Summer Blue Moon, presented by Science at NASA. When someone says once in a blue moon, you know what they mean. Rare, seldom, even absurd. This year it means the end of July. For the second time this month the moon is about to become full. There was one full moon on July second and now a second is coming on July 31st. According to modern folklore, whenever there are two full moons in a calendar month the second one is blue. This definition of a blue moon is a recent thing. If you told a person in Shakespeare's day that something happens once in a blue moon, they would attach no astronomical meaning to the statement. Blue moon simply meant rare or absurd like making a date for the twelfth of never. Since then however its meaning has shifted. The modern definition sprang up in the 1940s in those days the main farmer's almanac offered a definition of blue moon so convoluted many astronomers struggled to understand it. It involved factors such as ecclesiastical dates of Easter and Lent, tropical years, and the timing of seasons according to the dynamical mean sun. Aiming to explain blue moons to the laymen, Sky and Telescope published an article in 1946 entitled Once in a Blue Moon. The author, James Hugh Pruitt, cited the 1937 main almanac in a pine that the second full moon in a month may interpret it as called blue moon. That was not correct but at least it could be understood and thus the modern blue moon was born. Most blue moons look pale grey and white just like the moon you've seen on any other night. Squeezing a second full moon into a calendar month doesn't change its color. Nevertheless on rare occasions the moon can turn blue. A truly blue moon usually requires a volcanic eruption. In 1883 for example, people saw blue moons almost every night after the Indonesian volcano Krakatoa exploded with the force of a 100 megaton nuclear bomb. Plumes of ash rose to the very top of Earth's atmosphere and the moon, it turned blue. Krakatoa's ash was the reason. Some of the plumes were filled with particles one micron wide, about the same as the wavelength of red light. Particles of this special size strongly scatter red light while allowing blue light to pass through. Krakatoa's clouds thus acted like a blue filter. People also saw blue colored moons in 1983 after the eruption of the El Chichon volcano in Mexico. And there are reports of blue moons caused by Mount St. Helens in 1980 and Mount Pinatubo in 1991. Forced fires can do the same trick. A famous example is the giant muskeg fire of September 1953 in Alberta, Canada. Clouds of smoke containing micron sized oil droplets produced lavender suns and blue moons all the way from North America to England. At this time of year summer wildfires often produce smoke with an abundance of micron sized particles just the right size to turn the moon truly blue. On the other hand maybe it will turn red. Often when the moon is hanging low it looks red for the same reason that sunsets are red. The atmosphere is full of aerosols much smaller than the ones injected by volcanoes. These aerosols scatter blue light while leaving the red behind. For this reason red blue moons are far more common than blue blue moons. Sounds absurd? Yes, but that's what a blue moon is all about. Step outside at sunset on July 31st look east and see what color presents itself. For more rare and colorful occurrences and beyond stay tuned to science.nasa.gov


You're not having fun.  What are you doing? I have no idea. What's going on at Sandu Nation? It is Wednesday morning. It's Wednesday morning. We're going to have some fun tonight. But first, I'm going to get ready and do a little phone rolling because my body is in pain that did an advanced hip hop class last night. It was super fun. It feels so clean. I'm looking so fun. Gentlemen, so we're going to do some more emailing. We're going to go back to Brandon's apartment, do some emails, get caught up, and talk to our community. And then we have lunch with our good buddy who owns Athletic Greens. In the afternoon, we're going to do a workout. They're probably something fun because you know what guys? You've got to do something fun every day. It's mandatory if you're involved with Sandu Fitness. You have to have fun at least once a day. You're not having fun.  What are you doing? I have no idea. Brandon was his sunglasses at night or in the day also at Starbucks.  So that is my roommate Tyler's other dog. He got dogs on dogs, son. Murphy peed on the couch last night because Tyler forced him to because he's a really bad owner. Man, I don't know what this is, man, but I didn't sign up to go up no floating stairs, dawg. The reason people do not get lean or stay lean is because they eat too much. They eat too much. They eat too much. Very simply put, the biggest contributing factor to your ability to get and maintain a lean physique is eating too much. Now, the mistake a lot of people make is they get caught up in what am I eating instead of how much. So here at Zender Fitness, we get a ton of questions like if I eat this, am I going to get fat?  And really, at the end of the day, guys, the biggest thing that you can understand is that the amount of food that you eat is going to play the biggest role in how you look. So now that you know that, let's talk a little bit about portion controlling and how Brandon and I approach our food. First and foremost, guys, Brandon and I used to be big dudes. I was 260, he was like 250, and we are dudes who like to feast.  That sounds terrible. There's a lot of people who have trouble consuming food.  