All right, let's begin. Let me say hello to everybody and welcome you. I'm Brian Alexander I'm the forums cat herder creator and host and also today and usually I get to be our guest So let me just ask very quickly For those of you who have access to the chat room if you just quickly in the chat say hello and where you're coming in from today For example, I'm coming to you from Manassas, Virginia While you do that I'll introduce the program and then get to the fun. So this is the Future Trends forum I think I recognize everybody here. I think every one of you has been to this before But for those who haven't been for a while, let me give you a little bit of background And for those who are gonna be listening to this on the YouTube recording Let me just give you a little bit of an introduction. So first of all the forum is a conversation-based program This is all about discussions about the future of higher education Typically, we have some great guests and we get to discuss with them Their vision of where higher education could be going We often do this in the company of dozens of people if not hundreds like yourselves We get to ask questions and to share thoughts Now the forum is part of a whole series of projects called the Future of Education Observatory And that includes the forum. It also includes the monthly FTT e-report Includes a blog, a book club and more than that So if you're new to it, just go to FutureofEducation.us and you can learn more Just a quick question, too. Can everybody hear me? Okay. Just let me know in the chat if If my audio is okay. Now if nobody's saying anything Maybe the chat maybe the audio isn't that good Okay, well sounds like it's still going Let me thank some of our sponsors and then dive into today's unusual session So first of all, I wanted to thank NizerNet from New York State This is a non-profit that helps that state's colleges and universities Get a line with broadband internet and do great things with each other We are really proud of the work they do and delighted that can help sponsor us We're also really grateful to Schindig because as you all know Schindig is available This technology that we're using now. So today I have to say that we are going to be using this in a few ways One is I'm going to be showing you some stuff visually so we'll get a chance to see them But also you'll get a chance to ask me questions about this crazy book And I would love to bring as many of you up on stage as possible Now the stage is where I am. This is where this Slide is just for a moment. We can have several of us up here discuss In order to ask your questions and raise your comments, you can just Use either on the two major buttons on the bottom of the screen. There's a white strip running along it You'll see second from left and third from left are buttons the question mark and a raised hand If you click the raised hand that tells me that you want to join us up here on stage In effect, just to make it even easier There's a little teal colored box up here right now And if you press that they should bring you up on stage right away And if you don't want to do that or if you can't just use the question mark A type in a question comment as Tom Tobin already did and thank you Tom much appreciate it Um, if you also want to tweet about this just use the hashtag And you can use that to keep the conversation going intertwined with that social media platform We're really grateful this thing that for making this technology available And i'm also especially delighted and grateful to our supporters on patreon There's about a hundred people there who contribute as little as a dollar a month to keep the lights on And you can see here from the slide people who give ten dollars a month We really appreciate that we can't do it without you as you'd like to join them Just go to patreon.com slash brian elixander Now I mentioned before that a typical session involves a brilliant guest Hundreds if not or dozens of you in a conversation Well today is a little different instead of a brilliant guest you have me And the reason is because I have just published a new book And I wanted to use this time to share the book with you all To get your thoughts and to also thank you for your help in making it possible So the book is called academia next It just appeared from the awesome johns hopkins university press If you'd like to look at a copy online or order a copy Below me on the left edge of the screen There should be two buttons one for the official press and one for an amazon link pressing either those will pop up a page So that you can poke around and If you want order a copy or two we'd be delighted to hear that So let me just move this out of the way And say just what I'd like to do for the next half hour I'd like to tell you a little bit about the book so you can get a sense of what it does where it came from And I'd also like to have some fun. So by fun. I mean I have two different copies of the book right here Which I can give away to the first people who would like to have them In fact, I will try to randomize that Um, so I can pick them out And for those of you who are looking at clothing, we have the first two ever academia next Ready to go Uh, steven if you'd like to join us you might want to point your camera at your fair face Uh, right. No, I can't see it. I can see your desktop and some wires. I think Really?  How can that be? Well, steve if you do it, do you want to just uh, do you want to just refresh the screen and um, and try that? Because if that will help So you still can't see you No, no luck so far Okay We'll try that again Now while I pry this loose, let me just tell you a little bit about the book Giving introduction to it. Um, I explain what it's about And then I would love to hear your questions and thoughts. Um, if you'd like I'd be happy to summarize key parts Um, if you want I could read key parts if you'd like, but I'd rather talk about it and hear it from you Um, so the whole idea of the book is to give us a sense of where higher education is headed Over the next roughly 15 years. Now the focus is on the united states in part. Hang on a second There we go. There we go. I think this is the first ever Live toast that we've done on the future trends for Cheers to you all Ah, steven, there you are And your sound is gone. Um, I don't see you muted on this side Now it looks like you've got good output. Uh, good signal strength. No, I still can't hear you at all Okay So if any of you in the audience right now have, um, any Drinks of your own or any treats, please indulge and join me Um, I would like to thank you all and propose a toast to you all for helping Make this book possible Almost every one of you has contributed your thoughts your comments your feedback and your good wishes And to all of you, I thank you looks like this are impossible without friends like you So to begin the idea of the book, um It took form about 10 years ago as I started my uh full-time research in the future of education technology and I wanted to give A deep dive into where all this could be headed And one of the problems I ran into was that the field was so large There were so many moving parts that it was impossible to do briefly So I began with the future trends in technology and education report FTE and documenting these through a horizon scan going back right now about 10 years Um, and that's the first part of academia next the first five chapters are a detailed detailed look at all these trends reshaping higher education Uh everything from demographics and economics to individual technologies to educational technologies enrollment policy Change is that how higher education is financed It looks through all those in great detail The idea there is to try to find as much concrete evidence from the present as many signals of the future Embedded and embedded in the present thing as we could Okay, steven try to talk now I am trying to talk Hey success and I can successfully hear you I just Set up a brand new computer today. So Some of the regular stuff wasn't working Like you thought I'm not seeing you at the moment, but that's a separate issue entirely Uh, can you hear me? I hear you perfectly. Okay. Um, and everybody else Uh, can you let me know if you can see me? Um In fact, uh, tell you what, um Let's see Even just to make sure so we can be on the same page Let me just try one thing all the right there for a sec. Yep Okay, am I both visual and audio? Ah, there you are Hey, now we're both on the same page. Exactly. I'm quite literally. Well, welcome Um, and thanks for coming.  Um, uh in these programs. I really appreciate it Oh, it's always my pleasure I have utterly no idea what to say, but it's always my pleasure Well, you have so much to say That's true. I think I think everybody here knows, uh, you're splendid. Oh, well daily Uh, which is just one of the essential risk conditions for anybody's like you about education technology or education So I got a question I have a burning question. I always have this question But I rarely get the chance to actually put it to the relevant post person in question Why a book? Why a dead tree version of your words that I can't link to in my newsletter? No, it's a good question. That's a really good question. Um, a few reasons one is that, um For every person like you or I um, who wants to have the digital version to You know to remix to link to to highlight and so on There are other people in this potential audience who prefer the dead tree from that Um, we just said we're about that by audience the intended audience is basically everybody involved in higher education So students faculty librarians administrators as well as people directly adjacent to that So for example state government leaders trustees people in companies foundations nonprofits who are interested in higher education or adjacent to it Um and Believe me, you know, they even I produce lots of digital content like what we're doing right now But I also it's a kind of bystacle approach. Um, I also have to address the people who would prefer to get this So that's one of these the second is that, um This had to be long It's had to be book length because there's so much work in it and you can make digital content of that link Yeah, but most of the time many many people really prefer to snack Digitally Just just so you know, I don't know if other people are having this experience, but you're sounding like you're underwater right now Um, let me know from chat people if um if so I can actually switch to a different Room just about 10 feet over here. If that's a problem Yeah, um sounds regular to everybody else. So My bandwidth or where it's canada that uh, just to be sure though is on some Yeah But uh, no to be fair this is available in digital form. Um, this is available