for another amazing episode of I Have Notes. We have a very special show plan for you today with a very special guest, but before we do that, let's talk about ExpressVPN. Can I get that lower third because I can never remember the copy? RTTV is sponsored by ExpressVPN. Protect your online privacy today at expressvpn.com forward slash RTTV. All right, with that out of the way, let's go to our amazing panel we have today. Let's start with the amazing co-host Issa Badiola. Look at that necklace, look at that necklace. Who's that too? Is that just like a general die? I don't know, maybe it's just like the 2021 mood right now. All right, let's go to our next guest, the amazing Erin Wynn. It's me, Erin Wynn. Solid Snake, Erin Wynn. Coming for you, watch out. And our very special guest with us today, Caden. Very special guest. Love having you on the show. I just love being around Caden. Anytime I get a chance to, I'm always there, I'm always there. Thank you, Noel. Absolutely, how's everyone been today? I had an amazing... Tell us about it, Caden. So I woke up and then they announced some really cool new Final Fantasy 7 remake styles, which I have been desperately waiting to hear more information about Integrate, which is coming out in a couple weeks, which means...  Yeah, I need to get my hands on a PS5 ASAP. Like the announcements today reminded me how close we were to the release of this. And I'm just like, oh no, I need a PlayStation 5. And it's like, originally I was just like, okay, maybe I can wait a little bit just to see what the additions were. And then they dropped some cast members this morning. And I'm just well, I can't wait now. Now I have to get it. Real quick though, is it not available on the PS4? Because that's a... No, no, that's all I got.  It was like one of those things I think once 2021 hit, there was this online joke of like, what are you going to get first, the vaccine or the PS5? Neither at this rate. I got the vaccine. I just need the PS5 and then I'm good. You inject the PS5 into my veins. I still haven't beaten the like Final Fantasy remake on PS4. Like I still remember. I still remember. Like actually, it's okay. So it is April 13th. Yo, is it? No, wait. It's literally been one year since the remake came out. It was today. It was Tuesday. I thought today was Friday for some reason. But either way, it's the 13th. And if my memory serves me correctly, my Final Fantasy, the remake came out on the 10th. So just about a year. Yeah, yeah, yeah. I thought it was April. It was April for us. Disgusting. So it's been a whole year and I've just been staring at the like disc and the actual case because I have a hard time like playing it. Not that it's a bad game. It's just that my schedule, I need to I need to do what Sam Mitchell does, which he's he's a genius about it, where he will just like block out time, like awful work for like a whole week and then just smash the game. I can't do that. I will do a thing to where I'll play the game over the weekend, not touch it for a whole week, come back the next weekend, and then I'm still trash at the game. Like, you know, I'm getting wrecked by like the mutant rats that are still in like the slums like and it's like I'm like man, I keep losing to these rats. I'm not having fun anymore. I feel that makes me feel better about myself. I'm a little bit further than that. I've been stuck at the the Hell House battle. No spoilers. No spoilers. I'm too stubborn to change the difficulty setting to like easy. And I just haven't touched it yet. So I'm like, one day I'll gain the inner strength of power through it. So I I blitz through it. I was lucky enough to get an early early copy because inside gaming was a thing at the time. So and we were just like, well, who's going to review this this JRPG? And I'm just like, you really we're asking ourselves this. We're asking ourselves, we're asking ourselves this team here at Inside Gaming who among us who chief among us would be playing Final Fantasy 7 remake to review it? No, no, no, no, move aside. This one's mine. And I beat it real fast. I didn't I didn't do everything in it. And I still needed to do everything. That's what I have been doing. I'm very much a completionist, not by choice. It's just like, I have the urge to like do all the side missions and oh no, I feel that the unfortunate thing is like there's a review schedule. It's just like, you have seven days. It's like, oh yeah. Does anyone does anyone do what I do where I literally just walk around? Like I got to the slums and I just walk around as if I'm really there and I'm really just kind of like like people watching. I think I just want to I think secretly I want to be an NPC and I just want to just walk there and then bump into dudes and just go, Oh, what was what's that about?  I do. Most people most people want to be the legendary hero Noelle. I want to be the NPC. Just make me the passerby. I want to be the kid with the flowers dialogue lines tops. And then after that, I just repeat them over and over and over again. And then you have to like you can't just immediately exit. You have to like hit circle circle just to get out of all of my text. Oh no, I hit X again, which means now he's talking again. You gotta go through the whole thing.  That guarantees that everybody has to hear your voice. Right?  You're not just a background NPC. I just want to I just want people to know I exist. That's it. You know, I want you to have to deal with me. I feel like there's something in my background that's not supposed to be there. Hold on. Because it's fine. No. Well, was this the thing that you forgot before the show? Oh, God. The audience couldn't hear where there was a there was a disembodied Tyler Stam. The voice the voice of the shred the NAR God, Tyler Stam. Wait, so we talked about Final Fantasy. Who are the voice actors? So there's Suzy Young, Alex Lee, and friend of the family, Damon. It's true. Who's playing? What did you call them? Caden before the show started? What? The character that Damon's playing. Oh, oh, yeah. It's Damon's character is Weiss the Immaculate, not Weiss the Schnee, but Weiss the Immaculate. Okay. Not Weiss. That beautiful. Yeah, let's make that bigger. Make it bigger. He'd also fit in the Weiss the Schnee family. Let's be real. Oh, yeah. Right. This is this is the this is the like second cousin. Oh, yeah. The one that no one talks about. That's the meme where it's about not copying a person's work or whatever. Original OC, don't steal. That's it. If you're going to copy my homework, make sure you change a little bit of it. Yeah, exactly. Something we're talking. No, go ahead, Caden. So we're probably going to focus a little bit on Weiss the Immaculate. And I'm going to say Weiss the Immaculate so people don't know know what I'm talking about here. But Weiss the Immaculate was in Crisis Core Final Fantasy 7 and also Durg of Cerberus Final Fantasy 7. Weiss the Immaculate will be a secret boss in this game. Not a secret anymore. Well, you got to get you got to get to the secret. You got to get to where he is.  It's just where he is. No, it's where where you find him where you fight him and how you fight him. But he's been in the in the greater Final Fantasy 7 canon for a long time. So for people who only played the first game, he's just like who is this guy? I've never seen this man.  Yeah. But yes, he's been around for a while. He is like they're they're he's a part of this whole other subsection of people caught from deep ground, which is a subsection of soldier, which are basically these elite operatives who go around and they do all the missions that you know are of ill repute even more so than the usual along. And he's on he's usually seen alongside his brother Nero, Nero the Sable, not Nero from Devil May Cry, not to make things even more confusing. So again, not Nero from Devil May Cry, not Weiss the Schnee, but Weiss the Immaculate and Nero the Sable. I just want to see this family tree of Weiss the Weiss the Immaculate, Nero, throw Dante and they're just for shits and giggles. Oh, yeah. Listen, listen, I think we've just confirmed that Ruby, Final Fantasy Seven and Devil May Cry Same Universe. What a big idea. Let's just drop some lore here, but like obviously not true lore. Obviously. Yeah, obviously. Wink. Swing something I like. And maybe I'm just reaching, but Brian, if we could pull up that picture again, the one where we see the full body he's got the no shirt on looking all good and everything. Yo, what I really like is that gunblade and then and then like Hayden, you're absolutely correct. Like I have no idea who this person is because I only played the the PlayStation, you know, Final Fantasy Seven. So in my head, maybe this is a reach. But when I think of gunblades, gunblades to me were introduced in Final Fantasy eight, and you know, with with Squall. And do people call him Squall? Or do they call him Leon? Because I know in like Kingdom Hearts his name is his name is Squall. He ditches Squall.  This is my new life. I'm Leon. That was my government name. Yeah. I'm throwing it away. It's like, you know what? Fine. In Kingdom Hearts, you're Leon in Final Fantasy eight, you're Squall. Yeah, that's good. And what I like is in Final Fantasy eight, the way the gunblade looks versus this gunblade here in Final Fantasy seven with this character, it just looks like the Final Fantasy eight has more advanced, like almost like technology as if time passed. Because if you go back to that image, it looks like he has like that like Edo period style, like Archibus type of situation. And he has this like more traditional looking like Katana type of sword. So I just, I don't know, maybe I'm reaching, but I thought that was kind of cool to give it that look. And then in one picture, I don't think we can see it. It has like the Shinra logo and Shinra to me was always very steam punkish. Like if I were to look at it, you know, like a stylistically. So I don't know, maybe it was a reach or maybe I'm onto something. I like this in depth character analysis. Right. And it just popped up because Damon is amazing. I got a chance to work with Damon one time on Red versus Blue zero out now on roosterteeth.com. Please check it out. And the cool thing is Damon for me, it was like a bucket list situation because he's also the voice of Frieza. And so, you know, having him voice diesel, which by the way, one does not voice direct Damon. Damon just kind of does it himself because he knows what he's doing. But what I love is like randomly in our VO sessions, he would just snap into his Frieza voice. And my only response would be thank you for doing that. Because it would come out of nowhere. And in my head, he's like, he knows that I want to ask him to do. But I'm just not going to do it because I got to pretend to be professional, but he'll just do it. And then I'll just thank him for it. So, Damon, I love that, dude. He's a fantastic super talented, super excited for his character in Final Fantasy seven remake retrograde, integrate, integrate, integrate. Mercury's not retrograding right now. Mercury's not it. Thankfully, Mercury's not it. That's why I had a good day. Mercury is not in retrograde. We had a good day. Yes. Like I know what that means. Is that what it's called? I don't know. I'm just staring at Issa's face and I'm looking at her necklace. And I think that necklace is referring to me now. That was fun. That was I loved the uncomfortable silencing. I know I'm like, and then my room is already high because by the way, I don't know, but my AC is out and it's just turned on. But this room is high and like now that I have the eyes of Issa upon me. You're just sweating more. Sweating more. That's like he and her piercing gaze. Oh, yeah. Just just wait. Wait till we're all