Morning weasel. That's a good weasel schnaut. That's a good weasel schnaut. Yeah, very good. They're very nice Perfectly well perfectly formed. Look at this. They can only be one weasel That is you Good morning From the days of weasel and from me. We are in Athens, Tennessee. We just went for our walk We just did our pre-trip.  We're going from Tennessee all the way up to Ontario Canada today I don't know if I'll quite make it across the border today yet. I can push myself to do it, but I don't have to So we'll see how motivated I feel Towards the end of my day. We're still about 10 hours away from the border. So That's quite a bit of road To travel we'll see Maybe I'll feel good. Sometimes I feel like driving more sometimes I don't We started rolling continue on this road for 63 kilometers We're now rolling. We now we got to start rockin rock on right diesel Get some tunes on right away Interstate 75 northbound, Tennessee. It's all very humid Summers down here seem to be very humid all the time in the american south Very very humid. You like drink the air.   So the more things you got on the more stuff To let them notice you let's just stick to that. No high beams at night. All right You should pay attention a bit more before that I can think of right now that do that Southern Kentucky right now just entered the state a little while ago headed north We're still on I thought through one mountain range right at the border of Tennessee and Kentucky And now it's sort of flattening out a little bit. Oh country horse country They have a lot of uh a lot of horses out in Kentucky. Don't they they have the Kentucky derby racing horses I think that's something they're not in southern hospitality friendly people here Other accents I was talking to uh yesterday or was the day before I was talking to him and he thought I was from ireland Apparently my accent I'm pretty sure it's in there because I'm from the southeast amount of toba Ireland as soon as the world opens back up in november, it's going to be nice We're not going to be able to go there right away Is that it'll be nice to know that the borders are open again. We can actually do things and go places Trip out there to the uk and to ireland for a while We just uh, we're waiting for the stars to align and mostly for the bank to agree with us that it's a good idea That's the hardest one to convince It's not cheap going out there But we will get there eventually we will looks like we've got some weather ahead of us doesn't it video Cincinnati I forget what it's called on the kentucky side here again bridge. We're in Cincinnati, Ohio First we got to get to the bridge and it seems like traffic doesn't want to go to Ohio. They want to stop here That's a big scary cloud ahead everybody slow down Watch out for the cloud Just when it starts to rain everybody slows down which is good, right? You shouldn't slow down in bad There's a beautiful view of downtown Cincinnati when you come around this corner and go down the hill It looks like it's raining a great Right on the other side of the river just into Ohio Ops at the state line. It's a pretty good trick Covington that's where it is Covington, Kentucky Hey Covington isn't this where that catholic school lives where those kids were from that got completely smeared by the media Coming to catholic, you know, they sued the media and won right for defamation Good for them Good for them. All they did was stand there. They got completely destroyed in the media They're Cincinnati in front of us. I bet you there's some really expensive residential properties in these hills on either side Overlooking the city or one of the left lanes. I don't know if I've got to be all the way on the left towards Dayton Arrow says that lane or this lane. All right. All right. I'm trusting you sign Trusting you Yeah, every time I go over this bridge it's raining in some way Looks like that big storm is just off to our east though Either that or it moved away pretty quickly I guess it was cheaper just to build another section of bridge on top of the previous section Instead of building like a twin bridge for Both directions of traffic Takes up less space too. I'm guessing seen drew carry Six kilometers. Okay. Here. I still haven't found it I don't even know what it is, but I haven't found it yet But it's here somewhere It's like a big game of where's Waldo. We just don't know what Waldo is exactly Ohio find it here If you're looking for it now, you know where it is flashy lights And that lane is blocked that means everybody's gonna try and cut in front of the semi God forbid you have to go behind the semi for two seconds I'm trying to cut in here I let my one in that wants to come in. There's a couple more behind me. Yeah, they want to come in. What are you doing, buddy? I'm gonna drive right into me. What's wrong with people There's a car beside you trying to cut in between me and that gray car yet Just about hit my fender there on the right. I don't know if the camera picked that up or not People are just desperate.  That's how badly they want to be in front of me


I'm Leslie McVane. Welcome to another CTN member highlight. Today I'm with Anna Marie Klein-Christy, the executive director of Ripple Effect. Hi. Hi, there. Thank you so much for having us today, Leslie. Well, I'm kind of excited about this interview because usually we're talking about paddling out to Cow Island, but we're going to talk about jumping off at buildings instead. All right, starting point. There's no jumping allowed. OK. But tell us about this special event. Absolutely. I have been in here to talk to you about so many different kinds of events for us over the years. And we are always looking for opportunities. Well, we got a call from someone last spring saying, this is it. This is the one for you.  You've got to do this for the community. So we're holding Rappel for Ripple Effect on May 16th and 17th. And it's an opportunity for folks from the community to rappel off the side of one city center, right in downtown Portland. I guess that's different than just jumping off a building. It certainly is. It's very safe. As I was saying earlier, it's safer than walking down the street, quite honestly. Because there are lines attached. There are lots of lines attached. There are lots of professionals around. And you've got your friends and family from the community all there supporting you as well. Well, it sounds really exciting. Now why are you doing this? It's a fundraiser. It is a fundraiser. And as you know, Ripple Effect provides adventure learning opportunities for kids all across southern Maine. And I love to think about the kids who on one hand are living and breathing in Parkside, just a couple of blocks down the hill in one direction. And the opportunity that we give them out on Cow Island in Casco Bay, where they're kayaking and climbing a climbing wall and doing a zipline and learning about gardening and their solar panels and all these really wonderful opportunities. Well, so many kids can't afford to do that. And doing an event like this makes it possible for us to provide the opportunity. So how does one get involved or get the opportunity to repel down the side of the building? Great question. Well, I would say as a starting point, you go to our website, which is ripple-effect.net. That's www.rippleffect.net. And you can sign up to actually repel. You can sign up to support other repelers and make a small donation in order to support Ripple Effect. You can volunteer, which we would love to have folks do. And you can just find out more about our programming as well. Well, I think it sounds exciting. I think it sounds a little scary on my part because I'm afraid of heights. But I'm planning to be there and watch this. And as you said earlier, standing at the top of the building there, you can look over to Parkside as well as over to Cow Island and see that this is the barrier you have to get over to get from one way to the other. Yes, well, and right in the middle is the community that we help to create. Down at the bottom, there are going to be booths of our friendly organizations, groups like the Center for Grieving Children and Sail Main. Our sponsors are going to have booths. And one of my favorites, the Main Rock Gym, is going to bring over a climbing wall, a climbing tower, so that just folks who are coming by can come and experience that on a somewhat smaller scale. Well, this is something that I don't think has ever happened in Portland before. It is not. And it sounds like something that's going to be so much fun and it's on the May 16th. It's on May 16th and 17th. Oh, they're doing it for two days. Well, this is the very cool thing. On the 16th, we're having a media and VIP day. So Erin O'Vow and Megan Torgesson are going to be going over there from Channel 8. Two of our major sponsors, Chris Emmons, from Gorham Savings and Bill Karen from Main Health are going to be going over together as well as some of the other really wonderful sponsors. And then that night, we're going to have a liquid courage event where people can celebrate together. And then all day on Saturday, the 17th, it'll be going from eight to five. Oh, it'll be so much fun. We hope that folks can come by and really enjoy it with us. Oh, I can't imagine staying away from it. It's going to be quite his spectacle. I have to say. And really, I would say that it is going to be something that folks will enjoy even if they're not going over the edge. And I'm sure the folks who are will enjoy the support that they're getting from the community.