in two books Um, so uh, john's huckings is very good about having both of those Well, I saw that Um, and that leads me to my second question Your ebook costs the same as the regular book So How does that happen? Oh, you'd have to talk to the publisher like that The pricing is something that I have The control over I mean I can speak generally to ebook pricing And the different models of it No, in fact the editor for john's hopkins was here. He's in the airport heading to a flight So this is the awesome and wonderful editor greg britain if you want to text chat him And say hi to him and ask him about that Um, but other than that seriously, I would just ask the press why One one more thing if I could if I could say it Both you and I steven baseman visual evidence love books I guess I It seems like an odd sort of line a question and give him my backdrop It's literally your backdrop and uh And I love writing books. This is my third. It's a force that you can if you count second edition of my first and It's a lifelong dream to my books Yeah, I love books, uh, although to be honest, I haven't read A paper book in a number of years now and uh, although, you know, I still haul them off the shelf. This is The most recent Some things never go away, right? This, uh, rust coughs. I hear you Oh, no, I said, how is it? Oh, it's it's a great book. I read it when it came out like 20 years ago Okay, your pages are yellowed now But yeah, it was a great book Influential on me I guess that's the sort of effect you're intending to have with your book like, uh, the whole idea of You know contents using content online as surfing and all of that That came from that book for me anyways the you know, so and and just the idea of responding to uh, chaotic and unpredictable phenomenon the way a surfer would where you don't memorize everything at a time you just give it an environment and you Do the wave I love video That was in Siberia. Um So I carried that with me ever since so that's a plug for someone else's book I'm sorry about that. Okay. I I appreciate this and uh, um I'm trying to get like to be a guest in the program so, um After drilling you a bit, perhaps Let me let me ask a more softball question What would be the one thing that I should take from your book? You in particular or the audience in general? Let's say the audience in general because I'll be you know, I'll find something really weird on page 197 Every every reader is different. Yeah And uh, a key thing to take away is that it's really important to think about higher education From a future oriented perspective And that is to think about the future being different in the past in certain ways And to be really open to all those possibilities And that's actually surprisingly hard to do A great deal of discussion for future education is really Grounded in more of the same And when people say same they often mean 95 So, okay, let me press a bit on that. What if it's not the same? What is it? Well, there are a lot of differences And one of the things I do and you can see this in the subtitle of the book is the future's plural higher education Is to look at a series of different possibilities for where it can go And again, the focus for this volume is largely on the united states Because a it's a huge huge field B it's globally significant And c I had to keep this down to one book right now I'm quite serious about doing a future of higher education project. That's just um Something that's a lot larger to do But one thing is to think about the size and shape of higher education That is we may have overbuilt The number of institutions so that we will have to reduce them Either through closures or merger for some other whole transformation It may also include changing the number of students The number of students in the world in us higher education has gone down Last eight years. So it's possible that we're just shrinking I have a scenario for this called peak higher education And maybe that we're on the downhill side of peak The second is to think about what happens when the majority of students are taking classes online However, we measure that I mean if it's the majority taking all classes online or a mix That's an interesting milestone to think about When face-to-face becomes On a path with online or becomes secondary Another way to think about this or fix me optimistic Is to think about this in terms of more international higher education Except for two countries in the world Higher education is more international I don't mean that in a vague general sense of globalism I mean that we have on the on the student side We have more and more movement across international borders You think about the european higher education area, which is a tremendous tremendous way of Of living motion. We also have the research side more more international collaboration, especially in the sciences And we're also seeing lots and lots of countries and regions building up and bulking up their higher capacity Just notably china And I think this is amazing. I think what for two countries? The united kingdom and u.s. Have backed away from this over the past two or three years Most other countries aren't quite following this possibly hungry although Their influence is pretty small because they're much more a small nation But it's possible that we will see Just a much more transnational for higher education That's for example, when you think about mooks set aside everything about much for one second usually No nation in why I saw the first few years of mooks. Usually no one nation dominates But so think about this if you're thinking classes online And that you know you are in a national minority This is not surprising for small nations, but it can be shocking to the country like the United states Think about you might think about the physical campus there and that there's no national plurality or no national majority What a fascinating thing that could be so that's another difference to bear in mind um I in the last part of the book Or let me back a little bit Stephen answer this and The first part of the book looks at trends and so the first book is very very present oriented the first part of the book Looks the present It establishes this battery of trends the second part of the book that extends those in the future Partly by extrapolation of part of the generic scenarios And if you're if you're new to scenarios friends Scenarios a story about the future where one or two trends powerfully reshapes at the time And each of the trends is based on each of those scenarios rather is based on something that's quite Most dramatic augmented campus Where we have a mix of virtual reality and augmented reality that reshapes on a physical campus looks And that may be too extreme for the next five years I don't think so. I think technically it's quite feasible, but that gives you a very different shape of campus I those are a few a few ways. Does that give you a start to answer? Yeah, that's a start. Uh I've always read lots of this future of stuff and of course, I've seen I look here one model in your wine glass Uh And I've always considered the scenarios approach to be a bit of a cop out You know looking at the future and you don't just give us one feature you give us four Uh, or I see him. It's four. Is it usually four? uh, this case, uh, they're actually Seven scenarios seven. Um, plus a chapter of extrapolations Plus a chapter looking, um beyond 20 30 So that's you're really failing to predict the future that is seven different possibilities. Um, so What what what are we supposed to do with that for seven different futures? How do you plan for that? Um, one of the things you do there are a lot of things to do One of them is the simple first order effect that I hope Is like I said before getting people to imagine the future This is like it's like the experience of reading science fiction You know it opens your imagination And that's one key thing that I want to say The second is that the process of all this again What I have all these trends is to get campuses as well as libraries and museums governments To start doing their own futures work I want them to do their own horizon scan their own trends analysis See what's shaping that future for them and then that opens them up to strategic planning So they can start thinking about what kind of student they should anticipate in 10 years or how publishing will change And again, this this is plural because I don't believe in predicting a single unique area future. I think that's a that's a do game Um, this is really a cognitive event There are a few other people who want to join us. Yeah And in fact You can kick me off if you want I will at some point But let me welcome she'll catch Hi, brian. I'm looking forward to reading the book. Can you hear me perfectly? You sound very good. Thank you I like to to take you from um scenarios and ask you a little bit about analogies And um, I'm maybe you talk about in the book a lot of the discussions about the future of the academy um, try to analogize to other industries, whether it's Information industries like newspapers and publishing or other sort of intrinsically high labor organizations like orchestras that have some of the same labor Uh, some some of the same bone models disease that higher education or disrupted industries like cabs and uber So which of any of those analogies or others do you find even remotely useful to be thinking about what's happening? of with academia next That's a terrific question. And by the way, uh, phil was a great guest Talking about the councilman in pen and colleges a wonderful inter-campus humanities teaching program and the c i c is a great group. It's just tremendous for Um extra in your tech this week. Oh very good. Thank you. Um, the uh I resisted a lot of analogies because uh They really seem to break down pretty quickly the newspaper analogy for example um, I did come up with one and uh When I realized this analogy, I almost gave up the entire project Um, and that analogy was to healthcare Um, and it's specifically specifically to american healthcare. Um, So in general, there's a similarity with healthcare and that we're talking about providing for the care Very human intensive. Um, you know, all kinds of interesting issues of gender professionalization Definitely bomo's cost disease. So by the way, I'm sorry. If you haven't heard the term bomo's cost disease That's created by two economists bomo and bowen Um, and the idea is that there's some fields of economics where you cannot speed up and uh, without ruining what you're doing Um, so you're thinking about fast food does provide food whatever you think I think about factories. We're sure able to produce more content But brain surgery you don't want to speed up because it would be bad for