4,100. Kiedy wchodzisz w ten rum, myślę, że możecie się zrozumieć, dlaczego pokażę tę numerę. Możesz mieć jakieś wypowiedzi. Dlaczego? Właśnie dla nas w Nowym Człowiecach ta numer jest numerą odstęczonych, o której ruszamy teraz w naszej instytucji. Instytucja, która sprowadziła w więcej niż 30 regionach w 10 miejscach między 8 krajami. I możecie się zrozumieć, dlaczego pokażę te wypowiedzi? Chcę, aby zrozumieć jak na wielkim sklepie ruszamy nasz OpenStack Cloud. Ten sklep daje nam unik widok na challenges, na problemy i na problemy, które się sprowadzamy każdego dnia. I szczególnie na problemy i problemy, które się sprowadzamy w ostatnich 3 latach. W ostatnich 3 latach, to była jakaś dziewczyna do punktu, kiedy integrowaliśmy L3-services, więc distributowali digitalne routers, sklepujące IP-i i eksternalne gateways w jednej z największych OpenStack Clouds. Mój name jest Dawid i razem z moimi kolegami Mohan i Michał i z naszym kombinującym 25 plusów doświadczeń w Cloud Computing chcielibyśmy zapomnieć wszystkich oficji żeby się z nimi znać. Mam nadzieję, że jesteście gotowe. Zacznijmy, aby zacząć, aby znalazły kilka lat do punktu, kiedy na OVH Cloud nie mieliśmy OpenStack at all. W tym momencie, jakaś serwiska wytrzymała do rentu fizycznego, dla tych typów serwerów otworzyliśmy do klienci dwa typy networking. Pierwsza typa networka był public network. I dla tego networku jest jedna specjalna feature, która była trudna, wytrzymała w OpenStack wytrzymała do IP wytrzymała. Więc kiedy ktoś znał serwery i na ten manager widzi, że ten IP został do swojego serwera private, wtedy, kiedy SSH do tego serwera widzi też ten IP na jednej z jego interfaces. I oczywiście podczas publicznej networking wprowadziliśmy private networking. I dla private networking wydarzyliśmy technologię Wyrtularka za krótko. I tę technologię wydarzyła do networkingu między dwóch serwerów private, nie ma nic, gdzie są oni. To może być same rach, może być dwa rachy, może być dwa datacentry 100 miasta. W tym momencie z serwerami, wygląda na to, że wszystkie serwery są zbierane do samej rachy, w Wyrtularku. I chciałbym naprawdę, żebyś fokusował na te dwóch serwerów, ponieważ kiedy zaczynamy myśleć, że musieliśmy wrócić w wyrtulowe maszyny, czyli OpenStack Cloud, to jest jedna rekomensja, że będziemy chciał, że naszymi klientami mają te same doświadczenie z wyrtulowe maszyny, jak oni mają z serwerami fizyczne. Więc musimy zrozumieć, że public networking prezentuje IP od razu i na wyrtulowe maszyny jest to, co możemy mieć z wyrtulowym rachem, żeby to pojawić, że wszystkie WMS są zbierane do samej rachy. To jest to, co wydarzyliśmy. Więc na public networking, który nazywa się BGP Network, na każdej instancji, kiedy naszymi klientami zaczynają, też zbieramy instancję. To jest obie instancja, więc mamy jedną instancję per każdej instancji. To wszystkie instancje są zbierane do jednej instancji, ale między nami mamy namęszkę, i w tej namęszce mamy jedną rolę IP, a druga równa do tej instancji a druga równa jest jedna z tych instancji. To wszystkie instancje są zbierane do jednej instancji i wtedy wszystkie IP są zbierane do jednej instancji, a tutaj też mamy równa do każdej instancji. Mam nadzieję, że nie jesteście zbierani z diagramami, bo jest jedna z nich i druga równa jest na private networking. Uwagamy w ten sposób, aby wyłączyć instancje w ten WIRAK Network. WIRAK Network jest, jeżeli zostanie zobaczemy, na przykład z bardzo basicą conceptsznię, tylko w ON w ON. A więc zzjedliśmy ten ON na koncepcji networkinga i dodaliśmy się u wykształcenie do innego rolę. Więc z instancjiним jak w nami. W integracji bridges mamy jakiś rodzaj localny WIRAK, ale potem, przed wystarczającym ten node, musimy to opakować w customer-village do VRAG-village. To wytrzymuje do topu rach, a wtedy w OVH-networkie, to wszystko jest łączone przez VX-lans, które są niebezpieczne dla klasy. A potem wytrzymuje drugie node, musimy to opakować z VRAG-village, a potem customer-village jest utwórczone do localnego village i wróci do instancji. Musimy to opakować z customer-village w środku, nawet jeśli to nie jest używane w tym używaniu, ponieważ VRAG-networkie nie tylko jest łączone przez instancje, ale też jest łączone przez instancje w fizycznych serwerach. I w fizycznych serwerach, ten customer-village będzie widział na interfesie, więc musimy też opakować wszystkie pakety w ten village. To jest to, co mieliśmy i produkujemy, kiedy musieliśmy wytrzymać OpenStack Cloud. A teraz chciałbym zapytać Michal, żeby wyobrazić wam, co musieliśmy zmienić i jakaś rozwiązania mamy, kiedy byłyśmy wytrzymać w fizycznych serwerach. Dziękuję, Dawid. Jestem Michal. I wracamy do 2019, kiedy nasza infrastruktura jest na OpenStack Newton. Newton jest na koniec życia, więc musimy znowu i zdecydowaliśmy się, i decydujemy się z Steinem. Wytrzymała nasz wytrzymań, że Dawid wytrzymał nasz rozwiązanie multi-agent i kod bądź multi-agentem na Newtona kod. To jest naprawdę trudne dla nas, to jest zbyt pomyśleliwe, aby wytrzymać z Steinem. I ostatni koncert, który mamy, jest, że chcemy wytrzymać wytrzymań wytrzymań dla naszów. Więc, jak się otworzyliśmy? Pierwsza wytrzymań, byłabym zbyt pomyśleliwego agentu do mnóstwo neutrony plug-ins. Pierwsza jest bgp agent, który jest całkowicie naszą solucją, i używamy KWAGA, Software for IP Announcement. Pierwsza agent jest VRAC agent. I to jest plug-in, który jest używany dla wytrzymań wytrzymań, ale wytrzymałyśmy wytrzymań wytrzymańską solucją, czyli wytrzymań wytrzymańskich, że Dawid wytrzymał nasz rozwiązanie. I oczywiście, musimy wytrzymać wytrzymań L3 agent, aby przygotować wytrzymań wytrzymań L3 wytrzymań L3 serwysów dla naszów. Przestępnialy było zabić wytrzymań wytrzymań wytrzymań, ulepszać agenty do dźwięku, i to ulepszył wytrzymań wytrzymań wytrzymań wytrzymań wytrzymań. I teraz, teraz jesteśmy smarti, ponieważ ulepszyliśmy nasz agent z różnych plug-ins neutrony. Więc to będzie naprawdę, naprawdę łatwe, aby ulepszyć do następnych rozwiązań. Aby wytrzymać, wytrzymań wytrzymań nie zmienił, ale wytrzymań wytrzymań będziemy zainteresować jakieś feature do BGP agent, aby ulepszyć ulepsze dźwięki externy i ulepszyć wytrzymań wytrzymań. To będzie diagram. Więc, jak nasz agent zlepszył wytrzymań wytrzymań wytrzymań wytrzymań? Więc oczywiście, musimy ulepszyć neutrony. Więc zwykle, tak jak powiedziałem, mamy z dwóch lub trzy neutrony serwerów, czyli ulepszyłem neutrony RPC i IPI neutrony. Chcemy do tego, żeby na networkach, tak żeby z zniwami stworzyć tom, poradniłem, a鑽ąłem i dałem, czyli ulepszyłem neutrony. Więc wytrzymałem wytrzymań z dźwięki, wytrzymałem, z zniwami z dźwięki, wytrzymałem, ulepszyłem neutrony CZU, przez uncommonznie okazję, wytrzymałem, od cruise 1, z rynkami, ze względu na zagroj, Koniecznie można zauważyć rząd, ale można też otworzyć reżyserze w rady 2000, a w tej reżyserze mamy 7 serwerów neutronne. Co robiliśmy żeby zainteresować l3. Pierwsza rzecz była zainteresować BGP agenty i Virac agents. BGP agent now can handle L3 ports, so announce the L3 ports, so the floating IPs and external gate reports. And also VIRAC agent is doing small part when we want to use floating IPs because it's configuring L2 connectivity for us, so tuning of the agent. Another thing, the problem that default behavior of Linux kernel is causing for us. If we attaching new IP on some interface, when we adding new IP to some interface, kernel creates a new default root by default. I if some customer will choose the same IP range that we using for our internal connectivity to top of rack, our networking can be broken. This is not an issue that OpenStack has because there is no VIRAC in OpenStack, but it is on OVH. So we needed to tune L3 agent to remove that rule. And the last thing, of course, is to plug L3 namespaces, so floating IP namespaces, SNAT namespaces, Qrouter namespaces into our stack. So a lot of work related with creating proper routes by L3 agent. So this is how our stack look like if we talking about floating IP. So we have an instance, and from that instance we want to go outside, with outside traffic to external world. So, of course, from the instance to the integration bridge, we need to go to the Qrouter because it's private networking, so we are plugged into some private network, so into router. And from there we need to go to the floating namespaces. And this is the part that L3 agent configured for us. There we have this small part where the VIRAC agent configures routes for us and untacks the villain. And already prepared routes by BGP agent and announcement allows us to go outside of our RAC to the internet. So few years before, actually we implemented something like floating IPs. This is our own solution implemented as a neutral service. It's IP failover, it's marketing name, or IP alias, it's internal technical name. The idea was also to allow our customers to attach IP to private servers, bare metal instances, so generally also for private cloud. Now we're going with open stack floating IPs and we decided to keep those two solutions. So we support both of them. The biggest difference is that in pay IP aliases customer needs to add the IP manually on the interface. In floating IPs everything is done by proper routing that we configure and it's transparent for our customers just needs to attach the IP on panel. So what is happening if there is no floating IP attached, but we want to have connectivity with external world. So we can configure external gateway. So how it works at OVH. So we have an instance and the traffic wants to go outside to the internet. So as you can see by our VRAC network we're going to different node. It's our network node so the SNAT node. So by VRAC networking we're going to the integration bridge and to SNAT namespaces where we prepared our routes that are needed to allow this traffic to go out. So that is the VRAC part where we're doing untagging and there BGP announcement is done by our BGP agent. So we can go out with our traffic. So at this point everything looks fine from architectural point of view. Everything should work, but then new challenge appear. We have new customer needs. We want to introduce Octavia load balancing. So we have two problems here. So the first problem is that VIP port of Octavia load balancer is down and unbound all the time. This is how this is designed in OpenStack. So we needed to learn our BGP agent how to handle this kind of ports. Because previously it doesn't care at all about ports that are in down state. Second problem is that VIP of Octavia load balancer is present on the interface in the SNAT namespace where the router is active. So in SNAT node somewhere. So we needed somehow introduce a solution that allow us to go with this traffic outside. So it also is done on BGP level, a BGP agent level by giving customers possibility to attach floating IPs. So there's VIP load