And I'm really pleased to be with you all here tonight. My name is Sally Stockwell, as Nancy said, Director of Conservation at Maine Audubon. I'm a wildlife ecologist by training. And tonight I'm going to talk with you about snowbirds. You have to figure out how to, there we go. So my mom is a snowbird. Some of you may be snowbirds. Some of you may know other people who are snowbirds. Every winter, my mom flies from Saint Paul, Minnesota where she lives down to Fountain Hills in Arizona, outside Phoenix, where she can enjoy the sunshine and the warm weather and fresh fruits and vegetables and have, I get to go visit her and will along with my daughter and other canine friends. And it's a really wonderful respite from the cold snowy winters. So you get these beautiful scenes of desert, flora and fauna and all kinds of wonderful birds that show up there in other wildlife that we don't see here in Maine at all. And yet, when we think of snowbird, you know, a lot of people here in Maine go down to Florida for the winter or other places. But we have a lot of birds who are snowbirds as well. And that's what I'm really going to focus on here tonight. This is kind of a follow-up to an article that I wrote for our Maine Audubon Magazine Habitat last winter called Snowbirds. And I'm gonna just run through some of the things that I talked about in that program, in that article, but also elaborate on a few other things. So first of all, I'm going to take us on a visit to forests. We have many different forests here in Maine. 95% of the state is forested and our forest birds really depend on Maine for their long-term survival. As you can see on the map on the right-hand side here that was put together by National Audubon a number of years ago, Maine has the largest block of intact forest left in the Eastern U.S. And that big green blob just jumps right out. And as a result of that, we are home to 90 different forest birds that breed here in the state. And you'll see on the left there photos of 20 different species we've identified as being representative of different species that use different kinds of habitats and different types of forests within the state. So I'm gonna run through a little bit of those for starters. We know that each one of these different species uses a different type of forest, whether it's a coniferous or Northern softwood forest, a mixed woods forest, or a deciduous or Northern hardwood forest. We also have oak pine forest here in Maine, four Maine forest types. And each one of these species, you can see some of them prefer softwoods, some of them like mixed woods, some of them like more hardwoods or deciduous trees. And then you have species that like to sit right in the top of the trees like blackburnian warblers or scarlet tannagers. You have others that like to be right down on the forest floor like Canada warblers or American woodcock. And then you have some species that like these gap openings in the forest like Eastern wood pewees or young forests that grows up in those gaps like chestnut sided warblers. And then those species that really depend on dead standing wood like yellow bellied sap suckers or Northern flickers. So this just gives you an idea of all the different, how different species are spread apart in the forest. And on the right hand side, you'll see a little map of how different species have different migratory pathways. And I'm gonna elaborate on that a little bit as we go through the evening. So we know from a study that came out in 2019 that many of our birds across all kinds of different habitat types have seen remarkable declines in the last 40 to 50 years. Our Eastern forest birds have experienced about a, oh, I can't see what's at the top there. 17% decline, our Arctic tundra birds, 23% decline. Our boreal forest birds, 33% decline. Shorebirds and grassland birds even bigger declines. And this is based on national breeding bird survey data plus a host of other long-term data sets. So it means that these birds are really struggling and anything we can do here in Maine to help them is gonna be really great. And we have a big opportunity to do that. So here are some of our boreal bird species. You can see black pole warblers, big-nails thrushes, boreal chickadees. These are species that, generally speaking, are only found in a boreal forest of Northern Maine and the Canadian provinces. And so there are people that come to Maine from all over the country to see these boreal birds. And they love to go hunting for big-nails thrush or black pole warblers. Last year I was at the Rainsley Lakes Brewing Festival and I went on a day trip to in search of black pole warblers and big-nails thrush up on Saddleback Mountain. And we got to the top of the mountain. We hadn't seen any big-nails thrush. We kept going to the horn, which is quite a hike if any of you have been up there. And on the way back, I thought, well, we had a wonderful hike, but we're probably not gonna see big-nails, but I was stopped for a little rest and I listened and all of a sudden I was like, oh my gosh, I think that might be the big-nails. And I looked over there and there was this big-nails perched right on the top of a stunted spruce tree, which is exactly where they like to breed. And I got a really excellent view of thrush. So I was pretty excited about that. Rusty blackbirds are one of those birds that have seen almost a 90% decline in the last 10 or more years. And so I have some colleagues that are doing rusty blackbird research up in Northwestern Maine, on the border with New Hampshire in the Ranger Lakes area. And they have been able to put these new little nanotags on these rusty blackbirds and track their movement. What they're finding is that these rusty blackbirds, they like to nest in wetlands in the middle of the forest. So they have been moving from up on the border New Hampshire, Maine, all the way down along the Eastern Seaboard and were able to track individual movements and how those individuals differ over time. And then here's an array of species that like our Northern softwood forests. One of my favorite is the Bay breasted warbler. Bay breasted are really tied to the cycles of the... I can't think of the word right now. But anyway, the cycles of a certain caterpillar. And when those caterpillars are abundant, then the Bay breasted warblers and other of our warblers respond in kind and their population levels explode. And I saw this a couple of years ago up in Quebec when that was happening. So most of these birds are migratory. Our blackbacked woodpeckers stay all year round but the rest and our boreal chickadees, but the others are migratory. And one of the most amazing migratory stories that I know of our forest birds is with the blackpool warbler. Blackpool warblers, you can see over here, they actually, they breed here in Maine and then across the Northern tier of the continent. But in the fall, they all come to Maine and the Maritimes and literally jump off the coast and fly nonstop. 88 hours, 1,800 miles down to Central South America, East of the Andes and Brazil and areas like that. And then in the spring, they follow two different pathways back up, either the Midwest flyway or the Atlantic flyway. But think about that, this tiny little bird has to double its weight in order to make that trip every year. And then here's a number of birds that we often see in our Northern mixed woods. If you've never seen a blackburning warbler, I have to say when they're perched up on the top of the tree and the sun is shining on them, that orange breast just about knocks your socks off. It is so brilliant and so wonderful. And then we've got black-throated blue warblers that love to nest in hobble bush down on the forest floor. So all these species are using different habitat features in the woods and Canada warblers that nest right down on the forest floor are one of our species that has seen very dramatic declines. And what you can see here is that they breed in the Northern areas, Maine and North. They migrate across the Eastern US down through Mexico and then they spend the winter all the way down here in the Northwestern part of South America. And oftentimes, excuse me, when these birds go to their wintering areas, they're actually found in somewhat different habitats and we tend to think of them as breeding here in Maine. Our Northern hardwood priority species, we've got species like the Eastern woodpeaweed, the yellow-billed sapsucker, veeries, chestnut-sided warblers. And our veery is another species that they love to nest on the ground. They've got that wonderful waterfall song that goes veer, veer, veer, veer, veer, veer. And again, they nest pretty far north. They migrate through the, across the Eastern US down through Mexico, the Central America and into South America all the way into the middle part of the continent. Our, excuse me, our oak pine birds include favorites like the woodthrush or the ovenbird. Ovenbird, probably many of you have heard when you're out in the woods, it goes teacher, teacher, teacher, teacher. And it's named, called an ovenbird because it builds a little nest right on the floor out of leaf litter with a little side entrance that looks kind of like a small oven.  And as I mentioned, they like to be ray up in the tops of trees, preferably large oak trees with a full canopy when they are breeding here in Maine. But then in the wintertime, they migrate all the way down to South America. And we even have some tree nesting bats that spend the summer here with us in Maine, but then migrate to the Southern part of the US for their winter and they actually hibernate when they get down into this Southern range here. So this is an Eastern red bat and they will breed in the fall, but then have their pups in the following spring. So these are not cave dwelling bats. They roost under the bark of trees or other protected areas. And then when they head down south, they will find similar places to sort of rest and hide during those winter months. Then nobody really knows what their migratory pathway is. We just know that this is where they kind of show up. This is the area in which they show up during the wintertime. So now let's move from forest to some other habitat types. As I mentioned, forest occur in 95% of our state, but we know that within that forested matrix, we have lots of streams and wetlands and other types of habitats as well. So one of our iconic species that we associate with wetlands is the wood duck. Wood ducks are beautiful. Here's a wonderful picture of female and male. And you can find them in streams, spawns, wetlands. They use a variety of habitat types, but I mean, you've probably seen wood duck boxes posted all over the place, but they're natural nesting habitat as cavities in trees and that can be 10, 15 feet off the ground. And they will sometimes nest as far as a half a mile or a mile away from water. They raise their young in that nest cavity in the tree and then they will bring the young to the water after they are old enough to get out of the nest themselves. So this is what we would call more of a short distance migrate because it breeds here in the Northeast, but then our wood ducks migrate south for the winter and they can go down to either mostly to the southeastern US but sometimes even to Texas and Mexico. But there's also a populations in states that are further south that don't have to migrate because the water doesn't freeze. And so they're there all year round. So you get a mix of sort of year round residence and migratory birds as well. And then in our title marshes, we have saltmarsh sparrows. Here we are, I