Chapter 15 of Addison, His Life and Inventions This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information on to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Nellie. Addison, His Life and Inventions by Frank Lois Dyer and Thomas Comerford Martin. Chapter 15. Introduction of the Addison Electric Light In the previous chapter on the invention of a system, the narrative has been carried along for several years of activity after the verge of successful and commercial application of Addison's ideas and devices for incandescent electric lightning. The story of any year, one year in this period, if treated chronologically, would branch off in a great many directions, some going back to early works, others forward to arts, not within the generous array. And the effect of such treatment would be confusing. In line manner, the development of the Addison lightning system follows several concurrent simultaneously lines of lines and an effort was therefore made in the last chapter to give a rapid glance over the whole movement, embracing a term of near five years including its growth, both the old word and the new. What is necessary to the completeness of the story, at this stage, is not to recapitulate, but to take up some of the loose ends of the threads, woven in and followed them through until the clear and comprehensive picture of the events can be seen. Some things it will be difficult to reproduce in any picture of the art in times. One of the greatest delusions of the public or to any notable invention is the belief that the word is waiting for it with open arms and eager welcome. The exact contrary is the truth. There is not a single new art or device the word has ever enjoyed of, which it can be said that it was given immediate enthusiastic reception. The way of the inventor is hard. You can sometimes raise capital to help him in working out his crude conceptions. But even then it is frequently done at a distressed for cost or personal surrender. When the result is achieved, the invention makes its appeal on the score of economy a material of effort. And then labor often awaits with crushing and tyrannical spirit to smash the apparatus or forbid its very use. Where both capital and labor are agreed that the object is worthy of encouragement, there is the superior indifference of the public to overcome and the stubborn resistance of the pre-existing devices to combat. The years of hardship and struggle are thus prolonged. The targeting poverty and neglect two frequent bidders to invent a scanty bread. And one great spirit after another has scum-bin to the defeat beyond which lay the procrastinated triumph so dearly earned. Even America, where the adoption of improvements and innovations is regarded as so prompt and sure and where the huge torso of the patent office and the court-bare witness to the consistently efforts of the inventor, it is impossible to deny that the sad truth that unconsciously society discards invention rather than invites it. Possibly our national optimism as reviewing the invention is seeking the higher good and it's some check. Possibly the leaders would travel too fast and too far on the road to perfection if conservatism did not also play its salutary part in insisting that the procession move forward as a whole. Addison and his electrolyte were happily more fortunate than other man inventions in the relative cordiality of the reception given them. The merit was too obvious to remain unrecognized. Nevertheless it was through intense hostility and opposition that the young art made its way pushed forward by Addison's strong personality and by his unbounded, unwavering faith in the ultimate success of his system. It may seem strange that great effort was required to introduce a life so manifestly unconvenient, safe, agreeable and advantageous, but the facts are a matter of record. And today the recollection of some of the episodes brings a fierce glitter into the eye and keen indignation into the voice of the man who has come so victoriously through the door. There was not a fact at any time that the public was opposed to the idea of the electric light. On the contrary, the conditions for its exceptions had been rightening fast. Yet the very vogue of the electric art light made harder the arrival of the incandescent as a new illuminant for the streets. The art became familiar either as a direct substitute for the low gas lamp along the sidewalk curve or as a noble former moonlight raised in groups at the top of fluffy towers often 150 feet high. Some of these lights were already used for large indoor spaces. Although the size of the unit, the deadly pressure of the current and sputtering sparks from the carbons made them highly objectable for such purposes. A number of parent art lighting companies were in existence and a great many local companies had been caught into being under franchise for commercial business and to execute regular city contracts for street lighting. In this manner, a good deal of capital and the energies of many prominent men in politics and business had been rallied distinctively to support of art lighting under the inventive leaderships of such brilliant men as Bruce, Thompson, Weston and then Depple Eller. There were scores of others. The industry had made considerable progress and the art has been firmly established. Fear lurked, however, very rigorous elements of opposition. For Edison predicted from the start the superiority of this more electric unit of light and devoted himself exclusively to its perfection and introduction. It can be readily seen that this situation made it all the more difficult for Edison system to secure the large sums of money needed for its co-itation and to obtain new franchises of city ordinance as a public utility. Thus, in the curious manner the modern art of electric lighting was in a very true sense divided against itself with intense reveries and jealousies which were nonetheless real because they were by temporary and occuring felt where ultimate union of the force was inevitable. For a long period of time the art was dominant and superior in the lighting branch of the electric industry in all respects, whether as to investment, employees, income and profits or in the respect of the manufacturing side. When a great national electric light association was formed in 1885 its organizers were the captains of our clientele and not a single Edison company or a licensee could be found in its ranks. I would dare to solicit membership. The Edison company soon numbering about 300 formed their own association still maintained as a separate and useful body and the lines were tensely drawn in a way that made it not too easy for the Edison service to advance or for an impartial man to remain friendly with both sides. But the growing popularity of income does enlightening the flexibility and safety of the system the ease with which other electric devices for heat, power, etc. could be put indiscriminately on the same circuits with the lamps In due course render the old attitude of opposition, obviously foolish and unattainable. The United States censors office statistics of 1902 show that the income from incandescent lightning by central stations had by that time become over 52% of the total while that from arc lightning was less than 29 and electric power surfaced due to the ease with which models could be introduced on incandescent circuits brought in 15% more Hence, 20 years after the first Edison station were established the methods they involved could be fairly credited with no less than 67% of all central station income in the country and the proportion has grown ever since then It will be readily understood that under these conditions the modern lightning company supplies to its customers both incandescent and arc lightning frequently from the same dynamo electric machinery as a source of current and that the old feud as between the rival systems has died out In fact, for some years past the residents of the National Electric Light Association have been chosen almost exclusively from among the managers of the great Edison lightning companies in the leading cities The other strong opposition to the incandescent light came from the gas industry They're also the most bitter feeling was shown The gas manager did not like arc light but it interfered only with his street service which was not his large source of income by any means What did arouse his eye and indignation was to find this new opponent the little incandescent lamp pushing boldly into the felt of interior lightning claiming it on a great variety of grounds of superiority and calmly ignoring the question of price because it was so much better newspaper records and the pages of the technical papers of the day show to what extent prejudice and passion were stirred up and a stunning degree to which the opposition to the new light was carried Here again was given the most convincing demonstration of the truth that such an addition to the resources of mankind always carries with it unsuspected benefits even for its enemies In two distinct directions the gas art was immediately helped by Edison's work The competition was almost solidary and a stimulus it gave to improvements in processes for making, distributing and using gas so that while vast economies have been factored at the gasworks the customers has had infinitely better light for less money In the second place the coming of the incandescent light raised a standard of illumination in such a manner that more gas than ever was wanted in order to satisfy the popular demand for brightness and brillancy both indoors and on the street The result of the operation of these two forces acting upon it wholly from without and from arrival it was desired to crush has been to increase enormously the production and use of the gas in the last 25 years It is true that the income of the central station is now over 300 million dollars a year and that isolated plant aligning presents also a large amount of diverted business but just as shown it would obviously be unfair to regard all this as allures from the standpoint of gas It is in a great measure due to new sources of income developed by electricity for itself A retrospective survey shows that had the man in control of the American gas lighting art in 1880 being sufficiently farsighted had they not taken a broad view of the situation they might easily have remained dominant in the whole field of artificial lighting by securing the ownership of the patterns and devices of the new industrial Apparently not a single step of that was undertaken No problems there a gas manager who would have agreed with Edison in the opinion written down by him that the time in little notebook number 184 the gas problems were having conferred on them an enhanced earning capacity It was now a fortunate and providential for the electric lighting art that in a state of immature development it did not fall into hands of men who were opposed to its growth and would not have sought its technical perfection It was allowed to carve out its own career and thus escape the fate that is supposed to have attended other great inventions of being bought up mainly for purposes of suppression There is a very popular notion that this happens to the public lords but the truth is that no discovery of any real value is ever entirely lost it may be retarded, but that is all In the case of the gas companies and the incandescent light many of them to whom he was in the early days as great and irritant as a red flat to a bow emulated the performance of that animal and spent a great deal of money and energy in belowing and throwing up dirt in the effort to destroy the heated enemy This was not long nor universally the spirit is shown and today in hundreds of cities the electric and gas products are united under that one management which does not find it impossible to push in a friendly and progressive way the use of both illuminance The most conspicuous example of this identity of interest is given in New York itself So much for the early opposition of which there were plenty but it may be questioned whether in our shares not equally to be dreaded with active ill will Nothing is more difficult in the world than to get a good many hundreds of thousands or millions of people to do something they have never done before