Thanks for staying with us now. Gender equity according to the European Institute of Gender Equality is the provision of fairness and justice in the distribution of benefits and responsibilities between women and men. The concept recognizes that women and men have different needs and power and that these differences should be identified and addressed in the manner that rectifies the imbalances between the sexes. Now this may include equal treatment or treatment that is different but considered equivalent in terms of rights, benefits, obligations and opportunities. Now though often used interchangeably, equality and equity are two very distinct concepts. The term gender equity has sometimes been used in a way that perpetuates stereotypes about women's role in society, suggesting that women should be treated fairly in accordance with the roles that they carry out. Now these understanding risks perpetuating on equal gender relations and so the defined gender stereotypes that are detrimental to women. Therefore the term should be used with caution to ensure it is not masking a reluctance to speak more openly about discrimination and inequality. So what are your thoughts on gender equity and how can we begin to create an enabling environment for Nigerian women in leadership and business now? Please let's hear what you have to say. Remember you can join the conversation. Send us an SMS or WhatsApp to the very one 8034663. You can also tweet at us at Weisho Afqa One with the hashtag Weisho. So I'll bring in Mariah in a second or two. I just want to hear your quick thoughts on how you think we can begin to really, really embrace equity amongst gender. Okay so first I would like to say I love the fact that you already mentioned that there's a very big difference between equality and equity. And I'm going to use a quick illustration as an example. So you're trying to get someone to get mangoes from top of a tree. You give everybody ladders and you give them the same type of ladders. Now that's equality. Now equity is okay. You're saying well it's way taller than Chinelo is. So we'll definitely not need. Her ladder doesn't have to be as tall as Chinelo's ladder. Now that's equity. So it's just providing for each person resources according to their unique capabilities. So that's why we've always had that problem of stereotypes and people saying oh you pull a shouting equality, equality, equality. I mean I'm glad that now we've realized that it's not equality, it's actually equity. And yeah for that sake I'm embracing equity. Okay keep on embracing, how about you Glory? I think we have to get to that point where everyone has to accept the fact that women are actually also innovative and we are also resilient and we can actually contribute a lot to society's growth. I'll give an example. My organization, organization I work with is partly owned by a woman. It's been a bittersweet experience per se. So some of the contracts we've gotten comes from a side of curiosity. So people are curious, they want to know an organization can she deliver. So most times when we are invited for a pitch it's not because oh we've seen an amazing organization, they're just okay a woman owned organization. So let's see what they have to say or maybe just a pretty face you know. So when we actually go there and we show what we got and we actually deliver, they now take it back and say okay so we can now do business. So I feel like we have to get to that point where we are very, we become very accepting to the fact that women are actually intelligent enough to handle specific roles and also the fact that they should receive what they duly deserve irrespective of if, irrespective of, so there are people like the what's in the news I just took where you perform the same tasks, you do everything the same but still you're paid lesser than your male count simply because you're even delivering better. You're even delivering better. Or is it that the women's workup is different from the male workup? So we just have to be generally accepting. Absolutely. Norma let me hear your thoughts quickly. Norma are you there? Did we lose Norma? Norma I think you're muted. Alright so while you're gathering your thoughts let me bring in Maria C.K. Benjamin. She's an accomplished realtor, a reality star, former air hostess and model known for her passion for helping others and her ability rather to connect with people from all walks of life. Maria is a graduate of media and performance from the University of Southford where she graduated with a second-class opera division. She is also a dedicated philanthropist and a community leader known for her volunteer work and commitment to giving back to the community. Might I add she's a very pretty woman with a very, very intelligent brain. Hi Maria thank you so much for joining us. You look amazing by the way. Thank you so much. It's such a pleasure. Yeah I mean so I mean this conversation first of all today is International Women's Day and it was important that we first of all featured someone that we know that over the years you have grown you know in terms of watching and seeing how far you're transitioning from one role to another and you know at every stage it seems that everything that you've been doing you know there's just been some level of success that's been recorded along the line so it's always good to have women like that you know to speak with. So I mean as if they say equity the concept of equity what would that mean to you as Maria you know given that I think it was Pachinello mentioning pretty face you are a very pretty face you know but what would equity mean to you if we're talking about embracing equity especially in the place where Nigeria let's put Nigeria's case study highly patriarchal a lot of things you know it seems like you know you have to knock