back in the office and you can explain it in real time. Oh, no. See, that's the thing is I've like maybe this is a story some people know, but ever ever since I started working at Rooster Teeth, I could feel Issa's Filipino strength. It's like it's like the force because I'm only half Filipino. So you know, I'm kind of like a day walker situation. I'm not a full vampire or anything like that. But like walking into the company, I immediately just felt like the pressure. And I was just like, whoa, okay, there's another Filipino here. The power level is so strong. And then I recognize it was Issa. And ever since then, I would try overly hard to get Issa to like me. And I could just tell Issa was like, he's trying too hard. So you're basically you're the gohan to Issa's vegeta. I just want Issa to train me. That's it. That's it. I just want Issa to train me. Noelle has expressed explicitly in a number of conversations with me how he wants, he wants me to like him and I'm just like, well, it's, it's completely fine. And I'm like, I'm like, no, no, you need, you need to appreciate me. You need to, you need to train me. I need you to train me. The sayings are coming. I need you to train me. Oh my god. Listen, I'm, I'm going to say this. I'm going to say this. I completely agree. Like when I first met Issa, when I first met Issa, I was just like, oh gosh, please like me. I will be, I will be heartbroken if we're not friends. That's so wholesome. I think my experience with Issa was quite the exact opposite. Because literally, I think I started this was when we're all the animation was back at stage five. I showed up to work. I think it was after our Monday all hands meeting. And Issa just comes running up to me. Issa has energy. Issa has energy. Okay. No matter what you do, no matter where you go, if you have energy like Issa, he will succeed. The rocks around her are like floating in the air and then just like bursting. Like that's what it is. I love embarrassing Issa though. I love doing that. I just want Issa to like show up and just like turn super sad. It's like, now I'll show you my truth. Thanks. So what else is in the anime news? What else do you want to talk about? Do you want to talk about, uh, how was it brought? Okay. All of this was actually brought up today. Like the fall of fantasy news. This thing we're going to talk about. The life. Yeah. Cause the thing is, I'll be honest, I didn't prepare for this week's show, but the news just kind of presented itself. You got lucky. You got lucky is what happened. That's exactly it. But I think it was, uh, it was early this morning. Was it Tyler? Tyler, did you bring this up? Or was it Caden? Um, either way, live, action, Gundam movie. Super excited. Who wants to start it off? Who wants to talk about it? I know nothing about that director. I know nothing about Gundam. What? I know. I'm sorry. What? I'm sorry. How could you do this to me? Oh, wait, is that a reminder? A reminder for everyone. Like Caden is a part of another, uh, RGTV stream called literally called model employees where they build Gundams. Hey, you know, the one time I was on that, I didn't build a Gundam. No, you drew, you drew May, which was suit. I like, oh, like that thumbnail, that thumbnail, you did. Listen, the show is about creating things. This is true. The whole point of the show is you create something. We build models because we're not that good at draw good. Tyler and Chad is very excited by the way. Tyler, Tyler, very hype.  Have they mentioned whether if this was going to be the very first like iteration of Gundam that like everyone just kind of knows in love, or are they just kind of starting from a, is it like a new story? Is it the same character? I don't think we even really know that far ahead of things, but it's like Gundam live action movie production has begun. Um, so and Tyler, Tyler, we'll wait for Tyler to type, but Jordan for Roberts is is helming that. Um, you might know, uh, uh, Jordan for Roberts, uh, he did the, uh, the actual, this is something that you actually might know, uh, the destiny to live action trailer. Oh, really? He did Kong skull island, which was a very fun movie. Uh, it did not mess around with the kaiju fights, which I appreciate. Uh, let's see. He's a couple. He's working on the metal gear solid movie as well. I want that career.   Go into those individuals hands. Like it deserves to be in a weaves of hands. Like anytime I see a movie where it's going to be like, okay, perfect example. I'll just throw it out there. Super Mario Brothers, the movie, hot garbage, so bad that it reverted and it's good. It's that bad, but it's because it went into the hands of the undeserving. So I respect this. The undeserving. They turned. That's my, uh, final fantasy character, some subtitle name. The undeserving. Why see immaculate air and the undeserving. That's a good one. That's really good. That's really good. I love that. We need, we need, immediately need some fan art of air and the undeserving. Oh, no. Immediately, immediately. No, no, no, no. Too late, too late. I've already wielded into the existence. I have put that out into the ether. It exists now. I hope that this is the beginning of the mobile suit Gundam cinematic universe. I would like to throw it out into the universe. Let me direct a G Gundam movie. I would love to do shining fingers everywhere. It's just going to be all over the place. I would, I'm just super excited. Let me ask everyone here, except for Aaron, because Aaron hasn't seen Gundam. Like you mean like any of the Gundams, like not even by accident. Like you didn't even trip over a Gundam or anything like that. If you told me anything about it, and it was a complete lie, I would believe you because. What's everyone's favorite intervention of Gundam. Stav just said, Aaron, we're talking after the show. Oh, no. There's homework now. There's homework. I do. I do. There's homework now. I'm curious what everyone's favorite like iteration of Gundam is. For me, mine would happen would be like the the first Gundam that I like watched was Gundam Wing. So it has a very special place in my heart. But G Gundam to me is very fun. What's everyone's favorite? What's everyone's favorite? Guys, I have to be in Aaron's camp on this one. What?  Like, are you a casual? Are you a casual? Is Evan Galleon? Yes, it's true. The only mech that I like is the one that is a deconstruction of mech. My favorite. My favorite. I'm waiting. I'm waiting for it. You recommend me. What? Kaden, what should I start with? You want to know what to start with? Yes, G Gundam. All right. The quintessential fun standalone Gundam series. Is that the one where they're all like international and they're fighting and there's like the Mexican Gundam? There's Mexican Gundam. Okay. Okay. I talk about it every time I model employees, but there is a windmill Gundam that is literally a windmill. It is just a windmill. And that's, we never actually see it fight if I'm not mistaken, but it's just a straight up windmill with legs and a Gundam head. And it's just like, okay. Because it's the actual job is to create renewable energy. Like that's all it is.  That's fine. There he is. Tyler Tyler's putting it in discord. There it is. There it is. Character designs are awesome and like the wackiest way. There it is. Yes. Definitely watch it. I just imagine this Gundam as a character is just by nature very awkward. Like it like this Gundam wants to make friends, but then the little windmill like one of one of the four windmills just like gets right into like his face and he's just like, Oh, sorry, sorry, sorry. Or it's it's just gyro man from Mega Man. That's all that. Or that Gundam has a hard time walking through doors through Gundam doors. Oh, yeah. It's just very awkward. Do you think it like folds away or something? Do you think it just goes and like compacts into the chest until like it needs to. I mean, yeah, but it probably doesn't. Because let's be honest, building a building a giant mech. And again, I've talked about this with Tyler, building a giant mech that walks and moves like a person doesn't make any sense. Like logically, it's just it fundamentally is flawed. Metal Gear Solid would like to disagree. You know, Metal Gear Solid, listen. Metal Gear Rex knew what it was doing. Okay. A bipedal thing that knows how to throw bombs. This is exactly what that is. Oh my God. This is just like, let's give giant robots lightsabers. Welcome to Gundam. But seriously, G Gundam is the best because Domon Koshu's energy sells the entire thing. Everybody else is kind of like here or there with like their like their their involvement with the major plot.   Because the the most quotable move in Gundam, period, which is just this hand of mine glows with an awesome power. It's burning grip tells me to defeat you. Shining figure. Oh, it's so good. Every and it happens every episode.  It's so good. That was so good.  That was that was that was really good. And then and I have the box set downstairs. If anybody wants to borrow it, to your house and let you borrow it. Okay. Also for anyone who is still on the fence about whether or not if they want to watch G Gundam or not, just know that if you thought like the power of friendship to save the day was a thing with this particular series, the power of love definitely saves the day. Like it is. It is. It is not even like a metaphor. It is like literally and figuratively happening for G Gundam. It's so good. I will also have a they also have the Sailor Moon Esk Gundam, which is the Nobel Gundam, which she's so hold on. Hold on. I know that one. Oh, it's like, you know, iconic meme meme Gundams. Let's put it that way. I'm just like, oh, this one. Okay. That's a sexy looking Gundam.  Her pilot, her pilot, she is kind of out of her mind. Like in a good way. Oh yeah. No, like she goes from like, she's this like soft, very, very kind, very, very loving blue haired anime girl. Her name's Alan B. And then she goes into Berserk mode where she literally kind of like glows pink and her hair changes color into pink. And I will link it. Hold on. She's so good. Hold on. I'll get everything up. She can be your gang. Oh my goodness. There's Alan B. That's Alan B. Before she does anything. And then yeah, there's there's Alan B after. Okay, I'm so happy that you're able to find these images so quickly. I love Gundam. I love, I'm, I am not a casual. Okay. If it's any compensation as well, Erin, I think my SO would also agree and that G Gundam is the first Gundam to watch. It's good to know. Yeah. If you can't get into G Gundam, it's short, it's to the point. Yes. It's also all inclusive. You don't have to learn about anything else where all the other Gundams were most of them have something to do with each other. If you like G Gundam, you can go back and you can watch, you know, probably Origins is probably the next way to go because that one's a little bit more like space fascism is bad. But this is this is G Gundam is a lot more it's it's tournament arcs and making friends, power of love. It's like it's like what's like not exactly bite size, but it's just easier to like it's an appropriate meal size. Yes. That or it's not a bank. It's like a good palette cleanser too. Because again, for me, my first Gundam was Gundam Wing because it was on like, you know, like whenever late 90s when it was to Nami and adults, even all that stuff.  I was too dumb to understand a lot of the politics, you know, because that's what it is. It's always just like you have after space colony, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah. There's always something they say kudatah like a million times. Back in 97, I couldn't Google what kudatah was.  