In addition to uploading images, you can upload any type of file to use in your course content. One method to upload files is to use the Files link in the left hand navigation menu. Surprise! It turns out that the images and files are stored in the same area on Canvas. What you see here is the Course Files folder. You could dump all your files into that folder, but it would be wrong. Just as wrong is putting all your files on your desktop. Instead, you have folders and subfolders, and it makes sense to do the same in Canvas. Let's add some folders. Week 1, Learning Styles, and another folder, Week 2, Personality. Then, select the folder you want and upload. You can select multiple files by holding down the Ctrl key as you click. Let's go to the folder for Week 2 and upload some files there as well, and back to our main folder. You can also upload a zip file. When you do that, Canvas will ask you if you want to keep it compressed or if you want to expand it. I suggest that you expand it, because that will be as if you uploaded each file individually. Now that you have your files, you need to make it easy for students to find them. You can put them in your modules one after another. We can add, file, and again use Ctrl to select multiple files. Another approach to adding files to your course is to create a new page, which we'll call Files for Week 2, and edit it. Add some words. Here are more materials about the True Colors metaphor, and start a bulleted list. Add the text for the links, highlight the words that you want to link, go to Files, and select the appropriate file. And do the same for the other link. Then save and publish. Let's see what this looks like to a student. When a file is included in a module, students will see a preview of it, and they also will get a link to download it for themselves. Here's another preview with its download link. And when the links are in a page, the students can click the link for the download, or click the icon following the link to get a preview of the document. To summarize, create directories in the course files folder that coordinate with your modules. Upload files to the correct places. Insert the files into a module, or create a page with links to the documents.


Good morning. Welcome to this lecture in our course on Chemical Engineering Principles of CVD Process. I thought we will use this lecture to just quickly summarize what we have covered in the course and if you have any questions you can ask them also today. So if you look at the material that we have covered, we started out by first discussing the fundamentals of chemical vapor deposition. What are its unique aspects compared to other methods for forming films on surfaces, the particular advantages and disadvantages of CVD process and we also looked at the various types of CVD films particularly the crystalline polycrystalline and amorphous films and we looked at the various process designs and reactor designs for making CVD films. Again focusing mostly on the temperature distribution, the cold wall versus hot wall and also the pressure, atmospheric pressure CVD, low pressure CVD and ultra high vacuum CVD or plasma CVD. Then we spent a few classes talking about the various properties of CVD films and how they are to be measured, both quantitative analysis as well as qualitative analysis and the middle portion of the course we primarily focused on the thermodynamics, chemical kinetics and transport phenomena associated with CVD reactors. So we looked at a method that will enable us to find the equilibrium composition of CVD products using a free energy minimization algorithm and then in terms of transport phenomena we primarily focused on the so called macroscopic model where we formulate conservation laws for mass momentum and energy and use constitutive relationships to provide closures to these conservation laws and again we focused on the mass transfer aspects since that is the most central transport phenomena in a CVD reactor and we described the thick diffusion process that delivers material to the substrate on which the film is being formed and we also looked at various adjustments that we have to make to the diffusional deposition rate to account for what we call the analogy breaking mechanism such as thermal diffusion, homogeneous reactions and heterogeneous reactions. In particular we derived formulae for the correction factors that you need to apply when such phoretic forces and other external factors are present. In the last part of the course we looked at some very specific examples of CVD processes and CVD reactors such as we looked at silicon CVD, CVD of coatings, CVD of oxides, hot wire or filament CVD to make metal films and finally nano materials as well. So overall that is the portion that we have covered as part of this course. Now for the exam I think as I mentioned before I really want you to have a good understanding of the breadth of the subject that we have covered and some knowledge in depth particularly about the chemical engineering aspects which is the thermodynamics, chemical kinetics both heterogeneous and homogeneous as well as transport phenomena. We had also spent some time talking about CVD processes that are not intentional but are actually undesirable such as burnout of tungsten filament lamps and also hot corrosion of turbine blades. So I do not think we have covered those in any of the quizzes yet. So that is possible that there may be one or two questions in your term exam on those two and in one of the recent lectures actually couple of lectures we talked about multi scale modeling which is a very unique aspect again of CVD reactors because there are at least four major length scales and corresponding time scales that are present in any conventional CVD reactor and it is important to understand the differences between these scales and also how they are interlinked together. In the last lecture we talked about the hierarchical approach to multi scale modeling versus the concurrent approach. So for a given CVD film the trick is how do you relate something that is so surface specific as the growth rate of a CVD film on a surface to something that is so macroscopic in nature because all you really have control over is how much reactant you are feeding in, what the flow rate is, what the temperature is and what the pressure is. So that is something you are trying to control at a reactor level but on that basis you are trying to make a very very thin film or structure on a substrate. So you are trying to influence what happens at a nano scale with parameters that you are only able to control at a much larger length scale. So that is really the challenge in a CVD reactor. So unless you have a very precise understanding of how the phenomena are linked from the various length scales and time scales that are present in your system you can never achieve the kind of control over the nature of the deposit that you are forming on the substrate. So another question that I think is very relevant to ask in a term exam would be something around the multi scale modeling of CVD reactors and how you would apply that in order to make this linkage from the controllable parameters in your reactor to the functional parameters that you are trying to achieve with the reactor. And you know at the largest length scale we have the macroscopic model or the conservation model which is where we spent quite a bit of time on. So here again I think I would expect you to be able to discuss essentially from first principles how you would form a mass transfer model or film formation happening in a CVD reactor and identify the appropriate correction factors to apply for various reactor operating conditions. For example if you have a cold wall reactor I would expect that you should be aware that A in a cold wall reactor natural convection is going to be dominant because the temperature difference between the hot substrate and the cold wall is going to drive natural convection phenomena. And secondly I would expect you to be aware that the temperature gradient is again going to require you to include thermal diffusion as an influence in your deposition rate calculations. You have to be able to calculate the correction factor corresponding to thermal diffusion and apply it to your