was helping folks from the Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge try to flush some of these saltmarsh sparrows. So they would go into misnets where we could capture them and then ban them to try to track their breeding success. Saltmarsh sparrows are very, they're being proposed for listing as a either threatened or endangered species because their populations are so low. But in addition to that, they face tremendous threats from sea level rise associated with climate change. These birds nest in the high marsh and the eggs and the young are adapted to being flooded occasionally. So they try to time their nesting cycle in between the highest tide cycles. But even so, sometimes a tide will come in and the eggs might float a little bit in the water and then they'll go back down into the nest. Or the chicks can actually climb up on the grasses and then climb back down after the water recedes. But now we're finding that, again, with sea level rise we're getting higher tides, we're getting more flooding of that high marsh. And so their breeding habitat is really at risk. And there's been some interesting work done recently with saltmarsh sparrows to try to figure out where do they go and where the wintering habitats that we need to pay attention to in addition to their summering habitats. So this is a little map of different individual saltmarsh sparrows that were tagged and then tracked along the eastern seaboard. And you can see that there's a whole bunch of them that sort of gather right here in southern Connecticut. And then they go down again and often and they kind of hang out in this Delaware Bay area. And then, believe it or not, in addition to monarch butterflies, we have dragonflies that migrate and have multiple generations, just like monarch butterflies do. And this was just recently discovered within the last several years. And this graphic here was taken from a paper that I read that shows what their migratory history is. So July and August, the adults are up here in the northern part of the state, at states.  This is what's called generation two. They will actually migrate south and they go down to the southern states, hang out there during November, January, February. They have another, they lay their eggs, the young hatch. They are non-migratory. They stay down there during those months. Then those young hatch and then those young move north in generation one. And they lay their eggs and the young then hatch out, have another generation, generation two, which heads back south. And then you have the southern non-migratory stage and then another migratory stage. So I think it's just fascinating that these dragonflies can do that. And you may or may not know, but dragonflies spend most of their life in water as nymphs, this larval stage. And so the adults are really quite short lived. So for them to be able to hatch and then migrate all the way down across the states is a pretty remarkable feat. So now let's move to our lakes. Of course, everybody knows the common loon and loons breed here. We all think of loons as being our birds or our main birds. They nest right on the lakeshore and these nests that just are kind of a blue pile of mud and vegetation. And they raise one to two chicks most years, not necessarily every year. But what happens to them when the ice freezes over, right? They disappear. Well, we know that they go out to the... Well, first, after they're done nesting and before the ice comes in, they like to gather in these fall migration groups. And they're very social at this time of year. The other times of year, they're not necessarily so social when they're breeding. But during the fall, this time of year, you might see as many as 30 or 50 loons on one lake that are just kind of hanging out together before they leave for the winter. And come winter, they head to the ocean. This is what the juveniles look like right here. And the juveniles will head to the ocean and stay on the ocean for three to five years before coming back to search for a breeding site. But on the ocean in the wintertime, you might also come across this loon, which is not our common loon. This loon is a red-throated loon. And this is what they look like in breeding habitat. They breed north of us in Canada. And then they come down south for the winter and they sometimes hang out off the coast here. Our main birds, both the adults and the juveniles, will head to the ocean. Some of them hang out right off the coast of Maine, but others go down to Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and even New Jersey. We know this from some tracking data, but also a number of years ago, there was a big oil spill that occurred off the coast of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. And as a result of that, it was in 2011, so almost 10 years, 11 years later, we've finally gotten, we and a number of other organizations across New England have gotten some funding through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to try to help increase nesting success of these birds to recover some of the birds that were lost during that oil spill. There were many hundreds of birds that died as a result of that. Oops. Okay, so another type of habitat that we have in Maine that we don't have a lot of, but is very important are our grasslands. And our grassland birds, as you might remember from the beginning of my talk are one of those groups of birds that has declined really badly over the last 40 years as our practices have changed around farming and whatnot, spraying herbicides, all kinds of things. But this, the most common species we have that do still nest in our grasslands are bobbleinx. You can see a female right here and a male. We also have eastern meadowlarks and savannah sparrows that breed in our grasslands. And just this past year, Maynardabon teamed up with Egg Allies, which is a program run by the Soil and Water Conservation District in the Somerset County, to try to work with farmers to get them interested in helping provide better nesting habitat for these birds. If you hay these fields too early, then the young can't survive and they won't be successful. But these birds kind of have an interesting migratory history as well. Here's a map on the left that shows birds that were tagged in Maine and also other New England states that are traveling along the coast of the east for a number of days. But then, and here's over here, you can see each one of these dots is a place where a particular male bobberlink was tracked and eventually made it down to the southeastern US and then hopped across the Caribbean and down to South America where they spend the winter. Beaches are another type of habitat that we don't have a lot of, but are really important for certain species. Maynardabon's been working to help protect nesting areas for piping plovers and lease turns for many, many years, over 35 years. And it's a challenge, right? Because you've got all these houses that are lining on the beach and then you've got these birds that are trying to nest. There's all kinds of predators trying to go after them. Our piping plovers, we tend to put up these exposures around each nest if we can. Here's one sitting on eggs inside one of these exposures that helps reduce the predation on these animals.  And they are very vulnerable to disturbance being chased by dogs, taken by crows, whatever it might be. And then we also have our lease turns that are colonial nesting birds that nest often in close proximity to these piping plovers. So just a couple of years ago, a new discovery was made as to where these piping plovers go in the winter. And this is what their winter habitat looks like. Don't you wish you could be there sometime this winter? I mean, it's just gorgeous. Here's another photo. These are such great photos that came from National Audubon. I just had to share them. These are our Bahama plovers. And we have actually seen, we can't put any bands on plovers here in Maine because they are endangered, but there has been some banding work done in Canada and also in the Bahamas here. So we know that we have at least one male plover that regularly goes back and forth between nesting in Maine and spending the winter in the Bahamas. And here's a close-up of them right down along the rocky shores there in the Bahamas. But we also, in addition to those birds that nest on our beaches, we also have many different species of migrating shorebirds that come through Maine both in the spring and in the fall. And in particularly in the fall is a time when they are really trying to fuel up before they make their long migrations, many of them down to the Caribbean, to Central America, South America. And they, you can see them everywhere from the mudflats in Lubeck down to the beaches in Kittery. And it's really fun to watch them. Often you'll see these big flocks of them that move together, but they really like to spend most of their time feeding and then resting. And when you have a lot of activity on beaches or the mudflats, then that interrupts their activity and makes it harder for them to put on the fat they need for their migration. Here's a few different species that you might see this time of year actually right out on the beaches. And then a number of years ago, there's some folks in Pennsylvania that we've been working with on some migratory efforts that I'll talk a little bit more about at the end. But they put up some towers to track movements of various species coming through Pennsylvania. And for the first time ever, discovered that these red knots who were listed as a federally endangered a few years ago are flying from the coast. We tend to think of shorebirds as following the coastline when they're going north and south. But in fact, these red knots are flying from the Delaware, New Jersey area across Pennsylvania up to their northern Arctic areas where they breed. And that was a brand new discovery as of just a couple of years ago. So there are many migration mysteries that are still out there waiting for us to learn about. So here's just kind of a quick summary of what we've been through so far. It shows a map of where these different species go from summer to winter. And here we've got our looms just off the coast of Maine or slightly south of us. We've got the piping plowers that are going down to southern Maine or the Bahamas. We've got the salt marsh sparrow that kind of follows the coastline down to, they stay right in salt marshes all the way down along the coast. Our eastern red bat goes down to the southeast somehow they get there. We don't really know exactly how. Same with those diner dragonflies. And then we've got wood ducks that some of the wood ducks just go to southern U.S. some of them go all the way down into Mexico. And then of course we have our long distance migraine grunts like the black pole warbler and our bobbling stat head down to South America. But we also have some birds that don't really migrate north-south but they do still migrate. We have many species that nest out on the islands off of the coast of Maine. We've got lapping gulls, puffins and guillomots. And if any of you have the opportunity to go out on a cruise out to any of these islands, it's kind of amazing just to see how many birds are nesting on one little tiny island. And of course we have our iconic Atlantic puffins and they, but all of these birds are what we would call pelagic birds. Excuse me, they spend their entire life out on the ocean. So when they're done nesting, they don't fly south, they just fly out to the ocean and they cruise around in the ocean and then they eventually