Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to Unisor Education. Today's lecture is called Past and Future in Minkowski space-time. This lecture is part of the course called Relativity for All presented on Unisor.com. I suggest you to watch this lecture from the website from the Unisor.com because every lecture including this one contains textual equivalent. Basically it's like a piece of a textbook which is completely in sync with this particular lecture. Also the website contains two prerequisite courses, Mass for Teens and Physics for Teens. The knowledge presented in these two courses is definitely a must for understanding relativity. Also there are some problems to solve, exercises. There is some functionality on this website. In case, for example, you would like to study something under somebody's supervision, like your parents or teacher. So there is an old necessary functionality to accomplish this. Otherwise you can do obviously self-study. And for self-study you don't even have to sign in, by the way. There is no advertisement on the website. The website is completely free, so use it as well. Okay, so today we will talk about, we continue talking about Minkowski's view onto theory of relativity. It came in 1907, just a couple of years after Einstein has introduced in the special theory of relativity in his paper, 1905. And it presents a certain more geometrical, so to speak, view onto theory of relativity. In the previous lecture we basically started the concept of Minkowski, four-dimensional space, which contains three-dimensional our space, which we live, plus one-dimension time. So it's four-dimensional space-time. So that's why I call it space plus time. Sometimes people even drop a plus or dash or even space between space and time and have it as one word, space-time. Okay, so it's all about Minkowski's representation of theory of relativity. Now, the problem is that four-dimensional space-time, it's kind of difficult to visualize. So for educational purposes and for the purposes of easier visualization, we usually concentrate explanation on two-dimensional space, which is like movement on the plane and one-dimensional time. So that makes it three, and three-dimensional can be in some projection actually presented graphically. So that's what I will do definitely. So we'll continue talking about two-dimensional space plus one- dimensional time, but we have in mind that it's all related to three- dimensional space plus one-dimensional time. So it's four-dimensional space-time. Alright, so that's number one. Number two. Let's assume now we are dealing with this three-dimensional space-time, two-dimensions where movement's actually occurring and one-dimensional time. So we'll have x and y here and t up there. Okay, fine. Now, in the previous lecture we were talking about presentation of the movement not on the plane where it actually occurs, because their representation is just a trajectory, but how the point moves along this trajectory is not really visualized, but we will stretch it towards time. So at every moment in time we see where exactly the point is. We will have something which is called world line which contains world points. Projection of these will be the trajectory, but the world line really represents the movement. At any moment in time what are my x and y coordinates of the point? Okay. Now, if the point moves along the plane, it's always uncertain distance from the beginning. Let's say the beginning at t is equal to 0, point is at the origin of coordinates. So that's the beginning. Time is 0 and coordinates is 0. That's where the point starts. Now, at any moment in time, t, what is the distance from the origin? Well, obviously the distance is equal to square root of x square of t plus y square of t in our plane. Again, having in mind that in three-dimensional physical movement plus one-dimensional time, that will be plus z square. But forget about this for now. So this is the distance from the beginning. Obviously it's function of t. Now, special theory of relativity is based upon two principles. One principle of relativity and the second one is principle of constancy of the speed of light. And from this followed that the speed of light is the maximum possible speed. Now, since speed of light is maximum possible speed, our B of t should be less than an equal speed of light times time. Because the point cannot be further from the beginning, from the origin, than the light can cover the distance during the same time. So this will be a very important equation which basically tells whether it is or it is not possible to consider a point at coordinates x, y as belonging to a trajectory started at point zero. So let's just, nobody likes square roots. So let's just do a different d square of t is equal to x square of t plus y square of t. And this would be x square of t plus y square of t less than equal to c square t square. So this is an equation which basically dictates the possibility of x, y to be part of the trajectory of a point that at point z, at point t equal to zero starts at the origin of coordinates. If point does not satisfy this equation, it cannot be a physical trajectory of an object which starts at this point and reaches this point at time t. Just not possible. Okay, now that's very important. But now I would like to express it geometrically because the whole concept of Minkowski space time was to present it as some kind of visualization of specialist euro relativity. But what is this? Well, first of all, let me just wipe this thing out. And now we will talk about pure geometry. If you have a three-dimensional space, let's say x, y and t, what is a surface which satisfies this particular equation? Well, it's actually quite easy. At point t is equal to zero, it's supposed to be only zero because these are sum of two squares. And if it's equal to zero, it's supposed to be equal to zero, each one of them. And then as t grows, the distance which is this distance from the t axis is also growing. Now, what if this is constant? Well, what this represents when this is equal to constant? This is a circle. So at any fixed t, this is a circle of increasing radius. Obviously, t is increasing, so the radius is increasing. So it's a cone, basically. It's very easy to show that the radius, but very easy. Square root is a radius, square root is ct. This is proportional to t, so radius is proportional to t. So if we will increase it by two times the distance from the origin, the radius is increasing by two times. So that's obviously a cone. Now, that's for positive t. For negative t, the cone goes down. So this is a cone when it's equal. Now, when it's less than equal, what is this? Well, that's inside of the cone. And greater than, this is less