Hello and welcome to English 2332 Literature of the Western World from the Bronze Age to the Renaissance online for fall 2017. I'm your professor, Dr. Eric Luttrell. We're off to an unusual start this semester to save the least. The beginning of the semester has been postponed for a week by Hurricane Harvey, the center of which passed just 30 miles to the east of us. Here in Corpus Christi we were lucky to escape with just some wind damage, but I know that many of you come from the east of us in the coastal Bend region and the Houston area and you've had to deal with a lot more catastrophic weather and flooding, and you're probably still dealing with it, helping family, friends and neighbors clean up in the aftermath. So the storm coinciding with the beginning of the academic year has put an extra burden on all of us. If you have questions about things like campus housing, registration, admissions, student resources, financial aid, anything like that, the university has set up a help center that you can call or email, and there's a frequently asked questions page if you're wondering what your status is and if you need a little extra help getting the semester off to a good start while dealing with all this other stuff. So you should also contact me if you're going to need some extra time to get started with this class this semester. The schedule for this class is going to be more flexible than normal in a semester in order to allow people to get their personal and family lives and property together while still beginning to tackle the assignments we have in the academic semester. Try not to get behind if you can avoid it, but if you have to start late, if you have to deal with some other things before you can get started with this class, you will be able to catch up with a little bit of extra work throughout the semester. Like many of you, my wife and I watch the storm escalate pretty quickly from a tropical depression to a category 4 hurricane. And at first we thought we'd just sit tight and ride the storm out, but as the magnitude of the storm increased we made the decision to evacuate. And I'm from Louisiana and I remember Hurricane Katrina and the effect it had on friends and family who were down in South Louisiana. So I knew as soon as it became a category 2 or 3 and then eventually 4 hurricane that it was time to evacuate. But that's not an easy decision, just leaving everything behind. When you evacuate you're faced with a lot of decisions about what preparations to make before you go. What should you take with you? What can you do to protect your house and everything you own from the wind and the rain and the possibility of flooding. And the whole time the clock is ticking. The storm is getting closer, the evacuation routes are getting crowded with traffic. You may remember that when Hurricane Rita hit shortly after Katrina in 2005 the city of Houston tried to evacuate, but that just caused such a huge traffic jam that people got stuck on the freeway for days. So it's a lot to think about and it's pretty stressful. But something gave me a little bit of comfort while I was trying to do whatever last minute preparations I could do to get the house ready before leaving. And that was a line of text from a narrative that we're going to read in this class. A guy named Atrahasis is given a similar warning about an impending storm and flood. And he has to face that same decision. What about my stuff? Can I take it with me? But his storm warning came with a bit of advice. He was told to leave property behind, dismantle your house, build a boat, leave property, preserve living things, forget possessions, save lives. So when Harvey was on the way and I looked around the house and realized how much we'd lose if it flooded, these lines helped me keep things in perspective. They made my decision making process a little bit easier. And they also reminded me that these sorts of events have tested human priorities, as well as ingenuity and resolve for all of recorded civilization. And I do mean all of recorded civilization. Those lines come from the oldest written narrative, the Tale of Atrahasis, which was inscribed in clay tablets around the year 1700 BCE. That's 3700 years ago. The story about Atrahasis and the flood was told and retold before. It was written down on these clay tablets and it was copied to other clay tablets and retold over the next thousand years. Eventually it made its way into the Epic of Gilgamesh, which is something else we're going to read in this class. And then a few centuries after that it was adapted again for another text you may already be familiar with. And that's where we're going to start our exploration of the last 4000 years of western literature. With a flood on the other side of the world at the eastern edge of that ambiguous region we call the West. We'll examine these narratives and many others like them starting in the Middle East and going all the way to Iceland. We're going to start in the Bronze Age and go all the way to Shakespeare's time, the early modern era. So we're starting here in Mesopotamia, the cradle of civilization, which is modern-day Iraq. The narratives that preserved the stories of Atrahasis and Gilgamesh were written in cuneiform, an ancient language written on clay tablets, which allowed them to survive for thousands of years, but they survived in broken, crumbling fragments. That means that there are words and lines missing here and there, and that leaves gaps in the text that we have to deal with when we interpret, when we translate. Most popular translations into English that you get today as you go to the bookstore and find Stephen Mitchell's translation and others, they take some creative license in filling in those gaps saying, well, what probably happened here was this. But the translation we're going to use in this class, and this is the only book you're actually required to get this edition of, is a translation by Stephanie Dolly, which doesn't fill in those gaps. She leaves those gaps present, usually with ellipses like dot, dot, dot, or sometimes it just says that there are 16 lines missing here, and that leaves a lot of work for us to do as readers. That means you have to fill in the gaps, but what we're going to see is that even once we get to more complete text, we still have to fill in a lot of gaps. Any given narrative just gives us a little bit to sort of cue our assumptions, but the assumptions we bring to any text are not always something that the original author of that text may have been thinking of when he or she wrote that text. And so this is why it's very important that we start with Dolly's edition of Gilgamesh and Atrahasis, and these are included in her book, The Myth from Mesopotamia. After Gilgamesh, we're going to read the biblical book of Genesis, a book that most of us probably feel we know, we feel this is something kind of familiar, but you may find that that familiarity is a bit deceptive when you come back and examine it the way a literary scholar reads a text. We're going to read Genesis the way that biblical scholars read it. We're going to find that Genesis also requires us to fill in gaps just like Atrahasis and just like Gilgamesh do. Fill in gaps with assumptions that originate outside the text and outside of that text's historical context. Assumptions that come from the last 2,000 years rather than from the time that the text was written. We then move from the Levant to the world of ancient Greece, and we're going to study three works by two authors about one character, the Titan Prometheus, who stole fire from the gods and gave it to humans. We're going to read the Theogony or the Origins of the Gods, as well as Works and Days by the Poet Hesiod. Then we'll read the play Prometheus Bound by the playwright, Estulus. This will also be where we introduce the genre of theater alongside epic poetry and prose narrative. We'll read selections from Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, and I expect that many of you have already read the Odyssey or at least parts of it, and you'll probably remember Odysseus's adventures with the Cyclops and the Lotus Eaters and Calypso and that sort of thing. But what many people don't notice, however, is that in the Odyssey, it is Odysseus himself that is narrating those adventures. A narrative within a narrative. So instead of focusing on his adventures, we're going to be focusing on Homer's portrayal of Odysseus as a storyteller, and the events that lead him to tell his own story to the Phaetians. As we move a few centuries ahead and read Virgil's Iliad, we'll see that Virgil borrowed some obvious story elements from Homer, but that he put them in a distinctly Roman narrative. Achilles' rage and Odysseus's trickery made them interesting characters in Homer's day, but the Romans wanted a hero that put duty first. The Latin word Virgil uses his Piatas, fulfilling your duty to fate or to the gods, to your nation, even in the face of furor, the Latin word for passion, such as the passionate affair that he has with Daito, that tempts Aeneas to settle down rather than fulfilling his destiny. Then after the midterm, we're going to do something I haven't done before in a class that an online class allows me to do and our compressed semester kind of requires me to do, and that is instead of assigning every single thing you read, I'm going to give you a bunch of options, and I'm going to give you lectures to go with those readings, but you get to choose between these readings. So everybody in the class is going to read Beowulf and Chaucer's, Canterbury-Tales, General Pro-Lock, but in addition to that, you're going to need to choose four or five other texts coming from Old Norse literature or Celtic and Arthurian literature or English or Spanish literature from the Middle Ages, and you're going to pick what you read according to what you want to do research on and what you want to write your second essay on, and so I'm going to give you a list of potential essay topics, and then you're going to select your readings according to that. I'm going to list you that you want to develop further, compare certain texts, choose those texts, and you're also going to take quizzes on those texts and focus on your final exam on those texts and be able to leave other texts out and still make 100% of the grade. So after the midterm, we're going to go from the ancient world to the Middle Ages with the Old English poem Beowulf. This was a poem that was written by the invading peoples of the island of Britain about their home country, modern-day nations of Denmark and northern Germany and southern Sweden and Norway. And it's a poem written at a time when England had been converted to Christianity for centuries, but at the same time they're telling stories about their pagan ancestors, their polytheistic ancestors. That means that the narrator of Beowulf, the poet, has to use a lot of syncretism that is combining different world views, telling a story about one world view and maybe even adapting a story