A very real difficulty in the introduction of Islam and lightning system by Addison lay in the absolute ignorance of the public at large not only as to his merits but as to the very appearance of the light Some few thousand people had gone out to Melo Park and had there seen the lamps in operation at the laboratory or on the hillsides but there were an insignificant proportion of the inhabitants of the United States Of course a great many counts were written in red but while genuine interest was aroused it was necessarily apathetic A newspaper description of a maxing article admirably complete in itself with illustrations but until some person experienced his hat of the thing described it is not convict a perfect mental picture nor can it always make the desire active and insistent Generally people way to have the new thing brought to them and hence as in the case of the Addison light an educational campaign of a practical nature is a fundamental condition of success After a serious difficulty confronted Addison and his associates was that nowhere in the world were there to be purchased any of the appliances necessary for the use of lighting system Addison has resolved from the very first act the initial central station embodying his various ideas should be installed in New York City where he could super intend the installation personally and then watch the operation Plans to that end were now rapidly maturing but there will be needed among many other things every one of them new and novel the enamels, switchboards regulators, pressure and current indicators, fixturing great variety, incandescent lamp mirrors, sockets small switches, underground conductors, junction boxes service boxes, manhole boxes, connectors and even specially made wire Now, not one of these chalice things were in existence not any outsider was sufficiently informed about such devices to make them in order except perhaps the special wire Addison therefore started the first of all a lamp factory in one of the buildings in mellow park equipped it with novel machinery and apparatus and began to instruct men, boys and girls as they could be enlisted in the absolutely new art that he must obtain in charge with regard to the condition attended upon the manufacture of the lamps Addison says when we first started the electric light we had had fan factory for manufacturing lamps as the addon c light company did not seem deposed to go into manufacturing we started small lamp factory in mellow park with what money I could raise from my other inventions or rioters and some assistance the lamps at that time were costing about 1.25 dollars each to make so I said to the company if you will give me a contract during the life of the patents I will make all the lamps required by the company and deliver them for 40 cents the company jumped at the chance of this offer and a contract was drawn up but then bought at a receiver's house at Harrison New Jersey a very large brick factory building which having used as an all your clothes we got it at a great bargain and only paid us more some damn and the ballast and water gauge we moved the lamp forks from mellow park to Harrison the first year lamps cost us about 1.10 dollars each we sold them for 40 cents but there were only about 20 or 30 thousands of them the next year they cost us about 70 cents and we sold them for 40 cents there were a good many and we lost more money the second year than the first the third year I succeeded in getting a machinery and in changing processes until it got down so that it cost somewhere around 50 cents I still sold them for 40 cents and lost more money that year than any other because the sales were increasingly rapidly the fourth year I got it down to 37 cents and I made all the money up in one year that I had lost previously I finally got it down to 22 cents and sold them for 40 cents and they were made by the million very upon the war street people thought it was a very lucrative business so they concluded that they would like to have it and bought us out one of the incidents which caused a very great cheapening was that when we started one of the important processes had to be done by experts this was the selling of the part carrying the filament into the globe which was rather delicate operation in those days and required several months of training before anyone could sell a fair number of parts in a day when we got to the point where we employed 80 of these experts the former union and knowing it was impossible to manufacture lamps without them they become very insolent one instance with that the son of one of these experts was employed in the office and when he was told to do anything and our would give an insolent reply he was discharged where upon the union notified us that unless the boy was taken back the whole body would go out it got so bad that the manager came to me and said he could no stand any longer something had got to be done they were not only more surly they were diminishing the output and it became impossible to manage the works he got me enthused on the subject so I started to see if it were not possible to do that operation by machinery after feeling around for some days I got a clue how to do it I then put men on it I could trust and made the preliminary machinery it seemed to work pretty well I then made another machine which did the work nicely and then made a third machine and would bring in yard men ordinary laborers etc and when I could get these men to put the parts together as well as the trained experts in an hour I considered the machine complete then went secretly to work and made 30 of the machines up in a toft loft off the factory we stored these machines and at night we put up the benches and got everything already then we discharged the office boy then the union went out when we formed the works of Harrison we divided the interest into 100 shares or part set 100 dollars part one of the boys were a hard app at the time and so two shares to Bob cutting after that crime we had never pay anything but we got around to the point where the board declared a divide of every Saturday night we had never declared a divide when cutting Bob his shares and after getting his divide 30 weeks in succession we caught up on the telephone and wanted to know what kind of concern this was that paid a weekly divide the work sold for 1 million and 85 thousand dollars Incidentally it may be noted as illustrative of the problem brought to that he had the factory at Harrison and importing the Chinese trader went to him and wanted a dynamo to be run by hand power explain that in China human labor was cheaper than steam power Addison devised a machine to answer the purpose and put long spokes on it he fitted it up and shipped it to China he has not however heard of its things for making the dynamo Addison secured as noted in the preceding chapter the Roche ironworks on Go Work Street, New York and this was also equipped a building was rented on Washington Street where machinery tours were put in specially designed for making the underground tube conductor and the various paraphernalia and the faithful John Kruyasi was given charge of that branch of production to Sigmund Bergman who had worked previously with Addison on telephone the Paradison phonographs and was already making Addison specialties in a small way in a loft on Ooster Street, New York was designed to test of constructing sockets, fixtures meters, safety fuses and numerous other details thus broadly the manufacturing end of the problem of introduction was carried off in the early part of 1881 the Addison Electric Light Company leased the old B-Shot mansion at 65 Fifth Avenue close to Fording Street for its headquarters and showrooms this was one of the finest homes in the city of that period and its acquisition was a pre-monitor sign of the surrender of the famous residential avenue to commerce the company needed not only offices but even more such as an interior as would display to advantage the new lighting everyday use and this house with its liberal lines, spacious halls lofty salons, white parlors and graceful wine stairway was ideal for the purpose in fact, in undergoing this violent change it enough is to be a home in the real sense but to this day many Addison veterans' house is quickened by some chance reference to 65 where through many years the work of development by a loyal and devoted band of workers was centered here Addison and a few of his assistants from Menlo Park installed immediately in the basement this more generating plant at first with the gas engine which was not successful and then with the Hampson high speed engine a boiler constituted a complete isolated plant the building was wired from top to bottom and equipped with all the appliances of the yard the experience with the little gas engine was rather startling at an early period of 65 we decided, says Addison system and put a gas engine in the cellar using city gas one day it was not going very well and it went down to the man in charge and got exploring around finally I opened the pedestal a store has for a tour etc. we had an open lamp and when we opened the pedestal it blow the doors off and blow out the windows and not me Dan and the other man for the next 405 years 65 was a very double B high day and night the routine was very much the same as that at the laboratory in its other necklace of the clock the evenings were not only devoted to the continuous of the regular business but the house was thrown open to the public until late at night never closing before 10 o'clock so as to give everybody who wished an opportunity to see that great novelty of the time the incandescent light whose fame had meanwhile been spreading all over the globe the first year 1881 was eventually that which witnessed the greatest rush of visitors and the building hardly ever closed its doors till midnight during the day business was carried on on the greatest rush and Mr. Ingzao has described how Edison was to be found there trying to lead the life of a man of affairs in a conventional garb of polite society instead of pursuing inventions and researches in his laboratory but the disagreeable audio experience Edison could never again be tempted to quit his laboratory and work for any length of time but in this instance there were some advantages attached to the sacrifice for the crowds of lying hunters and people seeking business arrangements wouldn't only have gone out to Menlo Park while on the other hand the great plans are lying in New York demanded very close personal attention on the sport as he was not only Edison but officers and employees were kept busy exhibiting and explaining light to the probably of that day when the highest known form of the house illuminant was scarce the incandescent lamp with its ability to burn in any position is lack of heat so that you can put your hand on the brilliant glass globe the absence of any visiating effect on the atmosphere the average safety from fire the curious fact that you need in no match just to light it that it was under absolute control from a distance these and many other features came as a distinct revelation and marvel while promising so much addition comfort, convenience and beauty in the house that inspection was almost invariably followed by request for installation the camaraderie that existed at this time was very democratic but all were workers in a common cost as the believers in the doctrine they proclaimed and hoped to profit by the opening up of the new art often at night, in a small hours all would adjourn for refreshments to a famous resort nearby and to discuss the events of the today and tomorrow full of instant excitement the easy relationship at the time is neatly sketched by Edison and humorous complaint as to his inability to keep his own secrets when at 65 I would ask a box of secret I would go to the box for five times a day to get a secret but after it got circulated about the feuding everybody would come to get my secret so the box would only last about a day and a half I was telling a gentleman one day that I could not keep a secret even if I locked them up in my desk they would break it open he suggested to me that he had a friend over on 8th Avenue who made a superior grade of secrets and who would show them a trick he said that he would have some of them