We begin here the next lecture, which somehow still runs into spreading contact angles free energies, considerations which are quite common in interfacial systems, but I would like to begin here with some more general introduction and not necessarily my observations. You might be interested in knowing that this seminal journal primarily catering to science and one of the highest ranked journals with greatest impact factor over 30. Nature brought out a certain collection of papers which pertain to the latest advances in the interfacial science and engineering and clubbed under nature insights. What you see here is a graphic wherein cobalt nanocrystals have been organized in the picture is one taken by transmission electron microscopy. It is a self-assembled super lattice of mono disperse colloidal cobalt nanocrystals and some water droplets have been added. Those are visible as these blue spots over here. It is clear that water droplets are retaining their identity. That is about the thing that will pertain to a lecture, but I do not leave it here. I take you through these observations made by the senior editor for this Nature Insights collection Magdalena Hema on surfaces and interfaces. She observes that the importance of interface cannot be overestimated. I hope we all agree with this. They play a vital role in technological applications as diverse as catalysis, microelectronics, lubrication, corrosion, photography and in many environmental processes involving infamously the stratospheric ozone destruction. Moreover, many of the biochemical reactions that occur or that sustained life occur at surfaces and interfaces. Although their significance has been realized for centuries, surfaces and interfaces long evaded detailed scrutiny at the atomic scale. After all, they are not simply the final layer of say a piece of metal or liquid in contact with air, but an exceedingly thin region with properties distinct from those of the bulk material on either side. That is very important for us to understand that interfacial properties or surface phase properties are very different from the bulk phase properties. But the past 30 years have seen the development of increasingly sophisticated techniques that have delivered incisive insight into the composition and structure of a wide variety of surfaces and interfaces. As our understanding of these peculiar regions of matter grows along with the range of characterization and manipulation tools at our disposal, we are in a position to use the unique environment of surfaces and interfaces to explore the fascinating science and new applications. She goes on, this is with discontinuity. Flavor of the challenges and opportunities in our quest to fully understand surfaces and interfaces and to precisely control the properties for applications that range from materials processing and information technology on one hand to biology and medicine. It goes almost without saying that richness of the field in terms of the systems and processes studied, the tools being used and the diversity of applications that are being targeted is superb. The choice of themes being reviewed here is thus inevitably somewhat eclectic. There is a spelling error eclectic, but we hope you enjoy the offering and it is also my hope that you will enjoy this lecture, Surya. We begin from where we left last night. We have been talking about the work done in separation of an oil against water or between any two liquids, one of them having a very high surface tension. And we ended that last lecture observing that the liquid of higher surface tension retains a thin layer of liquid of lower surface tension. And that is the reason when we separate the oil-water interface, it is akin to separating oil from itself. Therefore, the work of addition comes out to be pretty close to work of cohesion of the liquid of lower surface tension. Continuing on that example, we note here in passing that the liquid of lower surface tension sometimes would have its surface tension change, but only little and that can be predicted from Gibbs's adsorption relation. This indeed is found in practice when you dissolve water to saturation in benzene, the surface tension of benzene is only raised by about 1.1 dynes per centimeter from 28.2, 29.3 and for chloroform and ether, the increase may be as little as 0.8 and 1 dynes per centimeter. We may relook into Antonov's relation. It could be stated as an observation of facts that when a liquid of high surface tension is contacted with a liquid of lower surface tension, this liquid of high surface tension tends to radially adsorb a monolayer of the lace polar substance. The lace polar substance has its surface tension raised only slightly by presence of the more polar molecules. This is an alternative way of looking at the facts which lead to Antonov's relation being borne out from measurements. This relation however breaks down when at equilibrium neither liquid spreads on the other and the examples could be higher paraffins and water or methylene iodide and water. We had seen in the context of methylene iodide and water, the final spreading coefficient was large negative value of the order of minus 24 dynes per centimeter. So, let us quantitatively deal with these aspects and derive some more insight. We now have non-spreading conditions. We are looking into when Antonov's rule is not obeyed. So, we have non-spreading conditions which will be the first inequality for water drop place on oil. Gamma W B A plus gamma B W is greater than gamma B W A. You may mentally rearrange this inequality slightly transposing the terms on the left hand side to the right hand side. That would be gamma B W A minus gamma W B A plus gamma B slash W. We are looking at water being placed as a drop on oil. So, the first term on the right hand side of this inequality gamma B W A reflects the action of the surface tension of the oil saturated with water tending to spread the drop. Spread the drop of water and the terms which are transposed to the right hand side that is minus sum of this gamma W saturated with B slash A plus gamma B slash W. That is the tendency of water through its action of surface tension and interfacial tension with oil which is trying to cohere the drop. So, gamma B W A is trying to spread it. These two terms are trying to help the drop cohere to itself. That is what your spreading coefficient is and expectedly the spreading coefficient is less than 0 or 0 is greater than this spreading coefficient. Likewise, if we consider considered a drop of oil placed on water then we will have gamma B W A plus gamma B W that is same as gamma W B greater than gamma W B slash A. Explanation is identical. We have only interchanged the notations B and W over here and understood that gamma B slash W is same as gamma W slash B. The interfacial tension between the two liquids is irrespective of how you look at it. Where do we go from here? We recall Dupres equation and that is W B slash W is equal to gamma B W slash A plus gamma W B A minus gamma B W or from here we get gamma B W as gamma B W A plus gamma W B A minus gamma B W as gamma B W A plus gamma W B A minus W B W the work of addition between oil and water. If we now substitute for this interfacial tension in terms of the work of addition in the first inequality over here for gamma B W we have gamma B W plus gamma W B A plus gamma B W A plus gamma W B A minus W B W greater than gamma B W A. Then we realize here that gamma B W A is common and then can be cancelled. So, we get 2 gamma W B A minus W B W greater than 0 or in other words the work of addition W B W is less than 2 gamma W B A. But the right hand side over here of the inequality 2 gamma W B A is nothing, but the work of cohesion of water when it is saturated with oil. Similarly, from the second inequality we get W B W work of addition less than work of cohesion of the oil twice gamma B W slash A. We interpret this as follows the addition between 2 mutually saturated liquids is less than cohesion of either liquid. This is the statement of the non-spreading of the oils. And if Antonoff's relation where to hold quite generally we would expect to find the spreading to at least just occur on one of the 2 liquids after mutual saturation is established because the S final should be 0. This is where that last column in the table was showing S final large negative and then there was no match with expectation from Antonoff's relation. And those are the cases where this may not happen. For slightly puller oils like chloroform or benzene this is approximately true and we find Antonoff's relation is ok, but not for more puller oils on one hand like normal heftyl alcohol nor for initially non-spreading oils like carbon disulfide or methylene iodide. This is the new insight into the interfacial tensions as they are related to the surface tensions of mutually saturated liquids. From here we move on to another interesting consideration of drops of oils on water. Consider for example, a drop of oleic acid floating on water and presume that it is an equilibrium with monolayer covered surface. This system has been studied extensively. Now, if you consider this equilibrium drop shape the surface between the floating oil drop and air makes an angle theta 1 with the horizontal that is a tangent drawn from the 3 phase contact line along the surface of the oil drop makes an angle theta 1. The interface between an between oil and water makes an angle theta 2. Let me draw it here. Let us say we have water here and an oil drop over here then you have gamma o a and gamma o w over here. The angle here is let us say theta 1 the angle here is theta 2. If it is equilibrium situation we have to understand that gamma o a and gamma o w besides gamma w a would all correspond to mutual saturation. Oil saturated with water water saturated with oil. So, this is the kind of system we are looking at we return to the slides. So, if you have such a drop floating on water then both these angles theta 1 and theta 2 must be adjusted such that the forces balance. And this oil drop must be limited in size if it were to be in equilibrium. We could consider demonstration of drop of spreading oil being placed on a clean water surface. Spreading is generally rapid enough to carry out enough liquid from the drop to form a multi layer multi molecular layer on water surface. We can even see interference colors color patterns interference colors on the liquid film spread film at this stage after a few seconds. The excess of oil retracts it retracts into drops leaving the rest of the surface covered with a monolayer. The energy of the system will be minimum for a certain drop size. Think about this we might have something familiar from earlier lectures at work over here. If we have the spectrum of droplets of oil floating on water the smaller oil drops may exhibit enhanced spreading pressures reminding you that this is actually similar to the higher solubility of particles of smaller radii or of higher curvature. The theory behind equilibrium existence of droplets of different sizes is not adequate yet, but the film pressures of monolayers in equilibrium with floating drops of oil have received much attention of researchers. I had broach the issue of retarding evaporation of water water losses from large water bodies. When