than, and this is greater than outside of the cone. So whatever is inside of the cone represents the world points which can be reached by point which starts at point zero, at time zero. So you can have all the world lines which represent movement on the x, y, z within this particular cone. And whatever it was with the point before it reached this zero point in the past, is within the bottom cone. So that's what I meant past and future. So all the past positions of the point are in this cone or the future position, world point. But I'm talking about world point because the point is moving only within the x, y plane. But the world point which basically stretches along the timeline would belong future there and past here. So that is basically a very important thing. We have introduced this cone which is called light cone. And the upper part represents the future possible future positions, future world point positions in the space time. And the bottom cone represents the past positions of the world point in the space time provided at point, at time zero, the point is, which is present basically. So present is time zero. So we know that the point is here. That's the origin of coordinates. Then we draw the cones using this equation. And basically we are saying, okay, the point might have been here and will be here, but definitely not outside of this cone. So this part is called usually time like part of the space time. And inside the cones, outside of the cones, it's usually called space like part of the space time. So the space time is divided, so to speak, into time like, which is inside of both bottom and top cones and outside of the cones. Okay. What's next? Next is the following. What if you have any kind of a trajectory you would like to see what exactly can happen with the point? So wherever the point is at any moment of time, you can always start from pushing your origin of coordinates at that particular point. So if it moves on the plane like this, so you can always start here at any point, have the coordinates here and build the cone here, here and say, okay, if this is the point right now at present time, the future behavior would be expressed in a space time, Minkowski space time. The world points would be here and the previous, these physical points can be represented by world point within this cone, which means that if you would view only the view points, if you have this. Now, right now I'm talking about only world points. So it moves here on the xy plane, but the world points are here. Now at any point, you can build the cone and say that the future behavior should be within this cone and the past behavior between this cone. And in this point, exactly the same thing, you can build this cone here and say, okay, future should belong to here and the past definitely supposed to be here. So it actually gives you certain restriction on the trajectory. Trajectory cannot go sideways, so to speak, on this particular picture too much, too fast, because it means it goes along the space coordinates faster than the speed of light. So at any point, it should be more vertical, so to speak, than horizontal. The horizontal component is very much restricted by the speed of light. So that's why this inside of the columns is called time-like. Okay, now the last thing which I wanted to talk about is the problem. We can basically come up with this equation or in three dimension it would be plus z square, doesn't really matter. Now let's just rewrite it, ct square minus x square of t minus y square of t. And I will use the third dimension because right now we have covered all the geometry. Now this is supposed to be greater or equal to zero, right? That's the condition. Condition of the point x, y, z, c in Minkowski four-dimensional spacetime to be a possible world point of a position of the trajectory which started at zero, zero, zero, zero, zero. Okay? Now but what is this? If you remember in the previous lecture we were talking about matrix in Minkowski spacetime and what was important for us that the matrix which we introduced which is basically a distance between two points to be invariant relative to invariant Lorentz transformation which means it will be the same in any inertial frame where we will measure this distance between these two points. So the distance between two points expressed as this expression again that goes back to previous lecture. This was called d square, I don't really need the a and b. If you remember we have introduced this c square of t b minus t a square minus minus x b minus x a square minus y b minus y a square minus z. Now we have introduced this as a distance between two points a and b where x a y a and z a and t a are coordinates of the point in the spacetime of the a point and correspondingly for b. So that was the introduction of the distance. So what we're talking here right now is this is this path. It's a distance between a point at moment t and a point at moment zero right because we were talking about if t is equal to zero x of zero equals to y of zero equals to zero is equal to zero. So at moment zero we are at the point at origin of coordinates. So this represents this distance between t b and x b and x a and x b etc. All the b's are x of t y of t and z of t and point a is zero zero zero zero. So the distance between these points is exactly this. So our condition on the possibility of the point to be within the cone is the same as I would say that the distance the Linkowski distance, this invariant distance between world point and origin of coordinate if it's positive that means that it is within the cone and it is possible to be to have a representation of a trajectory of a real trajectory of a real object. If it's not positive if it's zero then it means that our object is moving with a speed of light and if it's negative it means that it's impossible to be a point the world point which represents a position of the point that started at origin at t equal to zero. So that's how we're relating the physical movement within this Minkowski space time with a distance. So the physical movement is basically such that the distance Minkowski distance, this invariant relative to Lore's transformation distance to be non-negative. So that's the condition. That's basically it. Yeah, that's it. I recommend you to read the description which accompanies notes basically which accompanies this lecture on the unizord.com. So if you go to unizord.com choose relativity for all course then next menu topic would be Minkowski view and within Minkowski view you will see this lecture about past and future and reading it with basically is presentation of the same material in a just textual form with a couple of nice pictures. So that's it. Thank you very much and good luck.