balancing ports. So now from architectural point of view everything is done. But of course we introduce some bugs and problems. At Mohan can you explain what happened next? Dziękuję Michael for the wonderful details. With the controller of scale what we are operating introducing a new challenge in our infra is not an easy job. With the help of our dedicated SRE and the dev team we are able to face it. For the better interest of time I like to share rather three recent challenges what we are facing in our infra. So these are challenges I am going to talk about. The first challenge is duplicate packets with multi-region router. So before jumping to the challenge I'd like to highlight few details about our infra. So we have a VRAC network. It's basically a private network. And we are trying to reach a router that sits on different region from a VM that's in local region. So it means there is no local router to answer back your request. So how it looks like. Here you can see on the region one we have a router and a VM. So the VM is trying to reach a router's gateway. It's very much local and we are seeing a single request. It's everything looks fine now. So here we are seeing some weird issue. We are trying to reach a different region router. So then we see multiple duplicate packets. It means there is something wrong with the infrastructure we need to do it. So when we analyzed the issue, we figured out, so we have something here, the private VRAC network. It basically tried to distribute a request to all the routers that sits in different regions. Here you can see on the region B we have a node one and we are VM on a local and we don't have any router. So this VM, if trying to talk to router that sits in node two, then the VRAC network actually is rather sending a request direct to node two. It's actually distributing to all the routers. Hence all the routers are replying back with their duplicate request. So we're still trying to solve this issue because it's kind of an issue with multi regions. We're trying to address what's the best use case we can solve. So the second challenge what we see is we are not able to reach metadata service. So how actually the metadata service works in upstream is we have an instance. When an instance is actually posted on a network that is connected to router, then the router is how to solve the metadata service request. So in our case we have L3 services. L3 service is taking some time to set up all the routes on gateways to host a proxy. So when the instance is booting up, the cloud in its script is trying to reach the router's named space to reach a metadata service. So that time it was failing because the router is still taking a time. So the metadata agent is supposed to be set up a metadata proxy. It's actually waiting the agents to complete all these actions. So after some point of time the cloud in its is giving up because it's not able to find metadata service. So how we solved it is using the workaround what upstream is providing. So rather depending on the router we try to take a DKCP support for metadata service. By setting this option force metadata equal to true, we actually tell the DKCP agent to append the particular static IP on the VM space. So when the VM is trying to send the metadata request, it actually go to the DKCP port rather going to router's gateway. So the third and final challenge what I'm trying to describe is the flapping router. So we have a BGP agent and L2 agent in place. So the BGP agent is actually depending on L2 agent to send the port binding successful message in order to complete it further actions. So this port binding is actually a complex process. It has to go through lot of actions, the lot of queues and listeners in place to complete this binding successfully. So after this bind successful message came, the BGP agent is the route advertisement to KWAGA. So in the meanwhile L3 agent is trying to set up a router and HHS script to check the info is healthy and this works fine. So at this point everything looks fine, it works because we have router advertisement in place and KWAGA does this part and HHS script is trying to reach internet to check the info is healthy and looks fine. So the issue here is sometime the route advertisement takes rather a few more time than expected. So the pink fails. It means when the HHS script fails, the router is trying to go to the failed state. In the failed state is clean up all the routes. So it's going to backup mode. So in the backup mode the router will not send any VRRP packets. So the same story continues, the other node router is trying to become from active. So it also has to go through all these actions happening here. And if the router's advertisement is done on time on other node, then it's again go to backup mode. Meaning it fails, first it's reached to fail node and clean up all the routes and it's go to backup mode. So then VRRP packets not in a place. So again the first node will again try to go to active mode. So basically this loop continues until something we need to do on the improvement side of HHS script. So what we did, so we basically improved HHS script in a way say just wait for a BGP agent to complete all these actions. So when BGP agent complete all these route advertisements or route settings, so then try to do the checks what we are trying to do on the external side. Again we know it's like, it may not be fit for all the use cases because the condition what we are checking for HHS script it may depend on what exact use case was SRE try to solve. Sometimes we need to say, we need to fit some external checks points to depend on what exactly the meaning of failure to understand by the HHS script. So we try to do with templating format so where the SRE can set up what exactly the output I want to get it from the HHS script in order to make the state of failure. And the long term solution what we are looking at sync up the port status. So at any given point of time there are L2 agent or L3 agent should know all the port status so that they can make the internal decisions that are depending on each other. So by doing so we also introduce a bug. How it looks like, so this typical behavior we have one active router and one backup router on two different SNAT node and SG interface, SNAT gateway interface is actually binded to active. Everything looks fine. And when some package upgrade happens or some installation happens so we see some disturbance on the traffic. Means the traffic, the VXN traffic is actually disturbed because of that the VRRP packet is supposed to send from active to backup it's not reaching time or it's somewhere dropped in the middle. So because of this the backup it has to make a decision to go back to active by doing so it's sending some request called bind SNAT gateway interface. It was successful that it able to bind SG interface and it become active. Here again it's a weird issue because it's not intended or expected behavior to active routers at a given point of time. Again it's not, we are seeing for a certain amount of time so it's able to recover back when the traffic is restored. So traffic is restored and the new active see, okay there is already active it's sending VRRP packets so I suppose to go to backup it's able to change its transition but the SG interface still binded to the backup node. It means when the transition happens from active to backup there is no such request called unbound SG interface there is no such event happened. So because of this we see SG interface SNAT gateway interface is still binded to backup router and we need some manual interruption or some kind of external canson to do that to actually unbound from backup node. So with that I shared a few recent challenges and I now request David back to the stage to share our future roadmap. Thank you Mohan. So during this presentation you learned a little bit of historical reason why and how we designed our network what then we changed to introduce L3 to all of this. Few challenges just a few of dozens we have that we seen during alpha and beta stages but you may be wondering what we are going to do next. So first of all the stuff that we described just is now in beta and we would like to go for general availability. Second thing that we would like to introduce next is load balancing as a service of Octavia that we have mentioned before during the presentation and for the more long term goal we are also thinking about changing how our physical network is being built so that we will have better networking and more reliable networking. To finish things off if you are already using OVH cloud and you are our customer I invite you to choose the region Grand 9 and on that region we have already enabled everything that we just spoke in beta and if you are not our client or maybe you just didn't use for a while we have a promo code I believe it's for 50 euro that you can use during this month to check things out if you like OVH or not. That being said thank you very much for coming I wish you plant rest of the summit and thank you. I think you have two minutes so if you have any questions there's a microphone. I have a question and to find the microphone maybe you will hear me I think if I get it the VRAC realizes your private network to be different from yours or it goes through internet No, the VRAC realizes between the data center the question was how the VRAC works if it's utilize internet connection or internal network and the answer is that it relies on our internet network so we have some tunnels between data centers so everything goes via this and it also goes via our infrastructure in terms of networking in terms of cables itself Hey, thank you very much for the talk if I may ask what are your thoughts on Octavia what kind of implementation are you planning on using? I mean I'm not in the team who's working on Octavia right now so I don't have that much of details I mean we are just testing it seeing how it works and I mean we're basically planning to bring it as a value and see what our customers are going to do with it Yeah, nice talk I was going to ask if you're advertising the floating IPs via these as an ex-hop using the gateway port agent why not using neutron dynamic routing project in the first place? I'm not sure if I understood fully the question So you're advertising routes to the floating IP using the gateway port agent IP as an ex-hop? No, we are advertising directly to the node Directly connected route Yes, we are advertising each IP that is living on given host and we are advertising that it's on this host and then internal routing to name space or instance Okay, but still why did you evaluate neutron dynamic routing? And it didn't work for a reason I believe we did and I'm not don't remember the details right now we've seen some issue with this I don't remember right now I can check and we can get in touch and discuss this Thank you He had the same question too so we're gonna follow up later Thank you Thank you very much