make their way back to their nesting sites. A number of turns, common turns, nest out on our islands as well. And here's a map of their breeding area is pretty far north, including some spots along Maine. But then they tend to, these common turns do actually migrate south and spend the winter along the coast, Gulf of Mexico or further south. And now we come to the true snowbirds. And the term snowbirds was actually originally tied to this fellow right here, Dark-eyed Junkos because the true snowbirds are those birds that basically hang out in winter wherever they go. They're very comfortable in Northern Climes. We see Junkos all throughout the winter here in Maine. They were the original snowbird nickname was given to Dark-eyed Junkos. And then of course it's been used to apply to many other species, including ourselves since then. One of my favorite snowbirds is the snow bunting. Snow buntings breed in far Northern Canada, but in the wintertime, we can see them here in Maine. And the first time I ever saw one in Maine, I was when I was climbing to the, my first climb ever to the top of Mount Katahdin. It was late fall and we got up to the top and the snow was kind of swirling around and it was super windy. And we weren't even sure we were gonna make it to the top because it was pretty iffy weather. And all of a sudden I saw this big flock of snow bunting just go whoosh and just whist across the scene in front of me because the wind was so strong. It was quite remarkable. So we decided if they could do it, we could make it to the top too, which we did. But then we turned around quickly and went back down. But I also see that see snow buntings like this sometimes in the fields just down at the end of the road by my house, the hayfields where they will come and hang out in the winter and they feed on grains and insects. This is a male, this is what a non-breeding might look like here. So they really are one of my favorites. But then we also have things like pine siskins, hoary red-polls and red-gross beaks that will sometimes show up. They're unpredictable as to whether they're gonna show up or not. I just happened across a great article by Herb Wilson last weekend though that he's a retired professor, ornithology professor from Colby College. And he said that based on work that a colleague of his had done looking where the cone crops are this year, we can expect to see pine siskins searching for white cedar cones here in Maine this year because we've had a pretty good cone year for that. And also red-polls for bird seeds. These are birds that will stay in the North country, even farther north from us, as long as there are good food resources there, basically seeds. But if not, they will come south looking for those good seed patches. And so every once in a while we get to see these wonderful birds. And then red-gross beaks, they're primarily a fruit eater. So they will sometimes show up here in Maine but also go further south. And then we've got two different species of crossbills, red crossbills and white-wing crossbills. And a prediction is watch for a visit from northeastern red crossbills because we've had a strong pine cone crop this year and other parts of the country have not. So you can see here the map of they are nesting in far northern, north of us typically, but then they will come down into hearts of the US depending on where the good cone crops are. Same for these white-winged crossbills. And although they tend to eat smaller seeds than the red crossbills, they're looking for smaller spruce cones, which we didn't have a great year of spruce cones, but out west did. And so the prediction is that these crossbills will probably head west and we may not see them. And of course, everybody loves to see snowy owls when they come down to Maine. We've had a couple of what are called eruptions over the last five years or so, where the food sources up in the Arctic have been very poor for snowy owls. And perhaps they also had a really good lots of juveniles. And so the populations work their way down here into Maine and south of Maine even. And people have had wonderful luck visiting and finding where these snowy owls are and seeing how the really great looks at them. Cold doesn't bother them. When we see them, it's all about whether there's where they can find food. Then we have several ducks that sometimes can be seen off the coast as well that typically nest further north, like the longtail duck, dove keys, and my favorite, the harlequin duck. So here's where they typically hang out during the summer north of us. And areas like this, far north, Greenland, Hudson Bay, Alaska. But we do have a regular visitation from harlequin ducks off the coast of Maine during the winter. So you may be able to see them if you're lucky. So the last thing I'm gonna talk about is how do we know where all these animals are going? How do we get information about them? And I'm sure most of you are familiar with the traditional bird banding tools that we've used, but bird banding requires you to catch the bird, put a band on it, and then re-catch that bird sometime later. And the recovery rate, especially for songbirds, is something like 3%. It's very, very low. So for the last couple of years, I've been working with a team of other scientists across New England to create a network of modus towers. And this is sort of a new migration tracking tool that I'm just gonna talk a little bit about because it's pretty exciting. The way it works is that you set up these towers with antenna on them. And then you do have to catch the birds initially. You catch the birds, you put a tiny little, what's called nanotag on the bird. These are so small that we finally can put these radio tags on passerons. In the past, it really hasn't been possible. Songbirds hasn't been possible to do that. So now you can put these little nanotags on things like Swainsons Thrush or red knots. And then when the birds fly, when they're migrating, north or south, if there are enough of these towers up with the antenna on them, they will, it'll register every time the bird goes by every tower. So we can actually track daily and hourly movements of these birds over time. So we're learning all kinds of great new information about where these birds are traveling and not just birds, monarch butterflies. These nanotags are so light that we can also put them on insects like the darned dragonflies or monarch butterflies. It's pretty remarkable. And last year in Maine, we put up six towers at a number of different places everywhere from down East Maine to Western Maine where you are to Southern Maine where I am. And they can be put up in a variety of ways, self-standing like this with solar powers or attached to a building, get our fields pond out of on center and hold them. And they're operating all the time, just registering data as the birds fly by. This year, we put up another six or seven. So we have a total of 14 now in Maine and across the new linear there will be 50 different towers. So this is a little informational sign that goes up at each tower that talks about what the equipment is and how it works. And if you are interested in this, you can go to this MODIS website and you can actually identify individual towers, figure out which species have passed that tower and when, and then you can create these maps that actually show, that illustrate where each different species is moving. So here's an example. The red is the bobbling, the yellow Swainsons thrush, green, rusty Blackbird. These are all different species that were tracked on, through our MODIS towers starting in Maine last year. And there should be many more sightings this year. I haven't updated the map yet. And then finally, for those of you who are interested in what's happening right now with migration, there is this wonderful site that Cornell Lab of Ornithology runs called Birdcast, where you can see in real time, using radar and other tools, you can see where the migration hotspots are and whether there's a lot happens. What's happening tonight? What's happening next week? This particular map is from October 6th and it's showing 756 million birds in flight. The biggest migratory activity was in the Midwest area there and then we've got, but we still have some going on here in the East as well. So with that, I will stop and I'm happy to entertain any questions. If you want more information, I encourage you to join Maine Audubon if you're not a member or you can contact me if you want more information about this or other of our wildlife work. And I look forward to hearing from you. I'm gonna stop my screen now. Can you hear me, Sally? I can. Okay. Questions for Sally? Question is, do you have any data on where the ruby-throated hummingbirds go? There probably is. I don't personally have it. I took a lot of this information from a variety of sources that Cornell Lab of Ornithology has a wonderful website called All About Birds. That has some of this, that's where all the maps came from that I showed. And if you go into that site, All About Birds, you can look up each individual species you're interested in and it'll give you information about the migratory activity for that particular species. Yes. I think that's an excellent question that many of us have pondered. The question is, does anyone understand what drives these species to migrate as far as they do, rather than just sort of following the seasons going to southern United States? Why do they go to South America? Is there any understanding of that? I think it's mostly, well, there's a number of things that play in there. When I talk to folks about our forest birds, I would say, now, why would they bother coming all the way up here to Maine? And there's four reasons I give. One, we have a lot of forest here. We have a lot of different types of forest with a tremendous amount of different habitat features within those forests. So there's a lot of room for each different species and many individuals of each species to nest and raise their young. Why would they come here to nest and raise their young? Because there's plenty of daylight and plenty of food. They feed primarily on caterpillars that they're feeding their young because they're like protein pills so the young can grow really fast. And they can search for that food from dawn until dusk. We have a lot longer days than down in the southern climes. And so it's worth it to them to come here for the habitat features and the food resources. And the same, and the reverse is true. They can't stay here during the winter because there's not enough food for them. And I don't know exactly why they would go all the way to South America versus Southern US, but I think it has to do with their habitat, the habitat quality and the resources that are available there. Other questions? Did you hear that? No, I can't hear any of the- He's asking about the decline in the birds which we've seen for several years. But in addition to habitat loss, what are some of the other chief drivers of the decreasing number? Yeah, there are many different factors that play into that. One is certainly direct habitat loss. But in addition to that, we know that birds face many different threats. So they have, during their migration, sometimes their wintering areas either have been lost or they have been degraded. And so they aren't able to fuel up in the way that they need to along their migratory pathway. Disturbance can be a big factor. I mentioned a little bit about how our shorebirds, when every time somebody walks by and makes them flush, fly away, that's wasting energy that they could be