you String quartet is often used for example in higher education. We have yet to find a way that could actually speed up like that So just we can talk more about that if you like that's that's more for most diseases But uh, healthcare suffers from that as well. Um, what made me so depressed was that both in in the us The financial structure, uh for both higher education and And healthcare have a lot in common. Um, they're both very very opaque You know, if you if you head into an emergency room We're not the price And if you go to have a surgery done You're not sure of what you're going to pay until after the insurance is done with it And even if it is done with it, you can still do more Higher education is similarly opaque. We don't have Students will have insurance, but here's the whole question of discounting. Uh, which is very very tricky Our prices change And then there's also the amount of debt involved in both sides Wow, which is extremely powerful In the us the affordable care act did trim Some of the more extraneous horrible parts of medical debt, but it's still is still an issue and this this depressed me You know hoping to find an analogy to something like, you know, um superman or something, but uh But that's That would be great. We're working on it man. We're working But uh, let me put let me push you think about analogies on the biggest level Is there something not useful to think about higher education as a consumer good? Is that an analogy that Yeah, an analogy. Is it a reality? Is it something helpful to think with? Uh, or is that fit into the category of the other analogies that you've just said didn't didn't seem terribly useful to think with Um, I think it's fun to consider Higher education as a consumer service Um, but one problem is we often think about it as a consumer good and it's important to make that distinction Um, but also if you think about it in terms of consumer Economics then that that leads to a whole series of of lines of thought that may be productive So you can think about say the the criticism of the modern university being too corporate too business Sorry, you could follow that path or you could follow the path of students as consumers And what does that mean instead of path to go down or you can talk about for example The financialization of American higher education Um, and and that's another path to follow. So I think I think the consumer part there is it is quite useful That that's all I have I think you have enough sort of white guys with facial hair up here right now So you can you can let me go back to my seat. Well, you're attending room It's great to see you Phil. Thank you We have a few other people who actually have questions up here. Um, so let me just pop some of these questions on the screen So We can toss them around from the awesome thomas toben in wisconsin or it's tuesday wisconsin He asks what is the most challenging area to explore as you are writing the book? You know, we can get back up again, uh, just because I expected you quickly. Um, that's a that's a very kind question. Um, I think, um Part of it was the sheer scope of technology Um, it's not rapidly grew out of proportion simply because technology Advances very very quickly, but there are also so many contours to it so many outlines And uh, I was having to vote more and more time to that and I I think I ended up cutting off stuff But I would have liked to write more about but that really began at blue So I had to do some if I'm going to medical metaphor I had to do some serious triage in that area That's a good question. Thank you We had a question from Steve Covello in, uh, New Hampshire Let me just put this up and they just say again, it's great to have people from almost Online enrollment in campus tech and campus culture. I don't know Steven because I haven't read the article But I will do it now after this session And try and find out more that is from the awesome matt reed dean dad He's been a guest in the program and one of the best commentators in community colleges online. Just a really great guy Thank you for your point of view Speaking of good friends. We have me so, uh Maybe brian isn't here anymore or maybe it's just me up tag. I'm it so okay, so Uh, while we're waiting for brian, did I just oh there he is Did I just blank out for a second? Yeah, you did That's okay. I was already to take over for you. I could imagine you would. Uh, did you all see my question from joellen? For about a second. Okay. Let me bring this back up Joellen asked to pay attention to various sectors and sub sectors Uh, which is a great question. Um, and since uh, and just for everybody's Knowledge joellen is a great friend. Uh, she led the national institute for technology and liberal education for years I worked for her on that which is a privilege and a great learning experience Um, she's now with the councilman independent colleges where she does great stuff there Um, and just a wonderful person and an inspiration for me Uh, this question is about sub sectors and different and this is a Stephen, this is another reason why this is a book length project. Um, you think about 4,400 institutions in the united states and they're extraordinarily diverse in terms of everything their public nature and private nature Their scale the mission some of them were secular someone were religious and religious ones have just incredible numbers of sects Uh, I mean it's really extraordinary Almost unique part of global higher education And so I have to keep slicing and dicing this into different areas So one of the things I I one of the demarcations is geographical We've talked about demographics in this program before The demographic changes sweeping the world are very very important in the united states. They're very uneven So the northeast and the south the southeast Um are suffering a serious decline in Children they're aging rapidly Whereas we have a sector stretching roughly from texas to the dakotas Which nathan grah another previous guest in the program Suscribed as fertility alley I was in idaho working with the university there and the the locals said we do something that the rest of the country has Forgot how to do we make babies and and and that's quite true But that that demographic impetus among other things Has a huge huge impact on a lot of colleges and universities In that it starts to draw down the number of 18 year olds So colleges and universities that serve that population are going to be fighting each other more directly It also the longevity aspect means we have to rethink adult education And possibly rethink how we approach teaching and otherwise serving senior citizens Now so this problem is not so great for those in the infertility alley. That's one demarcation A second is to break out private and public As the awesome chris newfield has established The united states has systematically defunded public education for the past 30 or 40 years And that's been a major major factor in reshaping how public universities and colleges succeed Myla modder is a former president James duterstat said famously He used to describe the university of michigan as a state supported institution Then he changed it to a state located institution. Now. We call it a state molested institution And and this is this is funny But also telling because it means that public universities have now really pushed hard on On privatization in all kinds of ways. It means the faculty and staff are encouraged in more entrepreneurial It means students go into more and more debt It changes the politics of relations between universities and state governments And that's very very different public i'm trying from private universities and colleges Which is about one third of higher education or a different realm So then a little further as the debt crisis gets more and more daunting and frightening to more and more people We see the rise of free public education That happens the states like the tennessee promise or new york state with the excelsior program Which then splits again that divide between A deep into the divide between private and public universities and colleges So that those are other areas you can you can pull out We can go still further you think about catholic universities Which are facing problems mostly due to the terrible ongoing specter of child sex abuse campus And so this is forcing a lot of catholic universities to think about how they can attract students In an era where this is becoming more and more horrifying Think as well about say religious institutions on the protestant side Which are trying to market themselves to a demographic that is decreasingly affiliated with religions You think about liberal arts colleges and universities, which is very dear to your heart to all that money And these have the advantage of in many ways giving us the best preparation for the 21st century Since they teach us to code switch across multiple domains to think synthetically in an interdisciplinary way The downside is people often associate liberal arts with the humanities And in the united states the humanities enrollment is just collapsing across the nation So that makes them a little less appealing I I slice and dice this in many ways and I could go on one one more note nationwide Like many countries united states is seeing a deepening divide between urban and rural populations And this is occurring in multiple levels including infrastructure age economics and politics And so it may be that rural colleges and universities are having a harder and harder time attracting students Whereas urban or urban area College universities have a better time Um, it may be that we're just going to start to empty out the countryside There's a great great biologist eo wilson who proposes that we should We should devote half of the land mass of human civilization completely to nature And uh, obviously do it with the countryside I don't know if we're heading that way But we're we're starting down that path and that has a lot of implications for how you support All these colleges universities Friends, I've got steven on here and I'll let him down gently because he's been lovely to talk to Let me thank you for coming steven I know we should have the reverse of a star trek sun What I'd like to do right now before we have even more questions is I would like to Give away a couple of these books for free to everybody else who's uh, who is interested So let me do this this way. I've got a list of everybody who has checked in um, and what I'm going to do is Pick people out by a random number and if you are still here, I will give you A shout out and you can just let me know Your mailing address and I can ship you the book right after our session is concluded So let's see We have two copies of the book And the first one I