result. Similarly if I tell you that it is a hot wall reactor then I expect you to appreciate the fact that when you have a hot wall reactor the probability of heterogeneous nucleation is much higher and so the probability that some material will condense in the gas phase and potentially be transported as aerosols to the surface is also higher. So again I want you to demonstrate you know that level of understanding when does, when do homogenous kinetics become important, when do heterogeneous kinetics become important. And again central to all this is a figure that we have drawn several times which relates the logarithm of the deposition rate to the inverse of the surface temperature. You really have to be able to identify the various regions that are present in that graph and ascribe you know reason for the behavior that you see. Why is it that at very high temperatures you actually start to see a drop in the deposition rate. Why is it that at low temperatures you start seeing more of an exponential behavior with respect to temperature. In other words when does surface kinetics become important, when does gas phase kinetics become important and when is it that diffusional phenomena dominate over either. And how do you express it? You have to be able to express the relative importance of the various factors affecting CVD rates in terms of non-dimensional parameters. So you have to be able to define the Damkohler numbers, Nusselt number, Stanton number, Pecklay number. So if you look through your notes these are dimensionless quantities we have defined which essentially represent the ratios of characteristic times. So it could be the characteristic time of diffusion versus chemical reaction or it could be the characteristic time for homogeneous reaction versus heterogeneous reaction. It is important that you should be able to express the relative importance of the various terms influencing CVD rates on the basis of the relevant dimensionless quantities. Again that is a contribution a chemical engineer makes you know it is anybody can do experiments in a CVD reactor and look at the data and react to it. But in order to be able to interpolate those results or extrapolate those results you have to be able to define the so called dimensionless parameters which enable you to do this kind of scaling and extend the region of validity of your experimental data. Otherwise you can never be sure that you know whatever data you have collected for a certain set of conditions if you develop a model based on those experimental data now those are called empirical models. The problem with empirical models is as soon as you go outside the range in which the data were obtained you can never be sure that the same model is valid. And that is where the non-dimensional analysis becomes very important because we can then take the results that we get in one system and be able to apply it for multiple systems. So that is another value add that chemical engineers can bring to the study of chemical vapour deposition. So I think you know the point I made in one of the very early lectures is that a CVD reactor is like a microcosm of the chemical process industry you know everything is happening inside a CVD reactor everything that you have studied in chemical engineering. And I hope that as we come to the end of the course you have a good appreciation for that you should be able to assess how you know obviously the 3D transport phenomena that you have studied have relevance in the study of CVD systems. How chemical reactions and equilibrium thermodynamics have a relevance in the study of CVD systems and also the control methodologies which is another important subject that chemical engineers learn also has application in CVD reactors because the most important thing in a CVD reactor is to control the product which is the film. And in order to be able to do that you need to be able to control all the different parameters that affect the operation of the CVD system. So control methodologies are extremely important also in the investigation and optimization of CVD systems. So I hope that you have kind of been able to extract all this from both the lecture notes as well as the papers that I have been circulating. If you have any questions go ahead, is there anything that has been bothering you from day 1 about CVD or anything that has come up in the last couple of days or is there anything that you think should have been covered which we did not cover in class or something that we covered in class which we should not have covered in class. Any questions, feedback, anything is welcome. In nanomaterials, we have studied very small part, we have gone through little bit more. How to make that carbon powder nanomaterial or any other, how this... Yeah, by the way I have sent some papers this morning. So I have sent a bunch of papers on basically synthesis of nanomaterials. I do not know that there is lot to be gained by teaching that in class, I mean there is nothing very fundamental about it. And so I have sent you some papers, take a look at them and if you have any questions you can always get back to me. See, synthesis of nanomaterials, I do not really believe that CVD is the best method for doing it. It is one of the methods and it is something you use when you are not able to use other methods but I do not think it is the optimal use for CVD. I mean CVD is really good when you are trying to make coatings over surfaces that have complex contours and stuff like that and also very, very fine clearances. So it is well suited for microelectronics but when you get into the nano range, I do not think CVD works as well as some of the molecular techniques that are now being used. But yeah, I mean it is certainly something interesting to look at. Chemical sensors actually basically used for a place amount of gas addiction, nanomaterials are being coated on some surfaces then those materials are being used in actual purpose. In that case, this CVD I think is much more important. Yeah, certainly. Anything else? Maybe I will ask you, what did you think was the most interesting part of the course? Application of various conservation equations which we learnt separately, the combination of all those in CVD. You also have a course in transport phenomena, right? Yes. Don't they try to do that in that course? I thought that is where you try to combine the various. They did try to do that but I think maybe, maybe practically it was scenario where we had a, like we have a CVD system and just like you mentioned, like if it is a diffusion dominant or thermal diffusion dominant, maybe practical scenarios in that case. Okay. Yeah, one thing we did not really do a lot of is solving numerical problems, maybe that is something that can be done as well. What was the least interesting part of the course? This is where it got very theoretical, the spectroscopic microscopy and all that. So you would want to see some practical demonstrations that make it more interesting because it is important to understand how CVD films are measured, whether we like it or not, it is something that we have to know. I mean ellipso-metry accounts for probably 90% of CVD film thickness measurements. So if you are only going to learn one technique, ellipso-metry would be the right one to learn. Any, you have any comments or, okay fine. So let us break a little early today and if there are any numerical problems, I think they will be designed such that you do not need a calculator but just bring one just in case. Okay. Good. All right.


Now, if your finals are right around the corner, the most important thing you need to do right now is to make sure you have a full calendar set of the lectures that you need to do on a daily basis and essentially know when you're gonna start reviewing and when you're gonna end. Because on surface level, while it may seem like the most important thing you need to do is study and my experience, once I had a plan down of saying on this day, I would cover these lectures and so forth, but the duration of my finals prep was so easy to show up and do my work and then usually two to three days before the final exam, I felt like I had covered all the material once, could then focus on the weak points and go into the exam with lots of confidence.