we think of large water bodies and we will talk about this in more detail later we have to understand that these large water bodies would have their own share of contamination. If one way to require to measure surface pressure for these impurities adsorbing onto the water surface in large ponds or lakes we will need special tools for measurement of these surface pressures. There are two ways of going about it one related to the interference other related to a concept of bracketing a given quantity between two known quantities. So, let us take indicator oils to begin with. You could take this simple example from crank case oil of a car you could take a filtered sample dilute it with new gel which is non-spreading viscous white paraffin oil. The spreading tendency and thickness of the film will depend on surface pressures on the surface where they are spread we might have no visible lenses here. However, the interference colors of multi molecular patches of indicator oil from previous calibration would be able to give you the spreading pressure of ponds or lakes accurately. The idea is you just have this indicator oil prepared such that it can form a thin layer still multi molecular thick and then make use of the interference color patterns to relate those patterns to the thicknesses. So, if you do the previous calibration from the observed interference color patterns we should be able to estimate the thickness. So, surface pressure is used in different contexts differently you can think of this. Suppose, you have clean water the surface tension at 25 degrees will be 72 dimes per centimeter. However, if you have impurities adsorbed on this water surface the surface tension will drop down and it will drop down by a value equal to the surface pressure of the impurities which are spread as a adsorbed film which is trying to repel its own molecules. So, it is kind of offsetting the contractile tendency of water by exerting this surface pressure which is oppositely directed. Now, take the other context you already have water which is contaminated. So, there is certain surface pressure which is operative. Now, if I place an oil drop on such water then in order to spread on the surface of water it must push behind this surface film. Now, if this oil can exert a pressure a film pressure greater than the surface pressure of impurities only then the spreading can occur. It is like now surface pressure is now opposing the spread of the new impurity which may be oil. Unless that is done we cannot have spreading against the contamination. So, concepts like surface pressure film pressure they have to be understood in different context accordingly. So, the first notion was the impurities have caused the surface pressure surface tension to reduce by certain magnitude that will be equal to surface pressure of the impurities. If we have a contaminated surface of lowered surface tension then if you place an oil drop which has a tendency to spread this oil drop will be able to spread provided it can exert a film pressure which is greater than the surface pressure. It is only when the spreading pressure or film pressure exceeds the surface pressure of impurities the spreading can occur. If not the drop will be forced to be constrained in size as a lens the equilibrium shape that way. So, it will occur the surface tension rather than the surface pressure because surface pressure is not going to depend right. No, no, no I think you are you are basically not got the concepts right this may be because of first few lectures miss, but I will do a quick recap for you. Surface tension is trying to contract a surface surface tension is trying to contract a surface. The impurities lower the surface tension they have a positive repulsive pressure which offsets the action of surface tension. Now, when you have a surface which is covered with a monolayer or a multi layer whatever in order to occupy a position on water surface and keep spreading it must be able to oppose this barrier. This is the diagram ahead of time, but let me draw it. I will need the visualizer here supposing I have this surface of water. Now, I have these adsorbed impurities to begin with which have their mutual repulsion. Therefore, the surface tension of this system will be lower than the surface tension of pure water. If now I place a drop of oil here it will tend to spread oppose against whatever is the position of the monolayer molecules. So, if the film pressure or surface pressure exerted by the drop spreading pressure exerted exerted by the drop is greater than the surface pressure of these impurities which is pi only then I will have this going into a thick or thin film all over the surface of water. So, that is the action. The spreading liquid has to overcome the resistance of the adsorbed impurities or their surface pressure. Now, depending on the kinds of impurities we have we will get different thicknesses. Different thicknesses will correspond to different interference color patterns. So, once you do the calibration of the thickness versus the interference from measured interference pattern you can estimate what the thickness is. This is what indicator oils will suppose will supposedly do for you. So, that crank is oil diluted with new gel may just spread into a thick film thickness of which is characteristic of the position posed by the contaminants. So, that will be a measure of the level of impurities or the surface pressures of impurities on contaminated water surface. In a sense you can look at this as a usual way of measurement that is your method directly gives you what is the existing surface pressure of impurities ok. So, indicator oils do this for you. Indicator oils give you directly from prior calibration the level of impurities or their surface pressure. As opposed to this we have the next category or next method for measuring the surface pressures on ponds or lakes and that is by use of what are called piston oils. What pistons piston oils do is that they spread only to a monolayer on any surface which may be contaminated and the excess oil remains as a lens. This lens acts as a reservoir. It supplies whatever is required to maintain a given constant surface pressure as long as drops are present. So, the oil lens acts as a reservoir supplying whatever is required to maintain a given constant surface pressure and the spreading is only to a monolayer. It is important to note that it is only a monolayer which is spread. This will happen provided the surface pressure existing around does not exceed their own spreading pressure ok. So, now you have a different method. Here one oil will not do the trick for you. You will need probably a range of different oils which can exert different constant spreading pressures. So, will require a number of formulations, number of piston oils capable of exerting different magnitudes of spreading pressures. So, when you take a contaminated surface you have to now choose at least two such piston oils which may exhibit a way to bracket the existing pressure. What it means is that you take one piston oil which cannot spread even to the extent of a monolayer. Another which pushes out the impurities. That means, the impurities must have that unknown surface pressure in between what is supplied or provided by these two oils. So, if pi 1 and pi 2 are two spreading pressures of oil 1 and oil 2 and the oil 1 is able to spread on the contaminated surface, oil 2 is not able to spread then the actual pi must be in between these pi 1 and pi 2. Now, if you want a greater accuracy we will need closer range of spreading pressures for the piston oils used. This is what I mean by bracketing the unknown surface pressure between two arbitrarily close spreading pressures, but which are known to you. So, you can determine the unknown pressure to within a certain accuracy provided by the proximity of the spreading pressures of these piston oils. If this is all clear then we go to another basic concept contact angles. If a small drop of liquid is placed on a uniform perfectly flat solid surface, it may not spread completely on this surface. If that is the case the edge of the drop may make an angle theta with the solid as I will show you in this figure. Let us say we have three solids on solid 1 we place a given liquid let us say oil which shows this shape. The liquid is L the solid B represent as capital S. This is the first scenario and the surface tension of liquid in contact with air for all these cases will be this gamma L A making a liquid making an angle theta through the liquid. We will choose to be somewhat crude and approximate here and refine our understanding as we go along. So, far there is no approximation involved no inaccuracy whatsoever. For liquid we have legitimate surface tension gamma L A with contact angle theta. However, the next two quantities I write should be taken with a pinch of salt. First along the surface I am going to write gamma S A along the surface we have surface tension of solid in contact with air acting parallel to the surface and then inside the liquid along the interface that is over here we have gamma S slash liquid L gamma S A between the solid and air gamma S L between solid and liquid. The direction is gamma S A is acting this way gamma S L is acting this way gamma L A is acting along the tangent. This may be one kind of situation where the liquid actually does not spread on the solid. So, there is an equilibrium shape exhibiting a contact angle theta. Let us see what would happen if we choose a solid which has a slightly different level of molecular attraction. Supposing the solid is chosen now such for the same liquid that the molecular attraction is somewhat lesser then perhaps we may get a drop of this shape if you draw the tangent along the liquid air surface we have gamma L A making 90 degrees angle with the solid. Once again we have gamma S A over here and gamma S L over here that leaves the third category. The molecular attraction the solid has for liquid is now much lesser if that is the case the same liquid probably will exhibit a different shape of the drop something like this may be gamma L A acts along the tangent gamma S A along the solid gamma S L along the interface inward towards the liquid. In each of these cases we have a drop of liquid resting on the solid and each solid is having a lesser and lesser molecular attraction for the liquid than the preceding one. If this picture is clear we should be able to go forward it is quite clear now what the contact angle is and we drop roughly understand the effect of the molecular attraction that solid has for liquid as the attraction diminishes the liquid tends to retain its own identity more and more. And then you can how do the forces balance in the same way as we did earlier but we will go into that analysis shortly we need that here and we need to refine that also right and it is here that I will have a chance to explain to you something more than what I did last time because there are many misconceptions about surface tension interfacial tension contact angles I want to dispel all of those hopefully here. One of the questions was which direction we take balance in that clarity was not there for some of you but that should emerge now soon. So, the drop of liquid resting on solids will have a smaller molecular attraction than the previous case and it is exactly analogous to the behavior of one liquid on another it is important to note whether we are spreading one liquid on another or one liquid on solid the behavior is analogous here the theta will be equal to theta 1 plus theta 2 that we considered earlier in the liquid drop on another liquid case. In its simplest statement the theory of contact angles allows us to resolve the equilibrium tensions horizontally which means gamma s a let us return to the visualizer gamma s a gamma s a acting horizontally is balanced by gamma s l in the opposite direction and gamma l a cos theta. So, component of this in this direction added to interfacial tension will be equal to surface tension of solid likewise. So, we return to the slides we understand that gamma s a is equal to gamma s l plus gamma l a cos theta. Theta may be less than 90 degrees as in the first case equal to 90 degrees as in the second or greater than 90 degrees as in the third case right and appropriate form of Dupras equation is W s l equal to gamma s a plus gamma l a minus gamma s l. The interfacial energy of the separated system solid and liquid will be the surface tension of solid plus surface tension of liquid minus the interfacial tension or interfacial energy in the beginning per area. What we do next is we substitute for gamma s a from the previous equation substitute for gamma s a as gamma s l plus gamma l a cos theta over here.  