The study found that 2TP is an effective corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1.0 mHCl solution, with an inhibition efficiency of 94.6%. The inhibition efficiency increased with an increase in concentration of 2TP and decreased with an increase in temperature. The adsorption of 2TP on the mild steel surface was mainly through the interaction of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom of the thiodiazol ring with the metal surface. The results obtained from weight loss, potential dynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS, and open circuit potential, OCP, measurements were in good agreement with each other and confirmed the effectiveness of 2TP as a corrosion inhibitor in acidic environments. This article was authored by Ahmed Alemiy, WAN, nor Rosland WAN Isaac and Walid Khalid Al-Azawi.


Glamour, this video is solely for entertainment purposes. All scenes and characters are fictional. This video is in animated parody These are not real episodes of the animated series Peppa Pig. This video may contain scenes of moderate violence and a small amount of blood What's good YouTube? Real is the game here and today we're here on Sinepton's channel We have reacted to his videos, but it's been a long time. So here we are on his video. Peppa lost episode Peppa got some hot breath, bro Wait, why is he so afraid?  But why did it look like they were on x-games mode, bro? All right, it seems like they're moving out of their house or something. It's not these boxes Unless they're just playing Jenga. He's strong, bro Pushing all those boxes and how do they all fit in the trunk?   Why is it like those three-wheeled movie like that? I thought they were about to crash No, you would know abductions.  There's my demons Talking to me. This is a dump. I don't mean wow Done. Yep, I knew it. Wait, so they left their nice-looking house and they arrived to that Trash house and they were more amazed by it 8 p.m The trap house. Oh, there's someone. There's someone up there. There's someone creeping on the window. Oh He's evil, bro. What the heck could that be? It's gotta be the curse and not a good sign Just the wind no big deal, right? It has to be the wind blowing the pages Speaking gibberish at 0 p.m. They sleep like that and vanished into the darkness Parents are gone This is not bueno. I think this was the intro that we saw Hey, bro, get the bazookas Shoot him. I'm like possessed. That is totally messed up. I mean, it was pretty obviously probably got possessed, right? Wow, what a way to end it. Even though it wasn't like super scary It was pretty awesome because it had like that scare factor and all the music was orchestrated to fit it It was pretty cool. Well shout out to something make sure to go check them out awesome video And thank you guys for watching of course and thank you guys for the main support and I'll catch you guys in the next one


Hello, and welcome to this session in which we will discuss integrated audit. In this section for integrated audit I will focus specifically on two things. First, I will introduce the integrated audit. What is integrated audit? Give you a historical background. Why does it exist and what is it? Then I'm going to speak specifically about the management responsibility when it comes to integrated audit. What is their responsibility? Then in the next session, we'll talk about the auditor's responsibility. Now, I will not discuss how management test their audit because that's not the that's not the case that you will be tested on on the CPA exam. But when it comes to the auditor's responsibility, we're going to see specifically how would the auditor conduct an integrated audit. So what is integrated audit? It's auditing the financial statements, which is that's normal. We always audit the financial statement, but in addition to the financial statements, we will audit. Notice the word audit I highlighted in yellow internal control over financial reporting. I see FR abbreviated. Now, let's give you some historical contacts about this. Why it makes sense? Now, when companies like Enron, Worldcom, they filed for bankruptcy in 1999-2000-2001. We went through a series of bankruptcies including Enron and Worldcom. Those were the major ones. And this investigation found out that if internal control over financial reporting was working properly, if internal control was working properly, those fraud could have been avoided. Those fraud could have been caught much earlier. And that's the reason why now we have to audit financial statements for publicly traded companies and audit internal control over financial reporting. Now, whose subject to this requirement? I just told you issuers or publicly traded companies, specifically large and accelerated. So generally speaking, we say issuers are subject to integrated audit unless they are exempted by the DAAP-FRIEND Act. Well, what is large and accelerated filers? Well, large filers is when 700 million of your market value of the common stock is held by outsiders.  Outsiders mean someone other than people that are related to the company. That those are large filers. Who are accelerated filers? Well, accelerated filers were talking about 75 million up to 700 million of their fair market value in common stock held by non-affiliate. Little smaller than the large ones, 752, 75 million to 7 to 700 million. Nevertheless, those two are subject unless the company is exempt by the DAAP-FRIEND Act. Simply put, if the company is a small, it will be exempt in terms of revenue. Just know that certain publicly traded companies issuers are exempt. Also, non issuers could have an integrated audit. Now, bear in mind, they are not required to have an integrated audit. The integrated audit is an option. Maybe management wants to have an integrated audit. Maybe the owners of the company, maybe the lender, the bank wants to be, to make sure that the internal control is working properly. Maybe a potential investor, they would say, look, I will invest in you. But first, I want an integrated audit. That could be the case. Before we proceed any further, I have a public announcement about my company, farhatlectures.com. Farhat accounting lectures is a supplemental educational tool that's going to help you with your CPA exam preparation, as well as your accounting courses. My CPA material is aligned with your CPA review course, such as Becker, Roger, Wiley, Gleam, Miles. My accounting courses are aligned with your accounting courses, broken down by chapter and topics. My resources consist of lectures, multiple choice questions, true-false questions, as well as exercises. Go ahead, start your free trial today. No obligation, no credit card required. Now, bear in mind that management always was responsible for maintaining an effective internal control. You cannot run a company without effective internal control, because we're talking about, you know, internal control over financial reporting. You should not operate a company or even work for a company for that matter if they don't have good control, because you're going to run into a lot of issues if you don't have good controls. However, Sarbanes-Axley of 2002 abbreviated a SOC, which would happens that took place after Enron and Wartcom. This is the name of two senators, Paul Sarbanes and Michael Axley. They drafted this act and what they did, they increased management responsibilities. So now management is responsible to do more about internal control. Management needs to demonstrate that internal controls are effective. It's no longer we have them down on a piece of paper somewhere. Now, show me that you have them on a piece of paper. You should have them on a piece of paper for that fact. But that's not enough. You want to show me that they are effective. In other words, they are working properly. And this is why the auditor will have to audit not only the financial statements, they will have to audit internal control over financial reporting. Now, the SEC will provide guidance for the implementation of SOCs. So we have to understand that the Securities and Exchange Commission, obviously, because they oversees the issuers, they provide the guidance on how companies implement SOC. Now, we have to understand that the CPA exam differentiates between issuers and non-issuers. Simply put, they will tell you, for example, those are the management responsibility about internal control when it comes to non-issuer. And these are the responsibility for the issuers because that's the case and because you could be studying for the CPA exam. Now, my auditing course, we really don't differentiate between issuers and non-issuers. When I teach this as an undergraduate course, I teach you generally the rules and usually it's for non-issuers because they're similar, but we don't differentiate. But for the CPA exam, they make those small distinctions. Just be aware of this. So what are the prerequisites of auditing a non-issuer internal control? So before you audit their non-issuer, they have to accept responsibility of the effectiveness. Obviously, you will not audit anything. You will not provide any attestation unless the other party takes responsibility. And we saw this in audit. For example, management says we are responsible for the financial statement. When we did non-attestation services, well, also in every engagement, compilations, reviews, also management is responsible for those. We don't do anything that's given assurance of the other party. Don't take responsibility for that. Also, management will evaluate. Evaluate in this context means test or audit. So here what happened is we expect management to test or audit the effectiveness of their internal control over financial reporting using some framework. US companies use COSO and they will be as of the end of the most recent physical period. Management will have to show that they collected actual evidence to support the evaluation. So simply put, before you issue that report, you want management to take responsibility. You want management to have audited, evaluated their internal control, and they have to provide you written assessment and huge written assessments or assertions. It doesn't matter on the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reportings. Now, those written assessment will basically confirm that they did this basically. And if they don't provide written assessment, you either withdraw or you disclaim. You really cannot engage them if they don't provide written assessment or assertions. Again, here we are talking issuers and non-issuers. Also, they have to generate a report. They have to tell you that we provided this report about the effectiveness of their internal control, whether it's effective or not. And the report will be part of their annual 10K, their annual report. Then the auditor would also tell you the auditor have issued an audit report on management assessment or assertion. They will tell you that's the case. This is some of the prerequisite for non-issuers. The prerequisite for issuers are basically similar to the non-issuers. Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining an adequate internal control and procedures for financial reporting. Management made an assessment of the internal control at the end of the most physical year about the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting. And also they have to provide written assessment slash assertions for publicly traded companies. We call them assertions. Now, those written assertions and assessment, they have to be provided by both. They have to take responsibilities in writing. One, again, management is responsible for establishing and maintaining internal control. Notice we are repeating the same thing, which is that's fine. Repetition will help you understand the concept. Management assessed the effectiveness of internal control. It's not only they are responsible for establishing and maintaining, they tested it. They tell you what criteria they used. Usually it's COSO. And they'll have to tell you they did not rely on the auditor as the basis for their assessment. Simply put, they did their assessment themselves, because the auditor will have to make an assessment as well. But they did not rely on the auditor. They said, okay, the auditor did it. We'll accept it. Our internal control are working properly. Not at all. They have to do it themselves. They have to disclose any deficiencies in the design of an operation of control. All significant and material deficiencies will have to be disclosed, including sometimes they might have some deficiencies from the prior year. They have to tell you whether they resolved it or not. They have to disclose any fraud involving either senior management or people who are working in the internal control over financial reporting. Also, they will have to disclose any material changes about any significant, significant or material deficiency if they took any corrective action as of the report date. Now, the best way to kind of summarize all of this is to actually look at an actual report. And guess what? The report would basically repeat what we just said, but this is what the end product looks like. This is what it looks like. One of the paragraph what says management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control. We already talked about this a few times. Adam Company's internal control was designed to provide only reasonable assurance that the company's management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of the published financial statement. All internal control system, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitation. This is basically a limitation paragraph. Therefore, even a system determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance. To remind you, we are providing reasonable assurance. Also, we assess.  