Folks, Ted Rolston here in our studio downtown Honolulu think tech studios overlooking gorgeous downtown Honolulu with our show, where the drone leads when we talk about current topics and this incredibly expanding world of drones, droneism, and good things and bad things about drones. And today by the process of semaphore and cell phone, we have with us clear across the entirely across the island of Oahu. We have standing by on coconut island. We have Mr. Josh Levy, who has many affiliations with University of Hawaii, and with him is Mr. Mark Heckman, who is the director of education at HINB. Welcome on board gentlemen. Hey, Ted. Good to see you. And thanks. Okay. It's great. Again, you know, it's just kind of interesting last week, last couple of weeks, we had people on from DC by Skype and 6,000 miles and Skype had no problem. We're, we're down to cell phones and semaphores here across the island of Oahu. That's what you get when you have the koalas in the middle of you, I guess. Anyway, welcome on board again, guys. I know Josh, you've been on the show once or twice before, Mark, first timer. And you guys are involved in one of the most important aspects that anybody could ever imagine. That's education. And what you're experiencing from my knowledge is the use of unmanned air systems in the, in the expansion of understanding of our marine environment in ways we might never have ever imagined, let alone seen before. So you're kind of in the middle of this very important part of our expanding knowledge of our own environment here in Hawaii. Tell us about it a little bit and what you've been doing out there on coconut island today. I had a group coming out from the east coast, well, actually just from the mainland called Ocean Matters, their environmental group, high school students they bring out. You know, I just want to do something or learn something new while they're here. You know, I was looking at, honestly, I was looking at turtles in Coniwe Bay and the fact that turtles, suddenly we started seeing a whole lot more of the sea turtles in the south end of the bay than the north. So then that led me to the question of who's looking at this locally. And I talked to our researchers on island and then I talked to some other folks and, well, turtles are kind of hard to work with in some respects. You don't want to change their behavior, often in the process of trying to count them or look at them, like if I took the group out and snorkel around the little patch trees to look at them, we'd be altering their behavior. So then I started thinking about what are the other options and coincidentally, we had just interviewed a new faculty member who had worked with drones and humpback whales. So that set me on the drone path. So interesting, so you're thinking of using drones in a new way here to run some kind of a noninvasive survey or examination of turtle behavior in Coniwe Bay and coming up with perhaps seasonal patterns or other factors that affect how turtles behave? Somewhat. My next thing would be to actually get one of the researchers interested in it, let them go on that research end, and then I'm looking at this, I'm looking at all these drones I see around me. And to be honest, I'm not personally a drone user up to this point. I mostly looked at him as an irritation when I was out surfing or something like that and suddenly one was above me. But on the flip side of it, one of my volunteers had told me how wonderful he found drones and then I started looking at their uses in research and science and going, these things are really interesting. There's some things we can do here that we can't do any other way. It got my interest going and then I started thinking about how do we train appropriate use of these, how do we get this tool out there to get used in the ways that I would find interesting and compelling. Turtles are a magnificent start just because they're a charismatic megafauna, but then I'm just as interested in corals and they're equally applicable there. And you've got a guy right next to you who has really opened the aperture on coral examination and coral behavior to that extent. Josh? Yep. So today I gave a little bit of a talk about the previous work that I've done in terms of mapping the reefs out here in Kaniyia Bay and just trying to shed some more light on what we can see with these corals and understand more about the life cycle, the ecological dynamics between different colonies, in ways that we couldn't do using either previous in situ surveys or other remote sensing techniques. So yes, today it was kind of getting the kids involved and having them understand that they can use these drones in good actual scientific ways to just going around taking cool pictures and annoying people on the surfboard. Okay, and that's a great part of this whole discovery period here because you can infect those students now with this appreciation and with the desire to go figure out how to make it useful in their environment on the East Coast. And I'm sure there's a lot of issues that are commonly felt on the East Coast and the South Coast and out here in Hawaii, for example. Coastal erosion, it goes everywhere. Environmental issues go everywhere. Evasive species go everywhere. And coming together with sort of a national body of best practices, if you will, sensor management, the analytics that go with it, even to the point of archiving information and making it available through notification systems. All of that doesn't know any boundaries. It's useful and beneficial everywhere. Yeah, exactly. And the really cool thing is these kids don't necessarily want to pursue professions and education specifically in the environmental or the marine science realm. But even just telling them a couple of the examples that we went through today kind of opened their eyes in terms of other ways that they can use it, maybe in the terrestrial realm or other coastal examples. So now they have their minds full of all these different ideas that they can use these drones for. That's great. So a little bit of exposure goes a long way. We just had an experience yesterday. We had about 80 people together covering the range of public safety, law enforcement, environmental protection and such in Honolulu. And I think for the first time, a lot of those folks were exposed in the same way to these value statements that are perhaps not evident until someone has showed you. In fact, Josh, you gave an excellent report yesterday on your use in the coral analysis area and how that could expand into traffic situations, public safety, even site construction for that matter. And so once a little bit of inspiration gets put out there, people will take it and we'll start using it, modifying it and suggesting ways forward that are broader than we might have thought of ourselves in the first place. So it's great to see you doing that same thing to the students. Now there's another piece here. As you know from our discussion many times, including yesterday, there are now several national best practices if you will collection affairs going on where organizations that are either 501s or part of the government are attempting to collect in-state user needs for drones to be used in positive ways. And the more that we can collectively define what that use case is and feed that to the manufacturing side of the business, the sooner we'll get the kind of systems that are useful and more useful to what we need them to do. And so I would encourage, in fact I think we should make an assignment, Josh, while you're there and Mark, we need to have a sort of an HIMB imprint on what the functionality and the utility should be for in this case managing turtle behavior understanding or managing whale behavior understanding. Marine animals in general, coastal erosion, the things that deal with the marine environment, what a great thing to do to have HIMB be the suggestor of requirements, operationally as well as technical requirements, that would make drones most useful in your domain. Yeah, that's a great idea. And yeah, hopefully when this new faculty member comes in and starts to really establish using UAS within HIMB more so than what I did, I think that we can really start to get going and get people excited and try to figure out the various needs of people on island. Yeah, just to match that, when is that new faculty member showing up, by the way? Honest, I don't know. We're under construction right now and it's a bit crazy out here to find everybody's space. So I've got to admit, I almost purposely, you've been trying not to pay attention to all that. Okay. The reason I ask, is it up on the UH Manoa, we'll be putting on somebody on the staff on Tuesday who is sort of a light mind. And so we'll have a very strong power center in Manoa in this range and if you've got it on the island, we can tie them together. Yeah, yeah, it'll be great. I'm really looking forward to it. And then my side of it is tying some of the education pieces together with the researchers to support their research, get the research out to the public and get the public involved in kind of citizen science aspects of it, where and how it's appropriate once we work all these details out. You know, today that was part of what we were doing. I told these high school students that they were my guinea pigs. We had a very rough game plan.  We had some little drones. We had them flying in the classroom, which was pretty hilarious. And then we took them out in the field and we put some deep boys out in the water and we had a flyover and then we had the students swim over to see the difference in the whole thing. So it was a good, successful first shot and then we'll go from here. And that's great. And once again, there's no reason we can't include educational needs in this summary of requirements that I think we have a continually higher obligation to take action on and pull together and generate a Hawaii input to this national collection of user needs. The kinds of things we're talking about here are some very simple things. How much wind tolerance do you need? That is, do we need to operate in 30-knot winds, 40-knot winds, or is 10 knots going to be adequate? How about operating in a marine environment with extended period of operation? Typically, if we think of this one-day operation, pretty much everything will last for one day. What if we think of 30-days continuous use away from home, where there's no maintenance possible and you've got salt water on your hands and there's a lot of salt air? Those kind of things are extremely important to pull together and articulate in a way that relates to your HIMB mission. And there's no other way to get that information into the manufacturing side of the house than stand tall and make those comments known. Along those lines, another issue that we came across today was that kids want as much hands-on experiences as they possibly can. So we had them flying the drones inside in the classroom to kind of minimize the risk of various injuries to them and to the drones themselves. But what would really be ideal is having these kids go out and flying over the water or whatever your subject is in real time. But because we're limited