think that we are doing something which has a very challenging component to it And that we are going into a certain degree of uncharted territory and therefore there is a risk factor to it because I Don't think anyone can really tell us what are our problems based entirely and how to tackle and organize it so We take enterprise as the scope statement to mean we're dealing with the whole asset base of the company our Subject over time is going to expand and I think that's what's significant About that definition of information right now We've tended to constrain it to the data definition But we know the pressure is out there and that's definitely current in the in the industry as we come to a conference like this We're hearing about big data. We're hearing about unstructured data What is no sequel and I mean let's remember no sequel isn't no SQL. It's not only sequel So we're not throwing anything out or ceasing to have to worry about things. We've had before it's additive and It's not only so it's not only data It's going to move up this column And we're going to need to be concerned as our management and our businesses are with information in the broader sense and Then we are right now trying to get our arms around Controlling the things or people well, it's actually the data that we're trying to control as the subject in this context But we do have to interact with management in the broader context, but that's probably a less challenging permutation column on on the process end of this So all I want to suggest here is in the in the classic matrix sense There's a lot of permutations and just be thinking about that a little bit So what does the IM really mean? I think that the scope is saying that Somewhere we're working to integrate data and information where it crosses boundaries And it may be at the enterprise scope, but there are also uses of the word enterprise particularly in our industry You know we have enterprise class software and you look at it and find that yet can handle two or three groups Reasonably well, but if I go to Bank of America where if we look at the total number of registrable legal entities within the corporation I believe we're up to 8,000 And then if I look at us from a divisional perspective, we've got 10 major divisions If I looked at a line of business or product perspective, I don't know the counts, but it's multiples of that So what do I mean when I say enterprise and one of the things that needs to be thought about as you talk about Enterprise information management is what is your scope? Is it really enterprise or is it divisional or is it some combination of lines of business or groups with common concern What is your subject? We looked at the earlier definition and said right now It tends to be presumed to be that which we're managing within our computing capability today the digitized assets Within that we've got structured and unstructured and that you know open Foreset that's pouring force it that's pouring in or the firehose of the social the web the big data What are we doing with all of this? Is it part of our mandate? If so, where does it fit? What's the relationship? And then the next boundary which is coming up for us as a financial services institution is What about all that paper? You know, I mean, it's really nice to be able to put little green leaves beside things you put out for the media of saying We're eco-friendly and we don't use paper unnecessarily but how do you do that when you're writing millions of mortgages when signature cards and titles of property and collateral are still actual physical paper assets We have actually managed to digitize the record the record keeping for stocks and bonds that was happening back in the 80s But what about all that other paper and I mean, let's not even talk about people's desks and files And those of us who are more than 30 years old and still write things down and put them into folders physical folders Is that part of the scope of the information that should be being managed by enterprise information management? It's got commonality with the digital data So that's another question the whole records management space and Then finally, what about internal versus external data or most organizations have to buy external data Using it for codification for compliance with ISO Criteria or United States post office addresses and so forth Who's got the responsibility for that and does that fall under the mandate of enterprise? Information or is that something that you're going to try and find somewhere else in the organization for it to be managed and Then finally like that wasn't adding us enough headaches and things to think about What is going to be the scope of the processes you're concerned about are they the traditional data management capabilities of you know identifying describing locating and storing your data are they dealing with concerns like archiving retrieval and destruction of data This is becoming enormous particularly as we do the more enormous big data So now we have an enormous enormous problem. Most of us haven't dealt well with archival and destruction of legacy data And now, you know, we're trying to open up the warehouse. Maybe literally maybe metaphorically and cram more in The common business language anybody here got a common business language in their organization and How long have we been working on that one of CBL to solve all our problems? But we still know I I keep work trying to work out Is this just an allure of the you know Shamira on the horizon that I'm chasing or can we really do a common business language? But if we are to get integration of meaning if not Standardization of meaning it will have to be under the auspices of some centralized kind of organization I think the gentleman over here referenced that some of the analytic and warehousing function in his organization is seen to be under the enterprise information management function and that tends to then bleed over into analytic support and provisioning and delivery of the results and then actually both folks who did share with us that they have these Organizations did reference data governance and that's probably right now the most unifying process that EIM does But it's certainly not the only thing that can be in consideration and this is not meant to be a comprehensive list This is just some sampling for you to think about what is it that your organization needs to be doing and One of the ways to work that out is to look at what are your objectives for your organization? There can be many reasons that an enterprise information management function gets stood up in a given corporation and so I've tried to select what I think are probably the most frequently presenting instances and Give you a sense of why it's important to understand what you're presenting problem is because based on that Your response to it of what is the focus and mandate for your organization is Different and maybe actually significantly different Now these are not completely orthogonal to each other Definitely if I'm solving the second problem there's data everywhere, but I can't find or use it successfully If that's the reason my management believes I should set up and deliver a more coordinated Service for my data I'm probably going to end up with a with a pretty good metadata program and by doing that I'm going to help with things like The managing business change the fifth entry around here that I'm going to be able To have that metadata and use that to help me with impact analysis and maybe start building data lineage understanding and that will be a contributing Element to the solution of a different problem. So they're not unrelated but be very clear about what is the problem or Problems that are being addressed by your organization establishment and make sure that you are focused around solving that problem and Understand the relationship between the activities that you may have in scope your enterprise information management solution Again, you may have a mature organization that's been in place for a few years but it's worth coming back and Rechecking, are you still on the same mandate as you started with if you've solved the problem about where's my data? And I've got my metadata solution constructed Then what is it that I'm doing now am I looking to get operational excellence by using that knowledge to eliminate data errors and improve my System reliability for instance so that I'm improving customer service and meeting service levels So it's worth Thinking about this in the first place. It's also worth doing a health check against this on a periodic basis I think John Ladley who was speaking just earlier In an article he wrote suggested do a yearly checkup It's kind of like you know go see the doctor have your blood pressure taken make sure you're still on track and To the point of the significance of these objectives what you do with your people technology and process and what metrics are Relevant to addressing your solution will vary based on what is the scope that you are Resolving with your focus for the enterprise information management capability here So that would mean that if you are addressing the need for data governance You're going to want program managers and ideally folks with experience in data governance obviously Your tooling is going to be about workflow support and the repositories to manage the artifact Required for governance your your issues your portfolios of assets and so