I don't have time. We couldn't even spell kudatah correctly at that age. Exactly. Could you say kudatah a lot though? All the time. It's the normal Gundam's equivalent of shining finger. It's just like kudatah every episode. And then, you know, and then after watching that and then telling everyone around that I understood the plot 100%, which I clearly did not. But then watching G Gundam, I'm like, ah, this is made for my lizard brain. That's right up my alley. It's literally this guy wants to fight this guy. We're in a tournament and you're from this country and from this country and everything is very on the nose based off of where your country is at, you know? So it's like it's such a good palette cleanser. You don't have to think about it. You're just shining fingers and it's just you're having a good time. You're having a good time. By the way, if you want to watch it, it's also on VRV. I think it's on Crunchyroll too. I don't know. I don't know if they have it up anymore, but they used to. But yeah, it's on Crunchyroll and VRV. If anybody wants to get into it. I did want to ask because this is an originally stemmed from the fact that we're getting a live action Gundam on Netflix.  Like it was objectively like or sorry, I guess subjectively very good for you. Who wants to go first? I don't know if I've seen them any live action anime movies. The only one that really comes to mind as being or I thought it was good was the Rarone Kitchen movie. I've only seen the first one because I know there's been some other ones since the fights are on point. They are they got it down. They got the wirework down all that stuff. For me, I would say if we're talking strictly video game movie, like video game adaptations, I really enjoy both iterations of Tomb Raider. The newest one, the one that's a little bit more like down to earth, a little bit more grounded. Absolutely enjoyed it. I'm not going to lie. I don't exactly remember the plot, but I don't think I was supposed to. It's just like, oh snap. I got to find a treasure. Oh no, no. So it's like, I do like that. But even the older ones from like the early 2000s with the what's her name? Angelina Jolene. Those were fun. Super fun. It's hot in this room. I'm glistening. You can kind of see it a little bit. Yeah, go ahead, Katie. So I'm going to give you a couple. One is probably one of the most underrated Hollywood movies of all time done by the Wachowskis. Speed racer. Yes. So good. So that's my that's my like, if I had to pick an anime, that's the one I'd pick. If I had to pick a video game, it's probably a tie between Sonic and Detective Pikachu. They're both very good. But I have a really soft spot for the first Mortal Kombat movie, which I'm super hyped for the next one, which is coming out in a couple days. I'm super excited.  And then watch it on HBO Max. And I also really liked, despite them not being like a hundred percent, you know, on point the Silent Hill movies, they got the atmosphere well enough. But combining both of those, combining both of those, if we're talking about anime and video games, then I will say Ace Attorney is so fun. That was my answer, Katie.  Is it that good? It's fun. Yes. Very fun. So here's the thing about the Ace Attorney movie because that is one hundred percent my answer. I am, if you guys want like my credentials, I have been an Ace Attorney fan since the first DS game vocalized. I got one of the copies before it came a sleeper hit and it didn't have any more like copies. And I was one of those people who waited for years for them to localize two and three. So like original fan right here, let's go. When they announced that they were going to like make a live action, I was just like, oh, that's interesting. The choice of the director was interesting as well, because he also did more horror suspense movies before, but he's a very prolific Japanese horror suspense director. Unfortunately, I forget his name. So this was a really interesting like direction for his tone and career, because it's like, wait, a live action video game adaptation of all things. So the thing about Ace Attorney the movie is that it seems really grim dark, but it is 100%. I wouldn't say not, but then you look at the characters and they're all wearing very obviously gelled wigs. The characters, like the character designs from the actual video game.  So one, already you have this like really interesting like dichotomy of like everything's really blue, but the characters are really weird. And then two, it's like this weird like kind of futuristic technology. And that's how they that's how they justify some of the interesting court court decisions that are court things and systems that happen in the game into live action. But then it has these like really outstanding funny moments that are so kind of like a lot of stuff you see in actual Japanese anime, but then they translate it to live action, which is like that that works. And it's just as funny. And then it's also a really good movie that is about truth. And what does that mean in relation to justice? It's deep. They get into the heart. They get into the heart of why Ace Attorney is so good. And like, or it's just like a different spin on why Ace Attorney is good. Anyway, you should watch Ace Attorney, the live action movie. And I unfortunately don't know how to find it. So let's find out. Apple TV, you can watch it on Apple TV 99 cents to to rent it. What? Takashi Mika, by the way, is who you're referring to. Thank you. ESA, I did the exact same thing. I went to a GameStop during Fannie Mae like 15 years ago.  And they had a copy there. And I'm just like, they only had a couple copies. And because it was like, it wasn't a big deal at the time. I bought it. And I did not sleep. Yes, convention. It was just like, I would go to the con during the day, go back to my hotel room, just play Ace Attorney all night. And it was just like the walls in the hotel room were paper thin. So like, people could hear my DS cranked the maximum volume just screaming objection. And at one point during the night, the my my room neighbors were just so into it. And then when they heard we play from ideas, they were they were screaming objection. That's really nice. I miss my convention. Wait, have you all seen the anime adaptation of it? And is it any good? Oh, that's a good question. I have not. It's pretty fun. It's fun. Okay, cool.  It's fun enough. Let me put it this way. It's definitely Ace Attorney. Okay. So for the so for the movie, is it like, just like you said, is it like a pretty does it take itself very serious? Like, or is it still very like comedic based off of like the source material? Or is it? Wow. The only reason I ask is like, based off of your like description, I was wondering if like, the main like lead actor is like holding that wig, that very crazy wig. But the entire time inside his head, he's just like, well, clearly this movie is about the self introspection of the human condition and really just reflecting upon it. And then he just puts on that with that, that ridiculous wig and is like, objection. That's a really interesting question because I think the movie itself like kind of straddles it really like eloquently.  But then it turns out it's like really heartfelt, like it actually is hitting like all the heartstrings and like making you think really hard because it's, I think Miles explained in this way, it's like, it, it, it makes you vulnerable and open to experiencing it because it's giving you like this happy feeling. Whereas I think it's like it, that's what the movie does. It kind of like flips you a little and then it flips you again. And it's such an awesome ride of like doing that and so entertaining. A turnabout. Aaron. You're so smart. The undeserving. The deserving. One thing I'd like to bring up is, Kate, and when you brought up Speed Racer, the first time I saw that movie, the ending race, I don't know if anyone else besides Kate in here has seen it. I feel like we've all seen it. Hopefully we've seen it, but that ending of the race and it just visually, I don't want to spoil it for anyone, but visually when I first saw it, my, my, my first thought was, yo, is this what drugs is like? It was, it was, it was like overload.  And then like you get this like amazing cacophony of sounds and like visual tapestry. And I was just like, yo, this is clearly what acid's like. I, I think I want some, I'll have what he's having. I'll have that speed, please.  Or then you jump into the dryer with it. Like that's what happens. Oh my God. But that's a good, but I saw in the chat, wait, where is it? Who is it? Who is it? It was a, it was a Tide Pod, Pad Tide brought up Resident Evil. Oh, wait, are we talking the live action ones or the CGI ones? For me, any of them. I think they're all there. There's a new Resident Evil series coming. Oh, is there another? Yes. Coming to Netflix. Coming to Netflix. There's a Netflix. It's a infinite darkness. That sounds like CG for me. Why does it sound like CG? That title sounded like CG. It's CG, but I know that they're doing another live action take on it too. Good Lord. But this, like, this is kind of different, similar to some of the Resident Evil stuff that they've done before with CG stuff. It's coming soon. Is there a scene where Chris Redfield and some villain are- Leon and Claire. Leon and Claire. Oh, it's Leon. Leon. I love Leon. But does anyone remember that scene where like it's Chris Redfield and some dude that I don't know because whatever, but they're like fighting with guns and stuff. But they're running around. It's so bad. It's so good. They're right there. How are you missing? Just aim at him. But they're rolling. They're dodger rolling. It was Resident Evil Vendetta, by the way. It was Glenn versus, I believe it was Glenn versus Chris on top of the rooftop, where they're all just like taking shots at each other.  I remember Torian showing me that scene way back when we used to work on Death Bound and I was like, please put that into Death Bound. Somehow work that in. I don't know how to do it, but it's like apparently, according to this universe, it's like a video game, right? Like when you play a video game, when you roll, apparently rolling is the faster way to travel. It felt like this. Yeah, just roll away and you're going to get away from bullets. I love that scene, but it blows my mind every time I watch it because it's so ridiculous. But for you, the live action Resident Evil's, I couldn't, I don't like them at all. Millie Jovovich, I think it's fantastic actress, but like the stories, I'm just like, what is source material? Just redo the games like shot for shot and you're good to go. But it's like the directors are like, nah, I'm undeserving. Who would you put Chris Redfield in a death battle with? So technically, Chris Redfield, if my memory serves me correct, he has already been in one and was it with, was it with, was it Frank West of, what is the game, Dead Rising? Is that what it was? Was it? Hold on, I'm about to, I'm about to Google it real quick. I should know this. I'm pretty sure that was Leon versus Frank, right? Oh yeah. Did I out death battle you know? I think you did. Because if I did, it's for shame. For shame. Hold on, hold on. I was Leon Kennedy. I'm telling Torian, I'm going to tell Torian right now. Don't tell on me, please don't tell on me. Everybody go at Torian and say that Noel got beaten in. I'm undeserving. Here real quick, real quick, real, Noel the undeserving. What you got to know though is like being in death battle, being like a researcher, writer, and for me, researcher, writer, editor, and sound designer occasionally, it was a blur of knowledge because I will say this, I still remember the one that took the biggest toll on me was me and Sam Mitchell had to research Pitt from the Icarus games versus Sora from Kingdom F in Hearts. Oh my God. I researched it for like weeks. I still don't understand Kingdom Hearts like as a story. Noel, we're starting a separate podcast. We're starting a separate podcast where I'm going to get people together to explain Kingdom Hearts to you.  