This is claimed to be more useful than the previous equation why because now it does not contain the surface and interfacial tensions which anyway cannot be easily or accurately measured for solids. In fact, the surface tension of solid or interfacial tension concept for solid liquid interface itself is not precise measurements apart. So, in a sense this is a preferable equation which would apply only if the liquid can rest on the solid and we can have an equilibrium that balance of forces this must be possible. This is possible only if the liquid does not actually spread on the solid. If it were to spread then this force balance would never be met. Besides the concept of tension not being possible to measure we have this certain amount of inaccuracy of imprecision related to tensions for solids. So, one may say that it is preferable to deduce the expressions for gamma s a and W s l in terms of surface energies of the solid. There is no issue with surface energies of solid those are perfect entities to understand define or measure. So, the next effort will be to get expressions equivalent to gamma s a and W s l in terms of surface energies of the solid. It is here that the work of Daryagin in 1957 and Fawkes and Harkins in 1940 is of utility to us. Their approach is known as the method of virtual displacement of equilibrium three phase contact line or boundary. Here we imagine that the solid is available in the form of a flat plate and we immerse this solid into the liquid in a special manner ensuring that the liquid surface is horizontal on the left hand side of this surface. Let me draw a diagram here so that this point is quite clear to you. Suppose we take our liquid surface here that is our liquid l. Now, the solid in the form of plate is immerse in this liquid this is the solid plate for you. What we done is we have inclined this plate such that the plate makes an angle theta with the liquid theta is not arbitrary. This plate is actually oriented such that the liquid surface is planar right up to this three phase contact line. We do not worry about this part that is not our concentration that will be necessarily curved meniscus, but we have to ensure that this surface on this side is planar right up to the contact line. So, all of this is planar ok. Now, we have air over here in contact with the solid. We have the liquid in which the solid is immerse and we have the solid in the form of this flat plate which we orient this way and are able to let us say advance or withdraw. We will see later how that could be done, but right now it is only a thought experiment. So, the plate can be immerse or withdraw. Now, let us see what this leads to. So, the thought extent is clear to you the immersed inclined plate is being pushed into the liquid. Now, we imagine that a length delta l of the upper solid gas interface solid air interface is in head invaded by liquid by immersion of the solid sheet for which we presume the width is 1 centimeter unit width. So, we have this unit width of the solid plate we immerse it into the liquid through a length which is this differential length delta l in the downward direction theta which is ensuring the liquid surface is planar right up to the 3 phase contact line on the left hand side upper surface. Now, during immersion what role does the tension surface tension plate if it is a usual liquid the surface tension will tend to pull the plate inside.  So, that component will be gamma l a cos theta this one and there is a unit width of the plate perpendicular to the plane of paper there is unit width and the immersion is through the length delta l delta l is the length of immersion in this differential step. So, the work done on the plate by the surface tension we return to the slides is delta l times this force gamma l a cos theta per unit width right ok. So, this is one thing now we recognize that this is an infinite symbol change in an equilibrium system which means from thermodynamics we should say the total work done is equal to 0. Remember the motivation is at any cost to avoid the surface tension for solid or the interfacial tension between solid and liquid. So, while we now want to complete this total work equal to 0 this equation we realize that the upper surface is initially in contact with air delta l into 1 was in contact with air now it is invaded by the liquid. So, it has come in contact with the liquid. So, the free energy change is there and there is a work done these are the two quantities we need to plug in for completing this equation in our symbolic form. So, if f s is the surface energy per unit area of solid then delta l into 1 is the area which is invaded initially it is in contact with air. So, delta l into 1 this area multiplied by this f s surface energy per unit area is the initial surface energy of the solid later the same area is in contact with the liquid. So, the energy is now f s l s.  So, the change in the energy is f s l s minus f s s that is the change in energy plus the work done is delta l into gamma l a cos theta that should be equal to 0. We have been able to obviate the difficulty of defining surface tension and interfacial tension for the solid air solid liquid system.  Now, we do not have surface and interfacial tension. We have surface energy for solid in contact with air interfacial energy for solid in contact with liquid. As an after thought we could say I could have done a smarter thing. I could have in my mind thought of surface tensions need not have spelled them. I could have written this from the force balance and then realizing the equality of tensions with free energies I could have written this. But this method is a formal method for allowing you to do that without at any stage invoking the concept of tension or interfacial tension for systems involving solids. So, that is the method of virtual displacement for you. I believe we have about a minute so let me see. Sir, suppose we consider that that was an equilibrium. Right. Suppose that was not an equilibrium what all terms are we selecting as in. If it is not in equilibrium then of course, there are forces which will make the system not exhibit time independence right. Here there is there are only two forces the force which is two quantities. The force which is trying to immerse it and the work which is done by surface tension and the change in energies. If it is not in equilibrium this balance would not be there. So, we will have extra terms ok. And we can actually write this total work equal to 0 only for equilibrium system. We could have obtained this equation by understanding the equivalence of F's and gammas, but it would not have in any easier visualizing visualizing a solid in a state of tension. So, by this more rigorous method of virtual displacement of three phase contact line we can arrive at the Young's equation which comes out to be same as earlier WSL is equal to gamma L a cos theta plus 1. So, that equation remains unchanged. We can alternatively obtain it through the thought experiment or the theory of method of virtual displacement of three phase contact line. The last thing I would like to cover here is the ignored component. It is amazing how things which are not taught to us remain in our minds. So, when one of you had asked me this question that I believed that surface tension had to do with the vertical components. Practically nowhere would that be mentioned, but one has to watch out for your imperfect recollection from memory based on maybe understanding. That is the only way to dispel the misconceptions. For the time being here since we have not discussed the vertical component at all what we should be talking about is the gamma L a sin theta. The same plate inclined at theta has one component acting along the surface of the solid. So, that is gamma L a cos theta, but there is another component which is acting perpendicular to this that will be gamma L a sin theta. What do we do with the vertical component and why is it that nobody talks about it? Gamma L a sin theta is actually of interest in context of solids, but to study that you require a special experiment. You could study what a drop would do to a thin mica sheet and to get the best measurable conditions. We take liquid like mercury with very high surface tension and place a drop on a very thin mica sheet about 1 micron thick. This was exactly what was done by Bailey in 1957. What you now get is what could be shown in another diagram. You have a thin mica sheet and not even showing the thickness and you place a mercury drop on this. The vertical component of surface tension actually makes the solid bulge like this. The mica sheet is now deformed this way and now what you have is gamma L a acting along the tangent, gamma S a acting along tangent to the solid and gamma S l acting along tangent to the interface between mercury and solid. So, that is gamma S l for you. One may say this angle is phi 1 and this angle is phi 2. So, the vertical component gamma L a sin theta is causing this deformation. Unfortunately, for most solids the deformation is very difficult and therefore, you would not observe this. That is the only reason why people do not probably talk about it, but it does not mean that it does not exist. It does exist, it deforms the solid whether the deformation is measurable or not may be an issue, but if you make a special extent like this, Bailey's extent we can detect what the action of the vertical component is. So, in general the angles which I have shown phi 1 and phi 2 for most solids will be close to 0 not detectable. Perhaps now it is time to take a logical break. We will talk about magnitudes of contact angles of liquids and solids and a variety of interesting things which arise with respect to considerations like waiting or non waiting of solids by liquids. So, we will stop here for today.