Dear students, in this topic we shall discuss the endocrine secretions of bile and bile salts. Bile is secreted in vertebrates by the liver. It does not contain any enzymes, but it contains many important salts. These bile salts are essential for the digestion of fats. Bile is a weakly basic mixture which contains water, cholesterol, lecithin, many inorganic salts, various organic salts and bile pigments. The organic salts of bile are manufactured in the liver from cholesterol and amino acids which are complexed with sodium. These bile pigments are derived from biliverdin and bilirobin which are the products of breakdown of hemoglobin. Dear students, bile is transported from the gallbladder into the gallbladder by a hepatic duct from liver. Bile duct comes out of the liver which takes this bile to the gallbladder. Gallbladder stores this bile and concentrates it during storage. Concentration of bile in the gallbladder involves permeability of the epithelium of gallbladder. This gallbladder epithelium helps in the osmotic removal of water. In addition to this, the concentration process includes active transport of sodium and chloride ions which are taken out of the bile. Dear students, bile performs many functions which are important especially for the digestion of fats. The first function of bile is due to its alkalinity which neutralizes the acidic content of the food coming from stomach. Bile is secreted in the duodenum. The duodenum also receives acidic food from stomach. To reduce the acidity of acidic food, various salts act in the bile and help in making alkaline. The most important function of bile salts is that they work as a detergent. This detergent emulsifies fats. As a result, fats become water soluble. This action of emulsification of the bile salts facilitates later enzymatic digestion of fats. The third important function of bile salts is that it also acts on lipid soluble vitamins and disperses them and helps in absorption and transport. In addition to this, the bile uses the liver to remove certain metabolites and waste substances. The liver works as an outlet for the gallbladder in which the bile is sent and the bile has to be released from the body through the digestive tract. For example, the products of breakdown of hemoglobin pigments, cholesterol, steroids, metabolites of drugs are included in the bile. When the bile is secreted in the intestine, gastrointestinal enzymes act on these products or they are digested or these products are excreted out of the body as such.


Sometimes I get it as a question. What is a special tree that I need to have in my landscape in North Dakota and To me, I think one of the answers you have you have to consider a birch tree why because birch has amazing bark and Bark in North Dakota is so important because for goodness sakes our trees are leafless For most of the year. So like why should we care about like a crab apple that blooms for two weeks? care about something that has great bark all winter long and so Consider a birch tree. So now we got an expert to tell you about birds trees Greg Morgensen has been an urban forester for decades He is a top researcher from this nationally acclaimed woody plant improvement program And we're so fortunate to have him here tonight. So Greg Please welcome to the forums Thank you, Tom We'll hand advances to the first slide. Well, I kind of wanted to talk about birch tonight because One of the things if you live anywhere in the central US the northern US You have probably tried a birch in your yard. We're not all successful at it And I'll talk about that but birch is probably one of the most popular landscape trees that that we can plant So I'm going to go through a little bit about it Birch why they do well why they don't do well some of the things we can do to make sure they Do perform up to their best and then maybe go into some of the species and cultivars after that So there's there's many many cultivars of birch and Species in a birch not all birch are created equal. So there's many many different Species out there and a number of them we can use in our landscapes here in North Dakota They offer a very striking addition to the landscape I want to say when they're sighted and planted properly where the climate is suitable for their optimal growth And that's really the key to this where they're planted correctly in a suitable environment Well cared for spruce and home landscape provide attractive seasonal interest as Tom mentioned the bark through the winter and And and also all the traditional tree benefits of wind protection shading of a home Just just making a living environment a little bit better As we've progressed in birch about the last 30 40 years We've actually started doing a lot of different changes Selecting for plant form to make them a little more adaptable the landscapes There's there's upright forms. There's small forms the old traditional European weeping Birch is still in use Hopefully not for long, but still in use. So there's a lot of different forms you can place in a very incised landscape a Lot of different foliage textures and colors got everywhere from green to purple foliage Generally most of them turn a yellow to brilliant yellow in the fall so you've got that extra extra season of interest there as they start to shut down in the fall and The bark on a Tom mentioned bark. There's so much variation in the bark of birch I always thought a really neat planting would be to not just have one species of birch But maybe have five six different species in a planting and mix up that bark texture in them They're they're everywhere from brilliant white to salmon colored to highly exfoliating So there's a lot of different bark textures that you can choose from So we have this nice birch in our yard. It's grown for a while and then suddenly over a couple years It's dead. So what happened? What happened to my beautiful birch? well, most birch are planted outside of their optimal growing conditions and birch under stress Run into all kinds of problems. So the result is decline in depth the picture here. You're gonna have moisture stress It's planted in a dry spot High soil pH it looks like it's in a Western environment with a higher soil pH You have reflected heat from that street one thing you don't want is a lot of reflected heat on a birch Plant competition and these all start to contribute to decline in in birch and really is the problem with with their decline in eventual death one thing we need to remember about birch and And we use them we use them in our landscapes, but they're really far out of their native environment when we put them in those Landscapes they're naturally found growing in in the northern US Canadian provinces Mountain forests pretty evenly moist shaded cool soils cool as a key there and slightly acidic to acidic soil pH's and they generally grow on sunny sites where their crowns are sunny With a similar site requiring species so there may be other trees or shrubs mixed in that's like the same conditions and There's minimal ground vegetation There's not a lot of brome grass or turf grass and the trunks are often shaded for a portion of the day Their root systems generally are always shaded for most of the day So we're really trying to move birch into an unnatural environment in our landscape So where do we plant birch we take birch we take them into our landscape We put them out in the front of a lawn Generally just grown by themselves Turf up to the trunk unless you do a little bit of control on it Heavy heavy turf light shallow watering instead of instead of less frequent deep watering and They may grow for a while and and start doing very well But at some point they start to decline in the tree in the picture on the left there already has Dead stems up in the top of there probably from bronze birch for which we'll talk about The turf to the trunk of the tree is probably one of the biggest things that that end up causing a lot of damage Birch are very thin barked and so we run around them with mowers We went around them with string tremors and we eventually damaged that bark to the point that the trees really no longer to function properly So in the landscape that sets us up for a number of problems Bronze birch bore being the number one. I'm sure you've all heard of bronze birch bore We've got some lesser problems birch leaf miner, which is cosmetic but can really cause some severe defoliation in a heavy infestation and if you're here in the in the valley or some of the other places out West with high pH you get this yellow Chlorosis on the foliage. So those are all Indications that you're going to have problems with your birch If anything else we learned tonight we'll learn about bronze birch bore and why this why is this is such a problem You've all heard of emerald ash for from Asia bronze birch bore is its close cousin from North America Very closely related species emerald ash bore and ash bronze birch bore in birch So we have our own bore that's native to our our country and has been here for Millennium so our species have evolved with that the North American species that have evolved with bronze birch bore have and I Kind of group this three ways poor to fair to very good tolerance to bronze birch bore Bronze birch bore tolerance is species dependent and it's also population within species dependent and then European and most Asian Species which did not evolve with bronze birch bore are very susceptible to bronze birch bore infestation and death One of the symptoms of bronze birch bore very similar again to emerald ash bore is the D-shaped exit holes on the trunk of the trees So if you see those on there those D-shaped holes, then you know you've got bronze birch bore in there So oftentimes when I drive around you see a lot of birch Such as a birch on the left with the whole top beginning to die back and that's bronze birch bore infestation again planted in a in a lawn situation Sawed up to it We may think we're doing pretty good care for it and other trees like an elm or an ash or an oak would perform well there But but birch out in that full Sun environment with a warm root system just does not perform well Again, you see the D-shaped exit holes and then also you start seeing woodpecker damage in there The woodpeckers know that those larva are in there So they'll go in there and start tearing up those trunk stew and then eventually you've got death of that tree So how can we avoid all this? Well, the first one is to plant tolerant species and cultivars avoid the European and Asian species We all like the European cut leaf weeping birch Unfortunately, if you were to take all the birches and say which