forth And your processes will be addressing issue identification mediation review and resolution that's quite a different set and Your metrics around compliance tracking are going to be different than if your focus is on Consolidating your analytics if that's what you're doing you're going to have program managers You're also going to have technical people supporting your data warehouse and bi capability But some of your key assets are going to be people in the analysts and quanta area or maybe even now those new new breed data scientists and So the skill set you're looking for to staff that is quite different the technology is different Your processes will be about how do I receive requests for analyses to be done by this group? Prioritize and and design the solutions for those and deliver the responses And probably your metric will be around cost reduction What progress am I making in actually streamlining this environment? So this is just a very simple Contrasting of what is the difference and why it's important that you think about what am I trying to do with this enterprise information management organization? So now let's drill back in a little bit into things some of the points that were brought up in what are your considerations around the enterprise information management solution I Touched on the fact that I think we use the term enterprise to mean I'm going to be crossing at least one or more divisional boundary between lines of business divisions organizational boundaries or maybe I'm going company-wide and as I do that I'm going to have different scopes of problems and challenges and different cultural issues that I need to be addressing and What am I trying to do when I am? Delivering my solutions is probably trying to get to common facilities and integration tools But I need to have a clear view of who's going to be involved from an organizational perspective when I talk about EIM Is there anybody in the room who has an enterprise management data management type function that is actually not fully company-wide It's more at a divisional or line of business integration level Yeah, so I mean even today that that's true and that that can be very valuable because that's where you can seed and develop the capability To then get the practices to expand out So there's absolutely a lot of validity in taking that approach And I talked to that just a little bit later on about how do I scope dealing with all of these Variables so that I can actually survive and have some hope of success But the other thing to consider no matter what your scope is whether it's company-wide down to just a few groups getting together trying to share and leverage common practices and share the cost of putting in place some of these enterprise information management functions You need to look at the culture of your company And you can get a sense of your corporate culture by looking at how other processes are delivered like your system development Lifecycle methodology your budgeting processes are they uniform and unified across your company or is there Alliances for variation and autonomy that's giving you a hint about your company culture How is your technology provision is the one place that everybody goes if they need a server Or can you have multiple avenues to get to procurement and do you have one procurement point or do you have many? That's another indicator about the Ethos of your company and how centralized it is or decentralized Do you consolidate your portfolio of projects? Those kinds of questions and so an example of this is General Electric at least Four or five years ago. I know had explicitly made the decision to not integrate at the top of the house as General Electric They run as separate divisions and each division in this example would have its own EIM and they might be completely different I'm not sure what G's actual division names are probably like, you know power generation and and and delivery and Finance they they do not try to have anything in common and that is an explicit Company and cultural decision. So be aware of those things. The other thing. I just wanted to say quickly is that Having developed this presentation. I was working in my own company Just last month and had the realization that as an enterprise information architect I said at the place that I'm supposed to try and influence Activity across the whole company in the data and information management space at Bank of America So of course we have the the light bulb the you know recurring 20-year-old light bulb of well, let's integrate with the SDLC and that way our Architectural guidance and our data standards will get brought in to every project Well, what did we realize and I actually helped it Developing this to come to speak to you helped me realize Bank of America does not have a unified systems development lifecycle So let's not spend the time trying to integrate into the SDLC because there isn't one SDLC There are probably ten So if I don't want to fragment my effort, I need to think of a different approach and strategy So that was a cultural aha moment actually just for myself But based on that think about which of these models centralized collaborative autonomous or cloned might help you Best deliver your enterprise information management function these there are other analyses and words for talking about these forms of Organization, but you know centralized obviously we all do it the same collaborative We we cooperate regionally based on an agreement to share common capability Autonomous don't bother me. I've got my own things and I'm busy When I worked at First Union, we went through a wonderful phase where our CEO Incentred everybody to be entrepreneurial Which was okay from the financial revenue perspective because it was like if you can make money go ahead But what that leads to obviously from the enterprise perspective is sub optimization At the enterprise level because everybody's making little unified business cases down at the granular level And so that's your more autonomous model and then the cloned Let's get together and have a group and this is probably more where I am at Bank of America Where we aim to promote a standard model common infrastructure, but we allow for variability of deployment So this is an example of did I miss a slide? No, okay of what a federated model for delivering The enterprise information management function might look like and why you might need to consider What kind of grouping you are dealing with? And as I said for us at Bank of America We're more or less looking at that cloned model where we try to deliver Value-add artifacts that are worth our colleagues who operate we have what are known as business technology groups and CIOs for each of our divisions and they then can choose to adopt and embrace what we're promoting We are also through our Enterprise information management role, which is now called enterprise data management. I believe Working to and have just got in place for the bank an enterprise data management policy And six related standards that say that the Organization need has to for certain categories of information and in certain situations Deliver to these standards. So we are doing both the You know persuade with nice goodies and trying to enforce for the critical stuff and in our environment That's being driven by our need to be responsive to regulatory and compliance pressures So different groupings of this may occur, but in the federated model It's that collaborative across but with some coordinated guidance from the center We've looked at what will EIM manage and I've talked about some of these aspects What drives the fact that we need to keep expanding the scope of what we deal with is not just the fact that There's more data out there It's the fact that there's common characteristics of problems associated with those artifacts Whether you're dealing with record management with big data data from the social space or your traditional Structured data you've got privacy issues. You've got security issues. You've got accessibility concerns You've got life cycle management It's considerations So if those things are common, why wouldn't you want to try and use consistent solutions around them? And that's where there's going to need to be some thinking done about how much can you take on right now? Versus where can I be leveraging? What could work well across more asset? Plastic subplastic As I'm rolling out this capability So that that's driving us for instance at Bank of America We are looking at combining records management in with the considerations of our more standard database based assets in our work now Any questions, I'm sorry. I'm as I said, I'm galloping. Yes ma'am Well, that would be one of these common considerations, which is actually My comment just very pertinent One of the reasons that we're looking at combining records management into our more structured Methodology space around information management is the very thing that we are working on an archival retrieval and destruction Policy and that grew out of a records management initiative which started about four years ago at Bank of America So we've been looking for products and tools that will help us with that and realize that they are not just Isolated to that space So that is part of our concern and our footprint and one of the drivers of expanding the scope of what we're dealing with Yes We're somewhat just at the beginning of our maturity Path in