The title poem from the book, Invisible Gifts, and just a story about this poem, my partner Tom and I were house sitting and taking care of a family pet, my sister's beloved dog, Pepper, and this poem is in memory of Pepper. Invisible Gifts. Choose the dog collar, feathers dangling from the bell, mix beef bones and lemon peels, watch fat curl into fire, pick up cactus bloom, blow out pink flame, a box of ashes arrives at the door, one paw print, one leather collar, missed repetitions, round tin tags clinking against each other at 5 a.m., dog dance, leaping up towards invisible gifts, stroke his head on the hospital table, watch technician sink needle behind black paw, one eye slowly rotating, partial eclipse, blue shadow passing over pupil, the technician looks up, faint whistle in the waiting room. Thank you. And this poem is called Another World. Summer brought flowers this fall. We volunteered our skulls. We slept on utopian benches. Sometimes tourists got caught in the crossfire. The burning sensation. We locked eyelids. We held hope. Our bright torsos wrapped in sapphire suits. Don't touch. Please do. Then spring shot wet bullets into our electric skin. Thank you. So some of the poems I wrote in this book, I wrote while I was recovering from surgery. And my recovery period was about six months. And I kind of joke about it because it felt like a writing residency. Because I was home and couldn't really leave the house. And I had a lot of friends come over who would write with me. And this is one of the poems I wrote during that period. And it's called Objects. A blue glass bowl of miniature oranges, three inches from arm's reach. Eye, eye objects in terms of distance now, reachable, then not. This morning, I drop a plastic tub of butter on the kitchen floor. I try to reach it with my grabber. A temporary extension of my arm. The lid slides off. The butter tips. And my cat starts to lick. The objects in my life with more significance. Wheelchair over umbrella. Walker over work shoes. Bed tray over sunglasses. I measure distance from hand to knee to shin to heel. I think of Burma miles away. The grocery store miles away. My father's voice crackles through the phone miles and miles away. He, you were born in Burma. And then you're my niece, right? I push my body upwards from my wheelchair. I know that above the ceiling are wood and plaster and eventually sky and birds. Objects found and lost. My ex-husband's brown sandals. Loose feathers from a bird that my cat killed. A large, smooth seed given to me by a florist in Tokyo. I look down at the floor trying to remember. Thank you. And in the same vein, as is called, the dressing stick. The dressing stick, a limb on the edge of the green. And a twinkling star on the head of a small bear. Polydactyl paws, matted skin. A seven inch scar on the left hip. She peeled the scar back and underneath found a child wearing a star hat and star shoes. The hospital stood in the center of a large cornfield and observers remarked at its beauty and precision. They came bearing frankincense and painkillers. They wore shields. They could sew. They came bearing pork and beef. They held liquid in wires. She waved the dressing stick and the wires spelled words to her through the window of the blue tent. Thank you. Be hives of joy and bliss. While the goldfish swim in ovals, the finches nest nearby. And so we continue. They hear the buzzing inside. She leaves the nest. We sleep in a warm cove. Emerald visions, watery flights, be hives of bliss and joy. Soft signals, light landings, such colors of seduction. A pause, then a thought. Why fly over the ocean at night? Bright wings, colony of bees, buzzing of joy, buzzing of bliss. And now an image flickers through the airwaves. She came from the sky, right? The coral girl flies above. We see her sometimes with her rose wings, the emerald nests, the restless finches, the nectar seekers. Thank you. So I'm going to read a love poem. I don't write too many love poems, but I am going to read this one and it's called Nine. Nine. I was hypnotized by nine. I met him in a back valley. The cape he wore appealed. I took his hand and followed him home. Nine will never end an ally. We skateboard through the alley. Our powder blue capes flying through the valley of nine. We did it nine times. Capes flung on the floor. Caps hung on the door. Naples, not bread, noontide, night caps. Nevertheless, nine is fine with us. We swoop through space and time. Wild capes and caps captivated. Never ending valley of nine. I want to embarrass him. This is for my therapist. Are you in the room with me now? My therapist asked, why never cry? I asked myself the same, closing my eyes, a small sty in my vision. As hard as I tried not to cry, I was shy as a child. As I crossed the street with mother, I hid behind her lap coat. My throat taut and tight. I thought I might cry. The other night, I lost my sight. I could hear a couple on the crosswalk, a man doing a handstand, two kids making plans. Perhaps a chance to dance in another place. I could cross the state line, cry at the sight of a shimmering lake. My therapist asked, what are you thinking? How does that make you feel? Where did that come from? And are you in the room with me now? In Rio, there is a majestic cross on a cliff. People live in pink paper shacks below. I danced and I drank there. I thought I might die there. I crossed myself, although I didn't believe. You sweat silver tears. You see through pink paper walls. You think your body might be crying now. Thank you. So I'm a teacher. I'm an instructor. But before that, many, many years ago, I worked for years in different libraries. So this is one of my library poems, which I wrote while I was at work. The indexing of sensation. Gene comes into the library and passes wild flowers into my hands. Put these in water, darling, and have a brilliant day. I push the cart down the carpeted aisle. The repetition of movement is a meditation. The art of Benin, Paula Ben Amos, N7397N5C5. Anno's counting book, Mitsumasa Anno, PZA5875. The Forgotten Ones, Milton Rogovan, TP820.5R64. The Balloon, a bicentennial exhibition, TL615B34. Maps of countries that don't exist anymore. The archiving of fantasies. The referencing of systems. The indexing of sensation. For all the librarians out there. We love the librarians and the libraries. Softer Animals, and this is for my friend Rob. It is raining. It is Thursday night. There are 36 steps up to Anna's apartment on the east side. A bed with softer animals. A Doberman Pinscher walks into a 7-Eleven and buys a carton of milk. I notice these things. Rain waters the buildings and they grow and grow. Makes thieves work harder. Soffins, mountains, runes, sandwiches.  