made up with hair and old paper and I could put them in without a word and see the result I thought no more about the matter it came in two or three months after and said how did that secret business work I didn't remember anything about it I'm coming to investigate it appeared that the box of secret had been delivered and had been put in my desk and I had smoked them all I was too busy on other things to denotus it was not uncommon sight to see in the parlows in the evening of Joan P. Morgan Novin Prane Grosvenor P. Laurie Henry Viller Robert L. Cotton Edward D. Adams J. Hoot Wright E.G. Fabry Armand Galloway and other men prominent in the city life many of them stockholders and directors all interested in doing this educational work as soon as that came bankers, brokers, lawyers editors and reporters prominent businessman, electricians insurance experts under whose research and intelligence inquires the fact was elicited and general admiration was soon one for the system which in advance had solved so many new problems Edison himself was in universal request and the subject of much adulation put all together two business models by it once in a while he found in his duty to go off the ground with scientific visitors many of whom were formed abroad and discussed questions which were not simply those of technique but related to newer phenomenon such as the action of carbon an age in the fact of high vacuums the principles electric goods subdivision the value of insulation and many others which unfortunately to say remain as esoteric now as they were then even fruit for themes of controversy speaking of those days of nights Edison says years ago one of the great violinist was Ramanee after his performances when were over he used to come down to 65 in talk economics philosophy, moral science and everything else he was highly educated and had a great mental capacity he would talk with me but I never asked him to bring his violin why night he came with his violin about 12 o'clock I had a library at the top of the house and Ramanee came up there he was in a january humor and played a violin for me for about two hours, $2,000 worth the front door were closed and he walked up and down the room as he played after that every time he came to New York he used to call at 65 late at night with his violin if we were not there he would come down to the slums and go up the street and would play for an hour door and talk philosophy I would talk for the benefit of his music Henry Dixie then at the height of his and on his popularity would come in those days after theater hours and would entertain us with stories 1882 to 1884 another visitor who used to give us a good deal of amusement and pleasure was Captain Shaw he was a good company he would go out among the fire ladies and have a great time one time Robert Lincoln Anson Stager of the West New Union interested in the electric light came on to make some arrangement with Major Eaton president of the Asson Electric Light Company they came to 65 in the afternoon and Lincoln commenced telling stories like his father it was all the afternoon and that night they left for Chicago when they got to Cleverland it dawned upon them that they had not done any business so they had to come back on the next train to New York and transact it they were interested in the Chicago Edison Company now one of the largest other systems in the world speaking of telling stories I went scouting telling a man's stories at the Harrisonland factory in the yard as he was leaving and he was all in first I had nothing on to protect me against the code I told him one story after the other six of all then I got pleurisy and had to be shipped to Florida for curie the organization of the Edison Electric Light Company went back to 1868 but after the time of leasing 65 Fifth Avenue had not been engaged in actual business he had merely enjoyed the delights of anxious anticipation after this pleasure of vacuuming Edison's experiments now active exploitation was required Dr. Noreen Green the well-known president of the western union telegraph company was president also of the Edison Company but the present nature of his regular duties left him no leisure for such close responsible management as was now required early in 1881 Mr. Gross Vaner P. Laury after consultation with Mr. Edison provide upon major SB Eaton the leading member of a very prominent law firm in New York to accept the position a vice president and general manager of the company in which has also in some of the subsidiary Edison companies and as president he continued actively and energetically for nearly four years a critical formative period in which the solidity of the foundation that is attested by the magnitude and splendor of the superstructure the fact that Edison conferred at this point with Mr. Laury should perhaps be explained in justice to the distinguished lawyer who for so many years was the close friend of the inventor and the chief consul in all the tremendous litigation that followed the effort to enforce and validate Edison patents as in England Mr. Edison was fortunate in securing the legal assistance of Sir Richard Webster and after Lord Chief Justice of England Sir America it counted greatly in his favor to ensure the advocacy of such a man as Laury prominent among the family leaders of the New York Barn, born in Massachusetts Mr. Laury in his earlier days of straightened circumstances was accustomed to the phrase some portion of his educational expenses but he did music in Berkshire villages and by a curious coincidence one of his pupils F. L. Pope later Edison partner for a time Laury went west to Bleeding Kansas with the first governor reader and both were actor participants in the exciting sense of the free state war until driven away in 1856 by many other free soilers but the act of the broader roughing legislature returning is Mr. Laury took a practice in New York soon becoming eminent in his profession and upon the accession of William the presidency of the western union telegraph company in 1866 he was appointed general council the duties of which posed his charge for 15 years one of the great cases in which he thus took a leading and distinguished art was that of the quadruplex telegraph and later he acted as a legal advisor to Henry Beelard in his numerous grand doys enterprises Laury thus came to know Edison to conceive an intense admiration for him and to believe in his ability at the time when others could not attack the fire of genius smothering beneath the modest bacteria of a young operator slowly finding himself he will be seeing that Mr. Laury was in a peculiarly advantageous position to make his convictions about Edison thought so that it was he and his friends who rallied quickly to the new barn of discovery and then to the inventor the aid that came as a critical period in this connection it may be well to quote an article that appeared at the time of Mr. Laury's death in 1893 one of the most important services which Mr. Laury has ever performed was in furnishing and procuring the necessary financial backing for Thompson a Edison and bringing out and perfecting his system of incandescent lightning with characteristic per tenacity Mr. Laury stood by the inventor through the second thing in spite of doubt discouragement and ridicule until he lost success crowns efforts and all the litigation which had resulted from the widespread infringements of Edison patterns Mr. Laury has ever born a burden and heat of the day and perhaps in no other fact has he so personally distinguished himself as in a successful advocacy of the claims of Edison to the invention of incandescent lamp and everything here around pertaining this was the man of whom Edison had necessarily to make confident an advisor and to supply other things beside the legal direction and financial alliance by his knowledge of the word and affairs there were many vital things to be done in the exploitation of the system that Edison simply could not and would not do but Laury's several affairs rather the wit and humor chevery and devotion graceful eloquence and admirable equi- poise of judgment were all the qualities that the occasion demanded and that met exegesis we are indebted to Mr. Ingsel for a graphic sketch of Edison at this period and of the conditions on which work was done and progress was made I do not think I had any understanding with Edison when I first went with him as to my duties I did whatever he told me and looked after all kinds of fears by his close to financing his business I used to open the correspondence and answer it all sometimes signing Edison's name with my initial and sometimes signing my own name if the letter of course were pursued I was addressing the stranger I was signing as Edison's private secretary I had his power of attorney and signed his checks it was seldom that Edison signed a letter of check at that time if he wanted personally to send a communication to anybody one of his close associates would probably be a pencil manual sign Edison it was a shorthand writer this item took down from Edison's dictation and as it was one on some technical subject that I did not understand I would go over the correspondence with Edison sometimes making a marginal note in shorthand that sometimes Edison would make his own old son letters and I would be expected to clear up the correspondence with Edison in the comments as a guide as to the character of answer to make it was a very common thing for Edison to write the words yes or no and this would be all I had on which to base my answer Edison marginalized documents extensively he had a wonderful ability in pointing out the weak points of agreement a balance sheet all the while protesting he was no lawyer or accountant and his values were expressed in very few words but in characteristic and emphatic manner the first few months I was with Edison he spent most of the time in the office at 65 Fifth Avenue then there was a great deal of trouble with the life of Lambsdale and he disappeared from the office and spent his time largely in Menlo Park and another time there were a great deal of trouble with some of the details and construction of dynamos and he spent a lot of time on Goer Street which had been rapidly equipped with the idea of turning out high polar dynamo electric machines directly connected to the engine the first of which went to Paris and London while the next were installed in Old Paris Street a station of Edison electrically dominating company of New York just south of Fluton Street and the west side of the street Edison devoted a great deal of his time to the engineering work in connection with the laying out of the first incandescent electric lighting system in New York apparently at that time at the end of 1881 and spring of 1882 the most serious were with the manufacture installation of underground conducts in this territory these conductors were manufactured by electric tube company which Edison controlled in a shop at 65 Washington Street run by John Criasi half round copper conductors were used kept in place relatively to each other and in the tube first of all by heavy piece of cardboard and later on by a rope and then put in a 20 feet iron pipe and a combination of glass phantom and linseed oil was forced into the pipe for insulation I remember as a coincidence that the building was only 20 feet wide these lengths of conductors were 20 feet 6 inches long as the half round corpus extended 3 inches beyond the drag ends of the length of the pipe and in one of the operations we used to take the length of tubing out of the window in order to turn around I was elected secretary of the electric tube company and was expected to look after its finances and it was in this precision that my long intimacy with John Criasi started at this juncture a large part of the correspondence referred very naturally to electric lighting, emboating requests for all kinds of information, catalogs prices, terms, etc and all these letters were turned over to the lighting company by Edison for attention Edison swammed with a proposition for sale of territorial rights and with other negotiations and some of these were accompanied by the offer of very large sums of money it was the beginning of the electric light forward which soon rose to sensational heights had the company accepted