Hi there, so today I want to talk about values. I get lots of questions all the time about how do I know what my values are as a business? How can I communicate to my customers what my values are so that I can make sure that I'm attracting the right kind of customers to my business that I'm not only going to enjoy working with, but that we're going to have a relationship. It's going to be a rapport there immediately. I can engage with my customers without having to try and convert them with no relationship. So really values are so vital. They're the DNA of your business. So my answer to that would be that you really need to think about what your values are, not personally, but as a business. And also the most important thing you can do when you're thinking about expressing your brand through your values is to make sure that you are doing it from a place that comes from you and your business. The worst thing you could do is to think that your customers display a certain sort of value, therefore you try and mimic that and try and pretend that you have that value to attract them. So they're going to see straight through it and the relationship isn't going to last too long after that. So integrity really is the key when you're thinking about what your core values are as a business and as a company. So I've sent you a download which is a values questionnaire and I've come up with a list of the top values I can think of. You might well think of some more. What I want you to do first of all is to make a note out of that list of the top 10 core values that you want to communicate about yourself to your prospects and your customers. Once you've got that down to your top 10, I then want you to narrow it down. You have to lose five. Now this is quite a challenging exercise. I know because we've been through it. We use this this exercise for when we recruit staff, when we are thinking of going into a joint venture, when we are for sure when we're recruiting clients and customers because we want to make sure we're working with people that really get what we're about. You know, our number one core value is quality relationships. That overrides absolutely everything in our business. We even have a little system that if one of us doesn't feel, this is out of myself and Miles, if one of us feels that that potential customer doesn't quite share the same values, the other one will go in. And if we both feel it, we will not work with that customer because having made the mistake in the past of taking customers on who didn't share our values, we always just, it was just a mistake and we always got that feeling. I'm sure if you, like me, have had this feeling, you've just thought, oh God, why, why did I take this piece of business on? I knew this was going to be trouble, but it's usually because of a value set. In some way, those values rubbed up against each other and were misaligned. So our values are quality relationships, integrity and creativity. Now, once you've done that first part of the exercise and you've stripped it to five, why I want you to do is now pick out what your number one core value is going to be. This is absolutely vital and I'll tell you why. When Miles and I joined forces and brought both of our companies together, we did this exercise on our own business because I'd been doing this with clients for quite a while and seeing the results that they were having. Of course, by that point, I had attracted some clients that I really wouldn't have taken on had I have done this exercise first. So we decided to spend time getting this exercise absolutely right. We then brought both of our client lists together and one by one, we went through every single client and we put a mark next to them as to whether we thought they shared the same values with us or not. You can just tell. We ended up sacking 72% of our customer base, which is very scary actually. At first you think, okay, well, what are we going to do with these people? And actually all we did when they came back to us was we referred them to someone else who we felt did share the same values as that person so they were still being looked after but they were being looked after by someone that shared their same value set. And all that did for our business, however, was we started to focus on the other 27, 28% of customers that we really did share values with that we loved working with who always paid us on time. These were the premiership customers and when we started focusing on them, our business just flew.  The most important thing is that you do it because this can make such a huge difference to who you attract as a customer from now on. You may have heard the saying before that the meaning of your communication is the response you get. Well, that's because it's true. If you display a certain set of values to your customers and prospects, that's exactly what you're going to attract. So if you're not attracting the kind of clients that you want to work with right now, it might be because you're not displaying the kind of values that you want other people to have in them. So I hope that this exercise is going to be really useful for you. Like I said, I've posted this already, so you can download this. And once you've got your answers to this, really start to think about now the kind of customers who are likely to share the same values as you. Now, we've got a great Facebook group. We've also got a fantastic blog. So if you go to iceinnovation.co.uk, forward slash blog, you can find loads of information in there about how to build your brand, how to grow your website, how to attract, engage and convert more people online and offline. And also, if you're not already following us on our Facebook group, if you type in facebook.com forward slash branding expert UK, you will find lots of tips and hints and information on there that can also help you to grow your business and build your brand. Do get in contact with us if you've got any questions, because whatever you ask us, it's more than likely going to help someone else too. Take care, have a great day and we'll speak to you soon. Bye bye.


So Spotify has always been somewhat mysterious. And no, I don't mean like that quiet person who plays guitar in a corner at a party looking hot that you're drooling over. I mean mysterious in that way that we should probably be worried about what bodies are buried in the basement. Joking, joking, please don't sue me. But the mystery is, what in the hell do you have to do to make Spotify happy so you can get in the algorithm which we all know is where most of the streams on Spotify come from these days. It's so many of you have trouble driving your popularity score up to get into the algorithm because let's be honest, it's really hard to see what's affecting it and you don't understand it. Well, that's all been changed for the majority of you now thanks to a website I've been a big fan of called Musicstacks. So this video, I'm gonna show you how to use that site to track your popularity score and how you can learn to hack the algorithm with this free tool.  Think of it like this. What many people confuse the popularity index for is some sort of charting position. As many of you know, Spotify has a top 500 chart which measures what song is getting the most streams each week, whereas your popularity score is an accumulation of every stream, share, save, like playlist ad, as well as it gets subtracted when there's skips but added when there's repeated listens measured from a single user and that's on a scale of zero to 100 so it can figure out enthusiasm towards your track each day rather than just listens. Since, for example, a lot of songs get listened to then people hear how bad it is and don't listen after a few times but can appear popular at first. This commonly happens when a washed up artist like say Kanye, who chart high initially on the first week as we all wanna hear the crazed what he says and then their new album streams fall off faster than I do when I hear him rapping about Jesus. Anyway, the popularity score helps since this way Spotify can measure listeners susceptibility to liking your tracks as well as their enthusiasm towards it since just knowing you like a song isn't as helpful as knowing how much you really like it since Spotify wants to promote the songs listeners will rinse repeatedly and keep using their app so they keep paying that pitiful $10 a month so that musicians can get to split it like that P on Christmas and all the movies about being poor. Anyway, so if you look at the chart of the most popular songs on Spotify that Luke from Musicstacks made and seriously, I wouldn't be making this video if he weren't such an angel for making this site so none of this would be possible without him and he has this nice buy me a coffee button on his website where you can thank him if you use this site a lot and if you do use it, you should really do that since he should really be charging a monthly fee for this. Anyway, let's look at this chart he made as you can see more than one song can have a number so it's not a top 100 and since he said this to me a few weeks ago I have seen all sorts of different clumps of numbers but you can also see this isn't just new songs I mean that Coldplay song is 20 years old and yet boring people are still listening to it shaking my damn head. Anyway, let's get to why this is important to you in case you didn't know you need a popularity score of around 25 to 35% at least to get into the coveted Spotify algorithm depending on the week and your genre and how crowded it is and if you get on it you'll be on Discover Weekly and Release Radar but as well, it seems like it's pretty rare to land an editorial playlist unless you're above 25% and this makes a lot of sense so Spotify needs to keep people listening to their playlist and if people aren't susceptible to your track well, they're gonna skip it and drive down your popularity score and people won't listen to the playlist as much so it's lose, lose for both of you if they put your track on and in fact, what we see all the time is that songs that get added to editorial playlists that don't do well get dropped pretty fast by the playlist and we can usually see the popularity score take a dive if it's on a playlist it doesn't match on now sometimes it's a bad fit on the playlist and the popularity score goes back up after it's dropped and then the song does better score-wise once it's off whereas sometimes, well, it just keeps going down because the only people who liked it were the artist's biggest fans so the goal here is to get your song to get that nice popularity score now, not to say the most obvious thing in the world here but what obviously matters the most is if people like your song but there's plenty of songs that