some of these areas One example I would cite Excuse me is that we have done some work around developing guidelines on how to do data quality controls and We have two of our groups which have looked at the deliverables that were developed by the enterprise group and said This is helpful to me come and talk to me about how I can use this to improve my data quality processes So it would be something of that nature where we're trying to build value-add artifacts that our partners in the operational space may not have the time and capacity to drill into and Put together something like how to do controls on data quality And how to at what products might help with that So that we've got more powerful solutions and that can be Helpful to our business technology groups to solve that problem Excuse me more rapidly than if they didn't have that resource available So we haven't got very far with the with the carrots But we're working on making more and trying to look at how to market those Yes, sir Not yet, but we're working on it. We've actually been very privileged late last year our company had recognized that having a chief data officer would be valuable and we had had a someone in a Interim role for about ten months through 2010 2011 in that role at the end of 2011 we actually hired John Bottega and he is now our chief data officer and he is reporting to our enterprise CIO And is striving to bring much more accountability and executive awareness of this space and problem and our enterprise information management Organization is reporting into him. John Bottega comes to us. He was the CDO for city and then did about two and a half years with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and helped draft Components of the implementation of the Dodd-Frank Act. So we're very privileged and delighted to have him with us It's giving us as the information professionals in Bank of America much more visibility and Ability to influence it's also Viewed very positively by our regulators that we've got that kind of depth and experience on board to help us with some of our data Issues, which are definitely recognized as being a concern We looked briefly so I'm going to move on so I hopefully don't run over We look briefly at data management responsibilities And again, this is only widening. I think this is one of the challenges That there was a time when it was reasonably easy to say well, what is required to manage my data? What I'm seeing now and this is happening even in my own organization is we're starting to specialize I Don't know as much about data quality as my colleague who leads that practice. I don't know as much about data provisioning and some of the controls and lineages issues associated with that as my colleague who leads that practice I Probably have More depth and strength in the data modeling space and model management than the majority of my other colleagues So we're starting to specialize and I think that's going to continue Because we're developing more refined ways of addressing the problem space We're seeing more tooling and we're resolving more elements of the problem. So that's Requiring us to become more sophisticated in our response to the problems What that means is that? Selecting what you're focusing on to do it well is going to be important And you're going to need to be considering the skills and the staffing as well as the tooling and technology That you need to support doing this. I don't think there's a one-size-fits-all I can just do acts and I'll have data management anymore Probably never really was but I think we used to think we could So again as we recognize information as an asset the charter of VIM will only expand So You have to be careful because people want to throw everything into the rag-bag of EIM. Oh gosh finally someone Make sure I've got good reference data. I've got MDM problems. I Want better data quality at this interface? I'll just give it to our EIM, right? Oh and by the way Just make sure it's all governed We have no issues and I want a dashboard at the CEO level and bring a report to the board once a month Okay, sure on that It's too easy to want to bring all of that there So you're going to need to have clarity of focus so you can do the few things that you are focused on Successfully, which is the value of choosing a smaller footprint to get started with And then there's a whole question of well and who owns this stuff anyway, you know We all say it's a business asset But then you need to look at who's got the responsibility in your corporation even if it's a custodial form of ownership not a Sort of you know, I've heard the phrase Data mining it's data and it's mine Well, no It's the company's data, but who's got the custodial role around it We don't have these questions and arguments about who's responsible for the money of the company. That's finance We all know that we we may not love them and we may have Opportunities working with them, but we know where to go when it's a finance asset that you need to deal with and discuss We know where to go when it's a personnel issue or an HR staffing question We those are clearly defined assets and they have organizational homes Where does information live and who's responsible for it? So we've got to work out which of the assets if any are actually the direct responsibility of the IM and I think many companies will find it's quite easy to locate some of their domains of information with having Stewardship or custodianship in the business lines, which are closest to them product data is pretty easy Facilities data belongs to your property management Organization, but when you get to something like customer that may be a shared asset across everybody That's a more challenging problem. So think about Does the IM actually need to take direct ownership of some of the data and if so, how do they do that? And and as said earlier, I think the common denominator at the moment around the IM is governance So that's definitely an area, which is a whole discipline in and of itself and there are whole conferences on governance So that that's something that we need to be building capability around I've touched on this and I need to be careful not to run out of time. So just quickly How do you tackle all of these variables? I'm throwing at you and that is actually my intent is more to leave you going out This is horrible. How do I sort it all out? But that's important for you to have that feeling so you don't jump to an easy answer and then miss all the Significance about what you could be doing with an EIM program So how do you scale it back to make it successful? There's a solution of starting at a line of business or shared function Take something like your budget process and make that the focus of your enterprise information management program with the dimensions You've chosen for it Because that's probably going to go across multiple areas of your company and seed your approaches into those divisions start getting some People familiar with how to handle better quality data what it means to have metadata available and so forth At Bank of America our approach is actually more around key data Which we have taken from solving an urgent need and I put the example of risk reporting and it's a format of that Most people probably are aware that banks are required to do capitalization reporting by Basel formulas Which came out of Basel to Accord's back going about ten years ago now So we have to accumulate masses of data to demonstrate our capital position And reported out to our regulators at the national level and also internationally or by international formulae We are taking the key elements of data necessary for that reporting and applying our standards and policies to those And again, that means we're seeding knowledge about how to tackle the data management space by using that subset as our leading edge of getting into all the organizational areas that are responsible for those data elements, so There's there's various ways another aspect is to just choose one of the capabilities like we'll have metadata For the majority of our information or we'll do data quality better across the majority of our information So there's different ways you can cut that to get get progress But through this I mean to the point that was made earlier you're trying to establish Your identity and credibility as an organization so that you can start to climb that ladder of getting influence in the organization So key elements of this are also the communication education and influence that you're trying to build as you do this work Touched on this a little bit. Where does he I am report? Traditionally it very often grows up into the technology organization And that's a nice comfortable home But the dangers are that you just become another part of the technology group you may have some success But you probably also garner some of the epithets that can go with the technology organization They're unresponsive. They live off in their own world and those kinds of things Finance might be a place Normally, I think this now is getting rejected But they do have the experience of managing a virtual asset, which is what our data problem is But it's not going to be their primary focus. So it's not a particularly good place to go If you do have an enterprise CIO hopefully external to your technology organization This is a slight challenge for us at Bank of America because our CIO reports back into the same division