Hello, welcome to NPTEL NOC course on point set topology part 2. We will begin chapter 4 with certain other notions of compact. Other in the sense we have studied compactness itself. Clothe related was Lindelof property. Then we have local compactness and para-compactness, right? So now we shall study some other notions here. These notions have been selected by just by maybe you can say personal taste. Or rather one's belief that these are the more useful ones in analysis and topology. Central analysis and topology. When we study function spaces which may not be compact, okay? Yet have certain other features of compactness, okay? So that is what we would like to study. Like para-compactness was one of our obsession. We shall also study these properties for metric spaces wherein many of them come together, okay? Then we shall give a criterion for metric spaces to be compact, okay? Lastly, we give a very important application of this topology of function spaces namely what are known as Ascoli's theorems actually. We will do only one of them. So that is the general idea of general plan for chapter 4. So let us now begin with this module 15, start with any topological space. Then I am going to introduce three different notions of compactness here. The first one is countable compact. So I may just denote it by cc in the following section altogether. So countable compactness, if every countable open cover forex admits a finite sub-cover. This is similar to Lindelow, but in contrast, Lindelow property gives you any cover to countable cover. So countable compactness gives you countable cover to finite cover. So you can see that Lindelow plus countable compactness implies compactness, okay? That is one easy consequence of this definition. The second one is limit point contact which has something to do already with our experience with metric spaces namely dealing with sequences, dealing with limit points. So if every infinite subset of x has an accumulation point or what is called a limit point that is called limit point compactness. This is also called Bolgenow-Westras property. Bolgenow-Westras property, partly is also reflected in the next one, but we will call it as sequential compactness and denote it by sc. If every sequence in x admits a subsequence which is convergent. In fact, in standard real analysis, whenever you have this property, every sequence, bounded sequences of sequences convergent and so on you prove, you state it as a Bolgenow-Westras theorem. But this property is not Bolgenow-Westras property. So you have to make it a slight distinction here. Bolgenow-Westras property, if you want to refer it, it is limit point compactness. That is why I have called it limit point compact, not to confuse with the standard Bolgenow-Westras theorem. So countable compactness, somewhat similar to Lindelow, but somewhat dual to that one. Limit point compactness, sequential compact. In a metric space, you may have seen that compactness implies other three properties. These are the standard properties of compact metric spaces. So we have extracted these properties and made it a definition in the general case. In general, this may not be true. Compact spaces may not imply any of these things. We will have to be careful here. Something may be here, some other thing may not be so. So let us go through this carefully here. So let us check these things are fresh, one by one, in the general setup. Start the compact space. It is clearly countable compact. The first part is very nice, because after every open cover, we will admit a finite sub-cover. Countable covers automatically admit a finite sub-cover. So that is compact space implies it is countable compact. Now take the second one, that a be an infinite subset of x. If a has no accumulation point, then it follows that a is a closed discrete subset of x. In the closure of any set a, there are two types of points, those which are points of a as self, otherwise they will be accumulation points. If they are not accumulation points, they will open subsets of x. So these are the three types of points in a set. So if a has no accumulation point, then it follows that a must be a closed discrete subset. In particular, being closed, it is a compacting. I start with a compact space. But in a compact discrete subset, we must be around the finite many points. So this is the contradiction, we started with an infinite set, therefore x must have a limit point. So 1 and 2 are fine, compactness implies 1 as well as compactness implies 2. Maybe 3 is also true, and then you are lucky, you have to be careful, ok. So finally, let x n be any sequence in x, where x is a compact set. If the image of the sequence is a finite set, then there will be a subsequence which takes a constant value and it is convergent. On the other hand, if the image of the sequence is infinite set, we just do not know how to extract a convergent subsequence out of it, ok. And indeed, it happens that compactness does not imply sequential compactness. This may be somewhat surprise for you, so you have to be careful with this property. So let us first understand an example also here, let us verify an example here. Make sure that compactness in general need not imply sequential compactness, ok. So do not confuse it with Rosino-Astras properties all the time, so that is the whole idea, ok. So here is an example, if G2 is standard notation for the space consisting of minus 1 plus 1 in the multiplicity notation or in the additive notation, the group consisting of 0, 1, 0, 1, right, additive group. So for us, it is just a discrete space with two points that solve, we do not care about the group structure here, though I have used the notation, this group with two arguments, ok. So take Z2 cross Z2 cross Z2 for many copies, take p power n, namely this n is the natural number, the power set of it, ok. I have a some, you know, deliberate some intention here, denoting like this, the power set of n is nothing but the cardinality of c, ok, cardinality of r, right, one could have just written c here. So but I want to use this specific description of this cardinality, so this is the power set of n, all subsets of the natural numbers. So you take that many copies of Z2 and take the correlation product, the product space, what is the topology on Z2, discrete, ok. So indexing set is power set of n, ok. So by Ticknoff's theorem, we know that X is compact, ok, product of any sequence of, product of families of compact with compact here, same set is there, same space is there which is a compact, ok. We shall claim that this space is not sequentially compact, ok. So suppose fn is a sequence in X defined as follows, to show that it is not sequentially compact, I have to produce one sequence which has no subsequence which is convergent, right. So I will give you an example, namely take the sequence fn defined as follows. What is fn? fn's are functions from power set of n into Z2, right. So fn of a subset a, what is a, a is a subset of natural number, is equal to 1 if this n, the nth term, the index n belongs to a, ok, otherwise define fn of a equal to 0. For example f1 of a, f1 of say 2, 3, 4, 5 will be 0, f1 of 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4 that will be 1 because 1 is there and so on, ok. Now let fnk be any subsequence, ok. Take a to be, after taking the subsequence you have take a to be n1, first one, n3, n5 and so on, just take the odd, you know, the odd numbers here, I mean in the indexing, n1, n3, n2k plus 1, take f of those, so take those numbers first, form in the subset a of its natural numbers. Then the sequence obtained by projecting fnk on the a coordinate, see after all the coordinates of this one, this product are indexed by p power, you know, pn, power set of n, so the 8th coordinate will be what, fn i of a, right, so what is fn, fn1 of a, n1 is there, right. What is fn2 of a, fn2 is not there, n2 is not there, so it will be 0. What about fn, fn3 of a, n3 is there, so it will be 1. So this sequence is alternating sequence 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 and so on, ok, indefinitely. Hence this is not convergent in 0 to, anything which convergent in 0 to must be eventually a constant here, right. So, being the projection map which continues, if fnk were convergent to something, fn i of a would have been convergent, so since this is not convergent, fnk is not convergent, fnk is totally arbitrary subsequence of fn, so we have proved that this space is not sequentially compact, ok. Now, let us try to do some other implications on the positive side, ok. The first thing is, countable compactness implies limit point compactness. Under T1 axiom, the converse also is true, so we can just say 1 implies 3, 1 implies 2 limit point and under T1 axiom they are equivalent, ok. You can see that slowly we are bringing them nearer to the metric spaces, so T1 spaces are slightly closer to metric space, metric spaces are very strong, they are house dogs, normal and so on, ok, so completely normal actually, so let us see how one proves it. The whole thing is, now you are not supposed to use any distance and so on, you have to do everything purely topologically, so let x be countably compact and a be any finite subset, if possible suppose a has no accumulation point, this means that a is a closer discrete subset, that is what we have seen earlier also, being close subset of x, a itself is countably compact, so this is an easy thing to see that close subsets are close subsets of a countably compact space is countably compact, just like close subset of a compact spatial compact, exactly same proof will work, clearly there exist a countably infinite subset b of a, because we started with a infinite subset, then b is also countably compact and discrete, countably you know it is a countably subset already, it will be automatically countably compact, because started with no accumulation point is discrete, but b has a countable open cover little b, b belong to b because this discrete which has no finite sub cover, so that is the contradiction, so any infinite set must have a limit point, if it is countably compact, let us prove now the converse under the axiom t1s for x, so x is a t1 and limit point compact, now you take any countable open cover un for x, if possible suppose there is no finite sub cover, what is that mean, u1 it does not cover it, so there will be x1 which is in the complement of u1, then you can find an x2 in the complement of u1 union u2, then you can take x3 in the complement of u1 u2 union u3, each time you can make that the new element is taken distinct from the perennial choices, if you cannot do that that means already you have exhausted the whole thing, that is the whole cover, since no finite sub cover is there you can always choose new elements here, so you get an infinite subset xn, a equal to xn, xn belong to n, it is an infinite subset, remember that the nth term does not belong to u1 union u2 union un, that is all we have to figure, now use the limit