hundred times you know for a door that a man might just knock just once and all of that so what would equity mean to you. So it's Pachinello right yeah yeah she literally more or less took the words out my mouth when she was when you did ask the question first so yes equity and equality total different things again it's the fact that yes women are 100% capable of achieving even more than men can do I solely believe that because we can do everything men can do but men can't actually do everything we can do but not just that the fact that she mentioned equity equity to me it's the fact that you might just slightly need a little bit of help like she gave the illustration with the lathers or you know climbing up doesn't mean I'm not capable of doing that job I just need a little bit more support because of maybe my physique as a woman or you know men are masculine and we're feminine so in a way they look at us like oh you can't actually do this job like you're tiny you're petite you're a woman you're probably not that intelligent or you got here through a means of XYZ so a lot of that it would be nice to eradicate not just in Nigeria I think it's everywhere in the world I do remember you know working in the UK and had the same salary as did not have the same salary as a man that were in the same position and I was actually delivering more because I wanted more like I wanted to grow with the company I needed promotion and stuff like that so I was like more or less busting mine you know and it just I wasn't just getting anywhere because I'm a woman at the end of the day so we do need to like for me if you ask me how can we get rid of stuff like that it'd be from home it's cultural it's family oriented it would be your upbringing first of all you see in certain homes where the elder daughter yeah would be serving the younger brother just because oh here's the head of the house like that's the first son of the house and oh you're the first daughter or the push the men to go to school more than the females or stuff like that so all of that we need to put a stop to it and like so let me come to your career because you transitioned I mean I was glancing through your resume you know air hostess realtor so many businesses have done so if you say that you want to like look deeply into your careers over the years is transitioning that has happened do you think you have women that you can point to to say these are the women you know that helped me through those ranks or is this something that you truly you know struggled on your own just to be you know to grow through all of those you know our transition through all those jobs that you had done as a businesswoman it'd be a bit of both even being honest and it'd be a bit of my family as well you know growing up my dad would always say you know people don't you have people don't really listen to you if you're not something of your own so instead of him having to feed me all the time he'd rather I do what I needed to do by myself but observe and watch behind and advise or so in the sense of inspirational women that I would look up to or I'd want to be like there are a few obviously a lot of black women are prefer instance I saw on TV you guys had when I was backstage watching and because he walla perfect amazing example of someone that you know a lot of people should look up to and the struggles in life if we're being real and honest is both genders most times but it's a little bit more harder on women than it is on men so yes I did experience a lot of for instance when I worked as an air hostess for Emirates you know there are certain roles we weren't able to do it was more or less you know you're being pampered as a lady whereas the men are more they seem confident or they seem stronger but I wanted certain roles that I couldn't get just because and then oh in other parts of the world as well it's totally different for instance the Arab country they they barely regard women as you know anything I mean it's slightly changing but when I first moved to United Arab Emirates it was like women are more seen as oh homely just get covered up you can't really say much and it affected my job as well like the role in my job because most of my seniors when I first started or the what you call it the hierarchy like the left chain of command there were all Arabs and mostly English as well so the Arabs you can't really say much or you can't demand certain things because they'd be like you're a woman you can't even ask for that so it was hard and so it's just a bit of both that you keep growing with and learning that you're a strong and you just have to you are a strong woman and you just have to keep true let me come to you first of all do you think it's actually a thing and how have you experienced and how has that affected you as a woman I'd be lying if I sat here and say it's not a thing it is a thing it's never affected me it's been a stereotype if I'm being honest but that I haven't actually gotten anywhere if I'm being completely honest just because oh you look at I look a certain way or maybe to other people are you so beautiful so we'll give you this not in the parts of the world that I grew up in there are so many beautiful women mostly I feel like that happens a lot in Africa Nigeria to be precise other countries if you'll be more it's everywhere in the world but mostly it's a thing in Nigeria you know but other parts of the world sometimes it's a bit of folks like you have to be beautiful and you know your stuff as well so when you're speaking or when you're interacting with certain you know level of caliber of people you you actually do know what you're talking about or you are fit for the job but but mostly just in Nigeria it's like okay we'll get you here you're beautiful that's it we just need to be beautiful so there is a