using to feed. And so the disturbance is a big factor. We also know that for many of our insect devours, insect eating birds, like swallows and swifts and that kind of thing, pretty certain that all of our dependence on pesticides has reduced the insect population to the point where they're just not enough food for them to be doing well. And they're also carrying these pesticide loads in some cases. There's been studies done, there was a study done up in Canada that was able to link a change in behavior of these birds relative to neonicotin that they were ingesting from pesticide use. A lot of the, for grassland birds, a lot of, and for monarch butterflies and things like that. The way that we farm today is really different from the way that we used to farm. So it used to be there were a lot of edges left around fields that were wildflowers could grow and the insects were there and the things like bobble inks and sparrows could still nest along in those areas. And that's just not happening anymore. But most areas are being plowed right to the edge of the fields. And so we've lost a lot of that habitat that used to be available. We also know that strikes with windows as when birds are migrating is a big factor. We've actually started a project right here in Portland over the last couple of years. We have people that go out early in the morning, 435 o'clock in the morning, during migratory season, looking for dead birds on the sidewalks and those buildings with lots of glass windows you see a lot of dead birds on the sidewalks. So it's a combination of factors. One thing that I like to really emphasize though is if we can provide good quality breeding habitat here in Maine for these birds, then we can help counter that decline and perhaps even help reverse it to some extent. And we have the ability to do that, particularly for our forest birds, to provide high quality habitat. So it's really important. It's kind of like Maine is the breeding bird factory for all of these songbirds that come back to breed here every year. And if they're not making more babies, then they're definitely going to keep declining despite all those other threats. Thank you. Any other questions? Bert? I mean, is the winter habitat deep? Yeah, Bert was asking about, we hear a lot about the degradation of the winter habitat of the monarch. Yes. Similar areas that are affecting the migrating birds populations as well. Absolutely. We know that many of our songbirds, particularly that breed down in Central and South America, I mean that over winter in Central and South America, are facing tremendous habitat loss issues there. And so if they don't have anywhere to spend the winter, that's a big problem. And if they can't find the food that they're used to finding or the places to hide from predators or to rest, it's a huge problem. Yes. Question is about the tiny chips that go on the monarchs. How small are those? What are the dimensions or weight? Is that what you mean? We're talking grams. I don't know exactly, but it's very tiny, tiny, tiny, less than smaller than your fingernail.  Degrade over time or do they, do you know? They have batteries in them and the batteries last for a certain amount of time. The bigger the nanotag is, the longer the battery lasts for so far. Things like monarch butterflies, you have to use the tiniest size nanotags. And those will last for several months maybe, but for something like a rusty blackbird, they can last as long as two years. Wow. I had a question in that same, along the same thing. So these towers are now all up and down the East Coast? Not just the East Coast. What we've tried to do is create what we call fence lines across all of the New England and Northeastern states. So from Maine, we actually have two, kind of two fence lines. One that's further south and one that goes from down East up towards Saddleback area. And then those hook into lines of towers that are running across New Hampshire, Vermont and New York. And then there's a whole another, a couple of lines down through Massachusetts, Connecticut and down through Pennsylvania. So, and then we're working towards getting more along the South, Southern, South Eastern, proud of the state, plus even down into Central and South America. And once, so once we build out that network of towers, we'll be able to get even more powerful data than we have. Yeah. Been able to have in the past. In the West as well? Yeah, so this program was actually started in Canada by Birds Canada. The MODIS program is on their website. And you can see there are towers not just in the East, but also in across Canada and in many other countries around the world. So I think the technology is just gonna keep growing. And it's one of those things that's kind of a chicken and egg thing. You wanna have enough towers up so that it can record the birds that are moving through, but you also need to put tags on the birds in order to record them. So it's, there's some of both happening and I expect both areas to grow, more researchers that are using these nanotags and then more towers going up. Great. Yes. Nick. The question is about global warming and migration. And are they seeing patterns where some birds are going farther north? And in the converse of that, are some birds in fact not going as far south? I don't know about the not going as far south, but we definitely are seeing range expansions. I mean, just in the time that I've been working at Maine Audubon, we have birds that are showing up in Maine now that never used to show up in Maine, things like tufted tip mice. And we have gray foxes that are here that never used to be here. They've been, we've been able to, there's others folks who have documented movement I think it's something like, I'm not gonna get the numbers right, but many miles north on an annual basis, some of these ranges are expanding. We have Eastern bluebirds that are overwintering here. They never used to overwinter here. We have red-bellied woodpeckers that are showing up here that never used to be here. So yes, we are definitely seeing changes in ranges and in nesting breeding activity of these birds. I'm not as familiar with what's happening on the other end of the migratory pathway. Yes. Question is, are there organizations in Central and South America like Audubon that are doing the same sort of work with birds that we are doing here? Yes, there are. And I have not had the privilege of working with any of those organizations directly, but some other folks within the Audubon, the National Audubon Network are working with folks in Central and South America. And there are many other local conservation organizations that are putting in efforts to protect birds, to protect the habitat there, and to join this modus network. Scott Weidensall, who's been part of the modus work here in the Northeast, is sort of an expert on migration work, and he has said several times that he's been working directly with organizations in Central and South America to expand this modus network and work on also protecting the wintering habitat in those areas. So I know there are folks from National Audubon that are working with people in Central and South America and protecting the wintering habitat in addition to trying to figure out where they're migrating to. That's encouraging. Yeah, yes, in the back. So you're asking what can we here in Maine do besides just the fact that we have this wonderful habitat? Is that the question? Hang on, Sally. I'm trying to get the question straight. So she's asking what sorts of things we can do specifically to protect bird habitat. You said that we've got this huge mass of forest and that's wonderful and that's ours to cherish. What other things can we do? You've mentioned the farming issue, the hanging. Yep. In particular. Yeah, well, I love your question because I like to think that we both have a responsibility and an opportunity here in Maine to really help these birds. And definitely if you have farmland and you're interested in grassland birds, I would encourage you to contact the folks, either contact me or contact the folks at Egg Allies. You can find it right on the website, AG and then Allies. They're doing great work with farmers on trying to enhance habitat for birds. We also have a program called Forestry for Maine Birds, which it works directly with landowners and foresters and loggers on how to enhance their forest habitat to create better breeding conditions for our forest breeding birds, which I'm happy to talk to anybody about. And we have lots of resource materials that can help you look at how to manage your forest in a way that benefits birds and other wildlife, including fish, including brook top. And then for our shore birds, that's a bigger challenge. You know, these are actually, I would say one of the things I hope I've conveyed is how Maine is in a really unique position in terms of being able to provide great habitat for these birds, but we're also part of an international effort. And it takes more than just what we can do here in Maine, but nonetheless, shore birds, you know, it's a matter of helping other people understand how disturbing shore birds when they're feeding or resting in their mudflats is not great. Give them room, walk around them, walk away from them. Same thing for things like loons when, you know, let's make sure that you're not disturbing them when you're out on the water and give them space, give them space on their nest, give them space with their chicks, don't disturb them. And then when they are, and we also have a program called Lead Free, we distribute lead-free sinkers and jigs and we encourage people to fish with lead-free tackle because loons will ingest this lead from the bottom of the lake and they will get lead poisoning and often die within two weeks of that lead poisoning. So we have a whole suite of things that we can help you. If you wanna put up bird boxes, in some cases, that can help. If you want to take it, some people actually put up what they would call bluebird trails where they put a number of boxes in a row or not in a row, but on their property and they can take those. You can also work with your local land trust on what are they doing to protect habitat and enhance habitat for birds and other wildlife.  Yes. Yes. Oh, actually can I add one other thing?  Shade grown bird-friendly coffee. One of the big losses of winter in habitat is from coffee plantations, which are often just monocultures. They've cut down the rainforest, replace them with monoculture coffee bushes, but there's a big movement to try to grow coffee under the shade of other trees so that it can still provide the habitat for birds and other wildlife by doing that. And then they're very successful and very, excuse me, financially viable as well, but you have to look for and ask for that. And that can make a big difference. Yes. How are the little tags attached? Is that what you're asking? Oh, tiny tags attached.  And the little harnesses go around the wings so they're not glued on.  Other questions? Looks like that. It. Well, thank you very much. We have our flock of bobble inks that comes back every year as we are careful with our mowing and they're fun to have around. Haven't seen a Savannah sparrow yet, but we do have our bobble inks and the blue birds and other things. And so I think we're done and we can't thank you enough for a very interesting talk and we will all here in Farmington work hard on preserving our birds. Great. Thank you, Nancy, and thank you to the rest of the audience who I can't see, but it was nice to be able to spend the evening with you. Great. Big.