point compact property x must x be a limit point of this infinite set, then xn will x itself will be in one of the un's because it is covered by or whole x is covered by un, so x will be in one of the un's this limit point, but then x is a t1 space, it follows that un intersection a itself is an infinite set, so this is where we are using the t1 property, a limit point if it belongs to an open set intersection with original set a here must be infinite set, but we know that none of xk, k bigger than n are inside un, that is the quantity, so each un will contain only finitely many of these, so that is the quantity, so what we have proved, we have proved that under t1 axiom the first one and second one, countable compactness and limit point compactness are the same, next similar result sequential compactness implies limit point compactness, the three implies two now, under axiom t1 and first countability something more the converse holds, one implies two always and three implies two always, so two is the weakest one, but under t1 as one and two are same under t1 and first countability two and three are equivalent, that is the theorem, so let us prove this theorem also, this is also equally easy, xb a sequentially compact space a b a infinite set, then we can define a sequence xn in a of distinct points, an infinite set have a sequence of distinct points, that a be a limit point of some subsequence, then it easily check that a is actually a accumulation point, so infinite set and distinct points is important here, so very straight forward there is nothing hidden here, now conversely let now xb a t1 and first countable and x is a limit point compact space, now start xn be a sequence in it and a equal to set of all xn n belong to n, so the sequence is different remember the set is different, the sequence x1 x2 xn you have to write all the infinite terms, a set may have only finite terms, a is all xn such that n is at, so this is a, this is the image of the sequence, that is what it is, if a is finite, then clearly there is a subsequence nk such that xnk is equal to a, it may be eventually constant then there is no problem, otherwise there will be a repetition after some stage, so that is what it is, that means that there is subsequence nk such that xnk is same as a for some a and that subsequence is convergent, so if a is finite is no problem, suppose now a is infinite, then let a be an accumulation point of infinite substance, I must have an accumulation point, now let un and belong to n be a decreasing family of neighborhoods of a which form a local base at a, so this is where t1 nest is used, it is a countable local base as soon as you label them then you can take u1, u1 intersection u2, u intersection u3 and so on, so you can make a decreasing sequence of neighborhoods, that will form a local base at x, since x is t1 it follows that a intersection un is an infinite set, this we have used earlier also because a is a accumulation point of capital A, so a intersection un is infinite set for each n therefore we can choose a subsequence like x r1 belonging to u1 intersection a, now there exists r2 bigger than r1 such that x r2 will be inside u2 intersection a, having chosen rn then we choose rn plus 1 such that this rn plus 1 is bigger than rn and x r1 n plus 1 is inside un plus 1 intersection a, so distinct and larger and larger index has been used here, so that we have got a subsequence inside a, un plus 1 intersection, it follows that x rn is a subsequence of xi which is convergent to a of course, because all these un plus 1, un plus 2 etcetera they become smaller neighborhoods of this a, so first countability as well as t1 s is used here to extract a subsequence out of a sequence ok, in the case when the sequence is infinite, if the sequence is consists of finite number of elements then there is no problem that will always have a subsequence which is convergent. The next theorem is a sequentially compact t1 s pair is countably compact, now I am going from 3 to 1 ok, sequentially compact t1 s pair is countably compact, this proof is not at all new at all after seeing the proofs of the previous theorem, I feel that you should be able to extract a proof on your own, so try your hand ok, this will be left as an exercise, so as an assignment to you. Next theorem is if a is count if x is first countable ok, compact space then it is sequentially compact, right in the beginning we saw that compactness does not imply sequential compactness, however under first countability compactness implies sequential compact ok, so that may be the reason why compact metric spaces are sequentially compact you see, because metric space are always first countable ok, so this way the essence of all these properties comes out rather than just you should study the amount metric spaces ok, so how do we prove this, start with a sequence x n in a first countable space x and suppose this has no subsequence which is convergent ok, this assumption starting with a sequence which has no subsequence which is convergent, we first claim that every point in x has a neighborhood u such that x n is inside u only for finitely many n inside n, there may not be any point that is fine, if at all ok I can choose some open for each point I can choose some open set only finitely many elements from this x n will be there ok, suppose this is not true what is the meaning of this is not true I am claiming that for every point something, so not true means there is some point that x belong to x with such there is at least one point such that every neighborhood of x, every neighborhood u of x infinitely many x n's will be there no matter what how small you choose that u to be ok, so this is the denial of our claim, now let b n be a countable local base at x, so now first countability enters into it, choose n 1 such that the first one x n 1 is inside b 1 ok, now you choose next one, so that it is bigger than the indexing is bigger n k n k plus 1 is bigger than n k, so that x n plus k x n n k plus 1 is inside b k plus 1 and so on ok, after having chosen n k and x n k inside b n. So, this is possible since there are infinitely many n such that x n is inside b k plus 1, so you have chosen only finitely many next one can be taken to be bigger than that, now it is clear that this is a subsequence ok and this subsequence will convert to x because they are inside smaller and smaller neighborhoods of this local base ok, thus we have proved that for every point x in x there is an open set u x such that x in u x and x n is in u x for only finitely many n inside n, u x neighbor all and for each point as a neighbor all and for each point as a neighbor all where in the given sequence only finitely many of them will be there, now look at the open cover u x x belong to x, this has a finite sub cover because x is compact, see compactness enters only now, so that would mean that the sequence x n has only finitely many point right, where are they they have to be somewhere, but they are contained inside finitely many u x 1, u x 2, u x k each of them contains only finitely many, therefore there only finitely many point and hence as a constant subsequence which is a contradiction. So, we have proved actually something stronger if all this happen the sequence as a constant subsequence ok, we wanted to prove only that it is convergent, so I repeat what we have proved is now the first countable compact space is sequentially compact, so you must be satisfied now that whatever you have learnt in metric space is is correct ok, even if you have not learnt it now all these together will give you whatever you have learnt in the metric space because metric space is t 1 as well as first countable that is all, here is a picture which will help you to remember what are all the implication compactness, countable compactness, limit point compactness, starting compactness add first countability you can go to sequential compactness, start is sequential compactness you can always go to limit point compactness, put t 1 s and first countability you can come back, start from here you can always come to limit point compactness, but under t 1 s you can go back also ok, so this is all what we have proved so far. We have never gone back here right, so that is our next step what will imply this one that is the kind of thing we would like to do all right, I think that is enough for today so next time we will go into deeper into the this one namely we will bring now metric space is and criteria which will finally give you will allow you to go from somewhere here to here and so on all right, thank you.


Hi and welcome to our Halloween episode of STEM Chat. I'm Natalie and I'm Deanna and this episode we're talking about Halloween. Natalie and I have always been into Halloween and making costumes even before we had kids. Here's a picture of us from CBS This Morning back in 2007. Yes, we had to make a DIY quick and easy Halloween costumes for kids. So that was one of the first projects we really worked on together. It was really fun. So we thought we would bring you lots of cool, fun project ideas and ways to have fun trick-or-treating safely this year too. Yep, and we're going to start out by talking about the Halloween costumes that we're making this year. And it's really great to make Halloween costumes. This is something that my daughter drew this at work. This is an in progress Halloween costume for this year. And it's really a lot of fun. We plan out the Halloween costumes and make them every year. But as the kids are getting older, I feel like their plans are getting like they're really joining in on the planning process a lot more. So here she kind of like itemized all the different parts of her costume and made a list. And then she drew these sort of detailed sketches. What is her costume? She's going to be a witch. Yeah, she wants to be a witch. So this is the witch dress. And this is the cape. And then this is the necklace. Oh, that's really cool. I love that she's sketching everything out. Yeah, we're talking about like what the different parts are and then what material we're going to make it out of and the easiest way to make it. So like for the boots, we're saying, oh, it's probably going to be difficult to sew the boots. But it's also difficult to buy boots with stars on them already. So we're going to buy some boots that are already made and then put our own star on. And we've been discussing what type of material to make the star out of. That's a good idea. You could use something like felt or it's very easy to just buy boots. And then you can use it for the winter and fall. Oh, yeah, that's true. Yes, you could actually wear them afterward. Throughout the year, but especially during Halloween, my daughter and I love watching all the Harry Potter movies again. And we started doing this again recently, a few weeks ago when we pick sometimes our favorite movies. I mean, she's read all the books. And we watched all the movies multiple times. So it was really fun to like