are good enough to get on a playlist and in fact, with so many playlists whether they are editorial or algorithmic are good at is make it so users get songs they are very likely to like because they follow that genre that the playlist caters to and while your mediocre song is never gonna get on this chart here of the most popular songs it can find tons of fans and change your life it set you up to grow into one of the artists on this chart as you mature and write better songs so let's talk about how we're gonna bring music stacks into this let's first head over to Spotify and copy a link to the song we want to monitor then we're gonna paste that link to music stacks I'm gonna use my personal song of the summer so far which is Aries and Wyatt Otis' Banger Snake Eyes which I've rinsed like 100 times in the past two weeks and really driven up its popularity score now I should say, you don't need to paste it you can also look it up on here but since music stacks relies on Spotify's data for search that can get tricky with small artists who have common names so my way ensures that nothing goes wrong as well, if the song has never been looked up it sometimes takes a second to generate the data come on, the site's free, what do you expect? anyway, as you can see if you've never been to music stacks there's a ton of cool data here including key, tempo, and even loudness but what we care about is that popularity score so now we're gonna use this very cool new feature on music stacks and we're gonna click on the popularity score and now you can watch it grow or maybe for some of you, shrink anyway, some of you may be thinking you have already done this on chart metric and that is correct but as I've told consistently chart metric is way too expensive for a lot of you and this is a free site for now where you'll be able to track it and that's kinda cool and Luke from music stacks also told me you'll soon be able to log in, favorite songs and see a dashboard of every song you favorite so this is just gonna keep getting better as he improves the site as he has been for years but now how is this useful? So let's say you get added to a playlist called Dean's playlist of tunes to pick up dive bar lizards too which curates only the fiest tunes that Dean uses to get the girls at his local dive bar to pretend they're in the movie coyote ugly and dance on the bar honestly, as someone who's done a lot of dancing on the bar by day, I can relate anyway, what a lot of you don't realize is that getting on some of those playlists that you pay for can actually knock down your score if the playlist is super diverse and has a lot of listeners who aren't feeling you and those playlists can really knock down your popularity score like 10, 15 points so especially if you've paid to be on one of those well, you can ask them to take you off if it's driving your popularity score down now I know some of you are thinking why can't you just do this on Spotify for artists and like I said at the start of this video Spotify is mysterious and above all else it's never helpful to musicians and frankly, you're kind of a fool for even asking since this is Spotify after all and of course they aren't gonna do good for musicians but seriously, opening this each day as you do your promotions helps you understand how your popularity score is affected by the things you do as well, you can often see things like for example, when artists do email blasts on the day their song comes out and really go hard on alerting their community their new track by getting similar artists to post about it well, you can often see the popularity score go up faster because those are the people most likely to rinse the song but inversely, one of the funniest things I've seen for one of my consulting clients they showed me what happened when an influencer friend who posted their song and that influencers fans really didn't like the type of music they made which let's just say that song popularity score was pretty much ruined for life so watching this only helps you to get to understand the game better and what promotions actually work for you so here's the thing while you just learned how to game your popularity score like I said, promoting on TikTok is the best way to drive your popularity score up and I have a brand new video that tells you exactly what TikToks you should make to blow up on Spotify on the screen right now or in the description so make sure to watch that next if you really want to level up thanks for watching


The current is being used by the JSC part duration. The current JSC, the likes of all of you, will be named leading to the exit. We shall be taking off shortly. Thank you for your time. Shantakalija, 3rd journal, coming in a little bit. Thank you for your time. Thank you for your time. Thank you.


You know Salman Khan was a bodybuilder.  He did some Corbin I'm Rick and he calls I need to grab a twitch. I want juicy content. Follow us there. We're not kidding. It's juicy and I think we're supposed to pay turn probably should work your count and I Don't know I liked it. I was squeezing the teeth of justice I thought you were gonna say the teeth of the universe like we did no no It's the teeth of everything has a teeth by the way teeth of justice. Yep. Just this But Today is Salman Khan's birthday. Happy birthday to you. Happy birthday to you and we did a song but no shock So that's on patreon, thank you so much for excuse patreon support, but We're gonna do 12 surprising facts about Salman Khan. We haven't done one of these 12 store We did one about SRK. I think we did. Yes. I think yes, and obviously this is another one of the big stars I wanted to do one about I'm gonna talk about John. I'm gonna talk about John and And we know whenever we do these kind of things. We don't know if these facts are real Yep, so you can tell us if they are incorrect. Well, if we've got them on the internet, they're all true That's true. Everything you read on the internet. Yes, 100%. You know who said that Abraham Lincoln But here we go because we don't know a lot about Salman. We don't one film of this We have but we know he people love him. We do absolutely despise. There's no middle ground It is quite divisive. Here we go I haven't seen him in a while I can't tell you that's actually how he pronounces it You're almost Introducing in this video So let's jump into the facts 1988 He got his breakthrough lead-in role in his next film and that was main PR KIA in 1989 Award for best male debut That's what kind of acts to his edge Well, it kind of is but no his full name is actually a dual received saline Salman Khan His favorite actress is he my Malini as well as his favorite actor is Sylvester Stallone who actually wants to do a movie with Salman Khan And thanks to Kunal Jadwal That's not surprising. That's awesome. He tells always care about his body Let me know down there Chinese food as a matter of fact his favorite Chinese restaurant And this was pretty interesting. He also has a weird obsession with soap Well, his bathroom is completely stacked with natural soaps. Well, it's been said that he smells really good So I guess that's part of it. But not everything is not a fact. It's about you and glamour for Salman Uralja and that is a facial nerve disorder known as the suicide disease What is this intense pain in the face that originate from the trigeminal nerve? Ouch, but yeah, that's not enough to ruin that pretty face for those of you who follow Salman Khan You Did not know that from the beginning Salman Khan was a fighter, you know, when he went to auditions He never used his father's name to get a role so he wanted to get a role based on his skills He didn't want to get people knowing who his father was for God's sake Famous Indian film star and writer Now he wanted to get the roles based on his own talent and paint this own way which he definitely did Not only is this guy a huge success, but he's also very giving back in 2007 He started the being human foundation and what this organization does is to support the underprivileged people in India The organization works with private companies to help poor people with education as well as health care Now in terms of his religious background, if you check several biographical sources about it You'll see that Salman Khan's religion is listed as Hindu and Muslim Now this is due to the fact that he said in the past that he's both Muslim and Hindu But really he has no religion. It's because his mother was Hindu and his father was Muslim I don't know, can you be two religions at the same time? That's an interesting one Let me also know your thoughts about that down there Now when he spilled Red Dot Tiger, he starred in the movie with Kachina K And that became the second highest earning Bali in the world in history Because it grossed nearly 57 million dollars in 2012 People love that Bye! Now, Kachina being a huge success in acting He also has several other skills He's a painter, he does photography He's also an excellent swimmer as well as a pretty good singer He actually stopped it So in this video, those were your facts on Salman Khan There's a ton of other information that obviously we couldn't fit in this video So if you also want to part two into Salman You know, you know what I would like to see? A video based on Indian actors' real voices Which actors have the best real voice You mean as far as their singing voices? Their singing voices Because obviously, as some of them have talked about Like when Ranveer and Shade talked about it in the round table A lot of them want to Right But why aren't they given the option? Well, because they probably can't Like based on his singing in suede Yes, we know it's not pronounced that way No, it's pronounced suede I don't think SRK can sing Because he has that moment where he's bathing and he's singing and it's terrible Yeah? Yeah Is he actually singing at them? Yeah, it's actually him Oh yeah What was he singing? I don't know if he was doing that on purpose Was it an American song? Oh, it was a rock song It was a rock song It was either American or British But it was a Western song I'm sorry But he was singing it and I remember thinking, ah I wonder if he's singing that way just to sing that way for the character Or if maybe SRK just really isn't a great singer Oh yeah And I would say Bigby's got a nice voice But he's not like, wouldn't be considered a great singer I wonder if it'll ever change Like they'll ever Because like if you Like it did here Yeah Because like if here If you're in a musical You're gonna have to sing that musical Almost all Almost all 95% of the time Almost only And in fact I think the only person who doesn't do their own singing in Greatest Showman Was, I forgot her name But she's the opera singer that he falls