Hello and welcome to this year's version of the live demos. We have three speakers and we will start with Marvelous David Bremner Doing something Wow, such enthusiasm from the back So every year I say, oh, I don't want to be that guy because the same talk every year at DevCon So and then they dragged me back. So here I am talking about not much again I want to focus on What's new? Hence the title also if you know not much. It's a small joke So for those of you who don't know anything about not much It's a mail user agent or search library or indexing tool or something along those lines. There's a website You can install it on Debian Debian is unsurprisingly the most supported distro Somewhat to the irritation of non-debian people So, okay, so what's new? Since last DevCon we had three feature releases 11 bug fix releases Which sounds impressive, but there were basically each Debian upload. So we do a kind of merged upstream Debian Development process We had nine release candidates Which is just uploads to experimental Okay, so what did that mean in terms that we can all understand? Well, you know there were some commits and The good news is that there was more than one person doing those commits So you can see about five little committers Maybe six or seven. So that's good, right? The project's not dead yet. It wants to go for a walk It's feeling happy Yeah, okay, so This is gonna stop soon. I hope I mean not the project but the movie All right, so So so as a comment This tool is kind of silly I mean, it's cool in some ways, but it looks like we did all this massive development over here That was like 10 minutes work right copying in some files from the Linux kernel kernel mailing list. Okay, never mind so What do we do so the most important feature probably is We support blocking opens which means those you insist on running things in cron Won't blow up your foreground things as much anymore So so that I think is much it's a big improvement We support Some reg X searching It's a bit slower Because the underlying database is not really about reg X's and also I should point out that just because I'm writing little list programs to use the The to demo things doesn't mean you have to you can do all this It's pretty much the same thing in the shell or in a lot or in Neomutt which is currently masquerading as mutt in Debian So, let me see this is I want to find all the mail from people B dot star at Debian because clearly those are the important people It's still pretty fast. So there's a certain amount of brute forgery going on there But it's quite acceptably fast. I have about half a million messages in my database so to give you some idea of of how things scale or don't scale Okay, so so you can have reg X's for tags Which opens up a few interesting possibilities as far as for example, I'm using Prefixes on tags to to organize things. So it gives you a kind of hierarchical thing Okay, there's a very minor thing to anybody who's not familiar with the project There is the Zapien Query parser was only able to parse ranges for dates And so it was super annoying. You had to say today dot dot today to find the mail Okay, that's almost an embarrassing to call that a feature What's interesting and I think is pretty underutilized now is you can Make aliases for queries and You know, whatever you want here. I'm looking for the messages to Debian policy today And Oops, what happened? There are no messages today. That was totally successful Um, let's try yesterday just because you know, I'm a little nervous And that is today. You're absolutely correct. Thank you Are you guys are I guess you could call that helpful? Where's the quote missing? Oh? goodness and then somehow in my Fugue I Okay, um So yesterday, right? Okay, so So that's a feature that I think not as many people know about as as could find it useful All right, so all that stuff is available everywhere Everywhere that uses not much. This is a surprising number of places Another huge feature Which you know is embarrassing that we didn't have it before is Draft save and resume So here's a mail message that I am sending. I am in the next Cubly nervous All right, so I need to think about that right do I really want to send that mail and so Let me look for that draft. Well, they're just a Of course Bill was sending messages in the future So here's Here's This message and I can you know just like a real male user age, right? Okay, so Yeah, okay This is not as new So we have a kind of Menu for selecting if you like virtual folders So to quickly Navigate your set of not much searches And that's accessible via J. So I can say J And and to get to my not much One of my not much searches if you like virtual folders Okay, this is supposed to be kind of fast and inexplicable, right? So You're getting hints of what you could what you might be missing So here Is another UI feature which is a customizable way to set up tagging workflows? and so what I've got set up is a bunch of Key sequences that tag things in specific ways to help me manage not much patches and so on so I can say in W and then it's if we look it's tagged work in progress and so it's a kind of auto completion feature and Obviously not everybody cares as much about not much as I do so that's my my configuration That's driving that kind of menu structure So all right, so you may find that useful for your own thing Here's another new feature which at first I was skeptical about but it actually seems pretty cool so Navigating in long threads, right? So Right, okay, so good I have one minute to find the message I'm looking for and So there's a sort of Expanded view of the whole thread, but I also get a pop-up menu and clearly I want to hear what Phil said and What did Phil say? Okay, so he said it's fine with him. So he's an agreeable guy Okay, and that's pretty much it. Let me just Finish off with some bug fixes. We managed to Not index giant HTML images, which is a huge thing or it's a small thing. It's smaller than before or something Okay. Thank you very much. Next up is Guido So hello everyone I'm Will show some New and maybe not so new things in get bill package which happened during the last year Some of the things that are in there are not actually very new but not very well known because people ask is this possible or not? And so I just added them here as well for the first time I'm using org mode to Demo these things and I hope that it works well So the basic idea is that I run things here and then the output of these commands just pops up Below the rest of it So in this case, I basically like clone from a remote repository so that's that's Actually with the first new feature So we now can like just say VCS get and then it will just look at the packages VCS get URL and then clone from there It's basically what depth checkout does but it also sets up the branches for upstream and for the pristine tar things So the you're good to go and Also for every project nowadays. You also have to support a github pseudo URL Actually new command is GBP push so when you like have uploaded your package and you want to push all the changes it's like Pretty easy to forget To push all the tags and to push all the branches and do the right thing. So we added the GBP push command and That basically that's great a real remote repository first that With that at the I Grated a remote repository on the local laptop So I don't have to push out on the internet, but that this one is called through and then I can just invoke GBP push with the just created repository and It will push there the Debian tag the upstream tag the pristine tar branch because in this case I'm using pristine tar like The upstream branch and the Debian branch so no longer forgetting any stuff You can like just get the remote on the command line or it will just pick the right remote where you clone from from your configuration So that should make things hopefully a little bit simpler another new command is GBP export oric So for now if you want to recreate a tar ball You basically invoke GBP build package with lots of command line parameters to tell it to not perform a build because you Just wanted the tar ball for something else there's now an extra command for that and We can do that here again Export the tar ball from the thing we imported before and then we see here that it just created the tar ball Again, it will now verify the tar ball because pristine tar got verification support So if there is a tar ball already it basically checks the checksum is correct with what's starting it And if it isn't it just gets recreated so that should make things a bit simpler. Hopefully, too Another thing which was fixed actually that is a bug fix is we now when we Don't use pristine tar and we export the tar ball from from git. We have stable Checksums now as well. So it's reproducible and that didn't used to be the case but an I can fix it at some point and so we can basically Export the table At some point we get the same checksums as long as git archive doesn't change in a way that breaks this obviously So we're basically relying on git archive doing the right thing for the future There's another new thing which is kind of like corner case But sometimes you just like have imported all the things and you want to add the pristine talk commits at a later point and Don't worry about to make pristine tar put the right commit ish in the git repository. So there's Gbp pristine talk commit now as well Let's create a new repository first this repository is Slightly different. You see this down here because it has an additional table pulled in there and Then we can like basically at the oops pristine tar commits as well and then we see like basically right