kind of go back and see it. So we thought it would be fun to create a sort of magic potion project in, you know, injecting little chemistry, little science into something, but something more fun. And so we're here to share it with you. My daughter and I really love Luna Lovegood from the Harry Potter books and movies, especially the actress that plays Luna Lovegood. She's actually really crafty. So the character Luna is very quirky and she's crafty. And you can see by her house, she has this dirigible plum tree. And the actress herself actually made the beaded earrings that she wears in the movies. And she wears a lot of like things that she makes in the movies as well. So we thought this was an inspiring character. She's very, she's all about kindness and being good. And she really helps people. And so we thought it was inspiring to create Luna's extraordinary elixir. And so what we did for everyone here is we created a cool potion recipe in a PDF you can download from our newsletter and our website stemchatclub.com. And we have the full recipe here. So we actually found this experiment in an article from Scientific American. And then we adapted the science experiment because it was drinkable to make the potion recipe. And we're going to include a link below because it has a really great explanation of how the chemistry works. Yeah, so for the dirigible plums, we replaced it with lemons and lemons are acidic. So that is the acid. And it reacts with the base, which is actually the baking soda, which is the Cornish pixie dust. So those two together create this whole little fizzy lemonade slash elixir potion. But what's really cool is Diana did these really fun labels that we can put onto bottles, you can put it onto glass jars or anything you have at home and a little what do you call it little place card labels for little bowls of as you do the recipe. So it's kind of a fun added project. My daughter actually spent some time cutting it all out carefully so we could decorate our little bottles. Oh, and I like how you guys came up with the names for the different things. And they're actually things from the Harry Potter movie. Yes, we were as authentic as we could and trying to make it equivalent to actual ingredients. So it's not like and we didn't want something really disgusting. Here are all the ingredients. It's really fun. We have their blueberries, which are actually boom berries, which promote healing. The strawberries are called Banna Berry and they help with teleportation because we know there's a lot of magic in Harry Potter. Hork lump juice is actually pomegranate juice and gives you telepathy. And rosemary is not grass for shape shifting. I like how it's like a little potion station and so people can make the potion and then they can add in the extra powers that they want to get. She's pouring in the digital palm juice. When I read it's important, like when I was reading about the experiment somewhere else, it's important to use fresh squeezed lemons because it's more acidic. Yes, if you just use the lemon juice that you buy at the store, it won't work as well. The phoenix tears are added in. It's water. Obviously. But I yeah, I cut the lemons and I squeezed all the juice out and we took out the seeds. So now we're going to add the Cornish Pixie Dess, aka baking soda. And it's about one teaspoon. And I'm just she's just pouring it out to show you. She's just pouring it out to show the texture of it. Because it's fun for kids to play with the bottles. But then we did measure it out later. Well, it's good. It's authentic potion making. So here it is with the mixture. Oh, my God, we had so much fun seeing it come out over the table. And then you see the magic words, extraordinary plumeous. And then we added in some pomegranate juice, a little like garnish with some, you know, mandrake leaves, aka mint. So just making it pretty and fun. And you can definitely add you can add a teaspoon of sugar or just however much to make it taste a little better, depending on how you like, how sweet you like your your lemonade and your juices. You can probably also add a little alcohol, depending on the age group of your heart. It's really fun for like, you know, Halloween slash or Harry Potter, like even a Harry Potter birthday party theme party. So it's just really fun for kids to make. I think just seeing the the the baking soda and the lemon juice kind of react together is already like, you know, it's just like fun to see. So it's really cool. So we did it. Go ahead. Oh, I was going to ask you how it tasted. It tasted good. I loved it. We did it. We did it a couple of times. So we did the first one with the pomegranate juice and the second one we did, we just kept it as lemonade. So it was good.  So it just looks so pretty. So yeah, this was our fun project on making Luna's extraordinary elixir. We hope you have fun making this as well with your family and the potions fell and the labels will be available as a printable in our newsletter. So you can sign up at stem chat club dot com and you'll receive it for free in the mail. I'm sorry, in the email or you may if it's already come out by the time you watch this video, you can click on it as one of the older issues. So last year, we stayed home on Halloween. We live in an apartment building. And so they actually canceled trick or treating. I'm not sure what we're going to do this year, but it's a great alternative if you're looking to have some trick or treating fun at home. Hi, everybody. I just wanted to share something that we made this year for our pandemic Halloween. We're going trick or treating on a FaceTime. So we have this.   So when we call people, they'll tell my kids the color and my kids will punch through the tissue paper and grab the candy from inside the cup. Hope you're all having a great Halloween and staying safe out there. Bye. So here's a look at our process. I had a lot of fun with my younger daughter building the punch out game. It was fun because we actually we we called you or I think you called you called us. You were one of my daughter and I helped you guys pick which one to break open for Halloween. So that was really fun, too. Yeah, that's true, because we never would have been able to go trick or treating at your house, Natalie, from New York City. It was fun to see you guys on Halloween. Yeah. Yes, and this is really nice because we got to see a whole bunch of friends and family on FaceTime and the kids still got to get some candy for Halloween. And now it's time for favorite things. So there are lots of things we're excited about this month. And some of you may not know, I love paper crafting and I'm a planner girl. So there are some really cool notebooks from Erin Condren called the EC Focus Productivity Notebook.  And my daughter loves it because she's able to sort of put in just ideas and brainstorming. I have a full review on our in a YouTube movie. Which I'll link below. But it's just a great function of the book. It's very lightweight, so it's really good for kids to carry. I find it very handy and portable. So it's kind of like a nice like field journal, too, if you want it to be. It can be can be anything. And I obviously have one, too. Yes, I have it in black and she has it in pink. So. So, as you know, last our last episode before we kicked off the summer was our bugs episode. And I happened to catch this segment on CBS this morning on YouTube, which will link below about a four year old girl in Palo Alto, California, who discovered rare stingless bees that have not been seen for over 70 years. And I thought this was really important because sort of what we talked about in our episode was sort of like having kids look outside and be aware of things. And she had, you know, an older family friend who was a biologist that always made gave her a love for bugs. So it's amazing to see that she has discovered these these bees and they don't even have a name for it and they might name it after her. But the scientists and entomologists who studies bees thought it was a joke and he actually was able to go to Palo Alto and see these bees, which were actually brought here for an experiment many years ago with for Stanford professor in Palo Alto. And they thought they all died off for some reason. But they were alive in this one tree in Palo Alto. That's amazing. I can't wait to watch my video with my kids. Yeah, it's very inspiring. I mean, she's so young, she's four and she discovered them. So anything can happen. So I just got this new modular origami book. It just came out in the last week and I'm excited to make this model down here that's inspired by ferns. Oh, that is great. That is really cool. I think my daughter is going to love that one, too. She's looking to do more complicated origami, so it'll be fun. OK, so moving on, there is a I love stickers and there is a shop called Eau Claire's Creations and she has mass stickers. So I got these. This is pumpkin pie. Oh, I love that one. Yeah. And she has like prisms. You can put these in your planner and your notebook. I thought these little prisms with florals were really cute. Graph flowers. And then this is a whole sheet on really pretty like aesthetics of math with abacus and like just cute, very cute mathematics, aesthetic.  Those are beautiful. I'll link her store down below, too. So we've started getting into knitting on. This knitting machine, and it's really fun to watch the mechanics of how it works and how it actually that you can see the loops going over the hooks over here. So it's just kind of like an interesting machine for the kids to watch. And we've been using this glow in the dark yarn from Lion Brand yarns to make these knitting machine ghosts. Oh, these are so cute. So cute. So we'll cut to a clip and show them glowing. Yeah. How long did it take you to do one ghost? Oh, I don't know. It's probably it takes about, I don't know, like 20 minutes. Well, that's a little fussy on the machine, because it's not. It's actually not that stretchy. So I put the weights. See, there's like claw weights on it to help it run more smoothly. Very cool. Thanks for watching our episode of STEM chat. We hope you guys have a great Halloween. Yes. And don't forget, you can sign up for our newsletter at STEMChatClub.com and with the newsletter coming up, we will have the printable for Luna's extraordinary elixir so your kids can cut it out and follow along with the recipe on how to make that amazing potion and use a little chemistry to make some magic. Yes. And just so you know, we have all our resources are on our website with the most recent episodes and each newsletter kind of recaps what we've done for the month. So if you can't catch up with an episode, you're able to sign up with the email and get all of the news of what's been going on. And we have some additional links in there, too, to other photos and videos that explore some of the topics more in depth. Thanks for joining us. Happy Halloween. Happy Halloween. You get to say that one.