in love with Yeah It's one of the greatest lip-syncs I've ever seen on film Because the actual singer isn't her But I think you all know that Zac Efron did his own singing in that Which to his credit after the high school musical First one, he said I don't want someone else singing my vocals I wanna I wanna sing And I wonder if it'll ever change Hugh Jackman is obviously dead And everybody in Les Mis Sang their own stuff live Yeah, I just wonder if it'll ever Fully change to, ah I don't know It's interesting because India's vocal stuff is very different than ours In terms of the singers are As big if not bigger stars sometimes on the actors In the actors Where that's not, that wasn't the case here No Uh, but Yeah, I didn't know any of this stuff Yeah, I know It's, it is cool to see Because obviously you're a big fan of Stallone Yeah Himself, but it's not surprising No, not at all If I was to think of Salman Khan And who his favorite American actor would be I think I would actually immediately say Thanks, Stallone Stallone Or Arnold Schwarzenegger Yeah, I would It would be one of those two That I, that would be my first guess Would be his favorite Yeah, I love that that's his favorite I love that also he's a painter I wonder if, I wonder if that was something Sly Inspired in him because Sly's a painter as well I also, I would like to know as much about all of the people Like here, I just want to know everything that makes them who they are Yeah Because then when I watch them I, there's just, there's more for me to know about them as an artist and Yeah, not easily In regards to if you like him or not He is probably Minimum top five biggest stars in India In the world Yeah, in the world At minimum Yeah, at minimum Minimum But like, like we should know more about him Regardless of if you like him or if you don't We do need to give him a song though We need to give him something What? You know, oh But we have, but there's some other people we haven't done that for It just needs to come naturally We shouldn't, you know Rithik and SRK just happen Out of nowhere Huh Right Yeah, I don't know what it would be I keep trying to figure it out When it's supposed to happen, it'll happen But for those of you who are unaware You really should look into all of the Mr Olympias that Salman Khan has won I think he's one more Mr Olympias than Ronnie Coleman I know this one is quite popular This right here I think that's a Shwarya Rai and Well done Look at you calling her a Shwarya Rai I think we have one like a Bengali pronunciation You're not a Shwarya Rai And then I think there's another one with SRK Salman and SRK But yeah, also I wanted to know I know it said he didn't use his family name To get roles Right But did people already know Like since his father was such a big guy He walks in the door and you're like That's Salman Khan He's using a different name Why is he doing that? Yeah So like he's like Is that just something he says When people knew regardless That's who it was Or maybe he did make it on his own I don't know I'm looking forward to the comment thread on this one Because we've seen some comments before And I've had messages before And this will be polarized It always is with Salman Yep, I feel like More than anybody else And though we've only watched one of his films Whenever there's been someone out of India Someone out of Bollywood And to be particular People have said they either love him Or they detest him Yeah There's no middle realm You know who else is similar? Not as bad But in terms of his films Is Ranbir Like people like either That's their guy Right They almost hate every single one of his films And think they're overrated Yeah, but there's not like this I feel like Oh, I know, none of these Salman Khan fans will burn your house down Oh, yeah But also the Salman Khan fans will as well If you say anything nice about him Like we got a comment that said Stupid that y'all are just appeasing your fans To like Salman Khan Or like we're not We're not But we should know about him You can't just ignore one of the biggest stars in India Exactly It's like Also in the one film we saw so far He did not hurt the film I know Obviously we said He's not really a good actor We didn't immediately throw him in there The likes of the people that would be award-winning actors But he wasn't bad No We enjoyed him You could tell he was struggling Like I said And I think I got confirmed when we did it It's his charm that people like so much He's a lot to me like Dwayne Johnson Yeah He seems to be like a guy who's worked really hard Whose personality is very charming Yeah And is probably works And does the most he can with what he's got And that's admirable to me Well, happy birthday, sir I don't know how old you are What do you think? 50? I bet he's bright in the wheelhouse of the early 50s Your age? Yeah, about my age probably And Amir Khan They're in that same NSRK They're all in their early 50s Yeah Yep Well, happy birthday, sir Happy birthday


Hey guys, how you doing? This is Rich from Rich TV Live and we have some breaking news from Pure Extracts, a company that is doing two of the hottest sectors in the world, psychedelics and cannabis extracts and oils. So this is their website PureExtractsCorp.com and they have some breaking news. PureExtracts closes upsized 8.5 million offering with strong retail demand. So they just raised 8.5 million dollars and it's been upsized. This is very bullish for the company, meaning there's a lot of interest from investors to get into the stock. PureExtracts Technologies Corp, PULL in Canada, A2QJAJ in Frankfurt, Germany is pleased to announce it has completed the second and final tranche of its non-brokered private placement offering of special warrants, each a special warrant at 50.5 cents per special warrant previously announced on December 16, 2020, private placement at this final closing. The company issued and sold an aggregate of 10,839,230 special warrants for gross proceeds of 5,473,811 dollars and 14 cents. Together with the first closing, the company issued an aggregate of 16,9263 special warrants for gross proceeds of 8,534,632 dollars and 81 cents pursuant to the private placement. The special warrants will automatically convert to units upon the earlier of the receipt for a final prospect is qualifying the distribution of the units or four months and a day from the closing date of the final tranche of the private placement, which is May 21, 2021. Each unit will be comprised of one common share of the company and one half of one common share purchase warrant. Each warrant will entitle the holder to acquire one common share at an exercise price of 65 cents per warrant share. Wow, that is an amazing conversion price for a period of 24 months following the deemed exercise date of the special warrants. Finder's fees of 139,501 dollars and 41 cents cash and 395,817 dollars finders warrants were paid and issued in conjunction with the final tranche of the private placement. Each finders warrants entitles the holder thereof to purchase one common share of the company at an exercise price of 65 cents per finders warrant share until January 20, 2023. All securities issued under the final tranche of the private placement will be subject to a statutory four month hold period, which expires on May 21, 2021 in accordance with applicable Canadian securities laws. The company intends to use net proceeds from the private placement primarily for expansion of capacity for the company's extraction business and for general work in capital. The company will use it commercially, reasonable efforts to qualify the distribution of the common shares and warrants issuable upon exercise of the special warrants by way of a short form prospectus. Every company, once they start to grow and they start getting liquidity when they're public, typically they want to raise capital and they do that by selling shares. This is how they do it. This is very standard. Subject to the company fulfilling all of the listing requirements of the exchange, the special warrants will not be enlisted on any stock exchange or over the counter market. Interesting. The company has filed a preliminary base shelf prospectus, which is available under the company's profile at CDAR. The company also announced it has granted 5 million stock options to purchase common shares to certain directors, officers, employees, and consultants of the company. The options are exercisable for periods ranging from two to five years from the date of issuance at an exercise price of 73 cents. About the company, the company features an all-new state-of-the-art processing facility located just 20 minutes north of the world famous Whistler, British Columbia, one of the most beautiful places on earth. The bespoke facility has been constructed to European Union GMP standards aiming towards expert sales of products and formulations, including those currently restricted in Canada into European jurisdictions where they are legally available. On September 25th, 2020, Peer Extracts was granted its standard processing license by Health Canada under the Cannabis Act and the company's stock began trading on the Canadian Securities Exchange CSE on November 5th, 2020, which I broke to you guys first and it has been already a huge success. And this is a story that's just getting started. This company just raised $8.5 million. So $8.5 million is a huge amount of money for a company that is brand new. Now they're going to have $8.5 million available to the company to help them grow and expand. This to me is extremely bullish. This is what companies need to do, assuming that they don't have any more dilution. This will be very, very good for the company long term because now they've got some money behind them to really move forward in executing their business plan. This is your boy, Rich from Rich TV Live. We bring you the news and we bring it to you first. Peerextractscorp.com. It's already been a big winner for our community and I believe it's just getting started. The big news, Peer Extracts closes upsized $8.5 million offering with strong retail demand. If you're not winning or not watching, we bring you the winners, we bring you the news and we bring it to you first. If you like the video, please smash the like button, comment down below, share the video everywhere and subscribe for future updates. And remember, Rich TV Live is strictly for education and entertainment purposes. Always do your due diligence, speak to a financial advisor and let the financial advisor tell you what they think about the deals. Chances are they're going to say, man, that's a really good deal. Where'd you hear about it? And you could say from my boy, Rich. Thank you for watching. We'll talk to you soon. Big news for pull, I'm out. Peace.