one is the most susceptible to bronze birch bore It'd be the European weeping birch Planted an optimal planting site mulched root shaded area north or northeast side of your home Avoid the real open dry full Sun planting signs on the sites on the south and southwest So if you can shade those roots during the day and keep them cool and keep them mulched You go a long ways towards improving the health of that tree Avoid damage by mowers and string trimmers Whoever's doing your lawn care Make sure that they stay away from them and try to have a mulch area around there So you totally avoid it birch have a very thin bark on it and once you damage that that that tree That area where you've removed that bark is no longer functioning for transport in there One thing avoid granular herbicides people like to spread weed and feed all over their lawn You're actually spreading two 4d granules all over in there that can leach into that root zone Avoid those type of materials around them. I would say avoid them around all trees But but birch can be very sensitive to it. Keep your pruning to a minimum You don't want to go in and prune a lot of wood out of that tree Just do some general maintenance type trimming and if you can leave those limbs lower where it shades the trunk shades the Soil around it a little bit and a good thing to remember the warmer drier and more exposed the site Bigger will decline and stress will occur. It's just pretty much a given on on birch So a little bit about Site-wise, you know, try to water deeply during dry periods I mean people like to irrigate their lawns. They do a lot of shallow Everyday irrigation for every other day. That's really not getting down in that root zone area and then getting that Water level that they need so avoid the real shallow ones Maintain a cool root run mulch if you can mulch out to the drip line is ideal Especially on birch if you can keep that mulch area wide. That's the best way you're gonna keep those in good health additional birch problems chlorosis I Just took this picture last summer actually has taken or summary for last taken pictures of Elm and What it shows here though, you can see how well that Elm is doing on a boulevard planting here in Fargo To the left of it is a birch to the right of it is a red maple those bright yellow trees are not adapted to our clay high pH soils or the pH soils further west in the state So if you don't have a site to plant a birch on don't plant a birch select a tree that's going to do well in that area Sap sucker damage if any of you have birch you've probably seen this Sap suckers or a woodpecker. They'll drill around and around that tree They'll actually drill hundreds of thousands of holes in there and at this point.  So that's one of the trees. They really go for those thin bark trees Um Basically at this point it is hard to recommend what to do for it people of hung snakes and owls and in metal pans and Tangle foot all around them and and the sap suckers Still will go to the tree the best thing I think I have heard is to take three or four bamboo stakes or some kind of wooden Wooden rods or poles and tie them around the trunk of that tree. So it Interrupts their feeding patterns excuse me So if you can interrupt that pattern of the bird going around the tree you want to do that Woodpeckers are also protected migratory birds. So you really can't do anything otherwise to get rid of what to plant what not to plant and As I said avoid European white birch and cultivars of that such as the pendula or the weeping one and the cut leaf weeping They're very very highly preferred by the bronze birch for There's purple leaf cultivars that are very attractive in the landscape and I know I see them more and more in the landscape But one thing to remember they are either that species on some of them or their hybrids with that species the European white Birch so they're also going to be very susceptible to bronze birch for the North American species that have evolved with bronze birch more have some low tolerance to very high tolerance of certain species and cultivars and Examples of some of our native species include paper birch the gray birch River birch yellow birch and sweet birch and I'll talk about a few of those here. I think we're all familiar with paper birch It's another one of the white barked birches Has some exfoliating bark on it. It's native across the whole northern tier of the US this is a birch that's native to North Dakota one of our two native birches and Paper birch and then the Western Rocky Mountain birch are also native to North Dakota But papers found in areas across North Dakota and it has some tolerance to bronze birch for Intel it's placed under very stressful growing conditions But generally birch of the birch species paper birch has more tolerance to bronze birch for than many of the other white barked birches Populations from the northern Midwest are generally those that are best suited for North Dakota conditions We don't want to take a paper birch from New England or from northern Canada and Planted here and expected to do well under our conditions. So North Dakota, Minnesota, Montana type populations are best There's a number of paper birch cultivars that we have in testing at a horticulture farm The one pictured here is Renaissance reflection does very well. It's somewhat pyramidal very nice dark green foliage bright white bark So it's kind of one of them that we tend to recommend a little bit Avalanche is another one and again very nice white bark here a middle seems to be very very susceptible to sap sucker damage, but Seems to be doing well chickadee is a very upright narrow paper birch One of the paper birch city that has gotten National I guess recognition has been widely used across the northern US is prairie dream paper birch And this is available in most nurseries in the area garden centers and this is a selection out of the NDSU woody plant program and It originated from a birch population in the Kildere Mountains of North Dakota So the Kildere Mountains well north of Dickinson you're out in a stressful environment with low humidity this tree growing in that area has adapted to those conditions is these population of birch and So dr. Dale Herman our previous head of the woody plant program grew a population of Birch from the Kildere Mountains and selected prairie dream out of that very bright white bark Attractive grown as a multi-stamped as most white barked birches are and Does does very well in our areas pretty readily available now also We'll talk a little bit about river birch river birch is probably One of the most widely used Landscaping birches in the US, but it tends to be used further east of us and further south For two reasons once it was cold hardiness within a lot of the populations and the second one is they tend to have iron Chlorosis on high pH soils. So we've got two problems that that we had to overcome there There are a number of paper birch that are around and growing I do see them some do well and some do not Again, I'm going to put a little plug in for one of our releases. This should be available in 2019 This is one called northern tribute river birch very shaggy exfoliating Whitey cream colored to salmon color bark full-sized tree and as you can see the foliage in the picture This is growing on a pH of about 8 to so it's got Tolerance to higher pH soils and again this came out of the the birch program at NDSU with dr. Herman Had found or had heard of a tree River birch tree in all places Dickinson, North Dakota, which is probably one of the most unusual places you would find a river birch Grow again a seedling population from this and selected northern tribute river birch out of there There's been three of the major Landscape ornamental nurseries Get this tree into tissue culture and they're now in their production programs and should have that available in 2019 Asian white birch For a while this was kind of touted as a replacement for a European white birch very cold hardy Well adapted to North Dakota high pH soil pH tolerance But it was found to be susceptible under stressful planting conditions so again, we go back to that proper sighting and care for them and there are several several Platyphila or Asian white birch that are available Again, one of the birch out of the NDSU program this kind of taking the birch world by storm across the country is Dakota pinnacle a very upright compact birch Does very well in the landscape 40 to 50 foot in height very nice deep green color bright white bark a very Uniform predictable shape to it and it's pretty widely available. So of the platyphila Birches Dakota pinnacle is probably now the go-to tree There's one out of Canada now out of Jeffrey's working with Bailey nurseries in Minnesota It's called Parkland Pillar and basically what this is is a it's called just a tissue culture variant out of a pop tissue culture population of the Dakota pinnacle birch one was noticed that was very Alumner-in-form instead of the broadly columbar was narrow narrowly columbar So that was selected and named as Parkland Pillar very very narrow upright birch So you're gonna have to have a have a spot where a very narrow tree will will be the tree to plant Want to talk about a little bit of other birch possibilities or our other species? Yellow birch has a huge range to the east of us I'd say comes quite a ways across Minnesota On the whole tier of northern states Generally not used as much in a landscape situation because it doesn't have the bright white bark It's got kind of a yellowish golden yellowish Exfoliating bark. This is a tree that's growing in Fargo here bright yellow full color kind of a nice Nor ornamental birch Excuse me my fruit seizes up here and then along that same line And I'll talk about some other species, but I'm gonna talk about some in our program at Absuraka We have a have had and have a birch evaluation program We have a large planning to birch number of them do well a number of them are in various stages of Decline and death. We have a high population of bronze birch for which we want All the birch out there. We wanted to be subjected to the worst of the worst So you can see some trees do very well others do not I Wanted to mention Korean birch betula castata because this is kind of has been touted a little bit is having some resistance to bronze birch for In fact some reports even says it has good resistance to bronze birch for but Korean birch does very well for us Those of you that like to grow things from seed if you can grow a tomato seed you can grow a birch seed So you can go to some of the seed companies FW Schumacher Sheffield seed they have packets of some of these bird species and and certainly give them a try It's a beautiful tree Another one along that same line, but with even more exfoliating bark is