Four-year-old male who approximately three weeks ago began having horizontal binocular dyplopia Which was gradually worsening and therefore came for evaluation of this So we're going to have you look straight ahead as you will notice here the patient does have an exotropia And in doing a cover test keep looking straight ahead I did our red dot here And you'll see look straight ahead at the red dot straight ahead at the red dot So an alternating exotropia Okay, again follow Follow the red dot here everywhere it goes Just without holding your head steady Okay, you'll notice that as we move across the right eye will not go past the midline But the left eye follows and here's moving across again the left eye goes slightly past the midline, but will not abduct completely This is a very typical inter nuclear ophthalmoplesia You'll also notice as we move out that the abducting eye or the eye turning out will occasionally show some abduction misdiagnosis All the red dot everywhere it goes. You see a few beats of abduction misdiagnosis Follow the red dot vertical movements Are grossly normal other than the fact that the without full adduction He's unable to Get the eyes into all vertical positions. Now. We're going to have you look back and forth look right at my finger and now at the red dot The finger and the red dot you'll notice as he looks back and forth that there is a lag of Adduction look at the finger now at the red dot finger red dot Finger You'll notice as we do that that that left eye lags over and the right eye goes over quickly But the left eye lags over slowly look at the red dot now at the finger Red dot and finger red dot Right here look at the finger Red dot and finger Very good Once again following the red dot you'll notice the lack of adduction far past the midline with either eye Very good. We'll watch as he converges look right at the red dot again Okay Best you can look right at the red dot try to bring it in and focus on that red dot So he gets some element of convergence there look right at the red dot You can see he's able to Slightly bring it in Start again here Focus as best you can on the red dot There you see every so often he can momentarily gain or close to gain fusion the reason for that being that the convergence mechanisms are not damaged as much as the Horizontal gaze mechanisms, which is from the intra nuclear


Well, this puppy is not gonna be fixed for the tournament, but tomorrow we're gonna knock it out I got to replace the steering cables and the old old treks and I got to be on the water in about an hour and a half I'm just not gonna have time to do all that I pretty much have to hook this up from the bottom of the foot pedal running all the way up to the sleeve And go into the head of the trolling motor right here And it's just I don't know if this is a possible task right now I was gonna be a pain in the butt. So we're gonna hold off on that The first Official tournament of the year is about to start right now. This is a little night tournament You guys know we fished a lot of them last year the last one that we fished We happen to get second place and we lost by less than an ounce to my man Clint today We're gonna go out here and really try to put a hurting on the fish I haven't been out on this river in about six months except for the other day We did a little photo shoot. We weren't really fishing So I got all my baits ready got my poles rigged up and we're gonna go out there and give it our all This is actually a team tournament. I'm but I am fishing solo today So we're gonna see what we can do guys the only problem that I got is my trolling motor is broken I don't know if you guys saw in the last episode. I'm having to lean forward and Direct the trolling motor with my hand. That's that's the only thing that I'm worried about today But I'm not gonna let that hold us back guys. We're gonna go out here and try to catch them I just hope the fish are biting hope we end up landing some big ones And all in all now just have a good time today. That's the main goal You know, I didn't have anything else going on tonight, and I was like I want to come out to the first River night tournament and try to catch some big fish man So we're gonna have some fun if you guys are new to the channel hit that subscribe button Hit the notification bill also the like button if you guys have been enjoying the content We're gonna go ahead and get after this. Let's get it, baby. You got the net ready Hope we're gonna need that So this is what I'm doing with My foot pedal I got a lean up like this Direct where I want to go. I think the savior in today's situation It's gonna be my power poles That's what I'm hoping We're gonna put our heads down guys do what do what we like See if you can get a few fish in the boat if it's not happening We're gonna move spots and you know, I'm a running gun type person I like hitting so so many spots just move move move move Today, I'm definitely gonna do that But it's gonna be on a slower slower pace than than what I usually do just knowing that my trolling motor is like this so Yeah, let's get after it. I'm gonna start off with a mock patroller or see what we can do These all these base are available into exporting goods guys I'm gonna see if we can get on a little top water bite right here at the beginning Wouldn't that be crazy. I've actually never thrown A bait like this out here like a plopper style bait style bait I've thrown buzz baits and I've torn them up on buzz baits. So it's like why why would they not eat this plopper? So we're gonna see what we can do Hope when we'll get us a good one I feel like this is definitely a bait that can get us a good bite I'll show you guys everything else that I'm gonna be throwing today here in a little bit But we're gonna start off with this top water and see if we can get one to show it So throw a few casts with it. I ain't gonna do too much I think beans man By the way, if you guys want to check out the kick in the bass combos They're only available on kick in their bass calm. I'll have the link in the description box down below We're gonna pick up a worm real quick. See if we can get a bite or two At least let us know If there's fish in the area these spots right here. You got a time right It's me not being out here in a long time. I don't know how this spot's been fishing I don't know how the fish have been pulling through as far as timing goes And uh, today's gonna be a little learning learning curve for us Out here since I just haven't been out here in so long Let's see what we can do throw on this worm a bit. This is actually a big old green pumpkin worm chartreuse tail So that was throwing in that last tournament I fished out here. I've had a lot of good luck on that This water's like tannic It's all about just Oh, yeah, that was a hit right there Eat it man. That's so odd That is so odd Try all spinner bait Give it a good mixture here One of them things like you might not want exactly what i'm putting down, you know, I'll put a different bait Start buying. I just don't think they pulled up yet I think uh, we're early to the show on this one. I don't think it's fish I've got got to the spot how they should But the question is do we do we wait we wait it out and try to See if these fish are going to turn on or do we Go hit some melts and hopes that we can catch a few fish and pretend possibly come back here Not many boats went down over to I think there's only four boats that went That's a big one. Oh, yeah, we need that one. We need that one. He ain't that big He felt big when I hooked him he started running man I was like dude, I got like a three pounder, which is a good fish out here, but I'll take a one and a half chunk Let's get it boys. Hey, we on board and spinner bait.  Maybe a little less than that. We got a fish in the boat. That's exactly what you want Okay, okay I will say my my drag wasn't set on that combo That was such a weird spinner bait by two that wasn't It was like when the bait landed she ate it. Like I didn't even have to reel it It was like the fall of the flutter like this big falls or spoons flutter or not spoons the bait's flutter and uh It's like he almost ate it when I threw right up there. He was up way close to the bank in that shade right literally same cast Tiny guy. I guess what he's a fish. I don't think he's on key And if he does I really don't want to weigh him in He will definitely be the one to go. I could tell by the way he was nibbling sometimes, you know Get me hooked right here.  I don't know what's wrong with his bottom Thin right there either. We're gonna measure him. He might be 11 and a half I really don't want to weigh this fish in but if he does measure I'm putting him in the box How we rock especially in these tournaments, you never know Yeah, he he's 11 Well, you tried buddy.  He's still behind it. I think that first bite was a gar guys. I really think that was a gar Just the way he ate that thing just didn't seem like a bass. I don't know Yeah, oh, that's a nice one too, man. He's right on that current break Moment I landed Let's get a baby Let's get a baby Mm-hmm. You're fat.  He ain't a giant He's a meatball man. Oh, he does a meatball Okay, I'll take him for the second fish I don't know if I want to weigh him in but hey, we're getting fish in the boat What's crazy is that cast right there? I had not count A fish in that spot all the last year when I was coming out here all the time I threw right in there instantly. I mean, it's the spot that makes sense. It's the spot that you think a fish would sit I just never caught him there for some reason I was like, man, that looks good. Let me cast here. I cast out like that before I could even click my reel I felt them just eat it I'm never in my life seen that are you Why are they grabbing it? See his teeth went right on it It's a redfish, bro.  Oh my god. It's called a redfish, dude What bro, you crushed that thing. I gotta take a picture of this dude. This is insane. Oh my god I'm bleeding a little bit. That is insane. Holy cow.  I thought I had a big bass, man I really thought I had a big bass That is so cool to see though I can I can officially say I caught a redfish In a dang bass turner. I should put him in the box. Wait him in Bro, that was wild, man I've never guys, I I've had 50 60 fish days on this spot right here. I have never not once Had an opportunity to catch a redfish in a course during a tournament I could freaking demolish it dude. I seriously thought that was it. I've been so patient guys. I've been like Biting biting my lips man this whole time. I'm like, man, am I doing the wrong thing? And then I felt that bite and I was like, oh that's a good one I thought that was a three to four pound bass right there. I was like that is exactly what we need, but It was a dang redfish That was the most unexpected thing I have ever seen. Maybe that's good luck guys. Maybe maybe that's just Some good luck. Maybe that's a good luck charm saying no, it's all right. Just take a deep breath Catch you some good fish.  