So, I'm going to talk about the role of cyto reductive surgery or nephrectomy in the setting of metastatic disease. As we talked about earlier, stage means everything in kidney cancer and those patients who present with stage 4 disease, approximately 30% present with stage 4, a total of 50% will ultimately develop stage 4 in their lifetime. As they say, up until 2006 we really had no treatments for kidney cancer, therefore surgery played a major role in the treatment of all phases of the disease. But since 2006, a variety of different therapies have been approved for the treatment of kidney cancer, seven of them almost unheard of for the treatment of malignancy, including exitinib, which was recently approved back in January of 2012. So now we have a whole plethora of different treatments. In fact, it's almost an embarrassment of riches. We almost have too many therapies and it can be very challenging to decide when to employ which therapy and which setting, although this algorithm does provide some guidance. And we have numerous therapies that are certainly in the pipeline being developed as we speak. And as I said in my earlier talk, these are not home runs. They're base hits basically, because ultimately the treatment, the tumor will become resistant to the treatment and will start to grow and progress despite the treatment. So the question is what is the proper integration of surgery and systemic therapy in the setting of metastatic disease? So let me illustrate this with a couple of cases. So this is a patient of mine, 62-year-old white male who presented with blood in a urine, few comorbidities, diabetes and hypertension, had some previous surgery. Physical examination is unremarkable, performance status is equal to one, meaning there were some symptoms related to the primary tumor, but overall the patient was doing well. Here's the CT scan. You could see a locally advanced tumor involving the right kidney, as well as bilateral pulmonary nodules. Here's one here. Here's one here. Here's a small one here. So basically, locally advanced primary tumor with METs to the lung. Patient had some anemia, had an elevation in their LDH or lactate dehydrogenase, but otherwise their labs were within normal limits, bone scan and MRI of the brain are negative. So patient undergoes surgery to remove the right kidney. Here's the stage T3A N0M1. Here's a clear cell, grade four out of four. Follow-up scans six weeks out show modest progression of pulmonary metastases, meaning the pulmonary METs get slightly bigger. Started on synitinib, tolerated for a while, then had dose reduction at six months due to toxicity. Showed progression at 14 months was changed to everolimus and currently is stable two years out from surgery. Doesn't actually prove that cytoreductinifractomy helped, but it certainly didn't hurt in this case, and the patient is ultimately doing well. So let me show you another case. This is a 73-year-old white female who presents with fatigue and anemia, again, performing status one. She's got some minor medical comorbidities. Very similar story, bilateral pulmonary nodules, she's anemic, LDH is elevated, brain scan, bone scan, both negative. You can see that this is almost identical CT scan. Here's a locally advanced tumor involving the right kidney, another picture here, and then bilateral pulmonary metastases. So this patient undergoes right radical nephrectomy with RPL and D, there was a mass noted in the right fallopian tube, which we resected and it turned out to be metastatic disease. So she had positive nodes, T3aN1M1. There was some evidence of sarcomatoid and rabdoid features, which means just a very more aggressive type of kidney cancer, 3 out of 10 lymph nodes positive, all surgical margins are negative. So basically the exact same story as the first patient. This patient returns in one month with a performance status of four, and just to let you know, performance status of five means you're dead, admitted through the emergency center for failure to thrive, she's anemic, her LDH is through the roof, she's hypercalcemic, meaning her calcium levels are elevated. Here's her scan, massive recurrence in the retroperitoneum tumor involving the portal system involving the area where the kidney was resected, invading into the liver, and ultimately the patient never received systemic therapy due to poor performance status, and she died 45 days after surgery. Same exact case, same exact presentation, one had a great outcome, one I would argue not so great. So the question is, is there still a role for seder-reductive surgery in the setting of metastatic disease in the era of targeted therapy? These are historical studies, this is one from UCLA, and they were the first to demonstrate the importance of surgery. You can see that patients who just received immunotherapy without surgery did poorly. If they just had surgery and received no systemic therapy, they did better than those that received immunotherapy. But if they received a combination of nephrectomy followed by immunotherapy, their outcome was the best. So because of these data, there were two randomized prospective phase three trials that were done to demonstrate the role of seder-reductive surgery in the era of immunotherapy. One was done by SWAG here in the United States, one was done over in Europe by the EORTC, where patients were randomized to upfront surgery followed by interferon versus interferon alone with an endpoint being overall survival. And both studies, this is the EORTC study, demonstrated that the overall survival and time to progression was significantly better in the group that had nephrectomy followed by interferon versus those that were treated with their primary tumor in place. That's again shown here with the SWAG study. So patients who undergo surgery followed by interferon had a better survival than those patients who had interferon alone. Now interferon is a very historical therapy, not really used much in the treatment of kidney cancer anymore, and many surgeons refer to these trials as surgery followed by ineffective therapy is better than ineffective therapy alone. The group from UCLA took the criteria that were used to enter patients into the SWAG study and plugged it into their database where patients received interleukin-2, and their argument was interleukin-2 is an infinitely better therapy than interferon. And what they noted was that those patients who had nephrectomy followed by interleukin-2 a quote unquote better therapy had a better survival than patients who received nephrectomy followed by interferon. And so they concluded by saying if we just had better therapies, then surgery with better therapy is going to result in better outcomes. Well as they just got done saying, we have a whole host of different therapies that are purported to be better. And certainly the median survival for patients with metastatic kidney cancer has dramatically improved. It's greater than two years whereas it used to be less than a year. Yet in spite of that, what's interesting, this was a study that was published where they looked at the utilization of cytoreductive surgery, and you can see that right about the time that the targeted therapies were introduced in 2005, 2006, all of a sudden cytoreductive nephrectomy was on the decline. So while we can sit here and say that we believe that nephrectomy followed by better therapies is going to result in better outcomes, it doesn't appear to be believed in the general population of medical oncologists because the utilization of cytoreductive surgery was on the decline as a consequence of the introduction of those therapies. To be candid, we don't even really know how cytoreductive surgery works. Is it just a reduction in the major portion of tumor burden? Is it some sort of immunologic phenomenon where we're somehow exposing new antigens or removing an immunologic sink? Is it somehow altering the metabolic milieu where removal of the kidney results in renal insufficiency and results in an acidosis or something that's somehow anti-tumoral? Or perhaps the tumor secreting something that by removing it, we decrease the risk of disease progression or decrease the risk of metastatic progression. We really don't know how it works at all. So why not do surgery? Well, these can be very morbid surgeries and there is a mortality rate associated with it. It's only been proven to be beneficial in combination with interferon. It's quite possible that the patient may spend the rest of their life on this earth recovering from surgery, such as that