Listen, listen, when you say, oh, I don't know something, but I want to know something, I will teach you. Please. I still remember sitting there going, wait a minute. So that's his nobody. But that's his over. Wait, but no, but then that's this. Wait, that's Nazeanor. Wait, how do you wait? What's happening? And I was so confused and I was like, all I want to do is make a gummy ship. All I want to do is make a really fun gummy ship, please. A really good gummy ship. I just want to stay in Traverse Town. It seems very easy going in Traverse Town. That's all I want to do is stay there. I learned a lot about the ins and outs of what happens in death battle like behind the scenes when I worked with Nick. And I'm so happy you brought up the pit and Sora one because then I can say, hey, do you remember when Nick voiced Goofy and Dove? Oh my gosh. So good. It was so good. I was so excited to hear that. So excited to hear that. So funny. So I'm going to make Aaron happy. How about how about Chris Redfield versus Solid Snake? I'm about that life. I'm about that.  What's the other stealth game, man? You're talking about Sam Fisher versus Solid Snake. Sam Fisher versus Solid Snake would be good, too. So they already did that a long, long time ago, like way before. I think I was even in death battle. So that's a fun one. And if memory serves me correct, I think Chris is playing Solid Snake. Yeah, that was a fun one. That was a fun one.  And if memory serves and if I'm right about this, the reason he really wanted to do it is because he always wanted to voice Solid Snake and that's kind of how y'all got him. That's awesome. Right? And now we have Aaron Solid Snake with us. I don't do the voice. I just do the mo-cat for him. Hey, remember that?  Oh, dummy fake. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Good times. Did the voice actor for Solid Snake change at one point to be like some Hollywood act? Yeah, in five. Kiefer Sutherland? Did I say that correctly? Yeah, I don't know. Yes. Kiefer, let me see. Kiefer Sutherland. Kiefer Sutherland. Kiefer Sutherland. Oh. I knew it. I knew you'd do this, Aaron. Kiefer Sutherland. But the original voice was shoved in a locker. No, Aaron. I'm going to go back in time.  Sorry, go on. But the original voice of Solid Snake was David Hader, who you all might know as the co-writer for the X-Men and X-2 films. Oh, wow. Impressive, Snake. X-2. X-2, though, in my opinion, one of the top X-Men films. I think X-2 thinks so. In my opinion, it captures. You thought wrong. That's a good, wow, wrong, but you know, go for it. Okay. So, okay. Well, that's fair. So then I'll say, what about the opening scene in the school? Like the way they captured like the rage, the quote-unquote like Berserker rage of Wolverine, I thought that was pretty awesome. And then like just the way that they introduced the different students and mutants for X-2, I thought that was pretty good. Like especially for Colossus, I thought that was a fun one. If you're watching this, feel free to go check it out. I don't know where you can find X-2. I don't really know, but it might be on the street somewhere. Probably Disney Plus. Yeah, there you go. That's it. Wait, Kaden, then what's your preferred X-Men movie? My preferred X-Men movie? Oh, Logan? Oh, okay. Okay. But that might be cheating. That might be. That is cheating. It's way too good. It's not even. No, you pick the one that you can't. That's the easy answer. That's the easy answer.  I'm going to say first class. Except for the scene where they killed Darwin. A person who can't be killed. I couldn't understand that. I remember watching it and at the time of watching first class, I didn't even know who Darwin was, especially from the comic canon. Obviously undefeatable, unkillable to that point. Darwin is such a cool character. And the fact that they're just like 15 minutes for you. But it was so strange too because Kevin Bacon, like Footloose comes up to him. Seven degrees of Footloose, Kevin Bacon walks up to him and then does his thing of retaining air. I don't know what he does. But he literally, and then whenever he puts it into Darwin's mouth, you can see Darwin changing and evolving. And I'm like, bro, you turned into magma at some point. You telling me Kevin Bacon Footloose is hotter than Earth magma? I'm like, no way. This is BS. I was like, go back to saving towns through dance, please. I will say that the only thing that made days of future past apocalypse in Dark Phoenix good kind of at all was Evan Peters as Quicksilver. I think we can all agree that Evan Peters is the quintessential Quicksilver. We were all slightly disappointed when WandaVision WandaVision. I really like how they approach that his speed scene when he's trying to save Magneto and Charles. Why did I say Eric and Charles? I'm going to pretend like I know them. What I really enjoy is when he does the thing to where he's in his little speed realm thing, but he's even still changing speeds. He's running through, but then he stops. And then when he touches things, he gently taps them a little bit because it's almost kind of like, if I touched you regularly, you would explode or something like that. But then he even still goes even faster. So I thought that was like, I thought his speed scene then, and then when he saves all the kids in the school, I forget what movie that is. Really fun, very inventive and imaginative. I thought those were really good. I'm trying to think. Admittedly, like the Quicksilver parts, I rewatched some of the more recent X-Men movies recently. And I feel like the Quicksilver scenes were kind of one of the most standout. And then the rest of the movies, or the rest of the movie, like whichever like he was in, I was like, oh, this is okay. So what you're saying is we need a Quicksilver movie with him. Yeah. So it's just two hours of goodness. Yes. T.M. trademark. So the fact that they were doing the what they played time in a bottle during that first time. Oh, yeah. They went super fast. Like, like, I know that the song's a little like on the nose, but damn, if it isn't perfect. It's so good. It's so good. It's so good. They had the opportunity. So shoot your shot, right? Yeah. If you have a sin to let us go, you gotta do it. You gotta do it. You gotta do it. I think for the most part with the X-Men films, with Logan being the exception, I think all of them have these really cool moments. But as as actual, like, entire films, yeah, they just kind of like, they're just like, whatever, it's me. I kind of I kind of enjoyed what was the Wolverine one where he's in Japan. X-Men. No, it was just called Wolverine. The Wolverine, right? The Wolverine. Was this the one that was released before all the CG was done? Or like it got leaked? No, that that was X-Men Origins, I thought. Oh, yeah, that was Origins Wolverine. Got you. Got you. Sorry to be Wolverine. Oh, yeah, yeah, yeah, with the with the terrible Deadpool with which, by the way, Ryan Reynolds, I really appreciate he was able to come back and just like undo all of that stuff. And then actually really undo it. Like, and I think in Deadpool, he does that whole scene like towards the end of the movie where he goes back and goes through those different universes and just like fixes. Oh, yeah. Oh, yeah. As well as. That's fun. That was very. So I always, I always appreciate that level of sense of humor to be able to laugh at yourself. Yeah, for sure. I was always disappointed with how, how would they approach Silver, Silver Samurai in the Wolverine? It just kind of like, like cool fight scene, like me, but I don't know, he's supposed to be on par with with Logan as far as like technique and skill. And that's supposed to be the thing that like beats him. And they're just like, put him in a mech. And it's just like, I like the idea, though, of that one guy that he saves way back during World War, whatever, is the one that is trying to. Yeah, like, I thought that was a good idea. But yeah, you're absolutely correct. I mean, maybe, maybe it was cool that there was like kind of a mech ish in it's a it's a robot. It's whatever. It's a robot. It's a robot would get the robot back and get really hot. And like, yeah, it's just a robot coming from the people that were like, you gotta watch Gundam. Full circle, full circle. They were planting seeds way back away. Oh my gosh. That's really good. That's a good one. So what else are we going to talk about? We only have a few minutes left. What is it? Just having too much fun. Someone tell me about this Bell trailer. What is what is this? What is this about? What is this? Oh, yeah. I don't know. You say you want to talk about it? Yeah, it's um, so Mama Hosita, we have mentioned in previous episodes before real quick that Mama Hosita is doing a new movie and a new trailer dropped. And basically this is going to be his retelling of Beauty and the Beast, but with Bell and or called Bell, and it is basically it looks kind of like alter egos on the internet as he has a common theme for. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Something about internet, something about the virtual space and the dichotomy of that and the real world. And the trailer came out. You guys should check it out. Kotsuka has it on Twitter. If you just look up on YouTube, B E L L E trailer, something new will pop up. I think anything the one thing I would want to point out with the trailer is that he is going very actively into 3D, which is very exciting. Yeah, it looks good too. Yeah, I'm pumping in. It's he does tend to do the same themes over and over again, virtual space, etc. etc. different identities. But I think this movie, the one thing he probably wanted to accomplish is doing something in a new medium, which is CG for him. So that's how I'm viewing the movie. And that is I'm very excited. This is what he does. Yeah, I didn't know it was a retelling of Beauty and the Beast. That's really cool. All right. I feel like it's like some kind of like his adaptation of it. Because if it's Bell, it's like it has to do something with Beauty and the Beast. Yeah, you even see like this beastly like man creature in there and it's man. Listen, Hosted is probably one of my favorite directors of all time. The girl who left her time was my favorite movie. Yeah, until Summer Wars came out and stands stands firm as my favorite movie period of all time. And I just love it so much. So I'm super excited. I can't wait for this movie. Hosted is also probably a furry just saying. Okay, before I'm a furry, I applaud. Listen, everybody, everybody who says like, well, I'm not a furry. There's always that dot dot dot but at the end of it. Listen, did you did you like Beastars? Did you think BNA was did you did you enjoy the themes of BNA? Did you think did you think the beast version of Beast and Beauty and the Beast was hotter than the man version? Then I hate to break it to you. That's an objective true furry. That's an objective true. I don't think anyone's is I think whenever Beast turned to human, everyone was like, this man, go back. Look, if you happen to like werewolves better than vampires, yes, you might be a furry. And you know what? I do like werewolves better than vampires because they're better. Kaden. Are you a fan of of Helsing? Oh, yes, of course. Yes. Okay. With the Hugh Jackman version. The movie. So good. Listen, I love the werewolves. The first back in sale. Oh, I got to I got to announce recently that I'm voicing. I'm voicing a wolf boy in in the Titans bride.  