thing as pretty privileges I don't want to believe it's gotten me anywhere because I don't think I've used that card I should be somewhere better than where I am now but I'm not there yet so and I avoid stuff like that as well because I want to work for what I've done I don't want the glory of no glory if you know what I mean so I want my glory to be I did this and they can recognize that I did this so yeah and I'm glorified for that so I'm really I really want to know more about your venture into real estate because from what I gathered it's a male dominated field so how has that been and how were you able to transition into real estate I was in real estate for a very short period of time it was in Dubai a lot of men are into it you barely have women who are real tours so it was a time when obviously COVID happened and I got made redundant with Emirates so the next step was to look for another job and you know immediately I really got with a good a great company it was actually an English company but the struggle was real in the sense that there was no respect for time people would call you whenever weekends weekdays midnight so you know go over setting contracts or even ask you to send them pictures of videos of houses but the male the male realtors were more the okay so a lot of Arabs would own buildings in in Dubai and they're the landlords and stuff like that so they wouldn't they would look at me like you're a woman what are you doing in this field sadly I wouldn't be listened to as much as the male would so what I then did was be very friendly overly friendly with my male colleagues so they can introduce me to their landlords and you know I can get a share of certain properties and then because you know everything it's more like okay this is my region that's your region so it was hard at the beginning I was probably not making any money because it's you know on commission basic basics and stuff like that till I got the hinge of it and the gist of it and I got I got a lot of landlords on my side and naturally I'm a chatty person and I'm a very bubbly person I believe really yeah and so you're trying to be calm because you know I did my little thing and I got a lot of love not gonna lie so if that's where the privilege comes from maybe they did mistake me half of the times to be Arab because of the way I dress back then so yeah I kind of succeeded in getting more properties under my name and then I was selling and obviously renting as well so then I started making money and before I decided to move back to Nigeria wow yeah now are you there now yes we can muffle but we're trying to hear you oh you know what now my whole that thought let's quickly go on a break right when we come back from the break we'll continue the conversation stay with us all right back all right thanks for staying with us now if you just tuned in we're discussing gender equity for Nigerian women in leadership in business and we still have with us Chike and Maya Chike Benjamin now please remember you can join the conversation send us an SMS or whatsapp to the rate 1 803-4663 you can also tweet at us at Weissho after one of the hashtag Weissho alright Namayo are you there now yes awesome we can hear you clearly now go ahead all right so Maria I really love the fact that you also have a real estate background which was my first love looked before so many other things so but I wanted to just piggyback off what you had said earlier you know about women understanding their strength and all and I wanted you to touch a little bit about women also trying to prove themselves so you found yourself in an environment that was male dominated and you have a lot of women who are constantly you know trying to prove themselves and trying to give themselves a sense of purpose and in the process they're crushing themselves with so many responsibilities your mom your your a career woman your business woman your you know so many responsibilities that they have to hold as women right how do women begin to balance their quest to find purpose in life as well as overcome the imposter syndrome that they struggle with I think that's why today's very important being International Women's Day because that awareness has to more or less go out further and be you know educated to younger generations that just feel like a woman's just supposed to be married and be in her husband's house and have children you know again I can't stress enough it does have to start from the families and home and just believing yourself if a man can literally do anything and just to remove men out of it so it's not like we're rubbing shoulders or you know just you as a being just being a lady a woman just knowing that you can actually do all things have that in mind and you can always try and fail the more you fail the more the more you can you know know your strengths and your weaknesses and succeed further further on in life so I think it's just personal self accountability like knowing okay I'm not so good at this so I have to learn further or I have to push myself a little bit harder or I am good at this so this is my field I'll teach other women and again today it's more about women supporting women not just breaking our weaknesses and shaming each other with our weaknesses but learning from our weaknesses as well and making it our strength and looking at other people's strength as well like other women's strength and like learning from them so it's not a competition because there's always a timeline for everyone to win in life that's what I believe so your friends might be winning today and you know tomorrow might just be your turn so it's just loving and supporting each other with strengths and weaknesses all around you know it's interesting you're talking about that weight in your turn and all of that and I keep wondering why are