as our technology Area not directly under them but other in alignment But that gives them more autonomy and so they become an equal weight partner with technology. That's very helpful and Gives them a place to start establishing credibility, but that may be more difficult to do at the Preferred and an endgame for us. I think is trying to get to where you have the executive responsible for Enterprise information assets reporting to your CEO or COO just like your CFO does or your head of HR This says that they've got the empowerment independence and recognition of the significance of their function But this is a maturity scale that most of us are still climbing This would also help or obviate our funding challenges and our capacity challenges So things to think about I'm getting a little tight on time So we're going to increase the speed of the gallop think about where else your organization needs to integrate with You're going to have boundaries with lots of other organizations your business units technology risk compliance those types of interfaces and a way to Think about what that means is to actually do a racy chart This is you know, do not try this at home. This is not an accurate racy It is derived from when I'd done a couple years ago and condensed down with some columns taken out to make it fit And be still be legible So it's not quite accurate But think about who has what role and by doing a racy this is important for two reasons It helps you identify the boundaries between the groups that you need to have participating and it helps you clarify the skills You need and I think those are two very important things And I think those are murky things very often when we're doing these new programs So just a recommendation and my slides are one step out of order right here So just backing up and I apologize. They're out of sequence in your handouts They must have got flipped when I sent my submission in and I didn't realize it The benefits this is lined up against the earlier slide. What are the kinds of things you're going to try and Deliver that will help you improve the overall positioning of your information and be of value to your company These are the beginnings of the things that you might use to help make a Benefit argument and a funding argument for your functions Again, it helps if you can tie them back to what was your presenting problem and opportunity So I think this analysis and thinking about all these dimensions of the problem space really is significant to helping be successful So you can demonstrate the making progress There are other soft benefits that you get by building an enterprise information management function It just highlights the importance of treating data and information as significant resources for your organization It can help improve your data management practices You can start to finally get insight on what is it that we have here that we're trying to manage And drives the data governance processes Getting the right metrics and dashboards is how you actually get executive presence and visibility But keep them simple. Don't measure 200 things measure five Absolutely, I mean that's actually a fallacy that my company is running into and I try and help give them guidance on People care more about four significant numbers than that. I chart with 80 rows on it it can help you see where you can get efficiency saves and It gives you the chance to build your skills So closing thoughts EIM is not new the first EIM organization I was associated with was formed 15 years ago It encountered one of the problems here that I highlight. It was too close to the technology organization It was supporting the data warehouse 10 years later. It was back in technology and it had got subsumed back So be careful of that Remember that the I am is there to be the advocate for the information in the business And It doesn't have to be as complicated as I'm making it sound here But think about these dimensions of the problem the other big message I want you to take away is we need people with the right skills So it's complex and controversial We are actually just starting on the road through the information age The industrial age that started with the industrial revolution was about a hundred and twenty to a hundred and fifty years long We've been doing this stuff in the data space maybe for 25 or 30 years We've been using computers for 50. So we think that we have solved it and we're only just starting down the road So remember that that although it's complex and challenging. It's got a lot of value We're aiming to get to where every company has an information division Just like they have a finance division and we have a no instead of parameters that go with that People know how to interface with it and we know what we do there and we've got to find jobs and skills Just like CPAs. We want certified data analysts certified data architects Information architects governance people let's go for it and make this a great profession where we can have enterprise Information management. Thank you


My name is Vipin, I'm based at Mahidol Hospital Tropical Medicine Research Unit at Bangkok, currently I'm in Nepal. Today I'll be talking about one health approaches to AMR. Basically in this talks I would like to cover what do we understand by one health approach in the MR and why is it important and share some studies from Nepal and then potential approaches to tackle the MR including some of the frameworks that we studied about. AMR burden, I think previous speakers have already talked about the the buttons of AMR, one of them discussed by Ben. The only report, the projected deaths if appropriate actions are not taken is alarming and WHO has already warned that we could step into post antibiotic error if no actions are taken. So in these regards it looks like MR is a big problem. And then stepping into MR and discussing about MR. We cannot extricate human health from animal and environmental health. One health has been defined heterogeneously in different literature and different resources from different sources. But to me one health is an intersection between animal, human and environmental health. So it allows us to remind us that we cannot look at human health in isolation or with isolation lens. The major question is why should you be concerned about animal health environmental health. Why can't we focus on human health, because antimicrobials are widely used in sectors other than human health. That include animal health and husbandry, agriculture and generally food production and as you know, increasingly over the years we've seen air water and environmental pollution, the infection and reservoir as it acts to you know, post resistant organisms is a major problem that can come back to human as well. And from these reports, you could see 60% of pathogens that have human that has human diseases comes from animal and wildlife. 75% of emerging human pathogens are of animal origin, and 80% of pathogens that are concerned for by tourism are from animals. So with this, it leads to some more concerns around, why should we, why should we adopt one health approach, or why should we concern about animal and environmental health. You might have read this book by David Kwamen, the spillover. This is a fantastic book where David has shared his experience of visiting various forest areas in Africa and elsewhere. He has walked thousands of miles alongside other scientists in exploring how spillover must have happened. There he also adds lots of descriptions and discussions amongst different scientists from different sectors. One of them was Professor Donald Burke. His lecture in 1997 already predicted that coronaviruses could be a potential can lead to potential pandemic upon asking him, how could he predict that he sarcastically ironically said that that was just a guess but in fact, the the evolved viability and the predictability by Donald Burke did come true in 2003 first with SARS outbreak, and then Mars outbreak in 2014. And the current COVID-19 is an alarming example of how much we should be concerned about all the genetic disease in general. Just to show you pictorially how much connected we are with animal and environmental health as antimicrobials are used substantially by humans and animals as well. And for animals, especially for food production, it can, it can go in multiple different ways to humans through manures that can contaminate environment, and then through sewage and water system that can come to humans. Moving on, just to give you another glimpse of how these tiny compounds if they, if they behave abnormally that can topple the whole programs, for example, 1950s 60s historical malaria eradication program or the ambitious plan by WSO to adopt malaria eradication was toppled by DDT resistance. So just trying to show here how much these tiny compounds for the resistance to this tiny compounds can topple the whole programs. So just showing how much inextricably linked we are with agriculture and animal health. Here I'm trying to show our experience of the over the counter use of antibiotics use in Nepal. We did, we did interviews with various stakeholders. Obviously, this relates to human health only, but we interviewed patients, clinicians and dispensers various parts of Nepal. And obviously, you could guess, we found out that these were rooted to various different things like policies, ambiguous policies, although we did, we did predict and we did guess but