and so attractive? How exactly is attractiveness defined? While it's true a lot of the time, it's subjective. You also can't deny the fact that there just are some people, others collectively find attractive. So what is that magic recipe exactly? Psychological studies looking into these questions have so far agreed that attractiveness is more than just a matter of physical appearance. It also has to do a lot with certain behaviors. Here are seven things attractive people do that set them apart from the rest. Number one, they compliment others. Do you often say nice things about other people? How do you feel when others compliment you? Words of praise have a knack for making their speakers seem more attractive and approachable immediately. You naturally gravitate towards people who are not shy about complimenting those around them. They're not as worried about competition or feel as threatened by the attractiveness of others as most people might think. And because they're quick with a kind word, it only ends up making them look better instead of bitter. Bonus tip, did you know that kind people are also attractive people? And kind people do kind things for others, like complimenting others, helping an elderly cross the road, carrying someone's bags, and hitting the like button of their favorite YouTube channel. Oops. Yeah, that was totally intentional. If you enjoy Psych2Go's content so far, like this video and subscribe to our channel for more content. Thanks so much for your support. Number two, they make it a habit to smile. Does attractiveness make a person seem more standoffish? Contrary to popular belief, studies show that attractive people tend to be happier and friendlier. That's why people who make it a habit to smile appear incredibly attractive to others. They love finding the little joys in life. They're usually happy in upbeat, which is what makes people always want to be in their presence. Their smiles just brighten every room they walk into, and they generously share this happiness with others. Number three, they dress well all the time. What's the first thing that comes to mind when you think of attractive people? Dressing up to the nines, right? But not for the reasons that you might think. They dress well all the time, not because they're vain or superficial, but because they know it can make a positive difference in a person's life. Knowing how to dress yourself and having a good sense of style that suits you will not only make you more confident and noticeable to others, but it'll also make you look smarter and more put together. Voila! Number four, they pamper themselves. Do you agree that pampering yourself is one of the first steps to self-love? Being mindful of your grooming leaves a good impression on others, so don't be surprised to find a lot of attractive people hitting up the salon, the spa, or the gym every so often. It's not just because they care about how they look, but more importantly, that they want to take good care of themselves, which brings us to the next point. Number five, they set their standards high. When it comes to friendships and relationships, an attractive person seldom sticks around if others treat them less than they deserve or repeatedly fail to recognize their value, as should everyone else too. The way they value themselves adds to their attractiveness, an attractive person knows their worth and they set their standards accordingly. They never allow others to take them for granted. They are well aware of those who don't see their worth and are extremely averse to wasting their time on them. Such an attitude is far from the borders of arrogance. Rather, it hinges on self-respect. Number six, they push themselves to be better. Unfortunately, being attractive isn't all it's cracked up to be. With pretty privilege comes a double-edged sword of constantly being underestimated by others and struggling to be taken seriously. A lot of the time, attractive people are able to gauge their own attractiveness because of how others see them. That's why attractive people will always push themselves to be better. They prove their naysayers wrong and show everyone that there's so much more to them than their looks. And number seven, they are intentionally positive. And this right here is the main deal. Attractive people are often intentionally positive. What does that mean, you may ask? Well, it means they choose to be happy. They put in conscious effort to be optimistic and look at the brighter side of things, even if it isn't always easy. Because they know that while outer beauty might turn other people's heads, inner beauty is what wins hearts in the end. They know better than anyone that good looks can only take you so far. Ultimately, what matters are your mindset and positive attitude. While it is certainly true that beauty is in the eye of the beholder, what sets attractive people apart from the rest is more than just their good looks. It's really the beauty they possess in their hearts and their attitudes that make other people so drawn to them. Did you recognize any of these signs? Are there any other signs we missed? Let us know in the comments below. As always, keep an eye on Cy for more Psych2Go content.


Five types of women to avoid. Okay, number one, we're gonna go with the hot and cold girl. Okay, these women are basically really interested in you at one point in time and then other times, you don't hear from them, it feels like they're ghosting you. These women are usually a waste of time in the fact that they are only going to be continuing to do this with you.  Okay, clearly you're not her first choice and if you're okay with that, that's fine. But what you have to understand is when a woman is giving you mixed signals, mixed signals is the message. Sometimes she wants you, sometimes she doesn't want you and if you're looking for that, that's great but if you want something more consistent, I highly recommend that you find a woman who's gonna give you more consistent interest. In my experience, yes, you can win these women over. You can use really good game or invite them to a cool event or something like that to make it work. It can happen, but you shouldn't be breaking your back for them and you shouldn't above all not be putting them as your number one priority because you are not theirs. Number two, this is the no effort girl. This girl is giving you one word answers, she's barely interested, but she gives you just enough that you think that you have a chance with her. This is someone who will keep you going for a long time and maybe she's very attractive or you're really entranced by some aspect of her personality or whatever it is, probably a little bit of hope in there too and it's keeping you going for a long time. This woman is probably never going to change, right? Yeah, maybe there might be something cool that you can do to peak her interest or get her more interested for just a little bit but the truth is she's just gonna be continuing to put in no effort.  You should be trying to figure out, hey, is this person a good fit for me in my life? And if someone's putting in no effort towards you, well, that's a sign that they probably shouldn't be there. Now, I know when I say this, guys are gonna think, well, she didn't text me back one time or this should be shown consistently over a long period of time, okay? At the beginning, if you're the one who's pursuing her, you should make more of an effort than her at the beginning but if it's continuing and it's never ever changing, well, that's something that you should look at and you should probably find someone who will put in some effort. Number three is the pen pal, okay? This is the girl who is texting you a lot. She enjoys talking with you but every time you try and make plans with her, silence.  Or maybe you text her and she's like super happy to talk to you but she is never down to meet up. I don't know about you but I have enough people to text in my life. Texting is fun but only if I'm actually going to see that person in person at some point in time in the future. So if that's not gonna be this person, I'd rather text someone who is going to meet up with me. This is something that I see with my clients a lot where they kind of get into the habit of just texting a person a lot. If you feel like you're with a pen pal, try asking them out, try making plans. If you're not doing it in the right way that can also affect your chances as well too. So you should probably watch some of my other videos to see how to do it properly. But if this person, you've tried maybe two times to meet up with this person and she's flaked on you both times or she's kind of giving you silence or she hasn't said anything, you should probably find someone who is going to meet up with you. Maybe a third time if she's saying, hey, I couldn't make it this time but I'd really like to meet at this point in time if she's making an effort. Okay, yeah, you'd probably give her a third chance but for me it's usually two strikes and you're out. Number four is the free meal girl. Okay, this person will go out with you.  She's not trying to date you. She's just trying to eat for free. She's just trying to be taken out. She's just trying to be treated. These kinds of women are usually going to say something like, hey, maybe you recommend this place for you to go. She's like, oh no, no, why don't we go here? Because that's the place that she wants to go to and guess what? She didn't want to pay for it. She wants you to pay for it. Usually this place is going to be more expensive than the place that you chose or maybe it's just something that's out of the way or inconvenient for you but it's more convenient for her. This person is not trying to date you. She's trying to do fun things and she's trying to get other people to pay for them. If you do find yourself with this person, don't let her just get what she wants, try and negotiate, try and make it more so. It's a little bit more convenient for you as well too. When it comes to dating, when it comes to relationships there has to be a little bit of, there has to be a little bit of a compromise between both parties. If she's not willing to compromise she just only does what she wants to do. That's not a recipe for attraction, not a recipe for a dating or a relationship because she's not looking for that. She's just looking to go to that place and she doesn't want to pay for it. Number five, this is the fifth and final one and probably the most insidious. This is the tease, okay? This is a woman who is texting you back.  I had a woman who did exactly all of these things with me while I had a girlfriend, mind you. She was coming in and being very handsy, she was like saying things like, oh, I miss you, blah, blah, all the time. This person had no intention of hooking up with me. She just wanted some guy, or maybe she did, I don't know, she just wanted guys around her that were going to do things for her. Usually when women get older they figure out that they can use their sexuality, they can use interest in another person or a feign attraction for someone to get what they want. And what this woman is doing is she's using exactly that. Usually this person suffers from a lot of insecurities. She usually has a lot of guys around her, maybe not so many women, because she does this to all the guys that they're dating, so women don't like them. And because of this, if you're around this person, you're falling for her trap. You're getting continuously again and again.  So the way that you know if this person is actually doing this is see if she's gonna actually come to you, see if she's gonna follow your lead. And sometimes they will do this for a while, but they will not stick around because ultimately they are trying to get what they want and they are withholding what you want. So if that's the case, basically you have to recognize it, cut your losses and move on. It's okay, we've all been there. Don't make a big deal about it. Don't get angry at her, don't yell. She's gotta figure this out for herself that treating people this way is not okay, but you shouldn't be the one that has to put up with it to teach her that lesson. So if you find this person, stay away from her, don't answer her text messages. You gotta just cut this person out of your life. And I don't mean you do it super cold. I don't mean you just say, hey listen, you gotta get away from me. Although at some point, like there have been times where I've recommended a client actually do that. But for the most part, I would just stop answering their text messages as much as you don't need to hang out and you're by them. And if they confront you and ask you about it, then you're honest with them. Not in a mean way, but in a loving way, saying hey, this is how I feel when I'm around you and this is not the kind of relationship that I'm looking for with somebody or a friendship or whatever it is. Anyway, those are the five types of women you guys to avoid. There are plenty of amazing women out there. So don't think that I'm just ragging on women all the time. I'm probably gonna come out with another video. So with the red flags video, I came out with the green flags video of women that you should try and date. There are plenty of amazing women out there, but if a woman is doing these kinds of things to you, my recommendation would be to find a better one for yourself. Cool, well thanks for watching you guys. If you made it today and consider subscribing, I come out with videos like this every single week. If you're interested in getting coached by me, you're one access to my free trainings. There are links in the description box below. I only have limited spots, but with the free trainings, I have as many spots as you guys want. Cool, good luck out there.