down here it added the Pristine talk commit for the origin table for the original table and for the one additional table We have an additional branch here, which carries the pristine tar data The other new thing is Gbp import oric like the tool for importing the tar balls kind of Changed its behavior. So so far if you imported the upstream tar ball It would just go ahead and merge it into your Debian branch Which is kind of pointless if you're using like patches unapplied mode because then what you want is like take the upstream Tree as it is put it on the Debian branch and just leave the Debian directory as it is on that thing I'm not going to demo that here because it's like you don't see very much in the demo I can just show the git trees if you want to and the other new thing is We kind of roll back on error So if you like import a big tar ball and you run out of disk space then you have done half of the thing So so you maybe maybe already have imported the tar ball You might have already parts of the pristine have the pristine talk commit and once you wanted to move on the Debian branch it will fail in some way and Sorry Trying to Demo that as well this part just creates a new git repository so I can can show that Let's run that one and so it import the tar ball now I should sign the tag I abort that because I don't want to end up by pass trace and then you just see down here that it wrote back the changes From from the import so there's nothing left that That annoys you and then you can just like free disk space or whatever is needed to To to import the thing The other thing is just that's just the bug fix as well So so far if you had a local thing you wanted to import with the GBP import DSC You basically just gave the DSC file and if it was a remote file You basically had to pass minus minus download now It's just smart enough to if there's a new URL on the command line It just assumes that that should be a download and the same thing is true for the up pseudo URL So you can just tell it apt colon and then whatever you want and which distribution it should pull from and then it will just pull it in and do that as well and Hopefully it won't take that long So now now it just fetches it from the remote and creates a good repository with all the data in it One thing we added for Get build package is like I'm just creating a new repository here and down here That's the new thing so there's a sloppy mode So basically if you just like sometimes you just want to do something like a native build So you would just want to build what's on your Debian branch And you don't want to care about Debian patches and all these kind of things So if you pass get upstream free sloppy, it will not use any upstream branches It will just use the branch you're on and we'll just drop the Debian directory from it and create that as an upstream Table the other options down here are just because I don't want to perform an actual build So I disable all hooks I have there and disable the builder and we can just run that again and Then we see that We created the tab all from another commit and the grab here shows that the file removed up here So we when I imported the whole thing I removed one file from from the current directory and it's not ending up in the table as expected So what else is there? There's a command for querying configuration options That's been there since quite some time, but I'm not sure many people are using it So you just like git like you just say gbp config and then the command and then which option you want to have and then it Puts out the option name and that's basically all I wanted to show us or there's some documentation out there Which got to rework during the last year as well Gbps also on pi pi and the python 3 version is in experimental so that we can get rid of python 2 support at some time That's basically all I wanted to show. Thank you. Thank you very much. Next up is cipher mox much yet Just a moment while he plugs his laptop in. I feel like I should be singing or something No need for me to start singing yet I don't see it Anybody know any other good songs Dance routines great right here. Thank you Good so good morning My name is Matthew. I'm What I want to show you today is Something that I've been working on for the past two weeks So one of the things that is often forgotten Let me just Clone the screens So one of the things that is often forgotten in the context of secure boot is that you need What you usually want in secure boot is to have your Your bootloader Signed but you also want your kernel signed and what that implies is having your module sign as well so Let's see So you'll excuse that I use Ubuntu to demonstrate this because some other pieces are missing but basically What happens if you need some special hardware your modules aren't signed if they're not coming from the archive And that means that you need to somehow sign these modules, but let's be honest Signing modules is not something that is terribly easy to do for just anyone. You need to create a certificate. You need to Prepare all kinds of other things and Even signing itself is a kind of weird command that you need to use and know about so What about DKM S? What about auntie may who wants to use our brand new? Widget that does I don't know whatever That's not even the wrong the right user so So as you can see from the zero one at the end here secure boots is enabled and if we look to see that There's no other variable in firmware than mock list RT, which is just a list of enrolled certificates if Validation and shim was disabled and you'd see another variable that that specifies this So let's see if I try it to mod probe BB switch, which is a module that is commonly done As a DKM S package it looks like I don't have it So let's install that so what I did was basically a DKM S Some small changes to the DKM S postants to run things that would be shipped in a shim sign package To give the user a some kind of wizard so that they can do signing easily So all you really need to type in is a password That will be asked again on reboot to make sure that the user is is actually authorized to do that the change and Integrate a new key and if I reboot that system I can see the key that I've just been that has just been created Let's then roll it and now reboot So basically the pieces missing right now in Debian are As far as I could tell because I tried this in a pure Debian VM that I just cleanly installed the kernel doesn't seem to be enforcing that modules are signed and the Not everything is in place yet to fully integrate Booting from shim to grub to a sign kernel So now if I try to mod probe BB switch again It will actually load and say just that device doesn't exist on that VM What you would see if I try to mod probe something else Let's see Actually, I don't have anything else to my probe was so let's remove that key So this is basically the same process that the wizard is running behind the scenes Just mock you till delete or mock you till import And now I can go back Reboot to get into the shim mock manager that allows me to change the states and shim So the great thing with all of this is that you don't need to remember a long open SSL command You don't need to remember mock you till you don't need to really care about the commands that come with shim mock you till FU boot manager all these things that control the firmware and Basically, everything is done You're basically hand-olded through the whole process So as you can see now that I've removed the key, it's simply The kernel simply notices that the key is not available and refused to load the module Thank you. Thank you very much. Next up is Denver, Gingrich. I guess I'll just keep talking until we're all set up Surprisingly, I have nothing to say this morning. Well, you see normally I just you know Rabbit on about whatever whatever comes to mind, but somehow it just can't quite seem to fill the space between the between the acts today So My cover Yep, so we could for example observe as you know laptop gets set up Sound gets set up. Oh, no, he's ready. Great. Okay. Let's go Almost well nearly ready. All right so My name is Denver also known as OSS guy I Will be talking to you a little bit about Sopranica here So it's a collection of projects as you can see and it helps you generalize Phone numbers so you don't have to use your phone if you don't want to So as you can see the primary production Deployment right now is this jmp here. So we will go to this website Which if the Wi-Fi is still working great should come up quickly great So this is jmp So you can see here a little bit about it if you have a Jabra account already. You don't really need to do all of this stuff so You have a Jabra ID all debbing developers have one It's your username at debbing org and then you can use a Jabra client so we recommend Conversations for these two and then there's also one for iOS if you have to And then so that now that you have these two you can just get a phone number great. So I Have this phone number. So I first need to enter my Jabra ID But just to kind of show you how that is generally set up So we have something like gajam here, so we will edit our accounts and we'll add a new account So I have an account that I want to use It's a very unique account very nice So this and we will just Rename this one. It's a little nicer Okay, great. So now we have this account. Oh, where did it go? Where did it go? Was this not active Active There we go. Okay Yeah Okay, anyway, it it is. Yeah, maybe it's at the bottom already Anyway, so we are connected to this one So we will enter our Jabra ID, which as you saw was JMP live at We'll connect again Great. Okay, so