I like crying. Gunsmoke was a good show to cry to. Also the Walton's Christmas Special. Anna is reading about corpse flowers in western Sumatra. The towering plants bloom every 10 years. Anna tells me they thrive on flesh flies in rainforests. I knew that already. What I don't know is how lightning feels on the body.  Or why the neighbor keeps knocking his head against the wall. Thank you. All right. Do you know the fruit durian? Okay, good. This is called durian. I am the lonely king. Ruler of all both sick and sweet. I sit on my throne alone, woven branch and leaf. Cloak of spikes and thorns prevents touch. Hard husk, I trust no one. Should I crack open upon fall or wall? Ascent so foul and rank. Tremble and crawl. Tremble and crawl. I won't say who that poem is about. Thank you. And this poem is for my father who passed away several years ago and it's called Lost Horse Valley. The horse is lost. Needles from a Joshua tree, Choya and Okatio, quail, cadet gray, moonlit, wire lettuce, antlion wings. He passes into the valley. Left behind three containers of Quaker oats, bitter black tea in a cup, empty suitcases tied together with twine, a dusty army cap on the kitchen counter. The youngest daughter clips his toenails as the monitor slows. Another daughter flies over the valley. Thank you. And this is my last poem and it's called You Will Be With Me in a Town Called Paradise. The sound of horns and bells, the sound of round crowns and brown birds, blue bells. You will be with me in a town called Paradise with a slice of cake, cluster of cherries, champagne on ice. The night we met a New Year's Eve party, a talent show, someone pretends to be a stork, another pop of a cork.  I couldn't hear your eyes but I could see your voice is paradise this bed. Two cotton blankets and a comforter on my side, a light sheet on yours, blue bells on the dresser. You touch the cat's fur, orange beneath the chin.  We rest for a while. Thank you very much.


Thank you. Thank you so much. I'm really delighted to be here. It's an enormous honour. Look, I think as we heard from the last session, the research is very clear. Access to public green space provides so many health benefits. I like to use this tagline making public space everyone's business because it's incredibly important that we all acknowledge the value of them. The physical and mental benefits, how they can increase physical activity levels, boost people's moods and lowering stress and anxiety levels. So it's really important that we are showcasing that in all the programs and the tools and the resources that we are leading. And there's the why slide. I like to use this slide. It's everything from the amenity and experience creating walkable active connected spaces. Of course it's about shade. It's about air quality. It's about climate change. And it's also about character. Very, very important determining factor into the enjoyment that people have in their local areas. So when we talk about the Premier's priority that we're leading, which is indeed called greener public spaces, it's about walkable access to great green public spaces from people's homes. So we measure that within 10 minutes walk of people's homes. So roughly 800 metres. Of course we prefer 400 metres because we know that people who are close to green space use it daily. And of course that then helps their health and all those other things that I noted before. The program that we're leading is everything from advocating the importance, the value of it. How do we measure the value and I'll talk to that a little bit. How do we think up the pilot ideas through to the legacy ideas and systems change is at the heart of it. So of course public spaces in the news. We've all been reading about it. It's been our lifeline hasn't it during COVID. And of course walking has been the centrepiece of that. We move very fast in 2020 to measure the impact that public space was having. We've done the same survey in 2021. And what we found was that there was actually growth. It was very high level use of our public space and incredible growth. Up to 68% of people value their parks the most 48% walking trails, of course beaches figured and a number of others, but demand for public space definitely increased as did walking and cycling. So there we see the growth and this report is about to be released very happy to share it with anyone public spaces during COVID-19. And I think there you can see that growth in parks use right through to off leash dog areas. Thomas you mentioned that your love of walking your dog as do I and the health benefits of getting out with our four legged friends. What we do to in the program that we're leading in the Department of Planning is a huge amount of research. And a lot of it is community research where we where we talk to community about what they want to do in public space. And you know the interesting thing is always that walking hiking jogging is always the most but depending on where it is in Sydney in the western suburbs of Sydney for instance water access to water is increasingly becoming something that the community really want to see. Critical to to the work that we're doing is that systems change that we need so we've developed a public space charter which is in draft form hopefully soon to be released. It's one of the key pieces in guiding our program, and it's that commitment to quality, I think that you mentioned Thomas in your earlier talk, you know quantity is one thing but quality