this cash offer some various localities it could have gathered several millions of dollars at once in strategy but this was not at all in court with Mr. Edison idea which was to prove our actual experience the commercial value of the system and then to license a center station commerce in large cities and towns the apparent company taking the percentage of their capital for the license under the Edison patents and contracting also for the supply of apparatus, lamps, etc this left the remainder of the country open for the cash sale of plans were ever requested his concerts prevailed and the wisdom of the policy adopted were seen in the swift establishment of Edison companies in centers of population both great and small whose business were has ever been a constant and growing source of income, the para manufacturing interest from first to last Edison has been an exponent and advocate of the center station idea of distribution of so familiar to the public mind but still very far from being carried out to its larger conclusions in this instance demands for isolated plans for factories, mills, mines, hotels, etc began to pour in and something had to be done with them this was a class of plans which the inquires decided to purchase outright and operate themselves usually because of remoteness for any possible source of generate supply for a con card they had not been Edison's intention to cater to this class of customer and to his broad center station plan having worked out and he has also charged this isolated plant within the limits of urban circuits but these demands were so insistent it could not be denied and was deemed desirable to comply with it at once especially as it was seen that the steady care for supplies and renewers would come benefit the new Edison manufacturing plants after a very short trial it was found necessary to create a separate organization for this branch of the industry the Edison Electric Light Company to continue under the original plan of operation as a parent pat holding and licensing company accordingly a new and distinct cooperation was formed called the Edison Company for isolated lightning to which was issued a special license to sell and operate plants of a self-contained character as a matter of fact such work began in advance of almost every other kind using the paper carbon filament lamps were furnished by Edison at the earnest solicitation of Mr. Henry Villard for a steamshoe Colombia in 1879 and it is amusing to know that Mr. Upton carried the lamps himself to the ship very tenderly and jealously like fresh eggs a market garden asked it the installation was almost successful another pioneer plan was that equipped and started in January 1881 for hints and catch em a new confirm of lit though graphics and color painters who had previously been able to work only by day owing to the difficulties in coloring printing by artificial light a year later they said it is best substitute for daylight we have ever known and almost as cheap Mr. Edison himself described a rise instance in which it demands for isolated plants had to be met 1965 he says we are very anxious to get into a printing establishment I had caused a printer's composing case to be set up with the idea that if we could get editors and publishers to see it we should show them the advantages of the electric light so ultimately Mr. Bennet came and after seeing the whole operation of everything he ordered Mr. Hoel and general manager of the Herod to light the newspaper office at once with electricity another instance of the same kind deals with the introduction of the light for purely social purposes while at 65th avenue remarked Mr. Edison I got to know Christine Header then the largest creator of the United States he was a highly electoral man and I loved to talk to him he was always railing against the rich people for whom he did work for their poor taste one day Mr. W. H. Vanderbilt came to 65 saw the light and decided that he would have his new house light with it this was one of the big box houses on upper 5th avenue he put the whole matter in the hands of his son Mr. H. Mike Tombly he was standing in charge of the telephone department at the western union Tombly closed the contract for a plant Mr. Herod was doing the decoration and it was extraordinarily fine after a while we got the engines and boilers and wires all down and the lights in precision before the house was quite finished after the light about 8 o'clock in the evening we lit it up and it was very good Mr. Vanderbilt and his wife and some of his daughters came in and with their a few minutes when a fire cut occurred the large picture gallery was in lined with silk cloth into a room with fine metallic thread in some manner two wires had got crossed with this tinsel which became red hot and then the whole mess was soon on fire and it was no matter and ordered them to run down and shut off and not burst into flame and died out immediately Mr. Vanderbilt became hysterical and wanted to know where he came from we told her we had a plant in the cellar and then she learned we had a boiler there she said she would not occupy the house she would not leave over a boiler we had to take the whole installation out the houses afterward went on to the New York Edison system the art was however very crude and wrong and as there were no artisans in existence as mechanics of electricians who had had any knowledge of the practice there was inconceivable difficulty in getting such isolated the plants installed as well as wiring the buildings in the district to be covered by the third central station New York a night's tour was therefore confounded at Fifth Avenue and so it was put in charge of Mr. E. H. Johnson fresh from his success in England the most available man for the purpose were of course those who had been accustomed to wiring for the simple electrical system then the vogue telephones district messengers cars balker alarms health amni... nancy eaters etc and a number of these wired men was engaged in structured patiently in the rudiments of the new arts by means of a blackboard in our lessons students from the technical schools and colleges were also eager recruits for here was something that promised a career and one that was especially learned to young youth because of its novelty these beginners were also instructed in general engineering problems under the guidance of Mr. C. L. Clark who was brought in from the MeloPark laboratory to assume charge of the engineering part of the communist affairs many of these pioneer students and workmen become afterward large and successful contractors or have failed positions of distinction as managers and superintendents of central stations possibly the electrical industry may not now attract as much adventurous genius as it did them fraud mobiles, aeronautics and other new arts have come to the front in a quarter of a century to enlist in the enthusiasm of a young generation a mercurial spirit but it is certain that at the period of which we write Addison himself still under 35 with the center of an extraordinary group of men full of ever pressing and aspiring talent to which he gave Gloria's opportunity a very novel literary feature of the work was the issuance of a bulletin devotee entirely to the Addison Lightning propaganda nowadays the house organ as it is caught has become very hacknet feature of industrial development confusing in its variety in volume and somewhat doubtful adjunct to a highly perfected widely circulating periodic press but at that time 1882 the bulletin of the Addison Electric Light Company publishing ordinary 12 ammo foreign was distinctly new in advertising and possibly unique as it is difficult to find anything that compared with it the bulletin was carried on for some years until it's necessary was removed by development of other opportunities for reaching the public and his pages serve now as a vivid and lively picture of the period to which its record applies the first issue of January 12 1882 was only four pages but it dealt with the question of insurance plans at San Diego chili and region area and the european company with 3 million 500,000 francs described the worst in Paris London Strasbourg in Moscow the laying of over six miles street main in New York a patent decision in favor of Edison and the size of a safety catch wire by April of 1882 the bulletin had attained the respectful size of 16 pages and in December it was a partly maximum for 48 every item it bears testimony to the rapid progress being made and by the end of 1882 it is seen that no fewer than 153 isolated insurance plans have been started in the United States alone with a capacity of 29,192 lands moreover the New York Central Station had gone into operation starting at 3 p.m. on September 4th and at the close of 1882 there was lighting 225 houses wide for about 5,000 lands this apocard story will be told in next chapter the most interesting art of bulletin in England especially in regard to the brilliant exhibition given by Mr. E. H. Johnson at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham visited by the Duke and Duchess of Annenberg twice by the Duke's western minister and Sutherland by 300 members of the gas institute and by a number of delegations from cities, bars, etc. Describing this before the Royal Society of Arts Sir W. H. Perry's kind things have been said by Mr. Edison and his promises perhaps no one has been severe in this direction than myself it is some gratification for me to announce my belief that he has at last solved the problem he set himself to solve and to be able to describe to the society the way in which he has solved it before the exhibition closed it was visited by the Prince and Princess of Wales now that it sees Edward VII and the Dowry Queen Alexandra and the Princesses received from Mr. Johnson as a souvenir, a tiny electric chandelier fashioned like a banquet of fern, leaves, and flowers the buds being some of the first miniature incandescent lamps ever made the first item in the first bulletin board dealt with the fire question and all through the successive issues runs a series of significant items on the same subject and there are several green summaries of death and fires due to gas leakers of exploitation a tendency existed at the time to assume that electricity was altogether safe while its opponents predicting their attacks on arc lighting, casualties insisted it was most dangerous Edison's problem educating the public was rather difficult for while his low pressure direct current system has always been absolutely without danger to life there has also been the undeniable fact that escaping electricity might cause a fire just as a leaky water pipe can flood a house the important question had arisen therefore upset the fire and the fire on the wires asked the safety of the system he had foreseen that there would be an absolute necessity for special devices to prevent fires from occurring by reason of any excessive current flowing in any circuits and several of his earliest detailed lighting inventions dealt with this subject the insurance underwrites of New York and other parts of the country gave a great deal of time and studied the question through their most expert representatives with the aid of Edison and his associates other electric light commons are cooperating and the knowledge of this gain was embodied in insurance routes to government wiring for electric lighting formulated during the later part 1881 adopted by the New York Board of Fire Underwriters January 12, 1882 and subsequently endorsed by the other boards in the various insurance districts under temporary rulings however a vast amount of work had already been done but it was obviously that the industry grew there with the less and less possibility of supervision except though through such regulations insisting upon the use of the best devices and methods indeed the direct superintendent soon became unnecessary owing to the increasing knowledge and a great skill acquired by the installing staff and this system of education and was notably improved by many reading by Mr. Adams himself copies of this broad cure are as scarce today as first foliar Shakespeare's and common prices equal to those of the other American first editions the little bug is the only known for this into literature if we accept