from another world view, but then putting it into a narrative that accords with his own ideology and belief system. And then you'll have the option to read the Old Norse stories of Amleth, which is a forerunner of the Shakespeare's Hamlet. But this is a much earlier, very different version, a very Viking version of Hamlet. Or you can read the saga of Hroth Krocky, or at least part of the saga of Hroth Krocky. Hroth Krocky's Saga is one that has a lot of parallels with Beowulf. So both of these texts have parallels with more familiar works of English literature, that is Amleth's Revenge has parallels with Hamlet, and Hroth Krocky's Saga is going to have a lot of parallels with Beowulf, which you can explore in your second essay if you choose to do so. You'll then have several options to choose from from Celtic literature and Arthurian literature, starting with ancient Irish literature such as Bricrius Feast, which has a lot of parallels with the more famous English poem Gowen and the Green Night. There's also the romance of Gowen and Dame Ragnel, which has a lot of parallels with Chaucer's Wife of Bath's Tale. There's Marie de France's Arthurian Tale of Sir Lanval. And then there's a very interesting story of an African knight named Sir Morien, who is the son of a knight of the Round Table from Britain and an African Queen. All of these texts will have tie-ins with other works of literature. Arthurian literature is sort of making a comeback thanks to the recent Guy Ritchie movie, so I'm excited to be able to add these texts to our reading list. After that, we'll move down to Spain and a time when it is divided between the Muslim kingdoms from North Africa of Al-Andalus, as well as the Christian kingdoms of Western Europe. In the Song of the Sid, we'll meet Rodrigo Diaz, who is a Christian who fights against Muslims, but also with Muslims and Christians against other Christians and Muslims. His Muslim troops respected him enough to call him Said, which means Lord or Commander. And this leads the rest of his men to call him El-Sid, or Mio-Sid, my commander. And El-Sid was not a noble. He's the first of the heroes we'll read about, who's not from the upper class, but he becomes one of the most powerful people in Spain through his victories on the battlefield. In medieval Europe, before El-Sid, if you weren't born a noble, you didn't matter, but El-Sid is going to change all of that, and this poem tells us how. We'll move back up to England for the High Middle Ages, and we'll read the general prologue to Jeffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, and you'll have the option of reading and writing about the Wife of Bath's Tale. Just like the Song of the Sid, Chaucer gives voice to the commoners, and the Wife of Bath speaks up for women in a time when women were usually portrayed as the objects of men's affections. But we're going to read the Wife of Bath's Tale remembering that this is a man's story about a woman. In fact, it's a man's story about a woman telling a story about a man who's trying to understand women. And we'll conclude the semester with your choice of Shakespeare plays. You can either read Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, or you can read Othello, the Moor of Venice. Both of these plays adapt previous narratives, other sources that Shakespeare had, so he's not creating these stories out of whole cloth, but he is adapting older stories that could have been told in a conventional way, but he's adding a very modern angle to these otherwise heroic characters. With Shakespeare, we start to see some of the vulnerabilities that had not typically been portrayed in heroic figures, and we're going to see that both with Hamlet and with Othello, as well as the people around them. The conventional heroes may not have what it takes to survive in the modern world, the early modern era that Shakespeare is exposing to us through his plays. So from roughly 1700 BCE to about 1600 AD, that's about 3,000 years, 3,300 years of literature, 3,300 years of insight into how the world works, how people think, what matters. There's a lot to learn from the content of these texts, but there's also a lot to learn from the act of reading them. Some types of classes focus on information content. You learn the facts and the formulas because they're the things that you need to know when you leave the classroom. Some types of classes teach skills. In those cases, the information you learn in that class may become obsolete, but the skills that you learn can still be used when the world has changed. This class, we try to do both. We'll deal with the content because it's valuable for its own sake, but it also helps us to sharpen the skills that we need in the real world. And the real world may not be something that you typically associate with a literature class or with the act of reading. So what kind of skills am I talking about? Psychologists and neuroscientists have recently begun to study empirically how reading affects the way that we think and interact in the real world. And what they found may be surprising. Many people presume that reading is just a form of entertainment at best, and entertainment is usually assumed to be either a waste of time or worse to make it lazy. Physically as well as mentally. But studies like this one from Emory University have found that reading a novel causes developments at the neuro level that are similar to learning from actual direct real world experience. Another study found that reading difficult literature made people better able to deal with ambiguous situations in the real world. It improved mental flexibility and the ability to think ahead when confronted with uncertainty. They state that quote, exposure to literary texts can support a more fluid and flexible representation of meaning in order to allow for multiple potential truths to be weighted with similar levels of curiosity. Noticed more easily and updated as new information becomes available. The figurative language in literature and as devices like metaphor, irony, and new ways of describing familiar things can also improve our real world thinking. Understanding metaphors requires us to keep two conceptualizations in mind at the same time. And reading irony requires us to add a social dimension to that in order to distinguish between the ways things are and the ways that the characters think they are. The implications are not only that we become better at modeling the physical world, but we also become better at understanding how other people model the physical world and understanding how those people understand each other. Narrative fiction is a sort of virtual reality simulator that we enter into in order to practice one of the most difficult things our brains do on a day-to-day basis, and that is understand other people. According to psychologist Raymond Marr and Keith Oatley, quote, narrative fiction creates a deep and immersive simulative experience of social interactions for readers. This simulation facilitates the communication and understanding of social information and makes it more compelling achieving a form of learning through experience. Engaging in the simulative experiences of fiction, literature can facilitate the understanding of others who are different from ourselves and can augment our capacity for empathy and social inference. And for the journal Science, psychologist David Kidd, who by the way is a native of South Texas, not far from here, tested people's ability to figure out other people's ambiguous emotional states after reading either a scientific work or a fictional literary text. And he found that social intelligence has improved more from the difficult literary fiction than from nonfiction. He and his co-author write that our contention is that literary fiction uniquely engages the psychological processes needed to gain access to characters' subjective experiences. Just as in real life, the worlds of literary fiction are replete with complicated individuals whose inner lives are rarely easily discerned but warrant exploration. Whereas many of our mundane social experiences may be scripted by convention and informed by stereotypes, those presented in literary fiction often disrupt our expectations. Readers of literary fiction must draw more flexible, interpretive resources to infer the feelings and thoughts of characters. That is, they must engage in theory of mind processes. Now I'll come back to that term theory of mind in a later lecture, but you can think of it as the ability to think about what other people are thinking and about what they think other people think and what they think I think they think and that sort of thing. So this research tends to center around three aspects of real-world thinking that are developed when we read literature. And they are, first of all, number one, narrative framing. That is the way we frame the real-world data in a narrative form. Number two is conceptualization and diction, you know, the words we use, the use of figurative language such as metaphors to represent the world. Usually to understand complex and abstract phenomena in terms of simpler concrete concepts. And then number three is the use of theory of mind or social intelligence to understand how other people think. And I'll develop each of these three elements later in later lectures and then we'll apply them to the text that we're reading. To develop these skills we have to go beyond what most people do when they read for pleasure. Most of us, most of the time, read a text in order to find out what happens, to find the plot. But if we just look at the narrative to see what happens or to get the plot, we fail to notice how we are getting that information and what might be oversimplified, what might be left out, how our assumptions are being shaped by the words that are used, the concepts that are invoked and the way cause and effect are represented as having a purpose, even when they may not have a purpose at all or maybe the purpose that the author implies. So if we think of a text like an iceberg, 90% of an iceberg's mass is floating beneath the water. We don't notice it. We notice only that 10% that's sticking up. And this is like the 90% of a text that we don't really pay that much attention to because we're in a hurry to figure out the plot. And if you only focus on what happens on the plot and you're only attending to 10% of what's going on in that narrative, you wouldn't even be able to see that 10% without the 90% that holds it up for your attention. And so in this class, we're going to do the difficult work of mapping out the narration processes, things like framing, language choice, social imagination, or theory of mind. Okay, so how is this going to work practically? What are the basics? As an online class, there's always going to be a lot to keep in mind. And here's how the class itself is actually going to function. First of all, there are the videos. Obviously, if you've gotten this far, you've found your way to that. But if you're watching this video embedded