to this only two-hour time span where these kids are getting exposed to these drones, we really have to make sure that we can try and develop a platform that is extremely easy to use, very hard to break, and possibly cheap enough that even if it does break, it's not the end of the world. So that's another one of those standards we've got to put in there. That's it. And the hardest thing is creating requirements and creating standards. The easiest thing to do is use what somebody else has built and find a workaround that makes it get the job done. But coming up with those requirements and articulating them from a zero basis is really, really tough. So, but you're onto something there, Josh. And what we should do is let's sort of take that on seriously and talk about... We have one minute to think about it during our break here. And we come back after the break and talk about how we're actually gonna collect those requirements and push them forward after this one-minute break. My friend, mother, what big eyes you have. She said, all the better to see you with my dear. That's so old. What are you doing? Okay, cool. Research says reading from birth accelerates the baby's brain development. And you're doing that now? Oh, yeah. This is the starting line. Push. And this is over. You're dead. Read aloud 15 minutes. Every child, every parent, every day. I just walked by and I said, what's happening, guys? They told me they were making music. We are back, folks. Ted Rawson here, downtown Honolulu Studios of Think Tech, Hawaii. And in our show, we're the drone leads on board with us today. At 30 miles across the island of Oahu over the Koalaoza in the Kaneohe Bay, is Josh Levy. And I believe Mark Heckman is there with you. Okay, and welcome back on, guys. First time for Mark and several times for Josh. And again, telling the folks here that the reason you don't see two people at the podium here or somebody on Skype is we've elected today to work by semaphore and by cell phone. So thank God we have some backup communication schemes here, but there's Josh's picture, so you all know what he looks like. And I don't think we have one of Mark. We'll have to fix that. Anyway, you guys are working with some students that are from a completely different environment out here in Hawaii. Learning what our view of marine sciences is all about and you're exposing them to the needs to have sort of a structured thought process to understand how to extract information and need for the environment. And that turned into the use of drones. And we were speaking before the break about that kind of experience that you've got. Just that one right there could turn into some very well thought through and useful requirements that drones must possess in order to be completely useful in this environment. And you spoke Josh before the break of simplicity of operation. So if we take that for a moment and think of the experience level of 16 year olds who are raised on cell phones, raised on video games, and not raised on semaphores, which we're using here, with that level of background that they've got, how would you think that we could pull out of that experience what a user requirement might be for the operation of the very drones you had today in terms of safe and effective command of a flight from the preparation to the execution to the handling of any kind of faults that might show up? If you just, you know, you had one minute to think about us, you should have a really well thought through answer here. But really that's what we have to do. So let's just discuss that for a moment. What would you take from that experience into a writing down requirements for how we make these systems very easy to operate and therefore useful? Yeah, so we have two systems that we were using today. It was the Parrot mini drone. Yeah, the Parrot mini drone. And then there's this other yellow one that almost looks like an FPV race, right? I forgot the exact naked model. But honestly, we could combine both of them together. It would have been the pretty much ideal platform because the Parrot drone is extremely easy to use. So, you know, it can hold altitude, hold position very easily, the remote control, and then kind of move around extremely simply. The other one was a little bit harder to maintain altitude. It was a little bit more squirrely. But that one had a forward facing camera which you could then use with the FPV screen. And it also had a physical remote control which makes it a lot easier to handle than it is just using stuff on an iPad. So, kind of merging those two systems together but then also taking into account that, as you were saying, these kids have been raised on technology that makes using joysticks that kind of stuff pretty intuitive for them. So it really only takes them a couple of tries to really get something down to be able to fly these platforms pretty well. So all you would need is really a couple of spare parts. That's the majority of the issue. But I think the forward facing camera and the FPV really gives them, you know, that's step forward and being able to transition to some of the more professional systems quite easily. And then also being able to, well, it also depends on the question that you have to answer, right? Do you want them to learn how to map things? Do you want them to learn how to do special cinematography stuff? So, and that all depends on, and so that'll make the actual camera on the system vary a little bit too. So you just have to make these things really as robust as possible, but also expect them to be getting off the ground and flying quite quickly and quite easily after a couple of bumps in the road. You know, that brings back a thought. If I can interject a thought here for a moment. About 10 years ago, daughter Bonnie, who was a art director at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, caused my wife, Margie and I to come out to New York to visit a show she had put together. And it was all about, and here is it, this is the Museum of Modern Art. You wouldn't think to see a lot of technology in there, but they had technology examples and the point was how well the user interface to use a technical term is defined and executed has a lot to do with how much utility you will get out of a technical product. And they had many, many examples all the way from the security system in the New York Stock Exchange to housing for homeless, to medicines and everything, shown here's the same common function, well-designed and poorly-designed, and the well-designed always had a much better operational record than the poorly-designed even though the technical function was the same. And an example they gave was, again, very striking for the Museum of Modern Art, they had a mine detector used in the military. And the mine detector had a electromagnetic sensor on one end and some batteries and control systems as such and a soldier would take it and figure out where mines were and walk through them or between them. A standard military issue thing looks like a military issue thing and what a well-designed, articulated, cool-looking thing like it came out of a motorcycle shop with the same exact internal functionality had a much better success rate of use and a much expanded use and was pushed to its limits by the users because it was fun to use and it looked cool. So there's something about what you just said and it makes me think we could sort of maybe engage maybe the art department at UH or the creative media department at UH, something like that where creativity, more so than just technical functionality, is the order of the day. And it would be based on your experience with the kids. It makes me think if we could create a program, I'm imagining here now, but a program where we bring kids through the university or the community colleges and such, in a place where we have a test range that's an indoors test range and you get to put all the variations out there, low light, high light, strong sunlight, obliterating the screen, bulky systems versus good systems and let the kids have that experience and find out from that hands-on type of involvement. Are there some patterns here? Are there some vectors here? Are there some strong themes we could pull on that answer the question that you've raised? Well, Ted, it's somewhat of what we, our approach we use actually. We use these two platforms that we picked up quickly that were quite different as Josh mentioned, and we let them experiment with them. And the Mini, the Parrot Mini drone has two eyes, so to speak, and it has a, quote, cannon that shoots little beads and stuff. Very engaging, runs off the iPad. And the other one, as he mentioned, was much tougher to use, but it had a point of view camera. And after it was done, I was talking to him and I'd asked them from the very beginning if they'd be very honest about this project. And I said, so it sounds like if we're gonna use this for classroom, we'd use just the Mini Parrot one and they, and they said no. They said, actually the one that they looked the least successful with, that I should have that as well. We need both levels. It's almost like you need one that has like a sport driving and a casual driving button in your car, right?  We'll basically fly it up. This next button takes me to that next level where it's gonna get a little more squirrely and this next one takes me to the button where it's totally on my command and I'm gonna have to be really good to run. And we noticed, of course, as they tried to run them into each other. Classic, you know, student behavior. But then that brings up that whole thing of, and as we're looking at designing, and it's gotta look cool. You're exactly right. I used to do exhibit design, but I've got that in mind too. But then the safety issues and some things like that, watching how natural uses progress. It's fine to say that, you know, this drone of dangers don't get close to it. And in a classroom setting, you go that other way. What happens when you run this into somebody's head? Which is exactly what the students started to try to do. I had already tested these drones by putting more in my nature, isn't it? Hey, I might have to step out in a little bit if I do. I just wanna thank you in advance, by the way. Well, your timing is perfect. Timing is perfect, Mark, and your comments are right on. And it's something we should think about at the university level and the community college level as part of our outreach. We ought to have a back reach also that pulls this kind of information in so we can use it with the people who are collecting requirements at the national level. So let me take that, let's assume we can do that, and not quite sure how. And we'll make that connection with them. And at this point, I think we are actually running into the end of our show period as well as your time. And I wanted to thank Mark Heckman, first time around the show. We'll get you on for real sometime, Mark. And Josh, of course, you'll be on the show a lot, I think. And stand by and look for good action on this coming Tuesday when we get you back. And anyway, folks, thanks so much for being on. And we'll see you all again next Thursday on Where the Drone Leads.