They have to take responsibility for the design. They have to take the responsibility for maintaining, for establishing the control, but they have to assess. They have to test the effectiveness of the company's internal control over financial reporting as of the date and making the assessment. We use COSO as the criteria based on our assessment. We believe that the company's internal control over financial reporting is effective. Also, they have to tell you our independent auditor, Adam Company independent auditor have issued an audit report on our assessment and our assessment over financial reporting. You could see it on page 50 in the annual report. Then they'll have to sign and date, usually the CEO and the CFO, people in charge of the company simply pot or managing the company for that matter. So this is basically a report. If you read it and if you really think about it, this page here summarizes practically everything that we did. It shows you few things, management responsibility and they have to assess the internal control and the auditor will have to audit that. Then the signature and date. What should you do now? Go to Farhat Lectures and look at additional resources, multiple choice questions that's going to help you understand this topic better. Whether you are a CPA candidate or a student, it's very important to understand integrated audit. Integrated audit is an important topic in your examination process for the to get that certification. Take it seriously. I'm going to have a series of those lectures about integrated audit, starting next with the auditor's


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Hello, everyone. Welcome to the session on machine learning at scale using Q-Flow with Amazon EKS and Amazon EFS My name is Suman Devnath. I'm a developer advocate with the EFS product team And I'm super excited to share a few of the insights about how you can run your machine learning workflow using an open source tool called Q-Flow So what we are going to do in next 30 minutes or so We are going to talk about what machine why machine learning on containers because that might be a little odd to many of you if you are new to Container space and we will then dive a little bit around Q-Flow and then we will straight away jump into the demo Which is more interesting rather than there's a boring slides. So First thing first why machine learning with containers? So if you think about it, you know It's not only about machine learning We get the flexibility and all the benefits that any application can get with containers So if you look at the whole machine learning stack There are different tools like TensorFlow, PyTorch, and we need different kinds of infrastructure to run this training so Things gets very complicated when you think about different packages dependencies and configurations So what containers helps us to do is you know It packages our training code along with all the dependency in a much modular way and that way, you know Our ML environment gets very lightweighted and it's very much gets portable, right? So you can run your machine learning training jobs or other tasks, you know independent of the platform so One of the reason that why it is even better to run it on Kubernetes is you know first is Composibility so basically you you are You know defining your training jobs or you are defining your machine learning task In a granular way and so that you know, you can always run it At different places and if you want to make some changes, it doesn't affect You know the other jobs in your pipeline the other thing is you can start today on-prem in your Kubernetes environment and you don't have to change it in future if you want to migrate it to AWS and run the same training job on the cloud. So since it is Created as a container on Kubernetes It gets very much portable as we have just discussed a while back and obviously you don't have to think about the scale Because Kubernetes will take care of the infrastructure. So whether you need two instances to run the training job or three Instances or ten instances since the training job is running as a container You don't have to worry about the backend infrastructure, which is very much valuable for any machine learning engineer or even for any infrastructure engineer and The best part about this is you don't have to worry about managing this Kubernetes cluster. So you may like to use Amazon EKS, which is our Managed Kubernetes service on AWS which helps you to give to give you the control plane where you can attach your data plane or did compute nodes and it supports, you know, the you can always get your you know Kubernetes upstream experience and you can Decide which version of Kubernetes you want but you know, you can negatively get the upstream Kubernetes experience. So it's it will look, you know, it will feel exactly the same as how it is if you if you have to Install and configure Kubernetes on-prem or in your managed, you know, EC2 instances And it gets integrated with a lot of other AWS services and which we are going to see in a while where we are going to Run machine learning job You think you flow on ECS and we are going to save our training data sets on EFS and one of the other thing is irrespective of Kubernetes is you don't have to build all those training Container images from scratch. So we do offer a lot of pre-packaged Docker container images Which are fully configured and validated and you know Tested rigorously. So you you are always get the best Configuration and image which you can make use of so you can just what you can do is you can just create your own training script Or use the training script that we have at the template and make the relevant changes based on your need and requirement You can always customize those container images and we support different frameworks like TensorFlow, MXNet, PyTorch and so on And the best part is, you know, you can use these deep learning containers Not only with the EKS, but with ECS Amazon SageMaker and EC2 instances So let's talk a little bit about Qflow before we jump into the demo So Qflow is basically you can think of it as a machine learning toolkit for Kubernetes So it's it comprises of, you know, various other Projects like Jupyter Notebook, Pipeline, training services and inference, you know, or serving. So basically if you have ever seen Amazon SageMaker, it's kind of a similar platform that you will get here It may not have all those fancy features that SageMaker offers But if you want to run your machine learning workflow on Kubernetes and if you want to have a control over your workflow even at a more granular level Then maybe you can make use of Qflow and it's an open source project So you can always Contribute to that and we are going to see in the demo that how you can create a Jupyter Notebook and How you can start a training job on Qflow Now one important advantage of using Qflow on AWS is you are going to get A lot of flexibilities and leverage the integration that AWS has with other services So when you are running Qflow on EKS, you get all the goodness of You know the service integration that we have With EKS. So in this case, we are going to use EFS With Qflow, but if you see here, we have a good ecosystem where you can integrate other managed services that we have For better experience for your machine learning workflow when you are running on Qflow So since we are going to use EFS in our workflow, so let's talk about EFS a little bit It's because we we learned a little bit about EKS, which is a managed service for Kubernetes So let's spend a couple of minutes on EFS So EFS is a simple serverless and set-in-forget kind of file system Which we just created and you don't have to mention the size of the file system and you can just use it You know anywhere so it you can access that file system from your on-premise You know a machine or you can access it from EC2 instance from a Lambda function or from a Kubernetes cluster and we are going to use EFS For saving the training dataset for our machine learning workflow, but it's very much Elastic and performant. We recently announced a submilitec and read latency. So that means In general you will get a latency of 600 You know, my two seconds for your read workload, which is pretty amazing when you think about shared file system on the cloud And it is highly available and durable and we have different classes of storage that you can select from So as we discussed, you know EFS has an integration with You can access EFS from various different compute services. So one is on-prem or ETH2 But we don't stop it there You can always use EFS with your any of your containers which are running on ECS Which is our managed container service or on ECS which we are going to use You know in our demo So how to get started with the EFS with Kubernetes? So now we are not talking about a queue fling general because we are going to do that in the demo But I just want to give you an overview of how you can get started with EFS with Kubernetes So the first thing is you need a Kubernetes cluster. So in this case, you know We are creating an Amazon EKS cluster But this could be very much your own installation of Kubernetes on a bunch of EC2 instances where you are managing the Kubernetes cluster But you know this we are just taking this example where you know, we are creating and managed EKS cluster What that means is you don't have to manage the cluster by yourself all the pack, you know patching You know Version control and all of that update updates is taken care by Amazon So first you need to create that EKS cluster and second if you need to create a security group so that you know the EFS file system can be accessed from the EKS cluster and then you have to create an EFS file system Now we are going to do this through the code in a while But this is how the workflow would look like and the most important thing is you need to install the EFS CSI driver so This storage driver doesn't come out of the box So once you have your EKS cluster, if you want to attach EFS storage, you need to you know install this CSI Driver, right? So it's this is also an open source project if you would like to contribute if you to contribute on this project It's you know, we have done a lot of improvements in our CSI driver in the recent past. So please have a look So once you have created this EKS cluster, you have created the file system and you have installed the CSI driver on the case cluster What you can do is you can define a storage class, right? So in the storage class definition, you will provide that file system ID, which we have just created and that's all right So after this you can run your application by creating a persistent volume claim and you will define the same storage class which we have used Before so here if you see the storage class name that we have given is EFS-SC You just refer to the same storage class in your PVC definition and once that is done you can mount that PVC in your application or in your in your pod, right? So in this case, we are just using the same Persistent volume claim whose name is EFS claim and if you see this This is the same claim name that we have used to create this PVC. So that's all so next time If you want to run another application, you will just create another PVC and use it in your pod So you don't have to go back to a storage over and again, right? So because we are using dynamic provisioning and the CSI driver will take care