OK, I think we'll get started now. Please, we'll get started. I notice this happens in many ways, is used as I give more lectures. At each lecture, the attendance tends to go down. This isn't a praxeological law, but it's a well-confirmed empirical generalization. What I want to talk about today is theory and history. I'd like to recommend for the topic theory and history, what book should you read? I recommend the book by Mises called Theory and History. This is a book actually, I think, very underrated. Friedrich Hayek told me, 1969, how much he admired this book. It's a very good book to read. I think of Mises' four major works, The Theory of Money and Credit, which in the German edition came out 1912, Socialism 1922, Human Action 1949, and Theory and History 1957. Theory and History is probably the easiest one to read. One reason, incidentally, that I mention these four major books by Mises is that sometimes the question that comes up on the written exams, when they give this remission to the oral, so not that I give any hints on that, but that's sometimes a question that's asked. Now, what I want to talk about today has to be put under the general heading of philosophy of history. And we can distinguish two meanings of the phrase philosophy of history, which correspond to the two meanings of history. History, the word history, can refer to the events of the past, what actually happened in the past. They say the history of the United States before the Civil War would be what were the important events that took place in United States history before the Civil War. But history can also mean the activity of historians in writing about history in the first sense. So we can talk about history of the Civil War, meaning the various authors who've written on this period that's sometimes called historiography, the writing of history. So in similar fashion, we can distinguish between two meanings of philosophy of history. One of those would be that, oh wait, sorry, went shifted too fast, one of these would be corresponding to the first meaning of history, would refer to the view that there is an underlying pattern of all of history. There is a philosophy of history in the sense there is some kind of general explanation accounting for the whole progress of history throughout time. Theory of Karl Marx, Marx's theory of history would be the most famous of these, where Marx thought there is a stages of history starting with primitive communism going through slavery and feudalism, capitalism, and culminating in socialism. The view that there is a general pattern in all of history, Marx wasn't the only such writer. Oswald Spengler, famous book, Decline of the West, was another one who had a general view of a pattern in all of history. He thought that there were separate cultures that each developed independently, distinguished, I think, seven of these, and they followed similar stages, even though they were independent of each other. That happens in every lecture now. That's not one of these general patterns either. I'll put it here so at least it'll fall from a different location next time. OK, so again, there's this view that history is developed in certain patterns. That isn't that these views that history, there's some general pattern to history, aren't very popular among most practicing historians. Most practicing historians don't go in for that, but they are interesting reading. Just as a matter of fact, have any of you here read anything by Spengler or another writer was Arnold Toynbee, who has a version of history that kind of expands Spengler. He says there weren't seven. There were about 21 civilizations. Anyone read these? Oh, good, then. I probably won't have much time to say much about them, but if I do, then I can say whatever I like, because you won't be able to check this out. So as I say, this is the first meaning of philosophy of history, but corresponding to the other meaning of history, which is writing about events. Historiography, there's a philosophy of history, meaning a philosophical examination of the activities of historians in writing about the past. So in this part of philosophy of history, we aren't talking about some general pattern of historical events, but what we're talking about is how historians explain events. What is the activity they're doing? Not, of course, just historians who are writing philosophy of history in the first sense, but principally, historians who are just writing about the past. Ordinary historians were asking, what are they doing when they're trying to write about and explain the past? And that's the principal topic of this lecture, philosophy of history in this sense. One point that Mises stresses very much is that the historian can use praxeology to help him explain historical events. Remember, praxeology is concerned with the general form of action. It's trying to say, what are the characteristics all action have in common? It doesn't enable you to, you can't deduce from praxeology that particular events have happened, but you can use praxeology to help you explain particular events. For example, Murray Rothbard in his 1963 book, America's Great Depression, uses Austrian business cycle theory to explain the onset of a great depression in 1929. In the praxeological theory, the Austrian business cycle theory influences what events he stresses. You'll remember from your lectures on Austrian business cycle theory and the Austrian theory, the business cycle comes about because of an expansion of bank credit which drives the rate of interest below the market rate of interest, which is principally determined by time preference. So this encourages malinvestment people borrow money at the lower rates of interest, and then they start investment projects that they're unable to sustain when the credit expansion stops and the interest rate goes back up. So then this, the boom is then succeeded by a depression. So I should say, certainly when I mentioned Rothbard's 1963 book, I remember very well when that book appeared in 1963. I don't remember the 1929 depression, but I do remember when Rothbard's book on it appeared in 1963 was published by Van Nostrand, company at that time, just like Mannequin State in 62. So because Rothbard holds that theory, in fact, the first chapter in America's great depression is an excellent account of Austrian business cycle theory where Rothbard compares the theory with rival theories and shows a superiority of the Austrian view that influences the events he stresses. For example, he's looking for signs that the Fed expanded money supply in the late 1920s. And if you say, if you compare this with another work that came out the same year of the book by Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz, monetary theory of the great depression, in their account of the depression, they are adherents of the quantity theory of money. So they think the depression came about because the Fed contracted the money supply after the crash in 1929. They say, well, there was just a stock market crash, but this could have been, we didn't have to have a depression, it was just the Fed contracted the money supply. So they're looking for, because they have a different theory, they're looking for other facts. So the theory that the historian has will influence the facts he's selecting and how he presents them. To continue with the example of Rothbard, if you look at prices in the 1920s, they aren't going up by very much. But Rothbard is, because he holds the Austrian theory, will ask the question, which the Friedman supporters of Friedman's theory don't. Well, what would we have expected prices, what would be expected to happen if the Fed hadn't expanded the money supply that in fact prices would be going down? And the fact that they weren't going down shows there is evidence that there was an expansion of the money supply. So again, you see how the theory influences what the historian, how the historian presents the material, what events he's going to stress. Now another example of applying praxeology is the brief of count that Mises offers in human action of the decline of the Roman Empire. There are many theories about why the Roman Empire declined. Remember that there's Edward Gibbon attributed the large part of the decline to the rise of Christianity. Then there are more unusual theories. There was one, S. Colin Gill-Fillin had the famous lead poisoning theory of the decline of Rome, where he said that there had, there was evidence that in the drinking cups and other utensils of the Roman use, there was evidence of increased concentrations of lead. And he wrote a famous article saying it was this that had accounted in large part for Roman decline. But Mises uses praxeological principle. He says, he emphasizes there was a fall in trade between the different parts of the Empire. Large part of this was due to the effects of monetary expansion of inflation and price control efforts to stop prices from rising in response to the increased demand in money. So he's using economics praxeological theory to help explain why the Roman Empire fell. So we see here again, it's the praxeological theory doesn't enable him to deduce the Roman Empire is going to fall at a particular date, but he faced with the various historical facts, he can apply praxeology to help explain them. And he relied, incidentally, on the work of a famous historian, it was Exile from Russian and Michael Rastovtsev, famous book social and economic history of the Roman Empire. This is a very important book that Mises uses and his explanation of the fall of Rome. Oh, and I already gave this example. So I don't need to go over that. The historians rely on different theories will have different accounts of the same event. So I gave this how Friedman doesn't accept this Austrian view. So he's emphasizing a decline in the money supply in the early stages of the depression rather than the expansion of the money supply that Rothbard stresses in the 1920s. Now, another case where economic theory can influence the interpretation of history has to do with fascism and Nazism. According to the Marxist fascism was the political form of monopoly capitalism. As an example, there was a book published by R.Pom Dutt, who is from India, but he lived in England. He was a leading official in the British Communist Party called Fascism and Social Revolution came out in 1934. So he says in that book that capitalism develops inevitably into monopoly capitalism and then this system needs will break down unless there's political repression and he takes fascism to be the expression of that. So the Marxists were using their theory to explain fascism, but Mises, of course, rejected that as he pointed out in fascism and Nazism, Nazism actually is after all national socialism. It isn't a type of capitalism, but on the contrary, it's a form of socialism, one that's characterized by the ostensible private ownership there are still business owners and private property, but the government is telling them what to do. So there isn't really a free market. The government is telling them what to do, what all the prices and wages are supposed to be. So the owners, the people who are supposed to be owners and managers of business really become servants of the state. So this is a form of socialism. So I see once again that the type of theory that the historian has will influence the ways presenting the historical evidence. If you accept praxeology, then the praxeological theories will be influence how you respond to the facts, which facts you select, how you explain what's taking place. Mises puts this point about use of praxeology. He puts it in a more general context. It's not only that the historian uses praxeology to help explain what happens. Also according to Mises, what the historian in explaining events has to be in a can't contradict the results of modern science. So the historian, praxeology is one of the sciences, but there are others as well and the historian can't contradict these. Now I'd mentioned this in my earlier lecture this afternoon, but I find this rather odd that Mises gives in theory and history example to illustrate this. He said, suppose a historian is trying to explain, writing about witchcraft. I would say