women so hostile towards other women I am blessed to be managing a team of I don't even know how many women are you know and for some strange reason it has never crossed my mind to feel like you know somebody's trying to outshine somebody but I see that a lot with women because again it's important that we are women and we must be honest with ourselves right we are fighting for equity we're fighting for women and all of that the problem that we have it is not from men the biggest problem or the biggest challenge I see us having is women ourselves right I see this person you know I believe in tapping into people's strength and just forget about their weaknesses likewise you know let's focus on what they are good at and just continue to you know push them with what it is that they are good at but you see I see I see a lot of women struggle with that why is that so you know so and how can we start to better you know better encourage and better embrace ourselves as women because first of all we can keep the men aside they are really not our problem if we want to really be honest with ourselves women we are biggest problem so how do we start to do that what do you think we can do your opinions great I disagree okay I like that you disagree please tell me yeah I disagree just because I don't want to 100% base our what did you call it our envy within each other I don't want to blame it on solely just men but men do have their little you know say in why women fight each other or not that you know that's something I don't think I don't think of ever it's never been in me to be envious of any other woman you know you have your qualities you have your strengths and you have your own beauty you know one minute you look at a beautiful woman you walk past another room you look somewhat you look you find someone way more beautiful than her and you know the beauty just carries on that's what I believe in so everyone's unique in their own little ways but men on the other hand again I'm going to stress family orientation it starts with oh but your elder sister's doing this and she's better at this you know it kind of just discourages you parents are already you know leveling you up with your elder sister or your little sister who you know there's comparison there and instead of it encouraging you or making you fight better you know your zeal is dead immediately that's how I function when people bring me down but then immediately you have to think no I am actually Maria Chiqui and I can do this and you know you go ahead and fight for yourself but it starts with family and then the other hand is men because men are a huge problem don't joke in front of me no they're not no men are amazing I love men no I mean in the fact that you know there's competition with marriages with dating with siblings even you know some brothers have their favorite female sibling or because of our ages I don't know how you want to point this thing when women go for instance you know okay let's even take beauty because I can bet you for free that your beauty will be a problem to many people around you right because you are distinctively beautiful so it's not some you're not someone that will walk into a room unnoticed right so it is not the men it is the fellow woman that says what is Maria doing differently which cream is she rubbing because I think sometimes it's cream you know I mean I'm just saying to you that if we really want to bridge certain gaps that we see as lapses right in amongst women amongst ourselves we must first of all learn to embrace ourselves and accept ourselves the way we are because when we start to benchmark our whether we're more beautiful benchmark it with this person we are the course of our problems it's not really the men so that's why I stated yeah initially you have to just you know like I was saying you could walk into a room you see someone more beautiful than you are or XYZ it carries on you can never find a woman who's the most beautiful ever so everyone has their uniqueness in them but the reason as to why certain women are envious of others is because for instance I could be sat with you and with a husband or a partner and you walk in and it's like he's looking at you like wow who's this lady she's absolutely stunning that would affect me you know like why are you looking at her you know but instead of me just appreciating your beauty to say wow you're actually so stunning I want to be friends with you and more concerned with the fact that whoever I'm with or even a girlfriend let's leave men aside it could actually be girlfriend and girlfriend you know we're high school friends and she wants to be friends with you because you're so much more beautiful than her best friend who's just sat next to her but it could be we just like something about you but instead of me to embrace that and want to be friends with you and learn about you or... It's interesting I let you know but I will still put it to you that it is us because if somebody does that to me like you rightly said I'll walk up to you and tell you actually so we need to learn first of all to appreciate each other you know why I'm going with this conversation because again sometimes we're talking about how we can build more women in business and leadership the only way we can do that is to help people set aside some of these things that stand as barriers and find a way to continue to build so for instance there's a business opportunity and I know that I cannot deliver at 100% but I know Maria can do 110% why what's stopping me from putting her name or mentioning her name for you know so that's the thing if we really must build right if we must grow women if we must begin to bridge some of these gaps that we have and you know we need to then start to see it and say you know what for every opportunity that I get so