have is to Clow castellanus. Are you here? Well, I'm going to put you down Clow and um, and if I'm mispronouncing your name or misreading it from the spreadsheet, please let me know I don't see clow. So let me get another number How about Now we're down to Eric ruckman. Are you here, Eric? Let me see I will try and bring in Eric and send him a copy after this And I like to give away a t-shirt So these are all extra large White with the whole book covered lovely design from johns hopkins university press And the first person that I can pick from that is Number five who is Stephen airman Are you there, Stephen? I hope so I can send you a t-shirt right after this and steven. You can let me know Where I should send it to I'm going to hold off on one more book and one more shirt as we continue Um, but we have questions. They're still coming up and I want to bring these up here um, so we have a question from uh kelvin bentley. Oh great guy. Good to see you man Uh, kelvin asks what percentage of colleges and universities will suffer a clean sacrifice of some sort or form mergers and Uh, kelvin, uh, so he's referring to a model. I've been putting out called the queen sacrifice Which refers to when a college in university Gets rid of tenured and tenure-track faculty The metaphor is from chess I use it to describe Tenured faculty in the sense that they are the most powerful piece on the chess board of academia in that they have governance roles they have often higher compensation they have tenure and usually they are the last to be axed in In cuts that they can be either when an institution requires financial exigency or when an institution removes program or decreases a major Right now, I think the percentage of this has been pretty low something like one or two percent But I could see that rising to five or even 10 percent. Um, it's not widely reported Sometimes colleges and universities try and do this without much publicity, which is kind of understandable Um, but I would not be surprised to see 10 percent doing a queen sacrifice in terms of closures and mergers Um, right now numbers are relatively low, but things are a bit edgy I could see that going as high as five percent, especially in areas with very very low demographics and low demand for higher education Good question. Thank you Um, and we have a another great question from tom Tom hams and I want to bring tom up on stage because I always do And because tom is a good friend and someone I like to torment a lot Tom can you hear us? Okay. Yeah, I can hear you fine You're at the institute right now, aren't you? Yes. I've been institutionalized Well, I'm not going to touch that line with the 10-foot euphemism. Um Um You asked a great question now. What is the good that education is selling and what is the good that health care is selling? Um, it's coming from your earlier discussion. No, it's a nice link. Um, it's a really really good question Uh, for me higher education is if you will selling Um, and we do sell um because we do have market transactions a series of goods The biggest two goods, um are clearly learning In the form of teaching and learning the form of research Um, and those are kind of the two incontestable ones that we're best known for now Those are as joellen pointed out unevenly distributed because we have different sectors So we don't expect a lot of research from say for example Community colleges. We don't expect a lot of research or any research from agents Which are the majority that preponderance of faculty in the united states Um, but those two, um, nevertheless as a whole are I think what we are vending There are also a few more things How do you measure that? I mean the the reason I ask the question is that You know, what is the health care system selling? Is it health? You know, or is it treatment? Right, and those are those are two distinct things because You know, unless you have a you know, most most of the time the health care system is selling treatment Um, occasionally your doctor will give you some advice on on Things you can do to remain healthy or to be healthier But usually it's uh, it's after the fact in a and a uh palliative for you know, what ails you I think there's a similar there's a similar problem with with education in that, um, you know Are we selling treatment or are we selling? State of being and it's a little different from health care in that sense, but equally hard to measure in my opinion um The the treatment is easier to measure because it's so self contained That you know, you can look at a clinic You can look at a person at home taking medication or a person in the hospital And you can isolate that and they're designed to be isolated And and you can do the same thing with teaching and with research You know, you can you have final exams you have Professional exams as well as being able to track research through We're measuring there what not necessarily how educated they are but but how well they take those exams Well, quite true quite true and you could say as well that uh, how well people respond to treatment directly to radiation For example, right. Well, not dying is a good mark Well, you'd think we do have a disturbed a lot of deaths by accidents in in uh, um in health care The problem is once we step out and say, okay. Well, we we want to produce knowledge And learning for example in society then you can you can try to measure the total amount of learning in a given nation But two big problems occur one is that It's a nightmarish problem. No one agrees on the different parts of it. I mean for example the Uh, I'm just blanking the name of it. There's a math and reading test that uh international test That just came out a couple of months ago I'm sorry pizza. Yes a peaceful. Thank you. Um, and that still is controversial I I think it's the best one we've got but it's still very hard to measure um, and the second problem with that is um inputs are now huge Um, so it's the same again with health care And we can measure the the health of a nation at once these two problems as well for weight We use bmi which is almost widely hated and derided and still used throughout medicine And the number of inputs are just insane. You know, do you You know, is it the television watching alter either of these what about of physical health? How does that impact? Learning there was a great story a couple of weeks ago about a school in los angeles where they kind of accidentally replaced an air filter And up the test scores of students So how do you data that shows things like sunlight has a major impact on things like Or the time of day you give the tests Yeah And so these are all things that that come into play there too. No, I mean the point I'm trying to make, you know You know the point I'm trying to make is that it's it's it's hard You know, we don't produce a car at the end of our process You know, we can't point to the fact that we've built 50 000 forwards or something like that Um, we produce graduates, but whether or not those graduates are capable of doing anything is is yet to be determined I think no, that's a good point And this is one that's that's very very hard to solve Thank you. Um, thank you for asking that. Um, it's one way to think about and this may be through either of us um another research project to explore when we were both When you're finished with your current one and um My next one this weekend this weekend Let me know We have um another question up here from Amanda Burbage. So let me bring Amanda up on stage Hello, Amanda. Hey, Brian and everybody. I'm glad to be joining the conversation. I am really excited about the book You can't wait to read it. Thank you And um, I want to ask you a thousand questions, but the one I'm going to ask you while I'm on the podium is How does your uh, how do your future scenarios? relate to That's a fantastic question um, and you know how uh, I mentioned before how I had this problem of Cutting back. Um, so you don't have to meet yourself. We can keep talking, right? You know, I mentioned how I had to cut back on on technology and how I couldn't talk about international higher education fully Um, this is a part of the problem I love history and I have a degree in history and I wanted to see so much in my history But then greg my editor would never have spoken to me again. It would have been an eight volume work. Um, so I Partly I reached back into recent history to pull out a few things. So for example In our lifetime, I think the lifetime of everybody involved in this conversation Um higher education has expanded Uh in every measure, you know, the number of institutions the number of students the number of people working institutions And that's a great thing. I mean we have more people with more learning Tom caution is about measuring it, but we can we see that experience we can count that um Now in so you can look back into us for about 1982 to about 2012 we had this long boom There's continuous growth, which is very exciting. Um, well about 2012 it stopped growing and has actually gone down a bit ever since Um, and that's a real caution. So I would think back how have we dealt with this in the past? You know, what kind of crisis have we gone through and it turns out in the late 70s and early 80s We among other things, you know, tried to reinvent parts of higher ed to try to be more sustainable um I I I go back to the past for all kinds of things. There's a great book about The populist movement in the 1890s. So, you know, we say we have a populist moment now But you actually have capital p populist party. Um, and that sees control democratically of state governments, which then we're able to control public universities It's fascinating to see how how they change their curriculum and we see echoes of that now um I I also looked at the past for inspiration um The land grant universities were invented um by a law passed um and led by a vermont senator just in moral during the american civil war And that that just flabbergasted me every time I think of it, you know, you're fighting this Epic brutal horrific nearly total war in the meantime of that you say, well, Let's reinvent higher education. My god. What what version, you know, to be able to do that. I think that's just So I yes, I keep thinking in the past and and when you mention the sins of the father is one more aspect of that And one thing that I've been tracking is is the persistent and horrendous problem of racial inequality in higher education And now we're seeing that take a more historical turn where we have colleges and universities like like georgetown and rine work That are trying to settle with the past by doing forms of reparations. For example our scholarships So that's it. That's a great question. Thank you so much. We have a few more questions popping