to hurry and large It's kind of a smaller tree Again, it has been said to have resistance to bronze birch for very pH adaptable Very exfoliating bark on it a really really pretty plant. So again, you know, if you come across seed of that in a packet Give it a try We have another selection out of our program to a maximum that I'm released pretty recently Generally, we think of birches trees tall trees anywhere from 20 30 40 50 foot tall. This is one called cinnamon curls. This is a betulacistata again a Korean birch and In about 30 years of age this birch is 9 foot by 9 foot. So very small fits in a very small landscape very attractive exfoliating bark We've got one nursery that now has it in tissue culture So hopefully down the road here not too long from now We'll be able to get this birch and use it in our landscape To have a very small birch in the landscape with this type of bark that's hardy here. It will be a real plus for us We just released another birch that we're getting out into the trade and it's called Tianshin birch It's from northern China Very very columnar in form very drought tolerant very pH tolerant So we hope this gets picked up by the nurseries also and we can we can get that out But so from all this there's a lot of birch species you can grow you just need to provide the suitable Conditions for them those that are adapted to your area. So thanks a lot. And if you have some questions, I'll try to answer them Okay, thank you great Okay, we got a lot of good questions here How about Just give us a ballpark. We got a healthy weeping birch Okay, so let's assume it's under a right the proper environment So how long is this birch gonna live? Is a birch a long-leath tree or short-leath tree in China? birch the kind of the Rule of thumb is if it's 40 to 50 years old, then you've done a really good job. So If you can keep it in good shape, you know, I mean and they can certainly live longer than that We know they can live longer than that but Yeah, it's if you're doing it right and just taking care of it like that. I guess I wouldn't change anything and just keep Keep going What do you think about rock? Is that a good mulch around a birch tree? um, I guess I don't have a big preference between rock and Wood mulch rock is fine with me. I know some people don't like it The biggest plus is it doesn't blow away and in our climate if you're exposed to 60 mile an hour winds Then you've got all that bark or rain washing out in your yard So I guess I haven't had any problems with it. In fact, I see birch doing very well in some small rock mulch How about the heat build up from the mulch? Yeah, I I have heard that and I I just I guess I just haven't Tested that but Okay, great um What's the best paper birch for a higher ph The best paper birch right now to go to your garden center and buy is prairie dream paper birch Is that better than a yellow birch? And they're high ph soil dependent on high ph I don't know what the ph is up to about eight or so you can grow yellow birch Above that prairie dream will grow up eight two eight three ph in your soil So why would it grow a yellow birch instead of prairie dream? Why would you yeah when I just get a dream? Well, yeah, you could The one thing is prairie dream is a white bark birch yellow birch is a yellow Coppery creamy color birch so both of them are very attractive trees. I guess I wouldn't limit myself to one One species or cultivar How about uh How far did birch bores travel? And this person doesn't know of any other birch trees at least five blocks in any direction Well, they're a flying insect If we go by emerald ash borer, which is a quarter to half a mile then I would think uh bronze birch borer would be about the same I'll find a sad birch tree well what they do Yeah, and and what I should mention here when birch declined they released Release a chemical and so the uh bronze birch borer zeros in on that chemical that's released by a declining birch Greg you like uh Understory plantings are like hostas in the mulch under the birch sure. Yeah understory plantings Um non-competitive understory plantings, especially hostile with large leaves to shade the soil would would be good You know you mentioned starting some of these uh exotic birches from seed so like Come on man. What kind of time frame are we talking about to get to a four foot tree? Like is that for my grandchildren or what? No, no, okay, let's go. Do you want me to talk about seed a little bit seed birch birch seed How many years okay birch seed is really easy to uh to collect Treat and germinate if you want to grow up your own tree Grab those uh female capcans in the fall and the seeds are Shattering put them in a baggie mix them with some damp damp potting soil damp peat moss throw them in your refrigerator keep it down bring them out in the spring Put them in a flat cover lightly Put something over the top just uh just to maintain moisture but let light through They'll germinate in a week to 14 days You can just prick them out of there like you would any vegetable plant They should grow anywhere from one to two foot the first year Two there should be anywhere two to four foot by the second year birch grow very rapidly very very rapidly really Four foot tree in two years in two years my goodness Um Can you get seeds of the cinnamon curls birch tree or is that just the tissue culture? cinnamon curls No, at this point Um, you can't that is a variety of castata and i'm assuming they want the small version But castata bet you look castata seed is readily available from seed dealers Can is aspen a good substitute for a birch tree? I think aspen is actually a worse substitute for a birch tree. They tend to sucker There are uh subject to a lot of canker diseases Uh and decline they're attractive in the landscape for a while, but uh If you do not maintain them and keep those suckers mowed down you'll have a grove taken over your yard What are we got here, okay, the bronze birch bore if you mentioned as a major threat What if you think your birch tree has bronze birch bore What do you do about it get somebody out there to confirm that if you have a local Garden center person certified arborist make sure that that's what you have and then what What control they would uh offer for that i'm not into chemical control on trees I like the plant trees that we're not going to need that on But there are some chemicals systemic chemicals that birch can be treated with if the infestation is light If it's a heavy infestation Do your cut at ground level and rid yourself of the problem, but light infestation There are some systemic insecticides. So we'll see the damage starting from the top of the tree Because the vascular system has been destroyed by the bore Right in that area so the top of the tree gets the last drink of water. So yeah, you'll see the symptoms there And I was taught that if you see more than one third of the tree died back Then it's hard to say the tree because the vascular system has been so much destroyed And there are insecticide systemic insecticides in matacloprid Bear advanced tree and shrug insect control is the magic cure for that Does clump birch do well in eastern north dakota? Yeah clump birch clump birch really is Birch in a clump of whatever species it may be but yeah birch do well Pretty much statewide depending on the proper species in the proper site. Yep Now you said that northern tribute river birch does not show chorosis Even at 8.2 pH correct because I soil sample right underneath that. Yes That's a breakthrough for river birch. Yeah totally. That's a that's a that's a breakthrough. Yep, because that's an amazing When when northern tribute does come out. It's a it's a pretty special tree And also the one thing about river birch is they are almost totally immune to bronze birch for they do not produce the chemical Under stress that attracts birch for so If you want a tree that it will not get bronze birch for the river birch are one of those That could take that can take the heat. That's why the river birch is so special Right take the heat doesn't get the bore, but you can't take a high pH of your northern tribute. It's an amazing Advancement so fingers crossed 2019 will start seeing it's going to be available. Hopefully. Yeah, look forward to Well, so any other questions out there? Um Here's a question if birch are closed together in a clump Will the trunks tend to girdle themselves on the inside of the clump? Not necessarily not unless there's a lot of movement in there And birch naturally grow as a clump anyway, so I I guess I would say no I have not seen that personally Okay, what's the a I buy a prairie dream birch from a local garden center How many years until it reaches about 30 feet tall? Under Yeah, I would say 12 14 years Okay under good conditions they grow they can grow two to three foot a year sometimes under very good conditions Okay, that's you know, you mentioned about herbicides How uh you shouldn't put granular herbicides Under the root system of a birch tree Well, how far does the root system of a birch tree go? That's that's yeah, that's your whole yard. Yeah, that's all your whole front yard I know some people like them. So but I'm just saying keep away from them. So that's right A day in the line is okay. Think of your birch tree limit your application right out once a year maybe in fall Okay, any more last questions here? Okay, that's great. Thank you. I'll see any


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Put your effort on film, y'all. Everyone take care of yourselves. Hey, make it to the three. One, two, three. Playback! He left it, too. I was watching that. That's Kern right there. Hey, catch that! Yeah, that's what I'm saying. That's a pre-release. Yeah. Hey, I'm mic'd up. You know who it is? Where is he? Point him out. Is that him over there? By the way, I'm mic'd up. Yeah. Oh, yeah, yeah. You know what time it is? What up, baby? Let's do it, man. Hey, man. Let it loose. Let it loose. Really? By the way, I'm mic'd up. Hey, gentlemen, welcome to Night's Game. Here we go. Great game. That's how I'm mic'd up.  He's going to hit something. He'll hurt somebody. What's happening? It'll be easy. I'm on Richie. We trained you well, man. Get made there, too. Spit, Ralph. What'd I tell you? First down. Man, try to stay throttle now. I'm trying to get up field so fast so you can get that edge. I'm shot, though. I thought he was cutting me off. Did it feel like he was cutting you off? Yeah. OK, all right. All right, right there. Do I just go ahead and sit that down? Press. Strike. There it is. That's out the gate. We got to get him. We got to get him. I'm cutting it off you. Damn, there was action, too. Hang on, man. They put a fresh pair of gunners in. I knew they rotate every pair of gunners. He's matching me. He followed me. Hang on.