explaining there was a fate, there are various times in European history where there were mass movements against witches. There's an essay by Hugh Trevor Roper, famous essay, the European witch craze of the 16th century. So supposing the historian is trying to explain why were these mass outbursts of persecution of people accused of being witches. So Mises said, well, the historian isn't going to say it's because there were at those times more women who were in communion with Satan. He said, well, we wouldn't do this because people don't believe in that anymore. That's considered in contradiction with modern science. It's not part of the scientific world picture that there really are witches in the sense of people in communication with Satan. But it is interesting that one of the leading historians of witchcraft of the 20th century was an English eccentric named Montague Summers. He claimed to be a Roman Catholic priest or some sort of priest at any rate, but that may have been bogus. In his books on witchcraft, that's exactly the theory does give that there really were people in communication with Satan. So it is funny that Mises said, well, historians wouldn't do that, but one of the top people actually does it. Of course, Mises would say he's just wrong. He's made a mistake. Now, as I mentioned before, we can't deduce particular events from the laws of praxeology. Praxeology just gives us a general form of any action. Doesn't say anything about the content of particular action. For example, as I've explained, Rothbard uses the Austrian business cycle theory to help explain the effects of expansion of monetary supply, but he couldn't deduce by praxeology that this expansion took place. Rothbard argues in part that the Fed expanded the money supply in the 1920s because the very powerful governor of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Benjamin Strong, was trying to satisfy the head of the Bank of England, Montague Norman, make things easier for the British to maintain the value of the pound. Well, whether he's right about that or not, that's certainly something he couldn't deduce from praxeological law that that would happen. So that in here, when we say that the historian can't deduce particular events from praxeology, Mises is here agreeing in part with his usual enemies, the logical positivists. The logical positivists said that a priori truth, remember as I've stressed interminably in previous lectures, praxeology consists of a priori laws, that's to say, laws you know to be true just by thinking about them that don't require experimental validation. The logical positivist said a priori truth don't tell you anything about contingent events. A contingent event is an event that might not have happened. Say Kennedy might not have been assassinated, November 22nd, 1963, that's a contingent event. So the positivist would hold that can't be deduced a priori, they seem to have a good case there and Mises agreed with that. So again, you can't deduce that a particular event took place from praxeological truth, but once you know that something has happened, then you can use praxeological principles to help you explain what happened. Now, if praxeology doesn't account for the content of human acts, it's just explaining the form of human act, can there be other sorts of law that does account for the content of human acts? These laws wouldn't be a priori, they would be inductive generalizations. And Mises didn't think so, he said there are no constancy in human action. So there's nothing like historical law of gravitation that would enable you to calculate what people will do. There aren't constancy in physics, in the chemistry we have constants that enable us to discover physical law, but Mises thought there aren't such constants in human action. There have been historians who thought there were constants, for example, there was a British historian in the late 19th century, Henry Thomas Buckle, who had a famous book arguing there were laws of history akin to the laws of a scientist, but his work hasn't generally been accepted. So Mises said that human free choice is an ultimate given. That's to say, we can't, we go beyond the fact that people make certain choices. He didn't rule out in principle that human choices could be determined, he just thought we can't know anything about that, we have to take human choice as an ultimate given. So if there are no general laws of history, it doesn't follow from that the historian can't explain individual events. There are other ways to explain individual events than subsumption under a general law. Mises thought that a historian can explain an event in a way that makes no appeal to generalizations. So what you would be doing is grasping, this is, I realize this is just a metaphor, but it's somehow grasping the individuality of the event, what the singularity event, rather than what it has in common with other events. So you would understand the event by grasping the individuality, the separateness of the event, rather than it's considering justice, an instance of a general law. And he calls this grasp of the individual event specific understanding, and he also used the German word for stay in. And sometimes he coined the term phymology for this kind of knowledge, kind of a grasp of individual action. Now how does this work? Well, the specific understanding, we make judgments about the goals and beliefs of particular persons based on our own knowledge and experience. And also the specific understanding would make judgments about the relevance of certain events in causing other events. Now that's quite vague, but I think we can clarify that by some examples. Suppose historian is trying to explain Abraham Lincoln's policy, say in March, 1861, when he just became president and he's faced, there were a number of states that had already succeeded, there was a prospect that others would do as well. So we're trying to explain what his policy was, say we have his, we would then do that by trying to figure out what his goals were. Well, he had, he wanted to resist the session, he believed the session was unlawful and he wanted to prevent the spread of slavery to the territory, for the spread of slavery to territories. And he had certain beliefs, for example, he had the military power to force the South to give up. So if we take account of Lincoln's goals, the ones we think he has, plus his beliefs and desires, we can explain what he did, say we can explain why did he decide to reinforce the Fort Sumter rather than negotiate with the Confederate leaders to surrender the fort, we could explain what he did. So the historian here who worked in that way wouldn't be appealing to general laws, he wouldn't be saying something like, well, whenever a powerful leader is faced with successions going to do such and such, he's trying to explain Lincoln's particular policies by trying to reconstruct what Lincoln's desires and goals were and what his beliefs about the world were. Incidentally, you know the story, what did the manager of Ford's Theater say to Mrs. Lincoln the day after the assassination? Is, I'm sorry, Mrs. Lincoln, no ticket refund is under any circumstances. You won't find that in most of the textbooks. Now, this specific understanding taken this way sounds very commonsensical, but there are mistakes people often make about it. One is when we say a historian is trying to understand the ends and goals of the historical actuary, he's trying to explain the beliefs he had. This doesn't imply that the historian takes a sympathetic view or is empathizing with what the historical actor is doing. It isn't say that if you were trying to explain Lincoln's policies, you would have to like Lincoln or sympathize with his predicament in March, 1861. You wouldn't have to, it wouldn't be, what you'd be doing here isn't like a process of art appreciation, say where you try to get a feeling for what the artist is trying to convey where you're trying to really sympathize with what the artist is trying to express. Here you don't have to have that view at all. Now one of the greatest philosophers today is Saul Kripke, great philosopher of language and philosopher of mathematics, all sorts of other things. And he uses, he thinks, I think mistakenly thinks that this method of restraining a specific understanding does imply sympathy for what the, by the historian for the historical actor. And in an early essay that he wrote, it's available in first volume is collected essays. He wrote on the philosophy of Arjun Collingwood, who was a historian who very much influenced Mises in his views who stressed first day in specific understanding. So Kripke objects to Collingwood, that supposing there's a biographer, Hitler, who's trying to reconstruct Hitler's thoughts, wouldn't he end up sympathetic to Hitler because he would be using this method of specific understanding, reconstructing Hitler's thoughts and he would wind up sympathetic to Hitler in doing that. Kripke gives an example, there was a book published by David Irving on Hitler in World War II and Irving did end up sympathetic to Hitler because he was trying to reconstruct World War II from Hitler's point of view. But regardless of what happened to Irving, the historian who applies specific understanding does not have to like or sympathize with what the historical actor is doing. So the key point here is if you're studying the value judgments of others, you're making descriptive statements, not evaluative statements, you're saying, this person had such and such values, then you're not making a value judgment yourself, you're making a statement about the person's values that you're writing about. So history, according to me, is gonna be written in a value, value neutral way. Now, also another mistake is that specific understanding doesn't imply taking what the historical subject says at face value. It isn't that because you're trying to explain, say what Lincoln did in March, 1861, so you naturally wanna present his beliefs about the facts, what he thought the Southern states were going to do, what he thought the military prospects were. So of course you wanna do that, but it wouldn't follow the historian has to accept Lincoln's views as the correct views that you couldn't compare these views with hard facts, meaning what actually is the case. And it also doesn't imply that the historian making these kinds of judgments about historical actors is just operating by some process of instinct or intuition. Now there's an essay by Mises that isn't cited very much as he wrote it in the 1940s called the treatment of irrationality in the social sciences. And this I think is a very important essay because Mises criticized Ernst Cantorovich who was one of the greatest medievalists of the 20th century. And what Mises said was that Cantorovich in his famous biography of Frederick II was when he was talking about the Holy Roman Empire, he was too much influenced by the symbolism of the Empire. He would take at face value what the various documents presenting the various symbols of the Empire and he was inclined to overstress the power of the Emperor. So you see Mises here is not falling victim to this mistake where just because he favors sympathetic understanding that means he has to accept the construction of events put on them by the historical actors. He's criticizing Cantorovich because he says, well he didn't, he placed too much value on what the symbolism of the Empire, he accepted what they were saying at face value. And just as a matter of interest, although it's a bit of a digression, there's a political aspect in what Mises was saying here. The book by Cantorovich was one that the German nationalists very much liked. Hitler was a reader of that book and admired it even though Cantorovich went into exile because he was Jewish in the 1930s. He ended up as a professor at Berkeley. But I think when Mises is criticizing Mises, really criticizing a type of nationalist historiography. So I think that's an essay, you should look that essay up and read it as it isn't studied all that much, but I think it's a very important one to have a look at. Now, I'd already mentioned the philosopher R.J. Collingwood who lived from 1889, 1943. R.J. Sands, I think for