up And uh, let me just grab these here. Uh, so there's one from uh, Ah joshua kim Um, which is always good to hear from him Um, he has a new book that he's co-op that's coming out too. I'm looking forward to having him on the program Would you recommend that your kids pursue a career in higher education? If so, which one? It's a good question and a personal one. Um I could get very personal about my children and and their interests and their work And I I kind of want to hold back from that in respect of their privacy Um, so I'll be a little abstract Partly depends on their interest and what they're working on and what their aptitude is Um, so may be that for one of my children Um, it may be that working in higher education institution Actually is a good fit for him in certain ways Um, again, I hate to be cryptic, but I'm trying to respect his privacy Um And may be for him the museum world is actually a good fit Um, but not for my uh, not for my daughter. Um, uh her temperament and her interest really lead in different places Um, I would really hesitate before recommending anybody become a faculty member at this stage um, one of the trends that I tracked and the uh The dedication of a book is about this. Um, is that in the united states we have turned our labor force into Temps majority of faculty are part-time adjuncts. So the dedication of my book Is to adjuncts I say to all adjunct faculty who do more than anyone with less than anyone to build the future of higher education And for people who can do the adjunct life people who are independently wealthy or who Don't need to do so for economic reasons because they have another career Bravo to them. Uh, and to all the adjuncts This is a heroic and criminally mistreated group of people Um, but I would hesitate before sending anyone down my path That's a good question um And uh, we have another question from the awesome rock sand So let me put this up here rock sand risk and ask if I could talk about climate challenges and technological trends including vr conferences. Um, so um before I Oh gosh, there's so much to say about that Climate change is my next topic one that i'm working very hard on Um, and that's going to possibly be a book. Um in the near future Because climate change hits us in a few different angles. There's the physical plant angle That is how many campuses worldwide are faced with either rising water or desertification How many campuses also have to reconfigure their physical plans in order to become more carbon neutral? Either because they want to or because of political pressure either internally or externally How will curriculum change? Um as we try to Make our our campuses Approach the climate emergency. So what fields will expand in which will contract? How will pedagogy change? Um, how will we change the physical way we do business in terms of travel? Well, we have fewer academic conferences will study abroad decrease. Uh, these are some of the questions we have to deal with right now um speaking of which um Involved in the conversation right now is the awesome trend batsom Who has just published an e-book on this very topic called the last humans and trend if you want to put your The url to that um in the chat box. That'd be great to see and rock sand and Trent You guys should definitely know each other. You're almost neighbors. I think That's a really great question now in order to uh Fulfill my promise to give away things I'm going to give away two more items one more t-shirt I will do this to another person picked at random from our list of guests So that will go to What looks like henry edda has on more Henrietta, are you here? Let me go over to our list of folks and see if I can bring her in Don't see her on this right now. I'm going to follow up with her right afterwards And then one more buck. Let's see who gets to have the last book for this We have one more random number generator. Thank you google The book goes to Stephen Crawford Good for you, man We're going to email all of you guys make sure I get your physical address and ship these out Oh, by the way, I promised uh I promised uh silly hats and I didn't get to put mine on yet. So let me just do that And venessa, let me see if we can get you on venessa Venessa, how's your broadband? Can you hear and see us? I'm I'm anchored on the hot on a hot spot. I anchored my phone is a hot spot and that seems to be working better Excellent. Good to see you Well, I just wanted because of the occasion I wanted to come up and say congratulations in person and I've already ordered my book, you know So I don't have to feel bad about not getting a free one There's a 40 off sale At drown hopkins grab it. No. Yes I to be honest I don't know if I would have bought if it wasn't on sale because I was going like oh, no I don't know about that, but I ordered it and um, I I I I want to tell you just how much I I appreciate your dedication Thank you as a as a retired as a retired adjunct in bad health I appreciate that. I I've been I really admire how you've been with us since the beginning Do you remember our first encounter? No, you don't I you were I guessed Person at somebody's uh seamook that's one of those back when everybody was doing their own seamook Yes, and you came on as a sort of like we're going to talk to this consultant brian alexander And I was there and I asked you a question about adjunct labor And the mook and the and the the guy running the mook said, oh, no We don't want to talk about that right now and you answered the question And I thought following this guy Thank you for remembering that Vanessa. Thank you so much That's a as you know, that's a cause dear to my heart And you are dear to our hearts as well. Thank you. Thank you so much. Take care my friend Friends, we're at the last minute of the last of of this session And so I just want to give a couple of people one more chance Ophelia mangan asked a question She asks about which chapter of book should I use with instructors who prohibit the use of any tech or devices in their classrooms Ophelia, I may have just the right one for you. Although I'm not sure if it'll work with a backfire Chapter 13 is called retro campus and the idea of that is campuses that deliberately try not to have any technology It's a kind of satire See if they recognize themselves in it Now the other thing you could do Is the extreme opposite And show them the one augmented campus which has the greatest amount of technology or show them the scenario called renaissance Where I celebrate the creativity That humans can do that humans can show as we use digital technology So either of those I think would be very good. Thank you for the great question Friends, I take my head off to you all literally and figuratively You're in the acknowledgments to this book Because I have learned so much from you in the past four years From your thoughts your questions your feedback and I've also learned from your spirit You've been generous with your time some of you with your money all of you with your sense of humor And I really really appreciate that I thank you now from the bottom of my heart and I thank you as well from the front of the book Thanks again Speaking of books, uh, Tom Tobin has a new book coming out Tom if you could put a link to it in the chat book in the chat box so everyone could see it that would be great And before we go, let me tell you about the next couple of weeks Our guest next week on january 23rd. There's two guests cali renaissance and amy bonomi They are the authors and editors of a new book on women leading change in academia Which is a really exciting book very very important for our time There's the link to it if you'd like to join us we'd be glad to see you Excuse me We're also um continuing to put up more and more videos. So if you'd like to go look at previous Programs, the whole archive is there on tinyworld.com slash fdf archive If you'd like to keep talking about this we're all over social media from twitter to slack the linkedin and facebook We'd be glad to hear from you all again. Thank you so much I'm just in debt to you all and i'm delighted to be able to spend time with you Thank you so much read academia next tell your friends. See you next time. Bye. Bye


Nigerian service chiefs, securities agencies, have been charged to intensify synergy to address the lingering security challenges confronting northern region and the nation territory that has tripled negative impact on Nigerian masters. The director general of APC support groups, engineer Mohamed Kailani, made the appeal in Kaduna and said bandits have imposed heavy levy on residents and farmers in the over 20 communities leading to food insecurity in the nation. He stressed that collaborative intelligence information gathering among security agencies are ways to win war against insurgency. As soon as we name your grade, Nigeria's crude oil grade is on its way to becoming a steady preface for many European refinances. From all indication to move by the NNPC, this is significant development for Nigeria as it will help to diversify the country's crude oil exports and reduce its reliance on a few key grades. All the Nigeria's crude oil grades include brass, river, and escravers, which have higher social content than the other Nigerian grades and are also more viscous. But the unique selling point of the NNPC crude oil grade with an API gravity is that it has a low social content and low carbon footprint due to flare gas elimination fitting perfectly into a required spec of major buyers. Kailani commanded the Nigerian National Petroleum Company Limited for diversifying the economy through establishment of NNPC crude oil grade into the international crude oil market. He added that the lingering conflict between Russia and Ukraine has made many European countries to seek for crude oil products that aligns with your market preference, noting that NNPC crude oil is rich with low soulful to meet international standards. I'm calling on the chief of party staff and chief of the swing staff and all others to use this as their most sheer intelligence. The issue of Shimuru and those areas that we have a major state is having that near that terrorist have taken over 20 communities, paying taxes. It's not good for our country at all, and there's still no ground. If you go to Zomfura, it's terrible. It's very, very terrible. If you go to Sokoto, it's something. So on the other side, it's total insecurity. We are just happy that the Kailani state, when it started, it came together. The first we know that we've been working in collaboration with the security agencies. Today, I think it's half it. The insecurity has been reduced. You know they are doing their best. They are best, not enough. We want them to do more so that we have peace in this country.