As with every community, COVID-19 has been a source of profound disruption for law enforcement across the globe. While the pandemic paralyzed many parts of society, there was no lockdown for crime or terrorists. Criminals preyed on people's fear of the virus to deliver more wear and fake medical products. Right-wing violent extremists fueled a narrative of xenophobia, violence and defiance on the rule of law. As we continue to face the pandemic and address its impact on global security, the world needs more international cooperation, not less. We have seen what can be achieved when working towards a universal goal. And as the world's largest international police organization, Interpol will continue uniting law enforcement to address national, regional and global crime. We will continue to make sure that police officers around the world have the information when and where they need it. As we move forward into 2021, our vision of making the world a safer place has never been more relevant. I wish you a happy and healthy New Year.


Good afternoon and welcome to today's energy seminar. I'd like to say three things that are introducing the session today. One, heartfelt thanks to our speaker today, who was originally supposed to speak next quarter. But we got a call, Rachel, about a week ago. And our speaker, originally planned speaker for this week, was taken ill. And fortunately, Jeff was willing on less than a week's notice to come and do a talk today. And there may be a reason for that, which I'll get into. Second of all, I've admired the work of Jeff for about 10 years since he originally developed the energy policy simulator for energy innovations. And particularly, the level of detail in the industrial sector of that model. And third, but not least, I'd like to introduce the person who will introduce Jeff formally today, Nick Savay, an old friend, not an old friend, but a friend I've had for a long time, first as a graduate student, and then as a postdoc, and then as a colleague in the EIPER program, where he was the lecturer for the capstone class working with the students who were doing joint MBA, JD, professional degrees with the EIPER master's program. Nick has a PS in biology from Stanford. And as I mentioned, a PhD in environment and resources was both a lecturer in EIPER and worked, I think, four centers here, including being a senior fellow at the Effective Philanthropy Learning Initiative and a fellow at the Stanford Center for Ethics and Society, the Hus Center for Public Service, and the Center for Philanthropy and Civil Society. And he, I think, worked a little while after that at Metta. And last July, he told me, has joined Jeff's group. So without further ado, I'd like to call up Nick to introduce Jeff. Thanks. Hi, everyone. Yeah, so I've had the pleasure of working both with John and with Jeff. So to give you a little background, Jeff Brisman is the senior director of our industry program at Energy Innovation. He's going to be talking today about a lot of material from his new book, Zero Carbon Industry. And that really delves into the technologies and policies that are necessary to eliminate greenhouse gas emissions across the industrial sector. The book zooms into specific industries like cement, as well as giving a holistic solutions to major concerns like how to get industrial heating off of fossil fuels. And provides a policy roadmap for the coming decades. Jeff is also the co-author of Designing Climate Solutions, a policy guide for low carbon energy. This year, he was appointed by the Secretary of Energy, Jennifer Granholm, to serve on the DOE's Industrial Technology Innovation Advisory Committee. As John mentioned, he's the creator of the Energy Policy Simulator. He's an open source computer model that quantifies the effects of various energy and environmental policies. I highly encourage those of you that are interested to check it out. It's quite intuitive to use. And there are very many different versions for different countries and regions across the globe. You can use it to predict the outputs of policies from fuel use to emissions, cost savings, to elect people deployment, what's going on in the power sector, all of that. Jeff Golds in MS in Environmental Sciences and Engineering and a master's in city and regional planning, both from UNC Chapel Hill and is a Stanford alone having received the PA in international relations for a long time. Thank you, Nick. Really appreciate it. I think probably the clip on his mic is good. So pleasure to be back on campus where I did my undergrad. Thank you, John, Nick, and Rachel for everything. And without further ado, let me get into the material. So as Nick mentioned, this is a preview, a taste of some of the material in zero carbon industry, transformative technologies and policies to achieve sustainable prosperity, which is being published tomorrow by Columbia University Press. The book is a complete roadmap. It aims to really take you from, even if you don't know much about the industrial sector, it will tell you what are these industrial firms, how do they produce materials and goods today, and what are the technologies that can allow us to produce all those things cleanly. And finally, what are the policies that could get those technologies deployed and commercialized and scaled up. In this talk, I'm going to focus on material from the electrification chapter, chapter six, and a bit on the policies, as well as a quick high level overview, because after all, I can't cover an entire book in 30 minutes. So this is an overview of global greenhouse gas emissions across multiple sectors. It shows that industry is about a third of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions, including emissions from electricity purchased by industry. If you exclude purchased electricity, you make electricity its own sector, then industry is about a quarter of human greenhouse gas emissions. Either way, it's enormous and extremely important to address if we're going to meet any of our climate goals or stop climate change. Delving into the industrial sector, you can break it out into specific industries, like the iron and steel industry, chemicals industry, metallic minerals, which primarily is cement. And these top three are about 60% of the world's industrial emissions. So these are making core materials that then go on to be made into final products, like vehicles or buildings or plastics and fertilizers, and so on. You can also slice and dice it by country. And what stands out when you do that is that China has an enormous role in global industrial emissions. China is responsible for about 45% of industry sector emissions. After that, India and the United States are number two and number three. The European Union group together would also be in the top four. So that's a quick, high-level look at industry. And there's more on all of that in the book. But I want to delve now into electrification in particular, which can be an overlooked area, especially because there's often a lot of excitement around clean hydrogen and solutions like that. And sometimes a more straightforward solution can be neglected. So to give some framing for this, industry actually uses fossil fuels for two purposes, energy and feedstocks. Energy means fossil fuels that are burned for heat or power and emit greenhouse gases right there when they're burned. Then there are feedstocks, which are fossil fuels used as source materials, chemical reagents, that go on into making up petrochemical products like plastics and fertilizers and so on. This is a breakdown of the fossil fuel use of United States industry. You can see feedstocks is there in the upper bar. And then for energy, it's broken down into two large bars, boiler fuel and other process heating. Those two segments are basically fuels that are being burned for heat. All the rest, which is to the right side of that center bar, are the non-heat uses of combustible fuels by industry, stuff like operating a diesel engine or the like. And those are typically or non-process uses, which means building heating or cooling for the comfort of workers or moving items around on an industrial site using a forklift. Those things are fairly easy to electrify using technologies that are not specific to the industry sector. For instance, in the building sector, there are heat pumps that are great for providing heating and cooling for building air and water. So really when we're talking about decarbonizing industrial use of fossil fuels for energy, we're talking about heat. How do you provide industrial process heat without emissions? And if you're talking about heat, then the next question that comes up is temperature. So different industries require heat at different temperatures. There's a breakdown here. And the fortunate thing is that we have a range of electrified technologies that can deliver heat at these temperatures. So this is a high level overview. I'll walk through some of these here in this presentation of many of these technologies that either provide electrified heat, can store heat, and then a couple that can replace heat in certain applications. Just to give a quick touch on a few of them, electric resistance heating is when you're running current through a resistor. This is similar to how your hairdryer or your toaster works at home. Most commonly it uses nichrome and nickel chromium alloy, which can provide heat at up to 1250 Celsius, although with tungsten you can get heat much hotter. And the efficiency is near 100% in terms of electricity to heat, although then there's a question of how efficiently the heat is transferred to the material or product you're heating. Infrared heating is somewhat similar in that you're still running current through this resistor, but then it's this element that it's an emitter that emits infrared radiation. There's a reflector behind it and it directs it towards you. You may be familiar with these at certain restaurants if they have a heated outdoor patio where you can't use convection heating, which heats the air because the air will blow away. Infrared heating will send the heat to you or to surfaces via infrared radiation. So it has lower losses, but there's then the question of how efficiently it's generated, which is 96% for ceramic emitters, which are lower temperature, 85% for quartz lamps, which are higher. Dialectric heating is a fancy word for microwave heating or radio wave heating, essentially a rapidly oscillating electric field that makes polar molecules in the substance that's being heated vibrate, which is thermal energy. It's only about 70% efficient, so it's not a great fit for bulk heating, for materials and cement and the like, but it is useful for certain purposes, like cooking things fast, it's used in the food processing industry, textile drying and the like. And then electric arcs are when electricity is run from an electrode through a conductive material to another electrode, their most important use is in electric arc furnaces, which melt, scrap, steel down to make recycled steel, but they're also used in arc welding and plasma cutting. And lastly, I believe for now, is induction, electromagnetic induction. This is a way of heating a conductive material, a metal, by subjecting it to this time varying magnetic field. So it generates the heat directly inside the material by generating these circular eddy currents in the material, which then have electric resistance. It's about 90% efficient at converting the electricity to heat, but then there's no heat transfer losses because the heat is created inside the material being heated. So different technologies are good for heating industrial processes at different temperatures. I'm gonna cover heat pumps a little later in a little more depth because they're a particularly important technology and waste heat recovery are good for low temperature. At medium temperatures, we have resistance, although that can cover some high temperature needs as well, infrared and dielectric. And then at high temperature, you get the electric arcs induction and then for precision applications, things like lasers and electron beams, which are not efficient enough for bulk heating but are useful for cutting or welding sometimes. So what is the potential of replacing the industrial heat that's today provided by fossil fuels