I just, I can't eat that much. That to me and Brandon is like, I want that. Like, you have to realize, guys, every day we are like preventing ourselves from eating 10,000 calories because Brandon and I have humongous appetites. So the name of the game for us is really practicing self-discipline and making sure that we're not eating too much but we're still getting the nutrients that we need and we still feel satisfied. We'll do like a full day of eating to show you guys what we eat, but the reason we're not going to do this over and over again, guys, is because you have to understand something. Figuring out, once you figure out food, it doesn't take that long and then once you've figured it out, there's nothing new. I think people, we've been trained in health and fitness to want more, more recipes, more foods that we don't know about yet that are going to help us burn fat and honestly, guys, there's a list. We created it. It's in our Getting Lean course. It's called the Simple Meal System and it lists out pretty much every food that is whole, nutrient rich and that you can eat for to gain muscle, lose body fat and stay healthier, live a longer life. So there's not more once you get to a certain point.  Like, there's restaurants that we go to because they give us, like, we will seek out different places to eat out because Brandon and I eat most of our meals out because we just simply don't like to take the time to cook. We like to enjoy cooking once in a while but we don't like it to be a daily task that takes up an hour and a half of our time nor do we like to meal prep because then your food tastes... after, like, a couple days, that's no fun. So we like to enjoy everything about eating and that's what Zendu Fitness is about, guys. It's about living an awesome lifestyle and enjoying whatever you want. So for eating purposes, guys, we go and seek out different restaurants or quick food stops like Chipotle or maybe like an organic type of Chipotle that has fresher ingredients and once we find a place like that, we go back and we repeat meals and now that's another thing. Repeating meals makes it so much easier to hit your calories and macros because once you know how much you need to be eating every day, by the way, if you don't yet, go to our Zendu Fitness calculator. It's linked up down in the description.  The food thing, guys, is really only complicated because a lot of people in fitness sell these complicated programs but constantly trying to sell you on new ways of eating that are going to reduce your body fat. There aren't no new ways. You just have to eat the right amount of food consistently all the time. So the only thing you're going to get from us, guys, we'll show you what we eat today, but a lot of what you're going to get from us is just consistency. We don't know how we actually get paid on YouTube yet, so we are figuring that out.  Pay us now, YouTube. Whoa, bro, blacked out for life, bro. All day, bro, black, whatever, bro. Do the thing, what? It doesn't have to be long. It just has to be intense. Get the workout, snack time, video editing time, dinner time. What's up? Greek yogurt, always good. Super high in protein, super high in taste. Peanuts, can you see that? See those bad boys? Eggs. Turkey and chicken. Lots of protein. Get some. Holler at your boy. Zendut fitness. Oh, I'm sorry. Is that just a huge plate of gains?


Hello everybody hooded Cobra Commander 788 here. Welcome back to another class of Fridays where we're looking at another GI Joe classified series action figure this time. We're looking at major blood major blood was one of my favorite figures from 1984 so I'm very interested to see how they updated the figure for the six inch scale Let's start by looking at the packaging. This is in the special missions Cobra Island subset. That was a target exclusive We have the GI Joe classified series logo major blood And then we have the box art and this classified series box art is a bit hit and miss But this is a hit it looks really nice the art continues to the side and this is great really beautiful This is an awesome interpretation of the mysterious mercenary major blood on the back of the box We have generic Cobra Island artwork. This is not unique to this figure on the other side of the box We see this is number 27 in the series and we have these symbols that represent his specialties This is what we get instead of file cards. This symbol means he loves money to death This is a compass pointing northeast. This means he is so good at chess He even knows how the horsey pieces move This is a wrench and a couple gears which I think means he likes fixing machinery Let's take the figure out of the box and take a look at major blood and his accessories Here is major blood all geared up and there is a lot here We are going to look at all of it placing the vintage major blood action figure next to the classified version We can see he has a lot of the same features He has a brown uniform a black helmet and an eye patch He has a black robotic arm with a missile firing gun He has a black armored chest plate and silver dog tags that he took off of his victims Unlike with the vintage figure the helmet is removable. That's a separate piece looks pretty good Under the helmet.  