the brief articles he has written for technical papers and for the magazines he contained what was at once a full elaborate and tourist explanation of a complete isolated plant with diagrams of various methods of connection and operation and a carefully detailed description of every individual part its function is characteristics the remarkable success of those early years which indeed only achieved by following up with the Chinese exactness the minute and intimate methods insisted upon by Edison after the use of the power and devices employed it was a curious example of establishing standard practice while changing with clay scopic rapidly all the elements involved he was true to idea as to the Polestar but was incessantly making improvements with in every direction with the iron classon that has often seen rudeness and brutal he did not hesitate to sacrifice older devices the moment a new one came inside that embodied a real advance in securing effective results the process is heretic but costly nobody ever had a bigger trap heat than Edison but who dare proclaim the process interestingly wasteful if the losses could occur in the initial stages and economies in all the later times with Edison in this introduction office lighting system the method was ruthless but not reckless at an early stage of commercial development a standardizing committee was formed consisting of the hands of all the departments and to this body was instructed in the test of testing and criticizing all existing and proposed devices as well as of considering the suggestions and complaints of workmen offered from time to time this procedure was fruitful in two principles results the education of the whole executive force in the technical details of the system and the constant improvement in the quality of the Edison installations both contributing to the rapid growth of the industry for many years goer street played an important part in Edison fears in the center of always manufacture of heavy machinery but it was not in a desirable neighborhood I know into the rapid growth of the business soon became disadvantageous for other reasons Edison house of his frequent visits to the shops at night with the escort of Jim Russell a well-known detective who knew all the innocence of the places we used to go out at night a little low place an old light house 8 feet wide and 20 feet long where we got a lunch at 2 or 3 o'clock in the morning it was the toughest kind of restaurant ever seen for the clam chowered they used to same 4 claims during the whole season and the average number of flies per pile was 7 that was by extra count asked the shops and the locality the street was lined with rather old buildings and poor tenements we had no much frontage as our business increased enormously our quarters became too small so we saw the district and asked him if we could now store castings and other things on the sidewalk he gave us permission told us to go ahead and he would see it it was all right the only thing he required for this was that on the man was sent with a note from him asking us to give him a job he has to be put on he had a hand labor foreman big jame a very powerful Irishman he could lift above half a ton when one of the tenement aspirants appeared it was told to it was told to go right to work at 1.5 dollars per day next day he was told to off to lift a certain piss and if the man could not lift he was discharged that made the Tammy men all safe jim could pick the piss up easily the other man could not and so we let him out finally the Tammy later caught a hot as we were running big engine lets out on the sidewalk and he was afraid that we were carrying it at least we were right out in the street and bowed it through the windows for the shop and last week we became necessary to move from GoWork Street Animes Edison gives a very interesting account of the incidents in connection with the transfer of the plan to Scanaktery, New York after hours to GoWork Street go too smor we had labor troubles also it seems I rather so show list was trying to me and I raised the workmen twenty-five cents an hour above the prevailing rates of wages, whereupon Hoh and Company, our new neighbors, complained at our doing this. I said I thought it was all right, but the men having got a little more wages thought they would try coercion and get a little more, as we were considered soft marks, whereupon this truck at that time, that was critical. However, we were short of money for payrolls, and we concluded it might not be so bad after all, and it would give us a couple of weeks to catch up. So when the workmen went out, they appointed a committee to meet us, but for two weeks they could not find us, so they became somewhat more anxious than we were. Finally they said they would like to go back. Was it all right, and back they went. It was quite a novelty to the men not to be able to find us when they wanted to, and they didn't realize it at all. Back with these troubles, and lack of room, we decided to find a factory elsewhere, and decided to try the local-motive works at Skennakatadi. It seemed that the people there had had a falling out among themselves, and one of the directors had started opposition works, but before he had completed all the buildings and putting machinery some compromise was made, and the works were for sale. We bought them very reasonably and moved everything there. These works were owned by me and my assistant until so-to-Edison January Electric Company. The one time we employed several or a thousand men, and since then the work had been greatly expanded. At these new works, our orders were fair, far excess of our capital had to the business, and both Mr. Inzow and I were afraid we might get into trouble for lack of money. Mr. Inzow was then my business manager, running the whole thing, and therefore when Mr. Henry Villard and his syndicat offered to buy us out, we concluded it was better to be sure than to be sorry, so we sold out for large sum. Villard was a very aggressive man with big ideas, so I could never quite understand him. He had no sense of humor. I remember one time, we were going out to the Hansen River, boating to inspect the works, and with us was Mr. Henderson, our chief engineer, who was certainly the best recontour of funny stories I ever known. We sat at the tail end of the boat, and he started into tale of funny stories. Villard could not see a single point, and scarcely laugh at all, and Henderson became so disconcerted, he had to give it up. It was the same way with Goad. In the early tar-graph days, I remember going with him to see Mackay in the impaccioner's country editor. It was very funny, full of amusing, absurd situation, but go and have a smile at once. The formation of the Edison-General Electric company involved the custodialization of the immediate Edison manufacturing interest in electrolyte and power, with a capitalization of $12 million, now a relatively modest sum, but in those days the amount was large, and the combination caused a great deal of new paper comment as to such a coinage of brain power. Next up came with the creation of the Great General Electric Company of today, a combination of the Edison, Thompson Hansen, and brushlining interest in the manufacture, which to this day maintains the ever-glowing plans at Harrison, Lane, Schenectady, and their employees from 20 to 25,000 people. End of Chapter 15.


Hey everybody! Welcome back to the channel! Today we're doing another haul video for the month of August and we're starting things off with some manga goodness as usual. Here we have the first volume of Taiyo Matsumoto's number five. I recently made a first impressions video on the channel if you want to check it out. Really enjoy this series. Looking forward to reading the rest. Beastars volume 13 from Paru Itagaki. I love this series so much. Wonderful art, great story and characters. Really looking forward to reading more chapters making my way towards the conclusion of Beastars. Next up we've got Rent a Girlfriend volume 7. I'm currently reading this series and I am working on a video which will hopefully come out soon on the channel so stay tuned for that. This is one of my favorite rom-coms of recent memory. To your eternity volume 14 this is probably one of my favorite ongoing manga right now. It's just a wonderful emotional delightful series with great art and I can't wait to talk about this at length on the channel. Well now time for some not-safe-work content on the channel. Yes this is volume 5 of interspecies reviewers. Wholesome and funny and is often mislabeled as this perverse thing when it's actually a comedy for adults if you will. Here we have some Vinland Saga goodness actually a triple threat. We got book 5, 6 and 7 with that glorious wonderful art from Makoto Yukimura. I'm just in awe of this manga because pencils every time I open one of these books it just looks fantastic. There's so much detail and goodness in here so yeah making my way through the series and hopefully I'll be catching up before the year ends because volume 12 comes out in a couple months as of this video so we'll see. From one of my favorite writers Naoki Urusawa here is Asadora volume 3 continuing that series. It's so weird and awesome to have this. I think we're only two volumes away from catching up to the Japanese releases? That's wild. Next up one of my favorite Shonen Jump series at the moment it is of course Dr. Stone volume 17. This got a little delayed so it finally arrived looking forward to continuing Dr. Stone. That time I got reincarnated as a slime volume 16. I'd love to show but I had to step back because I am collecting the manga and it has been a treat to read this series and the art on it is just phenomenal. I cannot recommend it enough. Here we have Pokemon Adventures volume 9 collector's edition. We're one book away from finishing the sets for now. Though I do suspect at a later time we'll see the revamp of the collector's edition line with you know gen 4 and onwards. But nonetheless here we have volume 9 wonderful art and I'm so happy to see my boy my favorite Pokemon for alligator on the cover and in the back as well. That is really really awesome. It has been a while but here we are with another Junji Ito book. This time it is the fairly recent release of Sensor. Not much to say because I haven't read it yet but the construction and build of the book they look fantastic. Super shiny and the dust jacket and everything just looks top-notch quality material and to have his work collected in oversized format in hardcover you know sort of a prestige editions if you will. Really exciting. So this one's a little bit out of the norm. It is One Week Friends. This anime DVD collection was sent from Wrightstuff in their birthday sale. I had that $25 free item code that they were giving out and I used it and this is what I got. One Week Friends. I'm interested in watching this although I am dreading it because it seems and sounds like a tear jerker and I'm not ready to get my feelings hurt. Something I've been meaning to collect for a while and I waited and this was part of the summer birthday sale from Wrightstuff. I got to IQ the third season at a deep discount which is really cool. Finally this is an achievement. A year and two months later we finally have all of the original Inuyasha collected for the first time on Blu-ray. Six sets. This has been an amazing ride to collect. So many ups and downs and a year's worth that I can't even begin to talk about in this video. But nonetheless really satisfying to have this on my shelf. A series that I loved growing up and watched the many reruns on Adult Swim. So yeah nothing left to do but put it on the shelf right there. Let's move on to some live action goodness and of course I had to continue with my ongoing or growing Kaiju collection. I've watched a lot of these movies but I didn't own a single one so now I'm trying to get as many as I can at reasonable prices because I do know some are out of print. Others are a little bit hard to find but this wasn't the case with Rodin. Here we have the Rodin motion picture which looks surprisingly well on this DVD and I am looking forward to rewatching this bad boy and enjoying it because I love me some giant flying turkey. The Queen of the Monsters is here and a quadruple feature if you