it was not in that clarity that we could. We could guess so we found out that it illuminated it gave us massive insights how those ambitious policies, ambiguous policies might have led to use of over the counter use of antibiotics, including other issues such as accessibility costs and demand for antibiotics. So to to our surprise when we discussed this findings with different departments in Nepal, we found similar this this eco with other sectors as well other sectors meaning animal and agriculture sectors that use of antimicrobials was widespread and knowledge about antimicrobial resistance was very low. So in this nationwide survey, we found out that the use of antimicrobials especially in poultry chickens and animals was used, although not much sector, we, we then did a tiny review a commentary how antimicrobial are using food animals and agriculture. So this eco with our findings that antimicrobials using food animals are extensive compared to the literature around agricultural products, although we, we are not sure how much of this is being reported or underreported. So this led us to think about. So how should we tackle amr then this is a, of course million dollar question. The answer to this question offers a lot of promises but unfortunately we don't have strict for the answer assassin others described it is a complex problem. So we need obviously multi sectoral collaboration that requires experts in a vast number of fields and from us numbers discipline. This editorial on the right hand side we tried to have this ambitious topic to, you know, get into a bottom up how could we resolve tackle antimicrobial resistance. But then we ended up concluding that we need broader we need to broaden the gaze that is best selling framework and existing framework that includes broader broader disciplines of broader. These sectors that should come together or that could offer insights to insights and solutions to fight antimicrobial resistance rather than focusing on only human health. Obviously, this board stands to why one help them. As previous speakers have already described implementation science seem to offer insights and obviously I agree with them. Because when we, when I looked into this topic and I found very little literature about one health that is being implemented or conducted in the countries. And one of these study in Kenya on the right hand side, they showed that drift value bias, morbidity and mortality is before applying one hand approach and after applying one hand approach was significantly different. That is, it reduced the number of quantities and mortality and this took very promising to me, although this study, this programatic implementation was supported by CDC US lab supported by Cambridge technical supported by various other organizations, including it was a collaboration between three different ministries, which is a health agriculture, and then animal health departments so this obviously sounded very ambitious project. So and then I came down to ponder about myself, why is it not working in Nepal then or is there any animal health one health project in Nepal. Yes, there is there is animal one health task force. I discussed with some of the authorities in Ministry of Health, and all they shared with me was there was lack of political commitment and lack of policy formulation and sustainable financing was lacking. And this led us to understand that there were lots of gaps that the foremost thing and the proximal and the most important thing was the commitment from political side, and then the policy and then the financing, and then the rest of the others such as capacity enhancement, which all the way around down to engaging communities because some of our speakers also talked about how do we engage community members or behavior change that some of the questions were there. So this led me to think that it needs a broader approach from top to the bottom and then from and then and then to engage community. It doesn't sound easy, but although it's complex. It might offer us some insights that we need broader implementation science approach for future to implement one health in future. So with this I would like to acknowledge contributors to some of these studies that are presented here, and the collaborators here. Thank you.


Dark object subtraction is one of the most common radiometric correction techniques used for remotely-sensed data. It assumes that some of the atmospheric effects such as scattering can be removed by finding the darkest pixels in an image and subtracting their values from all other pixels. We'll show you how to perform a dark object subtraction using NV and then explore the results using ArcGIS. We'll begin in NV. We'll use the data manager to load in a Landsat scene. This is a Landsat 7 scene. I've stacked bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 into a 6-band Geotiff composite image. I'll create a color infrared composite by assigning band 4 to the red color gun, band 3 to the green color gun, and band 2 to the blue color gun. Let's explore the dark object subtraction tool. You can find it in the toolbox under Radiometric Correction. The first step is to select the input file. So we'll choose our Landsat 7 composite image and then click OK. NV offers three methods for dark object subtraction. The bottom one, user value, is cumbersome in that we have to manually specify the value for each band. Band minimum doesn't work because our minimum value in this full Landsat scene is out on the edges of the scene, and thus isn't valid. So we'll want to use region of interest, but first we'll have to create that region. For dark object subtraction, we'll want to choose a region of interest that's the darkest in the scene. In this case, we'll use a pixel in the middle of the lake. As this represents a good location, we would expect to find the darkest pixels, and thus they should represent any atmospheric interference we might have. To create a region of interest, we'll move over to our Landsat scene and in the Layer Manager, right-click and choose New Region of Interest. This opens up the Region of Interest dialog box. I'm going to choose the pixel-based approach, so I'm just going to select a very dark pixel in the center of the image here. I'm going to click on the location, then right-click to accept the points, and you see I have a single pixel region of interest. Now that we have a region of interest, we can go ahead and run the dark object subtraction tool. Double-click to launch the tool, and then I'll begin by selecting my image, in this case the Landsat scene. Because I created a region of interest, I can now choose the Region of Interest subtraction method. I can leave all the default settings because ROI number 1 is automatically selected, and then simply enter the output file name to run the dark object subtraction process. I'll move over to ArcMap to compare my original Landsat image to the new dark object subtraction image I just created in Envy. We can use the swipe tool to make a visual comparison between the two images. Swiping away the original image to reveal the dark object subtraction image, we see that the colors appear much richer in the dark object subtraction image. It almost looks like a thin layer of haze has been removed from the original Landsat image. One important note is that when I set up my images to make this comparison, under the layer symbology properties, I change the stretch type to none, to ensure that I'm making a consistent comparison. Let's do another comparison by zooming into a heterogeneous area. Swiping away the original image, we reveal the dark object subtraction image underneath. We can also use the Identify tool to get individual pixel values for both scenes for a single point location. In the Identify tool, I have the Visible Layers option selected. Thus, when I click on a location, I'll receive information for all visible layers. I can toggle back and forth between the two layers to see the values. Note that I only receive the values for the three bands I have assigned to the color guns. In this case, I have a 4, 3, 2 Landsat composite assigned to the red, green and blue color guns. Thus, the pixel values correspond to bands 4, 3 and 2 respectively. Another way to examine the differences between the two Landsat images is to right-click and go into the properties. Within the Source tab, we can scroll down and view the statistics for each individual Landsat band. When we examine the properties of the dark object subtraction image, we see that statistics are missing. To remedy this, we'll need to run the Calculate Statistics Cheer Processing tool. To calculate statistics, we'll simply launch the Calculate Statistics Cheer Processing tool and choose our dark object subtraction image as the input. Calculate Statistics only takes a few moments to run and once it's complete, we'll have statistics for all bands for our dark object subtraction image. We'll finish up by going into the properties of our dark object subtraction image to examine the statistics to compare the values to our original Landsat image. You'll notice that the band values for each band in the dark object subtraction image are consistently lower, sharing the effect of running a dark object subtraction process on Landsat imagery. In this video, we explored the dark object subtraction technique, a simple yet effective radiometric processing method for removing the atmospheric effects from imagery.