Hi, this is Fiona in the M.Dobrux and welcome to the Computex. And here we are showing you the latest version of our ARM PC and our latest tablet and commercial product. And this is the Rockchip-based building. The form factor is as not-book and is our latest version for the ARM PC. And it is with the Rockchip 3568 and based with the 14-inch and 4HD display. And it's memory is up to the LPDDR4 for 4GB. This is Android. It's Android. But you could maybe also do Linux, potentially. Yes, potentially it can be, but we are trying to make it as an engine. And you can see, say in there, we can try as there mostly, yes, we can use everything the same way as the PC. And what I like this kind of product is potentially it could be very affordable. Yes, it's very good and it can be used as this form factor and it can be a collaboration with the work or the entertainment and the families. And as this form factor for the ARM PC that will be very useful and many scenarios can be compatible. Yes, this is firstly, I will link to say, and this one is the e-ink product. You can see there have our two screens. And this screen is the 4HD screen and this one is the e-ink screen. We can try it out of power. But even when it's out of power, the e-ink is still on. Yeah, maybe the different battery in a different way. And it's like a yoga style. Yes, it's convertible product here. And for this sample, I didn't take the pen, but it should with the pen. Nice. Yes. And for the student, for the education, the student will be really like it. Because when the students say in the video and they are learning and they also can be writing the exams, doing some tests in the e-ink display. So that can be very useful for the education scenarios. Yes. And then I would like to show you more. Here we are at the Computex 2023. There's a big screen and here you have presentations right during the day. Yes. Because we have the launch event here and I will share many things in this event. And we will share our Qualcomm and Intel and AMD and MediaTek and Rockchip product. And firstly, you can say this is... Yeah, just quickly. This one is charged with the e-ink. Yes, it's charged and it's with the e-ink. And you can see that this e-ink can be useful very easily like this. Yeah, based with the pen. So you can use the pen to touch it. Everything. All right. Then there's a way to switch it to the LCD. Yes, yes, yes, it's a support. And we also have a tablet. And there with the Intel product, the Intel laptop for the commercial product. And this one I'm willing to share with you is our transformer like this. We cannot say that it's convertible but sometimes it's a new product, a new form factor. It's so nice to have the screen come closer. Yes. And when you work because then it's filled double the size in the algae. Yes, yes. Because it's closing by when you still have the keyboard. Yes, and also can be like this. And so yes. It's based on the Intel Idle Lake. And it's really good. This is a special display. Yeah, this is a special display. It looks like reflective somewhat. Yeah, a little bit. It's maybe the TCL next paper. Next paper, yes, potentially is. And it's really slim. And you can see there a really great bezel. Yes, I like to share. Nice. So you've been doing billions of tablets. Yes, millions. Yes, we're making the tablets based on the every different platform like MediaTek and Qualcomm, Snapdragon. And also the Rockchip, anything else that we can do. It's for the more scenarios of the tablets. Is that a 3D screen? Yes, it's a 3D product based on the Qualcomm. Yes, maybe it can not to hard. But here I willing to show you our blockchain PC and we are cooperating with Avita. This company is our partner for the blockchain PC. And it can be used in the web 3.0 with the latest version. And this color is their brand color. So Avita PC is blockchain applications ready? Yes, they are ready. And they also have the launch event yesterday and it's really good. And this version is our gaming product, AMD product based in AMD with triple A inside. So it's a 3D display? Yes, it's a 3D display. They are building the 3D with the display. Nice. Glasses free, 3D. Yes. And this is Qualcomm laptop? Latest generation 3, HCX. Yes, HCX generation 3. And this is full mass production, full speed? Anybody who want to have big quantity? Yes, they can purchase by us. It's so great. So you are one of the best partners for the Qualcomm? Yes, of course. Yes, we are one of the best partners with Qualcomm. And we hope we will have more collaboration with Qualcomm for the new strategies product. And here is our new product based on the Rapp Lake and Idle Lake in the Intel side. Yes, this is the Adel Lake for the 938 model. And with Intel GPU-DG2 SKU-4. So, it's an independent. Nice. Yes, maybe this one. Ah, it's a mock-up. A mock-up of a different design. Yes, a different design. We will show that. So, which other product was launched here? Launch here, I will show you. No, no, there are new product. Our latest version, but this is the mock-up only and the new ID, new design, but gaming product. This is the gaming laptop. It's based on the Intel Rapp Lake Edge. And with Intel ladies, Intel-DG2 for the GPU. So, that's our latest version. And it's a very big touchpad. Is it the same? Different. It's different. It's our latest version for the AMD product as the gaming. It's also the AMD GPU and AMD CPU inside. And with our customized gaming center. This is our gaming center. We can also customize with our customer by their logo or by their color, if they like. This is customized. And this is our for the ruggedized. And the ruggedized is one of our, yes, it's handheld and small size, handheld ruggedized product. We are really good at to making it. I will show you this, the arm, the arm, the arm. Yes. I love it. Yes, I would like to show you is the RunRugged. It's one of our ruggedized product, and launched in this computer tech, the first to meet everybody. So, people can just go to runrugged.com? Yes, they can go to the run. That's why you have all your rugged products? Yes. I would like to show you there. Ah, the handheld. Yes, I really like it. The handheld to recognize the product. Yes. We built it. And it also with the scanner, scanner there. Yeah. And there's a fingerprint on the back. This is the NFC fingerprint. And there have the stands. Maybe you can even take payments with this? Yes, can take payments and also can change the battery. Nice. I always wanted to have battery swap. Ah, yes, the battery swap is really good. And we also have this, the ruggedized mobile PC. And it looks like a little bit bigger, but some special scenarios we needed. It's like when you are in the transportation or the constructions. Maybe you can use this. And we are so reliable product based on the Intel and Intel platform and ARM platform. And we also have the just the lake base. And this one version is based in the Intel 11 generations with the Tiger Lake. Yes. So it's also with our latest version. So when you close it. When you close it. It's like a bag. You can take a bag. And there's a battery swap. And the battery, the removal battery. You can here. Yes. Big tablets. Yes, big tablets. Ah, this is flip-flop. I'm sorry. Sorry. Sorry. And this, which is the tablet. Tablet can be with the RJ45. And they can be lock or not. It's used in the vehicle mount. And there with the NFC product internally. Yes. So it's also based on our new brand with the One Rocket. One Rocket. And this is the small version. It's our new brand. It's our new brand. Nice. One rocket goes all the way down. Goes all the way down. And you can see there we are making the brand connected with M-Dora with the color. And here, it's so great to have so many things in here to show in the computer text with our recognized product. And this is some of the cellular processes and the rock chip processes for the industrial PC. And with the good touch. Yes. This one is a rock chip. Rock chip. A vehicle. Vehicle PC. And you can see there. The vehicle mount in the back. Nice. Yes. And they support the 4G. And support the 4G. Support Wi-Fi Bluetooth. Also that's really great when integrated with integrated with the car or truck. And the users can be used very easily in their car. And mobile. So in industrial PC and one rocket, really focused and professional in this industry. Yes. And at your booth, is there even more at the front? Yeah, front. About here? Yeah. I'm really great that you can show in our latest product in the website. And I'm really thankful for your coming. And if there are any questions by the end users, you can connect with us and come to the 3w.m.com to search our website and connect with us. Great. It's great. Thanks very much to ZXS to be one of my sponsors here at Computex 2023. ZXS is based in Shenzhen. And I will be doing a video very soon with them featuring their transparent displays. OLED LCD light box adds machine. So thanks a lot. I did video with them nearly 10 years ago when they were doing tablets. And now they do these cool devices. Thanks a lot for watching. Check them out.


Today I'm going to show you how to install the new Roto Riot Edition AGO1 Gimbal into your RadioMaster TX16S. You want to pull out your battery as well as the module bay cover, pull the grips off of each side of the radio. Next we want to remove these two screws in the top using our 2.5 millimeter hex driver. We'll take our 2 millimeter hex driver and we need to remove four screws. From there we can carefully remove the back cover of the radio. There might be some wires connected to the back. Just make sure you unplug that wire. The easiest way to tell which direction to install the gimbal is that the wires coming off of the gimbal need to go on the outside edge of the radio. On the gimbal there's four silver screws at each corner that we're going to remove with our screwdriver. And then we need to unplug the gimbal here and we should be able to pull the gimbal out. And we're just going to do the same steps in reverse. So we're going to take our gimbal, we're going to drop it in there, we're going to take our four screws, put those back into place, run these wires and look at that. We feel great. Subscribe to Roto Riot.