This is a really nice head sculpt very dramatic The dog tags are a separate piece in silver plastic. They are removable. He has a black rocket pistol It is very long, but the front end of it is the rocket which is Removable it just plugs into the barrel like so when you place the classified accessory side-by-side with the original You can see they share a lot of the same details The rocket tip was not removable on the vintage accessory But I think this fin here was supposed to be part of the rocket on the classified accessory It's part of the gun on his right leg He has a pistol in a holster. It is removable nice detail on the holster and that pistol is Some kind of revolver at least it looks like a revolver, but it has a squared off barrel So I guess it's a laser revolver rounding out major bloods removable accessories He has a backpack in black it pegs onto the figure with one of these standard classified series backpack pegs It has a second missile and that missile is a separate piece and can be removed There is a second slot on that backpack so you can place the other rocket on it and you can store both rockets There's also a hole on one side and that fits a peg on the rocket pistol So you can store the rocket pistol on the backpack that is storage for all of the weapons And I greatly appreciate that this classified backpack is a callback to the vintage backpack which had extra rockets molded on Hey, this is weird You can fit a vintage backpack on a classified figure It does not work the other way though with the accessories out of the way Let's take a look at the articulation for major blood. He has excellent articulation as all classified series figures should He has good range of motion on the head all the way around and up and down His shoulders are on a butterfly joint and he can lift his arm at the shoulders Not very far and the right arm is hindered a bit by this armor piece He has a swivel at the upper arms Double jointed elbows the wrists have a swivel and on the right wrist He has both a swivel and a hinge. He's got a hinge at the rib cage hindered a bit by this chest piece He swivels at the torso He has a good leg split hindered a little bit by this holster piece Pop his legs back in their sockets and he's got good range of motion at the hip He's got a thigh cut. He has double jointed knees He has a boot cut and hinged and rocker ankles with the accessories out of the way Let's admire some of the details on this figure. We already looked at the head The armor plate on the chest is a separate piece in black plastic with some silver buckles And this is not meant to be removable, but I like that they made it a separate piece It adds depth and dimension to the figure. His right arm is robotic and that's a feature that was copied over from the vintage figure It's black plastic. Well, really it's more of a gunmetal gray. I call it black, but it's not quite black Really nice robotics on that right arm with a robot arm You don't really have to hide the articulation points on the left arm He has a forearm guard and on his glove. There is a tiny cobra emblem How's that for minutiae his belt and holster are a separate piece really nice texture on that He has a silver belt buckle and silver canisters on his belt He has brown legs. That's a really dark brown a darker shade of brown Then the vintage figure quite a bit darker and that seems to be a trend with these classified figures They use the same basic colors as the vintage figures, but they go much darker He has gunmetal knee pads and on his boots He has silver shin guards and silver steel toes. These are appropriate for major blood I like this figure very much. This classified series is doing pretty well They are giving vintage gi joe fans characters we care about and not just the main characters We are now getting pretty deep into the roster and they are taking advantage of all the extra sculpting and accessories And articulation you can get at this larger scale. That was my review of gi joe classified series major blood I hope you enjoyed it. If you did, please give this video a thumbs up on youtube and subscribe to the youtube channel We will be looking at gi joe classified series figures every friday I review vintage gi joe toys every sunday and I have a huge back catalogue of vintage gi joe toy reviews Please check that out support the channel on patreon so I can continue doing these videos You can find me on social media on facebook and twitter and I have a website hcc788.com Thank you for watching. I will be back soon and until then remember only gi joe is gi joe


Decisions that are made today apparently have consequences for emissions for several decades to come, and this makes it very difficult to wait for the climate concerns, environment concerns currently on the B-list until it comes up to the A-list, then it's like already too late. So how might countries start now to address their current economic problems at the same time, take steps towards some type of low-carbon development? Per, please enlighten us. At least I get the prize with the longest title, right? Which perhaps reflects that I'm about to talk for about four minutes about a report that was more like 400 pages, and so I would provide only a snapshot here. That will all be all too easy to see that it requires a lot more elaboration. But the heart of the question that we're trying to address in this session was really also the question that was asked by a project that SEI entered into together with partners from around the world called the New Climate Economy Project, and it reported on behalf of a global commission in September last year. And they tried to ask these questions how countries can address their current growth and development and well-being concerns while also moving towards future lower greenhouse gas emissions. And it came out with an observation that a lot of the narrative, the way we talk, who talks about climate, who does not, who talks, it's very negative in many ways. It's about burden sharing, it's about all the complexities that we heard in the sessions before lunch. So it tried to approach it from a different angle. It tried to start maybe from the fact that the business as usual, addressing the A-list, if you like, is no such thing as business as usual. It's about deep structural change. So in poor countries it's about addressing poverty, poverty alleviation, it is also about achieving sustained improvement in well-being and living conditions. In middle-income countries, there is almost no middle-income country that does not have a very live debate about the middle-income trap, the fact that only 10 