is the consortium behind the HTML standard. So they're in charge of making all the rules about how HTML operates for every browser. Different browsers implement them a little differently. That's where cross compatibility issues come from. But generally W3C standards are the ones you always want to uphold. So W3C has a validation checker. So you take a website, you put the address in, W3C goes through and says, hey, this is good, hey, this is bad. This is really important for your Google search rankings. I worked with a company, a local electronics company. Their website's massive. They had 500 products listed. They had no search result visibility. And it's not for lack of content. They had images, they had writing, they had specs, they had PDF downloads, they had all this content. Guess what though? What they didn't know was under the hood, they were throwing tons of errors. Errors make your website look bad. Google doesn't want to recommend a badly built website. So that's where the W3C comes in.  Within a month, they were rating ahead of Best Buy in electronic search results. Right? Just that minor change brought about that major shift in signals. So W3C standards, major tip there. So next we're going to talk about the building blocks. We're going to talk about the HTML blocks. So semantic HTML is part of HTML5, right? So HTML is your tags, your paragraph tags, your image tags, your link tags. These are similar. These are structural elements. These are all about machine readability. So what you're doing is you're saying to the spiders that crawl your website, this is my introduction. This is a group of elements. These are links, right? So these are all different aspects so that when the spiders crawl your website, they can identify what's in it. You can't force the spider to agree with you. You know, if I wrap my links in an aside, it's going to know that I'm, it's not going to say, oh, that is complimentary content necessarily. It's going to register that you're using that tagging correctly, which isn't great for your scores. So, you know, you can't just force it. But if you do use these correctly, you do get better ratings. So on the right here, we've got a simple layout. Your nav is usually in your header. Your sections are usually in your articles. Your aside is nearby and your footer is usually at the bottom. Text elements. So do you guys know about, have you heard of the graphs, the social graph, the knowledge graph, the trust graph? Not seeing anybody not. Okay. So Google uses different analytics than it used to a long time ago. So it used to use PageRank. Have we all heard of PageRank, right? The scoring system, quality authority, that kind of thing. It was all about keywords, right? So the new graphs that Google is using are the knowledge graph to rate based on based on their knowledge of things. How closely are you in line with what is the standard, right? There's the trust graph. What's your credibility like? There's the social graph, right? And I haven't actually seen it documented. But there is suspicion that there's a sentiment graph. Sentiment being so on Facebook, right? There's six emotions. You know, you can love, you can be surprised, you can be angry. That's sentiment analysis in AI machine learning. So I'm going to get a little off topic here. The text elements denote emphasis based on tone, right? So they're in line with the sentiment of your content. See what I'm saying? Like it's the emotional tone of your content. Am I making sense here? Okay. I know I'm trying to explain something that is just like so out there. So we've got these tags. The B and the I tag were actually deprecated at one point. They're back. So deprecated meaning that people weren't using them. They are not deprecated anymore. They do actually denote something structurally under the HTML5 standards. A little sweep to cover here. Oh yeah, the delete and the insert tag. So this just lends credibility to your writing when you use these correctly, right? Says that, hey, look at me. I'm being specific. Hey, look at me. I'm being honest. I removed this because it was inaccurate, right? Some navigation stuff to cover here. So hyperlinks. We all know standard hyperlink. Those fit within major navs. Menus are more like buttons. This is important for screen readers. Accessibility is a concern on the internet, right? Like everybody is trending towards more accessible websites. Google monitors that, right? So if your website is accessible, it'll get promoted over a similar website that's less accessible. So for accessibility purposes, use a menu with a group of form controls with your buttons. Use nav with major nav links and just a handy tag to know download when you're doing a download. This is really hard to do with all my notes. I'm trying my best here. Right, so the relationship attributes. This is just bonus information. There used to be an author attribute. It's no longer relevant. They are not allowing people to declare their authorship and create an author profile via Google Plus anymore. They're doing it differently. Authorship is determined through the social graph. So, okay, Twitter, right? Twitter, people are sharing their links, right? Google is indexing Twitter at a rate of 10 times. Is it 10 times per second? It's 10 times per second or 10 times per minute. It's a ridiculous rate, right? They're also indexing Instagram. That's the social graph, right? So we used to use a tag called author that was on the link attributes. We don't use that anymore. We use the social graph to prove that we were the author to connect it with our identity. I'm getting a lot of confused looks. Am I rambling a little too fast? No? Okay, good. I'm going to keep going. So images, proper image tags today are denoted not just as images as figures and figures with captions. So this one, not a lot of people seem to know the difference between the alt and the title tag. It's subtle, but if you can do it properly, if you can capture this nuance, it is appreciated by the Google search engine. It's very, very simple, right? The alt is the replacement text for the image, right? So over here, I've got my example. Say we've got June. It's a calendar of June. The alt is June is a summer month with 30 days, right? This describes June, right? So for a screen reader that can't see the image, we have that descriptive text of here's June, this is what June is, right? Then we've got the title. That's a summary of the image. You see what we're saying? It's subtle. It's nuanced, right? So we've got the example of the title month of June. That's the summary. This is the month of June. The alt is what is that, right? So it's a very nuanced understanding. This is big with screen readers. Screen readers are big for accessibility. Accessibility wins major points because not a lot of people are doing it or doing it properly. So it's a great area to explore if you're looking for SEO tips. Figure and figure caption, they're fairly self-explanatory. I'm just going to touch on this briefly. We're doing it for time. Okay, we're good. So input types. So in HTML, there are forms. Forms have inputs. Inputs are text, text area, buttons that can operate the form. In HTML5, we came out with specific input types. These are really important on mobile. Like if you're building, you're not building mobile. That's kind of ridiculous nowadays. If you're building mobile and you're not using specific input types, you're putting a lot of weight on your users. And I'll show you why. So here's a color picker for color, right? So when a user goes to enter a color into a form, they don't have to look up the hex color of a color code. They've got a palette chooser, right? And this appears on a desktop or laptop, as well as on a cell phone. Super handy built into browsers. Same with date time. We don't have to do all of the validation that we used to do on date and time, right? Now we've got a