of creating Those access points which is the technology behind provisioning this These PVCs, right? So that's about, you know, how a little bit about how you can make use of EFS with Kubernetes So before we jump into the demo, this is what the architecture of our demo So we are going to use EFS to Storing our training data set. So in our demo, we are going to download the training data set and we are going to run some training job on Qflow and That a training job is going to access the storage from EFS using the CSI driver and for our training job We are going to build an image and then we will push it to ECR Which is our container registry, which is kind of Docker Hub, but it's within AWS And then we will start the training job on our EKS cluster using Qflow and it is going to pull the image from ECR, run the training job on the training data set, which is saved in EFS Okay, so Let's jump into the demo and see it all in action Okay, so I have already opened my AWS console and if you see I am inside a cloud nine So we are going to use a cloud nine, which is an IDE for writing your code on AWS So it will give you a nice IDE kind of environment which runs on an EC2 instance But it's very easy for you to write code as you go along You don't have the dependency to carry your laptop or you know workstation You can just, you know, write your code from anywhere as long as you have the internet connectivity So if you come here and you can see that I have two environments So I have already opened this environment You can always create your own environment by clicking on create environment And it will ask you just a few questions about type of EC2 instance You need what operating system and you are all set So this is the IDE environment that I have If you come here and click on open IDE, you will land on to this page So I have a lot of code here You know, I have a cloned view of the GitHub repo, which I'm going to share in a while But you will get this kind of interface Okay, so first thing first So I already have a Kubernetes cluster up and running And we can see that If you run Qubectl will get nodes and we have an EKS cluster with five nodes I have also installed Qubeflow And if you want to see that, we can see all the parts running as part of Qubeflow Because Qubeflow, as we have learned a while back, it's a collection of different services So we have all those parts running which supports Which are actually running Qubeflow So the first thing is we need to create an EFS file system At this point, we don't have any EFS file system created And if you see Qubectl get storage class or SC You see that the default storage, which is an EBS volume Which is by default when you create a Kubernetes cluster on AWS Now the first thing we need to do is we need to create the EFS file system And then install the driver and create a storage class So we don't have to do it all manually We have created a script which is located inside this directory And it has some dependencies So if you see this auto EFS setup of script We are using some external libraries So for that we have one requirement or text file So first let's install all the packages So I have it installed So it will just skip all of the installation So next is we need to run this script So let me just run this script And then we can go over what the script is doing So before I hit enter I just want to show you a few parameters that we are passing along One is the region That means in which region we are creating this file system Which is obviously in the same region where I have my EKS cluster So I'm just giving the cluster name Which I've saved in the environmental variable And then the file system name So before I hit enter If you come to EFS console and hit refresh We see that there is no file system So hopefully after this script gets executed We will have a new file system So by the time this runs Let me just quickly show you what the script is doing So if you see the script is doing just three basic things One is it is checking few of the predict with it And what is needed And then it is creating the IAM role So that the cluster can access the EFS file system Then it is going to install that CSI driver Which we just talked about in the presentation That it need to install the CSI driver So that the Kubernetes cluster can talk to EFS And then we are just creating a file system And after that we are creating a storage class And this is the storage class Which we are going to use in the queue flow For training our job Or even for the notebooks To creating different data stores For keeping our training data sets Okay So creating a file system And creating a storage class Is something that you can repeatedly do As and when you need But this setting up the CSI driver And all of that is just one time activity So it will take couple of minutes So let's wait for this to complete Okay, as we can see It has created a file system Also it has created the mount targets And it has provisioned a storage class So to see that We can just run kubectl getsc So we can see that That the storage class Which has been created And it is still not the default one So if we create anything on queue flow Let's say Jupyter notebook It will use this storage But if you explicitly mention this storage class It will carve out storage from here Okay So now before we go ahead If we go to EFS and click on refresh You will see that the file system got created My EFS 1 And this is exactly the name that we have given While parsing the EFS file system name in the script So we are all good now And if you come inside this file system And come to access point Which is the entry point For the application to EFS You see that there is no access point created Because we haven't We have just created the storage class But there is no PVC We have claimed or created So the next thing would be Let's go ahead and create a Jupyter notebook So to do so First we need to Run the I think it's already running But let me just stop and Start it again So this is the dashboard service Or basically a state law service And now if I just go to preview And open the app in a separate Not here maybe So I'm just closing this off I'm going back here So now the dashboard is up and running And we can see that here And if you see here We have notebook, tensorboard, volumes And all of that pipelines, everything So this is kind of if you have seen SageMaker on AWS It's kind of same But it has SageMaker has a lot of different Flexibility and features But this is kind of a nice environment For you to manage inside out So you have more granularity And it's all running on Kubernetes Which is great So now if you see here We don't have any volumes So let's create a volume And this is the volume which we are going to use For keeping our training data set So let's give some name And let's give some size Let's say 100 GB And here we can select The storage class And we can have access models Maybe rewrite many Which EFS supports That means you can access this volume From multiple pods So let's create it And it is going to be in pending state Because we have not yet We have not yet attached This volume to any of the Jupyter Notebook Or any of the other training jobs So let's go ahead and create a Jupyter Notebook Let's give some name Let's say notebook one And here we can select the image But let it be the default And it is going to create A volume For its own use Basically the home directory for this notebook And since our default Storage class Is EBS So it is going to create that PVC from this storage volume Or GP2 type of storage class But we are going to attach The one external volume Which is going to be The dataset EFS volume Which we have just created So let's attach this And click on launch So if you see it's already got created And if I come to volume now You will see that the dataset is also The status is now bonded And we also have another volume Which is for the home directory And this is coming from GP2 And now if I come to EFS And click on refresh here You will see one access point Which got created dynamically By the CSI driver So let's go back to our notebook And connect to our notebook And what we are going to do now is We are going to run a training job But before that we need to have some dataset So what we are going to do is We are going to create a Jupyter notebook And we are going to download some dataset So I already have The location of the dataset And it is basically a simple dataset Which contains images of different flowers And what we are going to do is We will run a CNN job Or basically a deep learning training job Which will identify the type of flowers Given an image of a flower So this is a very tiny training dataset And the focus is not on machine learning part But the idea is What I really want to give you Is how you can make use of Qflow To run your training jobs So if you get inside this dataset And this dataset is coming from the EFS storage If you get inside this You will see different types of flowers Rows, sunflower and so on So let's wait for this to get downloaded And once this is over What we will do is We will go to Qflow And start a training job So as you can see The training dataset Has been downloaded And we have images Saved inside this EFS dataset Share So we are all good to start the training job So let me close this Jupyter notebook Because we don't need that The only thing we wanted to do Is to download the dataset Which is now stored in this EFS file system By this access point So now let's go back to our console And let's start the training job So just to recap Where are we now If we open this architecture We have saved the training dataset on EFS And all we need to do Is run this training job And for this I already created a deep learning image Which contains the code For running the training job And we have built it locally On Cloud9 instance And then I pushed it to ECR repository Which I am going to show you And then we can simply go ahead And run a training job on Qflow Where I have specified the training dataset location As the dataset which we have created And the image to use Is the same image which is in ECR So let me show you the image first So if we run docker image ls You will see that we have one image or a repository Inside that we have this image saved And all this code Like all the docker file for this It's there in the GitHub repo Which I am going to share with you Towards the end But if you want to quickly look into the docker file It's simply We are just pulling one tensorflow Base image We are copying this training script Which is located here And we are just giving this as an entry point That's all It's nothing fancy And inside this training script We are running that machine learning training So let's go to ECR And this is my repository My repo And if you see here This is the same repository Right in my account And inside that we have our image This is the image that we are going to use So let's run it So the training job is basically We are going to run on Qflow So it's also defined as a YAML file So this is inside This notebook Inside this Inside this training samples In the tfjob.tml So if I just open this up You will see This is a tensorflow job This is the name of the job And we are going to create two replicas That means when we execute this You will see two parts getting created For this training job And if you see here This is the image we are using And the most important part The training dataset Because we have This training will be running on some dataset Right And this is the same dataset Which we have downloaded a while back Inside this dataset PVC So if we run this Qubectl Get PVC Let me just grab the Name space If you see this This is the dataset PVC And this is the same PVC Which we are mounting on this Training job Right So this training job Is going to create a pod Right And that pod Will have our EFS storage Attached and mounted And it will be mounted inside this You know train directory And in our training script We have mentioned You know that Go and read this directory For your training job So let me open this training dot Py And if you see it here We are mentioning where is our training A dataset Look at Okay So let me go back To our CLI And let's run this job So we are inside this ML folder And the training job Is inside this training samples A directory So we can simply run this Cubectl apply And the training You know and the location of our Definition file So now if we see The training job It is now In the pod creation phase It is yet to start the training But we see that There are two pods Which it created So we can even run Cubectl Get pod Minus n