we've got this you didn't see it on my screen But I did receive a notification about this So I'll show you this here Great, so we got this JMP verification code very nice So we'll put this code in here and hit Smith and Boom so that is now my JMP number So now we can do interesting things with this so if any of you wanted to you could text that phone number and Things would show up here. I'm going to do that myself unless someone else beats me to it Okay, so I am sending myself the message. Oh, look, we have someone who has already Oh, there's a few people who are talking to me already Great surprise surprise So what do we what do we have here? Okay. Oh there we are. Okay. Yes lots of people Okay, so we have all these people. Yes good excellent and and This is me. So yeah Wonderful. So now I can reply to one of these. I'll actually reply to This person Because I don't actually know who they are, but it looks like they might be from the Montreal area. So So right great and then oh right this person is not in my contact list So I'll just add them to my roster here a second Yep, good, it's fine. Oh Apologies, there's a minor a little Yep, the plus is fine. The plus is fine So great and then I will Say this again, okay, and Then you can see once they're in your roster You'll get this a little green check mark and that's actually a message coming back from my carrier Saying we have delivered this message To you know the carrier on the other end. So this is all native through XMPP which has delivery receipts So we just pass this through here. So this is great And you can do all of this just like that So I don't know I don't know What's that oh, yeah, sorry sorry there you go that's the that's the number there and just to kind of Yeah, what how can I keep that number on the screen there? I'm not sure anyway, so just remember that number there As I look at other stuff on this page So scrolling down here you can see making and receiving phone calls So it's not just about text messaging. Although that's maybe the the easiest thing to use it for you can also You can also receive and make phone calls so by default when You are When you receive a phone call it will go to voicemail directly if you're not logged into your SIP clients Here's my SIP account down here if you're quick you can grab that password and then start making phone calls as me but but yeah, that's generally how you would do it and Yeah, so I'm just going to do that right now Hopefully I'm quick enough to do this Okay, so I'm calling my phone number This jmp number here, okay, it's ringing the quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog This is a test message Great. Okay, so we send this text message. Now. Let's see what happens. Oh my messages are flashing Okay, what do we have? Oh, okay, so we have subject what voicemail and we have this voicemail thing Oh, that's not too bad. I transcribed pretty well. So yeah anyway. Oh you did okay? Thank you Yeah, okay. Oh great. So we have this and you can see it also supports non-north American phone numbers here as well and Yeah, that that is to say we we can receive from these We cannot yet send text messages back to these but you can definitely receive calls and and that sort of thing Sorry two minutes. Okay Great, so yeah, you can see how it transcribes the call and then you can click this if you're using If you're using Conversations, which is the recommended Android XMPB clients This will actually show up as a little like play button And then you can just hit play if you want to listen to it and yes more things So I we do support emoji of course. It's just that my machine does not so So yeah, this would look very nice in conversations. I'm sure you'd see like a very nice Happy face or something like that. I'm not good at interpreting that one the right there so a Taco, okay, excellent So yeah, anyway, so this is This is JMP We are the kind of the next countries. We're interested in going for our The UK and Germany that seems to be where most people who are interested in this sort of thing reside who are not in Canada or the US? And then I'll just show you here Where you might want to go. Oh, there's even more messages so many good things So go to support here and this if you want to Chats with a smore about this you can join our Our chat room here. Come on you lucky browser So yeah, you can join the chat room and now I'm in the chat room as oh Someone has found us already. Okay, great. Well, this is good. So I'm guest to guest to great Okay, and yeah, so we we chat about lots of things in here and of course you can you can join this chat room from From your XMPP client directly if you like so yeah people are typing stuff in here saying hi, maybe yes Okay, thanks very much Thank you very much. Sorry. We almost had a bonus demo, but everybody kind of went to the right time So you've been a lovely audience and the next round of live demos will be next year in Taiwan. See you there


Good afternoon and welcome to CMC markets on Monday the 6th of February and This week's weekly market update a look at some of the key events this week first and foremost start with the risk warning Any analysis and any analysis and Charting that you hear from Here is not to should not be construed as trading advice ultimately It's my views on where I think the markets could well go and Just make sure that the various risk warnings are Digested for the various regions right pretty much ready to go Key themes that I'm looking at this week. There's a number of them Obviously, we're still looking at the aftermath of Friday's payrolls number, which if you tuned in to The non-farm payrolls webinar on Friday You will have you will have noted that both Colin and myself thought that we would get a decent number On the basis of the payrolls numbers that we saw or the ADP payrolls numbers that we saw on the Wednesday Over the last 12 months We've pretty much seen a fairly close correlation between ADP and payrolls Non-farm payrolls within about 20 to 30 thousand jobs on a month-by-month basis There hasn't really been a significant Deviation from the numbers on a month-to-month basis So it stood to reason that we were probably going to get a decent non-farm payrolls number that being said The response that we got in terms of the dollar wasn't what we expected and I think a large part of that was down to the fact that We got a fairly weak Wages numbers of the wages numbers that we were expecting was in the region around about 2.8 2.9 percent on an annualized basis And what we got was a drop back to 2.5 percent, which obviously suggests that We are likely to find or likely to see the Fed probably remain a little bit Cautious about the prospect of raising rates in the short to medium term. I will be covering Dolly Yan Euro dollar Aussie dollar Nasdaq and the cat Caron In response to a question that I've just received. I will be getting on to that, but ultimately I think what's going to drive markets this week is Perceptions about what the Fed is going to do with interest rates, which also rubs up against what The Trump administration wants with respect to a stronger or weaker dollar last week We heard Peter Navarro who is one of Donald Trump's chief trade advisers basically have a pop at Germany for Artificially keeping the euro lower. Well, most of us most of us listening to this webinar I know that's nonsense because ultimately Germany has no control Over monetary policy with respect to the European Central Bank That being said it has prompted a little bit of a counter response from German finance minister Wolfgang Schäuble over the weekend He's pushed back at the European Central Bank for its easy monetary policy and it's no secret that Germany has been one of the key Has been key in its criticism of President Draghi's low rate policy because ultimately what it does is it pushes the euro Lower without actually dealing with the core problems within the euro area That being said looking at the dollar index over the course of the past few weeks We've seen a significant weakness from the peaks that we saw In the early parts and the late early part of this year and the late part of last year and that's no better born out Then by this particular chart that we've got here I'm going to show you all my Bloomberg chart because I think it's quite it's quite instructive certainly when you look at it in the context of This chart here Since we peaked at around about on the 3rd of January Which was at 14 year highs the dollar index has slipped lower and I think this is important It's important in the context of where we go to next with respect to euro dollar It's also important in the context of where we go to next in in the context of dolly in because even though Those payrolls numbers that we saw on Friday were very very good I don't think it's going to make the Fed likely to pull the trigger on another rate rise Anytime soon. There's a number of factors at play and one of those factors is The amount of slack that a Fed policymakers think they are think there is in the US labor market We saw the unemployment rate rise on Friday from 4.7 4.8 percent, but more importantly we saw the Patient rate also rise by two Two basis points as well from sixty two point seven percent sixty two point nine percent Which suggests that there's more people coming back into the labor market to look for work Which suggests again that ultimately the underemployed aren't Are still a significant part of the US labor market and aren't exerting outward pressure on wages We saw wages decline. We put saw payrolls increase If you have a tight labor market, you would expect the unemployment rate to stay stay the same You wouldn't expect it to