In tape one of this series, Dr. Ralph Peck noted how failures of dams have occurred due to seepage, which developed into piping. The many examples he cited demonstrate that these types of failures happen with dismaying frequency. New and apparently well-constructed projects have failed when first exposed to water loads. Dams that have operated successfully for years have suddenly failed. Often these failures have been without apparent warning, and the results have been catastrophic. And when structures are designed properly to control seepage and prevent erosion, other factors like undiscovered geologic features, or subtle events which occurred during construction have been shown to be weak links that eventually lead to failure. This makes it absolutely necessary for dam owners to maintain active programs of surveillance through instrumentation and visual monitoring of the structures. In many instances, timely observation and evaluation of performance has aided in avoiding catastrophic failure, allowing a reservoir to be drawn down to remove the water loads and permit repairs. To improve safety, dam owners and operators need operating procedures which include dam monitoring, inspection, and emergency response plans. Modern structures operated under proactive, comprehensive dam safety programs pose generally acceptable risk to the public. Once the program is developed and put into place, it must be aggressively pursued to maintain a high level of protection. The owner-operator must be willing and prepared to make conservative decisions and take immediate action in the interest of public safety. Because irrigation, water supply, power, and recreation benefits may be lost, that decision may have to be made with full knowledge that tough economic and political consequences may result. A quick decision may be required with no time for gathering additional data or second guessing. But in circumstances where significant hazard is posed to the public, any error of judgment or decision must be on the side of public safety. In this video, Dr. Peck discusses dam surveillance and features for the control of seepage and piping that should be designed into new dams. The same features can be designed and used to repair older dams that have seepage and piping potential. The absence of proper design elements in most older and some newer dams makes them especially vulnerable to failure by piping. Generally, dams designed and constructed before the 1950s may be conservatively assumed to lack these control features, and they require close attention to the continuing adequacy of their performance. Dr. Peck's involvement in soil mechanics and foundation engineering coincides with the development of soil mechanics as an engineering discipline, beginning when he worked on the Chicago subway project in 1939 as an assistant to Dr. Carl Trissage, the father of soil mechanics. He has since served as a consultant for many governmental organizations, including the Bureau of Reclamation and the Corps of Engineers. The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit Project and the James Bay Hydro Project in Canada are two of many significant projects that he has been associated with, as well as a large number of major dams around the world. Dr. Peck was awarded the National Medal of Science by President Ford for his contributions in the United States, currently as Professor Emeritus at the University of Illinois. Dr. Peck. In our first tape, we saw some of the serious consequences of piping, and we learned something about the mechanism of the process. We now want to turn our attention to ways of preventing piping, to ways of detecting it if it begins to develop even after a dam has been constructed and filled, and ways of remedying the problem if the piping is detected. Almost all modern dams are designed with a clay or at least an impervious core to hold the water back and shells of granular material or rock that supports the core. Since most core materials are erodable or if cracks develop through them, they can be washed out, the cores are always protected by filters. So there is a filter or maybe a series of filters between the core and the shells, particularly on the downstream side. In addition, in most dams there is some sort of a cutoff below the core that prevents water from flowing through any permeable materials that may be beneath the dam, at least permeable soil materials. And so we see cross sections that ideally look something like these. There is a core, and if an impermeable surface is not too great a depth, the core may simply be widened to make a cutoff out of the same core material. Between the core and the shells you see the filters, one behind the core and usually one underneath the downstream shell. Even with the cores and the cutoffs, the assumption is made that there is likely to be some leakage, and so downstream there is a second line of defense, a drainage system that picks up any moisture, any water that may get through or that may bypass the core, usually filter wells, wells into which flow can take place readily, but into which fine materials cannot pass. There is a problem with filters however, that is that they are difficult to place without segregation, particularly if the filter material is obtained from borrow pits in which the materials are rather broadly graded, that is the sizes may range from fine sand up to even coarse gravels. And most borrow pits contain materials of several sizes, so that you don't find in nature very often a borrow pit that has materials of just the size one would like for a filter. If people try to bake filters out of the mixed grain material, it is very difficult to place them without having the coarse material accumulate along the edge. As you see in this picture, there is coarse material along the edge of the windrow that has been placed, and that coarse material is in contact with the material that is supposed to be protected. That's unfortunate because the finest material to be protected can move easily into the coarsest material along the edge of the windrow. And even though broadly graded filter material is still used in some instances, it's very preferable to screen the material first from the borrow pit to divide it into sections of finer and coarser materials, and to make several filters, each one protected against the next one, to make these filters of a more uniform size material, then segregation is easily avoided or doesn't occur. Unfortunately in a great many dams that already exist, segregation may have developed and so there is the possibility for internal migration some long time after the dam has been completed. When a dam is on rock, we can do several things to reduce the likelihood of piping. And piping in the core of a dam can really take two forms. The material can move from the core into coarser materials, that is it can try to get into the filter or go into some place where there isn't a filter, or the core may crack because there are tendencies for extension or tensile strains that occur under some circumstances. And when that happens, and water can pass through the crack in the core, the core material can be eroded, and that erosion material must also be stopped by the filter. So when we have a rock contour as we might in a deep gorge across which a dam is constructed, we try to shape the gorge to some extent at least to avoid cracks in the core. And it's necessary to remove overhangs in the rock because you can't compact against the underside of an overhang very well. And of course where there are joints and weathered materials, they have to be treated by one means or another. We see here a cross section of a gorge beneath Lower Notch Dam in Ontario. The dam itself is only a couple hundred feet high, but the gorge that is beneath part of it is another couple hundred feet deep. So that actually this dam of modest size, two hundred feet high, if you count the depth of the gorge is about the fourth highest dam in Canada. And the profile of the gorge originally had very sharp angles as you can see on the edge of the valley wall here. These were trimmed back in order to reduce the concentration of stresses in the area near the top of the gorge proper. The amount to reduce the amount to make the curvature is a matter of judgment, but in this case, some very early finite element calculations were made to determine the best balance between the improvement that could be achieved in reducing the extension strains that might occur and in the cost and difficulty of doing the trimming. And the compromise gave a economical solution that considerably reduced the pressures. The gorge itself, which you see in this picture, was quite impressive. You can see that it had very steep side walls and you can also see a considerable overhang and as the fill was placed in the gorge above the location of the top of the fill, the overhang was filled with concrete which was bolted to the gorge walls in order to make a surface against which compaction could take place and without overhangs. This is an extreme case to be sure. We don't very often build dams over deep gorges, but there are some and they have needed treatment of this sort. More often, we see situations like this. In the stratified rocks, such as we had at Jordan El Dam, there are a lot of there are bedding planes which are usually nearly horizontal but not always and there are