to 15 countries in the last four decades or so have ever escaped from middle-income to high-income status. In high-income countries it might be about new sources of growth or population aging or any other number of concerns. And the common theme here is that there's a lot of structural change that's going to happen in these economists. So I'm not going to be able to talk about a lot of the report. I'm just going to show one slide, one way, one framework that we try to use to think about this. Because if there's one, we don't really know what successful countries that do well for their people will look like in years to come. But for example, we do know that they will have great cities. They will be cities that have agglomeration effects that allow them to grow and multiply productivity of different sectors. They will be nice to live in and attract talent. They will not have large social divisions and slums. And they will not have heavy pollution. They will not have enormous congestion.  And they will not perhaps also have large, very structural exposure in their transport systems or buildings to fossil fuel expenditures. And so seeing the different examples of how policy makers are wrestling with this story for cities tells you a story both about a destination you want to head to solve your economic development needs. Given that urbanization is a major force behind economic growth and access to new services, et cetera. And it also has an enormous importance for greenhouse gases. And similar stories can be told for land use or for energy. And across these three systems then, we see the elements of something that leads to either good or bad growth. And it is not just GDP, it's well-being more broadly. And we also see the elements in these three systems are very different greenhouse gas emissions trajectories. Across cutting across all these are three categories of the different things that we tried to talk about. Resource efficiency, which is really, you could call it productivity if you like, but we see that there are enormous differences in how well different countries and different cities and others perform in this dimension across all of these three systems. We see investment and infrastructure as one of the things we talked about here, making it happen and making it in the right way. And, of course, innovation as well with a large set of solutions that exist to the different problems that we have is shifting quite rapidly. And it's not necessarily just renewable energy becoming cheaper. It's also innovation in material science or in ICT that become platforms for new ways of doing things from agricultural supply chains to other things. And so this provides a basis for conversation and a basis for painting a picture where we can step onto a different trajectory. And so maybe we have time to talk more about it a little bit, but that's a snapshot of some of the things we talked about in this project. Thanks a lot, Per.


In 2019, migrants sent US$551 billion in remittances to low- and middle-income countries. As COVID-19 wreaked havoc on economies around the world, many development practitioners expressed concern that a substantial decrease in remittance flows could push migrant-dependent households below the poverty line. As the UN Migration Agency, IOM recognizes remittances are a lifeline for many migrant households. Families rely on these funds to access services like healthcare and education. We commissioned a study to better understand the impact of COVID-19 on remittances across 12 countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Here are some of the standout findings, which for the most part reveal an incredible resilience of migrant remittances during the global pandemic.


All right, we are Launchgram and we just launched here at 10x today We launched our site this morning at 4 a.m. You can go to launchgram.com or you can check us out on Twitter or on Facebook It's just Facebook or Twitter back at slash launch gram We're also on Angel lists so angel angel co slash launch gram check us out there check out the website And tell us what you think there's a little feedback button or shoot me an email and Andy at launchgram.com I'd love to talk to you about what you think about the site like I said we launched today at 4 a.m We have a live public beta We just came out of an alpha that lasted about six weeks courage users to hop on follow topics What we do is we are revolutionizing pre-release product news And what that means is that if you've ever been interested in a product prior to its launch And you wanted to get updates on it instead of hopping on Google every day and searching for new News or new rumors or when the release date is or if you can buy it Or if there are new pictures or video instead of searching for that stuff We just send you a weekly or a monthly launch gram saying hey, here's the updates. Come check them out You obviously would only follow the products that you really care about and you're not going to go like everything like you like on Facebook This is maybe three to ten things in a given year that you're really really excited about launching and you just want to get updates As you get closer to the release date, and we want people to go check it out and give us feedback As we move forward, we'll be raising around here in about late May or early June But right now we're just kind of working out the kinks in the product trying to get some traction Find out what people like and what people don't like in the future We are we look to grow this to be the destination for managing a brand's anticipation or launch That's what we think that we can do really really well And we look forward to knocking out of the park and then building something that people really want to use Where roof top down roof top down is a cloud-based