The namespace And you will see that these two These are the two pods Which are running And these are the exact same two pods Which we have named That we have given image classification pvc So it's worker 0 and worker 1 Because the replica is 2 So now what we can do is We can even see the logs By getting into one of these workers So let's run this And if you see The training job is already completed Because it was a tiny data set And we just ran it for two epochs And if you see that the The accuracy is not at all great But that's okay So the idea is basically To show you how you can make use of You know Qflow to run your training job You know without any hindrance So our training job got over And now if we see The pods You see that it's in not ready state I mean it's not running now So it's already over And what we can do is We can even you know delete This whole deployment So by just you know We can just copy this And maybe to delete this job We can just say delete And let's copy this And run it Right So if you see here We what Qflow allows us to do is It allows us to scale our Machine learning workflow You know dynamically So we don't have to worry about the infrastructure That is needed for your ML training And with EFS you get the flexibility To attach or use the storage For your team For different data scientists Or maybe for different users Saving your training data set In one central location Which can be accessed by You know different people Right So if you see here In the EFS This is the place where I have My training data set So you can not only access this from your You know Qflow users But also you can Let's say for troubleshooting You want to you know attach this to An EC2 instance And want to explore you know Something So maybe you want to see You know what the training data set is For some add up you know a task So you can always click on attach And you know copy this command And mount this file system As an NFS storage Into your EC2 instance And provided that you have all the permissions granted So the idea here is When you use EFS The same storage you can access from You know containers From your EC2 instances Lambda functions And all of that Which gives you a lot of flexibility Right So and it You don't have to provision it beforehand So if you mention If you see here Nowhere you know we We mentioned the size of the file system Right So it will scale up and scale down You know automatically Although when we created this volume We have we We mentioned the size Just to make Kubernetes happy Because for Qflow Or for Kubernetes in general You need to mention the size of the PVCs But that is not From the EKS standpoint From EFS standpoint You know it is just ignored Because there is no requirement for size Right So that's all about it And if you want to go through this whole demo This is the Location So you can get into Amazon EFS developer zone Inside that We have a machine learning with Qflow On EKS with EFS section And you know this is This tutorial Will guide you through Setting up the whole environment on cloud 9 And also The training job and few other things So if you want to try out Feel free to go over here And give it a try And to come to this page You can go into this Learning page Amazon EFS developer zone And if you scroll down You will get some information about EFS Like what it is, how it works In little bit of details And if you scroll down You will see a section of different integration So this is Amazon EFS with containers And here you can see Machine learning at scale Using Qflow So you can always click here And you will go to that page Which we have just seen And you know do it In your account Okay So that's about it So let's go back to our slide All right So now that you've learned A little bit about You know how You can make use of EFS with EKS For Qflow There are plenty of other You know Kubernetes Or container specific Tutorials Which are available On Amazon EFS developer zone Which we have just seen A while back during the demo But feel free to access this page And you know share your experience And if you would like to contribute Maybe you can Send a PR request with your demo And we will add that In the repository So thank you so much for your time I hope you learned a little bit About Qflow, EKS and EFS And I look forward to Hear from you about your feedback Once you Do this in your account And share your experience Thank you so much once again And have a wonderful day ahead


Happy holiday with your body.  Hey? Y'all this can't drop this camera so many times the last time I dropped it. I got smart I don't like the way my I'm looking back here, but oh well. I got smart and Purchase a screen Saber screen cover or whatever screen saver a screen cover to yeah, whatever So y'all I'm going to do a little bit more makeup on real quick JB is having a winter concert later on tonight, and I know he ain't gonna let me he's not gonna. Let me be great So I have a few minutes. I already have a little bit of makeup It's so funny I think compliments about my skin makeup and wearing a lot of makeup in my videos you guys Who is that? I think it was you really me on one of my videos you commented you liked my makeup I literally I didn't have on any foundation in that video I have one foundation now. I put on highlighter and lipstick and that's it like I Have no reason to lie cuz I'm All right. Yeah, I probably shouldn't be doing this right now cuz I don't have a lot of time but When I went to the doctor might have my annual a couple of weeks ago and The lady at the front that's just like she's like your skin is so beautiful She's like what's your regimen? I said you probably don't even do anything. I said I don't I don't do anything special at all Like seriously at all This is what bless and holly pager look like I'm gonna tell people my my regimen is Jesus. That's that's what I do But I don't do anything you guys and honestly for a while there. It was looking bad I had black spots on this side. I guess one of the things I have been doing is not wearing a lot of makeup You know, it's what I haven't been doing Um, I haven't I haven't been wearing a lot of makeup and yeah That has an effect on your skin, of course and what you eat also I'm not sure if I want to go for this look, but We're gonna make it do I'm sleepy y'all. I don't know why I'm just sleepy. I think it's the weather. It's gotten cooler here.  This is not what I want to wear. I think it's the weather is making me lethargic So this is the bomb diggity bomb Makeup palette look at these colors I normally do these but I got this palette because of this color one color, but it's funny I mostly do these and this is a Makeup revolution London reloaded that I purchased at Ulta And yeah, oh, yeah, so my baby's having a concert tonight. I will be filming So yeah, yeah, my baby's having a little thingy. I need to do something that'll add some shimmer to this these eyes Let me see what time it is. We're good, but my baby's dressing up. I'm gonna dress up.  Girl, I'm here to slay all y'all. That's what I'm doing. I'm getting your life together and put on some eyeliner See, this is just a quick and it's probably messy, but girl, please It starts to get dark here early because the time doesn't change I'm Gonna do something with my hair later on Look at some of the makeup that tea sense me. This is a NYX eyeliner girl. Don't mess it up. Don't mess it up girl Let me I usually test on my okay. Yeah I've gotten requests for makeup tutorials, but y'all don't look at those And it's a lot involved and your lighting has to be really good You gotta zoom in so people know, you know, I can't see So now I can't do makeup tutorials. You this this is it. This this is your makeup tutorial girl. This is all Yeah, I know I'm crazy.  I'm gonna go over now y'all I I do get a lot of compliments or comments on what lipsticks. I'm wearing all of them Like I blend a lot of makeup right now. I have on purple. I'm gonna go over that with brown To darken it up and then I'm gonna hit that middle with um with a Nude lip lip matte lip gloss. This is from laire gordon. She doesn't sell this particularly anymore She has her own just the middle and I'm going to you see how You'll see it better when I do my hair check that video out and then I just Put my lips together. I'm Brad natural. I'm Brad girl.   What's my time? What's my time? I'm doing good Highlighter hit those cheekbones hit those nose hit that nose now I can't cuz There would be some videos where the girl looking like dang on that shiny nose great can't be that shiny and sometimes I hit this and That's it y'all. That's my makeup for tonight Cuz yeah, I don't want to do too much Yeah Let me spray my face. I use this NYX matte Finish spray. It's good. I like it. I do. Okay. Let me try to put some stuff away Oh Girl all right y'all got my bonnet. I do wear a bonnet with these braids cuz they start to get frizzy because You see it's really frizzy right now because I'm Just I don't know what it's to say but not married and we had some we was doing some extracurricular activities and I didn't have a bonnet on and so It's it's frizzy. I don't know what else to say. All right y'all. Let me hush up Put on my wedding jewelry my rings technically consist of four rings I have in a Chevron with a Cushion cut center. So I have my It's just a beautiful hat turned out I have my engagement ring This is what he proposed with very simple and then got me this Once we really made it official and then my wedding our wedding bands were rose gold and but Yeah, it was just like plain rose gold Which is beautiful any match our theme then but then I got this as my wedding band and then this stacks on top of that So, I mean, it's different. I know look that It's pretty very beautiful. It ain't like a lot of you know three point girl This is a little under two carats. That's more than enough, you know, it's to me It's about the marriage is not about material things You will learn that very soon if you don't already know most of you guys or a little bit older than me or my age We already know even those of you who are younger. Well, you know that life is not about Material items that is not what what makes you happy. It's really not


My name is Michael Buick and I'm the managing director of J.W Graves & Sons Ltd, which is a historic company founded by a man called John Whitehead Graves back in the 1840s. He came here to just outside Blynefester, Newark in Stodonia, looking for the finest well slate, which he found. He made a fortune and one of the things he spent it on was the building we're standing in today, which is called Plas Weyneth. It over the years had many lives, including being in office, but most recently, three years ago, we converted it into a 24 bedroom boutique hotel. Ten years ago, when I first got involved in this business, the visitor numbers of the tourist attraction had gone down from some hundreds of thousands to just under 50,000. Shortly after that, adventurism came here in the shape of downhill bike tracks and then most recently, zip world with outside zip wires, underground zip wires, and of course, the underground trampolines. What that meant was that visitor numbers increased to over 200,000 and we looked around to see where those people could stay and it's very clear that there was a real shortage of quality service accommodation in this area. Soon after that, we went to Mancret. There were a lot of people from Cléol, who were community members, and people from Cléol from Bwyd and Jodud in Oshevid. There are a lot of people from this area, and in the pre-emptation, we had to block people from going to Mancret. Around 25,000 people from Newwyn were going to Mancret. Soon after Cléol, the community of Mancret, we went to Mancret. There were a lot of people from Cléol from Bwyd and Jodud in Oshevid. That's why we went to Mancret. There was a lot of people from Bwyd and Jodud in Oshevid. There was a lot of talent and a lot of people from Cléol from Bwyd and Jodud in Oshevid. The funding itself, A meant that the project would come off the ground because the confidence it generated was so important. Visit Wales were really clear that what they were looking for was a high quality product. And in order to generate that, we needed additional space for public areas, and we needed additional investment in order to achieve a four star standard. This, I think, was the catalyst for something which is going to continue to grow, which is going to continue to expand a high quality accommodation offer for people here, which is associated with the amazing adventure attractions and heritage attractions that exist in this area.