increase and you wouldn't expect the underemployment or the participation rate to increase either So Janet Yellen and a number of Fed policymakers have indicated quite strongly That they want to see further evidence that the US labor market is tightening Falling wages or declining A declining increase in wages suggests that there is no inflationary pressure on wages Despite the fact that prices input prices are rising at the fastest rates in several months We saw that in the isms last week So for me that suggests that the dollar is likely to find upward momentum Significantly restrained. We are in a downtrend on this dollar index chart So as such while we remain in this downtrend, I think dollar strength is going to be fairly subdued That also ties into what I was talking about last week in respect to dollar swiss dollar swiss at the moment Is looking to be in a nice little downtrend So we look at the dollar swiss chart. We look at the dollar index chart the downtrend is I think it's fairly significant and it's almost uncanny in terms Of how the downtrend is moving now. We are finding support on the dollar swiss At around about the 200 day moving average. So we do need to keep an eye on that But ultimately have a look at have a look at parity in the dollar swiss because that would suggest that the downtrend It's been in place since the end end of december beginning in january Is going to potentially run out of steam and turn around But it also could give clues as to the overall direction of the dollar on the longer term Given the fact that euro dollar makes up 57 77 of the dollar index We also have a fairly nice uptrend in place in the context of the euro And this is also quite instructive in terms of why we've seen the move higher in the euro against the dollar And for me, this is all about yields If we look at the distance this this this green line here basically signifies the gap Between us and german borrowing costs. So when they were at their peak Euro dollar was at its lows Since then the german bund yield which is This line here the the yellow line The yields have jumped up from 0.25 to 0.44 percent So essentially german bund yields have doubled in the space of around about Four weeks Moving in favor of the euro, which is why why we've seen the euro rise and the dollar fall If that trend continues you can expect to find the dollar will come under further pressure Against the euro. So we're in this uptrend good support Currently round about 107 106 80 if we break below those lows that we saw At the end of last week around about 107 05 then Obviously the uptrend in the euro that we've seen over the course of the past few days Is going to bring about a broader correction lower at the moment. This is a four hour chart I haven't seen any evidence that is going to take place. You work on the basis of the trend as your friend at the moment The dollar downtrend remains intact the euro uptrend In in euro dollar remains intact and as such we're seeing a similar sort of pattern also play out on dollar yen We're round about the lows of the past month or so This 112 area is going to be very very important in the overall scheme of things these twin lows here Let me just remove those lines for you just to hide them and you can see what I mean These two loads here again, this is a daily chart Good support around about 1205 So really if you're going to be long of dollars against the dollar yen your stop loss is going to be below 112 So 112 on the dollar yen. I think is a key level 107 on euro dollar Obviously look at parity on dollar swiss We're at some very very key levels With respect to where the dollar is going to go at the moment people are talking about a stronger dollar We've seen a bit of a rebound today But ultimately the trend since the beginning of the year has been for a slightly weaker dollar and I think there's a bit of concern Given some of the narrative coming out of the new trump administration given the fact that Markets were pricing in potentially three to four rate hikes this year They may not get that and that's going to take the edge of the dollar And we're seeing some we're seeing the effects of that Starting to unfold in some of the positioning. What's more important in the context of that Is the fact that gold has started to wedge up as well We look at gold It's a similar sort of story We've broken above the peaks that we saw in january And we look as if we could be gaining a bit of traction to go higher now some of that Maybe down to the fact that people are taking They're hedging themselves against what I would call trump risk He's proved to be a little bit of a loose cannon We still haven't heard any details of what sort of fiscal stimulus that the new US president may embark upon and while he's been signing executive orders like confetti At the moment we've seen a little bit of a pause in the recent uptrend for stock markets Yes, we are back above 20,000 level on the Dow and we're just shy of the 2,300 level on the s and p 500 But an awful lot of that rally that we saw on friday was predicated on reform of dod frank and There is no guarantee that that will happen at the moment what mr. Trump is looking to do on that is review it We're not talking about rolling all of it back And if he does talk about rolling all of it back, he's still got to get it through congress and he's got to get it through the senate And that's not a given mr. Trump is not the most universally Liked person in the republican party simply because he's a complete maverick so Gold I think is likely to find momentum in its favor Just been asked about gold and certainly on the basis of this chart here We can see quite clearly we're in a nice little uptrend. This is the four hour chart We've broken above the 1220 area Which would appear to suggest that we could have the potential to go a little bit higher any pullbacks on gold I likely to find support round about these sorts of lows here that we saw in the middle of last week around about 1195 But overall momentum does look to be starting to build it towards a slightly higher gold price But we still do need to be aware The Fed officials could still want to keep the option Of a march rate rise on the table even though I think the prospect of it is highly unlikely I don't think we're going to see that simply because the data doesn't really support it So looking at that gold chart here on a four hour chart We've broken through those series of highs from the 16th to the 23rd of January at 1220 We're probably going to incrementally move higher over the course of the next few trading sessions towards The 200 day moving average, but the 200 day moving average is going to be a tough nut to crack And any pullbacks we're probably going to find support around about the 1200 level as well So my view on gold is we're probably going to edge a little bit higher But we will be vulnerable we will be vulnerable to downward ticks downward corrections On any narrative that we get out of the out of out of the federal reserve and particularly Concerns about currency wars because I think that is one of the reasons that's driven the Gold trade over the course of the past week or so. It's this narrative from US officials about currency manipulation And certainly I think that's something that I will be looking at towards the back end of this week when China releases its latest trade numbers I think If they if they post a significant surplus, which I expect them to do so We're going to we're probably going to get more narrative from US officials about About Chinese manipulation of the currency despite the fact that ultimately the federal reserve is probably the biggest currency manipulator out there and Since the beginning of this year the dollar has weakened quite significantly against the warm so The the trump officials cannot really argue that the chinese are Manipulating their currency lower since the beginning of the month We've actually the the one has actually strengthened quite considerably And is actually knocking on this real key support area Around about 678 675 I think what's significant about this as well Is the fact that we've Every time we've rebounded off this key support level The rebounds have been significantly lower. So there is again potential here to suggest That we could get a little bit of a weakening of the dollar in the short to medium term Brings me neatly on to the pound because the pound has taken a significant caning over the past few days On the back of a fairly dovish Bank of england quarterly inflation report Now I was quite surprised by how dovish the bank of england were and I think that's really sort of led me to believe That ultimately and they they they really want to keep the pound pretty much where it is Below 128 and back towards the lower 120s now For me, there are risks in that. I think there's there's risks In the fact that the bank of england in being so dovish really I think is reinforcing The narrative of its august rate cut I think there's a number of reasons why I thought that was a mistake And I continued to feel it was a mistake and ultimately despite the fact that the chief economist andrew Haldane has admitted that maybe they got it wrong. Mr. Carney doesn't want to do so, but That being said We have seen a very strong rebound off the lows at 120 And this is something that I talked about last week when I talked about this bullish engulfing week here Now the thing that does worry me a little bit is We did see a key reversal day on the dailies Which would appear to suggest that we do have the potential to contest This 50 day moving average here around about 124 30 And I think this is going to be a really key level for the pound