vertical joints quite often at right angles to each other so that the material alongside the deep portion of the canyon, the material alongside the valley walls, constitutes a series of blocks and quite obviously some of these blocks should be removed. It would be easier to take a block like this away than to grout beneath it and to do concrete infill behind it. That may be obvious, but it's by no means obvious how far back one should carry this treatment because these joints extend many hundred feet back from the dam and certainly one can't continue to remove blocks and replace with concrete or replace with fill. So some judgment has to be exercised to determine at what point one stops removing material and begins to depend on grouting to fill the more or less horizontal joints and grouting and infill surface treatment to take care of the vertical joints. This is a matter of judgment again and I doubt if there are any rules or specifications that can be written in advance that would cover all the situations that arise during construction. The best way probably to handle this problem is to assemble a committee at the time the job is approaching this stage consisting of the engineer or some of the engineers who design the dam, who know what the requirements are, the field superintendent or resident engineer and some of his staff, chief inspector and so on and preferably the contractors, foremen and people who will be actually doing the work. And to go from point to point looking for particular situations discussing and describing and agreeing on how to make the treatment. This seems to work quite well. Everybody understands what the objective is and what should be done and it's a flexible treatment because as the work progresses it may turn out that there are better things to be done and this same group can get together and review the situation. And a record ought to be kept of what is done so people later on can see what the situation was. At Jordan L again we see in the center part of this picture a surface has been treated, you can see it is now quite smooth. The objective is to get a surface against which the core can be compacted without having re-entrant angles and places where the fill can't get access. And sometimes when there are steep slopes and perhaps overhangs the material can be blasted off to make it smoother or concrete and fill can be placed and here you see some form work behind which concrete can be placed to make such a smooth surface. I think it should be apparent that every dam site is different in this respect and therefore the treatment that would be optimum would also be different. This is the left abutment of WAC Bennett Dam, a 600 foot dam in British Columbia that was built about a quarter of a century ago. The abutment materials here are sandstones and shales with occasional coal seams and you can see that these seams have re-entrant angles in them, have grooves that go from upstream to downstream so that water could get into such a groove on the upstream side through the shells go along the side of the core if something weren't done about it erode material out of the groove or pipe the material, erode the material from the shell from the core that was up against the groove area and thereby start a process of piping. On this particular dam the abutment was covered with shotcrete. This is one of the early applications of shotcrete to abutment treatment in dams as a matter of fact and on this dam the shotcrete was placed against wire mesh that probably would be preferable not to use mesh because it tends to hold the shotcrete a little bit away from the rock. But the principle is sound because even if water does get behind this protective blanket and erode something out of the rock between the more resistant layers it is protected, it can't attack the core from the back side and therefore begin to cause a process of piping. Where there are igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks that are strong such as in the James Bay region where there are great many dams and dikes there are several hundred dams in the James Bay area on the project. There are certain situations that appear over and over again and it was possible to give to the field forces after a little experience sketches such as these that would give them guidance. You can't see them in detail I'm sure but for example in an overhang followed by a sort of a depression there are some dimensions suggested for shooting off the upper part of the overhang to make a smooth surface and instead of shooting off a lot of rock to fill in below the smooth part with dental concrete. Other combinations are possible and these kinds of guidance are very helpful for field forces. On the other hand we have to be careful not to try to apply criteria that are developed for one particular geology, one particular location to some other geology to which they might not be applicable. So on each particular geology in each situation studies can be made quite profitably to develop criteria of this sort they must be used with judgment and they mustn't be transferred to other sites for which they're not applicable. This is the finished product of one of the dikes, dike D7 on the James Bay project and you can see infill concrete filling up the grooves that the glacier made in the rock at the bottom of the valley. You can see some form work behind which concrete is to be placed to smooth out the surfaces. You can see some smooth surfaces already prepared and irregular but nevertheless smooth surface against which a moist plastic clay core material can readily be compacted and make a tight contact. If the rock is weathered, heavily weathered behind the clay core or alongside the clay core then the situation can be quite different. Weathering might be from the action of climatic factors such as you have very often in the tropics or in areas where tropical climate used to prevail such as in some parts of California. It also may be due to hydrothermal alteration which has so much the same effect. This is a photograph of a portion of the left wing dam of Eteshetesia Dam in Zambia where there was very deep tropical weathering of a granite, a very ancient granite weathered long ago and when the granite was formed it tried to incorporate some more ancient marbles and limestones which later were dissolved and so in the granite which itself is fairly friable and soft you find holes like this and these sometimes go to considerable distance and obviously the dam can't be compacted against those holes and expected to stay in place. This situation can be very difficult to contend with sometimes. At Eteshetesia for example there was a very deep cut off wall put under the fairly shallow wing dam, concrete slabs in the bottom, concrete facing on the downstream side, some grouting could be done behind that concrete face and the cut off itself protected by these concrete works. This again is unusual but is a situation that can develop and when it does develop it has to be handled by very heroic measures on some occasions. More often the weathering takes the form of reducing a rock which might otherwise be sound to something that's either soft and friable or even sometimes granular. This was the case in the right abutment of Jordan L Dam for example and you see some of the more friable granular material here. This material under the core needs to be removed for a reasonable depth and replaced with the concrete dental treatment and downstream of the core underneath the filter materials it is advisable to cover the granular material with another filter of its own, generally a filter that is fine enough to keep these weathered materials from moving should there be some water trying to come through the foundation beneath the dam itself. There are great many dams of course that are not founded on rock or founded partly on rock and when a dam is on soil or it has abutments that consist of soil then there are two treatments that are used and that are sometimes both necessary. Where possible there is a positive cutoff. We have seen some of these cutoffs in earlier slides they can consist of diaphragm walls of concrete for example. Used to be that steel sheet piles were the common choice but steel sheet piles are not really impermeable water can get through the interlocks and fine materials can but more likely the interlocks aren't interlocked and one doesn't know that so steel sheet piles themselves are rather undependable cutoffs and are not used much more for that purpose. But concrete walls slurry walls walls constructed by jet grouting by a number of techniques that are available today for making even very deep walls are feasible and economical. But in addition to the positive cutoff there should always be drainage downstream of the cutoff. There need to be filters and blankets and relief wells. The idea is the belt and suspender system.  