And he's so cool. And he's so hot. And I'm just like, damn, this is I'm super excited. Wolves beat vampires hands down. And you might be a furry.  And then it and then it's okay to be a furry. It's just really expensive. I think like at the end of the day, you just got to buy a lot of things.  I feel bad for werewolves because they they got to be going through that through their fits on a weekly basis got to be going through. But at the same time, there's the aesthetic of just like the flannel shirts and just like the little bit of like the torn jeans and stuff. And it's like there is a nice level of like really, really, really cool like stuff happening there. It's hot. It's hot. Listen, guys, it lines up with lines up with the subsection of the community. Guys, we're at the end. And I want to end this on something that Tyler stab says in the chat where he goes, I'm not a furry, but space jam is not an excuse.  That is our show. That is that is our shade. That's it. I mean, yeah, like that's the end of our show. Kaden, tell us about tell us about stays in, please. Tomorrow stays in. It's the first thing you're going to see on RTTV. And guess who else you'll see on that particular episode, the lovely Erin Wynne. Yay. I was hoping you were going to say a werewolf. I was like, yes. If you would like to hear more about werewolves, please come tomorrow. First thing in the morning, back on RTTV at 11am central time. We'll see you back here then. Until then, we love you very much. Stick around. We got other stuff that's on the website. Go watch Grim Campaign. What's wrong with you? Oh yeah, go watch Grim Campaign. You have to be a Fert member to do it, but honestly. That's what I forgot to say. We love them so much. Go watch Grim Campaign. We're about to be done, but join us in the chat. Become a first member. Brian's like, finally. Thank you for watching. I have no, it's been me. Like, I'm Noel. There's Issa, Erin, and Kaden. Please watch stays in tomorrow, Fert member. Thank you for joining us. What a show.


We are talking about axial flow turbine design. In the last lecture, we had some look at the profiles, basically aerofoil kind of profiles, which are used in turbine design and development. We had a look at the profiles, which as you might have understood are quite different from standard aerofoil profile that you may be familiar with. The kind of aerofoil profile that I used in aircraft wings or for that matter, even those are used in axial flow compressor, which we had done in axial flow compressor chapter. And now, you can see that the profiles used in axial flow turbines are substantially different. You can make out from the look that they are turbine profiles. And we also had a look at some of the typical profile that may be used in supersonic axial flow turbines, which are rather rare, but still they are in use in very special circumstances. In today's lecture, we will take a look at how to build up a three dimensional turbine blade using some of the simple theories that we have been discussing about and how to put together those theories. And in the process of typically creating a design steps, a set of design steps that help the design process in a step by step manner, we may use one or two new definitions, one or two new abstract definitions to help us in the design process. Typically, a design process is indeed aided a lot by the data bank that is normally available with the designer or available with the design bureau. Every big company or even small company, who actually develop axial flow turbines would invariably have a lot of design data in the available in the form of data banks. Now, those kind of data banks are invaluable in case of turbine design or for that matter in compressor design as we have seen before. And you need to kind of call upon that kind of data bank, which supplies initial data for example, things like losses, what should be the losses of various profiles or the three dimensional loss parameters or the turbine tip flow losses, secondary losses. Many of those things are indeed extremely difficult to predict or predict through analysis early on when the blade is still being designed. So, normally designers do take help from that kind of available data bank. They also need some kind of a data bank for choice of the profiles, which are normally chosen on the basis of cascade data. So, again some kind of a cascade data bank is available. The early ones were created by various agencies like NASA or NACA and they had created the early data bank. Similar data banks are available in many other countries like England or Germany or Russia and they use their own data banks to supply data to the designers even today. So, we will go through the various steps of the design and at various stages. I will try to indicate to you what kind of data bank would probably need to be looked into. Some of the very early data graphs, plots, etcetera may be available in some of the references that we have given, the references of NASA or the books by Horlach in many of those some of the early plots, graphs which are created of two dimensional cascade formation may be available for you to make use of and you can put together what can be called a reasonable preliminary design of an axial flow turbine. You need to realize that once this preliminary design is available, it needs to be submitted nowadays for very rigorous computational CFD analysis and only after the CFD analysis is done sometimes as I mentioned it goes into a CFD design loop and the design may have to be done all over again and once that is finalized it goes into final prototype making and rig testing. So, the steps that we are looking at are meant for creating an axial flow turbine where nothing exists. It is not meant for strictly not meant for you know if you are just making a few changes in an available turbine design for which you do not need to go through all these steps, but it is essentially meant when you need to design an axial flow turbine from scratch. Let us go through the various steps in which some simple way of designing axial flow turbines have been enumerated. Now, we are talking about three dimensional blade. The reason is that I mentioned that turbine blades especially the rotor blades do acquire a certain amount of twist may be not as much as the compressor blades, but they do acquire quite a lot of twist. On the other hand, the tendency of many of the modern designers especially in the HP turbines is to avoid giving a twist to the stator nozzles. One of the reasons as I mentioned earlier is to make sure that you have sufficient cooling technology embedded inside the blades. And to accommodate the cooling technology which is indeed you know more important issue the twist is often avoided in stator nozzles. On the other hand in the rotor blades a certain amount of twist is inevitable, the modern HP rotor blades are indeed cooled and hence twist is indeed kept to the minimum to accommodate the cooling technology which again is indeed the more important issue. However, later on in the LP turbines both the stator nozzle and the rotor blades do acquire somewhat more twist to accommodate better and better aerodynamic efficiency of these compressor stages. In the HP stages the efficiency or more work done is accomplished through very high temperature operations, but in LP turbine that high temperature is not available anymore. So, one tries to accomplish higher turbine efficiencies so that the work extraction is as high as possible for the given shape and size that is available within the engine. So, those blades are quite often somewhat twisted. Let us get into the fundamental issues of blade design. Now, the first thing that you would see is that you need to select the parameters of design as we had seen in the last class the selection involves number of parameters. Some of the parameters that we had looked at in the last lecture were indeed thermodynamic parameters. They come out of the thermodynamic cycle design of a particular engine gas turbine engine and then those thermodynamic parameters become the starting parameters for the actual flow turbine design. Now, those parameters need to be factored in. We will look at them again in the next slide. The second issue is that design is normally initiated at the mean diameter which is the mean length of the turbine which means if you have the annular space to find the mean of that annular space is where the design is started or initiated and then you design the rest of the annular space. So, the design is normally done at mean diameter to begin with if it is a multistage turbine it is done for all the stages at the mean diameter first and it is only after the entire mean diameter design of all the stages are completed satisfactorily and they have been well matched with the compressors which they are powering only after that the complete three dimensional design of the blades is normally undertaken. So, design at mean diameter is an important step and it often is not a very quick method even though we will go through a very quick round of steps, but quite often it does take a long time before the mean diameter design of all the stages of a multistage turbine is completed and appropriately matched with actual flow turbines actual flow compressors which they are supposed to power. And then of course, you take the radial variation of all the parameters the flow parameters and the geometrical parameters of the blade. So, the radial variation is normally guided by one of the laws of three dimensional blade the primary one which everybody remembers is the free vortex law, but as we have discussed before in one of the lectures earlier that in actual turbine design free vortex law is not the most popular law. There are other laws which are more popular for actual turbine design and we will have a look at some of those again in today's lecture. And the design finally, would need to end with profiling of all the sections from root to tip of stator and rotor blades of all the stages. We will go through the steps of designing a particular rotor and in the process look at how the stator is put together. Similar things need to be done for all the stages of a multistage actual flow turbine and for all the stages then the profiling of the status and rotor blade that means essentially choice or selection or creation of the profiles of the individual blade sections would need to be undertaken you may need to make something like hundred different profiles for all the status and rotors to create a final multistage actual flow turbine. So, that is the enormity of the job that we have at hand similar to what we are done in actual flow compressors and it is a time consuming job it often is done in a group of designers very well qualified people and then only the turbine design is taken to be complete before it is handed over for computational flow dynamic analysis. So, let us look at the various steps starting at the beginning that means the basic parameters. The parameters to be selected from the preliminary cycle which includes factors like flight velocity and flight altitude at which the design point has been selected. As we have discussed the design point may be ground static condition for an aircraft engine or it may be a flying condition for an aircraft engine specially if it is a supersonic aircraft and engine meant for supersonic flights. Now these parameters are typically the entry parameters placed on flight velocity and altitude temperature T a and P a and then of course, the combustion chamber delivery temperature T g or T 0 3 or whatever we have talked about in terms of a cycle in terms of actual flow turbine it is T g which is T gas at the entry to the multi stage turbine and that is coming from combustion chamber. Then of course, we need