Robin George Collingwood. He was a professor of philosophy at Oxford. He was also a leading archeologist and a historian of Roman Britain. And Mises was very much influenced in his treatment of specific understanding by what Collingwood had said. Collingwood's book, most important book on his ideas on history, was published, by him, published after his death by his literary executor T.M. Knox or Sir Malcolm Knox. The book's called The Idea of History. It came out in 1946 and it's been reissued. What Collingwood said the historian should recollect to reconstruct the thoughts of the people he studied. And here, Collingwood made a very surprising claim. He said, when the historian does this successfully, he's having the identical thoughts to the actress explaining. He didn't mean just that he's having thoughts of the same kind, of the same quality. He's thinking it's exactly the same thought that the historical actor had. So if, say, your historian writing about why Caesar crossed the Rubicon River in 49 BC and you were successful in your explanation, you would be thinking exactly the same thoughts as Caesar did in 49 BC. So you'd be transcending time. You would be rethinking Caesar's thoughts. Amises didn't go that far. He just said that the historian is trying through specific understanding to reconstruct the thoughts of the past actor. And there were other writers who wrote about the special way this story gets knowledge. They included the German philosopher Wilhelm Vindelband, Wilhelm Diltai, Rickert and the Italian Benedetto Croce, Heinrich Rickert and Benedetto Croce. So all of these were ones who influenced Amises and wrote about this notion of Frishteyen or sympathetic understanding. Now, the positivists or philosophers who were sympathetic to positivism didn't accept this idea of Frishteyen. For example, Ernest Nagel, who was a professor at philosophy at Columbia and he was one of Murray Rothbard's teachers, incidentally, said that Frishteyen or specific understanding might be a useful way to generate a hypothesis. Historian could use this to try to generate a hypothesis on what happened. But it couldn't do any more than this. It wouldn't give us knowledge. It would just be sort of an imagined idea at of what might have happened.  Then, well, you might find that satisfying, but according to Nagel, it wouldn't be worth very much. But I think we can say Nagel is trying to construct an unreal standard. We could only judge a case of specific understanding by how convincing we find it. There isn't anything else that we could do, say, akin to experimentation, the sciences, to test a hypothesis. Now, the posthumists disagreed with that. They thought that there are laws of history, there are generalizations, and just the way I said, Mises said there weren't such laws, but they disagreed. They thought there were laws. When you explained a historical event, you would explain it by having a generalization, a general principle, and then you'd say, this event is an instance of that general principle. The most important defense of that view is the article by Carl Hempel, who was a member of the Vienna Circle later taught it. Princeton, he wrote a famous essay called The Function of General Laws in History, came out in 1942. And this model where you explained an event by bringing it under general law is usually called the covering law model. This is the terms that coined by another philosopher of history, William H. Dre, who was a critic of positivism and Hempel. Well, the basic criticism of the positivist position is that the laws they're appealing to don't exist. If we're trying to explain why Caesar crossed the Rubicon, there aren't laws for ambitious generals faced with an order they take to detract from their honor, will under such and such conditions disobey the order. We really can't come up with laws of that kind. So the positivists say this is the only way to explain events, but they're unable to come up with the historical laws they favor. Now, historians, and this will be the last thing I'll talk about fortunately for you, they use a technique that resembles specific understanding the construction of ideal types. The most famous proponent of this ideal types was Max Weber, who was a friend of me, a great German sociologist and also historian. And ideal here doesn't mean perfect, it means not found in the real world. And you construct an ideal type by bringing together certain characteristics such as personality traits. For example, you could have the ideal type of the bourgeois. So you would postulate someone who's motivated exclusively by certain goals, not as in the real world, people have mixes of goals, but here in ideal type, you just say someone, ideal type would be imagined, someone motivated by a certain goal. And their ideal types don't have strict definitions, they're just assemblies of characteristic. Now, Weber thought the rational actor was an ideal type, but Mises didn't agree with that because remember, Mises said all action is rational because Mises has a very definition of rationality, it's very easy to satisfy. So you're using means to achieve an end, it's a means you think will help you achieve your end so it counts as rational. So that would be a case of where Mises disagreed with Weber even though he drawn from Weber on ideal types. So one final point is, as I mentioned in, this will be the only thing I'll say on this first idea philosophy of history, which is this general pattern explaining all history, a basic principle of praxeology is methodological individualism, which is that only individuals end. And many philosophy of history that to say doctrines that say there's a meaning to the whole of history violate this principle. So Mises used methodological individualism to overthrow a lot of important philosophies of history, for example in Hegel we have a notion of spirit kind of geist which is some sort of entity apart from individual actors at least it's very often taken to be that or the forces of production in more sort of cultures in Spengler's sense. These are all violations of methodological individualism so Mises rejected all of them. So that as I say fortunately concludes this lecture. So I'll stop now. Thanks very much. Thank you. Thank you. All right.


So basically what Shakespeare is saying here is that Julia doesn't know where Romeo is sweet, but doesn't wear for me. Why? I'm never gonna get this stuff Shakespeare uses such complicated. Oh my god. Does he have a boner? Why do you have a boner right now?  Oh My god, I have a boner.  But I think Shakespeare really intended for the play to Make you think about love. Yeah, he's a pretty complicated guy Fuck, okay.  Do you need a shit? Shit? No. Yeah, uh, I am. Oh, nothing. Sorry. Shit. He's doing Derek's butthole-clenching thing.  Oh, I know Hey, can you grab that pen over there? Yes, perfect opportunity for a little tuckage Yeah, this I am big pentameter. It's really hard to score. Oh my god. It's worse Yeah, I'm Shakespeare with yeah Shakespeare's awesome. Oh my god. It's worse. Ah be cool Feminine endings. I need a drink of water. I have a boner, okay?


Welcome to JSA TV and JSA Podcast, the newsroom for telecom and data center professionals. I'm Lauren Oland and on behalf of JSA, thank you for tuning in to our JSA virtual roundtable. It's called Taking the Edge Across the Pacific, US, Asia and Cloud Opportunities. We do have a few housekeeping items before we begin. Our first 100 registrants for today's roundtable have now received lunch delivered right to your door or a gift card, so please enjoy. Now, if you weren't one of our first, hopefully you'll be on it next time. Make sure you register early for our monthly roundtables at jsa.net. We do want to hear from you and make this roundtable experience as interactive as possible for you. So please add any questions that you have into the chat for our panelists to answer. Also, stick around after our roundtable is over today, you can immediately join virtual networking tables for a unique opportunity to talk face to face with other attendees and speakers. All you have to do is join a table in the lounge area and let the networking begin. Okay, let's get started. To introduce our speakers and to moderate the discussion, please welcome Robert Powell, editor at Telecom Ramblings. Rob, so great to see you and we appreciate you being here. Thank you for the invitation and it's great to be here. So I'm Rob Powell, I'm the editor at Telecom Ramblings. I've run into probably many of you over the years. Data processing at the edge enabled by the cloud is critical to supporting AI driven technologies that are fueling our modern digital world. While North America was an early adopter of edge technology, the focus is now increased in other parts of the world, including the fast growing areas in Asia. The markets of Asia, however, can be a different environment to work in and because of that the development of the edge and the cloud won't necessarily follow the same path. With us today, we have three panelists to help us understand more about the development of the cloud edge in Asia. Let's have each of them introduce themselves briefly and we'll get on to the questions. First we have Sujit Panda of BDX, Sujit. Hey, thanks Robert and thank you everybody for taking the time to join in. I'm Sujit Panda. I'm from BDX, Big Data Exchange. I'm the Chief Technology Officer and I'm responsible for building out a technology roadmap to suit the broader platform strategy that we have and edge obviously is one of the key things that is driving innovation as well as growth in the dataset market. Thanks, Sujit. We have Jack Dinn of CT Americans. Jack. Thank you, Robert. This is Jack Dinn, Assistant Director of Solutions at China Telecom Americas, CTA, where I oversee solution engineer and product teams. CTA is the largest subsidiary of China Telecom Corporation. We leverage our global resources to provide end-to-end IT and network solutions to our multinational end users. We are transitioning to the next generation software defined network with managed cloud and edge data center services. So looking forward for the discussion today. Thank you. Thanks, Jack. And we have Wade from Zemlair. Excuse me, Wade from Zemlair. Wade. Thanks, Robert. So as mentioned, I'm Wade from Zemlair. I am the Senior Director of our Partnership on Alliances. It's a lot of fun meeting and talking to people, really high level on Zemlair. We have about 250 nodes across the globe right now, probably 300 by the end of this year and about 25 targets of capacity that shift double by the end of this year as well. So one of our main goals is to be able to reach 85% of the world's population in 25 milliseconds or less. So as we build out that network and that cloud footprint, it's been a really interesting ride. And I'm going to be very happy to kind of share with you guys some of the lessons that we've learned and hopefully we'll be able to help some people. Great, thanks. So first question, defining the edge of course, it's always been a rather slippery concept. What should we think of as the edge in the markets of Asia and how might that differ from what we're thinking of it in North America or Europe? Sujit. So when I talk about the edge, I kind of want to segue into not so much about the regions but what's the kind of use case that you're trying to build. So the hyperscalar edge is a different power definition and a different latency definition. The network edge, again with the slicing and dicing of the network and the 5G coming in, is again a different kind of edge that we're talking about. And irrespective of which region that you're in, with the 5G coming up and up in front and in most of the regions in Asia, I don't see any challenges on the 5G side as well as definitions between North America or for that matter as she has concerned. The big difference that we see in the definitions of edge is the enterprise edge, whether if the North American definitions versus the Asian definitions, there's a lot of changes that are evident in the way this is being defined. And the hyperscalar side, again, the hyperscalars are driving standardization. So when I look at the edge that, for example, if I look at the AWS Wave and