in Blackboard, I recommend that you watch it and the rest of the videos directly on YouTube. You should see the link to the video directly below the embedded video within Blackboard. And you can also type in the address you see at the bottom left of your screen to get the entire playlist for the semester. There will be some videos added a little later on that I haven't shot yet, but the ones that are already there are already available for you. And I'll update this playlist as I add more videos to the class. This will be especially helpful later in the semester when you need to go back and review past lectures, when you've forgotten things I've said about metaphor and narrative and that sort of thing. Another advantage of watching directly on YouTube is that you can speed me up. If I start to get boring, you want to sort of get through the lecture a little bit faster. As long as you're able to keep up with the content, you can actually, it should be below the red arrow there, you should see this gear icon, and you should be able to click on that and adjust things like the resolution of the picture. If you can't read the text, especially on a map or something like that, you don't want to raise the definition, the number of pixels to at least 720p, maybe 1080p. This is, almost all of these videos are recorded in 1920 by 1080 pixels. But you can also speed up, choose the playback speed by choosing normal or 1.25 or 1.5 or something like that. But whether or not you speed up the lectures, you should always stay focused just like you're in a classroom listening to a lecture face-to-face. Because that's what this is. This is a lecture. Don't confuse it with other YouTube clips that you would watch for fun. My purpose is not to entertain you, my purpose is to inform you.  So I highly recommend actual written notes. Get a paper notebook with a pencil or pen and write out the notes as we go. Multiple studies have shown that when people, even in a classroom, when one group of people is given a laptop and told to take notes digitally, they can take notes a lot faster. And obviously you can take screenshots of any of this and feel like you have that information. But if you're just taking a screenshot, if you're just copying, pasting text, or even if you're just typing text, you can type a lot faster than you write. And so you can get a lot more of the information saved, but it's still not in your head. It's still just on your computer. The Germans have a great worry that we don't have in English, which is Vorhandenheit. That's having a tool is one thing if you have it in your toolbox, but having it in your hand and knowing how to use it is something very different. That's what Vorhandenheit is. So if you have that information stored on your computer, you don't really have that information ready to use yet, ready to do something with. So you want to have that information ready to use and you do that by writing. Even though it takes more time to write by hand, that means your brain has to actually process the information first and then decide what you can write down in the time you have. Now obviously this is on a video. You can press pause anytime if you need to get caught up. You can back up if you need to. Something you can't do in a face-to-face class. But don't assume just because you have access to the internet and you can watch these videos over and over again that you have that information.  Write it down so that you can guide your memory. The notebook isn't there to have the information there in the notebook. The notebook is there as part of an exercise. And of course I recommend you don't just do this in this class, but even in your face-to-face classes. Write down your notes rather than typing them out by computer. And I'm going to try to make your note taking a lot easier. I'm going to put certain letters in red. Certain words are going to be in red, especially those that are on note cards. If you remember note cards, these little index cards that have key concepts on them. So later you're going to see these cards again, the ones with things like story and narrative with particular definitions. I want you to know those. Write them down in your notebook, but don't just leave them there. Also learn those terms well enough to know what I mean when I use them in describing particular texts. Also you're going to see long quotations that are going to fill the screen up with text and be kind of intimidating. But I'll try to focus your attention with those by using red letters on the most important parts of that passage. But the thing is if you just write down those red letter parts of the quote, it may not make much sense on its own. That's why the entire quotation is there. Now as an online class, most of this is going to be through Blackboard. You can watch a lot on YouTube. Obviously you're going to be reading the books. But a lot of our interaction, especially your test taking and training in essays and things like that is going to happen on Blackboard. And just like with any other class you take in college, the first thing you want to look at is the syllabus. The syllabus contains all the information about how your grade is calculated, what your assignments are going to be, what texts you're going to need. And here you see at the very top of the syllabus I put my information, although I've left this information out of the video because it's going to be on YouTube. But if you go to Blackboard you'll see my contact information, my office hours, that sort of thing. I highly encourage you to come by any time during those office hours if you want help sort of figuring out what's going on in the class and that sort of thing. You can also call during those hours. But I recommend you only call during those hours because I'll be here and I'll be able to answer questions. If you leave a message, you'll probably be better able to sort of articulate your thoughts and I'll be better able to respond by email. But after that is the description of the textbooks you're going to need. And notice only one textbook is required. The only textbook you have to get is Myths from Mesopotamia by Stephanie Dolly. This has the story of Atrahasis and it has the epic of Gilgamesh. And I want you to have this edition. This edition is already in the bookstore. There are plenty of copies. There are a few copies, half price books over on SPID. But it's very important that you have this edition because everything's going to depend on the process of making sense of the text as it's represented in that book. For all the other readings, I have recommended editions. If you prefer to have an actual book in front of you, if it's easier to read an actual book, I've made recommendations for which books to get. But I'm also going to make available free online versions. Now, I want to stress something right now. The free online versions are usually free because the work that was put into translating them was done over 100 years ago. So anything published before 1923 is public domain. So you can download it for free. You can usually find it for free and give it to other people for free. You don't have to pay for it. But because it was written so long ago, the language it's written in, and this language is usually deliberately antique. They write these things to sound even older than it was. It will sound like reading the King James Bible, or reading Shakespeare, even though you're reading something that was written in, say, 1910. So before you decide not to buy the textbook, try to read the free version. If you look into the section for each unit, you'll see that I have links to the free online versions, and then I also have the recommended version of that. And if you decide that you want to just go with the free version, try to read the free version first. Try to, you know, at least read a few pages worth, and see how long it takes you. The language might make it hard to read, so click on one of those links and see, is this the kind of language I can read, you know, the equivalent of 100 pages or more of a particular text. And if you can't, I suggest maybe going and buying the paper version. And I have it recommended paper books for all of these readings, so if you prefer to read more recent translations of, say, the Iliad or the Odyssey, you may have a copy of the Odyssey left over from high school or something like that. It will probably work. But be careful that whatever version you get, be sure that it's an unabridged translation, not an abridged translation, not what's frequently called like a storyteller's version, or something like that. But be sure it's got every line of every book of whether it's the Iliad or the Odyssey or whatever. I recommend translations by people like Robert Fagels or Richard Lattimore or Stanley Zimbardo, as long as it's an actual line-by-line translation. And it could be prose, in other words, full of paragraphs rather than poetry. That's fine as long as everything is there, because what we're going to be focusing on in here, especially with the Iliad and the Odyssey, are parts that people don't usually focus on. Sometimes they get left out of abridged versions. But there will be free versions of those as well. They're just going to be an older language. And before you go out and buy all of the recommended versions, keep in mind that later in the semester, you're going to have options. You don't have to read everything. So I have a recommended version of Othello and a recommended version of Hamlet. But you don't have to read both Othello and Hamlet. You'll choose which one you want to focus on and you just want to wait and then read that. You just want to buy that book rather than buying both of them. And you may want to wait until later to decide which of those you really want to focus on. There are going to be other readings that are listed for each unit. And the links to those will be in the unit, the section on the left that is marked for that unit. For example, while we're reading The Epic of Gilgamesh, we're also going to read about a recent tablet that was found over the past 10 or 20 years that fills in some of the gaps that people didn't know about for most of the 20th century. So even since Stephanie Dolly's version of The Epic of Gilgamesh was published, a new fragment of Tablet 5 of The Epic of Gilgamesh was found. So you're going to read from that tablet, but you're also going to read about that tablet through some of the additional readings that are in the Unit 3 Gilgamesh unit on the side of the page on Blackboard. And I know all of this is confusing, so I try to put everything in a chronological list on the schedule of readings so that you just look at, you know, we're in Unit, we're in Week 1 right now, starting September 5th. So the first thing to do is watch this video lecture, what you're watching now. The next thing to do is watch the video lecture titled What is Narrative? And if you go to the schedule of readings on the left on Blackboard, you'll see all of that laid out for you. And then when you start doing the readings, starting with Atrahasis, next week I've got that listed, so, you know, watch the introduction to Atrahasis video first. Then watch a video called War of the Ghosts and then a video about metaphors and then read Atrahasis from Stephanie Dolly's edition. Then you'll see that the first quiz for Atrahasis and Gilgamesh comes a little later in Week 2. Hopefully this should make it easier. This is probably the easiest place to go to find a point-by-point schedule of what to do when. So now you're probably wondering where your grade comes from. That also is covered on the syllabus. 