to know what is the mass flow inclusive of the fuel that has been burned and that m dot g is the mass flow that is coming from combustion chamber and then of course, the pressure that is being supplied from combustion chamber, pressurization that is occurred in an actual flow compressor or any other kind of compressor and that pressured gas is also carrying a very high pressure that is to be supplied to the turbine. And then from the cycle analysis we have some idea what should be the turbine pressure ratio prime of AC, what should be the turbine pressure ratio to match with the compressor pressure ratio to supply the necessary amount of power that runs the compressor or any other load like propeller or fan. The other thing of course, quite often important is the turbine exit temperature which sometimes is prescribed and this also needs to be factored in going into the exhaust or in case of aero engines the nozzle of the engine. Depending on the state of art of the engine design, some of the efficiency parameters can be aimed for and to begin with some efficiency number or value need to be used for design purposes. This would indeed have to be checked out later on through detailed analysis. So, the efficiency values given here are kind of ballpark figures that one can use to start the design process. If it is a single stage turbine quite often efficiency of the order of 88 to 90 percent is often possible it is likely to be slightly highly high pressure and high pressure ratio actual flow turbine. Whereas, if you have a multi stage turbine quite often the individual stage efficiencies are somewhat on the higher side and the overall multi stage efficiency would again be of the order of 90 percent or so. Whereas, the individual stage efficiencies could be higher than that and individual stage efficiencies nowadays could be indeed as high as 94 percent. The parameters that are selected for compressor turbine matching these are normally the mean blade velocity u, the mean diameter u, the tip diameter, the up to tip ratio of the diameters d bar and two parameters the mark number at the exit of the stator of the particular stage being designed or an equivalent lambda 2 which is actually a critical speed ratio lambda is equal to v by a critical a critical is a total temperature based critical speed similar to sonic speed, but based on total temperature and as a result of which it is often useful to essentially gas turbine designers because you do not have to convert all the time temperature from total temperature to static temperature because sonic speed is based on static temperature as per the basic definition of sonic speed. A critical has been essentially defined for turbine designers so that it does not have to all the time convert total temperature to static temperature at every location. So, it is a useful definition and so lambda 2 is something similar to m 2 or mark number. Now, all these things should lead to the total work distribution amongst the various stages and this is typically done by distributing the number of stages over the so many stages over HP and LP. You remember the number amount of work done in turbine stage is substantially more than that of axial flow compressor stage and as a result the number of axial flow turbine stages are normally far fewer than that of number of axial flow compressors and as a result the number of stages are far lesser and hence a little bit of extra work more or less would have to be accommodated within the integer number of stages that are possible. So, if a little more work is to be done that has to be done by those stages every one of them doing a little more or a little less work can be redistributed among some of the stages so that you do not need to reduce or increase the number of stages at the design in the process of design. So, number of stages is decided by the aggregate amount of work that needs to be done and then split between HP and LP depending on how much power needs to be supplied to the HP compressor and to the LP compressor or fan and then correspondingly design LP T and HP T and distribute the work in those stages within HP and LP turbines. So, that is how the distribution of work is done and number of stages often arrived at. We have seen that the number of stages in LP T often is more than that of number of stages in HP T that was because each stage of LP T is actually doing far less work than that of any stage of HP T and hence typically aggregate amount of work done in LP T could be of the same order as aggregate work done in HP T, but the number of stages of LP T would be more than that of number of stages in LP T. So, these are some of the standard features of actual flow turbine. Now, let us look at what do we do to initiate the process of design at mean diameter. One of the first thing we mentioned in the last slide is that you need to do a matching of compressor and turbine which mean the compressor and turbine must be at the same speed and thereafter the U is selected. Now, compressor design if it is going on parallely or if it is been sort of already undertaken, the speed of the compressor at which it is running the RPM may be already selected or in the process of being selected in which case the RPM of the particular turbine spool would be also selected.  Now, whether that value of U mean is sufficient for you to accomplish the amount of work to be done on the basis of Euler's formula of work done needs to be decided very quickly. Otherwise, the value of rotating speed RPM would have to be reselected or changed. Alternatively, the annular space definition of the particular turbine blade would may have to be redesigned. We have seen that LP turbine is often set at a higher radial station essentially as we have discussed to achieve higher value of U. This is precisely the point that you may have to select the annular space and the RPM together to arrive at a value of U that matches with the compressor and supplies the work to be supplied to the compressor. The other thing that needs to be selected is the outlet velocity from the nozzle which may actually be choked in which case the velocity could be held at sonic velocity or just a little below sonic or supersonic. Normally, most commercial axial flow turbines used in aero engines the relative velocity to rotor is generally below sonic speed that is subsonic. Normally, they are not supersonic rotors as of even today because of the need for cooling that needs to be embedded in the turbine blade shape. However, it is possible that in future some of the blades would go supersonic where cooling technology would be appropriately used or eliminated. A few definitions are in order here. The respective sonic speeds are defined at the nozzle exit as a 2 is equal to root over gamma r t 2 and at the rotor exit as a 3 is equal to root over gamma r t 3. They are indeed being defined at the nozzle exit and rotor exit because in turbines the velocity is actually the speeds of the flow through the blade passage actually accelerate and they reach near sonic or mildly supersonic near the exit of the blades unlike in compressor where they reach supersonic or transonic near the entry of the blade rows of rotor and stator. So, in case of turbines it is the exit flow condition which are indeed more important and quite often used for normalizing purpose. The other definition which we just mentioned in the last slide is the total temperature based critical speed at the nozzle exit and this is now defined as a critical 2 at the nozzle exit and root over gamma g r t 0 2. So, there is a difference between a 2 and a critical 2 and this is typically used by the turbine designers as I mentioned to avoid the process of converting from total temperature to static temperature. As we have done in case of turbine cooling the blade passage wall temperature at mean diameter is also calculated and this gives us wall temperature of the turbine blade at mean diameter on the basis of the velocity triangles that can be created at that stage which gives us the values of C 2 and V 2. Now, C 2 V 2 are the exit velocities from the stator nozzle which had gone in with the velocity C 1 and V 2 is the relative velocity to the rotor and C 2 is the absolute velocity from the stator nozzle coming out of the stator. The ratio of the wall temperature to the total temperature of the turbine at the throat of the stator nozzle is written down here as 1 minus gamma minus 1 by gamma plus 1 multiplied by twice into lambda u into lambda 2 sin alpha 2 minus lambda u square from which we can get the ratio of lambda 2 absolute to lambda 2 relative these are the ratios which are then proportional to the temperature ratio of the wall temperature and the total temperature at the throat of the stator nozzle. Now, we are using the total temperature at the throat of the stator nozzle because that is where the flow essentially goes sonic. Now, this again requires a little redefinition of the lambda where lambda 2 absolute is C 2 divided by A critical at 2 A critical 2 and lambda 2 relative is V 2 divided by A critical 2 and lambda u which is a Mach number type of normalized blade velocity one can say that is u by A critical. So, these are normalized velocities with reference to A critical these lambdas essentially as I mentioned something similar to Mach number based on total temperature waste sonic speed a kind of sonic speed. So, this allows us to relate the lambda 2 ratio of absolute and relative to the wall temperatures and of course, the relative and absolute flow angles at the stator nozzle exit and now the velocity triangle can be completed by writing the rotor inlet condition at which m 2 relative can be written down in terms of m 2 and m 2 u this comes out of the velocity triangle and here we use a flow coefficient J 1 which is essentially a derived flow coefficient and it is based on a number of parameter that we were just looking at m 1 and m 1 u is again the blade velocity converted into a Mach number and then of course, the alpha 1 with which the flow has gone in and this is value is normally of the order of 1.2 to 1.4. Now, this is a kind of flow coefficient which is used to find out the relative Mach number at the rotor inlet. Now, similar flow coefficient is used for finding out the Mach number at the rotor outlet and that uses flow coefficient J 2 based on Mach number m 3 relative and blade velocity based Mach number m 3 u. So, this gives us J 2 and this again is normally held somewhere between 2.5 to 4.5 as you can see it is a derived flow coefficient and the parameters here can be actually computed or assigned and a flow coefficient can be indeed actually calculated for the specific case in which case we can find out then the Mach number based blade velocity related at the exit to that at the entry with relation to the static temperatures T 2 and T 3. So, these are the steps that allow us to relate some of the thermodynamic and aerodynamic parameters across the rotor starting with the stator nozzle exit and this allows us to complete the aerothermodynamic flow features of the turbine blade that is being designed primarily at the moment at the mean diameter. Now, let us see that if you have a moderate pressure drop across the turbine of the order of 2 or less the flow in the rotor is most likely to be subsonic which means you can do with a subsonic rotor and still be quite content getting a pressure ratio of the order of 2. On the other hand if the pressure drop require is higher 2.5 or more then the flow may need to be assigned a transonic flow which means it will go transonic near the stator nozzle exit and in which case the flow would have certain transonic flow features and those would need to be then computed accordingly. Now, the stator exit flow condition tells