city and in the territory on west there's just one way to handle the killers of the spoilers and that's with the u.s. Marshall and the smell of gun smoke in Conrad the story of the violence that moved away and the story of a man who moved with it I'm that man Matt Dillon the United States Marshall the first man they look for and the last they want to meet it's a chancey job and it makes a man watchful but a little lonely I can't wait to give it up as money looks like his friend I got $50 it says bull is right hey marketer I told you I want a bottle of the best this stuff ain't got now look here what's your name Frank Wilkins now you going back to your friend not you mister you little lady you know you're pretty bit of you had it mister my friend bull wants to talk to this little honey pot here why do you send a sidewinder like you that blow hard can talk to himself blow hard fella called you a blow hard is that right did you call me that yeah I caught a fight I ain't mad at you we got a difference of opinion is all eat him again bull here like the Marshall said no need to bust up the place go outside unless you're yellow it's all right miss Kitty you wait here come on everybody we can't wait around for him to buy the whiskey out it's about a Navy hero Alfred Bullrod Storm along with his name oh he was a legend he was where he was born doesn't matter but he was first heard of in Boston Harbor that was when he signed on as a member of the crew of a ship called the lady of the sea now old Storm along stood 30 feet tall and had muscles in his arms big as powder cakes and when the good captain got a look at him he said to the rest of the crew here's an able-bodied seaman for you then he entered Alfred Bullrod's name in the log as Storm along AB somebody realized that the AB could also stand for able-bodied and they sort of picked it up and for a long time seaman would put that AB after their own names meaning able-bodied seaman yes sir well old Storm along was a great sailor he was and it wasn't many a year for he captained his own ship the coarser it was one of the biggest afloat why it was so long from stem to stern it took a man on horseback 24 hours to make the trip the mass was hinge so to let the sun and the moon get by took a man a week to climb the rigging yes sir the coarser was a big and and Storm along skill as a sailing man became known throughout the seven seas one of his greatest feats was taken the coarser through the English Channel seems the channel was only about two inches wider than his ship at high tide but old Storm along was up to the problem he you bet he was he bought all the soap in Holland and he and his men greased down the sides of the coarser who well sir it slipped through that old channel as slick as a whistle didn't damage it one bit but so much of that soap rubbed off onto the English coast that to this day the clefts of Dover are white of course you believe me don't you say nice being citizens of a country where you can laugh and talk about things free as a breeze and write and read and worship to yes sir maybe you don't think about it much but you should I've been looking all over for you you found me Chester what is it Frank Wilkins he's dead he's what dad I was sitting with him just a few minutes ago yes sir but he's dead now but what happened when they told me he got into a fistfight with some buffalo hunter or it's long branch bow Hogan yes sir that's the name he went outside and that man clean beat prank to death with his face wait a minute Chester do you mean that all those people with a long branch stood and watched it and nobody stopped it well it don't make sense they must decide you know how they are when they supply I'm gonna have me a talk with those citizens well I already talked to some of them they swear up and down it was a fair fight Chester and a fistfight a man's beat along before he's beat to death and anybody not crazy for blood knows that I can understand it but one thing for sure Frank's dead doc examined him then had the body moved over to his office bow Hogan still at the long branch no she ain't he's gone they won't get far I'll see to that name freeze you better keep going Del when I come into Dodge City to have me a good time there's ain't no fun sneaking out here to the edge of town hiding in the dark ain't having me no fun at all it's better than being hung in it you killed that man I didn't mean to that'll make no difference he's dead he's stronger than you think you are I never seen a man hit so hard I I can swing faster and hit harder than any other man this time sorry I keep your voice down boy being strong won't do you no good at the end of a rope it was a fair fight that don't matter they need to hang your bull you didn't see how they was all looking at you cold like why if I hadn't made you leave that saloon when I did they'd have closed in on you then in there I'm the only friend you got bull going you ought to tell them that I didn't mean to do it that wouldn't do no good not now the only chance is to get out of town till they cool off now come on lucky I remembered seeing that old sod hot up river on the way it's a good place to hide you reckon I can find you go just like I told you you find it and I want no thanks for this bull I'm risking my neck to help you but that's what friends are for they're here in town and see how the wind blows tomorrow I'll write out and let you know bring some grub and a bottle sure I get going I ain't never run away from nothing before in my whole life you ain't running away boy you're being smart I ain't never try that before neither I hope it works knock down that hard yeah cracking the skull on something when it fell one thing if it was such a fair fight why did that cut the bull hoagin line out the fact I don't know just I don't know Matt did you find bull hoagin they left town kitty I'm gonna trail him in the morning Mr. Wilkins stopped in the same way you don't blame you now for what happened he's kidding I know just he was just real broken up about his son Matt did you know he's offered a thousand dollars rewards for bull hoagin yeah I wish he hadn't well see how he that delvin Casper's here he is Marshall how would I know the late eyes on bull hoagin till tonight I had no friend to hear left her together but we went separate way so I tailed it right on out of town me I just stepped out for a walk as a climate here didn't seem healthy it hasn't changed now look Marshall I didn't do nothing tonight except go along with the crowd for a little fun you got no cause to write me out of that fight cast well I didn't finish it bull hoagin done that I want to be some way to prove I'm no friend to hear tell me where he went if I knew I would I sure would I hear the father of that poor fellow bull killed is put up a thousand dollars reward for him is it true Marshall could I clear myself if I helped you trail bull you're going to be busy traveling remember you get out of here and if I see you again tonight I'll lock you up you be out of town at daybreak you're a hard man Marshall you ain't fair I said get off well you got rid of him that yeah that was a pleasure getting Casper just ain't no good at all I sure would hate to be laying help with some words and have him find me well the good way to put it just as real might is based on the technique of mass production which began with the manufacture of rifles by the United States Army in the 1820s Captain John Hall in 1819 designed a unique breech loading rifle and began production of the Federal Armory in Harpers Ferry, Virginia Captain Hall then designed and built machinery to mass produce the rifle with all parts interchangeable a revolutionary advance in manufacturing technology the United States Army they got a record of peacetime service you gave me real good directions Dylan what's the news you don't look good for you both they got a thousand dollar reward I know no I was a fair fight it ain't like I done murder they think you did the same thing you bring me something to eat no I thought about it I decided not to waste the money no what do you mean wasted what's that gun for Dylan when you said you was my only friend yes I was lying if you run that Dylan Casper out of town then we meet him right here heading back to the you tell him it's all right he says he got bullhogan he claims the reward and you just look at him and nods just say that money's all he is right now you think he really got bullhogan there's no doubt about it all we got to do now is get him Casper killed Frank he probably clubbed in with a pistol you know it's something you said to me that started me thinking in that direction yeah you said that you'd sure hate to be helpless and have Casper find you I'm sure now that that's what happened to Frank the problem is to prove it there's that thought he talked about yeah I didn't say his bull he wasn't shot in the back no but he might as well have been thrown with chance he hadn't well right down over the site place and borrow his shovel no bringing him in he's the strongest roughest man I ever tangled with what are you trying to say Martin we got bull here and sleep he's in the first cell go see for yourself a shot here you shot him all right only you didn't kill him I did I hit him right in the chest yeah it's one of them Indian charm bags in it that's right a leather pouch full of pebbles and sand and bones both a lonely superstitious man he was wearing this around his neck but he fell down he was dead good as no you're lying to me you're trying to take me out of my wall now you'll get what's coming to you Casper you know bulls got an idea that somebody club Frank Wilkins with a pistol while he was knocked out I'm gonna lock you in that cell with bowling with the two of you talk it over but me in with him why now you can't do that oh why not either one of you have a gun you'll just talk what could happen to you will go wake him up man yeah just to go wake him up all right come on Casper you're going in there with it no no I'm not that's not that maybe you'd rather tell me about it but I didn't do nothing I ain't going in there oh yes you want you're gonna tell that the bow Hogan face-to-face right now locked in no no I done it with my pistol you with me killed him you hear that just to be all right take his gun and Johnny I'll lock him up Chester then he is dead yeah he's dead I named Casper I hope he's waiting for you closed and conducted by Rex Corey down patterns were composed by Ray Kemper and Bill James featured in the cast were partly there as Chester Howard McNeer as Doc and Georgia Ellis is getting George Wall speaking join us again next week for another story of the Western frontier of America in the 1870s on gun smoke is the United States armed forces radio and television service


LCS U.S. is operating out of Singapore and really fits well in this area in these regional countries. With their littoral waters, a lot of islands in this area, a lot of shallow waters, littoral combat ship, the U.S.'s freedom is designed to operate in those waters and designed to work with those navies that really do have more of the smaller ships and more of the smaller ports. The U.S.'s freedom is able to access those ports and pull them pure side for a next level of engagement that we're not really able to do on this size of a ship in the past with our other ships, our cruisers and destroyers. We're making history here on this deployment to Southeast Asia. The crew has handled it very well. We've been given a lot of different curveballs, a lot of different taskings to accomplish and a lot of lessons learned to develop and the crew has done a fantastic job with it. It has not been easy by any stretch of imagination but if it was easy someone else would be doing it, not the U.S. Navy.