Cool. So hi, I'm Laura. I worked Stripe. Thanks so much for being here tonight. And today I'd like to talk to you about building for builders, developing for developers, and how we built a developer focused API. So I'll share some concrete tips based on lessons we've learned building the Stripe API. And I'll talk about how this has allowed us to scale our developer products really effectively. So before we dive in, I'd like to take one moment to talk about the API economy and why developer experience matters so much in this context. So it's become radically easier for software developers to start a company. Between 2000 and 2011, the amount of money required to start a tech company dropped by three orders of magnitude, from a few million dollars to a few thousand dollars. So the cost of launching a tech startup was estimated at around $5,000 in 2011, and it's probably even lower now. So why is that? Certainly the proliferation of open source and cloud computing were huge. But in the past 10 years, we've also seen the rise of API products that solve a lot of big problems for businesses. Using APIs is cost efficient, but it's also a smart business and product decision in the long run. Because an API provider will work on giving you the highest standard in the industry and help you future-proof your apps and services. Still, there is a huge range in the quality of developer offerings. So as the API economy continues to mature, providing a truly great developer experience becomes even more important. As an analogy, you can think about building APIs the same way as building roads. Our vision is to be the infrastructure, the roads and the highways, to help people build their ideas. Infrastructure might often be underrated, but it's absolutely essential for any economic growth, whether it's in taking payments, starting an on-demand business, or growing a platform for services. Good infrastructure allows people to build businesses that they wouldn't be able to. Building in a way that's optimized for use is crucial to providing good infrastructure. So I'm going to share with you five concrete tips from what we've done at Stripe. The first one is about incentives. In the past few years, we've seen many tech companies build a product first, and then add an API as an afterthought. So before starting down the path of building an API, some fundamental questions to consider. If developers start building on top of your API massively, will that be good for your core business over the long-term? On the flip side, how will your success make developers more likely to succeed? So the lesson we take from this is that, aligning your business incentives with the incentives of developers will ensure that you prioritize the right things when you're building an API. This might sound obvious, but we've seen way too many super successful tech companies release API products that end up posing their own servers and bringing down their core services or APIs where there's no way for developers to really own their product experience or profit from them. So if you rewind about 10 years, payments was extremely hard to deal with firsthand, especially when starting a business. You had no other choice but building it in-house, and this is what you would have had to go through, and this is from 2007, not 1997. So that's why we created Stripe, so that anyone can accept payments from anywhere in the world in a matter of minutes, and we believe that payments is a problem that should be rooted in code not finance. Today, while Stripe has grown, we're still fundamentally working on improving and expanding our APIs. Programming languages. So it's important to make sure your users are empowered and efficient no matter what technology they're using. Yes, we support users who don't use Ruby, sadly. So as developers use a more diverse set of programming languages than ever before, as we can see from Stack Overflow's most recent developer survey. I personally feel like Ruby is a little underrepresented here. Maybe we're all a little more hipster than I thought though, so give yourself a low key round of applause. So by offering libraries and SDKs for a wide range of platforms, you can provide idiomatic readable code and abstractions for some advanced behaviors. So SDKs are really critical for a great DX, from Ruby to Node to Go. So beyond the classic REST abstraction, they can help with things like Automagic Object Expansion. So let's say you're retrieving a charge. You can pass in a parameter that will also give you the JSON data for an associated customer. They can also help with things like Network Retries, where we can item potently retry under the hood to save developers some frustration. Of course, there are other benefits of having SDKs. One of those is that you know exactly what the code should look like in every language. So you can provide great snippets in your docs. So sometimes deciding what languages and frameworks to support is super easy. We're really excited about React at Stripe. We moved our entire dashboard over to React last year, and we have lots of Stripe users who are really passionate about React as well. So creating a wrapper with React components made a ton of sense and was a super easy decision. Similarly, back in 2014, we saw a lot of growth in Go. And so we built an open source Go library, which is used by Stripe users like Grab Today. However, there were some less clear decisions. So for a long time, we had a slow but steady user base using .NET. And we didn't have an official library for it. So a bunch of third party libraries sprung up to meet the needs of our users. And so we eventually worked with one of the creators to bring it as an official Stripe library and worked on bringing the feature parity up with the other ones. And so now it's an official library maintained by Stripe. Of course, libraries and SDKs don't replace great API design. Developers should always be able to get started with an API immediately or use third party libraries for a long tail of languages like Rust or Haskell. And there's always one Haskell fan in the room. I know who you are. You know who you are. So every week at Stripe, we conduct API review sessions where we review and discuss written proposals for any change to the API whatsoever. And so that can be a new attribute and a JSON payload all the way down to a whole new set of endpoints. And so there's opportunity for anyone to comment. And there's always a lively discussion. So to set our engineers up for success here, we have an internal doc that has best practices on API design patterns and philosophy. So this is a living collaborative doc where people comment and debate. And the goal is to provide guidelines for reducing the complexity of our API and optimizing for reusability and predictability when adding tons and tons of new features every year. So for example, we have a sources API, which can be used for adding payment methods from credit cards to WeChat Pay to SEPA, a popular European bank payment method. And our API design principles help ensure that users can access the right information no matter how they're integrating and where in the world they are. So it's really important for these things to be written down and constantly updated so that we can share this with new Stripes who join and we can have engineers globally making significant changes and really owning all aspects of technical design. And so the first feature I ever shipped for Stripe was to one of our core payments APIs. That was my like first week project. So this is a great segue into tip three, which is documentation. We think that API documentation should not just be a static user manual. We think developers should be able to start integrating in minutes no matter what the API does. So having great documentation is critical to win the hearts and minds of developers. If it's not easy to access or delightful to use, people will move on to the next one or if they do use it, they won't be excited to integrate new features. So I'll walk you through some ideas we've implemented at Stripe on that front. Since the early days, Stripe has always made code and APIs front and center. So that's a screenshot from 2011 where we had a curl command on our homepage and you can copy pasta and run it right away. Fast forwarding to today, once you've caught a developer's attention, don't make them spend 10 minutes creating an account and logging in. You can just let them play with your API right away in test mode, that is when no money is moved. So give them a snippet of code to copy and run so they can immediately see an actual result. First impressions are everything. So here on the screen, you can see how to create your first Stripe token for a credit card without the need to sign up. And we have copy and pasteable snippets throughout our site for front end, back end and including our reference docs. So you should obsess about every detail of your documentation and optimize for how developers will actually integrate. So this is an example from our launch of Apple Pay for the Web. Here, if you're using Safari, you can do a test purchase using Apple Pay without leaving the Stripe website. And the process behind these APIs is started by defining the JavaScript code that would feel right from a developer's perspective. And then we make that code a reality by implementing it in Stripe.js. And so we try to follow this approach for every product launch we have, where we optimize for the code that developers will have to write and the documentation and then everything else is abstracted. So besides guides and tutorials, the API reference is a key part of the developer experience. If you're signed into the dashboard, then it will automatically populate code samples with your own personal test mode API keys so that you don't have to copy and paste from two different places. And once you've started making your first API calls and you have some data coming back, then we feed that data back into the docs. So here you can see the data from my Stripe account is automatically populated on our docs reference page. So let's take a look at behind the scenes how we actually build our API reference. So we auto generate our docs from the source of the API resource. So here's a pared down version of what our charge API resource looks like. And if you add a new user facing parameter without user facing documentation, then our CI will catch it and your build will fail. So it's basically impossible for us to have our API reference in the docs out of sync because the code all lives in the same place. Okay, next up, let's talk about error codes and messages. So docs are important, but they're not the whole story. So try to anticipate what common mistakes developers might make and always make the response actionable. So here, for instance, if you don't pass an API key, then we give you a direct link on how to find yours. Or even better, in the second example, an API key is used, but it's a test mode key, but the object was created in live mode. So we tell you exactly this. And so even with 500s, which happened rarely, where it's necessarily unknown, the error message says to reach