So Team Keep It Clean, thank you so much for 70,000 subscribers. I appreciate y'all just spreading the love and spreading that positivity on the channel and to other people because that helped it grow. Now, let's see how fast we can get to 71,000 subscribers. Now, before we get into this video, special shout out to my guy Herb, who sent this Raven shirt all the way from Hawaii. This thing is fire, man. I really love this. I appreciate you. Now, to get into this special episode of Questions From Subscribers, this bi-week edition of Questions From Subscribers, the first question came from my guy Nick Brick, who's a Team Keep It Clean patron, man. I ain't heard from you in a minute. I haven't heard from you in a long time, but hey, I'm glad to hear from you. I'm looking forward to this question and we're starting off with a banger. He said, ain't Raven man? We haven't talked in a minute, but you're going crazy these days and I love watching it. I mean, we've been crazy. This is something that ain't right up here and it ain't been right up there for a long time. But anyway, he said, congrats on baby number two. Wishing you all the best. Hey, I appreciate that. He said real quick on my question, I know Ronnie Stanley has been injured, but could part of the struggle be that he's just not a fit for the new scheme? Is it possible that he's never really been that consistent of a past blocker and now he's being exposed with increased past reps? Oh my goodness. Wow. Initially, when I first read it and read it, it's like, hmm, what's he get? But then when you say it out loud, it's like, hold up. I never thought about that like that before. And that is a real possibility because he has been hurt. He has been dealing with injuries and whatnot. So that could be it. But at the same time, when you think about it, like my guy, Nick Brick is putting it. Well, he's asking the real question about Ronnie Stanley. And that's something that is scary to think about. Just just that even being a possibility. Now, y'all that watched him at Notre Dame will know a lot more than I would. And those of y'all who are real film X and O's experts and whatnot. But again, I've said it a couple of days ago, like to see that Ronnie Stanley is struggling. You ain't even got to be no X and O's expert. You ain't got to be no super film guy, nothing like that. Like you can see it. You can see it. Us casuals, we could see it that Ronnie Stanley, he's struggling big time. And we've talked about this throughout the season. There have been these moments, like especially these clutch moments. And Lamar, people say, oh, Ben Lamar fumble, he fumble, he fumble. Yeah, the fumbles, they go on him. But not all of them are Lamar Jackson's fault. And we've seen plenty of time where Ronnie Stanley, a lot of him get pushed right back into like that was one play. Oh, I forgot what game it was. But there's a Ronnie Stanley being pushed back all year. But there was one play where I thought like when I saw the highlight of the play, initially I thought, I'm like, man, what's Lamar doing? He just playing around because he had he was throwing a pass. I think it was a touchdown pass that he threw. I want to say to Mark Andrews, I think. But anyway, he threw a touchdown pass. It was in the red zone. He threw the pass. But when he threw the pass, he like kicked his left leg up. And I'm like, what does he do? Why would he kick his leg up like that? I'm like, man, he just do play too much. Lamar Jackson be playing too much. But then after watching that same highlight over and over and over and over and over again, and somebody had pointed it out because I had put it on Twitter, but somebody pointed it out. They were like, the reason that he kicked his leg up like that, he wasn't playing. He was trying to avoid Ronnie Stanley running into it or getting pushed back into it. Because Ronnie Stanley on that play, he was getting pushed back and he went right to Lamar's leg. So Lamar, while he's throwing the ball, it was accurate pass to why he's throwing the ball. He throws up and he kicks his left leg up at the same time. I'm like, man, I don't know how he did that. He is Houdini. That was one of them plays like that was just something crazy. But yeah, man, I don't know what it is with Ronnie Stanley. It just it's been bad, man. And things things have just ever since that injury, man, things have never been the same. But you do make a really good point. And that is a really, really good question. Because, yeah, Raven scheme has definitely changed. I know a lot of people said this same thing about Orlando Brown Jr. They were like, oh, when he goes to the Chiefs, they're going to be passing more. So he ain't that good. But at the same time, like, I know how Raven's fans are. Really fans of any team. They do that like when a player goes to another team, especially the way that he went to another team. Like he I'm a left tackle and all that stuff. And the fact that there was that animosity, a bit of animosity between him and Raven, the fact that when when he came out with that that that not that letter, but it was an article where he talked about it.   I will never have a problem with a player getting their money. He gave all these different reasons for why he felt like he was a left tackle want to be left tackle. He said he wanted to honor his father. OK, I respect that. But I really think it was about him trying to get his money because left tackles get paid more than right tackles do. Right tackles still make a good amount of money. But left tackles, they get paid more because that's traditionally protecting a quarterback's blindside unless the quarterback left handed. But anyway, but a lot of Raven's fans are like, oh, man, he's going to get exposed. He ain't really no left tackle like that because it's going to be a different scheme is going to be more passing because they always talk about how a run heavy scheme and Raven still are run heavy scheme. But they have implemented a lot more passing. But they always talk about how run heavy scheme is a an offensive lineman's dream. Because you just downfield blocking. I said just downfield blocking.  Go find somebody, lay them out. But past blocking, you got to wait. You got to wait. They come into you. They rushing to you. They doing their stunts and whatnot. They trying to do their bull rush. They trying to do their swim. They trying to do all that stuff to get past you. And you got to be that protection for your quarterback. This year, Ronnie Stanley has struggled a lot of times to be Lamar Jackson's protector. John Hubbaugh even talked about how Ronnie Stanley is hurt. He said he's been dealing with knee and ankle issues.  They haven't played since that's David a job. So the fact that Ronnie Stanley is still playing that's amazing because Ronnie Stanley has missed a significant amount of time over the years. So the fact that he's still out there. Hey, shout out to him. But that's just something to monitor moving forward. That is just an amazing question. I hope it's not right, but it is something to consider. He said my follow up to that is if both tackles continue to play likes they did on Sunday against the Chargers could McCarrey take someone's job. He's had his own share of struggles, but nothing like Ronnie Stanley this season. That's another really good man. What you got to start off so fire like this. Well, man, like we didn't even get to know that the second third question tonight. You starting off like this. Calm down, Nick relax. But anyway, um, that's I mean, that's what he's there for. Pat McCarrey is the ultimate stay ready. So you ain't got to get ready player because he can literally play all five positions on the offensive line. He has played all five positions on the offensive line. All of them. Um, and he's an excellent feeling and he's somebody that can start and has started has plenty of starting experience due to injuries. But again, that's what you're the six man for. That's what the six man come off in the bench coming coming off the bench in basketball too.  So you got to get ready. So that is a real possibility to Pat McCarrey coming but can he take somebody's job? I don't see Ravens bench in Ronnie Stanley. Um, I don't see them. The only the only way I see Pat McCarrey starting over Ronnie Stanley would just be if they Ronnie Stanley end up getting hurt and they put them on IR or getting hurt even more and they put them on IR or something like that. I don't see them having Ronnie Stanley on the bench. I just don't see that Morgan Moses. I mean, that's a really tough question. It's like, man, he got me stumped man. Um, it would just had to be all out kinds of bad man for them to do that. Like, I mean, it has been good, but it would it would just have to be like tragic to where like they just getting dog all day every day. I know they're going to be somebody said, well, hey, they do get all day every day. But um, so now I'm gonna say they keep Pat McCarrey on a bench for now. Um, I don't foresee him taking one of their spots, especially Ronnie Stanley though. And he said from my view, the Ronnie situation is really really bad. He was getting beat so bad that the Chippers couldn't even get a piece of the Russia. Oh my goodness. That's tough, man. And yeah, they think about this too. How crazy that game was how just tough that game was against the charges and they didn't even have Joey Bosa.