date time picker. It enters it into a standard format. That's fabulous on a cell phone because typing all those numbers out is really annoying. We've got a couple more. This is the email one. So notice it's got the at sign, right? Versus just a number. Just pops the number keyboard, right? Subtle variation in input types. Huge win for mobile users. Huge bonus points. Couple more. The range is handy. Automatically makes a slider. Telephone number, right? No tiny buttons for people to aim for. Nice big buttons. And again, just accessibility, mobile responsiveness, right? Bonus points. The search in the website. So the website's got the dot com ready to go, right? So that covers form controls. I'm going to keep moving. I'm just going to briefly mention these here. Citations. I thought I had an image with this. Citations reference a title of work, right? These are huge. If you're watching the search results that are coming up when you're on the internet, you're going to start seeing, if you haven't noticed already, more and more articles are referencing other articles, right? Has anybody else noticed that trend? Have you seen that? Yeah, right? This is the next big thing, right? If you're not referencing your sources, your writing has very little credibility. So bonus points. If you can reference a book off Google Play, those are all indexed. If you reference a work that is already rating well in Google, bonus points. And you want to use your citation tag for that wherever possible. Just to say, just to say to the spider, hey, look, I'm referencing. This is a reference. Check it out. It'll validate that independently. Block quotes. Those are cool. It's just just a little bonus to be using them correctly. What's up? Yeah, definitely. I think there is an attribute, like you can use the ad. Do you remember earlier when I was talking about the attributes for the links? There might be a valid attribute for that. I don't have them memorized. Just make sure you get it appropriate. But I would definitely use the citation tag. That's what it's there for. Go ahead. So Google, I don't have proof of this. This is my gut. My gut is that Google likes it when you interact with other Google properties, right? So I know YouTube videos on a page rate better than a Vimeo video on a page, right? Because you're referencing a Google property. So books that are indexed or on Google Play are in Google's repository of knowledge. So if you reference something there, they can validate that. You just won mad credibility, right? See what I'm saying? Yeah. So if you want to highlight, there's a mark tag, you gauges with a meter tag. Implementing these doesn't really get you credibility. Doesn't really get you any kind of content score. What it is is it shows you're technically able to do things properly. You're technically proficient. You're building your website well. Right? So they're just kind of little bonus tags to throw in there to say, Hey, look, I do things right. All right. Any questions on semantic HTML? I'm talking fairly quickly. I'm aware. Do my best to pace myself. I get so excited. All right, cool. We're going to keep going then. So website performance. So performance is little things like how does a website load? Does it load quickly? Does it load properly? Does it load everything? And that's measured by page speed. There are several metrics around how fast a website loads. I'm not going to get into all the details of those. I'm going to talk generally about what you can do for WordPress because that's what we're here for. So some considerations are is the hosting provider hosting your WordPress site. So that's your blue host. That's your dream host. That's your what is gator. There's a gator host. Go Daddy. Media Drive. They're another sponsor. So that's who's got the files for your website. Right? Are they providing good access to the internet because different hosting providers have different access speeds to the world wide web, right? They're not all paying for the same traffic. You know, it's the 407 versus the public highway out there.  So at the hosting, it can all go wrong. The other area can go wrong big time is the local network.  You've got a massive website. It's just not going to it's not going to load quickly. There's nothing you can do about that. So that's another area for bottlenecking. And then there's how you build your webpage. So that's things like where is your code loading and how. It's a little complex. We'll get there. So we're going to start talking about some testing tools we can use. These are my favorite page checkers. So what have we got here? It's a wave and a checker for accessibility. If you care at all about accessibility, even from I want to score well for accessibility and get better exposure kind of standpoint, you want to check these two out. Wave will tell you, do your images all have alt tags? Yes, no. Are you using your headings correctly? Right? Like headings should be laid out h1 to h2 to h3 and backup, right? A checker gets a little more detailed. It's just a personal preference. I run things through both because they both have like different warnings and different cautions. So it's worth it to take the time for checking your accessibility. I'm trying to remember which of the two. One of them has settings. So you can say WCAG 2.0, WCAG 1.0 and it'll check specifically versus that standard. So if you have a client, say government of Canada is all WCAG 2.0 standard. So if you had a government of Canada client, you could say check my website and make sure it's all WCAG 2, right? That's the international standards on accessibility. So for some page load times, we've got these two. They'll just tell you quickly how fast does my page download, right? The metric for comparison there is that you want to be three seconds or less to hold a user's attention. The metric Google uses in its Google Insights test is seven seconds or less. So the average page loads in seven seconds. That's not actually good because the attention span is three seconds. That's the state of the internet. But if you're below seven seconds, you're actually ahead of the game compared to the rest of the internet. So you'll get some scores on that. Google Insights will give you specifics on how you're performing to Google standards. That's pretty handy. It'll tell you are your images caching. We'll talk about that later on. Are your images caching? Are your CSS files taking too long? Should your JavaScript be loaded differently? It'll point all that out to you. So if you're more of a WordPress user and less of a developer, it's something you can say to your developer, hey, this isn't being done. Let's get in line with these standards, right? So that one's a good one for that. These two are a little more technical. Any questions? Oh, here, I'll tell you what. I'll put it on my website. I'll put these at the front so you guys can grab them if you want. I'll put them up on my website tonight so you can all get copies. All right, performance tuning with WordPress. So some cool things for images, right? Images are one of the longer things to load. So what you can do with images is compress them, right?  Everybody knows what zip folders, right?  