A new drug craze in the Democratic Republic of Congo's capital Kinshasa is fuelling fears, particularly over health impact and a rash of thefts of catalytic converters. In an abandoned shack in Congo's capital Kinshasa, people are mixing a new form of narcotic derived from a car engine. This is Bombay. It's made by mixing exhaust residue from a car's catalytic converter with pharmaceuticals like diazepam. Experts say it can cause users to stand motionless for hours or sleep for days. Cedric is a gang leader here. It makes them feel good and slows them down, he tells us, so they don't go stealing or causing problems. Before we knew that Bombay existed, we used to drink very strong whisky made by Indians. We were agitated when we started to hurt people. But with Bombay, it calms you down. You get tired.  When you're done, you go home without bothering anyone. But the authorities are less relaxed. In August police rounded up and paraded nearly 100 alleged dealers and users of Bombay, which means powerful in the Lingala language. They also displayed buckets full of the honeycomb exhaust filters that are crushed to make Bombay. Mechanics in the Congolese capital blame spiking demand for the drug for a rash of thefts. Chasori Kodogo says five to ten clients come to him every day, having had their catalytic converter stolen. Often when clients come to the shop, we check underneath the car and the catalyser is gone already. It's been cut off and the car will make a strange sound. Here in Kinshasa we don't sell catalysers for vehicles, so we have to order in Europe. It's expensive. This one is lucky. He still has his catalyser. Users mix the crushed ceramic honeycomb, which is coated in metals such as platinum, with pills or smoke it with tobacco. But Dandi Yelayulemba, country director for the World Federation Against Drugs, says nothing is known about the long term effects. There's substance made to be used in cars. So we have food, we have things to take for a wedding, we do not have to take substances from cars made for cars and start taking. He warned that the metals used in catalytic converters can cause cancer. The fear is, he said, that the consequences for a person's body will become apparent in the coming weeks and months. Hello. Hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


The patient's condition improved significantly after the first rejection episode. The patient is currently 30 months post-benial transplantation and remains rejection-free.


Well, Joe Manchin held a press conference and he essentially initiated a game of chicken with progressives and it's very clear that They're backing down Joe Manchin won progressives at this point Have lost and now it's a matter of how embarrassed They'll be in the end of this which is still yet to be determined now to give you some back Background before I show you what Joe Manchin said Progressives have to their credit remain committed to not supporting the bipartisan infrastructure deal Unless they also vote on the Build Back Better Act because they know that if they vote on the bipartisan Infrastructure deal, which is a corporate handout that Joe Manchin and other Republicans want then they have no leverage they're not gonna get the Build Back Better Act, so it's important that they remain committed and they have and Democratic Party leadership is getting increasingly impatient because they're going back on their promise to progressives and now they're saying Let's just vote on the bipartisan infrastructure give the corporatists what they want and then we'll revisit the Build Back Better Act later In fact over the weekend Nancy Pelosi actually told members not to embarrass the president while he's overseas by voting against his bipartisan infrastructure deal because she's receiving pressure from the corporatists and they want to vote and She now wants to give it to them because she thinks that they mean business Progressives have absolutely no reason whatsoever to support the bipartisan infrastructure deal because it's it's useless It's garbage in fact that alone does more harm to the planet overall and AOC broke this down in a really insightful thread And she says passing Biff without Build Back Better makes our emissions and climate crisis worse Sure, some Biff investments do good, but not enough so it keeps us in the emissions red So if progressives don't get a lot of concessions in Build Back Better enough to offset the damage caused by Biff Bipartisan infrastructure, then they have no reason to support it vote it down now the problem is that Progressives aren't threatening to vote down the bipartisan infrastructure and they're still kind of towing the same line Which was important to a point? But now it's not as valuable. So for example Jamal Bowman said look I'm a yes on both bills, but at the same time he tweeted out we passed what we ran on I'm a yes to building back better for all both bills must pass now I responded to that saying build back better is busted torpedo everything you got played Don't give their corporate donors what they want the crumbs you got in Build Back Better aren't worth voting on Bipartisan infrastructure for don't be weak vote No tank it now even though Jamal Bowman is in one way standing up to Nancy Pelosi by saying no I'm not gonna vote on the bipartisan infrastructure yet. I want to vote on both bills He's still caving by saying he's gonna vote for Biff at all Because it's it's a bad bill and on top of that build back better got gutted We talked about this last week paid leave was even even removed and you're still gonna give them what they want The bipartisan infrastructure proposal, which is a giveaway to their corporate donors.  You have no incentive now There's not enough in Build Back Better and by saying no voting down both bills You actually are showing the Democratic Party that you mean business Why do you think Nancy Pelosi and Chuck Schumer listen to these corporate Democrats? Why do you think they're encouraging you to vote on infrastructure because they know that these corporate Democrats? They mean business they will vote down Reconciliation so to get both bills through Nancy Pelosi is trying to appease the corporatists But they're not trying to appease you They kind of shut you out of negotiations on both Biff and Build Back Better Because they know that at the end of the day whatever they come up with You're gonna go along with it as long as there's a little bit of crumbs in it So it doesn't matter how humiliated you look So Joe Manchin he held a press conference and he called their bluff and he basically said look if we don't get a vote on Bipartisan infrastructure, then I'm not gonna support reconciliation. Here's what he had to say Last week the speaker urged Speaker Pelosi urged the importance of voting and passing The Biff bill before the president took the world stage overseas and still no action In my view, this is not how the United States Congress Should operate or in my view has operated in the past the political games have to stop Twice now the House has balked at the opportunity to send the Biff legislation to the president As you've heard there are some House Democrats who say they can't support this infrastructure package Until they get my commitment on the reconciliation legislation It is time to vote on the Biff bill up or down and then go home and explain to your Constituents the decision you made and I've always said if I can't go home and explain it I can't vote for it and if I can I will I've worked in good faith for three months for the past three months With President Biden leader Schumer speaker Pelosi and my colleagues on the reconciliation bill and I will continue to do so For the sake of the country I urge the House to vote and pass the bipartisan infrastructure bill Holding this bill hostage is not going to work and getting my support for regular Reconciliation bill throughout the last three months. I've been straightforward about my concerns that I will not support a reconciliation package that expands social programs and Irresponsibly adds to our 29 trillion dollars in national debt that no one seems to really care about or even talk about Nor will I support a package that risks hurting American families Suffering from historic inflation Simply put I will not support a bill that is this consequential Without thoroughly understanding the impact that it'll have on our national debt Our economy and most importantly all of our American people Every elected representatives needs to know what they are voting for and the impact it has not only on their constituents But the entire country so before I get to the response from the leader of the congressional progressive caucus from ill-adjai I just want to go over some things that he said here. He said I've worked in good faith for three months Laughable absolutely laughable on top of that. He says that he will not support a package that risks hurting American families suffering from historic Inflation he would never be able to get away with that if we had a capable mainstream media that was doing its job Because he doesn't care about the American people He doesn't care about what people in West Virginia want if you look at the polls these policies are incredibly popular He's doing the bidding of his corporate overlords and on top of that. He says this bill will Irresponsibly add to our twenty nine trillion dollar national debt that no one seems to really care about or even talk about Yeah, that's because we shouldn't care about that.  Keep your vote on reconciliation Joe Manchin We're voting no on your corporate handout disguised as bipartisan infrastructure.  