My name is Pedro and I have been working for Gameloft in BlueMobile, but now I'm working in Black River Studio with Cydia, Cydia Studio, and Cydia is a Samsung Institute. So Black River is a gaming company created by Samsung, and okay, let's skip it. Very quickly, it's very dark, but it's some picks from the games we did. Most of them were made for Samsung VR. This one is Angust. You are lost with a robot in a spaceship, something like that. And this one is Dead Bar Falls. I did that box, by the way, you can see. Okay. Just very quickly, do you guys see the games we made? This one is Ashura in VR as well. Rococo is an investigative game.  It's very interesting. Jake and Tess, it's a game about photographic monsters. It's for kids. Maybe our most beautiful game, I don't know, because of the colors. So hard surface techniques for fast concept and prototype. Why we are discussing this? Because there is some in Black River Studio, sometimes to convince a game designer or art director, we have to build a fast hard surface. Let's forget that box cutter and hard ops is real, okay, because it's very hard to convince a big company like Samsung to work with other softwares. I'm there more than two years and it was very hard to convince them to work with Blender, but I want this barrel and now we are using it. So we are discussing it because hard surface is in many scenarios, fantasy sci-fi, cartoon, or at least whatever you are doing, you have some hard surface to build. And I'm still, especially there, I see lots of artists are still struggling to do hard surface fast. And as I said, as I wanted to say before, happy prototype is a daily necessity because game designers don't know how 3D works and they had the idea, but they know how to do, so we have to do fast. Sometimes we have less than one day to build something, so they start testing Unity or Unreal Engine. And because Blender has the tools for that. And then I have selected four techniques that I used a lot there. You may think that they are, how we say, they are basic, but they are very useful. The first one I think is the most common technique, is Boolean plus a topo, which means, let's say, I want to build this torso from K2SO, which were done entirely in Blender to convince my boss, by the way. So the technique I used for this part was to build a basic modeling. Oh, I have a mouse here. So I did this basic modeling and I created these geos for difference, for subtract. Then I have the form, the shape I wanted. And before that, you do the retopology, which if I can say it's a pain in the ass, you have to have a lot of patience to do that. In case you guys don't know what retopology means, I did this quick gif, just to show the process. The process of retopology, who doesn't know, is to rebuild, redesign the topology of the mesh. But the good thing here is that in this technique, you already have the form, which is the worst part to do. So using this technique, you achieve the form, then you redesign the topology after. It's a good technique. I like it a lot. It's not the best for fasting prototype, but the result is very nice. A lot of parts of this robot were made using this technique. I don't know why the JPEG is so bad here. Okay, just a cycles handler. I did this handler to show my boss, because he's a, I don't know if I'm saying correct, but he's a Maya alienist. He likes Maya a lot. So it's a WIP project I'm doing for another presentation. I'm a regifer of Daft Punk. Then the helmets were made using this technique, bullings in retopology. So let's talk about pros and cons because it's important. Bulling tools affect the way to achieve complex form, which is the best part for fit. And Bulling modifier, I think it's not correct, the word there, but the body modifier allows to control every operation step, keeping it alive, which means, let's go back here quickly. It's a little bit slow. Let's wait. I think I want to show you an image, but the computer, okay, no, okay, which means this green, green geo, this green geometry, this yellow geometry, the blue geometry that make that the form happens can be in separated modifiers, which lets you to have a lot of controls of what's happening, because you can change the geometry, you can change the position of the geometry, then you can update this form, and then you can apply and do the retopology. The cons of this technique is that bullying results in bad mesh. So we should avoid low mesh to get a better result. And the cons, yes, of course, is because you need the retopology step. Which is a pain for many artists, because of our technician. Okay, that's the second technique, I use it a lot as well, because it looks like the first one, but it's different, because you can skip the second step that was retopology. You can skip directly for Bevel node, which means the process is like the same, but you do the basic modeling, you create the geo's imagining the result you want, but in the end, you don't need to do retopology. Some artists think they can use Bevel modifier to do their jobs, but they don't, but it won't work because the topology is so messed up. Oh, the topology you can see here, so messed up that Bevel came to work. So I found this way, use Bevel node, you can see here the messy topology, but in the end, you have a good result. And the secret is to use, okay, maybe you can see, but you can use Bevel node in the plug-in normal. This is a principled shader here, and I have a gift for you. Okay, here you can see the crap mesh, I don't know if I can say that word, but the mess, mess, mess. But here you have the node, you just plug into normal, always use 16, 16 samples, I mean. Then you can see the result is stently. It's a great result. Even if you can see that part, I'll go back one slide to show you, if the computer will allow me. Wait, wait a minute. Okay, it's here. You can see here is two pieces. This is one piece, this is another piece. They are not welded, they just two pieces combined, but they better not do the job. You can see he does the weld very well. If you work with mesh, with resolution enough, you have a good result. Let's see it again. You may think it's not necessary, but when you work with game design, I don't know if there is a game design here, but in Brazil, many of game design, they don't know how 3D apps works. They don't understand, they need to see exactly what you are doing, exactly what we are saying. So prototype is almost very close to the final mesh. You know what I mean? Okay, this is a very example. Energy drink addicted. Okay, so I did this refrigerator, it's a refrigerator concept for Red Bull. Then what you are seeing here is just a mesh with a lot of Boolean operation, a lot of cuts here, no bevel, no finish here. Then the result is just bevel. I made a close-up for you because you can see the bevel result is amazing. I just plug it into the normal and mix it with roughness maps and shaders, but that the mesh is only this. There is no bevel finish here in modeling. This result is just in-hander using the bevel node. We use it a lot there. Again, I would say you may think this, oh let's go back here. You may think this basic, but when you have to present an idea and there is a lot of studios doing the same and you want to do the best presentation and you don't want to present, let's go back just, you don't want to present something like this and say, hey, I was thinking something like that. No, you want to present something very close to the finish, very close to the real idea you want to present. Okay, let's talk quickly about the pros, fast and nice result for concepts, concept and prototype, great for-hander results. You can jump direct to blender nodes, oh, I was saying Portuguese, Oseja. Without wasting time in your topo, you can mix multiple nodes to have many bevel levels, which means you can have a different thickness of bevel just mixing the bevel nodes. You can apply many bevel nodes just mixing them in different parts of your mesh. What I mean is, do I have a mouse here? Sometimes I have, which means I can bevel one type of bevel here and another one for the gray area. It's up to you. I really love this technique. Okay, the concept is that work only handle because now everybody wants to use Eevee. I like, I love Eevee, but I think I'm more cycles guy because the GI and the shadow results. Okay, great results, only high quality booleans, the same as before, avoid low has mesh less previews to do the boolean operations. Okay, the third one is interesting to me because I like a lot of mechanical modeling and I used to use a software called Sparks Mechanical, but they became very, how we say, expensive and I had to create some some, some technique to use to build mechanical modeling brand. I put these two images because not everybody knows what mechanical modeling means, so it's this. Okay, you may think it's ugly, but we like to do that. Okay, in case you guys don't know what a screen wrap is because this technique is about a screen wrap modifier. I did this image just to show that screen wrap, what screen wrap does is he takes a mesh and wrap in another mesh, so I have three, three examples here, sorry. And I have a sphere, a cylinder in a cube just to see that the mesh conforms to that shape. So how we use that, use it.  When you see it, you may think it's a single mesh, but it's not, but the handle you see, you can see, you can see here looks like welded piece, but it's a different mesh. I will show you another image. Just so quickly how it works, but before that I will show that. Okay, you can see it's a different mesh with different topologies. Okay, you can see a Z-fight problem. Do you guys know what Z-fight is? Okay, Z-fight, you can see the guys are fighting here, but in the handle, you see the result. And it's the same in YIV, if you want to use this technique, just be patient a little. They told me the computer was a little bit slow, but it's a GIF. Let's just wait one second. Let's try again. There is no tequila for this moment. Okay. And I took three. Okay, let's try again. Okay. It's just showing the process I used. I have a piece and I want to conform it. Let's say I wanted to be coming out for this curved form. So I was a skin wrap and I changed to project here and I fixed it just one X to avoid deformations. Then you can see, you can see. When I'm happy, I just apply it. Let's put some bevel here. I could use the bevel modifier, but I want to put some smooth groups here. You can see Z-fight is happening here. Then I'm going to clone the same material. And now that's the handle. Sometimes in viewport, you see some lines because I don't know if viewport is accrued, but in the end, the result is perfect. Why am I showing you guys this? Because when you started doing hard surface, I did this. I can talk for me. You can do everything in a single mesh.  But here you can see it's a lot of different mesh with different topologies, different resolution. When you take a look at the viewport preview, say Jesus Christ, it's not happening, it's not working.  And to validate that technique, I used the academy modeling. I did the same thing. And I studied the way the academy modeling does, how we say it. It's like that. He's projected the form and then he starts to extrude. So let's see cool stuff because I know this is boring. Okay. This is just to show if you think texture will be a problem because we have a lot of meshes here. After struggling a little, I discovered this technique that you can use. In texture coordinates, you can select just one object. Then you can use procedural texturing to do whatever you want. We all know how powerful procedural texturing is. I will show you a good example of that. So cool stuff here. I emailed this guy, Hope Bert from Ubisoft, but he didn't answer me at the time. So to validate the technique, I decided to do this robot. I like it a lot when I saw it on our station. Then decided to build it using these techniques. Okay. Nothing unusual here. So I think it's going to cry right now. I mean, the computer. I did an EV render showing the turning table using procedural texturing. Let's wait a little. I wait for a few more seconds, but I have some images if the gif doesn't work. I think I must skip this to show. Okay. Thank you, God. So this is an EV render very quickly to show the procedural texturing. Maybe as fast as you can see the dirt and the other stuff, but I'll show a close up image. Let's see the images. Okay. It's a cycle render using a HDR map. I took two weeks to do that robot. You can see in that part the, okay. You can see that part I used a lot the projection, the projection technique, especially in curved surface, like this one, when you have two curved surfaces different and I have a piece coming out here. Even for, I would say, depression, holes, you can use the technique, you can use the, you can build the CAT word, then you wrap, you do the boolean, then after that you can use the bevel node, you can use the bevel manually, but you can see the result works just fine. I used both procedural and procedural texturing and normal texturing for roughness. Okay.  