really matters so we've come up with 10. I don't think there's anything radical about these 10. But they've been really road tested and we've, you know, we're pretty confident they're right that everything from the spaces needing to be well managed green and resilient healthy and attractive critical things like open and welcoming. And, of course, quarter this is connecting with country at the heart of what we do. The other things that we've developed is the simple tool that anybody can use when they're thinking about their local park to major precinct planning with four key questions. How can I get there. Am I able to stay am I able to play and participate and am I able to connect. And they grew from the everyone can play program which was really about play spaces across New South Wales to get families out all ages actually 29 out enjoying their local spaces and very specific to particular places so that they're not just that that regulation playground that gets dumped across a geographical area something really special about them needing to be fit for purpose. The other thing we did was this is toolkit this two page toolkit free open like all our resources online to be able to use. The program objectives across all our half a billion dollars worth of funding programs for greater public space are supporting investment in the creation of high quality public space addressing critical open space shortfalls. I think we heard a little bit about that earlier in one of the talks, and then here, how do we achieve those program objectives. It's very much about connecting the network, I think is important right to have green spaces but the continuation we know people like to walk loops and what 5k roots and the rest of it. And so that's the one I wanted to draw out there. The other thing that we're leading that's part of these programs is parks for people eight new parks extraordinary parks that we're co designing with community we're drawing on their advice three times they're helping us shape what they want and the three top vision statements The third were a peaceful place to relax a fun place with lots of different activities and play equipment and an exciting and adventure ventures discovery to that idea of how do we plan for the types of places that people want. And my second to last slide is just this reliance I suppose it's the other pair to the why at the top of my presentation. We need to think about those environmental benefits, obviously attractive green comfortable sustainable the social benefits you know that's to do with the community health of our societies that economic benefits we know that there's serious economic benefit and an attraction of, of people to places that agree, and of course the cultural how to how do these places become distinctive places for the community to express themselves in. And I'm going to end on a yoga slide I think I heard mention of yoga earlier, a beautiful one in in yam I think this one is. But yeah, thank you very much back to you.


Good morning, John. I don't know if you've heard about this yet, but there's a hip new challenge going on on YouTube right now, and I'm super interested in it. It's called the Explain the 2008 financial crisis in less than 60 seconds challenge, so I'm gonna try to do it. Interest rates in 2008 were super low, which meant that banks could basically borrow money for free. So they had tons of potential money, but they needed stuff to buy, and the most important new thing to buy turned out to be people's mortgages, because there were more than 13 trillion dollars of them. There are four institutions that are important to this story. Lenders, who made the loans. Investment banks, who bought, packaged, and resold the loans. Ratings agencies, who told investors how risky the loans were, and investors, who bought the loans from the banks.  Lenders didn't need to worry about whether the loans would be paid off anymore, because they were just selling the loans off. And because there was so much demand, they started to create manipulative loans that they gave to people who could never pay them off. Those subprime loans were purchased by investment banks, who did a number of duplicitous things to make rating agencies think that they were not subprime loans. They were rated as AAA, and investors bought them thinking that they were getting a good thing. And eventually, when the inevitable happened, and people couldn't pay off their loans, the entire House of Lies came crashing down, along with a good portion of the global economy. Woooo! Challenge complete! And now I got like three minutes left of this video, so I should do some more challenges? There's a bunch of good ones. The Grow a Bunch of Hair Challenge. Each of my 150,000 hair follicles produces around 0.44 millimeters of hair per day. Meaning that, in total, I grow around 0.29 inches of hair per second. Over the course of a day, if all of my hair growth were concentrated on one hair, that hair would be 220 feet long. So while you can't see hair grow, you do grow a lot of it. The Try to Make a Harpsichord Noise Challenge. The Drink However Much Mouthwash You Have Left Challenge. I should have bought a smaller bottle. It's the challenge, though. Just water with food coloring in it. Come on. The Make Breakfast on Snapchat Challenge. The How Loud Can You Screen Challenge. The Apologize for Something While You're Doing a Challenge. I don't dislike challenge videos. I actually quite like them. I think they're fun. And I think it's difficult to come up with good ideas for challenges and to have a good time and to edit together good challenge videos. I don't want this video to be seen as mocking challenge videos, but instead, rethinking that genre to fit my own aesthetic. The Have a Jump Cutting Have a Consentance Challenge.  Yeah. Just count. You're like... John, I'll see you on Tuesday. Only a week until the Project for Awesome starts this day. Next week, it will begin. There will be a livestream. It will be great and fun. You should join us. Put aside a little bit of your schedule.  You can do that.  Doot, doot, doot.