15% of your grade is going to be the Blackboard Discussion Forum. 15% is going to come from quizzes. There are two essays to write. One is going to be due at midterm and one's going to be due at the very end of the finals week. They're each worth 15%.  Each of those is worth 15 points. The Blackboard Discussion Forum is first. This is my attempt to make up for the fact that we can't have class discussions. You can obviously ask me things through email, but I would like you to ask your colleagues, your classmates, your actual discussions. When one person brings up a question or points out something, maybe somebody else didn't notice. I want everybody in the class to see that. And so, for each unit from 1 through 13, there's going to be a discussion forum for you to discuss something about the text that we're reading. You can ask a question to me or to the whole class. You can offer up an interpretation of some part of the text and see what other people think about it. There's a lot of pages and that sort of thing. You'll need to contribute at least one post that is at least 150 words. And I believe Blackboard has a counter and if it doesn't, you can write these out in a Microsoft Word document or Google Docs or something like that, which is frequently a good idea because if you write something directly into Blackboard, there's a risk that you might hit the back button or refresh the page in which case you lose everything you wrote. So I recommend you write these out in your application and then copy and paste that into Blackboard when you're ready to submit it. And I will respond to these eventually, but what I would like to do first is hang back and see if you ask a question. I'd really like to see if somebody else in the class can answer that and generate discussion that way. And then once the discussion is kind of tapered off, then I'll answer questions that have gone unanswered. But this is really your chance to sort of read your readings, your interpretations of these texts and ask questions and answer questions that other people have. You don't have to be an expert for these. You don't have to have the right answer, quote, unquote. This is an exercise and interpretation. There are going to be quizzes for each unit. Actually, there's going to be a quiz for each unit from one through seven. And then after the midterm at the time when you're able to pick and choose which text you read and which you don't, there's going to be a quiz for each reading. And you don't have to take all the quizzes. The grade book is just going to show a running total and I'll figure up how many quiz questions you have to get right in order to get 100% and I'll post that so you'll be able to sort of, you'll have to, you figure out the percentage on your own as you go because Blackboard doesn't have a way to omit things. Each quiz will have its own due date, but because a lot of people are having to take care of hurricane repair and restoration and may get started late, I'm going to allow for late submissions all of which are going to all quizzes are going to have to be finished by October 23rd at midnight or for Blackboard's midnight, that's 11.59pm. But be careful that you don't let yourself get too far behind. Don't wait and think that you can take all the quizzes at that time because that's also when your first essay is due and also when your midterm exam is due. You've got a lot due on midnight of Monday October 23rd.  The purpose of the quizzes is to, for one thing, encourage you to read and more psychological studies show that when people are encouraged to learn something and there's no quiz involved, they don't learn it as well as when they know there's going to be a quiz. But at the same time I don't want to penalize you for not reading closely enough or for not getting every single fact. The quizzes are intended to be formative as well as summative. Those are two terms for two different motivations of a test. A summative test is to see how much you learned. A formative test is to say, did you notice this? Well, be sure to look for this kind of thing next time. And in order to sort of make it a little bit low stakes, you will be able to take all the quizzes if you choose to. You don't have to get everything right. You can still make 100% even if you don't do well on all the questions. You can take more quizzes than are required to make 100%, which means that if you miss a lot of questions, you could still potentially get 100%. So again, the quizzes are sort of motivation. They're sort of to direct you and direct your reading process, not to punish you for not memorizing the text. There's also the essay section. You can have two essays. The first is going to be due again October 23rd at midnight. The assignment for that is already posted in the essay section if you want to take a look at it. The second essay, the final essay is going to be due the last day of finals week.  If you decide that you want to, if you're interested in Shakespeare's Hamlet and its origin, the origin of that story in the Saxo-Gromaticus story about Amleph, then you'll want to direct your reading that way. So you're preparing to write your essay from the midterm rather than waiting until the last week. The essays are going to be five-page essays. They're going to be submitted on Blackboard using SAFE Assign, which checks for plagiarism. And any incidence of plagiarism will result into zero for that essay. There's a, that's 15 points, 15% of your final grade. Depending on the severity it may be reported to the Office of Student Affairs and be entered into your student record. So make your own argument and cite all of your sources. You can use other sources other than ones we use in this class. Be sure that you cite them. Be sure that you cite them using APA format and have them listed in the reference list at the end. You can incorporate other people's ideas as long as you're doing something with them. You're adding some interpretive process to this. And then there's going to be an assignments grade composed of everything that's not an essay quiz or exam or discussion post. This is going to start with the War of the Ghost Assignment. It's a peer-reviewed assignment.  If they give you a grade that you feel is unfair, you can always contact me. Don't worry too much about the peer grades. I'm going to look over these and adjust the grades as necessary. There's going to be a midterm exam that's going to have a week to complete and it's going to be due October 23rd. And then there's going to be a final exam that's going to be you're going to have the week of finals week to do that. It's going to be very similar to the types of questions you do during the quizzes. So the quizzes will help you prepare for that. But there's also going to be a short answer section where you're actually going to type in the answers. When you take these, as well as when you take the quizzes, because you only get to take them once, you want to be sure that you read the instructions carefully. That you ensure that you have a reliable internet connection. That is, you're not somewhere that you're frequently knocked off line. You can always come into the university if you're within driving distance. Come into the university and use a computer lab here. If not, find internet access if you don't have reliable internet access at home. Find somewhere that you do. And be sure that you're somewhere that you won't be disturbed for whatever the given period of time is. If it's a quiz, you'll have 10 minutes to complete it. Be sure that you have 10 free minutes. But if it's a midterm exam, be sure that for each section you have that time limit free. With the midterm and the final, it's usually two sections. You have an hour to do each one. You don't want to be interrupted there because once the timer starts for these exams, it goes for that length of time and then stops. And that's the only chance you have. You can't restart a test, and then stop it and then restart it a couple hours later or a day later or something like that. You'll only be able to take the test once. So again, all of this is listed, the requirements are listed on the syllabus. The order in which you'll complete each thing, watch each video, read each text, take each quiz is on the schedule of readings on Blackboard. So that's it. If you have any questions, please email me or call me during office hours or come by during office hours. If you find any errors on Blackboard, if there are any broken links, if there are any applications that don't start when they're supposed to, like a quiz or something like that, please let me know as soon as possible. The way Blackboard looks for me as an instructor is different than the way it looks to you, so I may not notice that something doesn't appear on your side that does appear on my side. Any questions, let me know as soon as you can, and I will try to address them as quickly as I can. I can't always answer your emails immediately. If you send me a midnight email, I may not get back to you until the next day. I try to answer all emails within 48 hours. If you have a specific question that I can answer very quickly and easily, then email is the most appropriate way to do that. But if you have a more vague question about adjusting to the types of readings that we're doing or something like that, if you have a more general question about a particular reading, then a visit or a phone call might be a better way because I'll usually have to sort of figure out exactly what you're asking and then the response might take a while. That's something that's very difficult to do in an email. So don't hesitate to come by during office hours or call during office hours. If you can't make it during my office hours, email me and we might be able to arrange a time that I can be up here that you can make it to. So let me know whatever questions you have or whatever points that you'd like to discuss. Don't hesitate to bring them to me. And I hope this is an easy class but an informative class and an interesting class. And I hope that you're able to integrate it with the real world which is something that hit us like a hurricane just this last week. And I hope you're able to adjust and get the semester started right. If it takes a little extra time, we can work with you. The campus as a whole university here at TAMUCC we're ready to work with you to try to integrate your academic experience with the real world.