You see a lot of, a lot of different mesh topologies. I used to, I used to triangulate, sorry, the mesh because you use unit and unit works best with triangles, more than normal polygons. Okay. The pros, the pros and cons here, it works both EV and cycles, no retopology work, which is a best. Great for mechanical modeling. The cons is bad for animation if you want to animate mesh deformation because the topology is a mess. And as the other ones need high quality mesh for best projection results. Okay. The last one is we call, you call their panels. I don't know how you guys call this, but which, what is panels? Where is my mouse? Okay. Okay. Panel is that crazy, crazy thing that happened that make you think there are two pieces assembled, but you can do that in one piece. You see it a lot in sci-fi stuff. Let's see how it works. I'll be quickly. Let's wait the computer to process the GIF. This one is very useful. Do you guys want to make me some question? That's the time because computer is thinking. I don't delete it because this is rapid. So I don't delete it because in the random won't appear and they need the mesh, they need the mesh completely. I tried this before to delete, but they create a line, a strange line. I don't know if it's an ambient occlusion line, but if you leave the mesh, you won't have a problem. Let's try again. Yes. I learned this technique. I did a course in CGMEA from a guy from Electronic Arts that made a lot of Star Wars weapons, but he taught me that in 3ds max. Then I find a way to work in Blender. You can see instantly we see a crazy result. I will explain how it works, but you can see you have a solid file in a bevel modifier here already in the mesh. I'm going to do a circle shape. I always like to test in cycles. I know you are in, how you say, an EV era, but I'm a circle guy. You can see the result is amazing. The secret here is when you create the edge loop, I have to mention that because I almost forgot, you have to split this edge loop. When you split the edge loop, you create one vertex over another. Then the solid file bevel starts to work. You can see I create the edge and then split. Just press V, enter. As I said before, I'm always testing cycles because sometimes the issues only appear in the handler. Let's see a more irregular form. So, as I mentioned, solid file, sometimes thickness in a negative value, but always in a little value. Bevel always in angle, always in angle. No need to create a sharp edge or that kind of stuff. For me, it's enough to convince the guys that you need panels more. Another example where I could use it in the K2SO. So, when you are modeling, you can think in the topology and think, okay, I need a panel here, so I'll leave edge loop exactly here so you won't be a problem. And you have controls because if you use the modifier, you can control everything. So, some handlers see the result. I'm called the crazy render guy you guys can see. It's a real-time render. So, the pros and cons. Pros work for both event cycles and great for fast results because you just put the modifiers, you just start creating and splitting the edges you want. The cons, I couldn't find one, which is nice. Then is it. I showed you guys four hard surface techniques which came, you can think, oh, it's so basic, but I use it every day. Every day to make the guys to validate, I would say, assets for games is what I do a lot nowadays. And thank you very much. If you guys have, thank you very much. Thank you very much.


The modern periodic table you would have seen this somewhere in your textbook See, this is a table where we arrange elements in the increasing order of their atomic numbers for example 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 and so on and so forth and also over here We group the elements based on their similar chemical properties all the elements in one group or basically one column They will have similar chemical properties same for this one and so on and so forth But it took us some years of effort and trials to arrive at this current periodic table For example our earlier periodic table the Mendeleev periodic table was based on elements being arranged in the increasing order of their atomic mass See, this is mass of hydrogen. This is mass of lithium and not the atomic number So let's see in this video how we decided why we decided to use atomic number and not atomic mass And how did that help us solve the earlier problems? So the earlier scientists including Mendeleev they had no clue about electrons, protons or atomic number So they could not have arranged the elements based on atomic number They only knew about atomic mass and that's what they did They arranged the elements based on increasing order of the atomic mass and they saw that after a period The properties of the elements were repeating Then again after chlorine the properties of the elements started to repeat Potassium had same properties as sodium, lithium, calcium had same properties as magnesium and beryllium and so on and so forth In fact, they were so surprised and overwhelmed that Mendeleev even gave a law based on this Mendeleev said that the chemical properties of elements are periodic function of atomic mass Now see at this point in time Mendeleev has no clue about how is the chemical property of an element or an atom? Related to its atomic mass, like think about this How is the atomic mass deciding the chemical property? He had no idea and because of this He could not answer some of the limitations or challenges that appeared for example There were certain elements that could not fit the periodic table in the order of their atomic mass such as cobalt and nickel See cobalt's atomic mass is 58.9, which is heavier than nickel, which is 58.6 So technically speaking cobalt should come here and nickel should come here, nickel should be placed before cobalt But actually cobalt was placed before because cobalt's chemical properties were similar to the elements below it in this particular group See, I haven't drawn the periodic table completely because I was running out of space But there will be some elements over here below cobalt also So cobalt's chemical properties were similar to the elements of this group And that's why cobalt was placed before nickel even though it was heavier and mandlive could not explain this And also about isotopes see isotopes are atoms of the same element meaning they have same chemical properties But they have different atomic masses such as carbon 12 atom and carbon 14 atom Both are carbon only both have same chemical properties But different masses so should we should they be placed separately or in the same place? And there were some other limitations also So only if mandlive knew how the chemical properties of atoms or elements are being decided he would have been able to answer this But this answer comes after certain years So the year is 1913 and by now we know about electron protons and atomic number And our physicist our brilliant physicist Henry mostly he does an experiment to prove that The atomic number is a fundamental property of an atom not the atomic mass Now i'm not going to show you his experiment, but i'll explain you his inference See this basically means that the chemical properties of an atom They depend on the atomic number of the atom not the atomic mass And now this is well understood See by chemical property Basically i mean how the atom is going to react in a chemical reaction right And by now we know that in a chemical reaction atoms just exchange electrons That's all that happens in a chemical reaction different atoms come together and exchange some electrons gain lose or share electrons And so the number of electrons that they gain or lose or share that depends on the total number of electrons So we can say that in a sense the chemical properties of the atom They are dependent on the number of electrons in the atom They're dependent on that And we now know that in a neutral atom the number of electrons Is equal to the number of protons and the number of proton is also called as the atomic number The atomic number So now you see how the chemical properties are dependent on the atomic number And they have nothing to do with atomic mass see atomic mass Let me write it down atomic mass This is basically a number of protons plus number of neutrons. Okay That's it And this has no relationship with Number of electrons Basically, there is no direct relationship between number of electrons and the sum So you can see that how atomic mass is not dependent on or how atomic mass does not decide the chemical properties of an atom Now based on this finding mostly suggesting to change the periodic law he suggests that The chemical properties of elements are periodic function of not atomic mass but atomic number And based on this he's suggesting to go back and change the periodic table also And that's what we did We replace the atomic mass from the periodic table and we arrange the elements based on their atomic numbers increasing order of their atomic number And that's how we got our modern periodic table And yes, this table was able to solve almost all of the limitations of our old periodic table Finally the position of cobalt and nickel was settled See cobalt has a higher atomic mass So according to the old periodic law, it should come after nickel But cobalt was showing chemical properties similar to the elements of this group So it should be in this group, right? Now if you arrange cobalt and nickel based on their atomic numbers You will see that cobalt has a lesser atomic number And therefore it should come before nickel in this rightful group where its chemical properties are aligned So that got settled Next thing was the position of isotopes. See isotopes are basically atoms of the same element But they have different atomic masses For example, one atom of carbon has 12 units of mass and the other atom of carbon has 14 units of mass So if you arrange the atoms according to the old periodic law, you will place them in separate positions because they have different atomic masses, right? But technically speaking, they are both carbon atoms. They have the same chemical properties and therefore they should be placed in the same place So what do we do about that? Well, now that since we are arranging elements based on atomic number, we don't have to worry about this Because both the atoms have the same atomic number even though they have different atomic masses So therefore both will occupy the same place So this is how the modern periodic table solved few of the limitations of the old periodic table There is one limitation that is still pending and is still not solved by the modern periodic table Which is the position of hydrogen See even in the old periodic table, we were not sure where to place hydrogen Because hydrogen shows some chemical properties that are similar to group one element And some chemical properties that are similar to group 17 elements But yet it is different than both of these group elements, okay? So we still don't know where to place it even with the new periodic law. We don't have a definitive answer for this Some people do place it in the group one along with the group one elements because hydrogen has one valence electron Just like the elements of group number one Now let's summarize the video in this video. We spoke about the modern periodic law I hope you remember what it was and who gave it men leave or mostly And how it solves the limitations of the old periodic table And I also hope that you understood the explanation of how chemical properties are related to the atomic number


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