platform that allows homeowners like you and me The ability to easily capture organize and manage everything pertaining to our actual home key features of the site really drive Are really driven around products? A user can go on to our site and within a matter of minutes can pre-populate all of the information around them in their home appliances electronics If you capture things like paint colors on a wall you name it the opportunities are endless for this actual database This point in time. We're just finishing up our idea phase We're just getting ready to start actual development of the site We're planning on a either late q3 or early q4 of 2012 launch of the actual site We're also self-funding all initial operations So we are starting to investigate a seed round of about $750,000 that we'd hope to secure by late 2012 or early 2013 Hi everybody, my name is Brady cholesterol and this is our editor-in-chief Sean McMillan We're with Mondocchio Mondocchio means world eye in Italian And the site allows you to compare and contrast our new sources all over the world cover the same topics And we're live right now at www.mondocchio.com. That's m-o-n D-o-k-i-o And you can find us on Twitter and Facebook and all the usual places and we're looking for an investment of $250,000 and this is to institute a new technology that will automate a good deal of what we do And this is primarily Focused on the financial section of what we do that helps investors Capture world sentiment and monitor news monitor their investments Whatever they may be. Thanks very much, and we look forward to seeing you online or off Hi, we're life scribe we help people tell better life stories with their friends and families The same people who enrich their lives and stories most our first market is weddings We invite you to come check us out at get life scribe.com and then join our beta when it launches in July of this year Here's what we need we need $500,000 to get us through the rest of our beta build and also help us to sustain Operations for the next 12 months. You can follow life scribe at angel list co Forward slash life scribe you can check us out on Twitter at get life scribe And you can also see us on Facebook at facebook.com forward slash life scribe Hi, I'm Todd zoa president and CEO of one exchange street one exchange street is an exchange for online trading and bankruptcy claims I'm happy to report that we closed our million dollar seed round this week And we'll be launching in mid-May if you want to find out more about one exchange street Please check us out at one exchange street calm or on Twitter at one exchange street. Thank you Hi, my name is Eric and I'm here with the entire tack team Tack.com with two K's is the simplest and most elegant way to create and share custom webpages instantly at tack You have verbal commitment to be closing on roughly $200,000 in the next couple weeks Please go to tack.com now and sign up for our private beta follow us on Twitter at tack underscore it and check out Our angel list page at angel list co slash tack. Thank you Hello everyone, I'm Carl Mavis founder and CEO of utab. This is the team we've assembled to help build utab University time and place We're a location-based messaging platform for students around campus and we let students message those around them from their location Without friending or following them Students are able to see the messages that are most nearby to them without any sort of connection Pre-established and able to comment or directly message those students that are most nearby We're currently in the 10 accelerated program and enjoying it a lot You should check out our website utap that calm and download our app on the app store utap Login with a demo account demo at utap.edu password You tap that or you can register as a student if you have a dot edu email address from anyone across the nation Thank you very much. Hi everyone. My name is Lester. This is Kenneth This is XY we are from Singapore and we're doing a startup develops embeddable online store We are almost ready to launch. You can check it out at zoop shop.com and What we're asking for right now is 500,000 to give ourselves a necessary 18 months run away to take this startup forward. Thank you Hi, I'm Alex Bishop and I'm John and we are the co-founders of Morph card Morph card creates a solution where users can Aggregate all of their gift cards online. They can also Buy new gift cards, which can be exchanged absolutely free They can sell the gift cards they currently have to us for cash And they can also exchange either their Morph cards are free or any gift card that they have currently for a small fee so far we've raised $20,000 by being a part of the 10x program at Ohio State and We're currently seeking $250,000 so that we can gain about 50,000 users We've done a lot of research on how much it's going to cost us to acquire those users How active they're going to be on the website and we feel that if we can get that 50,000 user base This this business will be profitable very quickly You can follow us on angel.co slash Morph card as well as at Morph card on Twitter and Facebook And you can visit us at Morph card comm sign up for our private beta and we're expecting to be live Around the first week of May 2012. Thank you very much. Hi. This is Alex and Lacey co-founders of side now What side now is it's a social debating platform now when I have debates with my fiancee Lacey I can challenge her on side now and finally we can declare a winner Brands are also excited to use side now because they can use it to engage their fans in a fun new way not only through debates But also social media polls that have rich media attached to all the questions and answers We're currently in our capital raising campaign. We've already talked to a number of investors and many have verbally committed to us We're raising about five hundred thousand dollars right now to start with marketing Development and really take this where it needs to go our beta version is launching in about a week So please visit us at side now comm to learn more and sign up to be one of our first users