Hey, what's up coach? Welcome back to our channel. I've gotten this question a lot recently via email and on Instagram Coaches have been asking me. Hey, Ben if you had to start all the way over and you had to start from scratch What would you do? How would you start and? My answer here is going to be very crystal clear And if you are a coach who hasn't started your business yet, or if you want to go to the next level I know that this video is going to help you out. Okay, so let's pretend I just graduated from college. I moved to a brand new city. I don't know anybody. I have zero connections No one knows about me. I don't have a website. I don't have my program set up I don't have my business set up. I have nothing set up.  So I'm a soccer coach. The first thing I'm doing is I'm saying, alright where's all the soccer players and Who has influence over the soccer players? So I'm going to go to every single club every single organization I'm going to go online and look at every single high school coach pull up their name phone number and email I'm going to create a list of hundreds of contacts These are people that I want to know because if I can get to know them they ultimately have influence over the kids I want to train that's step one. I'm going to do that. That might take me a day to do All right, I could go into any new city and do this. All right, so step one create that contact list Step two. Well, we need to actually legally set up the business And I don't have enough time in this video to break every single little thing down But up here you can learn how to Strategically set up your business where you can legally set it up Start getting clients start getting the word out. So I have a great resource up here Just go ahead and click on that button. Okay, so we need to set the business up All right step three is we need to think about all right. Well How many kids do I want to train? How much money do I want to make? How many days do I want to work? Who are the types of kids that I want to train? And when I can answer those four things I'm thinking all right. Well, let's go back to the contact list. Let's start to get to know These parents these coaches these organizations. Let's get ourself in front of them So now we can have influence over these kids and now we can demonstrate our coaching ability and Doing this you can do this from city to city And I know it sounds so easy for me to say but the reality is it's very difficult to do that Especially if you're a shy like me when I started if you're shy if you're introverted if you don't want to get out of your comfort zone This business is not for you unless you are willing to change and I had to change I had to get a business coach. I had to to become a different person In order to stay in this business. I couldn't just hide behind the computer and say oh, I can't wait until parents reach out to me and feel sorry for myself and No one wants to train with me and that those are all things. I know coaches experience If they don't put themselves out there, but if we think about this, it's 100% based around relationships building contacts Like knowing who you want to train knowing who you want to serve financially, how much money do you want to make right and Exactly, what are the hours you want to work and become crystal clear with this business a lot of coaches start this business Not having a clear idea of what they want to do They just start it because they're like, oh, I want to train kids But we need to think deeper than that. We need to think well, who are these kids that we want to train? Financially, how well do we want to do? All right, how many hours do I want to work? Where do I want to do this? How do I want to spend my free time? Again, these are things most coaches are not thinking about and that's why I create videos That's why I'm here shooting this content because I want to make sure you start thinking this way We have to rewire the way you think about your business if you want to become really successful Okay, if you want to join a group of Elite coaches that are really successful with their business I highly recommend click on that button up there That will take you to our mastermind program and this is where I can personally coach you every single week every single week I show you exactly what to do. I keep you accountable You'll also get the support from the other coaches that are within the group I know this is the elite go-to spot for coaches worldwide who want to grow Maximize their business. So if that's you click on that button up there, I'll hold you next time


Hi, I'm Greg Paul, I'm the target tour leader again for about the eighth year in a row, and we're here in Fonga Maumina, the Republic of Fonga Maumina to be precise. We're on the third day of the target tour, and you can see behind me some of the spectacular vehicles that our customers are driving in the tour this year. We're lucky enough to be driving a nice new F-type Jaguar, which is putting it through its paces. It's proven to be an excellent car to drive. I'm pleased to say that the tour customers that we've got this year are doing a wonderful job at enduring the conditions that the countryside is throwing at them. And we're about to depart now to go back through the Fonga Maumina stage towards Trafford, Wonganiri, and then finally Palmerston this evening. On late breaking news, just been looking at the track inside, and it appears that the Le Hood Patterson 86, these guys, and you come as to target, are actually ahead of this incredible Porsche driven by Martin Tippi. It would seem that the old conquering 2013 winner is not leading the car. This is just quite incredible. Rookie 15 minutes ahead according to... That can't be right. He's in the tour.


Well, my dear students, the course is Labour Policy Pakistan and the topic is status of treaty, a contract between states. The question is, what is meant by the term treaty? My dear students, treaty is a formal and binding written agreement entered into by states as per international law. Thirdly, treaty is a formal and binding agreement which states and regulates international law. What is international law? Go to the dictionary and search for the word law and see international law. You will find that international law deals with states. The sovereign states do not run the state. They make their own laws and implement the implementation mechanism. They make their own laws. A treaty may also be known as international agreement. It may also be known as protocol. My dear student, it may also be known as covenant. It may also be known as convention. It may also be known as pact or exchange of letters, etc. My dear students, regardless of the terminology, only instruments that are binding upon the parties are considered treaties subject to international law. A treaty is, as a matter of fact, binding under international law. If a state does not follow it, then penalties or sanctions can be imposed upon it and this happens in international law. Now let's move on to discuss what is international law. International law is also known as public international law and it is also known as law of nations. These set of rules, norms and standards are based on the court which the states accept and oppose. My dear students, international law gives normative guidelines, conceptual framework and guides states on how to become a part of civilisation. What is civilisation? Civilisation is a way of doing something in which everyone is considered civilised. International law establishes that globally civilised way of living should be adopted. International law deals with war, diplomacy issue, trade and human rights. International law aims to establish the practice of stable, consistent and organised international relationships amongst the state. Now let's move on to discuss what are the sources of international law. My dear students, international law's sources are from international customs, treaties and general principles of law are recognised by most national legal systems of the countries. Dear students, what is law of treaties? The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is an international agreement regulating treaties between states and it is also known as the Treaty on Treaties. It is established comprehensive parameters, it establishes comprehensive rules, procedure and guidelines for how treaties are defined, drafted, amended, interpreted and generally operated. My dear students, this very Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is considered a codification of customary international law and state practices concerning treaties. My dear students, you would be enlightened to know that the Convention was adopted and opened to signature on 23rd May 1969. It has been ratified by 116 states as of January 2018. My dear students, the Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties is regarded as one of the most important instruments in treaty law and remains an authoritative guide in disputes over treaty interpretation. Hope you have understood the topic. Thank you very much indeed.