us that for a unit length of the blade let us say at the throat of the blade if we use the continuity condition we can write down that the throat conditions at the stator rho t V t S t being the spacing that gives us the mass flow must be equal to the mass flow that is going out of the rotor which is in terms of rho 3 V 3 and beta 3 effective that is going out of the exit of the turbine. Now, this allows us to start talking about the blade spacing or the pitch or the packing of the blade which also of course would tell us how many blades we would need to have and of course as we know the spacing to chord ratio is an important parameter in blade design of turbines and indeed that of compressors as we have seen before. The additional important parameter here is S subscript T that is O and that is the throat width because throat is the place where the flow actually goes sonic and hence the throat needs to be decided very accurately because the flow will indeed go sonic and thereafter one has to decide whether to allow the flow to go mildly supersonic or to go back again to subsonic flow. So, location of the throat the throat dimension is an important parameter and then of course we get the various flow angles the blade angle the flow angle the difference between the two of course is the blade deviation which is normally rather small for turbines and then of course the effective mass average effective flow angle because the flow angle actually varies from the suction surface of one blade to the pressure surface of the other blade. Now, this variation needs to be captured to begin with later on this capture is normally done with the help of computational flow dynamics to get a more accurate estimation of beta 3 effective at the moment one may use certain standard rules to get the beta 3 effective, but these are the places where CFD would become more and more useful to give you a mass averaged beta 3 effective that needs to be used here in refinement of the design. The other place where CFD would indeed be useful is finding out the throat more accurately because throat is indeed where the flow gets actually sonic you remember going sonic means the flow is getting choked. If the flow is getting choked in turbine you remember the flow is getting choked over the entire engine of the gas turbine engine or the aircraft engine. So, the choking in turbine essentially has to be matched with either the choking in the nozzle or choking in the other turbines they have to be done in a matched manner and that choking is a very important issue because that maximizes the mass flow operation. So, when you create a throat of a turbine blade typically that near the nozzle exit sometimes similar throat may appear at the rotor exit where the flow in also would get choked that means there is a matched choking between stator exit and rotor exit or even more continuous matching between various stages and then matching with the nozzle of the aero engine all of that can be done accurately only if the computations here are very accurate and then of course the dimensioning and the geometrical features are very accurately selected and a geometrical modeling is done very accurately. So, these are the places where when you get into CFD a more and more CFD would have to be used to get these features refined and super refined if necessary to get those things done correctly. Now, let us take a look at some of the other things that we need to get into there is a possibility that some amount of small diffusion may occur from the throat either of the rotor or of the stator and in which case some amount of diffusion does occur and hence there is a change of density and velocity which may happen during the process of this mild diffusion zone. Signed beta 3 effective the effective flow angle can also be found out from the throat area or either of the rotor or of the stator definitely you have to find it at the stator in which case it will be called sign beta 2 effective and that is the ratio of the throat dimension to the pitch or the spacing of the rotor or stator blades. Now, as I mentioned this may have to be done definitely at the stator exit sometimes in modern turbines you may have to do it again at the rotor exit. Now, the exact relationship between beta 2 and the or beta 3 and the beta 3 for rotor beta 2 for rotor inlet and the throat dimension to the pitch can be found out experimentally from accurate cascade analysis which means the cascade data becomes an important issue here in which case you can find the cascade data bank to be of helpful for getting some of these dimensions and some of these flow features accurately decided at least prima facie decided before you embark on more involved CFD analysis. So, this is done by using beta 3 is equal to sign inverse k 2 into s t by s where k 2 is a value which is initially assumed as 1 to get the value of beta 3 or beta 2 as the case may be then of course, you need to find the value of degree of reaction. Now, degree of reaction as we have defined before is the static enthalpy change in the rotor to that in the rotor and stator put together and this typically is can be denoted in terms of the change in a relative velocity across the rotor and that gives us some idea about what the degree of reaction should be if we relate that we get a value of degree of reaction. Now, what happens is if you take the real value or a more actual realistic value of degree of reaction and the prima facie reaction that may have been calculated earlier from some of the cycle analysis one finds that when you get down to turbine design the actual value of degree of reaction slightly varies from that of the original or earlier degree of reaction definition or values that may have come out of the earlier detail cycle analysis. So, where the degree of reaction could be 0 which means an impulse turbine you could actually have a very small degree of reaction on the other hand when the degree of reaction is 0.5 which actually gives you symmetrical blading the actual value of degree of reaction is 0.485 which means that the velocity triangles would not be exactly symmetrical in nature and when it is supposed to impulse it is not exactly symmetrical blading. So, this is something which the turbine designer would have to be careful about that means when he thinks he requires a symmetrical blading he may not require a symmetrical blading he may have to design which is not symmetrical blading or when he thinks he is can do with a impulse turbine rotor he may actually have to do a slightly small reaction turbine a turbine which has a small bit of reaction. So, these are the accuracies that the turbine designer would have to be careful about. And then of course, the distribution of work in multi stage as we discussed earlier that distribution can be finally, leading to an integer number of turbines. Now, if we look at the earlier flow track simple flow track design configuration that we had looked at we see that the finding out the flow track cone angle involves so many number of stages. So, which means you got to decide the number of stages during which the work distribution must have been completed and if you have done that you have an idea how many stages are in HP and how many stages are in LP. Having decided that you need to decide the annular space that need to be allotted to these turbines and choice of this annular space of course, is based on whether you are going to have a constant mean diameter design or a variable mean diameter design as we have seen in some of the early lectures. So, this would allow the flow track to be designed at least a prima facie first cut design can be created through the HP and the LP turbine set. And then you get down to the velocity triangles where you need to find out some of the work that actually needs to be accomplished where the losses now come into picture the losses some value of losses need to be assigned to begin with. So, the rotor losses for example, one can assign a 3 to 2 to 3 percent rotor loss in turbines depending on whether it is subsonic or supersonic in supersonic this will have to be probably twice the amount of losses inclusive of the shock losses. And that gives you an idea how much is the actual work that the turbine would produce compared to the ideal work that ideally ideal calculation tells us. And this is the actual work that would indeed be communicated or transferred to the shaft which powers the compressor and it is less by the amount of losses. So, the amount of ideal work that needs to be attempted would have to be then found out. So, one may first find the actual losses that need to be actually produced factor in the losses that would inevitably happen and then find the ideal work that needs to be done by the turbines and attempt to get that ideal work done and in that attempt create the velocity triangles. So, the whole component C 2 W plus C 3 W as we know gives us from the Euler's equation gives us the work done in the turbine in that particular turbine rotor. And then of course, we have the degree of reaction definition which is also in terms of the whole components C 2 W and C 3 W. If we solve these two equations, we get the values of C W at station 2 and 3 at mean diameter. So, this sort of allows us to figure out all the aerothermodynamic parameters at the mean diameter. Now, what needs to be done is you need to start creating a 3 dimensional blade from the mean diameter which requires that the parameters that we were talking about all these parameters would need to be now transported or transposed to the various stations radially from root to the tip of the blade. Now, if you want to do that you have to adopt a technique by which this can indeed be done. One of the ways of doing it is to select three probable values of alpha 2 at mean diameter for each one of them to calculate various velocity triangle parameters at various radial stations. So, at from here onwards from step 3 onwards you are calculating for at least three probable values of alpha 2 at mean diameter. If you have capability you can probably go for more values of probable values of alpha 2. We have seen the probable values of alpha 2 quite often are between 60 and 70 degree. However, for particular design you may like to choose some different values also hold them within the probability and then select so many probable values of alpha 2 and then compute the velocity triangles at various stations. So, first is the calculation of the actual velocity which you can get from the alpha 2 and then of course, you get certain restrictions may be imposed on the value of c 2 or on the value of lambda 2 lambda 2 absolute which may have a restriction of the order of 0.85 to 9 which would indeed probably give us a mark number restriction of the order of 1 or thereabouts which is the sonic speed at the stator nozzle exit and then of course, with the help of that you try to find the velocity coefficient phi which is the flow coefficient or velocity coefficient and the pressure loss coefficient del nozzle. So, the nozzle pressure loss coefficient can be found by using certain correlations. These correlations normally need to be made available from various cascade data and that cascade data has to be made available to the designer. These are as you can see related to the values of lambda or mark number m 2 and flow coefficient phi and when you have these parameters related to the nozzle loss coefficient del nozzle you get an idea about the pressure loss that this pressure loss is factored in to get the pressure loss at the exit of the nozzle related to the pressure that has been supplied from the earlier turbine or from the combustion chamber. And then with the help of that you find out using the continuity condition you find out the area