Zones, whether you're in North America or you're kind of building it in APAC, you kind of follow the same kind of standards. So I think the key differentiation that we will continue seeing for some time, this is the enterprise side and not so much on the hyperscalar or for that matter, the network edge. Great. Jack, how do you guys see the edge? From a service provider's perspective, the edge is essentially, we think it's wherever the end user is. More than 50% of the world's internet users today are in Asia. The majority of the population use mobile smartphones on which applications like a short video, mobile online gaming require higher speed and a lower latency mobile network capability. So this means our network needs to be able to extend all the way to edge data centers, to edge devices. So in Asia, we are providing local internet, SD-WAN connectivity and the local data center services to empower our clients, IT infrastructure and business coverage to the edge. Thank you. Wayne, how do you guys view the edge? No, it's a great question. I've been to a couple of edge conferences and this is always the first question that they ask because it's so different for whoever you're talking with. In our case, I just focus on ours. We focus on a data center edge. I mentioned earlier, we wanna reach about 85% of population in 25 milliseconds or less. The only way to do that is by separating stuff geographically, meaning similar to what Jack mentioned, we will put data centers compute and then network. As close to the end users as possible, these tend to be geographic cities where we see a lot of iBall networks and everything else like that, right? What you'll hear frequently from a lot of our clients and people they're trying to expand is, how do I deliver better into a particular country? And then within that country, you segment that into the cities and you can identify where the majority of the traffic in the iBalls are. And then you build up the network around that to make sure that we can reach those customers. So what is involved in actually building out this engine infrastructure in Asian markets? What are the essential building blocks that we're trying to put together in these parts of the world? So, Jay. So, when we look at the edge, essentially, depending on what's the kind of use case that you're looking at, whether we're kind of looking at an AWS or a hyperscaler as a customer, or for that matter, if you're building it for a telco as a 5G core, MEC point, that is what we define what are the building blocks, but essentially you would need the edge has a very different mechanism in terms of how you look at it from a design perspective from the core data center because you're not looking at, building up a 10 megawatt or 20 megawatt facility, you kind of the power density or the power that you're trying to build out an edge for is much less, right? So if the hyperscaler edge could be something like or a hyperscaler pop edge could be something like one megawatt, right? While, if you're building it for the network edge side, it could go as well as 150 kilowatts. So that's a few rack, right? It's a micro edge, right? And end of it, right? When you look at, if you look at a large city and you kind of trying to build an X number of edges out there, let's say you're building, trying to build a hundred edge nodes out there and trying to take that as a cloud front content delivery, that design would specifically look at how do you massify the monitoring and management of these edges in a very much automated manner, right? And all of this has to be coming out at the best in terms of sustainability and in terms of how you look at the power density and the power storage, right? So the building blocks that I see from micro edge piece are the way you look at the monitoring system and the way you look at the power and cooling management, which is very different from the core, right? And what we have looked at is, we have innovated to build our own patented monitoring system, right? Which writes very well on the sustainability side. We call it as 360 view, right? And it is basically giving you a fully automated containerized data center at the edge which could go with particular watts, right up to one megawatt, right? And the other piece of this is about how do you build out energy storage systems and how do you build renewable into the energy storage systems? So that's one fully containerized module that we've built which can go at a particular location and it shipped pre-built. So this piece of actually shipping out a pre-built data center to a particular site is what we see is a measure of success that we see in Asia in terms of taking something to the market in a very quick manner. Interesting. Jack, how do you guys view for the edge from a service provider perspective? How do you view the building blocks? Okay, we see the industries across Asia Pacific region accelerating their drive towards more digitized customer experiences. So this actually prompts infrastructure to shift from centralized data center or cloud locations to include those distributed local edge sites and moving those data closer to the end user to reduce latency. Therefore edge computing is expected to play a key role in improving such performance for better customer experience. So I would say in central building blocks could include the wide spread coverage of 5G networks and edge data centers, edge cloud and the related network such as SD-WAN connections. These should be kind of a key element so we are looking at. Great. Lee? Yeah, I mean from our perspective we really wanna look at the as a solution to the clients that wanna go to the edge, right? Are they looking for performance? Is it an issue of redundancy? In a lot of cases what they mentioned about how big that edge is on our side they may be a little bit smaller because they may have core summer and then they want to deploy this into Asia. And it's a very fragmented market not just the network but the regulations, the language, everything else is like that. So when our customers want to go into that or we look at the building blocks for this the compute is essential, the local network, right? Working with the local carriers to deliver with a lower latency keeping things inside of that country becomes really important. In a lot of these cases are they looking to serve static content where they can use a CDN as a great option to do that, right? And just deliver that from the edge there or is it more dynamic stuff which has to go back to a core database or somewhere else in that case how do you optimize that internal latency within the networks? And then the second piece is like to that local market, right? How do we optimize that and make sure that the apps the workloads, whatever that ends up being, right? How do we make sure that it works as they expect to anywhere else in the world? Because as you guys mentioned, US, Europe, you know, the market's aren't as fragmented. It's very mature. They can do large deployments. They have a lot of the eyeball networks and things are kind of easy. But once you go into Asia it's a completely different ball game. Great. All right. What kind of pitfalls do you see like multinationals that run into when they try to apply the same kind of strategies that they're doing in the US and Europe when they apply that in Asia? What do they run into? What should they be looking for to try to do this right, right? When they try to deploy edge cloud, edge cloud, et cetera solutions. Sujit? I think one of the key things is how you, you know, from an infrastructure perspective how you look at power, right? And the reliability of power, right? And that's a wide variance when you look at in North American market, for example, getting reliable power at most of the sites are very easy. That's not the case in most parts of Asia. The other piece that we look at is how you look at the net for peace because every edge data center needs to have a back in connectivity. And what's the kind of technologies that you look at for getting that connectivity? Fiberation in a lot of locations in Asia is still not up to the same level as that you see in North America. So that's another piece where we've seen that how do you kind of give out the uptime from the network perspective? That's of a concern. The third piece that you're looking at on as a big challenge is how do you look at the cooling piece, right? And what's the kind of, when we look at the edge side, we're trying to be as sustainable as possible. So what's the kind of cooling technologies that you can use with respect to the regulations that you have within each of these Asian regions because of the diversity that you have there? It's a little bit of a challenge that we see in terms of what kind of refrigerants that you're using and how you kind of look at driving a PUE which is to the level that we do it in the core which is around 1.1, 1.2. So those are the key things that we look at from an infrastructure perspective and we look at an HDC versus something that we see in North America. Jack, what do you guys see the multinational is running into out there? Yeah, we noticed that Asian countries have different regulation policies than North America and Europe due to different political systems, local culture and the social environment. So multinational companies should practice caution when setting up their infrastructure in Asia, especially we know in China, the government might adopt a new data privacy and security laws anytime, and these companies have to meet such local regulations to build up their local ecosystems. So you certainly don't, those companies certainly don't want to get in predicament of having to redesign their network or infrastructure. So there are also geographic challenges in Asia. Some Western multinational companies are unprepared and kind of overwhelmed by the big gap in market maturity between more developed markets like Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan, and the less developed ones like Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines. So therefore, having the right strategy to focus on and picking the right service provider very critical. Please? Yeah, thanks, Robert. I think like Sujit and Jack have taken like a big portion of it that they said a lot of good things. So let me go a little bit high level on this one. Geography is definitely a big one that the MNCs kind of run into. A lot of them have one strategy that they want to kind of deploy, they said globally, right? In this case, like to Sujit's point, they have maybe high density cabs or they have a particular network topology that they try to replicate across the world that may not work in a lot of these markets because you're talking about low density cabs instead of like 20 or 10, 15 kilowatts. Maybe you can only do two kilowatts. That's pretty common. Two to six is fairly common. So that's one part of it. The other thing is when you really look at the geography, there's a fallacy. I've been doing business in Asia for a really long time and there's always a fallacy that they go, oh, Asia, like US, it's a US market, it's Asia market, it's EU, but it encompasses a lot of different pieces. There's different regulations, it's a different country, they have different language, they have a different currency. All of this comes into effect. So if you look at the major markets, you have Hong Kong, you have Singapore and Tokyo. Those are the three major ones where you see the high-pressure others deploy out and those are the easy ones to get into. And then you have like Korea, which is a little bit homogenous, but it's a very large and upcoming market. Then you have like Taiwan, which is small. And then you have Southeast Asia, you have India, right? All of these are very different and they all require slightly different strategies in terms of who you're trying to reach, who are the best network that are there. And each one of these are unique. You don't have, like in the US and you have a very large data center player that covers every single one of these locations. You don't have a very large carrier that can deliver everything everywhere equally well.  