my sister is in a position of leadership for instance in our organization and she makes it as a point of duty that for every time she's given a task to hire she's hiring five people three of those five people must be women and she will go and fish out the competent ones so if we are very deliberate about all of these things we'll begin to build more women those of leadership and we'll continue to grow more women businesses right so if we start to first of all put aside some of the things that really disturbs us because I don't understand I mean there's beauty yes it's one of the biggest problems that we love women have because they just feel like you know what I think I can be more I need to look like this person more and all of that and I think that's a distraction for a lot of women because now we're not seeing the real greatness people have so for instance TV you know somebody has a two one she has a this is about everybody that keeps on talking about you is just oh she's beautiful and it ends there I mean doesn't that even get to you as a woman? Oh it bothers me yeah no seriously yeah go ahead so I mean so how do we begin to correct that so how can we be very deliberate about it so that we're not saying that it's only you know we need to start to be very intentional about growing those kinds of portfolios for women that's what I'm going to say then when you state what you've stated then it's not really gender based is it because you will find males who are likewise doing the same thing in big companies like you could find a man who's in the role of leadership and would just out of jealousy or like just the certain personality that person has or upbringing not want to put his fellow man who he knows is capable for that men do I believe they do you know that I know them I believe so I think it's just personality I wouldn't base that on gender if you ask me I think is individual is an individual thing and again upbringing does matter a lot I don't know why I keep talking about family orientation but I feel like if there's so much love given to children not just your needs or your wants but like real love as to how you should share how you're raised how you should share your space how you should share who you are as a person and how you should actually love other people it starts from you know your tender age and once you reach or miss that gap you just become like the rest of the people in the world how do you think it should be for me I'm just going to talk about gender equity in business now for example so it is widely believed that there's a strong correlation between gender equity and organizational success right but then in most cases by the time you start to get to certain levels like the managerial levels now you start to see that there's a whole middle that women are suffering because you get to see fewer women at both the managerial levels usually men that you see sitting on the boards men like eds it's rare I'm not saying that no women but then it's quite rare to see women on boards and then in most cases when you even see women there you find out that that woman has more female enemies in the organization than than her male counterparts and this is I mean I have seen this happen in several places when a woman rises they are barely maybe now because of this or that I would say my generation now because we're now beginning to realize that okay we're supposed to do this woman supporting women things we're supposed to hold each other's hands and try to you know move up and all of that but then looking back there's that hollow middle that is very very conspicuous and I think that's why we need to actually embrace this the theme for this year's IWD because we need to now understand that we see another woman climbing up a ladder it's very important for you to hold on because it's easier for her to pull you than for a man to pull you I don't know if you understand what I mean so yeah I think that women need to do a better job at supporting each other let me bring these politics now as well right it's also playing a very very huge role because you see a woman going for certain roles and then you see it's quite difficult women actually and they vote for the men let's not discuss politics for the sake of somebody but normal let me come to you well is it to ask a question just to make a comment I think we're actually wrapping up we ran out of time I think we've raised really silent points concerning women and how important it is for us to see ourselves first as individuals who have strength and who have great potential and who have what it takes to be able to change whatever environment that define themselves whether it's in the professional or in the community at large and how important sympathy and being able to work together can be when we are able to leverage on each other's strengths it makes it possible for more accomplishments of whatever it is that we put our minds to and I really like the fact that Maria has pointed out certain areas the fact that the area of family and how important it is orientation because really the people that we become in our communities and in our societies even the women that we see today as a result of family orientation where you have come to believe that you're nothing or you don't have a voice or you don't have anything significant to contribute and it's time for us to begin to fight those ideologies that have been passed on from one generation to the other another very key thing that I really like that we were able to point out is the fact is the area of mentorship for a very long time I didn't have women that I could actually look up to and say that I would love to be like this person or I would love to be like that but across board you can see men in business you can see men in IT in whatever fields and organizations