with electricity delivered by technologies like these? This is a diagram from a paper by Silvia Madedu looking at the potential for electrification of heat in European industry. So here the vertical height of each box is the percent of all non-feedstock energy use in Europe that is in that industry and then left to right is the share that is already electrified or could be electrified with technologies of different levels of maturity. With stage one being technologies that are common already and just need to be adopted more widely and then technologies at stage two are used commonly in one industry or two industries but need to be adapted to bring them to a new industry and then technologies at stage three are more in the R&D stage but we see a clear pathway toward commercialization and deployment. I don't worry I won't read off all the text on this slide but it's here to show you that you can break down in industries into industrial activities and temperatures some of the industries that use those and then match them to corresponding electrical technologies. You can check back with the recording of this if you wanna see the table in more depth or it's also in the book. So why isn't this already widespread? Well really the challenge so far has been related to cost especially energy cost. If you look at this is a chart of 2019 prices fossil fuel costs are highly volatile so the exact heights of the fossil fuel bars will vary depending on what year you use is the snapshot for your data but in general electricity is more expensive than natural gas which is the main competitor in the United States. Coal has high costs other than the coal itself for particulate exhaust treatment to get the particulates out of the exhaust so it's less comparable and diesel is expensive so it's really electricity versus natural gas but the thing is this is only looking at the price of the fuels themselves per unit of energy it's not looking at how efficiently the fuels are used and that's crucial to understanding the true financial comparison that industries are facing. So that's what I'm pointing out here how efficiently can electricity be turned into heat or the chemical energy and fossil fuels be turned into heat and how much of that heat reaches the product or material you intend to heat. So let's look at fossil fuel heating efficiency for a moment. If you burn something then you're creating there's a number of heat loss modes most important of these is the hot exhaust gas you're generating so the combustion gas byproduct gas which is carbon dioxide and water vapor primarily is hot and that carries a lot of heat out of the system the exact amount varies depending on the temperature of the combustion process but for an example furnace operating at 1340C and not using waste heat recovery technology you have about 57% of the energy in the fuel is lost in the exhaust 10% more is carried away by moisture primarily moisture that is formed from combustion so you can't get rid of it by pre-drying the fuel 9% lost through furnace skin and openings and about 24% useful heat or about a quarter of that energy goes into the material you care about heating. If you compare this to say green hydrogen or direct electrification if you're burning hydrogen you still have those same heat loss modes you have hot exhaust you still form water vapor but you also have an additional efficiency loss from converting electricity to hydrogen up front 65 to 70% efficient and then with direct electrification you have no conversion losses you have no exhaust gases you form no water vapor so you have a much higher efficiency you also should consider air pollution of course fossil fuels emit greenhouse gases and various local air pollutants green hydrogen emits nitrogen oxides that's because the heat of the flame splits atmospheric nitrogen there's no nitrogen in the hydrogen and direct electrification has no air pollution so remember I said that that example was for a furnace without waste heat recovery and to be fair we have to look at what waste heat recovery can do now waste heat recovery can reduce those heat losses by 35 to 65% depending on the technology and the exhaust temperature but recovered heat is not as useful as the heat in the first place because it's at a lower temperature and can only be used for certain purposes like preheating the combustion air or in some other industrial process so one of the quick takeaways here is to use green hydrogen only where you actually need it it's so inefficient to form it and burn it for heat that you don't really want to do that you'd rather use it for example in replacing the feedstocks the first bar we saw on that chart earlier because you can't form plastics or fertilizer out of pure electricity you need material to form your products that's one of the best uses for green hydrogen another is chemically reducing iron ore to make metallic iron but for heating in general electricity is the best route now I want to take a quick look at low temperature heat which means up to about 165 degrees Celsius 100 C's boiling water so at this lower temperature range as we saw in the previous graph fossil combustion is more efficient than in that high temperature furnace example the very best industrial boilers can achieve fuel to heated steam efficiency up to 90% it's a little higher if you're going to hot water it can get up to 95 or more but industry usually requires steam not hot water in practice in the real world it isn't quite that high China which as we saw is the largest industrial fuel user typical steam boilers are 70% to 79% efficient but the electrical alternative at this temperature range is also more efficient that's an industrial heat pump so here's a graph showing well first what is a heat pump an industrial heat pump is like a refrigerator or an air conditioner it moves heat from one place to another a heat source and a heat sink although unlike the refrigerator where what you care about is the part that's cold with the heat pump what you care about is where it's moving the heat to where it's getting hot heat pumps can deliver temperatures at commercial heat pumps at up to about 165 degrees C and their efficiency depends on how much temperature increase you're asking the heat pump to provide so if you're starting at so this graph the x-axis the temperature increase so if you're starting at room temperature 30 C, 25 C and you wanna go to 100 C enough to boil water which is enough to cook food in a lot of food manufacturing industries the increase will be 70, 75 C and if you look at where that is on the graph it's about 2.5, 3 times so coefficient of performance 2.5, 3 that's refers to the efficiency of heat delivery essentially a coefficient of performance of one means that an equal amount of heat is delivered to the energy contained in the electricity used by the heat pump so this is a technology that can deliver more heat more useful heat energy than the electricity you're putting in and that's because it's not creating the heat it's not converting the electricity to heat it's moving heat from one place to another so it doesn't have to so it isn't violating a law of thermodynamics here it's taking advantage of the fact that even at room temperature things are pretty hot compared to absolute zero say heat pumps can be used in a wide variety of industrial applications at these lower temperature ranges they cover about a third of industrial heat demand that's today provided by combustion and these are some examples shown here from a paper from Arpagas at all and a quick cost comparison so remember I showed you the graphs of fuel costs and how electricity was more expensive but if you're looking after adjustment for efficiency things look much different in 2021 natural gas technologies and heat pumps were broadly competitive natural gas was ever so slightly cheaper but by August of 2022 natural gas prices had almost doubled that's highlighting the volatility of fossil fuel prices electricity prices can vary too but not nearly by so much typically and so in August of 2022 heat pumps would have had a distinct advantage this is just a quick diagram showing break-even costs for where natural gas spoiler versus a heat pump would be cheaper depending on the relative costs of natural gas and electricity the other technology I want to highlight here is a technology called a thermobattery so a battery here just means a way to store energy not necessarily electricity electrical batteries store the energy in chemical form but the thermobattery stores at its heat essentially it's a large insulated case that contains a thermal storage medium like graphite blocks or silicon dioxide sand and it has a wires running through it that are electrical resistance heaters so you take electricity which can be from the grid it can be from an off-grid zero carbon source like a dedicated wind or solar plant and heats up those bricks or sand inside the case the insulation is very good it can keep heat losses down to a few percent the round-trip efficiency from well round-trip from electricity to store it and then delivered as heat is about 95 percent or up to 95 percent when you want to get the heat out you either pump a gas through the bricks which have channels through them or you can open a shutter in the outer case and that lets the energy out in the form of infrared and visible light and then the heat is used for an industrial process such as adding energy to a chemical reaction or melting metals or heating materials the goal is to use heat directly here it's not being converted back into electricity so I mentioned you can get the electricity for a thermal battery either grid-connected or off-grid either way it's a way to reduce the cost of electricity if you're grid-connected you can buy electricity in the cheapest hours charge up your battery and then in the hours when electricity is more expensive you don't buy it from the grid you just take the heat out of your battery if you're off-grid the electricity is all quite cheap because wind and solar tend to be cheap but they're variable and industries want to be able to operate reliably and not just when it's sunny or windy so in that case you charge up the battery when there's plenty of sun and wind and you use the battery to ride out the times when it's less sunny or windy either way it cuts the cost of electricity so here the green squares are what it would cost to purchase electricity from the grid in every minute when the industrial facility needed it in the red diamond is a thermal battery in this case it's off-grid generation but the cost results are pretty much the same for a grid-connected thermal battery it cuts the cost relative to buying the electricity whenever you need it down to one-half to one-third of the grid cost and the natural gas in these locations is in blue it also varies by location and you can see that with the thermal battery it's making electricity very competitive with natural gas whereas it wasn't really when it was the green squares straight from the grid so these are all all of these technologies are based on understood scientific and engineering principles the real challenge is commercial application there just hasn't been demand for electrified versions of some types of industrial equipment electrified cement kilns and so on so policy can help to overcome this chicken and egg problem and kickstart demand for the equipment then equipment is available then there's more than there's clean production and more demand for clean products and more demand for the equipment and that brings us to the policy section of the talk so I mentioned at the beginning I would cover a bit on policies and these are broader than just for electrification these are policies that can help promote technologies for industrial decarbonization and accelerate the transition to clean industry so first I want to take a glance at current events the inflation reduction act which has a certain number of financial incentive policies the advanced energy product credit the advanced industrial facilities deployment program advanced manufacturing production credit each of which provides money for certain industrial activities and for facilities to retrofit or upgrade to improve their efficiency and lower their greenhouse gas emissions there are also numerous parts of the