Okay, I think that's good. Everybody that's not in the room now don't want to be in the room, so Good afternoon everybody. Thank you very much for joining us today or joining me today I know it's the last session of the day, which is usually the most Difficult session because you're tired of all the breakouts that you're in about throughout the day It's also after lunch. So the food has settled and you've become the logic so I really appreciate you taking the time to be here and Listen to what we have to say so I want to talk about Cloud Foundry on AWS and what really brought this on is We had a lot of customers that were asking us about how do Customers become winners on AWS or what makes a successful customer on AWS and One of the examples that always get brought up is someone like Airbnb So how does Airbnb become a first-class AWS citizen and be able to do and disrupt their industry in the way that they did and We kind of bring this down to three pillars that any customer Really needs to adopt in order to become successful and become cloud native and I'll speak about cloud native in a second But these three pillars are elasticity agility and availability a Customer needs that ability to elastically scale up and down when they need to The reason for that is firstly on demand How can you get the demand to your customers as the morning creases and match that demand? But also not over provision and overspend when you don't need that capacity So how do you grow and shrink? Dynamically and effectively without needing a large operations team to complete to consistently be there How do you how do you become agile where you can go from the inception of a new idea into the development of that idea and Delivering that idea in production as a feature or a new product within a matter of days as opposed to months and How do you build all of this in a platform that allows you to be 100% available or nearly 100% available? So Airbnb is the best example that we always bring up when we talk about this and not only have they been able to build a platform That is so successful. They do it with an operations team of merely five people a Five-man operations team that gives them the ability to do millions of reservations per night They iterate and release new features on a bi-weekly cadence And they're able to create an environment and a user experience that keeps leading customers come back Because they're able to focus on their business and their business model and what brings value to their customers without needing to worry about Things like database management or scaling out their application They have achieved this by creating a cloud native pattern So We talk about cloud native very often in the industry It's become one of those words that if you year it you kind of get a shudder because you're excited But then you break out in a cold sweat because you don't know how to do it, right? But cloud native is nothing more than a collection of the right patterns and adoption of processes Methodologies and tools combined in the right way to give you the three pillars I just mentioned to get the elasticity the agility and the high availability Using these patterns correctly Allows you to effortlessly scale and contribute to your business value Companies like AB and B have achieved this by adopting some of our native serverless applications They've got a very unique containerized implementation Adopting containers and using those to ship it across their environments in order for them to adhere to security measures Uptime and processing patterns Every pattern is unique to the business that runs that pattern Cloud native or a cloud native pattern to one business does not necessarily mean that it's the same pattern for someone else The tools that you use do not need to be the same tools that someone else uses a Very effective pattern is to use a combination of strong DevOps mechanisms that essentially takes you from developing or giving a developer Experience that's unified from the from his laptop or his development machine all the way through into production Give the developer the power to control not only the code that he's writing But also the environment and the dependencies that that code will operate it That allows the developer to have freedom and creativity into the work that he's doing It allows him to not worry about limitations that might be imposed on him later in the cycle by an operations or a security team Take that code and that definition that he that he explains in sign of his code of requirements that he needs to do and automate that through a CIC the engine that Regresses and make sure that it adheres to business policies that it does inspection on libraries to make sure that it conforms to the right libraries and Security principles that gets enforced by the security team a lot of our customers come to us and say We know we want to go and have something a DevOps pipeline or we want to use something that allows us to iterate faster But it we get stuck at the security team the security team our developers are now doing agile They're developing applications. They're pushing it into the source code our pipelines are picking it up But our security teams are still using Three weeks three months or even as much as a year to review that application before we can go to production Using a strong set of integrations in your CI CD practice You can automate many of your security tasks and review tasks that already do that is library scanning and gives that value and that power back to the developer and doesn't allow them to be blocked by security review a simple practice where a security team goes and Investigates libraries that are available in repositories like npm or Compose or any of those package management solutions for development tools like new get saw copying that source code and Storing them in a local repository for consumption within their environment Accelerates the development and the delivery for customers and Amazon comm we have thousands of third-party Open-source libraries that we develop against that our security team has already white labelled Reviewed and made available and we can consume that library in as many projects as we want Without needing to go through a subsequent review every time we use it because we lock a version of that source code Into our repository Bold against it and then consume that version and that source code that has been built in our applications So you need to be able to build all of that and deliver that cell to your basic environment This pattern doesn't change whether you go from Or deploy to something like a physical environment on premises or into the cloud environment So a cloud native approach is all about the pattern