He ain't big but he's still decent. I hope and we'll call him out, but Jerk bait fish took him. He's small. He's running on me I'm gonna keep My first cast on that dang patroller I don't think he was even 12. I want to say he's like 11 He is a very small one That's crazy. I threw all these different baits up there I didn't have a bite. I threw this patroller up there. Literally the first cast and I get slammed Not about a big one, but I mean, hey Somebody should tell me something about this top lure Okay, okay. I'll pull the rod out of my hand. I was laying on this puppy Okay, these fish are so small, man, but We getting step closer to a limit Is he 12 is best That is not what we want to catch but I will say it's okay Because we got four fish And given our situation with the trolling motor. I feel like I'm not doing too bad with it I'm just having the fish so pink slow Given with that situation. I'm kind of happy. Well, I did talk to uh, two boats Come over here. I talked to Clint. Um, he said he had two fish I don't know how big they are. They're probably similar size Then I talked to one boat after him and they said they had two fish. So I mean, heck We're at least putting a few fish in the boat Can't complain. So where's that to keep fishing guys? Gotta be a fish I'm not buying that. I'm really not buying that Actually, there's some urge tree right there. You can barely see it Only thing the reason you can notice is the smooth work. He ate it right there. I was about Right there on that isolated tree, baby That was so cool. I literally watched him dive over it like a dang top water. He ain't big guys, but guess what? That's fish number five Oh, man All we got to do is pray that nobody else caught him I didn't catch him. I'm telling you, I didn't catch him today. I gotta be a few small ones That's all I was hoping would happen on this spot guys. I never fish this spot like this this spot's like Twice a year once a year type spot. You know what I mean? But Hey, it paid off is crazy because This is a great talking point, man to really pay attention to your surroundings You know, what I noticed is when I came up on this bank right here It went from two foot out there in the middle to five foot. Okay You got a steeper bank. Not only do you got a steeper bank You still got some good cover in the water, you know a lot of this cover with the tie being so low It's still up on the bank But I'll tell you this bank, you know, it still has a good couple solid pieces of cover I'm not talking about just one not not one little isolated piece It's got a good couple solid pieces. You know, there's places for bass to go there Not only that but I kept going up there on that bank You know, I was honestly way too close to the bank. I I just couldn't control the trolling motor And what I noticed when I was going up there and I said it right before I caught the fish I said, look at that isolated stump right there. That's below the surface As I said that I was honestly going to go past it I wasn't even going to cast at it because I was like, I'm like three foot from it Sure enough, I cast at it. Look what happened. We ended up catching our fifth fish Pay attention to them small things when you're fishing guys and that just saved That just saved us right there from weighing in four fish to weighing in a limit And don't get me wrong. We don't have nothing special. We've had a tough little day today but We got part one of the tournament done Now we just got to see if we can catch a few more and try to get size That's our biggest thing right now. We need some size in the boat. It don't even have to be a big I don't know what people are catching today for all we know. That's the only limit caught. I don't know Which I don't think that's the case. I think I think some people caught them Especially doing that Only a few boats went down river. All the other ones went up river Either is really good up there or it's really bad. So maybe Maybe uh, we lucked out. I don't know. I know, uh Clint and that other guy I talked to you know, they had a few fish. So it's like people are catching some fish I just don't know if there's any size to it. So And I'm gonna be honest with you This tree right here could have another bass. I cannot believe that sucker.  That was so cool Such a cool little talking point too, man. All right, that couldn't have gone better. I will literally wash them go over that tree I got Guys, that was a bite too. I'm gonna break it This line is so strong. It's a brave axe God Mm-hmm I'm gonna be doing this That ring my ear it popped so hard that popped at the end of my rod That is some strong line, dude. Gosh I'll tell you if I lost the fish today or broke one off there ain't no reason for that Because that line as strong as can be we are still in six foot of water on this bank. This is actually a freaking Fantastic looking bank. Uh, I love it. Good thing. Noah did come prepared on the rods I gotta back up Texas And it has a crow on it. Maybe Give up another presentation It's so funny that how I struggle so hard of just fishing this little banger, you know, barely Barely any current. This is dang trolling them. There's a lot easier fishing like a bottom bait though.   I don't even know how I hung on to that fish Not a big one by any means not a big but dude big compared to what we got in the box I ain't a bad fish Now the tricky part here It's cold. I think I spotted the smallest Well, that's our smallest dude. Good thing we got one of the babies out of the boat. They're all babies, but All right, he's fat though, man. He's got he's got a little belly on him. Dude guys. What in the world, bro? All right We can actually make something happen here. Let's let's let's focus up. This is like comeback zone right here Oh Oh, I got that up in my trolling motor. I was like, don't even start this trolling motor's had enough I cannot believe off of just paying attention That we just caught two fish right there We caught our fifth fish and got a hole out of literally just paying attention to our surroundings Going with gut instincts Even this crawl choice. This could have been this could have been game changer Like me breaking that lure off. I wonder if that's the same one that bit me Or maybe there's just a couple there. I mean, this is like I said, it's a great bank You got a great isolated tree And you know those fish are sitting on the back of that as this current's passing And right when you lift it over that tree, that's usually when they hit it, you know, they're sitting there on that current break Let's see if we can get another one, man. Guys, I got stuck. I'm not a hundred percent sure if it was a bite, but It might have been right Gotta get a little closer Oh, this is such a mess Give me my rod back Well, we've gonna wash out this stump, but I think we got what we needed to out of that one where some keep moving I don't want the stump to hold me back. I don't know if there's another fish on it Let's keep moving. Oh, there's no way I wasn't recording No, it wasn't was it really nice? Well guys, I got another coal Oh my gosh, you can't tell me I wasn't recording on that whole thing There's another isolated tree right there. I threw probably forecast kept getting slammed And um, I was like, man I'ma back off of this for a second Kept getting hit kept getting hit. I'm like, oh my gosh.  We're gonna hone in here guys I think we can catch At least one to two more fish off this spot All right, I'm upset. I didn't get that on camera dude. It was such a good little clip Such a good little clip All right, y'all I think we're gonna call it 15 minutes short It's 833 right now a ramp's right down there. I'm just by myself And I don't want to be in everybody else's way when I'm trying to put my boat up It's kind of a pain in the butt at this ramp too, especially with the current So I will catch you guys at the way in What a day we're uh back in the car right now. We're waiting to weigh in everybody's pulling out I just talked to a kind gentleman a second ago. He said he's got four fish Um, and he couldn't catch any down where I was he had to go up So I'm wondering if people ended up catching him really good up river. I don't know Uh, I mean we got a limit. We just don't we don't have any size to him You know, I'm proud that we got a limit. I'm happy. I just wish we would have landed a few big ones today I think that could have been the game changer of you know, picking up this tournament was landing two to three really good fish And we just never had the opportunities. You know, we fished hard Um, we did what we could with the trolling motor that was a little aggravating at times But um, I'm still impressed with you know, our performance today and just being able to catch fish And I'm in that current with the trolling motor and just I was getting frustrated with horse flies and You know, I'm still happy on how everything went, but let's see, uh I'll catch you guys away I literally just walked up there to weigh everything in and I didn't even turn the goat fair back on But we had seven pound seven point two eight So I don't know what that's gonna do, but just could not find the big ones today We'll get them next time, but I'll let you guys know what ends up winning. I'm gonna stick around for a minute I'm just sitting down editing this video and I realized I forgot to film an outro We ended up getting the top five. I think 11 pounds one second place was nine pounds Then it went down to eight and then the seven pounds and you know, we only had seven point two eight It was a tough little tournament, but you know, we stuck it out We caught a lot of fish ended up cooling a few times learned a lot in that tournament and also, um, you know It just goes to tell me I need to be more prepared next time. You know, the trolling motor wasn't working I should have got that fixed before the tournament I think I could have helped this out just as far as hitting a lot of those main river spots Throwing a lot of moving bait and being able to position the boat in the right spots like that was my hardest time yesterday was just trying to Position the boat and get it in the correct spot while throwing the bait and still keeping it in a productive area And working it the right way. It was easy to throw the soft plastics But when it came down to like the moving baits, it was so hard to do Like it was just so hard to fish those and work the trolling motor at the same time But overall, I hope you guys enjoyed this video. If you're new to the channel subscribe I'd really appreciate it Share this video with a friend and also the like button if you guys enjoyed the tournament video and you want to see more We're gonna start fishing some of these here and there over the next few weeks So if you guys enjoy this stuff, let me know. Um, we're definitely gonna be getting a dub here soon Uh, this was the first one of the year. I cannot complain and we called a redfish. I was just insane That was probably the craziest thing that's ever happened to me during a tournament But I love you guys so much and I'll catch you all in the next video