afternoon everyone. Is everyone having a good DEF CON? That didn't sound real convincing. Is everyone having a good DEF CON? Excellent. All right. This is one heck of a room. There's a lot of... apologize if I can't make eye contact with everyone but I'll try. So thank you for coming to this talk. I'm gonna talk about air traffic control and security. How many people came to my talk last year? Yes, I did. So, wow, not that many. Oh, okay. Well, it's out on the web. One hand over there still raised. So let's just get right into it. You know, I've got 20 minutes and you always have too many slides so I've tried to pare it down. So I'll talk a little bit about who I am. Overview from last year. Some insecurities today and a little proposal that I'm proposing out to the crowd. A DEF CON sort of has the 20-minute talks be, you know, maybe you don't have the research completed or just some ideas or take it out to the community and see what people think. So that's sort of what I have. I thought this was an interesting little Dilbert here. Can everybody read that in the back? I don't want to read a Dilbert. Okay, so who am I? Security guy, whatever, blah, blah, we can keep going. So I wanted to say that first, flying is safe. It's one of the safest ways to travel if not the safest way to travel. After this talk, airplanes are not gonna follow the sky. Well, not because anything I'm gonna say. And you know, this is the standard disclaimer slide that everybody needs to do. That's why we have, you know, also EFF. So any pilots in the audience? Okay, all right.  All right, so you know, why did I do the talk last year and this year? You know, air traffic control is moving busy moving planes throughout the air. In the past, they haven't really been focused on network security equipment because radar scopes were physical radar site and, you know, physical huge cable back to a one unit. It was a big deal for them when they originally had repeaters and they could actually repeat a scope.  You know, ATC and FAA has really only been concentrating on, you know, these days scriptedies and nation states. And I think I've come up with another group that they may want to concentrate on more that might be a little more dangerous. So, okay, a little bit, if a lot of you hadn't been here last year, I'll give a little bit more on the overview of my talk from last year. So, we talked about how the ATC was running, you know, this operating system. No, no, no. The denial of service attack on an ATC flight plan. So, I proposed last year the idea that let's not take a look at, you know, anything with, you know, boarding on planes or anything like that. Let's take a look at if we can find a way to do a denial of service attack to stop airplanes from being able to take off. So with commercial flights these days on instrument flight plans, they actually need to submit their flight plan into air traffic control. Air traffic control will give them the routing information back and then the planes are allowed to take off. So, the idea was if you could find a way to stuff a lot of fake or bogus flight plans into that central machine and overwhelming potentially, you know, normal flight plans of airlines would not be able to, you know, wouldn't happen. So, I thought it was interesting that I got to talk to some people from the FAA, a very positive last year and they admitted, oh yeah, and we did this to ourselves. That last year, you know, that last year, you know, that air traffic control, they were teaching their new controllers how to actually make and create flight plans on their own production network and in teaching the students on their own production network, the students were hitting the submit button and actually inputting bogus plans into the flight system.  Now, they have done some things to mitigate that, to look at the, you know, number of flight plans per minute that get input in the system and they have some circuit breakers that they've put in for that. A lot of, just to make sure their own controllers don't do it again. Last year, I also talked about next gen. This next gen that's going to cure cancer and, you know, it's unbelievable. The next gen is the overcompensing word that the FAA has been using to solve every problem that they have. The idea of, the idea that to be able to reduce delays and all the airports around the country to be able to have airplanes be able to vector themselves and get to locations quicker. And one of those pieces is this, is this piece of technology called ADSB, which I mentioned last year. ADSB is a way that each airline, airliner themselves would actually broadcast their latitude, longitude, altitude and who they are identification in a clear text packet, which I thought was interesting. And the idea with ADSB is that radar sites are expensive. If we can have all the airplanes broadcasting their specific location, then that would save on radar sites and then also allow the FAA to pack more planes in the air and be able to have less separation. You know, they have all these intel separations. I'm not a controller, so some of those buzzwords. So we'll kind of touch on ADSB again in this talk. So what's also interesting that's happened from last year, it really seems that for whatever reason from last year to this year, the FAA seems like they have some funding. They have some of the biggest contracts. I don't know if anybody has gotten any FAA contracts. Maybe nobody wants to raise a hand. But some very large million and