so how do we take this cloud native approach this pattern that I just spoke about and How does cloud foundry really benefit me in getting to that point of being a cloud native citizen? Well to begin off with cloud foundry Provides you with many of the guardrails that I already spoke about Out of the box cloud fried foundry provides you with a basic tool set to give this pattern a Production a productive run with inside your company it provides you with the central platform for administration This means that every developer every ops engineer every administrator and business reviewer has a central place That they can have a top-down view of all the applications and the value that your business brings to the to the environment It already sets up dynamic rooting for you which allows that that atomic unit that cell that the developer built can be deployed to any section of your infrastructure and Requests to that would be dynamically rooted So in a microservices world if one team builds for example of an authentication module That can be re or consumed by a different product inside of your business Rooting between those operations will already be handled for you on the platform layer on the platform level Role-based access control for deployments is a key requirement for all of our customers that are deploying applications into the cloud They need an extension of I am and be able to limit different teams from accessing different in Enterprise data sets or different applications and also for an audit trail They need to know when a user deployed a specific application or made a specific push for example So Cloud Foundry already has that in the independently or ingrained inside of the platform itself It provides you with an audible audible trail of The of who did what and who it didn't win and also by limiting access to different parts and portions of the business in One layer you don't have to set up a complicated multi-account strategy to control what applications run where and Then obviously application security that's CI CD practice with integration through something like concourse and doing library scanning scanning with all of the The third party software modules and partners in the ecosystem. That's available makes it possible for you to unblock at that layer Change requests can natively be incorporated into the platform Right, so we have this benefit of Cloud Foundry. We can make it easy for you to get to that cloud native pattern But how can we even make your life a little bit better by running this Cloud Foundry platform on AWS? Well, we have something called the AWS service broker at reinvent in 2017 We released the AWS service broker the AWS service broker is built based on the open service broker API specification and it integrates seamlessly with all platforms That support that specification most notably Cloud Foundry So in 2017 at reinvent we launched the service broker with 10 services the ones at the bottom right Early this month in April 2018 We launched an additional six services and then we actually have a seventh and an eighth service That's not listed on top of that We will be adding more services every four months and growing this list of service brokers as our customer demands Come in and more customers require more of our services So what does this mean? What does the service broker allow you to do in AWS? right So Pinterest is an interesting case study Pinterest has an architecture They have a pattern Where they use native AWS services to allow them to do millions of pins a day and how do they do this? They provision resources that gets deployed and stored on S3 and Then they use low latency meta text extraction using a service for that we use for example A new service that we launched lately called Amazon recognition So they have these static images or pins that gets posted by a user millions of these pins a day and Then they extract meta text information from those pins using our Amazon recognition service So the Amazon recognition service is a machine learning based service that Investigates and looks at a photo and then returns information like oh, there's a car in this picture There's a woman in this picture. There's a kid with a skateboard jumping over a bench in this picture This is probably a picture of a bunch of people at a park, right? It creates meta context for that image Pinterest then goes and they create a complete catalog of this image and Categorize it and then use that to better target images and suggestions to their users Now their pattern Uses native AWS services They consume native AWS services and if you've noticed Amazon recognition is one of the services that you can use and provision within the AWS service broker so using the AWS service broker and running cloud foundry your developer can build an application and Request the Amazon recognition service to be provisioned and set up on your behalf The developer never needs to log into the AWS console. He never needs to Look at the API manually using the CLI or create a bash script to do it on his behalf He just Exposes the service or request the service as an internal service in cloud foundry The platform goes sets it up provisions it creates the required roles and credentials that needs to what the developer needs to Access it and binds that to the application The developer then pushes his information or uploads his file to something like s3 and Triggers that run against the image at no point. Does this developer ever leave that unified experience that we spoke about earlier? He still stays with inside cloud foundry yet He has the benefit of a managed machine learning process that can do millions of low latency image recognitions per second That value allows your developer to focus on the value of that application that is building Without needing to go and deploy a convoluted mx net deployment inside of CF or an open CV image recognition Algorithm into CF and focus on building that machine live machine learning library His focus stays on how do I make that image recognition that was provided to me by AWS a Better integral part of my car of my application and how can I focus on giving my user a better user experience? The developer doesn't want to worry about the machine learning algorithm that detecting all of the meta information they want to focus on The user experience and the value that his product is giving to the customer So now you have a platform that provides you with the controls and the mechanisms and the automation and cloud foundry But also the integration through the AWS service broker to allow you to use native services To focus on the value of your business So it always is about the patterns and you can have multiple different patterns a Very