Thanks for checking out this episode of brutal battle beer break Just so you guys know off the bat a few things have changed about me I do have the us now and also my face might be a little red because I just got done working out What's better after working out than a after workout treat which would be a nice beer a cold beer So what we're doing today is a blonde ale and it's by Russian River Brewing and Russian Rivers out of Sonoma County. They just say Santa Rosa. Sorry Specifically five point one five percent alcohol by volume. It's just a brown or sorry blonde ale called redemption There it is corking cage So let's check it out. This is actually an older version as well. This is a 2014 So, let's see how it goes. There we go Or this All right So you guys can look at this wonderful thing All right, so as we see it's very a little bit of an oranges tinge, but very yellow It's very clear it has huge bubbles that are flying off the bottom and a nice white head to it Looks very nice very filtered Smells very blonde ale-ish a little bit of a Of a citrusy lemon aspect and that's more of like the actual fruit There's a very slight bitterness in there, but it's very very very slight There's a little bit of a hey note in there some honey Smells really clean very crisp and refreshing is how it smells mmm Get a lot of that honey. It's very biscuity as well. You get the hey you get the Lemony juice aspect, but it's not like super pronounced where it's actually tart It's just a little that citrus note actually just a slight bit of a tartness being imparted on it Bitterness is there, but it's very low. It's like a you know medium low bitterness. This is very crisp It's very refreshing perfect for after a workout I'm getting a little bit of an apple-y character in there as well as I keep going very nice This is very nice beer I'm here. I'm usually not big on these lighter styles, especially blonde ales But this is a very nice blonde ale and it's very easy to drink all the notes are there all the notes are hitting and I like it Russian River I'm sure barely anyone said anything bad about you ever so this is no exception great job You guys did a great job Everyone out there if there's anything you want to see me review on this or on the actual podcast Just send an email to brutal battle podcast or gmail.com makes some recommendations and we'll see what we can do Anyway, thanks for checking this out and go have yourself an awesome beer


So who I am? I'm Martin. I'm the organizer for one trial Ruby. I'm working at a company called telco bridges on on the south shore And I want to talk to you about rails bridge before I start everything. So where's bridge? I'm not sure who heard about it before So the people from from Ruby, that's not too bad So red bridges is a court that we gave about Ruby and Ruby on rounds for every level of developers The first level is for learning programming. So last time we added we had like 60 years old of difference between the youngest people and the oldest person. That's pretty nice So they just come here They just come over there to start learning about programming. It's one and a half That's pretty nice. And then I have the mid-level which is introduction to rails Which is introduction to web development So you can do the main same thing with Django and the last one is advanced rounds Some more you learn more like libraries and other stuff that they are needed to be Sorry to be able to do real web development. That's it Why we are a rails versus Django So first thing I want to say is that if you know rounds, you really don't need to know Django Okay, no tomato. Yeah, I'm good I'm say that because if you know Django, you don't need to know rails either. So that's pretty much equal Think that because for me both framework are equal or equivalent They don't do the same. They do pretty much the same thing. They all have their own opinion do different thing But in the end to do the same job if you prefer Python use Django if you prefer Ruby use rails. That's pretty much the trick So in the end There's a python in the Ruby But I'm oh, I hope at least we can agree on the next one, right? I Okay, I Know again, it's over for the jokes. So just do some translation Django on the right red on the left. So what you call a models who also call it a models That's what is easy next one what you call a template is what we call a view So just remember that if I say view it really means a template for you But if I'm if I'm speaking about controllers, it's mean views for you. So It's one is kind of ugly and the last one you were all in the routes. It's one pretty easy It's really the view that is harder to understand a little bit of tools for a translation By P as understand is our criminal through B gems is where all our libraries are when we download them from PIP is your library the downloader you manage your stuff we use bounder for it and it's also make us a Production environment. So if you have multiple library in the same Host each rails project will run its own library. I'm not sure if people do the same thing I didn't catch that part PDB, which is your debugger for us. It's called debugger or by bug by bug is for Ruby 2.0 The other one is for 1.9 or 1.8 and the last one is RVM, which is our RVM install 1.9.3, which is not the Ruby version. We don't use the The package manager of the OS we use RVM or RBM to do it. Thank you you are you I think it's virtual and that use the package manager and By by Envy's it was started from Ruby or environment. So I think the same the same idea in that the back So if you continue in Django you use like generic templates So it means that you build your views from scratch and you put everything in it in the rails We can use scaffolding which will generate all what you we need for our project For which for the part of our project we're needed So it's will create for us the models the controller and the views if you talk to any advanced rails programmer He will tell you he doesn't use it anymore because it gives you too much Mexico's that you don't want to support in the long run, but if you're starting it's a pretty nice to have it That's one the models Which is what you use as a orm as I saw from from the Django website for us It's called active record which was built in rails at the start, but it's not extracted from rails. So That's pretty cool So is the orm so gym managing everything from foreign key to Methods on day on the object and stuff like that next one admin interface, which is by default with Django We don't have that with rails if you want to have something similar We can include a library cause active admin it will give you an admin panel in the back But most of the rest project don't have admin built-in from them. You you are we always built-in from scratch Authentication which you have by default in Django We use another library called device and for rails is the classic one the more the more the most use your Authorization which is by default also we use can can which is another library So even if normally we run test there is more convention in it You have more features in the framework that we have for difference needs that you have to build a web application and the last one is south which is within your Included Django in the next version for us. We have migrations since a long time that do everything we need in mind for the migrations And at the bottom what I add What's what I understood from both framework Django was built for server speed and Rails was built for programming speeds So when which rails noise will take you less time to write the web the website, but it will be slower to run on your own So that's the main difference between both framework is that you don't have the same basic idea at the start Let's talk a bit about rails since you already know Django Just want to talk a bit about the magic or the convention that we have So what happens is just we have some rules that we need to follow so the framework will work It's they're not written any works up in the documentation. You just need to know them. That's kind of how it is So project types which is a kind of models that I have that is called project type And it's all will always be in the in the file app models project type that are be all the time That's my conventions always always be there is controller if you want to do save on it What would be in app controllers project types controller that are be? This is not that stupid as a convention Our reviews will be in app views project types and the views will be there are the templates and The database the table will call will be called project types The ID is ID and if you have another for any like on project It will be project underscore ID like if you were using project type as an ID in the database will be project type ID with underscore between each so That's the convention and lastly the routes that will always be in config slash routes for the wall application Let's continue with the routes So resources Column project types we create all the restful rounds that we need for project types West first restful restful is what rails use as a as the basic thing. We're always use restful routes most of the time So you get get of the locale of three thousand is the default URL for rails I don't know which one you use for Django, but for rest will you always use for three thousand by default? So if you go on get project types, you go the index or the list of all the project types that are available If you do slash new on that it will be the view to create a new one As you can say the same time you will check it will crowded the method called project in project types controller The method called new will be invoked automatically if you go to that path And at the same time the view that will be loaded will be in app views project types New that HTML that ERB which is a default view also So everything is there at the start. So you don't need to do a lot of routing inside your code. Everything is there already So pose of project types, which means that you want to create a new one if you do get on project type slash one will give you an edit of the of the project type with the ID one and if you do slash edit Sorry, if you have flash edit is the edit if you don't have slash edit is the show one that I Honestly, I don't really use the show action really often except you have like admin user views But most of the time every no one is admin. So I always most of time will use edit and the last one if you have post patch on what the same one