will because here we have Mothra the original movie with the steelbook release from I want to say two years ago or something like that and of course Rebirth of Mothra 1, 2 and 3 from the Toho Godzilla collection Sony Blu-rays. So that is awesome and they look fantastic. I'm really surprised at how clean the original Mothra movie looks on Blu-ray. I got Blind Woman's Curse from Teruo Ishii of course starring the gorgeous Meiko Kaji. This movie is all kinds of crazy and awesome and I can't wait to watch it in full. The restoration work on this thing is really really awesome. Moving towards the criteria on side of things I had to grab more classic samurai movies for my samurai shelf and I went with Akira Kurosawa's classic Throne of Blood and I picked up another classic movie, Masaki Kawayashi's Harakiri which I will admit this will be the first time I ever watch Harakiri. Next up is one of the most anticipated Blu-ray releases of 2021 and it is of course the classic The Great Dai Majin trilogy. So excited to own this. This is a beautiful set. Mine had a little scuff little thing but that's all right. I'm not too picky about that stuff but it looks amazing. The attention to detail and care that went into the restoration and even this packaging and all that stuff. I'm really really happy to own this set and yeah watching all three classic Dai Majin movies. Next up is something that I've always wanted to own and it is of course Nobuhiko Obayashi's house. It's something that's always been on my radar and for some reason I never get around to grabbing it but here I am finally owning house and adding it to my growing collection of Asian cinema. Really excited about that. And to round things off for the month of August one video game I went back and dusted off my old GameCube. Surprisingly it works just fine and I decided to pick up some games that I was missing for my collection of GameCube games. I'm not interested in a full set nor any of the expensive ones of all those crazy jrpgs and stuff. I'm just interested in a couple classic famous ones including Godzilla destroy monsters melee. Really cool really awesome hooked it up recently played it and had a lot of fun with it and yeah really excited to own this wonderful game. Alright so that's about it. A wild and crazy haul for sure for the month of August but look forward to the next one because in September it's going to be a huge one. So thank you everybody for tuning in. Thank you for supporting the channel. Thank you for liking commenting subscribing and being a part of a week in Geekdom. Thank you everybody. God bless stay safe out there. I will catch all of you in our next video.


Hi, on MPI. Hi, on MPI, brought to you by Digi-Key and everything. Digi-Key, RichTech, is it? That's right.   That's right. We've covered them before. This is their second time on the show. I think we did an LED driver from RichTech before. They do a lot of automotive, a lot of industrial. This week, we're going to be looking at an I2S audio amplifier. I do love I2S. This is a similar chip, but they didn't have an image of the package. But this is the RT9120S, particularly S. And this is an image of it on the eval board. So you can see it's like a 24- to 28-pin QFN. And it's a very powerful I2S amplifier.  Actually, this is sorry. This is the wrong screenshot. It's a 30-watt, not 20-watt, because it's the 90120S. It's a 30-watt stereo inductorless I2S input, class D amplifier with stereo or mono output. Like halfway through, I realized that there's the 90120 and the 90120S. And we're actually talking about the 90120S. That's the new version of this chip, which is more powerful. It's pin-compatible. So if you have been using the 90120, just FYI, it's the same, but better, because it's got better specs. So the 90120, in general, is an I2S amplifier. So it's digital input and analog output. It drives a speaker directly. It can do stereo or it can do mono. The I2S signals can be 1.8 or 3.3-volt input. But for the power to the amplifier part, you'll need 5 to 26 volts. And I like that, because it's a nice wide range. If you don't need the full 30-wats, you can do less than we'll show the power rating. You can do your 12 volts or less. But if you want to use an automotive or industrial system with 24-volt power, you can power it with 24 volts. No problem. And because it's class D, you actually have very little power dissipation issues. Like most people who are used to amplifiers that are dealing with 30 watts, you're going to have a gigantic heat sink on your class AB. Not necessary here, because it's a class D amplifier. So it does. I think they have this spec here. It's like 1.5 megahertz PWM. I think it's either 75 or 1.5 megahertz. And this chip can also do a variety of different inputs. I2S, right justified, left justified, and as well as TDM. OK, so this is actually made a little mistake. So what we're talking about today is actually the RT9120S. You can see that they are almost identical, same 32 QFN. The 90 120 is the older version, 20 watt max. The new version is 30 watt max. But otherwise, they still have stereo output, 4.5 to 26 volts. I believe they have almost identical I2S command set. It's also the 21S is a little bit more efficient. It's got 94% rather than 92%. And it supports TDM, whereas the previous version did not support TDM. But there's also other power amplifiers, by the way. So it's like, oh, you want higher wattage, lower wattage. You can do a wide range from RichTech. We're just going to be only talking about the 9120S here. But they do have tons. So how do you control it? Well, you can give it I2S input. And one thing, and then I2C to control it. So you will need a driver. It doesn't have a free one mode. You can't just pipe I2S in and have it just automatically output audio signal. But the I2C is at least well documented. There's a full register map inside. And then there is a fault output. And there's some power supply stuff. But it's actually a fairly simple, what I like is there's not a lot of extra components needed. You don't need an extra crystal. You don't need M clock input. You don't need a PLL, extra capacitors and inductors and whatever. It's very much like data in audio output. So one thing that I do like about this is that if you wanted to use an audio amplifier, a digital audio amplifier with the Raspberry Pi, the Raspberry Pi doesn't have an M clock output. And so you want something that can take the bit clock and PLL it up. And then it can calculate how much the main clock frequency it needs based on the bit clock and does it automatically. So there are existing I2S chips that do that. But many chips require an M clock. What I really like about this one, if you go back one, it doesn't need it. It just needs left, right clock, bit clock. And then you see there's SDI and SDO. That's because it can route the audio output. It doesn't actually have a microphone input, even though there's a data output. You only need three digital inputs to control the I2S. OK, typical use case. So like I said, it's actually, I like how simple it is. Because it's a class D, and especially if you're using longer wires, you're going to want that LC filter. In the documentation, they do mention you can use ferrite beads. You don't need to use big inductors. But the eval board does use fairly large 10 micro Henry inductors and capacitors to make a filter. Probably for EMI reasons, depending on your product, if you're going to be doing EMI testing, you might be able to get away with shorter, if you're using very short wires, non-juice power inductors, you can maybe use ferrite beads. But that's on your design requirements. So probably you can use either. But because this is designed maybe for stereo systems that go in automotive or whatever, they're expecting to have a lot of noise going to be coupled in or that it could couple into something. So they want to be extra careful on the output to make sure that they don't get that 1.5 megahertz PWM square wave emitting all over the place. You can also, it turns out, connect it into dual bridge tied loads. So it is a bridge tied output for stereo. But if you want 50 watts, you can get that by tying both the positive and negative outputs of the left and right channel together. And then you can configure it over I squared C to say, hey, I want you to do mono output. You can drive, I think, four ohms with that dual bridge tied load. Otherwise, if you're using stereo, eight ohms where it's at. Although it's a little unclear. Maybe you can use six or more four ohms as well. It just won't be as efficient. You're going to get the most efficiency with eight ohms at 20 watts. You'll get 95%. Nothing to watch out for is the total harmonic distortion depending on your power supply, how much power you're trying to push through, and your load resistance. On the left, it's eight ohms. On the right, it's four ohms. You want to keep it under 10% total harmonic distortion where you can actually start to hear the effects of the crackling effects. But up to 18 volts, you can still get 30 watts into four ohms. And if you want 30 watts into eight ohms, you'll need 24 volts. OK, some nice things. I squared C interface means you can set things like the gain over I squared C instead of digitally by changing your max integer value on I2S. Of course, there's lots of other settings available, like what format you want, whether you want that mono mode or stereo or mute. But you will need a driver for the I squared C interface. The one cool thing that this chip does have is dynamic compression. I'm trying one with dynamic range compression. So one issue that people have when they have these very powerful amplifiers is that it's very easy to have clipping when you get to the higher amplifications. If you have an all-in-one system, you can probably tune it so that you'll never generate an audio signal so loud that it would clip on the output. But if people are using the long power supply or they're using different spec speakers and you expect you could have the bing and you want to avoid that because it sounds terrible. And so what you can set up is this dynamic compression that as the signal gets louder and louder and louder, it doesn't amplify as much. So you see there's this cutoff where after DRCT, whatever gain or volume, it starts compressing the amount of gain to be lower and lower so you never hit that clipping rate where you might get square waves into your audio signal. It's also got a compensation filter, which is kind of nice. So the output LC filter does have a slight effect on the audio, especially at high frequencies because you don't have perfect inductor and capacitor. And so if you can measure the effective transfer function that is caused by the LC filter on your audio, you can then precompensate it and so you get a little bit of a gain at the high frequencies to basically have an even equivalent DC gain across all frequencies. Let's see. Oh, there's an error mode, which is kind of nice. So of course, because there's an I2C, you can read from it, not just set settings. And so there's a couple of different error modes. It can flip up that GPIO, you can read it. It'll tell you you have open circuit shorts, you're missing 2S data, you have a DC voltage where it's not supposed to be. So that's kind of nice, good if you're trying to have a better user interface for people, especially again, if people be doing their own installation with this amplifier. And I did notice that there is a kernel module written by the RichTech team that was submitted into mainline in 2021. And so if you want to use this with a single board computer and running Linux, you don't have to do any work because you'll already have a sound driver that's built into the kernel ready to go. Finally, there's the Valboard. You want to get started quickly. Big chunky connections for power and speaker output, and then you can just control it over I2C and give it I2S data, and you're good to go, nice looking Valboard. Also in stock. Bill Belandischke. And the price is nice. It's like $2 to $3 in quantity. $3 for small, $2 for low quantity. That's a pretty good deal for stereo I2S. No M-clock needed. 30 watts or 50 watts mono stereo I2S amplifier. So a nice chip class D. Check it out if you need a big honking stereo system. This is a good I1FK. Good work. Hi, on IMPIA.