We don't need you We're done with everything. We got nothing that we wanted So we're gonna deny you what you want so desperately for your donors, too But that's not what happened because Joe Manchin called the bluff of progressives in Congress and the leader of progressives Back down she basically said well look We we really want to vote on both bills at the same time But we're willing to vote for this bipartisan infrastructure corporate giveaway So long as the president pinky promises that we're gonna get a vote on reconciliation take a look at what she had to say This is just embarrassingly pathetic. You endorsed the White House framework last week. You as a group of course Are you confident that those two senators will be for it because they have been less than definitive in what they've said so far publicly Yes, Andrea, it's good to see you and we did endorse the framework and in fact We also had a very very good meeting yesterday of the full CPC After the text was released, which is something that we were asking for for the Build Back Better Act And I'm very happy to say that we are now awaiting negotiations among senators on prescription drug pricing and child care and Some details on immigration but the Progressive Caucus assuming good resolution of Those issues from the Senate side that we will be excited to vote for both bills We now feel like we have what we need we are taking the president's word at The fact that he believes he can get 50 votes in the Senate And you know, I hope that the two senators that we've been waiting on these months Who have come to the table in good faith and negotiated that they understand that this is a leap of faith But you know assuming we get these negotiation these final negotiations done We're ready to pass both bills And I think the caucus feels very good about the fact that we've been able to do what we said from the beginning Which is past both bills at the same time get the entirety of the president's agenda to his desk for signature And ultimately deliver transformative change for people across this country That was absolutely Pathetic and this is why progressives don't get what they want. This is why they're not taken seriously During negotiations because of things like that She said we are taking the president's word at the fact that he believes he can get 50 votes in the Senate And you know, she really hopes that these two senators Kirsten Sinema and Joe Manchin know that they're taking a leap of faith That's assuming that Joe Manchin and Kirsten Sinema are good faith negotiators when Pramila Jayapal knows they are not But what she's doing is she's buckling and I'm gonna play another clip for you in a moment where she talks about how okay Even if the build-back better act was gutted. What's in it is still good, but here's the problem with that You're voting for what they want So at that point once you vote for their corporate giveaway, you no longer have leverage So that five hundred fifty billion dollars that's being made into climate change investments Well, what's stopping Joe Manchin after you've given him infrastructure from saying You know what let's cut that in half. Let's also take out the universal pre-k. Let's take that out, too If he does that, what are you gonna say?    Well, I think that we are very very close is my understanding and it isn't just the two senators at this point You know you have to get 50 votes in the Senate So there are different senators who are who are pushing very hard for different pieces of this bill including the prescription drug pricing piece and On child care actually is really not about the overall. It's really about the implementation Details. There are some differences between the language and what the Biden framework said So we are trying to iron out those differences, but my my hope is that that will happen very quickly and as I said You know look, I think we're we're in the very end zone here We are we are just about to get this done and we're feeling very good about Both bills and and you know and the president frankly being able to say once we deliver the build-back better act What a crucial time. This is you know Boris Johnson talking about how important climate is there's a 555 billion dollar investment in climate and we spent the weekend Looking at whether it would really lead to significant reductions meaningful reductions in climate emissions and our belief given the Detailed look that we have had and the briefings we've had from the White House that yes We will get there with that and so that is a huge victory And and that's why we think you know that we should pass these two bills together As soon as possible and let's wrap up these negotiations Let's get these last things done and let's pass them through I think we're ready All right So she claims that the reason why the main reason why progressives in Congress are still Enthusiastic about the build-back better is because of the 550 billion still in that bill for climate change investment She says that we spent the weekend looking at whether it would lead to significant reductions meaningful reductions in climate emissions and our belief Given the detailed look is that yes, we will get there the problem is that Pramila even if you are excited about that provision again if you vote for infrastructure Joe Manchin can say I don't like that number Let's make it 100 billion and there's nothing that you can do once you've given away your leverage and furthermore I Don't believe that that's actually going to be sufficient. I mean, of course, I have to see the details of the bill I'm sure it's positive But when we're talking about global anthropogenic climate change if you think that 550 billion is going to be sufficient I Just feel like that is incredibly naive in an op-ed for the New York Times Abram Luss Gordon eloquently explains why even if progressives got the full 3.5 trillion Dollar investments that they wanted which I mean that's still the compromise But even if they got that that would still be not enough given the scale of the destruction that climate change will inevitably cause He writes the current price tag of nearly 1.9 trillion for climate and other social spending might seem enormous Though less so than the original 3.5 trillion plan But over the long term either would be a pittance by zeroing in on those numbers The public debate seems to have skipped over the economic ramifications of climate change Which promise to be historically disruptive and enormously expensive what we don't spend now will cost us much more later The compromise plan calls for half a trillion dollars directed largely toward tax incentives for low-emission energy sources But it omits other provisions which will make it hard for mr. Biden to reach his climate goals Some economists and climate scientists have calculated that climate change could cost the United States the equivalent of nearly 4% of its gross domestic product a year By 2100 4% is likely a conservative estimate It leaves out consequential costs like damages from drought and climate migration It assumes the United States and other nations eventually move away from energy generated by oil coal and natural gas Though not as immediately as many say is needed in this scenario The planet will still warm by around three degrees Celsius by the end of the century from pre-industrial levels a change That would be disastrous 4% of American GDP comes out to about 840 billion each year it figured on last year's economic output Measured over a decade the way the Build Back Better Act is framed It's nearly 8.4 trillion but the actual cost of climate change to the economy could easily be far greater So we know that half a trillion isn't enough to tackle climate change But I guess if it meets joe biden's meager goals then Pramila Jayapal as the leader of the congressional progressive caucus Is satisfied and it's just it's incredibly disappointing to see how easily They will roll over for the corporate wing of the party and you could even take things further Okay, Build Back Better is gutted and they still really want you to vote for their infrastructure proposal Right because they want that gift to their corporate donors There's a reason why over a dozen republicans are supporting it in the senate as well So if they want that Make more demands from joe biden and say look you're clearly not going to get the votes But if you assure us that you're going to be signing An executive order where you cancel 50 000 In student debt from each debt holder If there's more executive orders that we can get from you before we vote on this Maybe we'll change our minds because what we're getting here is fucked over We're getting crumbs and we don't accept it, but give us some more executive orders these five executive orders And sure we'll we'll consider a change of heart We'll consider voting on your corporate giveaway if we get the crumbs and build back better But they're not doing anything they're they're just rolling over and they're dying And this is why they will never be taken seriously in congress Because at the end of the day Even when they do a good job and they hold strong for a really long time You can always expect them to buckle and this is why change never happens in the united states It's really really frustrating and it's disappointing and honestly if pramila jaya paul Doesn't Think she can handle all the pressure that leadership is putting on her Maybe she shouldn't be the leader of the congressional progressive caucus because what we saw Is weakness and you just broadcasted to everyone in the country that you're willing To go back on the bare minimum that you were holding strong on so that's incredibly embarrassing congressional progressives look weak and If progressives don't vote down everything torpedo build back better and bipartisan infrastructure I mean they're they're going to Leave lots of young people who are hopeful that they'd get the job done Feeling disillusion and that's going to hurt progressives in 2022. So if they let us down They're gonna be the ones to blame. I mean joe manchin is Clearly trying to play you and you're giving him exactly what he wants You walked right into his trap and that's really unfortunate makes him demands fight But they're not willing to fight and unfortunately i'm not that surprised I kind of expected this to be the ultimate outcome You know when we were talking about all of these wonderful things in build back better i was Pretty skeptical that they would be accomplished and my cynicism Unfortunately was correct. So this is not really the surprising outcome so far assuming it's going to head in this direction It's just you know another day where progressives get fucked because they are absolutely spineless and Yeah, so joe manchin wins corporate america wins