So, is this happening to you? In today's video, we're gonna talk about why is that discus coming off the middle finger and how to fix it to throw farther fast? Check it out. What's up guys? It's Eric Johnson from Airtate Throws Nation. In today's video, we are talking about the discus coming off of the middle finger.  Now, on occasion, you get somebody that has an extra long middle finger. Notice I have to bend, but most people have a slightly longer middle finger than index finger and the discus needs to come off of this because you can apply more force and spin the discus. Now, there's a very simple reason. Now, we posted a video a couple of years back on how to carry the discus, how to add 20 feet and it was about how to fly and carry the discus and get it to spin and learn this thing that I'm gonna talk about. So, if you are finding that the discus is coming off of the middle finger, the answer is typically pretty simple. What we see is that you're cupping the discus. So, what we see is people have the thumb up and then what they do in order to hold that discus in the hand, they have to do this, right? Because they're carrying it like this. You see how I'm kinda carrying it like this? So, as we come this way, the discus starts to come off of this finger. So, you're spinning it here instead of spinning it here and when the hand tilts here, the force goes to that index finger and now you can smash it off. Now, why is this important? Spinning the discus is really key because the more revolutions per second that the discus can come out of your hand, you are going to see the discus fly more, right? It has to spin. So, when you see that discus spinning as it comes into the throw, that's gonna be really critical. What you see a lot of times is you see a discus sometimes fly like this and then you see the sticker kinda moving like this really slow. That's a discus that's not flying far and that could in fact be a discus maybe that's coming off that middle finger but if you see a discus like this, it means it wasn't thrown like this and if it's not spinning, it means it's kinda coming out of the hand, right? And so, if you don't have the thumb down and pointed away, now this is where you set up the force to be applied to the middle finger, okay?  So they understand, so what happened? Bad releases are gonna happen and it's gonna happen from time to time but for the most part, you are most likely up and cupping and so now that affects how the discus is carried and so when the discus turns over, there's less of a chance to be able to get this off of here and you're gonna see more of this because the hand is like in this position so it comes off this way. So you see this, again, so look at the thumb, it's almost like closer to like 90 degrees to my arm and the thumb needs to be here because that creates the tension here and that's what's gonna create fast spin on the discus. So, real simple tip for today and remember, this is one of the things we talk about in our fundamental section inside the throwing chain reaction. We go through a lot of these basic things because before you set up your chain reaction, believe it or not, something like the discus coming off your middle finger is an indicator of a bigger issue that's probably gonna create limitation. So, if you are having that middle finger issue, be sure to understand that it's a simple fix, get the thumb turned, turn the fingers so that the discus is sitting in the fingers and that way when you do something like this and you hold the discus, you're gonna have here and you'll notice as soon as I would turn that hand around and turn it into the throw, I'm gonna be setting up pressure against the index finger and it's gonna snap off.  One of the things that most elite throwers are able to do is be able to change angles and place the discus anywhere they want in the sector. We had this conversation the other day at practice and we talked about the more skilled the thrower becomes, they know how to place the discus and we were talking about control and having that discus come off that index finger is clearly one of those indicators. So if you are feeling that, try that little fix, it should help you out and if this was helpful and you liked this video, be sure to forward this to somebody else you know. Be sure to hit that like and subscribe button for us because that helps us keep growing the channel, putting videos out like this and be sure to check out the Thuring Chain Reaction System, our six pillar system for training the throw, learning it faster and finding your individual fix. Okay guys, thanks so much and I will see you on the next video.


What's going on YouTube? My name is John Hammond and this is an attempt to showcase some of the Facebook CTF. This went on just this past weekend and it was pretty rough. I got to admit I am not going to do this any justice by attempting to showcase some of these. I did not solve much at all really and it's over now but I wanted to at least bring to you one of the web challenges that was the products manager challenge. So this originally did not have a whole lot of solves but slowly got broken into and then it came down to have a lot of solves and it's point value which was originally a thousand. Facebook CTF had dynamic scoring so as more people solved it it would decrease in value and now it's down to a hundred which I think is the minimum that some of these can be without being explicitly set less than that. You can see some of the miscellaneous categories. So this is the challenge. Come play with our products manager application and we're giving a link here. Problem does not require any brute force or scanning, we'll ban your team, etc. We have a download that I have actually went ahead and downloaded already and this is the website. It says welcome to products manager. We have some options here. We can view the top five products, add your own product and the view details of their own product. So if I hit view, it just brings me to this page so I'm assuming these are the products. Facebook, Messenger, Instagram, WhatsApp and Oculus Rift. We can add our own products, view, okay so we need to supply a secret to be able to view it and the only way to do that to supply one is actually create one when we add it. So let's create a please subscribe product with password, anything, blah, blah, blah. It looks like it needs to have 10 characters, small uppercase number, okay. Please subscribe, join discord, whatever. Just test functionality there. Product has been added so if we were to view it, view, please subscribe with our secret. It says please subscribe and join discord. Okay so it looks like that's the minimum function out of this website has but we only get to see the top five results. Let's go ahead and take a look at the source code here. I have downloaded this tar gz file so we can extract it with tar xf, I'm sorry xzvf, it doesn't really matter what order they're in. As long as they're all there, x to extract, v for verbose which you don't need, f for the file and z for gunzip or gzip file. So product manager that would have already extracted all it's in that dist directory. So we have some source code. Let's take a look at all of these things. Looks like, let's start off at index, require the database, looks like it's pretty common throughout all of these, then we get the top products, that's probably a function defined in there, require the header for each of these products that will display it html entity so we can't use any cross-site scripting stuff and we have a footer. Has nothing in it really, nothing dynamic. So the database, okay, created table products, that's the schema here. We have the name, secret, and description for each of the products. Looks like the Facebook row has the flag as its description but we don't know the secret of any of these and it looks like their store is a shot 256 hash. We have config which we were not given, that's probably the credentials of the database so that's fine, we don't need to see those. Get top products, list five, results, receive them all and return them. Get products, this is some SQL select statement so it's just going to grab the name of the description where the name is supplied as an argument. Insert product, inserts products by the name, secret description, that's got to be our add syntax and they're using some bind parameters. So it is not using just strings, concatenating SQL values, it is using some actual like prepared statements, it's not the right word but it's going to head and actually use parameters that will be passed into and bind into the SQL statement. So prepared statement might be the actual right terminology if anyone wants to spot check me I'm grateful. Check name, secret is a function that will take a name and a secret select where name is passed and secret is passed and if they are equal. Okay, if that's actually in the database it will seemingly return to us. Okay, easy enough. Header doesn't do anything, nothing dynamic, index, view, view will take in what we supply to it. If you have the correct secret, it will get products HTML entities. So again, no cross-site scripting. I'm just trying to cursory get an idea for this again and maybe again that will show you if you haven't already solved this. Just trying to showcase the discovery process, right? And then add will let us validate a secret. Okay, validate secret looks like it just is making sure that it is the correct criteria. Look, yeah, we ran into that earlier when we were testing and this function handle post looks like it will go ahead and get product name. If the product name already exists, please enter again. Insert product name hash blah, blah, blah. Okay, so if we were to add our own product, it's using get product and get product does name, select press equals name. How does that do that? If product does not equal null, product name already exists, please enter again. Because what I'm thinking is if we could enter something, if we could retrieve, there's no way we can find out the secret to the Facebook row or that product. So if we were to try and view Facebook, we just don't know what this thing actually is. If there was a way we could trick SQL, maybe we could. I don't know. The only thing that's surrounding these though, because they're parameterized, is not quotes or single quotes, no SQL injection is really an option, but maybe spaces because that's being bound in here. Maybe that's what we can latch on to. If we add handle post, if we were to supply something validated secret, we don't need to particularly care about, but if we get product, product name already exists, please enter again. Otherwise, we can insert a product. So get product, all that does is test where name is equal to something. Checkers, bind statement, so it adds the string in there. Checkers, again, after we execute it, get results, fetch associative. So if it returns something, name description, is that because the description isn't there, that it doesn't return anything? That must be it. So select name description from products where name is equal to something. If we were to add a little trick in there, like a space, either at the beginning or the end, this would not return something. It would think that it would be perfectly fine, but then the space, if we were to view something, would work, if we were to try to retrieve Facebook. So check name secret as the first function that runs actually has to verify by the name and the secret. Get name from products where name is equal to what we pass in, and secret is equal to what we pass in. However, after that happens, what they try and do is they try and run getProduct again, which only cares about the name and not the secret. So it doesn't matter if we have the correct name, it'll return the correct name because it'll be able to retrieve the description at that point because the Facebook, the real Facebook has a description, but the one that we add when we see getProduct ran the first time trying to add something, it won't have a description. So we'll be able to put in our fake Facebook entry, we'll be able to view it because of our secret, and check name secret cares about secret, but getProduct, which should run following, does not care about the secret. Theoretically, right? Let's try it. Let's add something, and I'll put like Facebook with a space in the front, see if that works, and I'll use whatever secret, and it doesn't matter what description we have, product has been added. Okay, cool, and that didn't trigger because if we were to use regular Facebook without a space or whatever, that would tell me product name already exists because the description is in that field, and that's how it's retrieved. So that's super, oh, that's good. It's a super minute bug, super kind of hard to detect thing. Now if we were to view space Facebook, let's enter our secret in here. Let's see if this gets us the flag. No, okay, so let's try it again. Let's try Facebook with a space at the very end, anything, blah, blah, blah, add. Now let's view this Facebook space with our secret, incorrect name or secret. Okay, maybe I had my typo. What? Okay, hang on, I think it would make sense for me to not include the space at the end when I'm trying to view it, but the secret that I pass in still needs to be what I supplied because that will validate and then with the check name secret and then the get product was to return. There we go, okay, so Facebook, and there's our flag. Sweet, blurb about Facebook, but there is our flag. So perfect, that's that, that's how to do it. Man, that was hard to detect, a little bit of agony, so obviously it took me a little bit longer to do that in the real end of things, and I still never entirely pieced it together, right? Even with my dramatics there, I'm trying to learn, but the spaces at the end apparently sequel won't process at the very, very end of a select statement or something. That's that, that flag is, let's say, attacking sequel without injection is amazing, so yeah, because of those parameterized bind statements, we couldn't use classic single quotes or double quotes in common sequel injection, but our spaces were a fine trick and that get product name, not caring about the secret, but the check name secret does, that I think was what put us over the edge and what actually allowed us to take advantage of this, so hey, if you guys did like this video, please do like, comment, and subscribe. I'd love to see you guys on the Discord server, there's a link in the description, it's an awesome community full of CTF players, programmers, hackers, and if you'd be willing to support the channel, I have Patreon, PayPal, and I'm just grateful and thankful for whatever you guys are wanting to help with, thank you so much. Hope you guys enjoyed this, I'll see you in the next video.