out to our support email and gives it to you right there so you can figure out what went wrong and how to fix it. So in addition, provide developers with complete request logs in the dashboard to make debugging easier for any unanticipated situations. Final tip, so we believe in constantly talking to users and listening to them and having a platform to advocate for what they need internally. So more broadly, think about what your users need to be effective and successful at whatever you're helping them with. And if they don't exist, go build them. If they do, consider investing in them. So ultimately, Stripe can only succeed when the tech companies who use Stripe succeed and our incentives are intrinsically aligned. So RunKit, which is now part of Stripe, is a simple environment for developers to rapidly prototype and explore new ideas with truly zero configuration where you can instantly use all of the building blocks from the Node.js community. So if you look at these three lines of code, it's using Open Notify to take raw data from NASA and it's then exposing, as an API endpoint, the coordinates of where the International Space Station is in real time. And RunKit detected these coordinates and output it as a map on the dashboard automatically. So this is super useful for a lot of our users for prototyping and trying out some ideas really quickly without a whole bunch of setup. So talking to our users who are tech companies around the world, one of the major problems wasn't tech, but it was figuring out the mechanics of how to start a business. Especially for first time founders and developers, starting a new company can take way too much time that could be spent on building a great product. So an engineer at Stripe originally asked the question, why can't there be an API to incorporate a business? And Stripe Atlas was born from there as a tool to handle everything involved in establishing a business from setting up a legal entity to opening a bank account. And so we ultimately decided that Stripe was a better product as a dashboard, not an API. But its roots are in reducing barriers for Stripe users to build excellent products and get started really quickly. So when we would talk to our users who were having problems accepting payments and found Stripe, we would also hear that there's a lot of pain involved in making payments as well. So Stripe issuing lets you create a new credit card with an API call, and the card can be used immediately online and added to Apple Pay and Google Wallet. And so physical cards can be customized and then shipped to either a merchant or their user in a few days. And so all with an API, you could start a company where you hire caterers, issue them credit cards, and then approve their expenses in real time only if they use them at fair price for extra food. And that all happens automatically. Cool, so thanks. So providing an API means establishing a different kind of contract with your users. The more transparent, easy to use, and powerful your API is, the more successful you'll be in setting up a healthy ecosystem. So I hope these tips were helpful and come work with us. Now for the obligatory pitch, we have roles open, whether you wanna work on with our polyglot experts like Shang Wei, who work closely with our APIs and work on developer experience on either our developer support engineering or integration engineering teams, or if you wanna work with me on the global engineering team building out our payment products across Asia Pacific with our Ruby repo. So a few months back, we announced that we'd be scaling up an engineering hub here and we're gonna have tons of different teams and products run out of our Singapore office. And so it's really early days and we're growing a lot. So we have a lot of work to do. The dark purple countries are where Stripe is live and the light blue is where we're in betas and there is still a lot on there that is white. So there are a lot of problems that we need to solve to light up these other countries and doing this while maintaining our high standards of developer experience is gonna mean a lot of challenging, ambitious projects that are gonna be driven out of the Singapore office. Thank you so much. Questions for Laura? Yeah. I imagine that when Stripe was built, not every attribute had like a proper documentation. So how does it transition from like a very issue state of the company to a state where you have everything document built up? So in the very, very first stages, it was the founders helping every single user integrate. But as soon as it became public from the really early days, we did have some like pretty basic documentation that there was always something there. So I think we iterated over time, but from the very beginning, like making sure that we support our users as they integrate, because payments can be hard and it's high stakes for pretty much everyone. Like you don't wanna move the wrong order of magnitude of money or something. People do it. So yeah, that's always been kind of part of our DNA and how we approach products and making sure that people understand what they're doing. Anything else? Yeah. What changes are struck path in extending to other countries are what's supposed to feed our users? Yeah, definitely. Lots and lots and lots of fun challenges. Some are more on the legal and regulatory side and then there's some also really interesting product challenges here. Payments are changing much more quickly in this region. We're seeing a lot more innovation than we're seeing in the Americas and in Europe. And so figuring out how to help people accept different payment methods and how to make that really easy and make it for businesses easy to navigate changing landscape is a huge problem and there's gonna be a lot of very unique products built for the area. Anything else? Or shall we hand it off to our lovely second presenter?


So, today we'll be listening to a presentation from Margaret Jewitt on baby-led birth. Margaret first delved into the physiology of birth for a 1993 book called Child Birth on Marks, which made the scientific case for minimizing avoidable stress in labor. For a master's degree, Margaret looked at women's experiences of birth, interviewing mothers and comparing notes of home and hospital birth. Margaret edited Midwifery Matters, the magazine of theization of radical midwives for nearly 20 years. She moved on to devote more time and develop a kneeling chair for obstetric units. A book, Dynamic Positions in Birth, provides the theoretical underpinning for the importance of freedom of movement in labor. Our next book, The Natural Science of Birth, will explore the bowmanics of uterine function. You are so very much welcome, Margaret. I'm going to give you the presentation right now, and we are looking forward, very much forward to hear about your study. Thank you very much for allowing me to speak at this year's conference. Even though I'm not a midwife, I'm just a birth nerd, and I'm a psychologist really, and the cats just come to join me, so if anything happens, blame the cat. Today, I want us to rethink physiology and the biomechanics and the Meccano biology, the science of how the body works in birth. But I want to roll back about 500 years when the anatomists of the 16th century decided that the uterus owned all the power of birth. Right, I've got a quote here. I'm going to read it out from a little book from a study day from 1969, a lecture by Carl Wood, who was a physiologist. Hippocrates considered that at the appointed hour, the fetus put its feet against the fundus and pushed. The fetus was, in fact, held responsible for its own birth well into the 16th century, when Fabricius Ab Aquapedente, an Italian anatomist, put forward the idea, amidst great opposition, that the chief agent concerned in parturition, in childbirth, was the muscular action of the uterus itself. And that has been the case ever since. The mother and the baby are left out of the picture, the uterus does all of that, according to the obstetricians. 1969 was virtually the last time when most obstetricians and physiologists were still interested enough in each other's work to attend the same conferences. When Cesarean section became safer and obstetricians learned what to do with artificial oxytocin, they seemed to lose interest in physiology and they have tended to stick with the outdated powers passenger-passage model of labour. They've used ever since invented by Samuel Reynolds in the 1940s, who was a renowned physiologist. But I really hate to think of the baby as a passenger. I'm going to call the fetus, the baby, because I want to give him personhood. I want to give him agency, the ability to do things, to decide when he's ready to be born and to participate in his own birth.  In what you could call the natural environment, the nearest that we have today is the mother's own home. In the natural environment, the baby is anything but a passenger. He has the role to play in every stage of labour. In this talk, I'm going to talk mostly about the first and second stages. When he can be, if conditions allow, he has his most active. So, the start of labour. How does the baby participate? How does, in the start of labour, the onset of labour? Well, he's got a special part in his paternity grant called the intermediate zone, which secretes a hormone, D-H-E-S, which the placenta converts to estrogen, which is then sent to the mother, and the mother makes collagenase, a hormone called MMP, which can break down membranes at the cervix and at the uterus. We know that the cervix changes before labour because we've got a score for it, the Bishop score. And we know that this is called remodelling, and it changes the quality of the cervix. It has a loss of its tensile strength. It stops being such a good stopper, and it becomes less stiff. It breaks down. The estrogen also leads to an increase in oxytocin receptors at the uterus. So, there's a little oxytocin goes a far longer way. Oxytocin has more sites to act at the uterus, so it has a greater effect. And the other thing that estrogen does, it starts a process of creating gap junctions, which are electrical connections between muscle cells, so that the uterus can start to act as a whole. Instead of contractions being restricted to the single site of initiation. Come back to that later. And at the bottom of this slide, I've put inflammation. Premature rupture of the membranes can lead to premature birth. And one of the mechanisms is inflammation. Inflammation is the body's response to detecting a foreign body. Right, the baby starts labour by making his presence felt as a foreign body, and by making his mother recognise him as a foreign body. All this biochemistry, all this endocrinology, transforms the uterus from fortress to lobby, to anti-room, to starting to become the way out. It transforms it from an incubator to an ejector seat. And it transforms it from a sealed room to a passageway out of the body. Right, the very final stage is when the cervix starts to open. It turns a closed system, a sealed room, into a room with a door, which is starting to inch forward. The uterus has to change its