Hello everyone, welcome back to another session in dentistry and more. Today we have Irrigation and intracanal medicaments from endolontics. So this session explores various reagents used as irrigating or intracanal medicaments during root canal therapy So what are the ideal requirements for an irrigate? So it should be having broad spectrum anti-microbial properties it should aid in debridement of the root canal system and It should be able to dissolve the necrotic tissues or deprise should be having lower toxicity level It should be a good lubricant So it so it should be having low surface tension to flow into in accessible area So there are many accessory canals present which are basically unnoticed in preparation So a reagent with low surface tension would be able to flow into those inaccessible area. Then it should be able to sterilize the canal and it should prevent or dissolve the smear layer and it should inactivate endotoxin So what are the basic functions of these irrigants? So the functions to remove the Tentenal treatments via physical flushing should increase the efficiency of instruments It should dissolve the necrotic tissue to remove debris from lateral and accessory canals should be Geomicidal as well as anti-material should be bleaching action Irrigants with lubricating agent further increase efficiency and opening of Tentenal reviews by the removal of smear layer. See these are the functions of Irrigants, so what are the factors modifying the activity of these irrigating solution? The first one is a concentration So the tissue dissolving capability of sodium hypochloride is higher at 5.2 percentage Second one is a contact that is to be effective these Irrigants must come in contact with the substrate. So more contact more effectiveness and presence of organic tissues So organic tissues will always hamper the process. So organic tissues must be removed for Effective irrigation then quantity of the irrigant used. So increase in quantity will directly or proportionally improve the effectiveness then gauge of the irrigating needle 27 or 28 gauge, this is gauge sorry is preferred for better penetration in the canal Then the surface tension should be having low surface tension so that it moves well within the canal Temperature so warming the sodium hypochloride increases its efficacy study has proven that Then frequency so more frequent better than the result then canal diameter wider the canal better is action of irrigant Then age of irrigant freshly prepared solutions are more efficient than the older ones Now moving on to the commonly used irrigating solutions. So chemically non-active solutions are water saline and local anaesthetic So chemically active materials they includes alkalis chelating agents oxidating agents and the bacteria acids enzymes and detergents So the first one is alkali So the most common alkali sodium hypochloride where point five to five point two five percentage concentration Is used for the used as a irrigating solution second one is a chelating agent that is EDTA which chelates the Calcium ions that is ethylene, diamine, tetra, acetic acid then oxidizing agent They are hydrogen peroxide, carbamide peroxide antibacterial agents of chloroxidene and Biskualenium acetate then the acid 30 percentage hydrochloric acid enzyme the streptokinase, pine and trypsin, detergent, sodium, laurel sulphate. So we'll start with the first one that is sodium hypochlorate The mechanism of action So the reactive chlorine in aqueous solution exist in basically two forms The first one is hypochlorate and then the hypochlorous acid So the state of available chlorine depends on the pH of solution that is above 7.6 it will be alkylene in nature. So it is mainly hypochlorate this OCL form and below this pH This more of acidic because it is going down the pH is going down that is H OCl So the presence of five percentage of free chlorine and sodium hypochlorate is responsible for breakdown of proteins into amino acid Okay, so that is how it works as a reagent Irrigating solution. So the pH of commonly used sodium hypochlorate is 12 more of alkylene At which the OCL form exists this hypochlorate So the hypochlorate which dissolves Necrotic tissue because of its high alkylene nature So this is a chart which shows the Efficacy or the factors affecting its efficacy when the volume of solution if there is a heating or time of contact is high the efficacy will improve whereas storage time and Chemical agents are involved the cap present then the efficacy of the soda hypochlorate will Decrease some more storage means a decreased Storage time that means specially prepared sodium hypochlorate will be more effective than the stored one So the advantages are it causes tissue dissolution as antibacterial and also bleaching action Causes lubrication of canals. It is very economical and easily available But the problems with sodium hypochlorate because of its high surface tension its ability to it then 10 is less Which is quite irritant to tissues if Extruded periapaclete can result in severe cellular damage. So it is very problematic to the surrounding tissues and It can also irritate the gen chiva if it comes contact with Because of its caustic nature. It can bleach the clothes It has had a bad order and taste and vapors of sodium hypochlorate can irritate the eyes and it can be corrosive to the Operative instruments The second one is a hydrogen peroxide. We commonly use 3% a solution So what happens is it rapidly dissociates into water and nascent oxygen So on coming in contact with tissue enzymes catalase and peroxidase the nascent oxygen produced which act as a bactericidal and This effect is transient one and diminishes in presence of organic debris So if organic debris are present the effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide will be less Next is a chloroxidene Which is optimal anti microbial action with ph 5.5 to 7 commonly used in 2 percentage concentration So it act as a bacteriostatic agent at low concentration Whereas at higher concentration it causes coagulation and precipitation of cytoplasm So it is a bactericidal at higher and bacteriostatic at low concentration So the advantages are a 2 percentage solution is used as a root canal Irrigent then 0.2 percentage it can be used in controlling plague activity Then it is more effective on gram positive bacteria than gram negative one So it is basically not considered as a main arrogant in standard root canal procedure It is unable to dissolve necrotic tissue remnants and it is also less effective on gram negative. So actually this was Disadvantage This basically works on gram positive and anaerobic bacteria's effectiveness is quite less Next is a chelating agent that is EDT and other chelating agents like citric acid, poorly acrylic acid are used for this purpose Basically chelating agents are chemical compounds that react to with metal ions to form a stable water soluble complex so they are also known as chelens or Sequestrating agents. So these chelating agents have a ring like center which forms at least two bonds with metal ion Allowing it to be excreted. So it creates a complex So basic functions of this EDTA is lubrication Nullification holding debris and suspension or smear layer removal The uses are it has dentine dissolving properties that is the most unique property of EDTA It helps in enlarging the narrow canals Makes easier manipulation of instruments and reduces time needed for deprivement So next we have the intra canal medicaments. So medications they basically destroy the remaining bacteria and also limits the growth of new Arrival of bacteria. They are useful in treatment of pachyl pyridontitis So if there is inflammation, which is caused by our instrumentation So usual is a commonly used intra canal medicament In low doses it inhibits prostaglantin synthesis Inhibits nerve activity. It inhibits white cell chemotaxis. Whereas the high dose It directly induces cell death and inhibits cell respiration So it is used as an intra canal medicament used as a root canal sealer And it also used as a temporary sealing agent Next we have the intra canal medication phenol It has strong inflammatory potential. So at present it is rarely used as an intra canal medicament But as a liquefied phenol that is carbolic acid which consists of nine parts of phenol and one part of water She's used for disinfection Before the periapyrichal surgery is also used for Tracing tissue tags that resist removal with brooches or files Now we have the recent one CMCP that is Camphorated monoparachlorophenol. It is probably the most commonly used medicament and around is presently Even though it's used as decrease considerably in the past few years. So it's composition two parts of parachlorophenol and three parts of gum camphor Which Gura is true CMCP. It is used as a dressing of choice of infected teeth Now the Fomocressol the CMCP has asked alone as a short note Next medication is Fomocressol. It contains formaldehyde as its main ingredient and Is still widely used as medicament for the pulpotomy procedure in primary teeth It's toxic and mutagenic properties are of a concern So that it's side effects it is a little bit of toxic and mutagenic in nature So it's commonly used in pulpotomy to fix the retain pulpal tissues So composition it has a 19 percentage of formaldehyde 35 percentage of gressol and 46 percentage of water and glycerin Next one is a calcium hydroxide which is very commonly used Medication that is used in weeping canals and treatment of phoenix hepsis in Resorption cases or for Apexification during pulpotomy for non-surgical treatment of periapical lesion or in cases of direct and indirect pulp capping as Cylophore obturation to decrease the post-operative pain after over instrumentation So functions it inhibits root resorption stimulates periapical healing and Encourage mineralization That was all about intra canal arrogance and medications. This was very very brief Explanation or detailing of the arrogance and medications. It was in fact a very big chapter The many things which can be added as extra points So this is very commonly asked essay question for to write for an essay. I think all these compressed bullet points will be sufficient sometimes the Single solution or a single arrogant can be asked as a short note So that was all about the intra canal arrogance and medications. I'll come up with a new topic in Operating history and electronics. Thank you