And even if there is a great deal of attention paid to these cutoffs there is sometimes leakage. Not all leakage that appears downstream of a dam or on the face of a dam is necessarily fatal. You've probably all seen sand boils like this one where clear water bubbles up and where a little dike is built around the point of emergence and if you watch carefully you can see grains of sand rising and falling back into place. And you realize if you watch long enough that material is not escaping. That the material is simply being circulated at the bottom of the little depression and what has happened is that nature has built a little dike to produce a back pressure which is helpful. And very often when floods occur along big rivers like the Mississippi for example many of these sand boils occur in the downstream side of levees and they're built up as an additional precaution against piping. However ordinarily we don't like to see water escaping in the downstream toe of a dam partly because the material around the little springs is softened and that reduces the strength so that even such sand boils are generally taken care of by putting in drainage and putting in blankets over the top. So treatment after the reservoir comes up and one discovers where the treatment is needed usually consists of placing drainage blankets and relief wells. On dike D20 one of the long sand dikes about 120 feet high on the James Bay project dikes that rest on sandy glacial tills that go to considerable depth of bedrock. The design was to put in a cut off and here you see the top of a cut off wall a slurry panel wall that had been built first being exposed to make the connection with the dike that is yet to be built above it. Even when this cut off wall was being built it was realized that there were nests of boulders that were giving trouble, a slurry was being lost and it was beginning to be questionable whether the cut off wall would really be impermeable. And indeed when the dike was filled and the water came up in the reservoir the first time there were sand boils and springs and soft spots downstream where the cut off was supplemented by relief wells. Here you see some of the relief wells and you see that the downstream portion of the ground below the dike is nice and dry and stable which it wouldn't be in which it wasn't before the drainage was put in. You also notice that the drainage wells have rather unusual outlets here in this subarctic climate you have to provide discharge facilities before the drainage wells so that they will not freeze up during the wintertime. These are things that we can do during construction to prevent piping and they are measures that we can take after construction if piping is detected. We can put in cut off walls in dams that exist. Sometimes some very deep ones have been put in. A very deep cut off wall was placed throughout the entire length of Mud Mountain Dam a Corps of Engineers project near Mountaineer. We can use relief wells. We can use drains. There are great many procedures available to reduce the effects of piping or to prevent its development. But the most important thing when we have a dam that we wish to keep our eyes on is to keep it under close surveillance and every dam requires careful surveillance. What do we do in order to detect and see whether piping might be a problem? Probably the first thing we try to do is to see if there is a history of the construction of the dam. If the dam was built by an engineering organization or designed by one, very likely there is a considerable body of literature in the files somewhere about how the dam was built. Records in photographs, all these things should be dug up, looked at and studied to find out in effect whether the dam was designed with these modern principles and made as safe as possible against piping in the first place or whether one can see in the design certain defects which might lead to piping. It's very helpful to know how the dam was put together. Sometimes we don't have this information. All too often in older dams we don't have this information and then we have to explore to try to find out if we can what the dam is really like inside. One of the most important things to look for is whether it is possible for erosion products to escape without being detected. As we saw, for example, in the tail race at Walter Bolden Dam, piping could go on a long time under the tail race with nobody ever seeing it because the tail race water was always muddy. If this situation exists, if that is a possibility, then that is a warning flag to those doing surveillance that there are things that could be going on that might be missed by simply walking around and inspecting the site. And one looks during surveillance for such things as springs and boils and seeps. One collects the water from these seepages in ditches and passes them over weirs or other measuring devices so that the quantities can be determined. And it is important to keep track of this on a closely spaced basis weekly or daily perhaps. It's not a matter of whether there are wet spots or seepages. It's whether they have changed that counts. Whether surveillance has to be over the long haul, one has to be able to observe things throughout the year and from year to year to detect whether there may be subtle changes that are not associated with precipitation or snow melt. New wet spots, spots where green grass grows for the first time, for example, are a tip-off that something is changing and change in the body of a dam is something to be guarded against. And then, of course, in surveillance, one looks to see whether there are depressions. The beginning of sinkholes, for example. And in most surveillance programs for dams, one finds instrumentation today. There are piezometers installed downstream of the toe and sometimes within the body of the dam itself. But piezometers are something of a mixed blessing. If they indicate that something is changing, that in itself is important. That's a sign that there may be erosion going on. But it would be a matter of pure luck if piezometers would be installed at a place where they would be affected by an advancing erosion tunnel. One doesn't put in enough piezometers to catch all the possibilities for a place that an erosion tunnel might go. And so, because piezometric observations may not show anything suspicious, is not a good reason for believing that erosion tunnels cannot be developing. And so we see that even with careful surveillance, there are surprises that nature can have in store for us. Nature has the upper hand in that she knows what she's doing in that dam, and we don't. We have to try to read what signs she gives, but we also have to realize that there may be some signs that are not going to be apparent. If we do detect something, we have seen that we do have defenses. We can put in cutoffs. We can put in drains. We can do a number of things to improve the situation. But first, we have to know that something is going on, and that requires very careful vigilance. It requires individuals who are dedicated to the job, and it requires people who will stay with the job from week to week, even from year to year. And in this day and age, that is difficult to find, to find a person who is interested in such a job, because in one sense it is a routine job, and many people would consider it a dead-end job, and yet it is one of vital importance to the safety of a dam. That is a human problem that has to be considered in the surveillance programs for dams. Trotsage remarked once that nobody knows a piece of ground like the poor peasant who owns it and who has to scratch a living from it. He knows every little thing about his little plot of ground, senses all the changes that may occur, and that is the type of person that one needs to look after the surveillance of a particular dam or group of dams. The Miami Conservancy District, probably without realizing it, found a fairly happy solution for their five major hydraulic fill dams. There is a caretaker for each dam. He lives in a house at the dam site, sometimes just on the downstream side of the dam. He does a great many things around the dam site, including mows, he mows the grass on the downstream slope. If there are wet spots that develop, he is pretty sure to find them. It's a job in which the caretaker takes considerable pride, and in some instances, fathers have been succeeded by their sons in that job and in those houses. Those are dedicated people, and that is one way in which an important series of dams has been kept under surveillance by people who take the job seriously. And of course, it takes a dedicated owner to realize that somebody whose main job is looking for trouble and who is not producing dollars and cents on the income side of the ledger, it takes an owner with considerable foresight to realize that this is an important obligation, that the owner has to keep track of the surveillance, has to be willing to pay for it, otherwise he risks the possibility of being surprised by a serious failure. There isn't any known procedure of surveillance that can guarantee that any dam will be safe, that something could not happen, but that doesn't mean that one should relax just because it may not be possible to save every dam in which a defect develops. Sir Adam Beck II is a very good example of that, where we saw that the watchman on the holiday decided to make his rounds anyhow. He might have decided to stay home that day thinking that nothing had ever happened in the five years before, but it did happen that day and he was there at the right time and it was possible to avoid a complete failure of that dam just because the surveillance was conscientiously done. So we do all we can to detect the possibility of failure and to take remedial measures. We do the very best we can to reduce the risk, but we have to remember that we cannot reduce that risk to zero.