has so which will be an update and Put patch normally don't exist with browser. So it's a post request with an external attributes telling you which one it is and Delete is the same thing So I heard that it's a little bit tricky to do routes in Django So I give you like three the example that do exactly the same thing So you have the choice the first one say get on slash project types slash column ID Which means to be that you put it in the controller project types in the action show And the attribute ID will be the one that got extracted from the line Second one is some idea, but instead of putting control in action We use in the the way I showed the last the last one So the control is on the left and after the sharp you get the action and the last one is you can pull our resources But just limit it to any one One of the method will show you cannot you have also accept which means you have all of them except one Depending on which one you want to have And another thing that's really neat is the nested routes So if you have resource posts do which is correct a block We could resource comments because this is how we do normally each in ruby it will create you I give you two examples. So the first one post will give you the post slash one view For it and you guys who have slack post slash one comments slash one Which means which mean we will you want to see the post one they come in with the ID one in it So it just means that comments are inherited from post. So you need to have a post to be able to get a comments in your routes. So this is our Rails defined wish you should build your URL So another thing to sneak is that the framework will auto load your your your classes So if you want to accept project type for the first time Just type project type and it will be in the framework. We'll just search in the right file So this is why the file is called project type that are be because the rails now know A work to find it. This is why we have the convention So you don't need to have your the import or requiring ruby. It's a real framework do it for you directly We have and when you create a new red application, you have the default get in your so we just commit and get directly Everything is what you need to be in your is already in your so you don't need to mess around with it. It's already built And the views my mime type is another tricky thing that is fun with views So if you get you want to accept project types the list to give you the HTML mime by default So the HTML view, but if you do project types that Jason will give you the Jason representation of the same data So you don't need to have another another controller or other codes to do the same thing Just load the same data and the mime that the framework will support by default will change it for you The asset pipelines this one is pretty nice So in development all your assets JavaScript style sheet will be in their own fires And so you can be so it's easier to work with them when you go into production the framework Compress them compile them and combine them So finish with one JavaScript file and the one style sheet already compressed in your production environment so you don't need to like pre-compile everything is the framework manage that for you and The thing it is tricky is few put an instant variable inside your controller to be passed on to the views So this is how you send variables to views. So you just need to know it and Another thing that you don't have in Django is that the query params are transparent So params is the global variable that you access to any attributes from the route or from any query params So you just you need to know it I know in Django you have another but you have one variable for the URL params and another one with for the query params So what is the pros about the convention? So it's faster to develop because you don't need to write a lot of writing thing inside your code Rans take care that they have the reloading It's a lot easier to work to write to see someone else application because it will be built as the same thing as yours It's easier to write gems This is why we have so much libraries for us that everyone has the same code the same structure So you can inject your code easy in any application And this is what people will expect you to do because if they use the same the same structure as what you expect and It's things easier for newcomers because you don't need to manage all that things on the other side the counts So the first one you need to know and very much better understand the convention This is code. This is running in the background. It's not really magic But can be at order to find this is why debugger is pretty cool because you can see you can go directly in the framework And see what is going on so can better understand the convention and be able to debug your stuff at the same thing and It's harder for us newcomer because you need to know the convention pretty much go with this first point Let's cut some libraries that we're using that we'll just talk about them a little bit first one is device to the authentication It's pretty easy Authorization can can declare everything in the real if I if you go on a website called Ruby toolbox you get all the frame all that all those libraries are on there and they are classified by popularity on by GitHub for GitHub Download and stuff like that so we can know by just doing that that can can has like 75% of the rails market So if you want to do it a recession go with can can device is like 95% or something So if you want to do authentication you use device by default Views you I told you that you can have a like view a like show that HTML that you're be which is one of the of the compiler for your views So I think you for your templates you use something like mustache For rails you can choose which one you have you can you have erb amel slim or any other one that are defined as a library You just need to get could put the right end at the line That's the file at the end of the file and the rails would run the good parser to understand what you want in your view And by the way slim and amel are using the same thing as Python that you don't need to close your brackets So you're just using the indentation to close the HTML, which is personally what I prefer when I wrote the HTML tags And we just talk about test and Ruby we have a lot and a lot of Libraries to do it. That's just not comparable to anything any other language I think and if you need anything it's probably on get up already I probably think the same thing for you with Python and Django But for for us is just if you search something just get up in the name and you probably find that to three libraries for it Just want to talk a little bit about tests for me I think Ruby is the R&D for test framework because We have a lot of them we make a lot of tests with them many reasons that in Ruby You can inject code at in any class or any instance of a class at any point in the execution So if you just say I got like my HTTP class that gave a get method that we That will do it some are you can just say to the my test you will receive a Someone will call get on you when that happens do nothing and return success as a string so He's pretty like you just mark everything you want inside the object Even if the code is badly written you can still test it because can inject everything everywhere in it Normally you should build it that is easier to test, but if you are really stuck with it you can do it Just before I finish some funny things that I saw Django admin customization It's our kind of work like who has convention you need to use your right file name at the right place So the framework will load them automatically and we will you will be able to customize your views with it Where else do exactly the same thing but for everything? Your file format with different app in it This is what we call so I res engines or res engines like other rails app that you can inject in your own app and the last thing Python and Django are older than the rails and Ruby Python by 10 years and Django by about six months This is from Wikipedia dates. So I suppose they are good. I do always wondering which one was the oldest So why I like rounds because it's fun most of them the main reason I'm coding personally in your house Just because I have fun doing it The automatic management of assets is that big pros that you have with it. It's really easy to deploy Because Ruby developer really like really ace to do redundant stuff So we create your libraries like chef to be able to deploy easily the community is pretty nice and It's bleeding edge. So it's one you something you appear most of the time We get get injected in Ruby or in the rails because we are we have another library that will do something similar just because we like to try new stuff and It's easy to get in a new project when you're a consultant It's really fun The drawbacks so I'm using a framework, but I'm sure you're using Django You have your own things that you don't like about it, but you have the same thing for me for the first one It's really slow. It's really slow to execute compared to anything else You can pass it on with jruby on Java gvm, but still it's not the same The RM J rel said that your foreign key should be in the framework and not in the database I do not agree with that. So for me I use a a library called foreigner and with my migration is I always put my foreign key in a database as I put them in my Orm, so I'm sure that I cannot mess up my database by accident And if someone else you want to use the same database, they won't don't break my code But it's one of the thing that is anywhere that I don't like And the other thing that you need to know the to know the libraries if you want to do Authentication you have to use device. That's just not negotiable. This is how it is So if you're a newcomer don't know rounds, you need to ask someone or check on forums If you know which one are the best or check the ruby toolbox Last one's not about rounds. It's my SQL no transaction So if you don't migration in your else and it fails It will try to revert what you did, but with my SQL since there is no transaction is Let is still there like all done So you need to clean it by and in the database or you need to comment your migration in your migration file, which is Which I don't like Yeah, pull postgres as transactions.  They are there to do a lot more stuff than that So sorry, I use services, which means it's more like BDD kind of thing So your service like my user want to do this. So my service will just do that and That's over and if I want if my user want to do something else with my project types They all have another service by the by the side of it that would just describe what see what my user want to do That was pretty much what I had to tell you about rounds. What else do you want to know about it?