So, welcome back. So, now we get to the real interesting part, which is actually running stuff. So, let's see. I'm switching to CMO screen here. So, yeah, so we have this large cluster that has access to how many nodes do we have? Several hundred? How many hundreds is it? Well, quite a few. Let's see. So, how do we manage to share hundreds of nodes among hundreds of people that are using it at any particular time? So, that is what the job scheduler or workload manager or batch system is used for. So, on Triton, our workload manager is Slurm. And Slurm is basically like the Mater D at a restaurant. So, you walk into a restaurant and there's a queue of people that would like food. And there's a limited amount of tables available and a limited amount of cooks available to produce food for the table. So, if you let people just take whatever table is available, it may not be very efficient. For example, you may have parties of two taking up a table for eight people and so on and so on. Or you may not have people join in the same table when they could share. So, imagine this HPC diner analogy. You arrive at the restaurant and there's always, not always, but usually a host there.  Well, I guess they don't usually ask you how long you would like to stay, but I guess in theory they could. And then you're given a number and asked to wait. And then, once a table is available, that the host believes will be efficient for the restaurant overall, they will take you there and seat you. If you're a small number of people, if you're just two people, it's easy to squeeze in somewhere. If you're a party of 10 people that are coming for some major event, well, you might have to wait quite a while. Or, in reality, they'll want you to have an advanced reservation and make space for you. So, on a cluster, there actually is this concept of reservations, but in reality, how it works is the bigger job you get, the longer you have to wait until space is available. And everything is being continuously and dynamically recalculated. And the MaterD also wants to keep people sort of balanced. So, as you have repeat customers coming here, if someone is coming to eat all the time, they might have to wait a little bit longer to make space for the other people that are new. And that's an important role here that doesn't exactly exist in a restaurant as well. And what's also important to note is that the creature doesn't, like, if the creature sees one person in the line and one person says that I need a 10-person table, the creature, like, he doesn't know to adapt the request, he just fulfills the request. But, of course, the request is filled as per the, as to the priority of the customer. So, basically, you can ask, one person can ask for a 10-table reservation and they will get it, but after a certain waiting period, of course. Right, yeah. So, the creature just wants to get as many customers as possible through the queue. He doesn't care if the balance is wrong because of the users, rather because of the people coming in. So, I guess let's get straight to it. So, here we are on the cluster. So, SEMO has logged in. So, we see username at login2. And if we type hostname, this tells us the computer that we're actually running on. So, this is running on the login node. And what you don't want to do is take this and just run all your code here. Because, while the login node is a pretty powerful computer, it's not powerful compared to hundreds of people that may be using it. So, if you run stuff here, you'll get a polite email from us saying, please use the queue. So, here we see SEMO's copied the first example, which is basically Python 3 from the command line. And it says, import a module and print the node name. Basically the same as hostname here. So, let's say we want to run on a cluster. So, as I like to say, just add srun. So, srun here means slurm run. And on our cluster, what this does is it will basically talk to the host of the restaurant, the workload manager and say, I have a request. I would like to run Python 3. And the default parameters are 15 minutes of runtime and, what, like maybe 500 megabytes of memory and one processor. So, since we're fine with those defaults, we don't say anything else. And here we see it says job queued and waiting for resources. We say it's been allocated resources immediately. And now we see the output. So, it says hi from node csl48.int.tryton.alto.v. So, this was actually able to run on a different computer. And we got resources. So, let's say we need more resources. Let's say we want, well, the example here says 100 megabytes of memory. Do you want to try that? So, we run it and it immediately works also. What if we ask for 10 gigabytes of memory? Do you think it can give that to us immediately? So, here we change 100 megabytes to 10 gigabytes. And notice it's taking a little bit longer, but it's still ran and on the same node. So, we've got various parameters here that are running. So, this next example won't actually work so well because right now jobs are running very quickly on Triton. But in general, you can run this command slurm queue in order to print all the things that you have waiting to be run or running. So, this is a little bit of a difference between Triton and other computers. So, this command slurm is a custom script we have installed. It's actually available for other sites. But as the some documentation or the other says, in order to use the other slurm commands, it can sometimes require an impossible branch of other commands. So, it's not the easiest thing. So, let's see. The slurm queue isn't really going to, there we go. So, CMO just in one terminal ran srun sleep 10, which waits. And then down below, we see slurm queue and it says that the job is running. So, we see the job ID matches and the command that's running is just called sleep and well, it's going. Okay. Yeah. So, you may wonder about this right now. So, we're doing this from just a single shell. So, you can only run one thing at once or well, as many things as many shells as you have open, which doesn't really scale. But this is sort of just the introductory step. And in the next lesson, we will be getting batch jobs running. Okay. Yeah. So, these interactive jobs are useful for debugging and sort of testing stuff and getting familiar with the cluster. And well, also, they're useful too, for this teaching purpose. But yeah, you're going to need to use the serial jobs later. Okay. So, what? Yeah, because like, the currently, when we are running the srun, we are running it on the login node. So, we are running the srun on the login node. And then the slurm runs whatever the srun was supposed to run on a compute node. So, let's say we need to take login node down for maintenance. Then we have to kill processes that are running on the login node. This happens, maybe I don't know, once a month when there's like a major kernel update or something like that, once in two months. So, then if you're running like a long job on the login node with this srun, it will be canceled. If you're running in the non-interactive way that we are going to be demonstrating properly tomorrow, then nothing will happen. It will run on the background and the login node will go down, but you don't have to keep your terminal open to login node for it to run. Yeah. Maybe we should go over a little bit of this terminology. We gave the metaphor, but not the exact terms. So, the login node is the first node you connect to, and it's generally used for accessing the rest of the cluster. Yeah. And you can use it for the login node. And you can use the login node for small-scale tests and debugging and things like that. Login node is basically like the lobby of the restaurant, like you wouldn't want to eat at the lobby of the restaurant where the other people are constantly puzzling around. You want to ask the creature to get you a table where to eat instead of eating at the lobby. Right. Yeah. And then the compute nodes are where things actually run, and compute nodes exist in huge racks and are basically like the tables. Yeah. So, compute nodes are basically tables, and each table has multiple chairs, so CPUs. So, basically, each table has different kinds of like CPUs. And if we want to take the analysis even further, the tables are different sized based on the memory. So, some nodes have more memory, some nodes have a smaller amount of memory. And the greeter's job is to fit everything together as good as possible. Yeah. And srun is basically making the request to the greeter to ask for the table. So, yeah. So, this is all well and good.  