Broadway's my beat, from Times Square to Columbus Circle, the gaudiest, the most violent, the lonesomeest mile in the world. Broadway's my beat with Lurie Thor as Detective Danny Clover. The time of September was too swift. It whirls now in pools of chilled twilight, scanned the river for the waters where it will die. And autumn has a good hold on Broadway, and the street gives in, stops fighting it, opens a closet to the top coat and the credit plan died for it. And blow the dust away, and here's what is left of the hoarded summer laughter, the budget of dreams for beachwear. Useless now, so call up someone, make a joke about it. It's autumn on Broadway, and the fashion is changed because night is colder, night is longer. On a side street, the autumn violence, the dead man, the murdered man, spelled against the litter of jewels and watches. The pattern is glint, and quick tick of time, the scarlet tracery is of scrubbed wood of floor. Jewelry shop on West 46, time 11.30 p.m., and Detective Muggerman there and me. Made it up town real fast, Danny. Robbery? It looks to me like Robbery can't really tell an oldest mess, showcases knocked over, all that stuff jewelry left on the floor. One thing, though, whatever it was, he put up a fight. Look what it got him. You know who he is? A business license on the wall there made out to a Paul Tracy, stuff I found in his wallet made out to Paul Tracy. There's something else on the wall I want to show you, Danny. Bullet hole. I already dug out the bullet, makes one less for Dr. Sinski. Who called it in? Passerby heard shocks, looked through the window, couldn't see anything, called a cop. Business must have been good for Mr. Paul Tracy. You doped it out, huh? Easy. A man in a shop this late at night, business must be good. Customers in a rush for things, strive to please. Look what it got him. I know you told me. Sometimes, not often anymore, sometimes it shakes me that way. And it's something else I found in his inventory book. I'll have the boys check all this stuff against what's in the inventory, then we'll know if the motor was Robbery's room. Hello? Mr. Tracy. Who's calling, please? Tell him it's late and I've kept supper for him. Oh, tell him I just want to talk to him. Where do you live, Mr. Tracy? What's it to you? You just tell my father. It's the police, Mr. Tracy. Where do you live? Police. Why police? Something happened? Listen, where's my father? Let me talk to him, you. I'll tell you about it when I get there, Mr. Tracy. Where do you live? 18th. Do you bring Papa with you here? If he's in trouble, I want to know when he's going to live. I'll be there right away, Mr. Tracy. That was his daughter, my government. She was angry because she kept supper for him. Because he was late. Explain it to her, Danny. Tell her it won't happen again. My father? Tell me again what you just said about my father. Listen. He's not dead. I'm not going to believe it. You can stand there and tell me whatever you want. I don't care what you have to say. I'm not going to believe it. My father is dead. He was shot, Mr. Tracy. The way it looks, the rompers. Yes. Why do you say that? I told him. I told him how many times did I tell him, don't work late, Papa.   And now it's happening. Robbers. Thieves. Robbers and my father is dead. What do you do, Mr. Tracy? What? Do you work? Have a job? Yes. Well, that's what I want to know. What do you do? I take care of my father. He's a baby. I had a job. You took care of him? That's all you did? All. All I did. Listen, you were... I'm sorry. I didn't mean it that way. All I did. The child, a 43-year-old baby, my father. Did you wash for him and darn and wait on him and cook? No, he's dead. Now you don't have to do that anymore. I didn't mean that. What do you mean? It's my fault, all of it. You know why he worked so hard so long? To make a good home for me, for his daughter, his child. He used to say the greatest pleasure in the whole world was to make a nice home for his child. So I could bring my friends here and it would be a pleasure. Did you bring friends, I mean? I didn't have time. There's too much to do. Keep everything neat and sharp and worry about him. And now he's dead. God, I don't know what to do. And in the orphan house, a new sound. The restless walk of a woman, the back of her hand, her mouth. The aimless unheeding walk on the edge of anguish. And then the brief stillnesses as she stopped at the things that were her father's. The robe folded neatly on the back of a chair, waiting. As the photograph of the woman tended faded, features blurred.  Now maybe you'll be happy to get it. A pipe can of tobacco laid out for her father's attorney. Other things. She looked at them, stared, not touching them. Walked again the restless circle. And leave them. And for a while drift with every night, to crowd, to lighted places, to quiet streets. Then to the room and sleep. And in the morning, it's still with you. The murder of Paul Tracy Jeweler.  Or if he put it... You agree with the verdict, Danny? What verdict, Gino? That I am a good man to have around in a pinch. You agree? You took a poll and that was... So far I have turned with only Mrs. Tataglia. Last night I put the question to her. I said, what kind of a man am I, Mrs. Tataglia? She thought about it a while then she came up with, you are a good man to have around in a pinch, Mr. T. It was a subject for discussion in the Tataglia household all through breakfast this morning, I can tell you. Well, I'm sure it was. Is there anything else you want my opinion on, Gino? I am so inclined, but who's got time? We must go work. Anything you say. That inventory detective Mugerman found in the shop where the Jeweler Paul Tracy was murdered. What about it? Give me a word edgewise, Danny. I'll give you what's about it. The list has been checked against the articles of Jewelry, et cetera, found on said premises at the time of the murder. And these items that are here underlined are missing. No record of sale or the legal type transaction. Just missing. The consensus of the boys is they were stolen. And the motive for the killing was robbery. Such is the consensus. However, Danny, I have a quick thought on the subject. I'll just put up the list. Full descriptions on the teletype, Gino, and to all the usual sources, pawn shops. You need to prompt me, Danny. Without saying, I've already done that. Hey, you. One does not just barge in when the lieutenant is in conference. One knocks for permission. It's all right, Gino. You can go now. Goes without saying, lieutenant. Remember that, Mr. Next Time, one knocks. You wanted to see me? They sent me to you. I am Charles Gower. I have a daughter, Mary. She's been missing from home for three weeks now. They sent me to you. There must be some mistake, Mr. Gower. You may have misunderstood. This is a homicide. I understood quite well. There's death in it now. I told them that downstairs, and they said I should talk to you. Do you care to hear about it? Yes, I do. That jewel or that man, Paul Tracy, I read of his murder in the papers this morning. What about him? This about him. My daughter, Mary, she was in love with him. An older man.  Mary said she loved him, and made me listen to things about him. And I hated her for that. And your daughter has been missing now for... From the day I told her to stay away from that man, not to waste her youth or intelligence on it, not to throw away her life. I love my child, Mr. Gower. I want her back. I'll try to agree with her over a man she thought she loved. He's dead now. He won't need her. And she'll come back. Mr. Gower. What? I don't know. I don't... Then there was nothing to say to each other. Space between us in silence, composed of a man's loneliness and newt pleading and heartbreak. It held for an instant, and he broke it. His lips moved as he tried to shape a smile. Trying to get notice that he would do what the world expected of him. Be brave, be a man. But he was a father with a lost daughter. So he just turned and walked out of my office. Wait then, sit in the chair. Turn it and look out the window. Make wordless appraisals of what was on the streets, what things, people, circumstance, which conspired with time to make a man be murdered in his shop. And a girl missing. What things. And it interrupted. A real fast one, Danny. What is?  Someone tried to get rid of Mr. Tracy's jewels in a hurry. Here's the address, then. Get me a squad car. For you today. We're from the police. We got a call a little while ago. Yes, sir, we did. Credentials? Yes. We are indeed from the police. Forgive us for slamming our safe in your face. Don't mention it. Here is the item we phoned about. Who pawned this bracelet? A young lady. The information we want is on the stub here, attached to the bracelet. May Gower, 1717 East 3rd Avenue, apartment 2C. And that's who we... What did she look like? Frankly, I couldn't say. Not a beauty. I would have noticed if a beauty. Not her. Not that one. Oh, indeed. It was a busy time. I didn't particularly notice. Short, fat, tall, what do you... It was a busy time. I didn't particularly... I see. The bracelet itself is not of great value, but it has a very good salability.  