What kind of customer base you're going after? Where does it make sense to deploy? If you need redundancy, what's the next best city to serve outside of? Is there international connectivity good? If it's not, then you have to account for that, right? And build a strategy so that you can get the traffic and the data in and out to some of your core because we're talking about the edge deployment. So not trying to do everything there. So those are just a few of the small things that you might say. And then obviously there's more that happens where you try to deploy there. Can you own the gear there? Do you have to like just lease it from somebody, right? Can you run the network there? Like, are there any other regulatory issues about serving content? China is a great example. They have a lot of regulations about how you can serve the content inside of the country, like Port 80 and Fort Fort are close if you don't have an ICP. That's just one country. So imagine this when you spread across Asia and you have like country, different countries. Everyone is unique. Certainly is. What are the actual newer technologies or services like SDY, et cetera, these things will help, will be driving expansion at the edge or important to the expansion of the edge in Asian markets over the next year or two. Is it the same mix of demands involved that we see in North America and Europe or is it slightly different subject? I think I see that to be slightly different in Asia. 5G is picking up, but yeah, the 5G use cases, while I see gaming and AR, VR use cases to be there in Asia too, but autonomous cars are still, or for that matter, the game zoning pieces are still not there in Asia. The other pieces in terms of, that we see in the Asian market in terms of the way we are delivering video and immersive video using the edge as the delivery location and interactive video, that's catching up. Interactive video is a big piece in Asia that we see actually going beyond North America in terms of the capacity and in terms of the amount of engagement that you're seeing there. The piece about network slicing of being a big use case in 5G, we're still seeing 5G is not as prevalent in Asia from a homogeneity perspective within the top five or seven markets that you would want to look at. So we still see that on that perspective, they're going for very defined markets. So if you look at a market like India or for that matter, even if you look at a market like Vietnam, the strategy for 5G proliferation is very different. So we see that that use cases also does not mimic the North American market. Great, Jeff? Yeah, Suji mentioned about some consumer application and services like AR, VR, these actually including other mobile gaming, these continues to drive our 5G MEC deployment. And there are other things like for business and the IoT industry applications, we have so many smart technologies, smart solutions that also drive the deployment of our 5G MEC and other vertical edge cloud platforms in Asia. Like a smart global supply chain, smart telematics and remote healthcare, teledoc, these development are all related to IoT industry. And there are also one thing you need to mention that in China, China's culture of surveillance is also a significant driver for edge computing. And this could set the direction for the technology evolution. You know, in China, they already have, use a lot of cameras at the edge for their surveillance state. Those cameras need to be powered by AI and that AI needs to be powered by edge processing. The other thing is, you know, IT departments of multinational companies, they are tasked with moving existing applications to secure accessible locations. To support such kind of operational and networking shifts, they need a rapid cloud adoption and technologies like SD-WAN will be increasingly utilized to help to deliver such kind of necessary application, optimization and security. Great, Wei. Yeah, I think on our side, one thing that we have seen within Asia is a lot of the countries have skipped, you know, the traditional landline, right? They've moved into like a mobile environment. Also with the pandemic, that hasn't been raised this time, but I'm sure people talk about all the time, right? With the global pandemic, you see a huge shift. A lot of infrastructure that was on premise within the offices and everything have shifted into like the data center space because they just have a lot more scalability. They're building these regional pops. You know, Jack mentioned SD-WAN. So when you have a bunch of users that are all working from home, right? They need to dial into something. Those provide a more stable environment. They provide a better on-ramp into the clouds, usually they're cloud-adjacent, and then that leads into the next piece, you know? We're seeing a lot of people moving into a hybrid and multi-cloud environment in order to support these workloads, right? And then how do they bring their core from the edge? How do you connect it? Do you direct connect into these clouds? Do you just use regular IP transit between the regions? Like how do you kind of manage that environment? So we see a big move towards containers as well because that gives you sometimes a single pane of glass, right? And the ability to migrate between fair metal from one provider, AWS and even Google, however you guys want to be able to set that up. So people are looking at ways to optimize their infrastructure to support the increasing demands, whether it's because the performance isn't good for their internal use cases or if their customers are demanding for their turnarounds in terms of how the application is going to process. There's a lot of different strategies in order to do this and it kind of begins with being able to monitor and understand a lot of the issues that pop up, right? So that's the one that Jack brought up is a great example. We work with a couple of providers where they have these edge devices that go into the customer side. But usually that relies on regular IP transit, the regular internet to connect to something. The problem in a lot of Asian markets is between these countries, the international routes are the ones that suck. So you could have hundreds of milliseconds of latency just using the SDY in itself isn't gonna solve the problem. You need to leverage some kind of back home technology or mid-mile that's gonna bypass the congestion that is going to mitigate all of the multi-hops and the routes that aren't at your control, right? Once you can do that, you can cut the latency easily in half in a lot of cases. So those are a lot of the technologies that we've seen. Right. So at what stage do you think we're at in all of this? So where are we in the deployment of Edge Cloud infrastructure and solutions capable of properly serving customers across Asia? And how can we get to where we need to be? Sujit?  So our focus is there are two pieces to this. One is sustainability, right? And what we're trying to look at is, how do we take whatever we build on the core to the Edge? And that is where automation is the biggest piece that we see can deliver Edge at a cost point, which is very attractive, right? So that's what we have focused in building, you know, our own technology, right? Where we try to get a single pane across all the edges, wherever, whichever location that you wanna get into within Southeast Asia or the large duration geography. The other piece is, you know, how do you kind of look at the SLA management on the Edge side? And especially when you're looking at deploying a few hundred sites in a particular city, right? And you're trying to look at, you know, not having any of these sites manned, right? And all of the power side of the piece, you're trying to manage monitor and, you know, do the change management piece in an automated manner, right? How do you kind of deliver the kind of, you know, SLA is that the hyperscalers are looking at, or for that matter, you know, a very, very critical application, for example, of the medical side to look at. So these are the two pieces that we're trying to bring together, sustainable and automated. These, this is what we believe can drive the pace of adoption of Edge in Asia. Jack, what do we got out there? Yeah, I think this is a very challenging question. Actually, each country is different in development stage. So generalizing may be kind of difficult. As one of the major service providers in China, we are developing 5G MEC Edge Cloud capabilities in full swing. And already have many successful commercial use cases for a variety of businesses and industries. So that's how we see the stage. Thank you. Wade? Yeah, this is a great question. I think that really speaks to what SLA does, right? This is definitely a gap that we have seen, the ability to bring the Edge to all of these markets, especially in Asia. We've already talked a lot about how difficult these are and how fragmented that market is. I can with pretty good confidence, almost 100% confidence say that at the very minimum, we're the number two global Edge Cloud company. I challenge someone to figure out who number one is. But we have a very large footprint in terms of the locations that we're able to deploy these Edge Clouds for the customers and vertically integrate that. It's been the problem that we try to solve for a lot of companies. How do you enter into these markets? How do you deploy your Edge infrastructure? Is there somebody that can aggregate this across the multiple countries in Asia and give you that singular experience and one single point of contact, right? Can they also share what kind of problems you're going to run into as you go into these markets? And even more fun, in a lot of cases, we'll do POCs for the clients. We have the network in the compute and everything ready. You can get hard data and say, well, if I use you guys or if I deploy into this market, how much of an improvement am I going to see there compared to, oh, maybe we don't know for sure. We've got to deploy there first, and then we can find out. So that's what really drives our growth and why I mentioned earlier. We're trying to grow to 300 sites. We're adding 50 sites and doubling our network capacity. This is the reason because there's not one large player that is able to buy this all over the place. So I think we're probably the closest to that right now. Right. As a follow-up, what markets are you Jack mentioned that varies a lot based on the market? What markets are you actually seeing a lot of investment in Edge infrastructure and Edge Cloud infrastructure in Asia right now? Where's the investment going? Where's the activity? Where's the demand right now? So, Jit? I think we're seeing very good traction in the markets that we operate in. We are one of the better placed players in Singapore. We've done some good work in Malaysia. We are also seeing traction in Indonesia in a big way. In fact, we're going to be betting big on Indonesia over the next six to 18 months. We also see China as a very important market for us. We have invested heavily in China. We see India coming up with 5G being the options happening over the next two months or so. We will see that that will play catch-up market. And Taiwan obviously is another place where we see that there is going to be good amount of growth there. So we're going in Taiwan also. So those are the key markets for us. But yes, I'm not looking, I'm not saying that there are not other markets, but these are priority markets for us. And what we believe is, if I look at the eyeball gravity in the markets that I spoke about, that's around 75 to 80% of the total eyeball gravity in AIPAC. So that's for us as the priority market. Jack, what markets do you see people investing in? And what are you guys investing in right now? Yeah, for us, the major markets, we're targeting China, Singapore, Japan, Australia. Because we see that there are huge development and the money goes to these markets. In many, in all these countries, the government investment in digital infrastructure have been accelerated in recent years. So this is a huge for us service providers. And another example for our parent company, they have developed extensive cloud network connectivity infrastructure to these countries and invested a lot of money in cloud SD1 platform development to benefit our customers and facilitate their own digital transformation. And Wade, where do you see the feet on the ground? Yeah, I think they mentioned a couple of good markets, right? When we started this, India was a big, sorry, China was a big one. We had probably like 40 pops there. India was the next big one that we're looking at. We have over 20 pops there. Indonesia, we've actually worked very closely with the telecom Indonesia, though that's been a very interesting market that a lot of people are going into. But where we are looking like further ahead because we are trying to get into more of these emerging markets as we said to like our global edge clouds. So South America is a big one that we're looking at, going to Chile, Colombia, Peru. These are some areas that we see a lot of growth in Eastern Europe is another one. We're seeing quite a bit of growth. Africa supposed to be very quick up and coming with a lot of new eyeballs that are going out there. And then we also see some traffic going into the Middle East, you know, like, those are all the areas where we're seeing increase. And because we've already had that footprint in like China and Indonesia, we're really looking at expanding to those markets and helping people access them. I'm looking at the questions from the audience. We have one from from our AT&T. How do you see hyperscalers and CSPs working in MEC? Do CSPs provide edge access with hyperscalers bringing apps to the edge? So anybody have any thoughts on that? I'm not going to put everybody on the spot. Sujit? I think that's a very good question.  