Okay, strangest things that happens guys today. I'll be showing you some of the best a wireless gaming headsets under a hundred dollars Yes, I've got about six for you here And I think you're gonna like each and every one of them they function in different ways and work with multiple devices And I've got some buzzing sound here in the background So you get to hear a good example of how well the microphones for each of these headsets actually work out So let's jump into our very first headset So the very first headset is the HyperX Cloud Stinger Core Wireless Now the Core Wireless is a $79 headset from ibex, which is pretty cool It's really lightweight comfortable comes with 40mm drivers So you can hear those sounds quite effectively with 7.1 surround sound, which is great Now the microphone of the headset is pretty solid. You can hear me talk with this microphone This is where you're getting the sound sample from And you get about 17 hours of battery life just just charging with USB type-c charging Which is good and 2.4GHz 2.4GHz frequency which is all given to you by that USB dongle which you can connect to your PlayStation or Of course your PC like I'm doing now This will work with your PS5 as well as well as your PS4 because the PS5 does allow USB connectors For connectivity for headset. So a solid headset really nice price Really good, but basic in general the HyperX Cloud Stinger Core Wireless Now the next headset is the Pulse 3D headset Now if you guys saw my video with this headset versus the Xbox headset You know that the Pulse 3D headset is a really solid gaming headset Now this connects via a USB dongle to your PlayStation 5, PlayStation 4 As well as also your PC as I'm doing right now Great microphone quality especially for a headset that doesn't have a boom mic of any sorts very comfortable headset You also have all your controls on your left ear cup with your mic monitoring volume USB type-c port for charging give you about 20 hours of battery life I think overall you will like this headset Especially if you're a PlayStation owner and you also want to use it on your PC Maybe for your calls or also just gaming your PC. I think this will work out. Well, so $99 nice offering from PlayStation now This is the Xbox wireless headset from Microsoft and this will work with both your Xbox series S series X Xbox one as well It's also your PC, which is pretty cool Now this headset does not require a dongle of any kind and then you also have your mic monitoring here on your left ear cup with of course your mic mute right underneath and It's a very comfortable headset to use a little bit on the basic side something of course you can adjust Quite easily with the Xbox app on your Xbox But this will work quite effectively for both your PC as well as also your Xbox plus this will connect to your smartphone So he's got three-way functionality for this headset because it's got built-in Bluetooth And you can have two devices connected at the same time really great value at just $99 all right our next headset is the steel series arctis one headset This is a headset that I really enjoy but also annoys me just a smidge now This headset is one that they say has four in one connectivity for wireless connection Which means it will connect to your PC your Nintendo switch Yeah, right here your Android device as well as also your PC So you can connect this to your PlayStation 4 PlayStation 5 As well as also those other devices minus the Xbox now. This is done with a USB type-C Dungle which is pretty nice so that can connect easily to your Nintendo switch But there lies a little problem with this device now It's got a nice comfortable headband Aircups are comfortable all the controls are on the left ear cup But the main thing you notice with this is that it charges via micro USB Which is kind of baffling considering you have a USB type-C dungle that connects to various devices So that is something that might set you back It does come with the necessary cables you need to charge it and will last you 20 hours in terms of charge time Also uses the clearcast microphone that you find in all steel series arctis line headsets So that is a big plus and it's currently priced around $92 or so so definitely worth picking up okay, so last but not least are the HS 70 Headsets from Corsair. So we've got the HS 70 Bluetooth From Corsair and the HS 70 Pro wireless. They are similar, but also have differences now Retails for about $99. These are great headsets and probably top of the line compared to everything else These both have 50 mm neodymium drivers give you some really nice rich robust sound when it comes to the microphone You can hear the microphone as you heard with all the other headsets really nice clean Chris microphone Don't have to bring it too close to your mouth The Bluetooth version does support 24-bit audio via USB to PC While of course this has some really solid audio all around now You get do get 7.1 surround sound for the Pro wireless and the Pro wireless will connect to your PlayStation 4 or PlayStation 5 Via the USB dungle while the HS 70 Bluetooth will connect to any of your gaming devices that support Bluetooth So your smartphone your PC as well as also things like your Nintendo switch So that is the HS 70 and the HS 70 Pro from Corsair. Let's go ahead and round up this video All right, I think I have enough headsets for you guys to select and pick from Honestly, you can't go wrong with any of them They all have different benefits and disadvantages, but they're all priced under $100 and they will work with multiple devices So if you have say a ps4 or ps5 the PC or you have your mobile device and maybe an Xbox You can use any of these headsets around to do all you want to do with your gaming needs So if you guys have any questions or any comments, let me know Definitely use the links down below to support the channel and also pick up one of these headsets if you want to Otherwise to forget to like share subscribe and Always enjoy entertainment


Now, we're going to get the next talk by Roman on networking in Swiss Army for Go, a round of applause for him. OK. Hi. My name is Roman Moore. I'm working for Red Hat Soft Engineer. And it's great to see so many people around. As always, the small rooms are pretty full. And I want to tell you today a little bit about Go and how to solve networking problems with it. And also, in general, why Go is such a nice language to bridge the gap between providing rest services and still having the possibility to work pretty low level and to know it at the same time. And basically, I want to go with you through three main points in my talk. First, I want to talk a little bit why Go is so nice for infrastructure service writing. Second thing is I want to introduce you a networking example or a task I had to do to solve. And finally, I want to show you how we can solve that purely with Go. First, let's start with why Go is so nice for writing web services. And one thing is pretty obvious. Compared to languages like C, you can just, for instance, annotate your structs and just marshal the data. And if you run it, you're already done with creating a JSON. That's not something which is so trivial with some other low level languages, like for instance C. Also, providing rest services is pretty simple. Here you see an example where we are creating a rest service with a slash user path. It can take XML or JSON. And there is an even a sub path for it where you can specify the user ID to fetch it. And it takes some parameters. And then you just register the find user callback for looking up the user based on the ID. And what you see here is the Go RESTful framework, which is, for instance, used inside Kubernetes. So far it's good, but there are, of course, other languages like Java or Python Ruby. They all have nice web service frameworks. And there is definitely nothing wrong with using them instead of Go. Might even be better because of, especially with travel because of the library support or so on. But what Go also provides you is working on the low level details on your notes. Here, for instance, that's something you would see if you, for instance, try to use pcap extensions for Python.  GCC will try to compile an extension for Python, and it will just fail because you don't have the DevLibraries installed. And how do you solve it normally?  That's a process normally you then have to kind of package the results to bring it to a node. And that's not really necessary with Go because there you can extremely easy access all the low-level details of notes. And to show you how easy it is to work low-level with Go, I came up with a networking example I had to work on some time ago. It's basically based around VM to host networking. So we wanted to attach virtual machines to host networks, which were already existing, without the need to modify the host network too much and integrate the virtual machines in the host network. For instance, you had an external DHCP server. It should get the DHCPs, the IPs from there and so on. We didn't want to make assumptions like that the network already consists of a bridge or an ordinary interface. And make VTAPs would have been nice to use there since it gives you some nice reduction to the delays of the network traffic compared to bridges. And finally, since I'm working in the communities area with virtualization add-ons there, we wanted to have the possibility to ship our code as a single binary without dependencies so that we can use the pretty common pattern of init containers, for instance, in the community. So you just put your binary in a container and then you have to place it somewhere in the host so that management application there or a demon there can find your binary to use the plugin. And therefore you don't want dynamic dependencies for your code. If we now look a little bit more detailed on the task, what you normally see when you do virtual machine management is you have a bridge on the node. You have your interface attached to the bridge and then you have two machines here, in this case two, this VM and this VM, they both have their own TAP devices. They're all attached to the bridge. And if now let's say the VM on TAP one wants to ping the VM with the dot three suffix, it can just reach it. And if it wants to ping the node, which has the dot two address and the two, that's also no problem. Now with make VTAPs, it's a little bit different. Their advantage is that you can directly attach make VTAPs to the ethernet bridge, so to the ethernet device. You don't have to prepare the node in any way for that. And in principle, that works already. It can talk to every other node, but it can't talk to the node it's currently running on. That's the limitation of make VTAPs. So the virtual machine on make VTAP one interface can without any issues reach the other machine. And it can also reach every other node in the cluster, but it can't reach the node it's currently running on. So this ping would fail with the dot two prefix. One solution for that is adding extra routes. So you can say that a traffic coming from that, from the dot four suffix IP should be routed over a make VLAN on the node, which is also part of the same network. And since this is on the node, finally we can ping the node. And that is actually pretty complex to solve if you wanna make the generic because you need a route for every virtual machine you create. And if you don't wanna make any assumptions about the host and if you don't wanna make any assumptions about how the virtual machines gets their P, I mean, I accepted that it's done by DHCP, it's pretty complex to find a solution to get all the pieces together. What you can do