over the course of the next few days If you look at this 50 day moving average and the way that it's performed over the last six months It's acted as a key support and resistance level on a number of occasions over the last six months More recently it's acted as a significant resistance level At the beginning of january here around about 124 30 and here again And now it's acting as a little bit of support area over the course of the past week or so So I think how the pound reacts over the course of the next week or so Will be very important in the context of where it goes to next. I'm still marginally bullish on sterling We do have The latest the last commons vote on article 50 due to take place on wednesday And I think that's going to be key in the context of where we go to next I think it's unlikely that any of the amendments that a number of mp's are looking to push through on article 50 Will um get voted through we may see With a couple of minor ones, but ultimately I expected that legislation to get kicked up to the house of lords On wednesday it's going through the committee stage now Over the next course of the next couple of days. I would expect that that vote to go through on wednesday And then it goes up to the house of lords And hopefully it will be passed through the house of lords The beginning of march march the 7th In time for the budget the uk budget on march the 8th and in time for tereza may to go to The european commission on march the 9th and potentially trigger article 50 on on march the 9th any slowdown I think in the course of pushing the legislation up to the house of lords Could actually be sterling negative because I think one thing that I did find quite instructive Was despite the fact that mrs. May was talking about triggering article 50 We didn't actually see the pound Break it's low. It's a since then it's gone higher and I think that's because of the higher level of certainty So on a technical basis while we're above 124 30 I think the potential for a rebound back towards the the highs remains quite high. There's an also There's an also bigger Factor at play as well in the context of euro sterling Big resistance on euro sterling at the 100 day moving average. We can see it on the daily chart here Let me remove those Lines and you can see what i'm talking about Where the 100 day moving average is active as resistance and support in equal measure through here through here And also through here. So big resistance at 86 50 I've talked about it on the chart forums on my chart forum update Which you can access from the chart forum page here. I try and update these every day or every other day If I haven't got any changes to make for it on a day-to-day basis I won't update it, but if I'm going to make a marginal change I will generally update it and post it to the chart forum There just put those lines back in So nice little uptrend in euro sterling, but it's running into resistance here Bigger picture is this a right shoulder of an invert of a regular head and shoulders reversal chart from what we've seen From this move that we saw from the lows in 2015 at the moment It's slightly irregular We haven't actually taken out the 86 50 level But i'm looking potentially For euro sterling to roll over and come back to these lows Through here a move through 86 50 will obviously delay that but it won't negate it completely So looking to sell euro sterling on rallies looking to Basically sell the us dollar on rallies as well Right gonna look at the look at the major indices now. I've been asked about the us 30 So let's have a look at the us 30 back above the 20 000 level The big level for me. I think still remains this series of highs just above 20 100 i'm not sure That we're really going to get um Another move back up here in the short to medium term certainly not on the four hour chart We've had the pop higher. We filled this gap the big the big level for me still remains 2300 On the s and p the dow The dow for me. I think is is of limited value When we look at it in the context of where us markets are going to go I think it's quite instructive that the reason we went back above this 20 000 level Was as a result of a rebound in banking shares and you can see that From the rebound that we saw in say for example goldman sacks on friday We look at that there. We're still above. We're still below The highs that we saw earlier this month. So i'm going to be keeping a particular close look On that also going to be keeping an eye on jp morgan's share price as well again We're still below the highs that we saw in the middle of january. So keep an eye on that for further momentum building there but ultimately While we've heard mr. trump talk about an executive order We're talking about reforming the dod frank not repealing it entirely because i don't think he'll be able to push that through congress. So Yeah, we did see a bit of a rebound on friday But i think we could see a little bit of realism start to kick in on the back of that as well also quite a big level on the footsie 100 currently at 7200 we're really struggling to get back above those peaks that we saw A few weeks ago around about around about here 7206 7 210 Also, it's quite important to look at what we saw A couple of weeks ago We saw a very big bullish weekly reversal So when we talk about the footsie 100 rebounding What we really need to see Is a rebound back above the highs that we saw over the last two to three weeks and to to date thus far We haven't seen that Because we would need to also see a really little significant reversal of this key bullish this key bullish reversal On the footsie 100 and i think that's another reason why i can't be overly bearish on sterling Because ultimately if you're bearish on sterling then you think you have to be a little bit bullish on the footsie 100 given the correlation Between the two that we've seen over the course of the past few weeks or so Given the significance of this reversal on the weekly chart Then you would have to suggest You sort would have to think along the lines of what's going to drive the footsie higher if not a weaker pound So looking at the 72 10 level For a significant Breakout back to around about 72 50 Were a bit while we're below 72 10 Then i think we're probably going to continue to range trade on the footsie 100 Um over the course of the next few sessions I would obviously revise that if we traded at 72 20 because then i would suggest that we could well test another 30 or 40 points Higher on that basis, but we are running into a bit of resistance at 72 7200 7205 at the moment With respect to the DAX that's been a bit of a bit of a Head scratcher for me. I've been looking at that over the course of the past few Trading sessions and i've been struck by the fact that it's really really struggled To move back above the highs that we saw in mid january and and i suppose in some ways That's not too surprising and the reason for that is a slightly stronger euro Given that german companies Export capability is largely dictated by a fairly strong euro So 11 700 is really the key level that i'm looking for On the DAX if we can get back above the 11 700 then i think we could potentially retest The highs that we saw at the end of january, but while the euro again remains fairly strong And it remains in its uptrend. I'm struggling to make a case for a slightly stronger DAX So again, it's the currency play playing into the equities play which in turn plays in to the commodities play so There are linkages there And ultimately i think that's what's playing out in terms of what equity markets are going to do next Right, um, what have i missed at the moment? I've got to do the ozzy dollar and the nasdaq So just doing the ozzy dollar for you ladies and gents and again, I think that's that's a commodities play We are on the verge of a potential breakout on the ozzy dollar. We can see the price action here It's not immediately obvious as to which way we're going to go and until such times as we do The safest thing to do is to play the range. So ultimately until we break above This resistance level here around about 77 then really you've got to sell the ozzy and buy the us dollar There was some talk that the rba Could be looking to ease monetary policy Maybe That talk or that chatter will come back onto the table What's driven the ozzy rebound over the course of the past few days Has been much better than expected australian economic data the trade surplus that we saw last week On the back of the rebound and commodity prices That's pushed the australian dollar back up towards the top end of its recent range But we can see straight away and anytime it gets above 77 or near to 77 It finds it very difficult to maintain the momentum Back above there. So smart trade is to sell ozzy on rallies Until such times as we get a clearer idea of where we've been going in the short to medium term But we are at the top end of its range Therefore that suggests to me the bias remains towards selling rallies cac caron Again same question from the same person What we've got here again is a similar sort of story playing out as in the dax up towards the upper end of its recent range Again, this feeds into a slightly stronger euro, but not so much. We've also got Upcoming political uncertainty with respect to the the french presidential elections Lightly to weigh on the upside with respect to french equities So that is going to be a headwind going forward probably less so Probably more so rather than the currency risk of a higher euro So look with respect to the cat caron Similar sort of story playing out look to sell any strength back towards 4900 for a for a drift towards the lower end of The