at the nozzle exit from the continuity condition from the area you can find out what the blade height should be at the station 2 at the nozzle exit and then this blade height is the passage height. Now, in case of rotor if you do this when you calculate the rotor exit passage height the rotor tip gap needs to be factored in normally the tip gap is of the order of 1 to 1.5 percent and this allows us to calculate the rotor tip radial gap delta r by h 1 blade of the rotor and that allows us to calculate the h 2 passage. So, the passage annular space that is available would not be fully available to the rotor blade a little bit of gap would have to be left for the rotor to operate safely. Now, with the help of this we got the annular space and the rotor and stator blade heights assigned. Then we get the diameter ratio that is hub to tip diameter ratio to begin with you get the with respect to the mean diameter and then you can get with respect to the hub diameter. So, this is with respect to the hub this is the hub diameter this is the tip diameter and that gives you the hub to tip diameter ratio. Then of course, the relative velocity beta 2 which you get from the velocity triangle that is being constructed at that particular station and you can find v 2 the relative velocity and then of course, the lambda 2 the critical speed ratio. Then these values lead to lambda 3 alpha 3 and beta 3 and calculate these values and check for lambda 2 and alpha 2 within the limits which are prescribed lambda 2 relative may be prescribed within 1 or 0.1 alpha 2 may be prescribed within certain values as we have seen somewhere between 60 and 70 and that needs to be checked at all the radial stations from hub to tip. Then assume now loss coefficient for the loading coefficient for the rotor psi and this gives us a certain idea about what should be the pressure values across the rotor p 0 2 relative and p 0 3 relative. So, from the empirical rotor loss correlation to begin with you have to use the empirical loss correlations which are available in some of the old textbooks or NASA handbooks or if you have access to a data bank of a particular design bureau. So, that gives us the p 3 design value with reference to the p 3 relative p 3 of course, is the absolute value and with the help of the various correlations that we need to inevitably make use of we get the turbine pressure ratio p 0 1 star by p 0 3 star which are the star represents the design value. Now, this gives us the pressure ratio across the turbine at various locations and together it gives us the pressure ratio of the entire turbine. Now, next we can find the stage efficiency which is indeed calculated from the work that is being done and with reference to large number of parameters that we have already used and the best efficiency consideration is often used to determine which value of alpha 2 of the 3 or more that we had started off with at step 3 to be finally, decided for your design selection. In some cases that is if you have a military aircraft engine it is possible that best pressure ratio which we had done in the last slide here may be the deciding factor and a slight sacrifice in the efficiency parameter may be made specially if it is a military application engine. Now, these are the parameter based on which you now finally, go back and to the step 3 and select the value of alpha 2 which meets the selection criteria and then all the values that were computed from step 3 onwards till the efficiency then become the selected values for the particular design. And then you can now calculate value of area at the rotor exit which gives you the rotor height or the blade height and from which you can indeed find the D tip and the D hub so that you can find the hub to tip ratio of the particular rotor. We have seen in case of turbines across the rotor also the height may change from leading edge to the trailing edge of the blade. After all these calculations are done and if you go back to that conical flow track you find the diverges angle and at no point of time the divergence angle should be more than 15 degree. If it is more you have to redesign one or more of the stages all over again to meet the divergence angle limit. So, these are the steps through which you can accomplish an overall turbine design even a multi stage turbine design. One has to go through the steps over the number of stages we have only shown steps for one particular stage same would need to be done over all the stages one after another and having done that you have the variation of all the parameters across the length of the blade and then across the all the stages. In variation across the length of the blade you may use either a vortex law like free vortex law or more popularly these days one uses alpha 2 constant as the variability as the law that carries the variation from root to the tip of the rotor and stator and that allows us to calculate all the steps from step 3 onwards all over again to get all the velocity triangles at all the stations from root to the tip of the blade. If you have all those velocity triangles the alphas and the betas then you can sit down and start profiling of each of those stations each of those blades of stators and rotors using may be the standard profiles the T 6 profile or the T 106 profile these are the profiles that you put together to create the turbine blades. Once you have created that you have prima facie or turbine blade shape three dimensional shape that is available to you. Now, you submit this blade to intense refinement through the use of CFD and stress calculations in turbines. Stress calculation in turbine is extremely important because turbine is subject to multiple stresses compound stresses due to gas loading as well as due to thermal loading. Once you have done that you have the refined blade I will try to show you a particular refined blade that has been used in turbine design after optimization through the stress calculation and the gas load calculation and as you can see the load here is indeed actually factored into the design and it tells us that the final blade shape may not be a very straight blade it may have curvilinear shapes similar to what is being shown here and these are the shapes that you finally, get of a rotor or may be sometime that of a stator it may come out of this kind of shape typically of LP turbines where you do not have the cooling technology embedded inside it. So, some of these refinements need to be done through CFD through optimization between gas dynamics and thermal load and stress calculations. So, you can get final design through very intense analysis process after the first cut design is done through the steps that we have gone through in today's lecture. So, this is how you finally, create an axial flow turbine blade. What we have seen now is that the turbine blade creation requires lot of empirical correlations, lot of use of computational flow dynamics also optimization with the stress calculation what I have not mentioned is in case of low pressure turbines is not only stress calculation, but aero elastic calculation needs to be done that means that allows you to calculate the blade vibrations all of it together finally, gives you the axial flow turbine blade that brings us to the end of axial flow turbine chapter. We will move on to the other kinds of turbo machines the centrifugal compressors and the radial turbines before we complete this lecture series with a few lectures on computational flow dynamics. So, that brings us to the end of axial flow turbine chapter we will go over to the various radial flow machines from next lecture onwards.


7 key actions parents can do to help their children learn English. Children begin learning from their parents. Parents teach their kids how to walk, how to eat and how to behave. Children learn from their parents as soon as they are born and always look up to their parents as role models. Therefore, parents have a responsibility to be involved in their child's education. Children are more likely to be encouraged if parents take time out of their day to sit down with their child and ask about school. There are many reasons why parents should play an active role in the education process. Attention First, parents are able to give individualized attention to their children. Parents can encourage their children to see the power of education. When a child enters school, a parent can encourage the student to see the many opportunities learning can offer. Parents can also help a child organize their time and their work. Parents can model what is being taught at schools at home. Connection Second, parents can connect what a child learns in school to the world around them. Instead of bombarding a child with information and homework, use everyday life to connect school and homework with the world. If the student is learning about fractions in school, then bake a cake together and measure out the ingredients. If the child is learning about the weather in school, then take the child out for a walk and ask questions about the clouds and temperature. If the child needs more practice writing, encourage them to write letters to their friends or keep a journal. Interest Third, parents will be able to gauge a child interest and teach based off of what the child is interested in. Teachers try to use different learning levels in order to encourage different students to participate. However, some students might not be able to fully understand the material in a formal classroom setting. Therefore, parents can teach the student the information in a proper more effective way. If the student learns better with visuals, then a parent should use more visuals when teaching a concept. If the student enjoys learning through videos and discussion then the parent should find videos that relate to the coursework.  Even if the child is older, reading with your child will expose them to new grammar and vocabulary. Parents should start reading to their children at a young age in order to encourage them to read independently. If a child is unwilling to read on their own then the parent should read to them in order to expose them to new stories and ideas. Rest Fifth, don't overteach your children. Children are already in school for 6-8 hours and have homework to do. Parents might notice that their child is starting to become annoyed by their presences and might want to break from school and homework. Therefore, parents should try to sign up their kids for other extracurricular activities. Parents can sign their children up for sports, music, arts or volunteer work. It is important to give the children a break from learning in a formal classroom setting and have them learn how to draw or sing. Make sure to not over-schedule the student because school work is always a priority. Learning process Sixth, the parent can learn something new too. Parents might not remember how to do long division or how to classify all the different trees. Therefore, a parent can learn new information as well. This can motivate the parent to want to sit down with their child in order to learn new information. Involvement Lastly, it is important for the parent to be involved with their child's education in order to encourage the student to stay in school. In some cultures, parents are a greater authority figure than teachers and children listen to their parents more. It will be difficult for the parent to get their child to listen all the time but it is important to be patient and gentle with a child. Learn how to help PSL learners in their everyday life. Take a TEFL course. Speak with an ITTT advisor today to put together your personal plan for teaching English abroad. Send us an email or call us toll free at 1-800-490-0531 to speak with an ITTT advisor today.