And, you know, what they get is, you know, the site is still being managed by and maintained from a licensing perspective and from the local conditions perspective by the CSP, while the compute node is brought by the hyperscaler and not just the compute, but also the RAN application and the environment for the 5Gs being contributed by the hyperscaler. So that's a very interesting piece that we see not just in North America. We've seen that, you know, within AT&T, I think you've seen that panning out with Microsoft as well. You've seen some good traction, some work that AT&T is also doing with Amazon. You see Verizon also working with a bunch of hyperscalers and the same way, we've seen Google doing a lot of good work in some of the larger geographies. We've seen proof of concepts being done in Indonesia. We've seen proof of concepts being spoken about in Singapore. There is, you know, I was participating in, I'm not be able to name the hyperscaler because there is an India that we've signed, but it's a good work that we're doing in Vietnam. So I see that this is already panned out and I see that the way to massify the 5G edge is with the, you know, great partnership between the hyperscalers and the CSP. Yeah, any thoughts on how we see hyperscalers and CSPs working in MEC? I don't have any comments on that. Okay, wait, any thoughts? Yeah, absolutely. So I think we're, when we talk about that edge, right, I think there's two parts. One is for a lot of the hyperscalers, a lot of them have now what Sujit mentioned, the ability to deploy a custom infrastructure to that edge and then keep them within the ecosystem. The difficulty on that is typically these are, you know, very high kilowatt where they have requirements where it mainly can only sit in the data centers. So in a lot of these cases, companies that are using these hyperscalers and want to extend out into further edge markets are creating hybrid solutions where they tie the compute and the network somehow back to one of the cores where the hyperscalers kind of sit. So increasingly it's like, how do you increase the ability to merge these two, right? And make it easy for them to manage. Like we said, there's a lot of people that start off in the hyperscalers because it's easy to get them up and spinning. And then they find out, okay, it delivers pretty good to most of the areas. But then when I start seeing more customers in areas where probably they're not the best, then how do I optimize and increase that? And there's definitely different ways to do that. And a lot of them do work together in order to get that going. Hi. So back on the topic of what's out there, what's not out there right now? Where are, should there be investment going? Do you think that there isn't? Where, what in markets perhaps are not getting the attention they should or what technologies are not getting the attention they should? Does anybody have any ideas as to what we're not doing right now? I think what I see in Asia specifically is the way the power piece is being managed. I think when I look at the EU and South American markets, the way you do energy storage and the way the energy storage systems actually interact with the grid, that interaction or that kind of partnership between the utilities and the edge companies is not happening. So if you look at it, you're looking at it as a customer, the power company look at the data centers as one of the largest customer verticals. But in spite of that, I don't see the kind of work that needs to be done from a sustainability perspective or for that matter, from a grid stability perspective actually being done in Asia per se. I see a lot of this in the developed markets. The utility players and the grid players are interacting very closely to ensure that you're not just a customer, but you're also contributing backwards and there are incentives that the utilities as well as some of the governments also are providing in terms of what the edge data center or for that matter, even a core data center does in terms of managing and maintaining the grid and ensuring that the losses are at the minimal and which can contribute to the sustainability angle. All right, anybody else have any thoughts on what's not being done out there that somebody should start paying attention to? I can share a couple of potential interesting stuff, right? So one of them that was mentioned is, what we see in a lot of these markets is that there's still a lot of incumbents. A lot of these telecom pairs or the ISPs could be state-owned. There's not a whole lot of choice, right? That really drives up prices. And in terms of the data centers, there's also not quite as many that are carrier-neutral. Those are a little bit difficult to find sometimes. So you end up having to go with care hotels and that changes the strategy on how you can deliver into the country. And because a lot of these are either care-owned or they're regional ISPs that are incumbents there, the cost to deliver into these markets are extremely high, sometimes 10X, what you would see in the US and Europe. And I think that also gives them a little bit of a sticker shock, right? But as more and more people start coming online as the network, the physical underlying network and infrastructure increases, you may see that cost start to come down a little bit, but that's kind of where I see things. Jack, anything you wish we saw more of right now in the investment in the sector? Yeah, we still see the content is the king in the digital world. So software, media, content companies, they require huge bandwidth. So over internet, we need a very large and fast-growing consumer market in the Asia Pacific. That's what we see. The consumption of these media in Asia is very important for the real-time applications. All right, well, I think we're running out of time here. So I think we'll just call it a day. And thank you very much for all your opinions. And I'm gonna hand it back to Laura here. Laura? Well, thank you, Rob. And thank you again to all of our speakers for today's insights on the US, Asia, and cloud opportunities. Just a quick reminder for you. Our speakers are staying on for the remainder of the lunch hour to answer any more of your questions. Just meet them back in the networking lounge and start table hopping to talk to as many as you can. And viewers, if you are one of our first 100 registrants, we hope you enjoyed your delicious lunch. Make sure you visit us at jsa.net to register for more upcoming JSA virtual roundtables. Our next one's happening April 7th, 1 p.m. Eastern, when leaders in our industry will talk about learning from the best, innovative new ways to reduce carbon footprints this year and beyond. That should be a good one. Well, that is a wrap for us. Look out for the playback of today's roundtable coming soon to JSA TV and JSA podcasts on YouTube, iTunes, iHeart, Spotify, and more. In the meantime, see you back in the networking lounge. Happy networking.


Hey guys, it's Nate, AKA The Foot Account, and welcome back to the channel. We had a big time SBC. It's right there on the loading screen. Yesterday in FIFA, a big time Friday on team of the year. Eated some stuff we were not expecting. I wanna talk about it and how it's affecting the market right now as we head into Saturday and as we head into the weekend. A lot of you guys wanna know what is happening with this market because it's almost looking like Black Friday again where afterwards some stuff just went down because of that sheer supply that we had. We have new Man of the Match items that are in packs and of course that Ronaldo SBC that I think a lot of people are gonna end up doing. I wanna talk about that and the market movements that have happened because of it. And just the general movement of the market post team of the year, like hype time, right? Of course the 12th man was in the packs with the Messi card. We have a lone Messi that is in objectives, a lone guerrillas card that came out today. So there's definitely some stuff to grind for. Not a bad card at all right there for an 87 rated fodder. And then of course a free lone Messi that you can now use for the rest of the year inside of objective modes which will be very nice. But again, quick update on the account. I did pack Kimmich. Again, if you guys missed that I did that yesterday. So I do have an untradable Kimmich in the club and that's my bronze squad because that helps the pack look. But we're not quite done crafting packs yet. I've got some unassigned items right now but I've got like 50 or so packs left on my account. So I'm hunting for another blue still. Hopefully for like a Davies or a Neuer but that's kind of the account situation right now. But let's take a look at this SBC, right? I'm actually doing it with all the crafting that I'm doing with all the upgrade packs. And I think a lot of people are gonna do it, right? Because we had this massive SBC today, Cristiano Ronaldo flashback SBC which is kind of interesting because the dynamic image on this card actually is like a 3D looking version. Like there's an actual picture of this happened when Manchester United played at Benfica. I think it was like 2006, I saw it on Twitter but they actually like re-rendered the image. It looks just exactly like the real one but it's like 3D digitally rendered. So that's interesting. But this Ronaldo was making waves on the game right now. And the fact about this SBC is this is the first ever Cristiano Ronaldo SBC we have ever had in FIFA. Cristiano Ronaldo's never had an SBC, right? Just the concept, I know Nick run the footmark was talking about this and I totally agree with him that this concept is game changing, right? Because usually your top tier players, Messi, Mbappe, Neymar, Ronaldo or even players that have had very storied careers. The big name players like this we haven't seen big time flashbacks like this before especially for a guy like of Cristiano Ronaldo's stature, right? A goat in the world of football getting an SBC like this is incredible. A lot of people this year were like, yo, they've been giving out sick flashbacks. Is this the year Ronaldo gets one? And it actually came true, man. So this SBC, I know it has a lot of downvotes on footpin. 10,000 downvotes on footpin. And here's the reason why, right? You look at the stats compared to his gold card. He has 14 less shooting, six less passing, five less defense, five less physical, five less dribbling, but he has plus two pace. The thing about this card is, and of course it does have the three star weak foot whereas his normal card has the four star weak foot which makes it a little bit less desirable. But the thing with this Ronaldo is he's gonna feel like the 92 in game. He's gonna feel like it because of this body type. He's got the CR7 body type. So he's gonna run like normal Ronaldo.  