recent range Been asked about Cocoa u.s. Cocoa. Well, that's a new one Let me see if I can find I've got UK Cocoa. Let's have a look at u.s. Cocoa. Let's try and find that So I'll go to the library Type in Cocoa And here we go u.s. Cocoa Well, that looks pretty soft No price for guessing that that's in a downtrend I mean for me really if you if you're if you're trading with the trend on that Then you've got to trade any pullbacks towards the 2121 area Um does appear to be at a long time low But again as with any market you really got to trade with the trend If you're looking to try and find the base on it that can be a very dangerous game It's akin to trying to catch a falling knife You may be lucky, but then again you may actually cut yourself quite nastily So at the moment I would be hesitant about trying to call the bottom on this particular market Yes, we are all-time lows But I would be looking for evidence of a of a potential bottom in this particular market And at the moment we haven't seen one So until such times I've seen evidence that we're going to get a rebound I would be very reluctant to look at trying to buy into such a market Um At this particular at this particular level if we look at the end of december beginning of january We did see a big rebound in the weekly chart But then the following week we then drifted lower again So at the moment we've seen a couple of false positives in terms of a potential rebound Which have come to nothing So if you're looking for the bottom on that I'd wait a while Um crude oil Crude oil again The the iranian the iranian story probably could give us a little bit of mileage in upside but again Looking at looking at and the iranian sanctions that were announced Haven't taken oil prices back above the levels that we saw At the beginning of this year and the december peaks and I think that for me is quite significant Oil tends to be a fairly technically driven market We also saw rig counts rise again In on friday from 712 rigs to 729 So, um, I think it's unlikely that we'll see iranian sanctions new iranian sanctions hit their oil output significantly And as such I think any upside is going to be mitigated towards the upper end of the range around about 57 58 dollars a barrel So still I still think we're in a range on crude um And as such I'll be very very cautious about being overly long of it at these sorts of levels It's a similar sort of story on the wti The air is a little bit thin at the moment with respect to oil prices There may be a little bit more upside in it, but I'm not overly convinced that we've got an awful lot of more upside in it Okay, so that's Pretty much it for This week. I'm just looking to see if there are any other questions that you ladies and gents want to Want me to answer I'm guessing not otherwise I'm just going to quickly recap to Just recap as to what I'm looking at for this week So key themes for this week final vote in article 50 on wednesday any developments on dodd frank any further us data that would can Support a potential rate rise. I don't think we're going to see that um, and any other comments with respect to China Europe us Currency wars and what have you because at the moment we're pretty much light on the data front So I think most of the risk is come probably going to be geopolitics and macro risk as opposed to actual data driven risk Otherwise I'm going to Sign this particular webinar often wish you the best of luck In your week's trading. Thanks very much for listening and speak to you all same time same place Next week


David, talking about higher education of today, you have a very important point stating that we are moving from a very formal, old-fashioned, traditional setting into another one, a social, a much more individual way of learning. Could you delve into that? Yeah, I think that people talk about the learning revolution which needs to take place. In a sense, I feel that it already has but it's not in the formal sphere. It's been the way in which that we share knowledge and learning socially and the technology has made it possible. What I think is always our natural desire. It's just that we've now opened it up beyond the classroom and so I think anyone who's engaged in formal education now has to recognise that this exists and therefore has a responsibility to say how can I harness the power of this for good and not see it as a threat. That's a good old story about teaching people on the basis of their future and not on the basis of our past. Exactly. What are we to do? It's a real challenge. For me, it's a little bit like the first time I was given a computer and I thought, what do I do with this thing? Moving beyond that, I remember the first time I bought anything on eBay and I thought, well, I'll never see that money again, it will just disappear. But I think the only thing that we can do is to recognise that it's there and we have to work with it. I think going forward now, educators who are not technology literate, that doesn't mean we've all got to be geeks and understand coding but we just have to feel comfortable with these tools because our students do. I really don't buy the Mark Prensky thing about digital natives and immigrants. I don't think it's an age thing. We're not exactly young but I think we've risen to that challenge and for me it's exciting to see the fact that now we have opportunities in professional learning for academics where your closest collaborator might be on the other side of the world. I go to conferences now and I meet people for the first time that I've been communicating with on Twitter and that's really exciting but we can't pretend it's not there to stay now. No, on the contrary. Of course you're right that all the young people today are computer literate but to which extent are they able to use their smartphones, their whatever in a learning context? Do they need help? Yeah, I think they don't need help with the actual tools for the technology. I think they still need help with the filter that needs to apply to this kind of stuff. I think they're getting better at it. I think we're all getting better at it. I remember when I used to work in a university we used to have these debates about whether you could trust Wikipedia but now it's a pretty much accepted authoritative source. So when I sometimes I hear educators say students will just the first thing they do is turn to Wikipedia. Well it's the first thing I do. It's a pretty reliable source. There are others of course and I think it's more than simply where we find that information. It's as much about how that can take us into fields that we perhaps didn't expect and that really comes through the learning designer, whoever that's going to be, whether that's a librarian, a lecturer, a teacher they need to understand that kind of ecology which is out there that no longer can they be the expert and there are lots of people out there who want to help. The question here is of course why do we have to realise that things change and why do we have to appreciate this change? There's two ways of looking at this. You could say it's an amazing opportunity which we'd be foolish to let slip but I think we also have to say that if we don't then our relevance starts to become questionable because when I went to school there were only two places. You could go to school or the library. They were the only two places you could really learn. Now you can go anywhere. And increasingly now when you have things like MIT putting all its courses online any lecturer has to say what is it that I can do that my students can't get elsewhere because that's how we stay relevant. Once you start to think about opening up learning then you think about the virtual world and the real world and you start to think okay we're looking much more at a kind of ecosystem so to use that analogy it's almost that the role of the educator now is looking after that ecosystem, is making sure that people are handling it responsibly that students know what they're doing, that they're doing things safely. It's much more nuanced role I think that educators will have in the future. The teacher today has to sort of go into such a social learning environment and be part of it in order for him to learn what to do. I think that's important because I wonder how many teachers are willing to take that step. Well it's true and I think there was a survey done recently that fewer than 5% of teachers actually use Twitter for example or social media. So I think in terms of our own professional learning we are failing ourselves if we don't take advantage of this. The setting of this social learning is often referred to as learning commons and I know that this is a concept that really is of importance for you. Yeah it is and the phrase itself has been used quite widely in North American universities to signify a library and I suppose in my mind it's something broader than that but it is to recognise that as in the commons movement in 17th century Britain where land was given to people and they had to share that use and they recognised that they had a responsibility to put in only what they were then going to take out. We have an opportunity now it seems to me to think about how we design learning, how we assess learning in a way which can open the participation to a much broader set of people but with that comes a responsibility for us. Not simply to say for example we've got business leaders in the community what can they do for us but to ask what can we do for them and if we do that then I think it goes beyond then the teacher or lecturer thinking that the learning has to revolve around them that it democratises that learning but it also enriches it too.