that you see that people that you can actually look up to so if women can begin to rise up to those responsibilities of not just supporting other women but being the ideal for what women should be then I think that we would be able to overcome whatever challenges that we find in the workspace. Wow okay we need to run quickly. Good evening my dear beautiful sisters of what are you saying? Thank you both those in the studio and other leaders gender equity for Nigerian women leadership in business we thank God for gender equity concerning Nigerian women leadership in business they really stand out if we have women contesting for offices in government trust me they will deliver also I don't know they will have I don't think they will have time to do women doing government that is really a way through during elections I am a man but women I disgrace and embarrass them I didn't say that women I know can deliver on some things around if possible change Nigeria your guest is exceptionally beautiful my name is Daniel so what I was asking about this we ran out of time but thank you so much Maria we hope to bring you back again it's such a pleasure being here we have to talk about something else but it's not today okay that's fine thank you Gloria thank you Chinela thank you Noma before we go quickly ensure you follow us across all our social media handles that wish your African interact with us further drop a comment and more importantly follow all our engagements on social media like sharing invite your families and friends to watch and follow the conversation if you missed our quote for today here it is again both men and women should feel free to be sensitive both men and women should feel free to be strong it is time that we all perceive gender on a spectrum not as to opposing sex of ideas Emma Watson said that we'll see you guys tomorrow at 8 p.m. so ladies night out right yeah so bring another great conversation to your screen we might just have a politician amongst us we'll see you guys tomorrow


T.F.N.N. Headline, News Update. A.B.C. Structure Down. Pre-94. My take is that that's where we're going. And the X-100, same type of setup. The bottom line, the Q's. It's a low number on the Q's, man. The Q's made it to 305 today, but the A.B.C. Structure Down is 281. So there's going to be more downward pressure here. Gold. Gold contract. We got some volume yesterday. We finally got 200,000 contracts in the gold contract. You're at $158 today. You have light volume. What ended up happening yesterday is that you got up to a higher price. We got up to a price point of $1910. You did have a couple hundred thousand contracts. You pulled back today with light of volume. That's trying to get a bottom in. That's how that works. And the correlation is that we did get up there yesterday with volume and the correlation actually is the pullback today with light of volume and your rejected lower price at 1865. Good old king dollar, man. This king dollar is strong. It just does not want to back away from these highs. You actually got over the high today. We got up to 104.061 and now you're just laying there at 103.673. The bottom line is that we'll see if it can make that push and if it makes the push, you're talking about a $121. That's a pretty intense deal, no doubt. This is going to be a rough close, folks. What the market is trying to do, each time the market tries to rally and fails, that's just like you and I running, running, running. We try to get to the finish line. You can't do it. Take a little break. You try to do it again. You can't do it. Guess what? It makes a huge difference. Stay right there, folks. Come right back.


Hello everyone, bonjour à tous. It's great to speak to you all today at the Biodiversity Summit. With our environment increasingly under threat from climate change, it's now more important than ever that we do more to restore the balance of nature, protect plant and animal species, and sustain our planet. Because nature is essential to virtually every part of our lives. From the economy, to culture, and health, we are all dependent on the natural world. It provides clean air and water, food and medicine, and health and wellness. All the things that we cannot take for granted as we continue to grapple with the health and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. That's why Canada works hard to be a leader in biodiversity and conservation of nature. In 2018, we made an investment of $1.3 billion in conservation of nature in the country. This funding will help us respect our international commitments in terms of biodiversity, sustainable development, and climate change. And we have even surpassed our target of 2020 for the protection of 10% of Canadian marine zones. We also put a price on pollution in order to respect the environment and give more money to Canadians. Then, we took important measures to prohibit plastic from being used only for the environment, and we found natural solutions to contribute to the fight against climate change. Moreover, we are looking to make a plan that consists in preserving 25% of the land and 25% of the oceans of Canada by 2025. And we are also working to reach 30% of each of them by 2030, which is in line with the global goals of conservation of the land and the oceans of the planet. And now, Canada has joined the High Ambition Coalition for Nature and People co-founded by our friends from Costa Rica and France. But there's more to do, because to take care of ourselves, we must take care of nature. We need to partner with Indigenous peoples, root our decisions in science, and seek local perspectives to build a healthier and more resilient planet. Together, we can be ambitious and leave a cleaner and more sustainable world for our children and grandchildren. Thank you all for everything we're doing together.