government that provides support apart from even before and after the inflation reduction act some of these offices that are here for instance the loan programs office deals with loans well they have to be repaid but they're low interest loans and are available for technologies that the government wants to support and so on as well as national laboratories which can provide technical support to industrial firms that want to refine their technologies this is taking a step back from the US and looking at just in general in any country that wants to further clean industry what are some useful policy approaches well emission standards of course on boilers and other industrial equipment since electrified equipment doesn't emit emissions whether greenhouse gases or conventional pollutants one of the ways to comply with emission standards is to electrify you can also have efficiency standards because as we pointed out electrical equipment is far more efficient than combustion equipment because of those heat losses in that case though you want the efficiency standard to be technology neutral and fuel neutral because if you set one standard for natural gas boilers and another for electrical boilers you're then switching from natural gas to electricity is no longer a method of compliance there was a more lack standard there for natural gas boilers so that's one benefit of technology neutrality when designing a policy like this there's green government procurement so one thing that is not widely known is that governments are huge purchasers of many of these industrial materials governments buy steel and cement that go into roads and public infrastructure bridges government office buildings public schools you name it and they fund a lot of this or they buy it directly so either way government can decide how they want to spend their own money they can say let's set aside 5% let's say to start with of our purchases of steel for clean primary steel made through innovative zero carbon processes maybe from hydrogen or electrolysis of iron ore and then a steel maker knows hey there's going to be a market for this even if the steel costs a little more than dirty steel I will have a way to sell it so I can invest in a production line to start producing clean steel it gives them a market they can scale up this drives down the costs as it becomes more available and the costs come down government can ratchet up its purchases maybe you can start buying 10% and then 20% of its steel from these innovative new technologies and then they can break into the primary market and then once they're big enough other technologies financial incentives can come into play and so on so there's an ensemble of policies that can help but green government procurement is a great way to get things started I've mentioned some of the financial policies in passing many of one of my favorites is a green bank because it's self-sustaining it leverages its money to get private lenders to help provide money to innovative industrial firms that want to install clean technology and it's repaid so that the green bank can then go on and help another and another firm without having to get new appropriations from government every year there's R&D support whether that's through technical labs, national labs directly working on something or government funding of research and so on which is in academia as well as dedicated research organizations and in private companies and there's carbon pricing which we have in a number of US states now and many countries around the world I won't read all this this is just breaking down some of those into more specific who in the US has policy making authority over some of those standards and I want to sort of close by looking at a bit of a broader roadmap so if you're starting where we are today and you want to reach a future where you have zero carbon industry where everything is produced without greenhouse gas emissions you can break it down into three broad phases and I use phases rather than specific years because the years vary depending on the country not every country around the world will reach zero carbon industry in exactly the same moment so they'll progress through phases at a bit of a different rate but this so the value here is not about precise timing it's about ordering it's about understanding where the low hanging fruit and which fruit are a bit higher up on the tree so phase one build a new foundation so you want to try to stop investing in brand new shiny fossil fuel burning equipment because industrial equipment has a long lifetime a brand new piece of equipment like an industrial boiler purchase today could last decades and so and climate change is an urgent problem to solve so it's important to start purchasing to start purchasing clean technology as soon as possible and that's stuff like heat pumps and the technologies that we've been discussing so far this is also going to require a lot more electricity because we're shifting from fossil fuels to electricity for a lot of these needs even with the efficiency benefits it's still more electricity than we demand today so we need aggressive investments to expand the grid in transmission and distribution capabilities as well as zero carbon generation sources efficiency is an important part of the puzzle because it makes everything easier, faster and cheaper if you have better energy efficiency you don't need as much great infrastructure you don't need to buy as much electricity everything is easier material efficiency is the same there's a whole section in the book on this but briefly you can obtain a lot of the products you want and have them be just as functional or even better than material intensive products while saving material through clever design practices electrification which was the topic of this talk and then leveraging government support to have a good environment for clean industrial investment R&D support and so on Phase two is when all of these electrified heat technologies are fully commercial across many industries and you want to complete the transition so this is when you can use emission standards efficiency standards and the like to phase out the last remaining stragglers on the combustion related heat and here's where decarbonizing chemical feedstocks and primary steel making start to become the next huge challenges so you're sort of wrapping up the industrial heat challenge and really getting going on the next one that's not to say you don't have to start now with R&D that's the thing about these phases you have to start R&D and demonstration projects for stuff in later phases you start right away and stuff in earlier phases you keep doing we still need energy efficiency and material efficiency in phase two for example but the important changes in phase two are here where you want to start using that clean hydrogen often paired with captured carbon to create your petrochemicals, your methanol, your olefins, your aromatics and so on and from there plastics and fertilizers and all the products we use and then phase three lift everyone toward the finish line so in phase three you're going to be wrapping up that transition to green chemistry and clean primary steel, electrolytic steel or hydrogen based steel some of these technologies that are still in their infancy right now have either by now they've either become commercial and proven themselves or they have ceased to be developed because they didn't meet cost or performance hurdles and those that did become commercial can be scaled up and then what I really want to emphasize for phase three is this third box so we're all in this together and when some of the countries are reaching phase three their most important task is to help other countries that are lagging behind accelerate their progress toward clean industrial technology the book actually has a chapter on equity and human development that talks about financial incentives and other policies that can help get this done so I want to thank you for taking the time to listen to this talk and let you know that there's so much more that I could talk about I could do another 10 of these covering different chapters of the book but if you'd like to learn more and get a 20% off discount code you can find it at zerocarbonindustry.com there's also a pretty nifty animation there well Jeff thanks for summarizing such a great deal of complicated technical information in a clear and understandable way and for giving a very positive talk in terms of what could actually be done to decarbonize the most according to most the most difficult sector to decarbonize nowadays so thanks for the uplifting ending as well so we have plenty of time for questions now because you stayed pretty much on time any questions we usually start with student questions first non-student questions to prime the pump thank you for the great talk since we're calling this zero carbon industry which means zero right so how do you address things like producing cement where the half of the greenhouse guys comes from decomposing from the raw material great question so to give some background cement is made in a cement kiln and a precalciner where cement companies take calcium carbonate rock or limestone they put it into the precalciner and then the kiln along with some other materials and heat it up very hot and that breaks down the calcium carbonate limestone so that carbon comes out as CO2 and then the calcium oxide remains and becomes clinker the main ingredient in cement so suppose you electrify the heat in the cement kiln you're still left with the other source of carbon dioxide emissions you're still left with the CO2 that came from the breakdown of that limestone rock so there are broadly two approaches to dealing with this one is novel cement chemistries that can use input materials with less carbon in them or no carbon in them and the other is carbon capture and sequestration so cement chemistries vary there's a chapter in the book on cement but there's a few approaches that have some of which have lower temperature requirements and have less or even zero carbon in the source materials you can also use slag which is a byproduct of steel making although that would become scarce in a zero carbon industrial future because it's a product of carbon intensive steel making ultimately I think carbon capture will be needed to some degree for cement kilns if you electrify the heat though, that becomes a lot easier one of the challenges of carbon capture is separating the CO2 from combustion exhaust gases when you're burning fossil fuels but if you're not burning fossil fuels you're just breaking down limestone the CO2 that comes out is much more pure which means you don't need all of the energy to separate it and makes capturing carbon quite a bit easier and cheaper are there other questions over on that side so how are we doing I mean if you look at say the factories that have been just created in the last five years new industrial factories steel making, cement making what percentage of them are adhering to these kind of practices and what percentage are going the old routes thank you we're still pretty early in this transition which presents some challenges particularly for the climate and opportunities particularly for VCs and start-ups and researchers that want to get their new technology in the door at the ground floor there are, so for steel making you asked about there are, so one example would be in Sweden where there is a consortium of companies called Hybrid that have built a demonstration plant for making clean steel using zero-carbon hydrogen processes and a company called H2 Green Steel is now constructing the first full-size commercial steelworks using that technology some of these technologies like industrial heat pumps are a little bit further along because there are already a number of facilities that use heat pumps to provide their heat but it's still a minority industrial heat pumps represent well under two percent of the heat pump market and most factories being built today are still coming in with fossil burning technology uh... so uh... there's much to be done oh now we have thanks for the pump priming we have one up there now we have a number of questions thank you for your talk today um... I was wondering about like the introduction to all of the industries