Welcome to All Hands Update, I'm Petty Officer Jen Blake. As an all-volunteer force, military service members have shown they put the interests of the nation first. Sailors across the fleet who participate in the Navy's Community Service Program help build stronger communities both stateside and overseas. Their sense of duty affects the fleet, their communities and the Navy's partnerships around the world. When you choose to volunteer, you are an ambassador for your ship, your work center and your country. Report Visit is an opportunity for you to foster and further good relations with host nations. Your volunteer service helps earn public support and understanding of U.S. operations, missions and capabilities. Talk to your command volunteer coordinator to learn more about local volunteer opportunities.


Hi everybody, welcome back to Caesars Forum in Lovie Las Vegas. I'm here with Frank Slutman as the chairman and CEO of Snowflake, friend of theCUBE. Thanks for coming on, making some time for us. Absolutely, good to see you. So investor day was yesterday. They obviously liked what you said, the stock's been up two days in a row. Of course, you had Jensen on Monday night. How did that go investor day? What was the conversation like? I think what was important in investor day is we had to fully lay out our strategies for enabling AI on our vast amounts of data that we manage and host on behalf of our customers. And they felt that it was a very, very convincing strategy, very compelling strategy. And obviously that was the number one topic coming into the day. But we reiterated and up long-term guidance in a couple of places. And it's just good to sync up. I think the conference content helps in enormous amount to help them understand the vastness of the strategy and how far we've come. So I mean, this is where it all comes together. It all becomes real, right? There's no longer words. You get to see it, touch it, and really assess the reality of everything. Well, when you turn the engineering investments into product, that's kind of what it's all about in tech. But they obviously bought the story. I'm sure there was some skeptics in the room asking you some hard questions. They talk about the competition. How did you address sort of the, they're always asking you about the 10, but how did you address the expansion into new markets? Like I say, they obviously bought into it. But what was the narrative there? Well, the narrative for Snowflake as a data cloud is it's a multi-layer kick, right? We obviously have infrastructure, elastic consumed by the drink. We have live data in extraordinary amounts. We have the complete workload enablement layer. The programmability platform, which is Snowpark, the marketplace, and then the transaction model. Transaction model, people can monetize data and applications. So the strategy really is, we enable data engineers big time. That's sort of our, I call them our homies. Those are the people that we're super close to, historically, because we're a database company from way back. But we now have completely embraced the functional layer that lives above the data layer. We have data engineers and software engineers. And we now said, look, software engineers and data engineers, we address both these audiences. It is a big vision, but we think in the cloud, you have to have this. In a non-premise environment, it's very, very different. You can really stratify these things. But in the cloud, it's like, wait a second. All of a sudden it's like, who manages security and governance here? Well, it's not you, it's them. So in other words, unless we step into that void and say, no, no, no, we own it. If you're on a snowflake, you're safe, you're compliant, all these things, that's a really important thing because if we're not doing it, who's going to do it? So there's a lot of discomfort around, where do software engineers live? Where do data engineers live? How do they interact? And that's really, we want to really assert that space, if you will. Well, governance and security is obviously a big part of your promise.  You said, every time I say AI, the audience has to take a shot. So I thought, Frank, here's the thing. Turnabout is fair play. So I got a little Jameson here. I don't know. Yeah, that's my son's favorite drink there. I had to go up and down the strip yesterday to find these beauties, little flamingo shock glasses. Okay, I'm going forward. So we'll put this aside, maybe later on tonight. Noah, keep count of how many times we say AI. I have to consider an entire bottle probably. You can't have the CEO of a public company doing shots on camera, but anyway. Okay, I want to go back to Monday night. Sarah Goh, I think it's how you say her name. She asked you a question. Why snowflake? And then you said, because we're the best. Yeah. Okay, what makes you the best? I want to dig into that. You ask a general question, you get a general answer, right? But what makes us the best? I mean, our core is an extraordinarily optimized database engine, right? I mean, a lot of the superior performance comparisons in the economics are because of our database engine. Okay, so when we move into snow park, right? The database engine backends the snow park later. So people are seeing these two to four X, literally two to four X comparisons in performance and economics relative to their spark jobs and the Duke jobs. And they're like, how does this happen? Well, it's because of the database, right? There's a bunch of other things as well. But fundamentally, the database is superlative, right? So we bring that to every single workload, right?  And that's what creates all these opportunities for extraordinary performance and economics. Never mind the governance and the simplification operationally. So I want to dig into that a little bit because the high level messaging, I think is really clean. All data, all workloads, very powerful. And when you go down deep and you talk to folks like Benoit and Terry and the technical people, it's really solid, a deep understanding. I find, Frank, in the middle, when I kind of get lost in all the products, it's hard to sort of connect the dots. And I want to run something by you and see if we're understanding this correctly. I take a lot of notes when I'm on a show like this. So it seems to me you've got a lot of ways to query data, right?  You got unsupervised. You also support a lot of different data types. You start with relational, rows, columns, streaming, vector. We saw all of that this week, especially when you squinted through there. What doesn't come across, I think, to people, and I want to get your take on this, is the magic is that's all integrated. I can query those different data types, those storage platforms, and then you take care of it and give me a consistent, coherent return. That's magic, that's not easy to do, because Amazon has a lot of different data types. They have a lot of different query options, but it's that last piece that creates the difference. Is that the correct understanding of the magic? Yeah, one of the things that's been set a few times in the last couple of days, Snowflake is a single product, which is quite an extraordinary thing because in software engineering, in the spirit of expediency, people lose their religion very, very quickly and they start hacking separate engines. Sometimes they have three or four different flavors of the same thing, because it's just quicker, right? I spin up a separate team, I build a separate engine, and I get to market quicker that way. We have resisted that. We still have one product, which is an extraordinary engineering feat, not just one product, but also we can do two men and a dog as well as the Fortune 10. It scales from small to the largest around. But in terms of your comment, we have to support all the different user types on the data cloud, right? You're an end user. We support you, and a lot of the generative AI is going to be very much aimed at end users because if you're literate, you'll be able to get considerable value from data now. Well, that was a heck of a lot harder for most of our lives, right? But you move up the spectrum, dealing with hardcore programmers, Python, Java, and they have a very different world view and their life experience is completely different from a SQL engineer. We have to support all these people, but behind these interaction methods is the exact same product. You're interacting with the exact same engine, the exact same governance layer. It's just you engage with us differently based on how you want to do things. We've historically, SQL engineers, SQL analysts, basically data people. Data engineering people were really our folks, right? But now the whole software engineering culture is coming into Snowflake as well because we got data, we got function. You heard me hear from Fidelity yesterday talk about data and function. Data engineering, software engineering. Well, they both live on Snowflake now. Yeah, in 170 databases, I think. Somebody said yesterday that we're all data engineers in a way, that's true. Something more sophisticated than this. The other point you mentioned is small to large. That's Snowflake's spectrum. You don't really have that at service now. Great company as it is. It was really kind of mid to large. I want to come back to that example because one of the things you talk about a lot is supply chain. And it's company Blue Yonder, which is interesting because it's a legacy company. It's an old man logistics firm, right? And they're kind of replatforming on Snowflake and relational AI. So my understanding is with the container services in Snowpark, they can bring in all those legacy apps. Exactly. Containerize them and then actually have a consistent data platform. And a fully governed data platform. And using our database engine again at the back end. Yeah, there's two things that really matter in supply chain management. The first one is complete visibility across the supply chain. This has historically been an unsolvable problem because the supply chain is made up of, I don't know how many independent entities and they're like, well, this is my data and you're not going to see it or touch it and building network connections was hard. We have EDI, remember that term, right? I mean, we're just hacking data connections from A to B and people are like, I'm giving up. This is just too hard. So that problem gets solved with Snowflake because you got two parties on Snowflake, it's a matter of minutes for them to have visibility to each other's data. It is a data integration problem first and foremost. But after that, yes, you mentioned all these legacy engines that Blue Yonder has. They can go and rebuild those and rewrite those. I mean, some of these things are 20 years old, but they're still used by many, many manufacturers, retailers and so on. Now they can just containerize those and use them as a service. And