Here's the best way to get rid of fruit flies, and you really need to because they can cause serious food poisoning. All you need to do is put vinegar and a couple of drops of soap in a bowl, cover it with cling wrap, and poke holes into it. And keep your kitchen as clean and dry as possible to prevent infestation. Just one fruit fly can lay up to 2,000 eggs on anything that's moist and rotting, which can be a lot of places in your home. And don't even waste your time doing these two things.


In our previous video, we talked about the angle sum and angle difference formulas for cosine.  It loves the cosines, it hates the sines, all right? And then similarly, if you take cosine of A minus B, you'll end up with cosine of A times cosine of B plus this time, sine of A times sine of B, like so. So you'll notice there's a sine difference. So when you have plus versus minus, this minus then becomes a plus. So you just switch the sines as you go between the two, like so, all right? Using this, we could actually prove the sum and difference angle formulas for sine. And this actually is a consequence of the co-function theorem, which remember, the co-function theorem tells us that sine of any angle theta is just equal to, of course, cosine, excuse me, cosine of pi halves minus theta. You can always switch, you can always switch to the complementary function. We're gonna use that in this conversation right now. So consider the following equation. We're gonna prove this trigonometric identity. Sine of A plus B is equal to sine of A cosine of B plus cosine of A sine of B. So let's take a look at that. So proving this trigonometric identity, let's start with the left-hand side, sine of A plus B. Well, using the co-function theorem, sine of A plus B is the same thing as cosine of pi halves minus A plus B, like so, all right? So again, that's just the co-function theorem. I'm gonna redo the angle a little bit. We're gonna take cosine of, let's think of this way. We're gonna take cosine, you can distribute this negative sign onto the A into the B. So we're gonna get cosine of pi halves minus A and then we're gonna subtract from that B, like so. So we can make that substitution here. So then we can use the angle difference identity to help us out here because after all, we're subtracting the B. And so if we do that, we're gonna get cosine of pi halves minus A. We're then gonna get cosine of B and then we're gonna add to that sine of pi halves minus A and then we're gonna get sine of B, like so, that's really nice. But then we have these cosines of pi halves minus A. The co-function theorem goes the other way, right? Cosine of pi halves minus A, that's just a sine. And so this is gonna give us sine of A times cosine of B. And then this next one, sine of pi, excuse me, sine of pi halves minus A, by the co-function theorem, that's just a cosine. And so we end up with cosine of A times sine of B, thus proving the identity that we wanted because after all, this is now the right-hand side that we're looking for. So we get that sine of A plus B is equal to sine of A, cosine of B plus cosine of A, sine of B. So I told you the way to remember the cosine identity was that cosine was jerk, right?  Because cosine prefers other cosines and doesn't like other sines. Well, it turns out that sine is much, much, much nicer, right? Sine is willing to live with everyone, kumbaya type of thing. Because notice what happens with sine of A plus B. You get a sine of A, cosine of B plus a cosine of A, sine of B, right? So the cosines and the sines, they're living together in this utopian harmony kumbaya, kumbaya, that type of stuff, right? Sine of A, cosine of B, cosine of A, sine of B. And notice there's a plus sign right there, right? There's, so even though the sines and cosines are living together, right? There's no one faction that's preferred over the other. So sine is the ideal utopian society and cosine is the dystopian society where one faction is considered better than the other. It's, again, a silly story but it'll help you remember these identities. Sine of A plus B is equal to sine of A, cosine of B plus cosine of A times sine of B, utopian, right? What about the angle difference? Well, it turns out that when you went from this angle sum with cosine to the angle difference, you just switched all the sines. We're gonna do the same thing for sine here. So notice you have sine of A plus B and in which case there's gonna be a plus, sine A, cosine B and cosine A, sine B. When you switch to the difference right here, you're just gonna switch this sine as well. So as you switch from a positive to a negative, you're gonna switch from positive to negative. And this is a very simple trigonometric identity to see as well. Take the left-hand side, which is equal to sine of A minus B. We're gonna do the same trick that we did with cosine here, we're gonna treat this as sine of A plus negative B. So every difference can be thought of as a sum in which case then you're gonna get sine of A cosine of negative B plus cosine of A times sine of negative B. We now use the symmetry identities. Cosine of negative B, since cosine's an even function, it just eats up the negative sign.  