is if the make VTAP one device sends a DHCP request, you can steal it with traffic control from the ethernet zero device, move it to a bridge where you then can, which is in promise creative mode, there you can analyze the traffic and see what's going on. And once you're done with analyzing, you have to re-inject via the make VLAN to the packet so that it finally gets to the cluster or that the answer gets back to the make VTAP one VM. And that's what I'm trying to show you now with Go. And we will start with wish we're on a net leak. That's a net leak implementation for Go. It's based on the Docker networking library originally, but was since then greatly enhanced. And in general, all rivalries I'm presenting here, I'm using them every day, but I never contributed there. So all the thanks go to the, all the cool developers out there which we are creating those libraries. And we will start with something pretty simple here. I'm just importing the net leak library and let's just list all links on the node. And it's pretty simple. And I'm just printing out the dump objects again in this here. I have a local network. That's my Ethernet, my Wi-Fi, some virtual bridges. And here I have a Sniffer X device, which we'll usually add on. So pretty simple to get it already. That's also pretty simple with the core library of Go, but also nice with net links. We can also have a look on the addresses attached. In this case, with link by name, I'm just fetching the low interface and fetching the addresses assigned to the interface. And then just let's print the interfaces. In this case, you will see, okay, the low interface has the typical localhost interface, a localhost address. All the creating interfaces is pretty nice. Let's suppose we wanna create a McVeland device. You just create a McVeland struct also with net link, give it a name. You tell it to which parent interface you wanna connect it. In this case, my Ethernet device has the net link too and I've just hardcoded it here. And you can even say in which mode the McVeland should run. And then you just call link add with that. And in this case, I'm then finally fetching it and printing out. And here we go. And here we see the McVeland device. It was created and printed out. And it was down at the stage when I fetched it again. Now we already have the first part of our solution, a small part, but now we've already seen how we can create McVeland devices. And so this part is now solved for our puzzle. Next thing is, the next topic we wanna do is we wanna now wanna create a sniffer bridge or bridge where we wanna introspect traffic and we wanna use traffic control filters to move the packets from the Ethernet device to the sniffer syrup bridge. One could also try to use IP tables, but that would not help much because McVeland and McVTAP interfaces or traffic is so slow and the kernel stack, it never reaches the IP tables.  Also, if you do a TC, yeah, otherwise it will just not work. It will just ignore any traffic and you have no influence on it. That's why you need to use traffic control. So the first part is we're just creating a bridge. Again, you just create a bridge struct, give the bridge a name, add the bridge, set the bridge to up, link set up, set it to promise creative mode, otherwise we won't see much when we're sniffing the traffic there. And then let's just print from IPA, the output, so that we see the bridge. And if I'm going down here now, you see the sniffer syrup bridge was created and it's in promise creative mode. And so, we are one step farther. Now we already have the bridge too, we want it to respect the traffic. So let's steal the packets next. First, to steal the packet, we have to create a ingress queue disk. That's something you need in traffic control so that you can then finally attach your filters to. There are different ingress queue disks, but I'm just using standard one, adding it to the interface with the link index two. And then when we've created the queue disk, we create a U32 filter for traffic control. We tell it that we're interested in the Ethernet packet frame in the value at offset 20. And the 0x44 value, 0x44 is the port 68 and that's the answer from the DHCP server we're interested in. And we then create a filter where we tell the filter on which parent interface it should be located. That's again my Ethernet zero interface and that we are interested in Ethernet frames and then where is the selector now? Oh yeah. And that the filter should contain the selector we prepared. And finally, we also wanna tell it that the action it should take if the filter matches is mirroring the traffic. So we just create a netlink.newMirrorAction and tell it to which device we wanna mirror the traffic. In this case, I had a device called foo. And I'm just taking the index from the interface here. And then finally, filter add, the filter is there and we'll output the resulting filter to see if it really was created. And there we go. We now see on, where is it? On index two, that's the device index. A redirect to device foo was created and we're stealing the package. We're even seeing that. And that also does its merit action. So we're farther. We got one step farther. We have now stolen the packet. Next part is introspecting it. And there, GoPacket from Google helps you a lot. That's a really nice library for introspecting network traffic. And you normally start by creating a, by opening a pcap connection to the interface so that you can save on the traffic. And then you tell GoPacket what kind of traffic you are trying to insuspect on by, by creating a new packet source. So we can try to run it. And then we see exactly what we didn't want to see and import from C code. So how we can we go around that? And the answer is pretty simple. There is, for instance, from any layer raw packet which implements the packet reader from Go standard library. I think that's not the correct name. I forgot the actual name of how it's called. But this raw packet allows you to listen on packets. You just give it the interface and you tell it that you're now trying to listen on ethernet, internet, ethernet frames. And that's important here. Here you can do something run pretty easily. For instance, if you are really listening on a normal ethernet device, you obviously see ethernet frames. But if you're using, for instance, VLANs and you're creating the filters which we had before. Then you probably have to recalculate the offset because you're not really on an ethernet frame and the offsets for instance, finding out the port would be definitely wrong. And after we've created the raw connection to the interface, we then just have to implement the read packet data method where we are waiting for packets to read. First, we're creating a data buffer which has the size of the maximum transfer unit of the interface. We read the data into that buffer and then we are filling in some capture info like when we captured it, how much we captured, how big the packet is at all. In this case, the reader always reads the whole packet so it's the same value. And we tell the capture info which interface it was and then we return the data. And actually there you don't see much except that it's now compiling and no C library was linked in. It didn't really get to the point to creating a more useful example here. And once we have that, we can use this new packet source from before and we'll listen for packets there like this and then have a for loop over these packets which are coming in there. And then we can just take the packet and try to convert it to different layers when we're working on it. In this case, if I want to see if it's on the UDP layer, I just try to convert it to the UDP layer via the layer method and if something comes back, it's a UDP layer, it's a UDP packet, otherwise we can just continue, we're not interested in it. Then we convert it to UDP packet, do some checks and calculations on it because we want to resend it later and that's necessary, otherwise we can get them all from package. And we can also go farther and say we're now only interested in packets with port 68 since the DHCP server is listening there. And yeah, so there is a lot more to go packet but that's in general on how you can introspect your traffic there and we can use it in our example to extract the IP address and make address of the DHCP which is very valuable information we're interested in. And so now the next part is that we also need routes, now we have the IP and now we need to create a route. And to create the route, we need to create a destination IP that's the IP of the VM, we need to create the gateway to get the address for the via part of the route. And in this case, since I wanted to create the demo in this, the route in this code snippet, I'm also adding a device to the interface where I want an address to the interface where I want to create the route, otherwise I can't create the route. So I am giving the interface where I want to add the route, the address of the gateway and it can simply be assigned to the interface by address. Then I'm making sure that the McVillain is in upstate and finally create the route. I give it the index of the McVillain interface. I give it the destination IP, I give it the this gateway ID and I add the route. And if we now run that, we will see that the right route was added. We are now routing from the VM IP over the McVillain with that IP to the host. And if we go back to our example, we're now on Safari again, we have that part also added. Now we're almost done. What we're now missing is we need to write back the packet after we've read it. And therefore we can again use the raw packet package and just implement the right packet data. And then we can directly write the package we've read from a GoPacket with that handler to a different interface again. And so we have that part of it. And that's pretty much the talk. Here is an overview of useful libraries I've been talking about now and also about libraries which I didn't have the time to talk about mostly. The Netlink library, the GoPacket and draw packet for packet introspection, then for IP tables you have from CoreOS IP tables. There is an interesting difference to the other packages. This one requires the IP tables to own the host. So here I didn't completely fulfill the goal of my talk but it's still a very useful packet. Also if you wanna send and receive DHCPX or whatever, you can use the DHCP library mentioned here. Yeah, that's pretty much it. So questions. What, the testing strategy in that case? So the question was what would be my testing strategy for such scenarios? I'm basically just creating isolated bridges, attaching make-we-lens, make-we-taps and all that and just sending the packets and seeing if it comes. I mean, you need privileges so it's a little bit harder to test than if you're running unprivileged code but works pretty well. Does that answer the question? Yeah, sure. Just writing test scripts with or creating the interfaces and yeah. So and for instance, the Netlink library here has some pretty nice example on how you can write the test because they have a lot of tests. So it's very nice place to start looking when you wanna automate it. And I mean, we're using parts of that what I've presented here, for instance, in Cupert. And in Cupert, we have all the end-to-end tests from the user, so your provision of all Kubernetes class to installing our add-on and then we're creating all the objects and then we're checking the host if that really happens. So I mean, you have to test it on all layers starting from directly single nodes with unit tests basically up to the host here. Okay, looks like that's it. Thank you.