basic example of a pattern is that you have a monolithic application that requires something simple like a MySQL database This database gets provisioned by the AWS service broker and ingest the connections during the username and the password inside of cloud Foundry That application can be shipped across multiple environments and use an on-premises MySQL database an RDS MySQL database Or any version of a MySQL database That's the basic pattern But we have seen that our customers are truly getting value from using our native services So let's look at this pattern for example, right? This is the pattern that I just spoke about You have AWS Services providing the basic infrastructure So you're running your AWS or your cloud foundry distribution within AWS across multiple availability zones And for you that for those that aren't familiar with what an Amazon availability zone is an Amazon availability zone One availability zone consists of multiple data centers Multiple data centers spaced out in a geographic area for for redundancy and for for security and for uptime, right?  Do you have to buy something like an F5 instance? Do you have to go and set up your own IP table rules? using AWS you can use and leverage services like AWS web application firewall that allows you to protect transparently against things like SQL injection into your API's How do you protect against DDoS with a?  No, you use an RDS instance with a read replica in a second region Which allows you near hundred percent uptime and a RPO of a couple of minutes right What about storage across multiple nodes and application nodes? The AWS EFS system is a native NFS Capable storage layer that you can connect to all of your application nodes and store data across These layers to share things like station state for example between those nodes So that's just to get CF really Running well and very secured and in a good practice on AWS Now you can put something like AWS Cloudfront in front of that and ship all of your application endpoints to the closest age node to your user to one of any of our Nodes that have been deployed in regions all around the world inside of your application nodes You have bold packs that have integrated the AWS SDK So a developer Requires only that bold pack. It's already configured with the appropriate AWS SDK whether that's no JS go Python PHP or any of the available languages and he simply provisions the recognition service through the service broker The SDK has all the information that he needs to make the API calls he makes those API calls to push data to S3 and Therefore after that push that into recognition and get the metadata information back and store that data in his application So this pattern is probably one of the most complete cloud native patterns that you can have Without needing to build anything substantially different from what you ran on premises None of the value of cloud family cloud formation cloud foundry has been lost in this pattern This pattern is still a cloud foundry workload You have only added value to it by transparently adding other layers of native AWS service to it In this pattern, you will have a higher performance higher uptime and more security Then without the additional layers your iteration will be faster because your developers will be able to iterate and deploy quicker and Focus on the application for your business value as opposed to building out their own services like an image recognition service But what if I also want to make sure that I don't just want to store or use the average The Amazon recognition service, maybe I do want to create a on-premises or deployment that's capable of deploying on-premises and OpenCV application that processes images on-prem What happens then what if I do want to invest in that kind of architecture that my application can essentially switch out between recognition and my own OpenCV application This is a problem that has already been solved back in 2014 and That architecture is called the ports and adapters architecture The principle behind the ports and adapters architecture or the hegemonious Architecture is that as a part of the MVC class-based and functional based execution Each adapter that writes to a persistent function or feature Works as an adapter works as a port and each port then slots into an adapter for consumption So your application has a unified model. Let's call that image or image processing model You then have a background function. That's process dot or image dot process And you can switch that adapter based on a config flag saying if I am detected that I'm running within AWS Process this image using image recognition If I am running on-premises processors Using my on-premises deployment. I Don't want to go too deep into what reports and adapters Framework looks like but we will be processing or we will be posting a blog soon That goes into depth a little bit more on how you can actually use multiple services to achieve the same result in an abstracted way So keep an eye out for that blog And that's all I have to say today I have a couple of minutes for you to ask me any questions if you have any questions And I would just once again want to thank you for taking the time at the end of your day To come out and hear what I had to say. Thank you very much The end of a service broker. So the AWS service broker is an open source project You can access it in our AWS labs GitHub repository So you can go to github.com forward slash AWS labs And if you inside that repository do a search for service broker, you will find the resources in there Service dash broker. Yeah Is there any other questions? Yeah Yeah We have VPC VPC endpoints for many of our services I'm going to lie to you if I have to tell you exactly which all those services are We also recently launched something called private link Which also exposes a couple of other services and even allows you to create a VPC endpoint of your own For a service that you want to deliver So if you have multiple accounts, you can create a private link that essentially that gets exposed in another account or another VPC That can be consumed internally, which is a pretty cool feature And we actually have some customers that are playing around with that to expose things like API is on a platform level And things like that. But yes, we have many of those services and it natively and frictionlessly works with With these integrations. So if you want to store data in S3 I never actually have to egress out of the out of the The private network then a VPC endpoint works completely. You can also manage access To the data inside of that that endpoint by applying an IM policy to that actual VPC Any other questions? Great. Thank you very much everyone