you mentioned today so a lot of them focuses on like the point um... emitting sources or like the things that can replace the point emitting sources right for a zero-carbon industry but then on the other hand uh... if we look at the like mobile emitting sources like the transportation sectors whatsoever how are we going to deal with the emissions from that part from uh... the transportation sector and other sectors than industry that are like mobile not like the point emitting sources sure so I'll speak to it briefly although my focus is on the industrial sector uh... so with the transport sector there's i think in my mind the big differences on road and and non-road type modes for on-road vehicle electrification is going to be the most important option here because uh... it's a proven technology it's already rolling out uh... in china more than thirty percent of new vehicle sales are already e v's uh... vehicles referring here to passenger vehicles like cars and s u v's not heavy trucks uh... but heavy trucks are also amenable to electrification when you're getting to uh... and rail of course uh... there's been electric trains for many years without batteries they use third uh... a catenary wire or an electrified third rail uh... for uh... aviation and shipping that's where direct electrification is more challenging and you may need to have sustainable fuels for example made from bioenergy or made from hydrogen other limitations to uh... using this technology to like make up of the electrical grid or even if there's like limited electricity supply in some areas i guess what i'm trying to say is the to change cars for electric vehicles we're gonna need to like double the amount of electricity we we uh... produce other limitations with electricity supply to implement this technology in america and all over the world yeah it's a great question and yes there are limits right now to how much electricity uh... today's grid provides and that includes the power plants that generate clean electricity and the wires and transformers that bring it to the consumers whether that's an industrial facility or vehicles or the like so it will be necessary absolutely to massively increase the grid the uh... book has some estimates of the requirements for industry at least uh... to directly electrify all industrial heating processes uh... in the uh... in the united states or or uh... uh... in the united states anyway uh... it's a it's about double it about uh... it's about enough uh... doubles the amount of uh... grid requirements globally it's a little less i think it's sixty five seventy percent the i forget the exact number uh... and then if you want to make green hydrogen for the feedstocks that will further increase grid requirements beyond the direct electrification so i think this is a key challenge no doubt and a reason that we need to be investing in in expanding and improving the grid even as we roll out these new industrial technologies quick question kind of following up on his uh... how is china doing in all of this because uh... i mean they're such a big part of it but then also their electricity is like a lot more cold based and i don't know if that's going away anytime soon yeah uh... china is increased in incredibly important for the globe and for industry uh... china is interesting because there they're doing a lot on both sides right they're deploying a massive number of renewables win and solar but they also have a lot of cold power plants powering their grid and unfortunately they are still building more even as they are also building uh... huge amount of renewables so uh... and similarly with the vehicles i think i mentioned that thirty over thirty percent of new vehicles or e v's china is the world's largest electric vehicle market they're helping to push that technology forward but when their grid is still cold heavy uh... you may not see the emissions benefits right away uh... so i guess the the real takeaway is that china is complicated and china is large and china is doing a lot on both sides they're doing incredible amounts of good and good investment in these technologies we need and they have incredible know-how with manufacturing that can produce them at scale and drive down their costs in a way that the world will need if we're going to land on clean solutions and meanwhile they still have a lot of cold power plants which they are working on on phasing out and they have announced uh... targets to that effect including a net zero economy wide target by twenty sixty so it's on their radar uh... and and there's much to be done yet thank thanks for a nice overview so many of the devices you describe need relatively rare metals of the minerals for the devices themselves how much would the mining industry need to adapt to these new requirements good question so it was about the use of rare minerals in these technologies rare minerals rare earth metals and and such they most often come up in the context of batteries the kind that store electricity not heat uh... lithium ion batteries and the like many of these technologies whether it's electric resistance heating or electric arcs or heat pumps aren't overly reliant on a lot of rare materials which is a fortunate thing uh... because it makes them more accessible uh... globally uh... that said there are electronics that power these machines and electronics require rare rare earth minerals uh... and then uh... and of course there's batteries uh... so mining tends to be a fairly low energy consumer and a lot of the equipment you use in mining can be electrified drills and things are basically motors and you can replace engines with electrical motors in a fairly straightforward way so in terms of the direct emissions impact of the mining industry uh... it's not that bad it's not that bad even today uh... and it shouldn't be that hard to further decarbonize it uh... i think mining is often in the news either because of other impacts it has maybe on water quality or because the thing that's being mined is coal and coal has its own impacts when you use it hi thanks you talked about policy for lower carbon use in the industry but i was trying to think about how policy overall for lowering greenhouse gas emissions would affect you for example would it make the public are very familiar with electric cars and other use electricity but not industry so much so there's a lot of public policy pushing those things do you see that being an issue and also which which should go first industry changes or electric cars or where's the most effective way of using the slowly increasing amount of low carbon electricity production you're right that industry has not been enough of a focus either in the news media or with policy makers and policy yet uh... in fact that was one of the things that inspired me to write this book so it has been a uh... hindrance to policy makers that want to uh... they may want they may be interested in decarbonizing industry but they think oh it's far too complicated there are dozens of industries that produce millions of kind of products using countless processes do i have to have uh... uh... a bunch of engineers tell to understand all that before i can do any type of meaningful policy uh... and the answer fortunately is no you can classify things and find cross-cutting technologies that work and also a few industries are disproportionately important the steel cement chemicals suit so there's ways to get at this that really cut through the complexity and this book is intended to be that roadmap that helps uh... understand exactly that the other part of the question was about what comes first uh... cars or industry or other things uh... i uh... i think uh... maybe this is unsatisfying but my answer is we have to do all of those things and none of them should be waiting on the others so i think it's important to accelerate decarbonization of transport and the grid because you need to be the cleaning up the power that all these technologies are relying on but if you wait until the grid is clean before you start buying electrified industrial equipment then you're delaying the start of those purchases by years or decades and then you're locking in you know that shiny new industrial machine that burns fossil fuel will then run for ten or twenty more years even past when the grid has become clean so it's better to get those in place now even if the grid is still dirtier so that as the grid cleans up the machines become cleaner automatically uh... so really it's it's it's gotta be uh... all at once any other questions actually had two very short ones since you're an advisor to the administration i do think public visibility of these technologies will probably be seen if you agree with this enhanced by the creation of massive amounts of jobs to build the infrastructure to actually produce uh... the energy in this way the use is that what you hear and talking to the administration it seems like uh... in the evening news every week we have new openings old smokestack manufacturing areas that feature technologies like this it might be so far mostly in the EV space but i think this kind of technology steel making you know that was kind of backbone when i was young was one of the backbones of the development of u.s manufacturing yeah so industry is an incredibly important source of of jobs often high quality jobs and it is a focus of of this administration uh... and among others among other countries and and and other administrations to preserve american jobs and and and create high quality jobs were in whichever country uh... the policy makers represent uh... so uh... the good thing about this transition is that it can stand to create jobs and help promote uh... economic strength so this as as you can tell from all this discussion of the new technologies the great expansion it requires a lot of investment in new capital equipment and maintenance of that equipment spending in an economy generally translates into jobs as those that money gets paid to people who then re-spend it on things and so on and in particular shifting the spending from fossil fuels to these other things to great expansion and electricity purchases will generate more jobs for one thing uh... fossil fuel fuel industries have a fairly low labor intensity so every of the dollar you spend uh... a higher share of it goes to non-labor things uh... you know large amounts of capital equipment and and tankers and whatnot that are piloted by a small number of people uh... and then uh... even though the u.s is such a large oil and gas producer we still import uh... fossil fuels so a significant share of that money also goes overseas uh... so the this transition can be a large job creator uh... and if you're going to invest in something domestically there's hardly anything that makes more jobs than productive equipment like industrial machinery because it boosts the productivity of workers and eliminates for instance health impacts from uh... particulates which cause thousands of of deaths and countless illnesses every year in the united states which aside from being important from a moral and humanitarian standpoint also has a drain on the economy so uh... i think it there is a the important message is that this can be done in a way that makes the country stronger in terms of jobs and it's and it's financial and gdp astounding uh... that uh... let's thank jeff one last time for a great talk in the audience for a great quest thank you all so much for coming


What I'm trying to do is a tip and watch out for the new Patrick Runley, want to update the Aussie dollar here on the daily time frame. We have a deep pullback corrective move into the 72-20 area. I haven't been able to push any lower here and we're starting to look like we're catching a bid. We've got momentum sitting right at support as well here on the trend line. So what I'm looking for now is a break through the pivot cluster here, monthly pivots 72-80, WT 73. Through there, look for a move up to the 74 handle and then pullback should be supported into the back into the 73 for another extension to the upside to ultimately challenge the monthly range resistance 75-40 and the structural resistance at 75-60. As always, try this plan the trade, try the plan and most importantly manage your risk. Until next time, thanks very much.