So, after coming back home from the live stream with Dub, watching the Survivor Series 2021, I had time to close my eyes, dream, sleep real good. I slept real good last night, wake up, really think about did I enjoy Survivor Series this year and I've come to the conclusion, wasn't that good? Wasn't that good at all? What's good, George, your boy Ross, back again with another video. So, Survivor Series last night, not going to lie to you. For them to have this pay-per-view, their last pay-per-view of the year outside of NXT, their last main roster pay-per-view, they ended off on a bad note. I'm just being honest with you. I enjoyed Crown Jewel way better than this pay-per-view and that is a surprise in itself. The build for this pay-per-view was lackluster, very lackluster. The only thing that had somewhat of a decent build was obviously the Roman Reigns biggie match, involving Xavier Woods and Kofi Kingston and Becky vs. Charlotte. There's some real tension there behind the scenes. Outside of that, everything else was just kind of like, it didn't feel that important. I will still stand by this. I do think that Xavier Woods' proposition for the Survivor Series men's match should have been taken into effect. It would have created some intrigue. The winners get to fight for the first five spots, the losers. I mean, the winners get to fight for the last five spots in the Royal Rumble next year, and the losers of the match get to fight for the first five spots for the Royal Rumble next year. It would have been interesting. They didn't do that. Instead, they pull out the Rock over the top rope Battle Royale on Friday night smackdown out of nowhere. That is a pre-show match at its finest and they put that on the main card. Instead of having the Intercontinental Championship, the United States Championship, those guys, Damian Priest, Shinsuke Nakamura going on on the main show, that I just don't get it, bro. I'm not going to go into every match in detail because I'm not trying to make this video too long. I'm just here to give my initial thoughts and opinions on what I thought was going on in that show. I will say this, WWE, I get it. You want to create some hype and intrigue. This is the Rock 25th anniversary. If you're going to do this and you're going to tease us the entire time, they were promoting the Rocks movie that's on Netflix and you're going to continuously tease us, you're going to bring in this side story where Vince McMahon shows up on the show and he has the egg from the movie or whatever. Rock gave it to him. Then you tease us some more with Roman Reigns coming into Vince's office. He sees the egg like creating some type of jealousy. Then you create this other storyline from that, that the egg disappears. Someone stole the egg so people would automatically think maybe Roman stole it. Then you create some more confusion by saying, oh, now Brock Lesnar's suspension is not indefinite anymore. Creating some more teases. Then you have in the main event Big E versus Roman, you have Roman hit the rock bottom.  No payoff. And I get it. Some people can say, well, the rock got movie stuff. He can't come. I get that. But don't tease it throughout the goddamn night. You can celebrate the Rocks 25th anniversary. That's fine. You can do that. Show some highlights, whatever. But don't tease it. That is as if he's really going to come. Don't create the side storyline as if he's going to come. And I don't want to hear, oh, well, maybe it'll come on Monday Night Raw. Maybe it'll come on Smackdown. We're talking about what happened that night.   We're talking about what happened on that show. That was the last pay-per-view of the year. You hiked it up as if something was going to happen. And it wasn't. That's a waste of time. People that was in our live stream chat yesterday were genuinely disappointed and annoyed. They were like, bro, this was a waste of time. The only thing to make this enjoyable is watching us on live stream. That's it. And to be honest with you, outside of the first match and the last match, everything else was kind of middle of the roll, mad to boring. The first match really worked. I was hoping this was going to be a sign of good things to come between Becky and Charlotte. What made that match work is their real-life beef to have with each other. So it was cool to see that. Dub doesn't even know the storyline between their matches like that. He doesn't want to drop the product like that. But he could tell, oh, this is intense. And he was enjoying it. They started off the show great. Becky and Charlotte, they did their part. Then the men's Survivor Series match and Kevin Owens walking off at the beginning. Some people saying, oh, that was Kevin Owens walking the AEW wouldn't be surprised. It was OK. It wasn't bad by any means. It was decent, but you know, it's kind of hard to get too invested because it's just like, it doesn't matter who wins here. You know what I'm saying? It's just like, uh, it's whatever. Now, I will say this Xavier Woods, King Woods. I don't even know what's the point of making him King of the Ring, bro. He got eviscerated by Bobby Lashley. I mean, totally and utterly destroyed by him.    He's just just this Friday.   King Xavier Woods gets destroyed by Bobby Lashley and put to sleep. I'm just like, oh, they could have gave him a better moment. That is just, what's the point of him being the King of the Ring, bro? No one's going to take him seriously.  No one's going to take Xavier Woods seriously. The King of the Ring is supposed to build up a guy to potentially be the next guy up. No one's going to take him seriously. He was just crying on SmackDown over a fake crown.  All right, whatever. I was really disappointing. The countdowns between Drew and Bobby, it just, I just didn't care. If anything, the only thing I really couldn't say that matches is that they would have to win to Jeff because I feel like Jeff deserved it. He was the sole survivor. I would love to see him for him. And they didn't give it to him. They didn't give the win to him, which took a lot of people out of it already. So I was like, all right, whatever. I didn't care about the women's match or women's Survivor Series match as much. The match that really killed all the momentum for the show was the battle Royale match.  Oh my God. And we had Pizza Hut last night while watching the stream. But it's just like, bro, what are we doing?  What is the point? What, what, what did they gain out of that? You won the match.  What's the point? That should have been just pre-show filler. That is it. Why they had that information? Because the Rock's name on it. The Rock didn't even come.   Are you going to push the person that won it? No. When that match happened, the crowd was done. It didn't matter. You had the fans doing the wave around the stadium during the women's match. And there was some highlights in the women's match, but it couldn't be saved. The girl was dead. It was, it was, they didn't come back to life until maybe midway through the biggie and Roman Reigns match, which honestly definitely brought people back to life, which I expected it to. I was hoping that it did and they definitely did. It started off very slow, but they picked it up. And I like that biggie was really holding his own. I just wish and I'm not going to lie to you. I know some of y'all may disagree. I actually wanted biggie to win. I did. Because one, Roman doesn't lose the title here. So I'm okay with that. And then to biggie needs that win because I get the feeling that people don't really take biggie as seriously as they should. And he's the WWE champion. I'm just being honest. I think people like him as champion, but they don't take him as serious as the champion. And I feel like there's no better way to take someone serious if you beat Roman Reigns. I feel like he needed that win. Now, granted, I know you got to protect Roman. Can't make him look weak. So that's why I say either the rock comes out there cause of distraction. I know people are not a big fan of distraction finishes, but the rock comes out there cause of distraction. Ultimately biggie capitalizes on it and he wins the match. It makes it still keeps Roman strong. People will pop for it. Shit, biggie won and they saw the rock. It would have been a good, it would have been a good feel. Then biggie can go back. You know what I'm saying? Really riding that high of I beat Roman. Yeah, with the assistance of the rock, but I still got the pen over Roman. That's going on the record books. And Roman can be irate. Now, if it wasn't going to be the rock, it could have been Brock. If he's in it, he's coming back. It could have been Brock.  He's still the universal champion. And now he is pissed. We see a dangerous, dangerous Roman now. He is super pissed. And maybe he goes after Xavier Woods now cause he can't get a hold of biggie. Like he gets real. He goes super rogue. If there's ways they could have did that. That's just my personal opinion. We don't have to agree. If you guys feel like the right person one, that's okay. The thing is, and I'm okay. If Roman does win and he won clean, he didn't have don't also help. It's just, to me, it just, it knocks down biggie even lower because he really couldn't get the job done.  So it's like, there's, I just feel like there's a better way they could have booked this where at least Roman would have been protected, but he can take a loss. He can take a loss because the title is not involved. He can take a loss here. It will elevate the WWE champion, which they need to do. And now it creates this, this, this type of persona in Roman where he's pissed because he finally lost a match and he's not taking no BS from nobody. He wants to destroy Brock like or whoever interferes. Like it just, it would have made for an interesting story. That's just my personal opinion. Yeah. Comment down below. Let me know if you agree with that or which are you okay with how things in it last night. But outside of that, no rock return.   It's just that show.  Really?  I'm sorry. I think last night I gave that match a five out of 10.  That's it.   Complete doodoo, bro. So yeah. But comment down below. Let me know. Did you guys enjoy this pay-per-view? Did you guys have a good time during this pay-per-view? Or you didn't. You thought this pay-per-view was a waste of time. It was BS and they could have did a whole lot better. And what do you give this pay-per-view on a scale of one to 10? I give this a five out of 10 for me personally. Let me know. Well, any booking decisions you would have changed or are you okay with everything that happened last night?   Even if you like that for some hot reason. But I appreciate all the love and support. Road to semi-k. Appreciate y'all kidding me. See y'all in the next one. Peace.