This honestly right here is the cheapest Ronaldo you're ever going to see in FIFA Ultimate Team. 280K, well, SBC fodder is still kind of low for a Cristiano Ronaldo card, albeit 87, yes, three star weak foot. The people are not happy with the stats, right? You look at his gold and you're saying, man, I really wish that they could have given this card like 85 shooting, but they gave it 79. Why EA? The year is just EA, almost testing in a sense, right? EA putting out a SBC like this where so many people will want to go and do this SBC just for the Cristiano Ronaldo. Just to have Cristiano Ronaldo in your team, that is some people's entire goal in FIFA is to get a Cristiano Ronaldo in their team for the whole year. Usually he's like a million, two million coins and they can't get him. They have to work hard to get him, they have to grind packs, grind coins, and now EA releases a lower tier version for 280K. I know a lot of people don't like this SBC. Let me know down in the comments if you're doing it. I'm 100% doing it, man, because this is FIFA history right here. I wanna have Ronaldo in my club because this is awesome, right? It's awesome. I just think this concept is incredible. I can't wait to see if this happens more. And I honestly just, it's just so cool, right? It was just the reaction, seeing this SBC drop at 7.30 PM yesterday was nuts. I think everybody in the Twitch stream when this was happening was just astonished. We were shocked and we were like, OMG, Cristiano Ronaldo got an SBC. Like what? Like nobody, nobody was expecting this. It's so cool, right? It just is cool, man. And that's why I like it and I'm a fan of it, right? This right here has to be the number one FIFA SBC, in my opinion, in terms of just the cool factor that we have gotten in a long time. I know I'm gonna stop talking about it because I know a lot of you guys disagree. You don't like it because it doesn't have as good player stats. Yeah, you know, it's just as good as a Silver Stars player in terms of in-game stats, but it's different because it's Ronaldo and Ronaldo is just built different inside of FIFA. So that's my thoughts about that Ronaldo SBC and it's changing the market right now. Right, if we take a look at some of the cheapest players by rating, you have right-wings that are in the mud. Right-wing cards that are in the mud, right? Lazado cards are down. I had a record breaker, Sancho, still on my transfer list. This guy is 262, he was 300,000 coins. Record breaker Velo was 115, 120. He was down to an 80K range. You had right mids across the game getting panic sold and getting dropped in price because of this Ronaldo today. And honestly, if you look around the market, a lot of stuff on the lower tier end is dropping. A lot of gold cards. This Veran gold was at 105K. This Messi is out of packs, but again, right-wing, right? Right-wing is going down. This Van Dyke is out of packs. That's another thing to talk about. Boatang is also kind of crashing this market right now. Boatang and Ronaldo SBCs are really, really taken apart this market because a lot of center backs are down. A lot of right-wings are down. Now the one thing I will say about Boatang is I think that you can possibly invest in some of these center back cards that are down because as we have seen with like the Robin SBC is when the Robin SBC went away, right mids got panic sold, but then when that SBC went away, they started to rise back up. Boatang is only out until Tuesday. Short time period, he's not out for a long time. So definitely keep watching some of these other center backs like Alaba, like Varan. Cancelo is flying right now. He's way through the roof, but you know, Uppamakano, keep an eye on him. Some people are not super-duper happy with how Boatang actually feels in game. That's really though. Wow, this Friz del Toro, another right-wing they got hit because of Ronaldo, down 100K, right? 100K, crazy drops. So you just basically see people in FIFA right now are selling their back lines. Varan is down, you know, Kante is down, Vandyke is down, Ferdinand Mendy is down. People are going and getting Serie A squads or they're linking some sort of Serie A link up with maybe Bundesliga back line because you're seeing the Davies. You know, a lot of people want Davies. They're doing Davies and Neuer. Neuer's Informed card is a card that I'm seriously watching right now on the market because I'm not sure if it's on this top 100 page, but this guy's Informed fluctuates around like crazy so many people are doing Boatang that this card literally just has to be watched because he was 220,000 coins on Thursday night, even in the day on Friday, and he's down under 200K. Yes, I know the team of year is only about 100, or sorry, it's about a 520, 530K card, but Boatang SBC is something a lot of people are doing. So I'm gonna keep watching this card and it's crazy that this stuff is down. It really is crazy that this stuff is down, but I also feel like that you have a lot of some of the reason I think the market is going down right now on the lower tier end. Again, on the higher tier end, the Serie A card, some of the Bundesliga links are crazy, crazy high. Let's take a look at some other cards in this market that are still crazy high, right? Usman Dembele, 1.3 mil, Serie A links, Keelini, 366,000 coins for that card right there. Other specials, right? Bruno Fernandez headliner 1.94, he was up at 2 mil. This card's up 100K. That's some headliners that have games, right? They are inflated. Ben Yedder's up 100K from where he was. So a lot of these cards are kind of rising back up from where they were earlier this week when they were low. Some of them are still kind of down, right? This tailhand is 385, right? Kempembe got slaughtered as a center back today. So the stuff, there is a lot of stuff on the high tier end that is still very high. Team of the group stage messy, 1.7 mil, very, very high, right? This Rashford, 1.3 million coins. That dude was 1.05 earlier this week, 1.3 mil. So some of this market is absolutely gone bananas and other parts that were affected, of course, by the Ronaldo and the Boatang. And even the rest of the market as a whole, right? Why do you think people are selling this Van Dyke card that is out of packs? Some of the stuff that's happening, some of the sell-off that's happening is because of investors as well. We were talking about this a little bit in the stream tonight, that a lot of the cards you're seeing listed up, some of them are still fresh. Fresh informs from the past two weeks, team of the week, that's telling me that people are just selling these cards because they're selling their investments because they wanna take the coins on them and or they're literally just switching up their teams, they're getting different cards. And I understand the gold cards in here, right? Gold cards always kinda drop off towards the end of the game, but it definitely doesn't help when you have SBCs like Ronaldo and like Boateng out in the game, they're really, really sucking people's coins. And if you're doing Ronaldo, you're probably doing Di Bala as well, right? You're probably doing both of those cards. And, you know, SBC fodder right now in this game as well, it's not crazy high. SBC fodder isn't crazy high, but it is rising, right? You can tell that part of what the market did today was when Ronaldo came out, they just kinda, you know, SBC fodder has been rising basically since rewards, since late on, late night. Actually, this was about a day ago. So that's the live graph of the day. So SBC fodder has been rising, this is the index 86. Index 85 as well has been on the uptick and especially on the higher tier range. Take a look at some of these 89 rated cards. Casamiro is 52K, right? A lot of the high rated fodder is not in packs anymore. Casamiro earlier in the week was 44K. He's exploded this weekend as people have started crafting SBCs. You know, Allison as well, 62,000 coins for this Allison card, he was in packs. The guy was 49K earlier this week and he's exploded because people need to do the higher rated SBCs and a lot of those cards, like if you're doing an 88 rated squad for, I think Bruno has one. I think the icon pack might have an 86 squad, but people use 89, 90 rated cards and squads all the time. You know, you have Mane out of packs. You have some of these 88s that are out of packs as well. Cortua and Casamiro are like the only ones in. Ronald's is out of packs. I guess Aguero is in packs. Benzema is in the team of the week, I think. Yeah, Benzema is in the team of the week, so he's out of packs, right? Then you have Neuer who's out of packs as well. So so much of this high rated stuff is out of packs that it just keeps rising and it's getting really, really, really expensive. 87s are like 25K at one point, right? I'm pretty sure Griezmann was like 25,000 coins. Yeah, and this stuff is really, really flying. The high tier SBC fodder market is really, really flying right now too, just because people are going out and doing SBCs and when people are doing SBCs, that means they're selling, they're selling maybe some of their investments or players they had in their club to go do these SBCs like this Ronaldo. I wish I could see the stats on this man because there's an 86 rated squad in this, so that means probably some 88s, 89s are gonna get used, especially since people have a lot of lower tier fodder from opening packs, they're just in an SBC mindset. And again, that's why we always notice fodder rising after team of the year. It's already starting to happen because of these massive SBCs that have come out. It's honestly crazy to watch, it's crazy. So what do I see for the next part of this weekend going forward? I honestly see just the Hyfer and all the other stuff continuing to happen, continuing to be what it is in the game. And again, I think I talked about this earlier on stream too, earlier in the year when we had all the league one SBCs and EA was like pushing league one, league one objectives, SBCs, stuff like that. Right now what I'm seeing is Serie A, they're pushing Serie A, they have Ronaldo, Ribery and DiBala, boom. There's your front attacking trio right there. You know, I would not be surprised if we got another Serie A SBC in the next week or so to help people link their squads together. And that's what I want you guys to be looking for with the weekend league sell off happening possibly a little bit today. Things I wanna look for this weekend for possible buys headed out of team of the year. We'll talk about team of the year cards here in just a second, but one thing that I would be watching closely for this year or this time period is going to be these cards that have risen up so much with links to Ronaldo, right? Informa Quadra, right backs, you know, Ferris Chiellini cards that we've talked about before that are already up a lot that link to Ronaldo that provide Serie A links. Like what is Casemiro wrote to define or Kula Bali wrote to the final? 660 AK man, that's crazy. What is like Don Ruma, record breaker? He's probably crazy, 127? I don't know man, that might be a bit slept on. I know there's not a lot of Serie A center backs, but you know, people are gonna be just putting together these Serie A teams, they're gonna be still doing some Bundesliga links as well. A lot of people doing the Boatang, maybe that's why Don Ruma isn't up that much. But of course the Serie A midfielder links, especially the Pimonte Calcio, right with the Chiellini and stuff like that. Watch out for Serie A cards that have really boomed. Watch out for those, what's Bruno Perez? 200K, no way dude, that's crazy.  I also like road to the final cards of all types because Bundesliga especially, but road to the final cards that have not risen a lot yet, right? Griezmann and Barcelona. This card's been really low. They have not an easy matchup, but a matchup that I think they might be able to win in Champions League two weeks after this promo team of the year is ending over the weekend. So, a lot of people are like, yo, I bought my team, but some of those guys are gonna have coins and we're gonna want to invest. I would be watching for a short term flip, watch for the Serie A and the Bundesliga links, right? Your Gretzger inform too, your Neuer inform that I was talking about, the other Kimmich special cards, like team of the group stage Kimmich.  