they get all the benefits of a modern cloud platform. This is pretty great. So the other thing is they have to bring enormous compute to bear on these engines because they are very, very, very short burst and there's an event in the supply chain and now they have to run all these scenarios and what do we do, what do we do? And it requires tons of compute. And Snowflake is ideal for that because you can stand up the cluster and the workload in seconds, massively provision it, run it for its duration and then you back off. So it's just the elasticity of the compute and the data is ideal for supply chain. When you say back off, you mean dial down the compute? Yep, unwind it. Which others have tried to set, oh yeah, we're going to separate compute from storage. They quite get there but you guys were the first. I want to ask you about the ecosystem because the ecosystem continues to grow. It's critical. I did a little mini video yesterday saying the hallmark of any cloud company is its ecosystem and that's proving true. It's critical as you become the platform for application, for data apps. How have you thought about the ecosystem, its growth and what are you specifically doing to advance that ecosystem and grow it? Well, you look at things like Streamlade which has a huge community around, right? I mean that's just, Python program is reflexively reached for Streamlade when they want to publish something, visualize, animate because machine learning models are for programmers, right? Or at minimum, fairly sophisticated technical people. We have our native apps framework, right? In other words, what we're trying to do with the data cloud and I said this yesterday in the keynote is like we're trying to set up a renaissance and software development by really lowering the bar, right? If you wanted to build and publish and monetize an application, right? What does that take to do historically?  You pretty much give up before you've gotten started. So we created a full stack where not only can I build it, not only can I sell it to the enterprise because it's on the Snowflake platform and but I can now market it through our marketplace. By the way, you can find it through Neva Search, you know, very easily and I can monetize it, right? I get paid on the transaction and we announced yesterday also that people can use their commit dollars to Snowflake to also buy data and apps, right?  All you have to do is guess to check at the end of the day. So we've massively lowered, you know, the, you know, what it takes to start a software business and it's very, very fine grant and we're hoping to set up a renaissance and software development because that, you know, we've been in software for most of our lives here. It's been hard and risky and expensive, all these things. You know, we bring in that way, way down. You know, that's our agenda. That's what our native apps framework, you know, I compared it to the iPhone. Obviously, you know, Snowflake is our version of the iPhone, but that's what it is, except that it's multi-cloud. You can build one app and it runs on all of them. And it's the app store for data. It's like the next generation of cloud, as I see it. In other words, when Amazon started, if I were a startup, I didn't have to go buy a bunch of servers and Oracle database licenses and that was great. Then this is next generation, which is the integration. Well, you know, cloud really hasn't had the software development paradigm, the way we've had it in mobile, for example. You know, and so we're really asserting that paradigm as a cloud company. Like, this is how you build apps in the cloud, right? Now, there will be other short, but we've got one, you know, and it has a lot of advantages. You know, it has life data, right? It has full governance framework. It has full workload-enabled marketplaces, transactional models. Just think about it, you need all that stuff. Well, the other thing that the nuance that a lot of people might not have caught is that how you leveled the playing field with iceberg tables. There was, you know, a penalty for keeping them external. You could have an advantage coming inside a snowflake. That's gone now. If you want to leave them in an external iceberg table, you're going to get the same performance. So that's, again, a little nuance of how you're, it seems to me, you want to be the best place possible to build apps, not just take a box on open source. People can choose.  Do you want us to manage it?  Do you want some other tool to be the custodian? You get to make those choices. Do you want to manage the storage? Do you not want to manage the storage, right? So people will learn over time, you know, what is, and by the way, you can change your mind. Okay, it's not the decision you have to make for all time, right? But these decisions all have trade-offs.  Sometimes people are just reflexively reacting to, well, you know, I don't want to duplicate my data, but there's, when you duplicate your data, there's actually value to that because it's highly optimized. It's highly organized. It's sanctioned and trusted, you know what I mean? A lot of data lakes are struggling and the reason is people are like, I don't know what I'm dealing with. It's untrusted, unsanctioned, and then people don't trust the results, you know, that the workloads generate, right? So they back off and they go back to their data warehouse saying, well, that's sanctioned data. Everybody uses it, everybody believes that, right? So, you know, data lakes really need to come up, you know, in terms of the level of function that we have already brought to the data. And by the way, we know, we of course, you know, are the data lake for most of our customers, they view us as a data lake. Yeah, totally. The other day, the other night with Jensen, it was kind of funny, you guys going back and forth, you did say that consumption models require discipline and he said, you know, AI or LLM is going to take that to a new level. So, explain what you meant by that and how you plan to deal with it.  What is the economic value of that? I mean, the reason that search became such a gigantic thing is because there was a business model to pay for it, right? There needs to be a business model that's going to pay for AI as well. I mean, once the fun and games were off, people are going to have a very hard-nosed look, what am I getting for this? And you can ask the question, what should I have for dinner tonight? But how does that translate, you know, to the business model? Where's the alignment, you know? And if you can't do that, people are going to go like, well, this is an expensive hobby, you know? And you are sure in academia and all these places, but in business, we need to see returns for spend. And that's a very important thing that's going on in cloud in general because people are consuming, consuming, consuming and you see if O comes in, wait a second, you know? What's the relationship with the business side here with all the money that we're spending? This is really important. They go hand in hand. It is the technology and the business model. There needs to be a business model, you know? Meaning consumption is aligned with value. Yeah. And then the more you consume it. Re-turn. Yeah, yeah. It'll be a little bit more pointed. Yeah, yeah, ROI, right? We're going to spend a dollar, we're going to make 10 or whatever the IRR is going to be. You need to be able to pay for it, you know? So in observing you and Mike, my understanding is you don't incentivize your Salesforce to go hard after new logos, rather you're focused on consumption. Is that the right understanding? No, we do both. You do? We actually have selling motions that are strictly and only focus on new logos, specific new logos. Not all logos are created equal, so we're very targeted in that way. And then there are the people that are dealing with existing Snowflake accounts. Those are consumption-driven and based because they need to be. So two very different models. Yeah, okay, so I didn't realize you had both. And how's that former going in terms of the new logos? Well, it's actually working much better because we have created full separation because landing is a totally different muscle motion than expanding. You know, expanding is all about use cases and workloads, developing the account where there's landing. Those are technical battles and CTOs and CIOs.  Hardware companies, they don't want to announce a new product while there's an existing product in the field because it'll cannibalize sales. You guys take a different approach. You're giving the network, the ecosystem, visibility on what's coming. Explain your philosophy in terms of a lot of stuff in private preview or public preview. What's the philosophy there? Well, I mean, a couple of things. First of all, the preview is a signal very precisely what's coming.  I mean, the long-pwned attempt for us to deliver content is always the security and governance aspects. And that, in the case of Python, it took us literally years to fully plug, you know, Python as a high-trust, enterprise-grade programming framework because you can't have developers sort of download their libraries really nearly and stick them in and who's watching that? You know, who's certifying that, right? And so we took an approach where we're like, wow, we have to look through the entire supply chain and understand that this is bulletproof because if we're going to give it to an enterprise, they're going to say like, hey, Snowflake, I can take it to the bank, right? And we're going to have to say, yes, you can take it to the bank, you know, we're liable and all these kinds of things, you know, for them using it. So that takes time. So these previews, and I heard a little bit of, you know, of the analysts, you know, complaining about that. Yeah, sometimes it takes more time than we'd like, but that is a commitment we have to the large enterprise. We are, look, we sell the two men and the dog as well and they may have less concerns around governance, right? But it's the same product that we provide to the largest institutions in the world. Christian said we'll ship it when it's ready. So we wasn't apologizing for it, neither are you. There's a lot of fun, a lot of smiles, a lot of, the culture here is very playful. You having fun? I'm having, look, you know, this is such a great time to be alive in this industry. I've been waiting for this for decades.  And all of a sudden we're in this place where, you know, wow, you know, the acceleration, it's warp speeds.   Well, we've seen a lot of waves, Frank, and it feels like, and I think most of us agree, this is potentially the biggest one we've ever seen. Yes. Frank Slubin, thanks so much for taking some time with us. Really appreciate it. You're back. All right, keep it right there. We'll be right back with our next guest. You're watching theCUBE live from Snowflake Summit 2023. Right back.