very substance, its physical properties, which is mainly its ability to stretch and its ability to resist stretch. It's transformed. And the physiologists call this process remodelling, and it seems to take place starting over the last weeks of pregnancy, as far as we can tell. It's been completely neglected by most, if not all, researchers. I have come across midwives who say that they can feel it, and I'm longing to talk to an obstetrician, preferably one who turns rich babies, perhaps they will be able to feel this change in the uterus, in the function of the uterus. Now, my main contribution, I think, to this, is that I think that this process actually carries on throughout labour itself, that the uterus becomes more and more stretchy and more and more reactive as the labour progresses. It fits in with what midwives say. It fits in with mother's birth stories. And the process hasn't been studied much, because it's so difficult to look at human processes. We can't open women up and look and see what's happening. We can only guess what's happening, and the obstetricians have stopped being interested in what's happening. A few people have looked. The only time a sample of the uterus has been taken is at Caesarean section. And when people have looked, they find that there is less collagen in a myometrial strip taken when the woman's labour has started spontaneously, but her uterus is more transformed during spontaneous labour than in a labour that was started artificially. So I've got a great big way of induction in capital letters. I think this is the main reason why inductions either fail or they lead to dysfunctional painful labour, because the uterus simply isn't ready to labour, because the uterus hasn't received the signals from the baby. And I want, we have to stop this tide of inductions, this flood of inductions, because it's dangerous. Right. Okay. This is the difference. I've got little things that can move this. This is what I think the transformation of the uterus is about. And if we compare it to the change in the cervix, on the left you can see a rubber bulb, the sort of rubber bulb at the top of a pipette, or a turkey baster or something. It's stiff and you can squeeze it, but it'll pop straight back. And this represents, if we think about the cervix, which we could, a bishop's score of naught. And the one on the right is a blown-up balloon, and I've cut its knot off, because it doesn't really have a tied knot like balloons do. But the one on the right represents a bishop's score of 13, which is as ready to go as you can be. But I think it applies to the uterus as well as to the cervix. But we can't measure it. We can't measure it at the uterus. We can at the cervix. Although there is a new ultrasound technique that measures stretch. And I'm trying to find a university that knows how to do this so that we can start having a look, because it's non-invasive. Ultrasound is used a lot at the end of pregnancy anyway. And we might be able to find whether this theory of the transformation of the uterus is... would give it support. Right. So it all sounds very complicated. Collagen and collagenase, and stiffness, and estrogen and oxytocinase, and progesterone, and all the other things. But it's easy if you consider the physical effect of the biochemistry on the tissue of the body. The way the stuff of the uterus behaves. I'm a psychologist. I'm interested in behavior. And I came to the uterus through psychology, through wondering what stress hormones did to the uterus. And as you will all know, they stopped contractions. That was my way into the fascination of the uterus as I have now. The other thing that has come to light is that there are so many genes and proteins affecting it. Hundreds of genes of which about 80% ought to do with immunology and inflammation. Which I don't know whether any of you will have realized that inflammation is crucial for labor. But the biochemists have proved beyond doubt that labor is an inflammatory process. But they do seem to be stuck in their own silo. They don't seem to consider what those processes, what those proteins actually do. If you consider it from a material point of view to me, it's starting to look much easier. Inflammation is tissue, tissue breaking down. And I think that's the very process of labor, prostaglandins, breaking down tissue, breaking down collagen, making the uterus less stiff, making it more reactive. And it's a snowball effect process. You'll have to write it or a book and you'll have to buy the book. Oh my gosh, I'm running out of time. Now the important thing about this is because what initiates contractions is stretch. And during pregnancy, stretch is constrained. But for about week 36, it starts to prepare for labor by becoming more stretchy. We get Brax and Hicks contractions. What's doing the stretching? The baby's doing the stretching. After I published my first book, Sheila Kitzinger rang me up in great excitement and said, had I heard about the neonatal reflexes? Well, I had because I'm a psychologist and I did child development and neonatal reflexes are part of that. But she said the Italian neurologist, Milano Comperetti, said that he thought that the reflexes, the neonatal reflexes were involved in birth and that the baby is searching for the invitation of softness. The cervix becoming softer, the baby trying to find his way out. So the baby is not being a passenger. He's no longer constrained. He can find his own way out. And Jane Evans, a midwife who was in ARM, talked about the concept of cervical weeping, which is a discharge often mistaken for amniotic fluid, but actually it's breakdown of collagen. It's the cervix breaking down and releasing its stiffness. Oh, this stuff is just so wonderful. I love it. And I just wish I could find other people. To share it with. Right. How does the baby find his way out? Now, this is a picture from my first book about trampolines.  The trampoline will push you straight back up in the air again. Here's my red. Can you see my red? My blue spot. No, it's all you put a plank underneath and you jump in the middle. It's going to push you off to the side because it can't stretch where the plank is. You can only bounce where there's an elastic surface to bounce on. It has direction. The pushing has direction. If you jump to one side, it'll try and push you back to the middle. Now, the uterus is like a 3D trampoline, which steers the baby. The baby pushes and the uterus pushes back where the baby has kicked, where the baby has stretched it. We can't find a way of researching this. I've scratched my eyes asked so many people, can't do it. But it makes sense. It fits in with what we know. Oh, that's all right. I haven't got that much left. Right, so that's the physics of trampolining. The baby rotates and descends. Now, if you look at the obstetricians model of birth, they think it's just fundal pressure that the uterus pushes down from the top. If the uterus did just push down from the top, then all the baby could do would be to go down, go straight down in a line. But we know that he rotates as well as descends. In fact, one of the neonatal reflexes is even called the labyrinthine reflex. It's written into the very name of the reflex. What's it for? It's to negotiate a labyrinth, rotation and descent. And of course, the neonatal reflexes fade away after birth because they're not needed any longer. Right, I think I have missed another slide. Oh, we've got rotation and descent. That's all right. Right, okay. This is one of my bec noirs. This is the worst position to... I'm still in first stage. The worst position to have first stage in. Two tight belts stop the baby moving, even if he could. We've got the woman's spine underneath being another barrier, just like that plank on the trampoline. Just like that, that's her spine. The baby can't stretch that bit. We're immobilizing the baby if we put a woman on her back. And if we tie two straps tightly around her, we're immobilizing the baby again. He can't stretch where the bands are. So the CTG is worse than useless. It actually impedes the process of birth. The baby needs as much freedom of movement as possible. And this is achieved by allowing his mother freedom of movement so she can change her position at will. And now we're getting on to second stage because first stage has positioned the baby in the right place at the inlet in the best possible position to get through the pelvis that Molly was talking about earlier today. And second stage, he needs a big push to get out. And I believe that that big push comes from the baby impinging on the clitoris. We've only just discovered in the last 15, 20 years that there's a lot more to the clitoris than just this little bit. There's a whole body of it here. It's attached to the bottom of the synthesis pubis underneath the bones, what they call now. And the shaft, the body of the clitoris is up in the cartilaginous bit of the synthesis pubis. And that is the bit that the baby presses against. There's a lovely MRI. If you Google MRI, baby's birth, you'll see, look, there's this baby's head pressing against, that's the bone of the synthesis pubis. And the MRI, I can't do a video here, but the baby goes up and down and up and down just as if you were, and the baby is masturbating, the mother's clitoris basically. And what's going to happen then, she's going to have an orgasm. And you don't call it an orgasm in birth, we call it the fetal ejection reflex, or we call it Ferguson's reflex. I'm off-strip now because I'm running out of time. Ferguson didn't know that the clitoris existed, the internal clitoris existed when he put glass rods up a mouse and simulated the vagina and the cervix. The textbooks have got it wrong. It must be the clitoris. It makes sense. This is one of the things that happens when you stimulate a huge nerve on one side of the body, which has got connections to the other side of the body, you can have things like the movement of the rhombus of the chylis. The pelvis actually destabilizes to let the baby out. It's part of the fetal ejection reflex. I need someone to talk to about all this.  But it doesn't get seen. Obstetricians never, ever see it. Well, I don't think, I don't know, I'd love to meet one who had. Next slide, because I'm running out of time. And I'm repeating a picture that Molly, Molly showed here. And again, we have got the back of the baby's head here, you see, pressing against the crura of the clitoris here. He's actually further out. The fetal ejection reflex has taken place here. It's beautiful. Birth is absolutely beautiful and the mechanics and the engineering of birth is so wonderful that I'm going to share it all with you in this book, The Natural Science of Birth. What's the next one? Oh, yeah, okay. I'm going to finish. Pause. This next slide is the baby participating in third stage. The baby elicits oxytocin from his mother as he suckles.  Third stage, the baby's getting the oxytocin to flow by, by suckling his mother. Oh, right. Okay. So, the key to birth is freedom to move. And the freedom to move is not just the mother's freedom to move. The mother needs her freedom to move because she needs her baby to be free to move where he wants to move. It's not just a passenger.  