Hello and welcome you all to today's lecture. I hope you had the opportunity to go through what I discussed in the last class related to the introduction to organic synthesis etc. Now, we will have a brief recap of the last lecture where we discussed sulfur based oxidations starting with conblume oxidation where we saw the importance of DMSO in oxidation. We discussed in this oxidation the activation of halides or tosylate with DMSO eventually leading to the oxidation and forming carbonyl compounds and of course, we discussed some mechanism. Now, then we also discussed Moffet-Pittner oxidation which involved the use of dicyclohexyl carbodyl myde which activated DMSO and allowed the formation of an intermediate that reacts with the alcohol and eventually leads to the formation of the carbonyl compound. As a extension of this particular concept, Barton used phosphgene to activate DMSO and then oxidation of alcohols were discussed by us. Of course, we saw that the phosphgene being very low boiling compound and not easy to handle was of course, a drawback. Now, all these cases what was the mechanism that was basically reported by Torsal which allowed through deuterium labeling to confirm that the reaction proceeds via an intramolecular mechanism and not an intermolecular mechanism something we had discussed at the beginning of the course where we discussed in the first lecture the mechanism of the oxidation based on chromium. Now, Parikhand during then reported activation of DMSO using a complex of this type which is called as pyridine sulphur trioxide complex where the sulphur species here acts as an electrophile to activate DMSO to form this intermediate and that allows oxidation to take place. So, basically what we had discussed was that DMSO is activated by an electrophile whether it is a DCC or whether it is phosphgene or whether it is pyridine sulphur trioxide to form an intermediate of this kind where the oxygen of the DMSO is basically reacting with the electrophile to form a leaving group and so alcohol then reacts with the sulphur here and this leaving group goes off to form this intermediate which then upon reaction with triethylamine as a base leads to the formation of aldehyde as we discussed and as confirmed by the torsion studies that the hydrogen from the methyl group gets first removed as a proton and generate an anion which then intramolecularly picks up this hydrogen and then the oxidation takes place. Now, these type of studies have led to even more popular oxidations on similar concepts. Now, today we will discuss these oxidations. The first one is Cori-Chem oxidation that was developed in 1972 where they used dimethyl sulfide and n-chlorosuccinimide as a reagent combination to give something similar type of species and therefore conceptually it is very similar to what we have discussed so far. And then Swern oxidation which is a very popular oxidation it was reported in 1978 where Swern used DMSO and oxylyl chloride to activate DMSO and leads to the same kind of intermediate and similar type of oxidation but of course this is more popular for reasons that I will discuss today. Now, once again we look at what is this conceptual similarity between the oxidation of DMSO type and Cori-Chem type of oxidation is in Cori-Chem type of oxidation of course we see that there is a dimethyl sulfide that gets activated by n-chlorosuccinimide or chlorine where sulfur makes a sulfur-chlorine bond and we get this species with the chloride ion or this succinimide ion as counter ion. So and then the oxidation occurs. So as you can see that there is a similarity conceptual similarity between these two. This is the DMSO species which is activated by an electrophile where Oe is leaving group and here directly the divalent sulfur leads to a species similar to this where there is a leaving group. So conceptually they are like this that you have an electrophilic sulfur species having a leaving group like X here and of course having a counter ion. Now this species can come from DMSO or DMS that is dimethyl sulfide depending on what the activating agent is. Now, if we now look at it very carefully then it looks that they are basically conceptually having a similar type of intermediates. In corn bloom oxidation as we saw the DMSO interacts with halide or tosylate and give this intermediate directly and we are not reacting with an alcohol but we are reacting with a halide or a tosylate which could be a derivative of an alcohol and we get an intermediate like this which of course leads to the formation of aldehyde. In the DMSO based oxidation what we have seen the DMSO then gets activated by the electrophile to form the species to which alcohol reacts to form similar type of species which is formed here by the reaction of DMSO with the halide or tosylate and then of course rest of the things are similar. In the case of DMS based oxidation what we have seen is that we get similar type of intermediate like here which then react with an alcohol to form similar type of intermediate as corn bloom by oxidation which then eventually leads to the aldehyde. So this is the similarity between the 3 types of oxidation. So today we will look at little more carefully the Kori-Kim oxidation. What is done is to react a dimethyl sulfide with chlorine to form this chloro dimethyl sulfonium chloride or it is reacted with n-chlorosuccinimide to form this particular intermediate which then reacts with the succinimide ion to form another sulfonium ion intermediate to this particular sulfonium ion intermediate or to this particular sulfonium ion intermediate which is chloro dimethyl sulfonium chloride the alcohol attacks and then this particular intermediate is formed the kind of intermediate that we have seen in earlier oxidations. Then of course the treatment of this intermediate with a base like triethylamine leads to the formation of the corresponding aldehyde or carbonyl compounds the kind of alcohol that we start with say for example if we start with the primary alcohol then we get aldehyde if we start with the secondary alcohol then we get the ketone. In place of dimethyl sulfide we can also use thioenosol that means basically what we need is a divalent sulfide. This has been published by Kori and Kim in 1972 and 73 and that is how it is called as Kori-Kim oxidation. So basically what we need is to have at least one hydrogen on the substituent on the sulfur like for example this, this is a divalent sulfur compound in which there is one hydrogen on the carbene. So if we activate this divalent sulfur compound with any electrophile like chlorine or n-chlorosuccinimide then we will get an intermediate of this kind to which if we react with alcohol like this has specifically taken this deuterated alcohol to distinguish between this hydrogen or deuterium from this particular hydrogen. So we get this intermediate to which when base is allowed to react then this particular proton will be picked up based on the mechanism that we have discussed earlier and then the intramolecular abstraction of the proton in this particular case it will be deuterium which will then lead to the formation of the corresponding deuterated aldehyde. And of course as we can see that it would lead to the formation of this di phenyl sulfide containing a deuterium here because now what has come out is of course a deuterium from here to here and of course this sulfur oxygen bond has broken therefore we get this particular sulfide. So this is how the Corikim oxidation takes place. Now we look at this one oxidation where oxyl chloride is used to activate DMSO. The oxyl chloride has a high boiling point like 61 degrees and the Bray products are water soluble. The reaction was reported in 1978. The reaction is carried out at minus 78 to minus 60 degrees and then workup is done at the room temperature. The crucial point is of course to maintain the temperature. When DMSO reacts with the oxyl chloride at minus 78 degrees and slowly it is brought to minus 60 degrees then we get a species 1 and this species 1 then reacts with the alcohol to form a species 2. Then that species reacts with triethylamine to form the corresponding aldehyde. Now one of the problems that is faced here is that oxyl chloride is hygroscopic and therefore water must be absent and in order to make sure that water is not present in the reaction medium molecular sieves are used to remove water. So basically the conditions require that we have to be very careful to remove water and also we have to maintain the temperature because of mechanistic implications that we will discuss now. So now you can see that in the mechanism of so on oxidation the DMSO reacts with oxyl chloride in this particular fashion to form oxygen