Very good design for sweethearts with insufficient means. $5 down, $1 a week type merchandise. Retail value perhaps $120. What does Miss Gower pawn this bracelet? This morning, about 10, before the police reader came out with the description. We'll want to take this with us, won't we? Yes, then we'll sign this, please. Yes, we want to protect ourselves, don't we? Ride to 3rd Avenue now. Short tour of the city of twilight. Cloud that funnels into subway. Heroes with automobiles. And the jaywalkers who are not afraid of heroes. Turn off Broadway and East. And mostly, crowd who walk home. They walk slow. Find an address. The brownstone is tenement. His hallway of damp plaster, naked, where the wallpaper is given up and fallen away. His stairway of curved steps and don't lean too hard on the banister. His doorways with numbers and marking vents. So the light was torn. So it was necessary to look close to see the splash and bruises on the girl's face. And to see that she was dead. Shot. Had been murdered. You are listening to Broadway's My Beat, written by Morton Fine and David Friedkin. And starring Larry Thor as Detective Danny Clover. In military hospitals here and abroad, even though the war is over, life and death battles are still being waged against hemorrhage and infection. You are needed in these quiet, all-important battles for fallen fighting men need blood. In America, there is no other way to get it than for you to give it. Won't you call your Red Cross and be a Red Cross blood donor? Help a wounded boy back on his feet again. When September dies and the river wind takes over, Broadway is faced with something new. A sudden, swift chill that races through the clots of cloud is lost, comes again. Comes again and brings to mind the image of wool sweaters and earlier darkness and far-off, rusty sounds. And twilight is brief. It hangs suspended for moments, darkly pink. It is gone, too. So hurry to this place, to that home or to a phone booth or into the night time that forever winks a promise. And where I was, where night is measured and the typewriter strokes in statistics punched in cards upstairs from misery. My office at police headquarters walled off from it as he'll misery walk down the hallway and open my door. Well, come in, Mr. Gower. Please, uh, sit down. I'm sorry. Yeah. Well, they told me to come up here. I'm doing all the things they told me to do. Come to the morgue because a girl is shot to death. Perhaps it's your daughter, Mary, and I. Come to the morgue. And it's my daughter. Now I'm a man whose daughter's been murdered. And they say now go upstairs and talk to Mr. Clover. And I'm here. And we'll talk. Because of my part of Mr. Gower. The policeman. And I have to know why your daughter.   In a dirty room.  Let me tell you about my daughter. Yes. It begins with a cliche. I wanted a son. And when Mary was born, her mother died. And there was a girl child. And in a little while, that girl child was what I wanted all the time. And then another cliche. Go on. I wanted my child to be a doctor. A doctor? Well, there's something good about that. The parent can say, my child is a doctor. And feel secure that he's been a successful parent. And proud. Yes, I know. The next year, Mary was going to medical school. It was good to think about it. The parent smiles to himself at thoughts like that. You know what I mean? Yes. Yes, I do. And she met this jeweler, this older man. She wanted to marry him. She fell in love. She ran away from home. She forgot my dream. She died. Did you kill Paul Tracy? No, I didn't. I suppose I should have. Danny? What do you want, Gino? I got a guy down to 14th precinct, caught him with Luke from Tracy's jewelry store. All right. Sit here if you want, Mr. Gower. I don't know what else to tell you to do. Mr. What makes me such a big pudding? Everybody around here, folks, are fingering me. He says I'm a thief.  I'm a criminal. They even send up town for reinforcements. Are you going to poke too? I'm nothing, I keep telling them. Now I tell you I'm nothing. I can't do you no good.  No, I'm bought, lost. Go on away. Who knows? Who cares? Happens I was stolen through on Ali. Happens I know there's several shiny honors behind a trash can. Naturally, I investigate. I always do. Well, all of a sudden I get lucky. You said several. You were picked up with one. A guy on a bracelet. What happened to the others? Let me run it down for you. There was this bracelet you mentioned. There was also a lava layer, a necklace, a brooch, a couple of rhinestone glass.  What did you do with them? We'll come along some type of fellow, mister. My name is John Cork and very often it happens to me I get lonesome. Don't play up too big, mister Cork. There's murder in this one. Murder? They didn't tell me. The boys, the polka, they didn't tell me murder. The jewelry of those things are stolen from Paul Tracy. And a girl, Mary Gower. I'm sorry for them. I'm sorry they died like that. All right, just sorry. Did you kill them? What's with you guys? Christ, I'm a thief. Now I'm a killer. That's how you get your kicks. That's how you throw in the lonely hours in between. What's the... I don't know what you did with the other jewelry. No, I'll tell you then what. How many crimes are you going to accuse me of? Tell me. I've found this stuff. I've changed my cheeks. How lucky I was. I went to a bar. Three ladies were sitting at a table. They impressed me. They were lonely, like me. So I introduced myself. Then what? We went to the apartment of one of the ladies. We sat around. We talked about life and such. We danced at a gramophone. I passed out prizes to the best couples. That's what happened to the rest of the jewelry. Who were they? Where do they live? I just don't know, mister. It got real loaded out. I don't know. If I saw one of them ladies right now, face to face, I wouldn't remember. It could cost me, huh? There's lots of memory. Yeah, it could. Let's go, Mr. Cork. Have him released into your custody, ride within the streets of early autumn, and John Cork's running commentary on swift-drifting night images of women, and at headquarters' book, The Forgetful Man, the lonesome-type man for armed robbery, for suspicion of murder, and for an instant he touches your coat, makes a pleading sound. Hey? Gives it up. And upstairs to the office, and sit with it in darkness, because of the fling of shadows, quiet, grieving, and the beating of a girl, Mary Gower, about the face and the killing of her, and the man, Paul Tracy, she had loved. Reflected light dances on dark walls, sacred. Side, my good man, come on in. You got an objection to electric light? Here it don't cost. Maybe I shouldn't have turned them on. I wouldn't notice how beat you look. You got something, my good man? Yeah, but it could wait a little while, if you want. What is it? A couple of things. That room where you found Mary Gower. The first, Paul Tracy rented it three weeks ago, paid a couple of months rent in advance. Anything else? Boys from technical have been scrounging around the jewelry shop where we found Paul Tracy. Yes. Blood stains on the floor weren't all Tracy's. They got a slide down the lab with scrapings on it that matched Mary Gower's blood type, RH factor, exactly. Technician Gordon was very positive about it. Something else, Danny? What? I got on my desk, Dr. Sinski's report of his examination of Mary Gower. You remember that flesh wound on her head? Made by a bullet several hours before her death. Then she was in the shop when Paul Tracy was killed. Uh-huh. And another thing. What? When you found Mary Gower, she'd already been dead for close to three hours. She was... Danny? Hey, I'm talking to you. Look at the number for Reeves' pawn shop, my good man. Sure. Here it is, Danny. Murray Hill... Colin, get him down here. In here, Mr. Reeves. That's Mark. That's right. Look, sir... It'll just take a moment, Mr. Reeves. But just because we did our duties upon Booker is no reason why we should... In here. What is it you want us to do? That girl who pawned the bracelet at your shop. You set her face in register. If you saw her again... Oh, go ahead, sir. We'll try. We never saw this girl before in our life. You're certain of it? Positive. The hair, the color of it. Well, we would have remarked to ourselves about it, I'm sure. This girl was never in our shop. We say it positively. Thank you, Mr. Reeves. That'll be all. I'll still mugger them. Yeah. This house? Yes. Forward. Mind if we come in, Mr. Tracey? It's pretty late. It won't take long. Oh, I'm sorry, Mr. Tracey. This is Detective Mugger them. Yes? Just let's go inside. I don't think that... We'll tell you about it. All right. Mr. Tracey... Go ahead. There. Look around. I haven't touched the place. Take off my shoes. They stay there in the middle of the room. A cigarette ashes on the floor. See? It's dust. Dust on everything. I don't have a father anymore, Mr. Clover, so I'm not a daughter, so I'd like to be a good one. It hits your heart about your father, doesn't it? You see what's happening at this house? It's happening to me. Now, what do you want? There was an item in today's paper, Mr. Tracey, about a girl. Which one? I want to wear the fur bathing suit and a shower. The one who had triplets? The one who was shot to death in a room on 3rd Avenue. No. No, I didn't see it. I'll tell you about it. What for? Listen, Miss Tracey, early this evening, I found a girl shot to death in a room. There was a bullet wound on her face, and another, the one that killed her. I don't care what happened to her. What's it got to do with me? Lieutenant was trying to explain something to you, Miss Tracey. Let's listen to the lieutenant. Look, it's late, and I'm tired, and I'm going to... You've been through a lot, Miss Tracey. I appreciate that, so let's all just be quiet and listen to the lieutenant. The girl I'm talking about was named Mary Gower. She got the bullet wound on her face a few hours before she was killed. She was shot again, Miss Tracey. What's all this got to do with me? Her name was Mary Gower, and she loved your father, and your father loved her. Miss Tracey? She was a young, lovely girl, and your father loved her. No! No. No what? No. No, no, no, no! That's not going to cut the truth out of your mind, Miss Tracey. He didn't love her! Be sensible. My father was an old man. Forty-three? That's not old. Maybe to you. Not to a man of forty-three. Did you ever see that girl? A young snitch. She didn't even know her own mind. How about your age, Miss Tracey? I'll say it prettier. No more. She's dead. She's been murdered. Last night when your father was killed, there were two shots fired. One killed your father. One was found on the wall of his shop. And that's how we know Mary Gower is with your father. She loved him, and she killed him. I cut it out, Miss Tracey. She didn't kill him. If anybody in the whole world knows that, better than anybody else, it's you. He killed him.   