billion dollar contracts, the FAA has gone out to this second bullet about trying to generate and create next-gen technologies of these ideas of an air-traff control tower that could be virtual and have one control tower, one central location, and that one control tower would be able to be turned on and work in San Francisco or any control tower. It's kind of interesting. So also it's been a little disappointing. Some of my people that I've met through the FAA, there sort of seems to be a little bit of brain drain. I don't know, maybe that's just normal EBO flow of things, but I just found that a little interesting of some people getting frustrated of the FAA administration. Okay. So I guess I jumped a little ahead with this slide. So the next gen ATC is the idea of converting from proprietary hardware to commercial off-the-shelf hardware. Right now some of the scopes and things that the controllers are using to navigate planes throughout the air are pretty old and some old technology. And just like anything, this first bullet I could even cover and say ATC, the power companies in SCADA and a lot of people have seen. Once when you switch from proprietary hardware to commercial off-the-shelf, you introduce a whole lot of things. The FAA also had all these dedicated links around the country and now they're doing more VPN and trying to use more internet. Classic things you hear in the enterprise and large corporations of all the same problems you all might think of. What was interesting that the next gen, the idea that they felt that radar sites were very expensive to maintain, so that whole ADSB. But then you have things like, well, as far as NORAD now responsible for tracking all airplanes inside the country as well as outside, NORAD still has responsibilities for wanting those radar sites for reasons. So the initial thing that there would be a major cost savings getting rid of radar sites seems that it's not that true anymore that they're still needing to keep them around. And then this idea of switching from a radar sweep to generally knowing where our airplane is from every airplane out there, mandatory having a transponder that'll report latitude, longitude, altitude in clear text. And that's this idea of ADSB. Just recently the FAA mandated that that would be a requirement for most airlines in the, in busy airspace by 2020. Now you say 2020, it seems like a long way out, but if you've known any sort of anything, 2020 will be here pretty darn quick. I'm always amazed at physical construction projects when they're building a road or whatever. Those are 25 year to 30 year projects when you, when you see them digging the side of road. And so it'll be interesting. So something I'm proposing out to the thing that I was sort of thinking about all this and I don't know, maybe I'm, you know, full of whatever, but so wouldn't it be interesting if we could get a live feed of every plane in the air? You know, we've all been out to those websites that you can track live flights, you know, we've probably all tracked our spouse's flight as it goes across the country. Realize, that's not all, that's a subset of the planes that are out there. You know, and you know the idea of climb fences or hack the FAA to get that. And then I thought, you know, maybe there's another way. So and I like this quote and I know everybody says that anytime you see a quote it could be taken out of context. But you know, the FAA notes that there is no right to privacy when operating the NES, National Airspace System. So no right to privacy. And specifically what I was thinking about was there are, how many people came here to DEF CON on an executive jet? Anybody? Executive jets? No?  Oh, I got one good for you. Good for you to be brave. A two maybe. Good for you. I want to be your friend. So those executive jet guys, I don't know how many people know this, that when you own an executive jet in certain planes, you can request to the FAA, you know what, I would like my tail number not to be rebroadcast out to the internet or third party providers. There's two different layers that they can do that. They can actually have it not be rebroadcast internally or even that the FAA sees it and it's not rebroadcast out to third parties. You know, maybe, you know, an example, large company, if you could be able to see the two different, two large companies, their executive jets, you know, went to the same location. Potentially you could say, well, maybe those two companies are about to merge or, you know, these large companies, they feel it's a security risk that you know that they're, you know, right after the stock market crash, everybody goes to Aspen. So I kind of was also focusing on that, you know, that there's these sort of stealth planes and not stealth, but planes that are still flying in the national airspace system that we, that they still are allowed to use the services of the public, but we're not allowed to track to see where they go. But notice the quote. Okay. So why don't we take it a step farther? Why don't we create our own FAA real time flight tracking database? Why try to even get into the crown jewels of the FAA? You know what? Leave them over there. Why don't we make it ourselves? And you're saying, what? Well, think about it. Right now deployed in Florida and Alaska, ADSB is already deployed and also through the Gulf of Mexico. With some antennas that would be listening to two different transponder frequencies, you would be able to passively listen. Not against law right now. It is for cellular signals, but not against law right now. Listen to that. You'd be able to get the latitude, longitude and ID of the plane and then put in a database. You know, think about it, you know, just even in the city of Aspen, seeing the executive jets land and seeing that.  