So, definitely keep an eye on this sort of stuff and road to the finals because those games are coming soon. So, definitely keep an eye on those cards. This market, this is the number one thing you have to remember now. This market has coins. This market is rich. SBCs are gonna come out. They're gonna be a bit overpriced. Fodder's gonna go up if they're good enough and they're not crazily priced. People are gonna find reasons to do them. And I know there's still people over the weekend that are crafting packs, trying to hit team of the years in packs. That's fine. That's totally fine. That's gonna be happening a lot, right? But while a lot of people are thinking about that, if there is weak in the sell off, I think there's gonna be great market movements to be made for rebounds to happen in the next couple of weeks. Again, icons are on that high tier list that a lot of people bought this weekend. Watch the sell off on icons big time. It's gonna be a lovely, a lovely week on the icon market for your boy. I'm saving myself enough coins that I can fluctuation trade with those. This Garencha card, man, baby icons are so rare. He's 1.7 mil. This guy was 1.3 on Thursday. The dude is up 310,000 coins. Is that right? 310,139, yeah, three, yeah, 310,000 coins. Now I don't know if he actually sells here, but crazy rises on a lot of cards, out of packs icons, mid icons, primes. Again, the German ones that we talked about, those are flying as well. And again, one, another interesting part of the market is we have to talk about Team of the Years, man. We have to talk about Team of the Years because there was some panic selling headed into Friday's content on some of these cards and they kind of bounced back once we had no SPC content and just lightning rounds. Now some of them have kind of bounced down again, like Neuer's 520, he's kind of low. Neuer's kind of low right now, which is interesting. Again, I do expect Team of the Year cards to rise out of packs unless EA does something crazy to the market, but these guys are gonna get interesting, I think, before the Weekend League sell-off actually ends, like before the Weekend League ends, I'm curious to see if some of these cards do drop down low enough to a point where they were lower than what they were on Thursday when they first got packed again. Some cards I don't think will get there, but I think some cards could. The ones that are overpriced right now, in my opinion, would be cards that still have a chance to drop lower. Like Bruno Fernandez is at 4.25, he's still might drop down over the Weekend. Lewandowski 2.85, that's one of his lowest prices yet. I think still he can drop. I think Kimmich can drop a little bit. Now Davies, I don't know if you're ever gonna see 1.55, like you did for him on Thursday. He's one of the most hyped up cards everybody wants to buy or pack. I don't think he's gonna really drop that much lower. Van Dyke was at 2.39, I don't know if he gets back there, Ramos was at 1.9 flat in the 1.8s. He might get there. Trent was at 9.50, I don't think he gets there. So I'm just saying if there's a team of your card that you really, really wanna watch, I think there is gonna be an opportunity where you might be able to buy them in the Weekend League sell-off, and you will see them rise post-team of the year. Cause again, these are some of the best cards in the game right now. A lot of people wanna use them. And oh, Messi came out today as well, we gotta talk about Messi. I think Ronaldo's price probably even affected him a little bit, 4.8 mil, and people were not very happy with his stamina boost, right?  So I do expect Messi to rise out of packs as well, just because the 12th man is always very rare, but we're definitely gonna keep an eye on the team of your prices over the next two or three days. In my opinion, this Noyer team of the year, I remember Allison, the team of the year last year, rose pretty nicely out of packs a couple of weeks later. If this guy gets back down towards 500K, I'm gonna get interested because I think he's gonna be a card that rises out of packs just because he's Noyer, links together with the Boatang and the Bundesliga links that are so very popular right now. And it's, you know, the goalkeeper from team of the year usually rises out of packs, but that's kind of the state of the market right now, man. Some stuff is crazy high and then some stuff is like down low. A lot of the gold cards, some of the out of pack specials that just don't have enough hype because of the Serie A and the Bundesliga movements right now in this game, that's kind of where you have the fluctuations at inside of FIFA at the moment. Like I'm so glad that I sold these Sanchos this morning at 307 because he's down to 250. I'm still taking the loss on one of them, which I'm probably just gonna lazy list it overnight because whatever, hopefully get a lazy sale, but yeah boys, that's kind of the state of the market right and I continue, I think that's gonna stay the same throughout the weekend. More people are gonna do it and although more people are gonna finish crafting SBCs and then you will see some cards jump nicely I think from the Sunday night Monday timeframe into next week as team of the year quote unquote comes to a close. So good luck if you're grinding packs. The pack luck is hard. I know it's team of the year. It's gonna be that way. I've packed one Kimmich. I hope to pack Fonzie. That'd be so sick if I did. I'm gonna be trying to spam a last few packs in the next couple days or so. So let me know if you guys have packed anything down below and if you do have any questions drop them down there. Leave a like in this video if you enjoyed it and subscribe if you're new. It's been Nate the foot account and I will catch you guys later. Peace out.


So here it is, we're on the Friday of when we talk about Kings of War 3rd edition. We've been sneak peeking all week if you haven't seen it, jump on the blog, go find out what I've been talking about. But in the next weeks, and in fact order from today on the website or in your local gaming store, you've got the most sexy and magnificent two-player set imaginable with the Night Stalker Crawlers available fighting up against the Northern Alliance with rule books and everything you need to get going. So if you and your mates are thinking about joining Kings of War, step on there, beautiful brand new plastics with big, full resin armies aboard in Northern Alliance thereafter.  Nearly 400 page rule book, which has 14 armies. An evolution of those wonderful, beautiful, clean rules that have been around so long with everything polished and shined to the ninth. OK, the other things you might want to do is upgrade that hardback rule ball. We have two bundles for you. The first is the collectors bundle. Not only do you get a 10 year celebratory vignette diorama with a Northern Alliance and Night Stalker hero, which you can actually place for other figures if you want to in the base. You also get a turn counter, which is one of our abyssal hideous beasts with its own unique turn counter there. So you've got a unique, both only available in this collector set alongside a big, huge, lovely, full colour map of Panathor or collectors items. Those of you that want the hardcore gaming winner of the cost, we don't care about collecting nonsense. You've got the gamers upgrade. That gives you a digital rule book, so you don't have to carry the heavy one with you. It gives you scenario markers, so you can explicitly tie your objectives to the ones in the rule book. You've got your upgrade cards for magic items and for spells, and finally, and of course, most sexy, two special winter edition Kings of War third edition dice available nowhere else. Those come as an upgrade options on your hardback rule book, which you can get both from us and at www.manticgames.com and your local retail stores. If you're complete crazy, as I'm sure many of you are, as I know many of you are, because I've met most of you, feel free to jump on the mega upgrade, which is one of those two, as well as the book, plus some extra little things like unique token items and bits and bobs in the cup. So, jump online, keep watching. Kings of War third edition is coming in October. We couldn't be more excited. We do hope whether you're new or a veteran of Kings of War, you'll be joining us on the journey.


The lights will go up this Friday on the Bemidji Community Theater's latest production, The Sound of Music. Lakeland News reporter Sheryl Moore was in the audience for a dress rehearsal tonight and has a preview. It's a story treasured by many. The musical is wonderful. There's a lot of very heartwarming moments and a lot of relevance to things that are going on in today's world. It's one of those that's just really touched my heart, not only the story, but of course, the music. There are 51 people in the cast. We have a crew of about another 25 or 30 and a children's choir of 13. Probably 75% of the cast has been in the show before and about 25% are brand new. The cast tells me they've been rehearsing since August. It's been a long, hard, but exciting journey and they can't wait to open a night. We've been working three nights a week, definitely, for all of that time and as the process went on, we added time. Even if you're familiar with the story, there's some new things in this production that interesting sets and a children's pre-show choir to get the crowd excited. When people come here, they're gonna be able to see their friends and their friends' children and their cousins and so forth up on stage and doing a really good job. All the directors and people that are in this and doing it have worked so, so, so hard to get this all together on time. In Bemidji, Shrelmore, Lakeland News. The sound of music at the Bemidji Community Theater will run through next weekend. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


Y'all, I know what my favorite moment was, when Mr. Chris Rock was sleeping, and his hands reached up and grabbed Uncle Seymour's legs. That looked pretty funny.  The first time that TV hits Uncle Seymour in the head, just comes out of nowhere, just like, whoa! Seymour gets the beating. I normally like this in one spot, and people just say something funny. You worked hard on this one. Hurst and knew everything. I, you know, I'm happy now. Ah, yeah. Nothing else on your mind. I'm like, hey, come on, let's do it. Let's play, sad dude. We love that. We love that. We kind of wrote that last scene, like the last week on the... Last week. Yeah, and then we loved being together and shooting, and it was like six o'clock at night, and we were trying to beat the light, and it was fun. It's a great ending. It's a great, like, great feel. My man, gave me the last joke. Of course. He's a good man, yeah. I think you slid that in on your own back. I'd say, man, I'm just trying to stay as you'll be. I just fake sick. I don't want to do that, man. I don't like being in front of people that much. Rock and stand up in front of a lot of people and nail it. I've noticed where, if I'm at any place and there's a microphone, people ask me this thing. Even at, like, people's funerals. I'm like, hey, I didn't know this guy, yeah. I was just walking by the plot. I wanted to see my aunt. Now I gotta talk about this guy. We should have made grown-ups into a single. We should do it something. Did that. It's hard to do the longest yard again. Yeah, prequel. Prequel. Why caretaker went to jail? I don't even know why you were in jail. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, the prequel of the longest yard would be fun. This one, I don't know, we could do this again somehow. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Somebody else could, you know. They're gonna have a baby or something. The very end of the movie you say we're gonna, we're supposed to have Thanksgiving again. Yeah, yeah, so that's, yeah, yeah. I'll see you then. We'll do that one.