carbon bond at minus 78 degrees to lead to the formation of this intermediate in which chloride ion attacks onto the sulphur and carbon dioxide carbon monoxide and of course chloride ion are released to form this intermediate onto which the alcohol attacks and then upon the loss of hydrochloric acid this intermediate is formed. Now this particular intermediate as you can see coming from DMSO oxyl chloride is similar to the intermediate that comes from dimethyl sulphide and chlorine as reported by Corey Kim. Then of course triethylamine picks up the proton from here forming an intermediate of this kind which then in an intramolecular fashion leads to the elimination of this oxygen sulphur bond and of course we get the corresponding aldehyde and dimethyl sulphide which is low boiling and then of course triethylamine hydrochloride which is auto soluble. So as you can see that we have the low boiling carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and of course we have water soluble triethylamine hydrochloride. So we can easily work up this reaction and get essentially pure aldehyde or a ketone from the reaction. Now if the temperature is not maintained properly then some side reactions may occur. The side reactions are through a rearrangement called as Pumler rearrangement. Now if you recall this is the first intermediate that forms when DMSO reacts with oxyl chloride and then of course as we discussed the chloride ion attacks onto the sulphur and of course we get this intermediate which is similar to the intermediate that Corey Kim reported. Now what can happen is instead of alcohol attacking onto this particular sulphur chlorine as a chloride ion can pick up a hydrogen form here and this type of elimination occurs leading to the formation of this sulfonium salt in which now the chloride ion attacks onto the carbon forming this species to which then alcohol can attack directly and form this type of sulphur intermediate. This can also form directly from this species here. So instead of chlorine attacking as a chloride ion onto this carbon alcohol directly can this anion of the alcohol can directly attack onto this carbon to form this sulphur intermediate. Now this is basically the side product that can form and this is what is coming due to rearrangement which is very similar to Pumler rearrangement. Now what is Pumler rearrangement? Pumler rearrangement is that if you start with a sulfoxide and react with an electrophile like acetic anhydride then what we get is basically alpha acetoxy sulphide like here what we have got is alpha chlorosulphide. So if we start with DMSO then what we have got is alpha chlorosulphide which of course reacts with the alcohol anion in the sworn oxidation because alcohol was present in the reaction medium to form this intermediate. But this particular species is basically due to the rearrangement which is similar to what is called as Pumler rearrangement. In the Pumler rearrangement for example here when DMSO reacts with acetic anhydride then O minus reacts with the carbon of the acetic anhydride to form this intermediate and of course acetate ion will come out. Now just the way as chloride ion has removed the proton from here the acetate ion removes the proton from here and this acetate ion leaves off, acetic acid comes off and we generate this sulfonium ion intermediate which is what is here. Now acetate attacks onto this to form the alpha acetoxy sulphide similar to alpha chlorosulphide. So this is the similarity between the two reactions and that happens because if the temperature is not maintained then some of these side reactions can occur. Now there are a lot of interesting reactions that have been reported using the positive aspects of the Pumler rearrangement. In fact Pumler rearrangement was independently discovered. Now what is happening in the Pumler rearrangement is of course as we discussed that a sulfonium ion forms form a sulfoxide. So for example if you start with a sulfoxide like this which has an indole moiety. Now this side chain which is attached is on the third carbon of the indole and we have sulfoxide and of course a carbonyl group and in between we have two hydrogens. So we can of course write this sulfoxide like this and if we react this with an electrophile like acetic anhydride, trifluoroacetic anhydride or anything of that sort. Then what will happen is that O- will react with the electrophile, get activated as a leaving group then of course this proton will fall as we discussed earlier in the Pumler rearrangement leading to the formation of this sulfonium ion which is what is a Pumler type of intermediate. So now depending on what the electrophile is the counter ion will be. So if we start with acetic anhydride then of course we get the corresponding acetate. But generally we choose in such a reaction the electrophile in which has electron withdrawing group so that this does not become a very good nucleophile. So instead of this nucleophile attacking on to this carbon here since this species now is well suited for an intramolecular reaction and therefore the reaction occurs to trap this intermediate this species where this carbon is now electrophilic and therefore the nucleophilic carbon of the indole then attacks to this leads to the formation of this type of intermediate which then loses a proton to form the indole derivative of this type where now you can see that there is a new carbon carbon bond form and a new cyclic ring is attached to the indole. So we are going through the Pumler intermediate and making use of this to form this kind of cyclic molecules. Now what can be done with this is that now we have two hydrogens here which are alpha to the carbonyl group. We also have one hydrogen here which is alpha to the carbonyl and of course is also alpha sulfide. Now this is definitely more acidic proton and of course the hydrogen here on the nitrogen is also acidic. So if we react this particular species with two equivalents of base then we can get this particular di anion. The anion will form on the nitrogen as well as on to this carbon. Now these two anions of course can react with a species like this in which there are two living groups. So if we have something like ethylene diabromide for example, then we can get either this reacting first or this anion reacting first and eventually what will happen is you will have a C-C bond formation here and then followed by that there will be N-C bond and then of course we can proceed in either way depending on what this particular species is. We can of course have substitutions on these carbons then we will get different type of final molecule. But eventually what will happen is that we will get a ring here of this kind. So we will have not only 3 rings attached to each other. Now we have 4 rings attached to each other and now we have scope where the chemistry based on this sulfur moiety can be carried out based on this carbonyl can be carried out and various kinds of reactions and various kinds of products can be formed. So this is an interesting example of the utility of the Pumler rearrangement product or Pumler intermediate. The Swern type of oxidation can be utilized in the oxidation of this species here where there is a nitrogen. What is found is that such alcohols if they are oxidized using premium trioxide based reagents then sometimes there is an oxidation of the nitrogen directly to form the corresponding N-oxide and the alcohol is not readily oxidized. In this cases of course one can make use of Swern oxidation. But in Swern oxidation as we discussed chloride becomes a living group and then chlorine based products are formed as side products. So in order to avoid the formation of chlorine based side products some people have made use of DMSO P2O5 combination which is similar to Swern oxidation but now does not have a chloride or any such species which can give side products. So DMSO reacts with P2O5 to form an intermediate of this kind which does not have any kind of an ion that can react with the intermediates and therefore now when alcohol reacts with this intermediate then we get a species like this which is similar to the species that we have seen in Swern oxidation or other oxidations and of course we get the corresponding aldehyde. Now the part which has come out from the this sulfur based intermediate is of this type and of course this will expel two phosphate species and they are of course non-nucleophilic. So therefore this is a very interesting variation of the DMSO based oxidation or Swern type of oxidation and without having any chlorinated bi-products. So we will stop it here and look at the other aspects of oxidations next time. Till then take care and study what I have taught today. Bye.