Like, let's say you want to use Python to open up a huge data frame in pandas, and you need 100 gigabytes to do that. So, we have a way. So, it's called interactive shells. So, you can use srun. And it's srun and the dash p option means make it interactive. No, the dash p option means partition. So, we say we would like this to be interactive. And we say we would like the time to be two hours. And then the memory to be 600. In this case, I guess it's 600 megabytes by default. And then pty means a terminal, and then bash means run bash. And now here we are. So, you see from Simo's prompt, he is now on a node called pe6. So, this is just like a shell on the login node, but you can do basically whatever he would like here. He can start Python from anaconda and then interactively process some data, run ipython, whatever it may be. And this is pretty convenient when you just need a bunch of memory, but not you don't want to do it as a batch process. Okay. So, in a little bit, you'll have an example to try this yourself. So, there's different ways to get it. It's also important to note that the interactive jobs, like if you ask for interactive shell and you don't close the shell properly, then it necessarily doesn't go away. So, the reservation doesn't necessarily go away. So, remember always when you have an interactive session, remember to close it afterwards so that it won't reserve your time or the time of the CPU anymore. Yeah. Okay. So, if you are need an interactive shell, but you need graphics along with it, there's a different way to do that, which is called sinteractive. So, it basically works a lot like srun. You give a time and memory and whatever you may need. And it works slightly differently in the background, but if you need to run a graphical application, this will work. Okay. So, I'm betting Simo doesn't have, do you have graphics connected here? Do you have that? Does X, I's work? X, E, Y, E, S. X, E, Y, E, S. Like I's like what? Oh, yeah. I saw it there. Because this is the interactive node, so it's not there. Yeah. Okay. So, let's try it. Does it work? Yeah. So, for example, if you want to run Matlab, this might take a second to load, but yeah, Richard can continue to describe it. So, this is something that you can investigate more later if needed or try out during the hands-on sessions. So, it looked like Simo's Matlab didn't start graphically. Yeah. I probably didn't have an accession open, but it's usually a better idea if you want to do a graphical application to use the VDI and then access the data in Triton instead of running the graphical application in Triton. But for some applications, let's say you want to do some again, like let's say with PAGA view or something like you want to do physics rendering, that's completely possible in Triton. But yeah, graphical applications are not the main forte of the system. Yeah. So, you may ask, how do you know how many resources to request and how much to use? And that goes to monitoring. So, we have this command slurm history, again, using the thing there. Can you make your terminal wider? Yeah. A smaller, wider, whatever it may be. So, anyway, every time you run something on the cluster, it will keep detailed records about what you ran and how many resources you requested and then how many... Let's see how many resources you requested and then how long it took. So, here we can see the recent jobs Simo has run. So, we have the job ID and under job name it says Python 3, the start time, the requested man. Max RSS is how much memory it actually used. So, we see that it didn't... These Python processes have not used much and how much CPU time it used and so on. So, what we would normally recommend people to do when they're first using a cluster is just submit the job and make a guess at how many resources it uses and then you go and you look and see how much it actually used and then you adjust your resources to match that. So, we will get to this in a... Yeah, we will get to this in a little bit more later once we start running things in parallel. But good role of thumb usually is like, if you're currently running the software on your laptop, on your desktop computer, then compare to that machine. What does you have there? Like do you have a, let's say, you have a MacBook with 16 gigabytes of memory and something like that and then you run some simulation code for four hours, then you might guess that 16 gigabytes of memory and four hours might be suitable for Triton as well. But of course, it may vary. But that might be a good guess like what kind of resources you currently have available and how much you're currently using. If you are running like a small Python process and then it's not using very much, then it might be lower the resources. If you are running a big simulation, it might be higher the resources. Yeah. And the interactive jobs are sort of good for requesting too many resources to see how much is needed. But then once you start running tens or hundreds of the same thing, then it's really worth taking a little bit of time and getting your resource usage correct. Okay. So, yeah, I just talked about these resource parameters here. So, the main parameters are memory, time and number of CPUs. And this will become a lot more important in the next lesson. Okay. Yeah. About the resource parameters, it's usually a good idea to match the request as closely as possible to what you're actually using. So basically, same as the restaurant thing, if you know that you're going to be there the whole day, then let them know beforehand. Or otherwise, they will kick you out because the table has bigger results from certain time onwards. So, you need to let them know beforehand how much resources you're going to need. Or otherwise, you will be kicked out of there. And there are some certain magic numbers, certain combinations of resources that are best suited for the system. Talk about them in more detail. Yeah. So, here we are at exercises. So, these are pretty easy things to do, or at least easy to start with. So, would you like to, Seema, maybe do the first exercise ourselves to sort of go through the whole example? And then we can divide up into the breakout rooms. So, this first exercise, yeah, this first exercise, we clone a Git repository that has some sample code with us.  So, we can use these to test the different resource parameters. So, that this works on any computer. It's in Git. So, here we see Seema has changed to his work directory and now has cloned the repository. And he can change into the different directories. So, here we are in the slurm directory now. So, let's run it. So, if you run Python and then memory hog with 50 megabytes. So, here Seema has changed into the slurm directory. So, he doesn't need the whole thing. But, yeah, let's run it. You changed into a directory, but also gave the directory on the command line. Oh, yeah. Well, maybe I'll go back. So, here we see the program has gone through and allocated more and more memory. But this is on the login node, which is not a good place to be asking for lots of memory. Let's see. So, now let's use it with srun. So, srun and we'll ask for 500 megabytes of memory. Yeah, I previously also run it with srun. But, yeah. So, let's slowly increase the amount of memory we've requested. How about we ask for five gigabytes of memory and see if it works? How many? Five gigabytes. Five gigabytes. So, it's waiting. Oh, we see an error. We see detected one out of memory events in a job step. So, here is try to limiting the amount of memory you can use to the amount you request.   So, now let's look at slurm history. So, at the very bottom here, we see, so this actually doesn't work surprisingly. So, the reason for that, no, so the reason for this is that slurm only measures the memory use every 60 seconds. And this job immediately died. So, that's a little bit of a problem in the measuring system. So, what we can do, let's change it to request, say, one gigabyte of memory, and then let's add a sleep option to the memory hop program. Yes, like that. So, now it will occupy the memory, but then wait for 60 seconds, which should be enough for slurm to measure the memory you're using. And you'll notice here that even though we requested 500 megabytes of memory, slurm gives certainly way to the job. So, if some other job isn't actually needing the memory, so if there is free memory to go around, it will give the memory to the job. If some other job that has resorted the memory suddenly resorts the memory, then it will kick this job out. So, it's usually a good idea to put whatever requests you need and then give some extra space to sort of eat this memory spike or something, some sudden memory reservation it doesn't get kicked out. Yes. Okay. So, there we go. 60 seconds passed. So, we do slurm history and let's see. So, here at the very bottom, we see it requested 500 megabytes and used 1,030 megabytes. So, I guess 30 is the general Python overhead. You may wonder what MN means. So, why is it 500 MN instead of M just megabytes? So, the N means 500 megabytes per node as opposed to per CPU. Let's see. So, now should we go to the hands-on time? So, we see a few more exercises here you can play with. I propose that we take maybe 15 minutes. So, we'll regroup at five minutes past the hour and then summarize what we have learned from there. And then, we can give you a quick preview of what comes tomorrow when we actually start scripting these jobs. So, if we do... Yes, tomorrow we will go like, now it's a good time to get accustomed to the system. So, how to use the system interactively and how to access it. But tomorrow we'll go into much more detail on how to do big-scale stuff or specialized stuff on Triton and do it non-interactive. Okay. So, 15 minutes of exercises. Okay. And if you're leaving us already, please give us some feedback. Either write in Hack&D what you thought of today or let people know via Zoom or the Twitch chat or however, it's very important to us to get this feedback. So, we know that today seemed like it was quite slow, but that sort of goes along with the territory we think. So, there's a lot of basics we can get to before we can start going to all of the interactive jobs and things like that. But don't worry, as soon as we start tomorrow, it starts getting very fast. And the things that you've done today, please also go and review it and whatever. And then, because this is an important basis for tomorrow. Any other final comments, Timo? If you feel that, okay, this is clear as a day, nothing complicated there, I recommend checking our reference page on different flags on the SLURM extra and commands and different flags you can set because time and memory aren't the only ones you can set. You can start reading on the more complicated material. But yeah, nothing else really. Yeah, okay. So, let's head to the break. See you soon.