There was a real good Freedom for Information Act where they, that I think they actually went, it might have been NASA, that they actually got, for whatever reason, NASA had the data, that they got the list of aircraft tail numbers that were on that blocked list. You know, good. And then I think even EFF might have helped them with that. But that was just a static list.  So, you know, what, what do you think the marketing people would do with this stuff?    When they said that, I was wondering why was somebody even asking the FAA for a right to privacy? And, you know, I thought it was a really interesting idea about that. So, you know, this also is one of the fields the FAA, you know, that the air traffic control and FAA, there's, this is just, you know, an untapped market out there for looking at things that are out there. You know, a friend of mine has, you know, presented at an FAA conference and he was trying to challenge the FAA to reach out to all of you. There's a lot of smart people in this room more, you know, more than I am. Maybe this is, you know, not that great of an idea. Maybe it's, you know, I don't know.   Let's hope it's not Viagra. So, that kind of idea of this central database that with, you know, 20 or less antennas in key markets that's just listening, receiving only, not transmitting and actually trying to make the database yourself. You know, it's a, in my view it's an interesting idea from the fact of, you know, the FAA that in some ways that's their crown jewels if you were to be able to reproduce it, not hack them, let them do whatever they want, reproduce it with the fact that ADSB is going to be transmitting all that stuff. So, kind of need idea. So, and then also, you know, if anybody wants to help, you know, please feel free to, you know, come talk to me and maybe you got another idea that you want. So, you know, it talked about that, you know, obviously it was a little quick for the talk. I'll take just a one or two quick questions and I know that they're going to cut me right off at 20 minutes because there's another speaker here. Yes, sir, I'll try to repeat your question. Go ahead. Oh, do I have any technical references for the format? Yes, it's, they're all out there on the internet, the internets, the ADSB protocols and everything and right now UPS airline, yeah, UPS, yeah, UPS is actually they've equipped all their aircraft with ADSB, the capstone project in Alaska, they have their planes. Now from a safety point of view, yes, they've, in Alaska they had a lot of safety positive of the ADSB from being able to now see small planes in there where radar covers was not, not to that extent. So, any, yes, right, so the, so that, yeah, so the gentleman said, well, what about the idea that one could do a denial of service on the system? You know, in a report that the FAA published that I, that I have in my, in my notes, the FAA felt that, now, get this, you want to take this good or bad, the FAA felt that there's no change in the risk to denial of service from now to with ADSB. No change in the risk, they didn't say what the risk was, there's no change to the risk. So, now, I also want to make one comment about that, you know, there is some talk about, oh, well, you know, jammers and be able to transmit signals, you know, you know something I found out in between last year and this year, the FAA has this term called phantom controllers that people, you know, in parts of the United States, they set up a big, you know, radio and actually try to talk to the, talk to the pilots and maybe try to tell them to turn left to right. What's interesting about that, they usually have once a month the incident and they usually find the guys pretty quick. The, when one keys a radio or keys a, you know, there actually is in the analog level a unique signature that a radio has right when the capacitors and diodes and everything come up that it's not just a quick, quick sharp in your transmitting. There's been, you know, maybe somebody's even presented about that a DEF CON that one can finger fingerprint a radio from the analog level and be able to know that. You know, I know that even in Iraq and Afghanistan they have capabilities to be able to, you know, pinpoint that stuff. So, any other questions were almost at a time? Yes, right here in the front now. Right, so the question, what's the, what's the, what's, how do you, how would you stop somebody's from spoofing the ADSB that they're sending? That's a good question too in the FAA, you know, a lot of these questions they tried to address. I felt they addressed pretty poorly in the, in the document that's, it's, it's one of these references on here. I think it's the first one there. Right, it, actually it might be the last one. I'd be happy to, it's one of these four documents that, that is, that they try to answer those questions. They once again said that there's no change from current to, from current to future. So, they didn't, it's not like they answered the question. And, and this gentleman and, and then we're, oh we're done. Okay, so thank you very much. And if you'd like to talk to me, I'll be right across the hall. I'll be happy to chat with anyone. Thank you very much for your time. Please enjoy your DEF CON.


Hello, I'm Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Mike Gilday and I'm here to wish the men and women of our great United States Navy and all service members past and present a happy Veterans Day. Today we honor this service, the sacrifice and the commitment of those who have worn the cloth of this great nation. I'd also like to recognize and thank all family members and loved ones for their support. Today, let's take time to applaud their service and dedication and their support as well. To Americans Veterans, you have our utmost respect and gratitude for your service.