Baby needs freedom to move. His kicks cause the contractions. The center of the contraction is where he kicks. And, right, I've recently been in touch with one of these physiologists from back in the 1970s, Robert Garfield. He is the one who found gap junctions, which wire the uterus up for labor. And he participated in some research that involved an abdominal poke and the center of the contraction recorded on an electrohistogram was where he poked. Where you poke a uterus, it kicks back. Where the baby kicks the uterus from the inside, it pushes him back, it steers him. Right, okay. And the rest of the slide speaks for itself, I think. There we are, the dance of labor. We've got two bodies moving in relationship to each other. One body is moving out of the other's body to end up in her arms. And both mother and baby needs the freedom to move. And that's how we evolved to give birth. That's how we were designed. And please, if there's anyone else out there who loves this as much as I do and thinks it's as beautiful as I do, please get in touch because I feel it's such a lonely place. Because we can't do randomized controlled trials on this sort of stuff. And yet it's written in the anatomy. It's written in the material substances that make up our bodies. And if only we could let the world know about how these bodies works, then perhaps we wouldn't have all these inductions. Perhaps we wouldn't have women tied to the bed, tied to CTG machines. Perhaps we wouldn't have all this birth draw or all this postnatal depression, all this lack of bonding. And perhaps we could change birth. Peace on earth begins at birth. There we are, that'll do for now. Thank you very much, Margaret. Very interesting, exciting, fascinating piece of work. Thank you so much. I agree with you. 50 minutes is not enough to do justice to this fascinating insight that you have brought. And we're so much looking forward to the publication of your book, Natural Science of Birth, so that we can all share and explore these techniques of uterine function that you've described so eloquently. Thank you so much. There have been a lot of comments in the public chat. And you talked about people joining you. I can see a lot of collaborations forming. Names mentioned in the chat, Molly, Michael, Odend, and Betsy. All I've shown, I've talked about a lot of interest in exploring this further with you. So I want to encourage us to reach out to Margaret after this session to work together. Also, if you have maybe additional questions and comments. I can, there are some questions or comments that I've picked out. And one was from Molly who was talking about the need to have investigation, the initiation of labor that, as she said, remains a mystery. So it's well over time for us to have a better understanding of the process. There was a comment from Selin, and Selin was asking, what happens? How can you explain prematurity? And I don't know if I can add to that in the unfortunate event when the baby passes away, when the baby is there. So what happens to baby-led births? So I don't know if you can respond to that. Right. Yes. First, the prematurity is very, sometimes that will be due to information caused by infection. That infection is well known to cause prematurity. I think perhaps in about 50% of cases, that's the case. Now, when the baby has passed away, sadly, the baby still has a body and the baby doesn't have any reflexes anymore, but he still has a solid head. And we tend to induce labor, and we can use much more violent means of induction if we don't have to worry about baby anymore, so that larger doses of oxytocin can be used. The forceps aren't going to damage him. He's beyond that. So that's what I think. Now, some of this is a lot of it is speculation, but little bits of more and more information is coming to like this information business. But these scientists are all in their own little silos and they don't talk to each other, so that we've got... Roger Young is so interested in how the uterus works as a whole, but he's not talking to the biochemist interested in information. And the McCona biology people, they're all in their own little group and they're not talking to each other. And all I've done is pull in threads from lots of different disciplines and, well, made a tapestry, really. Jigsaw. It's like a jigsaw. I've been pulling bits from here and there and everywhere. Yes. Now, Molly, I see that. Linda says I should talk to Molly. Now, Molly's biomechanics are biomechanics of the pelvis. Most biomechanics is to do with bone. And, yes, Molly's work is fantastic and it's lovely. And I think what a lot of Molly's work does is to free up the uterus and therefore the baby to allow the baby, then the baby can move to influence the uterus. I think that's what's happening with these ligaments. I think letting the uterus hang free as in forward-leaning and things is doing that. But the thought of biomechanics I'm talking about is soft tissue biomechanics, which is a different field altogether. Sue Dan's group up in Lancashire is doing hard bony biomechanics, but it's skeletal. And they forget about gravity. Even though the baby is in a sack full of amniotic fluid, the baby has still got a weight to it. Coming back to the baby was passed away. There's still a physical force exerted by gravity by a hard object, inside a soft object, inside another hard object, the pelvis I suppose, if people can follow that rather convoluted talk. Thank you so much, Margaret. And thank you, everyone. There had been a lot and a lot of love shared in the public chat for you, Margaret. People say now much they love you. Listening to you is the idea. Thank you, Linda, for sharing Margaret's email address. There have been some requests for your email address. So I'll try and round up now. Thank you so much, everyone. Very, very insightful session.


David an attacking game with the white pieces a nice win against Padmini route. How did the game go? It went well for the beginning I play a line that I knew very well, so that was really good And I got a position that I was very comfortable with and okay after that it was a much easier to to attack and I Had a bit better for position, but after the bishop took only five I think my position is completely winning with the bishop pair and attacking the king side, so So far everything perfect Right now David last year here. You had a fantastic tournament a great run It went really well for you when you're back here this year. How's the year been for you in the middle? well, it wasn't as great that that was here last year, but Okay, I had some bad tournaments also some good tournaments, but yeah Come with motivation to to play a good tournament here It's always nice to to come to Gibraltar again So I expected to to do a good tournament here. You like it here. Yeah, of course as I say It's always perfect to the tournament the organization and okay I always have a good result so and that's the most important the most important And it's also a good feeling to start with a convincing first-round win. Yeah. Yeah, sure I wasn't so sure because I didn't play for maybe two months, so I Was you know a bit nervous maybe and okay, but I played that really good game So now this gives me strength to for the next games I really look forward to more good games from you. Have a good evening and see you back here. Thank you


Now, we talk about the processes of nutrition includes acquiring energy, various strategies as we talked about previously, various strategies of acquiring food by mouth parts, by behavior or may be through sunlight or something, but the organisms particularly animals we are more concerned in this course with animals, they have to digest their food, we divide this process in few steps, we call them ingestion, taking the food in, the next step is digestion, digestion means breaking the food into smaller parts, then comes absorption, absorbing those smaller parts, then comes assimilation that is making those broken parts or very very small pieces, the digested food part of the body or convert these into energy and utilizing these for various functions of the body or may be for making different structures of the body, then comes at the end, elimination, removing the undigested parts of the food from the body, we call it elimination, so the whole process of the nutrition and digestion is ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and elimination, after acquiring food that is having some food in front, organism have to ingest that food, take that food inside the mouth, then next step comes the digestion, when the food comes inside the digestive tract of the organism, then organism have to break it into smaller pieces, we call this process digestion, when the food is digested, broken into smaller parts, then it have to be absorbed by the transport system of the organism, that is the blood circulatory system, it have to go or absorbed by the blood through the digestive system, then it have to be distributed throughout the body to be assimilated and the remaining part which is not digested which is undigestible have to be eliminated from the body, we take the example of the human digestive system to describe and explain all of these processes, human beings as we know we are the omnivores, we eat vegetables, some of us are totally vegetarian, some of us are mainly meat eaters, but we take some vegetables, but most of us eats both things or maybe the combination of these, we are omnivores, we can eat both, if we look at our teeth, our teeth have all the four types, we have incisors, our front teeth, we have canines, all the four on sides, then comes our premolar, premolars and the molars which we call as so we have all the four kinds of teeth, because we have to take all types of food, digestive system also adapt according to the nature of the food present, available to an organism, human being is available with almost all types of foods, now we talk about the basic components of human digestive system, the human digestive system consist of an elementary canal which starts from mouth to anus, then it is associated with certain accessory glands, for example, liver, pancreas which over there some secretions inside the digestive tract to help in the digestion of food, we start from the elementary canal, the elementary canal of human beings is a very long tube, hollow straight, hollow tube which is when it reaches at intestine, it is highly convoluted of course, because intestine is very long, the various parts of human digestive tube or the elementary canal are the oral cavity, the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, small intestine and the large intestine and the last part the rectum and the anus and then comes the accessory glands, liver and pancreas which are associated with the digestive system, but they are very important part of the digestive system, because they have to pour certain secretions which have to digest certain parts of the foods without them we cannot digest some parts of the food or we may not detoxify our internal organs.