Compressed images. Also with compression, you're looking at on a mobile browser, you don't want you don't need a 1200 pixel wide image on a mobile browser, right? There's no there's no point in doing that. So compression plugins will do that all for you automatically. These are the three that are recommended just based on talking to people. We've got some options for you there. When it comes to plugins, I mean buyer beware, check your sources, make sure it's the right fit for you. If you're more technical, you might want more advanced options. If you're less technical, you might want something that's just plug and play. So with plugins, just check out the free versions before you pay for anything. Make sure it's a good fit for you. Otherwise there are definitely many options in the compression market. This is something to look at I think it. Yeah, it is just called lazy load. That's not a right. Okay, so lazy loading. This is really interesting concept for anyone who's not aware. As you're scrolling down a web page, lazy loading is only getting the images you're about to scroll to, right? So that's great. Because then if somebody only goes halfway down the page, you're not wasting time loading all that data, making your pages jitter or wasting their mobile data. So there is a plugin called lazy load. All you do is plug it in. And this happens on your whole WordPress site. It's all set ready to go. So that one's pretty handy. That'll up your page speed score. That'll up your Google score. Yes. Yes. Yes. Compress them all and manage bringing them back. I haven't actually used Cloudinary. I'm going to be honest with you. I know it does and manages image compression. I know it does it on a large scale. There's a, what do they do? There's a motorcycle organization out of Hamilton that's using it. They have one page. This page has like 500 images of individual people on motorcycles. It's a pledge people are taking about motorcycle safety, right? The page loads like that. And it's using Cloudinary. So I can recommend Cloudinary for you, no problem. But if you want the tech details, you're going to have to check it out yourself. Anybody else? Okay. Alright, some last second tips. It's a little more technical. So you always want to load your JavaScript at the end of the page unless it has to be loaded at the top. So what that looks like with WordPress is on a very deep technical level, are they using the WordPress in queue with defer set to true? So when you're loading JavaScript on the back end of WordPress, they use WordPress in queue or you're hard coding it into your theme, then you just put it at the bottom, right? But a standard WordPress theme will use WordPress in queue. And there is an, oh, what's the word for that? Anyways, you can set defer to true. Defer to true loads it at the bottom of the page. What that means is when your page is loading, the HTML loads, the CSS loads, it looks good, people can interact with it and then the JavaScript loads. And JavaScript can be a pretty good chunk of a website. So that way it doesn't slow down the loading of the content that people are going to see. So it keeps people engaged. So loading JavaScript at the end of the page very handy. This is a newer one. So it used to be that more pages was a better score. More pages is no longer a better score. Better scores are going to well written, well organized, well written, well organized and like engaging content. So you want to have videos, you want to have images, you want to have links to other pages, you want to have a table of contents, and then you want to have a gigantic page, right? There's a guy who teaches HTML and his website is indexed third for learn HTML. He's linked to at the end of the presentation if you want to see somebody doing really solid SEO. He actually has a separate menu for every section of his website. He doesn't have a generic nav menu that does his whole site. Every section of the site you go to loads a menu that's different. That way the navigation is really simple and straightforward to the category. So yeah, longer pages versus many short pages. Keywording and relevance are really an outdated concept. It's more about the knowledge graft, the engagement. So minify, if you're looking at a WordPress theme, are they minifying their JavaScript and CSS? If you're building your own, you know, what are you using? Implement the right things, make good choices. Browser caching, I don't know too much about browser caching. I know I have a plugin that I turn on and it works. So by everywhere, CDNs for common elements. Make sure you're not using an overused CDN if you're sharing a CDN. Like I know I was using Tailwind and their load times for stuff coming off their CDN really like, sketchy. But otherwise CDNs get you bonus points. And some references. This is all good, good stuff. This is where I got my information. It's okay, go ahead. So Shay Hao over there. He is the third rated for Learn HTML in Google Search and I've searched from several different locations. So I've searched on my phone, I've searched on my laptop, I searched at a friend's house. He's killing it at SEO. If you want to see a website in action that's doing great things, that guy's got it going on. SiteGround has solid information. They're not just a WordPress marketing site. They really are sharing things of value. So they've got some good tips. The Google rules for optimization.  And the Mozilla, the Mozilla list is kind of classic. The cheat sheet's great. The Codex talks a little bit about WordPress optimization. But what you're going to want to do, well, what I find worthwhile from an efficiency perspective is just find the right plugins to do the right job. Some of this stuff I wouldn't want to try to code myself. But WordPress does talk about, you know, here's some things to consider. All right, that's the end of my slides. We have questions, comments, concerns. Go ahead. Microformats and rich data are a whole separate subject. Are you using schema.org? Here's the thing. I really don't like Microformats because I feel like Google is stealing people's attention. So there are a ton of searches I do nowadays where I'm like, what does this word mean? And the definition is right at the top of the Google search results. Some website went through the effort of defining that, creating a website, hosting it, and Google is now scanning that there and hosting it there. So I'm kind of against Microformats because I feel like Google is becoming, I don't know, I don't know what you would call that, but I don't like what they're doing there where they're stealing focus from a website. I don't think that's great, but as far as bonus points go, yeah, you do get bonus points for using Microformats, definitely, right? I know they do it with movie theater times. They've got sales buttons for tickets now. Yeah, ratings, definitely want your ratings. The social graph rates all of your, like, your interactions. So, like, I know that most blogs don't get a ton of shares. They don't get a ton of Twitter mentions, but having the buttons and having the metrics there, it's a little bonus, right? Because it shows interactivity. Any other questions? Yes? Yes. I am still seeing a lot of websites do an author blurb at the bottom, and then that author blurb links to your social media to prove that you exist.  Yeah, yeah, from your bio to your social media or directly to your social media, right? Because an active presence on social media gets you the credibility. Yeah, you could do that. I would do it to a bio and then, like, a web out to all your social media. I have tons of social media, so that's me. You definitely want to link to Google+, if you're not using Google+, like, just do it. It's a chore, but, like, it's bonus points with Google, so go for it. If you want to get rated, or sorry, not rated, if you want to get your site map, there's a word for that, and I'm missing it. When they go through and they crawl your site, crawl, that's the word. So when they go through and crawl your site, if you're not getting the results you want fast enough, like, they're not updating their crawl index, you want to post to Google, post to Twitter or post to Reddit.   Anybody else? Cool. All right, well, I'm going to wrap it up then. Thanks very much for coming out, had a great time. I'll throw my cards up here, so you can get, oh yeah, so you guys can, no problem, so you guys can grab those if you want. Come by my website, I'll put up the slides with all the notes and everything on them. Thanks for coming out. Sorry, we ran late. Oh, with Amber, did you have a story of failure?