second case I showed you. And patients may demonstrate, like I showed you in that second case, significant disease progression or morbidity that may preclude them from ever getting systemic therapy. And who knows? Maybe these newer therapies will result in response in the primary tumor and maybe we don't need to do cytoreductive surgery. Well, the French are currently testing that. This is a trial that's ongoing in France. It's the so-called Carmina trial where patients are randomized to an effrectomy followed by synitinib versus synitinib alone. It's a non-inferiority design, meaning at the end of the day, they'll be able to say that only receiving synitinib is not inferior to having surgery followed by synitinib. Doesn't mean it's better, just means it's not inferior if the trial is positive. They've had significant trouble accruing to this trial in large part because I think deep down most people believe that most patients should undergo surgery. And so the vast majority of patients that are being enrolled in this trial are probably borderline surgical candidates where it's not really clear what the indication for surgery is. The problem is, next Wednesday, I'm going to see patients in my clinic that have metastatic disease. And what am I supposed to tell them? Is there any evidence that doing surgery in the setting of metastatic disease for patients destined to receive targeted therapy is beneficial? Well, there is retrospective data. This is from the synitinib expanded access trial where patients were treated with their primary tumor in place and compared to those that had prior nephrectomy. Not necessarily cytoreductive nephrectomy, but prior nephrectomy. And you can see that the response rate was double in the group that had previous removal of their primary tumor. And in fact, the progression pre-survival and the overall survival was better in patients who had had a prior nephrectomy. Again, not necessarily a cytoreductive nephrectomy, but had their primary tumor removed at some point prior to receiving synitinib, their survival was better. And more recently, Tony Schwere from Dana-Farber did a retrospective review of patients who presented with metastatic disease, some underwent cytoreductive surgery, some did not. And you can see that there was a doubling in survival for the group that underwent cytoreductive nephrectomy, followed by treatment with targeted therapy versus those patients who were treated with their primary tumor in place. Admittedly retrospective, admittedly biased, because it's not clear why the patients didn't undergo surgery versus those patients that did undergo surgery. One would presume that the group that did not were probably not great surgical candidates, maybe had more burden of disease, had a worse performance status, et cetera. But it does provide some indication that doing surgery in the setting of metastatic disease is potentially beneficial, provided that the patient selection is adequate. And this is a study that we recently published from the SEER database, again demonstrating basically the same thing. As a side note, one of the potential benefits of performing cytoreductive surgery is potential involvement in this clinical trial, which I'm a PI of. This is so-called a DAPT trial where patients are randomized to receive an autologous vaccine made from their tumor, in addition to synatinib versus receiving standard of care, which is synatinib alone. As I say, this trial is currently ongoing. Here's the premise. Basically, you take the kidney out. You send it to the company. They isolate the RNA, and then they do a leukophoresis, which means to isolate white blood cells from a patient. They do something to those white blood cells.  And then they post the RNA through those white blood cells and give them back to the patient as a dendritic cell vaccine. As I say, this trial is currently ongoing. We're all excited about it. But we'll see if this is beneficial. So I've told you about the potential benefits of cytoreductive surgery, but clearly it's not for everyone. In that first case, we could argue that maybe the guy benefited from it, but clearly in the second case, we chose wrong. So somehow, some way, we have to improve our ability to select patients for surgery. One of the first studies that looked at different criteria to select patients was this one out of Tufts, where they noted that those patients who had a greater than 75% reduction in tumor burden, the absence of brain liver or bone metastases, good performance status, and clear cell histology were most likely to benefit from surgery. And then moving prospectively, they used those criteria to select patients, and of almost 100 patients, they selected 28. 61 patients were deferred because they didn't meet the criteria. And you can see that 93% of the patients went on to receive systemic therapy, so presumably they did well after surgery. And their response rate was really an unheard of, 39% in the era of Interleukin II, where response rates are typically less than 15%. So moving forward, it was clear that the criteria we should use to select patients are good performance status, absence of significant comorbidities, the absence of brain liver and bone mets, large primary tumor, and the ability to resect the majority of that disease through a single surgery. If you do a biopsy, the absence of sarcomatoid de-differentiation, although to be honest with you, try and identify sarcomatoid de-differentiation on a biopsy is almost impossible, and the presence of clear cell histology. Those are the criteria we should use moving forward. The problem is, if you remember back to that second case, that woman fit every single one of these criteria. So we decided to look at our experience with sederatective surgery to try and identify better characteristics that we can use to select patients moving forward. So we looked at 566 patients who had surgery between these years and compared them to 110 patients who were treated with their primary tumor in place. Now, MD Anderson is a very surgery-centric institution. We try to be as aggressive as we can with patients. So you can imagine that the patients who didn't have surgery and were treated with medical therapy alone were probably the worst of the worst. And so what we said was, looking at our surgery group, if you didn't survive as long as the worst of the worst, then you probably did not benefit from surgery in the first place. So then we moved forward and tried to identify which factors predicted for survival in the group that had surgery. And what we found was that those patients who had a serum albumin lower than the women of normal, those patients who had an LDH greater than the upper limit of normal, these are blood tests, the presence of liver mets, the presence of symptoms related to metastasis.  If you had evidence of lymph node involvement, either in the retroperitoneum, which is the area around the kidney, or in the chest, those were also predictive of outcome. And if you had locally advanced T-stage, stage 3 or stage 4. And so what we noted was that if you had three or less of those factors, your survival was significantly better than the patients who were treated with medical therapy alone. And we theorized that those patients did do better because of a consequence of surgery. But if you had four or more of those factors, your survival was the same or worse than the medical therapy alone group and you likely did not benefit from surgery. And so moving forward, we're trying to use these criteria to allow us to better select patients, foresight or reductive surgery before receiving systemic targeted therapy. And again, this was a study that we submitted looking at SEER criteria to better select patients and it came up with basically the same factors. So in conclusion, targeted therapy has dramatically improved the outcome for patients with metastatic kidney cancer, but without complete response, surgery is going to remain an integral part of the multidisciplinary approach, either from control of the primary tumor or something we didn't have time to talk about today Show me an agent that generates a reliable complete response and I'll be the first to argue we should re-examine the current paradigm. And as I talked to you earlier about, the pre-surgical approach may have merit, but it still needs further study and validation because it's not clear when it's most appropriate to integrate surgery into the context of systemic therapy. Currently, we're doing surgery first. So thank you very much for your attention.