If it wasn't for her, my father would still be alive. Two girls loved your father. You and Mary Gower. Now he's dead. How come, Miss Tracey? Why did you kill him? I tried to kill her. He grabbed me when I pulled the trigger. She ran out of the store. My father fought me. He fought me. He hit me, me, his daughter. The way I took care of him. He hit me. There was a struggle and the gun went off. Is that it? No. No, it was no accident. I shot him. I meant to shoot him. All I worked for, the way I worked, nothing. But that girl, he hit me. He hit me. Later you went to the room where Miss Gower was staying and you shot her. I told him my father was dead. She didn't cry. She just stared at me. She shook her head.   And you threw the rest of them away. What did he want with her? He had everything. You? Name. It was happy. And it was alive. Let's go. It's the street of the hunter, broadway. Of the smile that's dropped at the tip of the hat. And the lights have flung from windows out of doorways. And your walk of pavements dangles with a thousand colors. But between the lights, that's where darkness is. It's broadway. The gaudiest. The most violent. The lonesomest mile in the world. Broadway. My beat. Broadway's My Beat stars Larry Thor as Detective Danny Clover with Charles Calverdes Tartaglia with the production of Muggevin. The program is produced and directed by Elliot Lewis, the musical score composed and conducted by Alexander Courage. In tonight's story, Lely and Bayef was heard as Ellen, featured in the cast with Herb Butterfield, Billy Hallop, and Junius Matthews. The weather will be perfect for a ho-down tonight, no matter what it's doing outside. Provided you take said ho-down via CBS radio. It's Saturday Night Country Style from coast to coast. When the stars address, you'll find western adventure and music with Jean Autry Sunday evenings on the CBS Radio Network.


Hi everyone, Jeremy Airee with the Ecosystem App Engineering team here to give you a look at the alpha release of our Red Hat OpenShift database access product. Let's get started by taking a quick look at the OpenShift cluster we'll be working with. I started by deploying an application called FruitShop to the cluster. FruitShop is a corkis-based app, requires database connectivity to display a list of fruits to its user. As of right now, there is no database connection feeding the application, so if we check the route associated with the application, we'll find that the list is currently empty. The database that we'll be using will come from a third-party database provider's cloud platform. With our alpha release, we're supporting two such providers. The first platform we'll look at, and the one which will hold the database instance which we wish to use with our application, is MongoDB Atlas. To start the DBAS process, users should visit the provider's platform and set up their organizations, projects, and instances before returning to OpenShift. Let's take a look at our organization inside Atlas. Inside our app-inch organization, we have several projects, of which Project One is currently selected, and of particular interest to us here is the DBAS cluster One instance. If we check the collections inside this instance, we'll find the list of fruits that we need to supply to our application. Similarly to with Atlas, crunchy data bridge can also be used to establish PostgreSQL instances for use with DBAS. Here we're taking a quick look at the organization we've set up, and a few instances we could instead use with our application. Now, let's return to OpenShift. With both Red Hat OpenShift dedicated and Red Hat OpenShift on AWS, add-on flows will be used to install the operator. However, we can simulate this by manually installing the database as a service operator via OLM. Once the operator has finished installation, it will take care of a few dependencies it requires as well. Note here that we have operators for each provider, plus the service binding operator to help with connectivity. Once our operator and its dependencies are in place, we can begin the instance discovery process. We start by heading over to installed operators to create a provider account resource. Here, we select the provider, which we wish to target, in our case, MongoDB Atlas, and supply the credentials associated with our account. After create successful, we get back a list of instances associated with those credentials. Note that the instance with our fruit list, DBAS cluster one, is included in the list here. As with MongoDB, we can now create a provider account for Crenchy Data Bridge to discover the instances we have on their platform as well. Notice that the credentials for both providers are different. At the point of startup, we allow provider operators to register with us and provide a dynamic list of fields required for using their service. Once created, we'll again see a list of instances presented to the user that reside on the provider's platform. This concludes our demo of the alpha release for the database as a service product. Thanks for your time.


Welcome to ToffeeTV, we've got the breaking news. Everton have signed Rich Arleson from Wofford. The 21 year old comes into Everton. Markle Silver has got his man. He played 38 times last season for Wofford, scoring five times. Most of his best times were under Markle Silver in his form. It did dip off a little bit when Markle Silver left the club, but he's joined Everton. He's an exciting, attacking winger. Exactly what Everton needs to go forward and I'm really excited by this move. It's a huge transfer fee, but that's up to Everton Football Club. They wanted the man. They've got him. We'll have more on this play. There's yet to be capped by the Brazil national team. Make sure to catch us for more shows on this. We'll see you later.


We're about 40 games into the season. We're taking this big picture now. What do you think is the biggest storyline in Major League Baseball so far? Well, I think for me as a former hitter, I think the lack of hitting. You know, this year there's, I know in April there were a thousand more strikeouts than hits in the major leagues. I think the trend is continuing here in May, but maybe not quite as bad because the weather's warming up and the hitters are starting to come along. But I just think that the pitchers are so far the hitters, you see a lot of strikeouts in ball games. I think that the way that hitters are trained now to try and hit the ball in the air, it makes it very difficult to hit that high fastball. And there's more hard throwing pitchers in baseball certainly than when I was playing years ago. And it makes it difficult to hit that high fastball when you're trying to lift the ball into the air. It's just not gonna work. You know, Kenny, I can't remember a time when I felt that the pitchers had a greater advantage than right now. Well, maybe before you were born, Nancy. Oh, okay. You're going back to the Bob Gibson era when he had that 1.12 ERA in 1968. Pitching was really at the zenith at that point. In fact, the pitchers were so dominating that they lowered the mound after that year. Gibson was, I don't know how he lost nine games, but with a 1.12 ERA, and that's been the lowest in history. And he was just amazing that year. And so were many other pitchers in baseball, and that's when they changed the rules. But like I said, that was well before your time. And I don't think they're gonna be that drastic by changing things now. It's just the hitters are gonna have to make the adjustments. And before we let you go, I couldn't wait to ask you this question. What player today reminds you of yourself? Ooh. Well, one came to mind, and it was because he has a great on-base percentage. He hits around 300. Well, in my day, it didn't hit as many home runs as they hit now.  This player does that and more. And I'm thinking of Freddie Freeman of the Atlanta Braves. He was the MVP last year. And to me, he's a tremendous player. He plays well on defense, much better than I did in right field at first base. But I just think he's the type of player that kind of reminds me of myself. He won the MVP. I finished second one year, and I finished third one year. So congratulations to Freddie. I like that. You are forever MVP. Mm-hmm. Thanks, Kenny. We'll see you in a bit for the call with Michael. You're the best. Thank you.