And then for the next one, sine is an odd function so it actually spits that negative sign out and you end up with the minus cosine of A sine of B. Thus giving us the right-hand side, proving the trigonometric identity. So now we have the angle difference and angle sum identities for sine. Let's put them into practice here. In the previous video, I gave you the challenge to compute cosine of 15 degrees. All right, which in radians, just so you know cosine of 15 degrees is the same thing as pi twelfths. I asked you to do that using the angle difference identity. But by the co-function theorem, cosine of 15 degrees is actually the same as sine of 75 degrees, which again, if you wanted to put that into radians, this would be sine of five pi twelfths, like so. So we can use the angle sum identity to compute the sine of 75 degrees for sine or we can use the angle difference identity for cosine to do cosine of 15 degrees. So check your answer with what hopefully you did with what we're gonna do right now. So sine of 75 degrees, I can treat this as an angle sum because 75 degrees is the same thing as 45 degrees plus 30 degrees, like so. And using the angle sum identity we had previously, this will be sine of 45 degrees times cosine of 30 degrees. Then we're gonna get cosine of 45 degrees times sine of 30 degrees. Notice that as I wrote this out, I went in the same order that I had here, 45 and 30. So just keep the same order of the angles and you're gonna toggle between sine and cosine. So here was a sine, there's a cosine. Here's a cosine, there's a sine. And make sure each product has both a sine and a cosine. You're gonna be just fine there. All right, now sine of 45 degrees is root two over two. Cosine of 30 degrees is root three over two. Cosine of 45 degrees is also root two over two. And sine of 30 degrees is one half. So this will look like the square root of six over four plus the square root of two over four. Put that together, we get the square root of six plus the square root of two over four. So this is sine of 75 degrees. This is also cosine of 15 degrees. Let me summarize what we've now observed so far. So we've now have discovered that sine of 15 degrees which is the same thing as cosine of 75 degrees. We got that to be the square root of six minus square root of two over four. We found that on the previous video. And then we now also have that sine of 75 degrees is equal to cosine of 15 degrees which is equal to the square root of six plus the square root of two over four. Which you'll notice that of course by putting a positive here, this is bigger than the other one, which is not surprising. Sine of 75 should be bigger than sine of 15. Sine of 15 should be close to zero. Sine of 75 should be close to one. Cosine of course does the exact opposite there.


Hey, I'm Andrew Connell. This video is an overview of one of the chapters in my course that's available for purchase on my site, boytanos.io. This overview video is going to give you an idea of everything that the chapter covers. You can learn more by checking out the description and the notes below the video. If you got any questions about this chapter or about the course in general, just make sure you drop a comment below the video and I'll be sure to get back to you. So with that, let me get out of the way. Enjoy the overview to this chapter back to my course on mastering the SharePoint framework. When developing SharePoint framework solutions there, whether they're client side web parts or UI extensions, there's usually some sort of a visual component. Now, instead of mainly creating these interfaces, why not utilize a modern web framework to make your life easier? Framework simplified tasks such as data binding, event handling, UI construction and state management. In this chapter, we're going to explore how to use the popular web framework called React from Meta for your SharePoint framework customizations and creating engaging web apps. Microsoft relies on React across Microsoft 365, including SharePoint, to deliver consistent user experiences. You'll learn not only how to use React in your SharePoint framework components, but also how to use the provided Fluent UI React controls previously known as the Office UI Fabric React controls. These controls are used by SharePoint, other Microsoft 365 product groups and community control contributions as well. Now, let's preview what this chapter is going to cover. This chapter is going to begin with an overview of React and an explanation from the team behind it. The component model is integral to all React applications. So we're going to start there. I'll discuss the two approaches to building React apps. We'll understand what's supported not only in the SharePoint framework, but across the various SharePoint deployments where SPFX is supported from SharePoint Server 2016 all the way up to SharePoint Online. Then I'll discuss two different methods for building React apps, using class components or functional components, which is often referred to as just React hooks, since this is the feature that enabled us to be able to use functional components. These two methods differ greatly in understanding their distinctions is absolutely crucial. It's especially pertinent for SharePoint framework development. While one method is considered legacy and the other is more modern, some of you may still use the legacy approach because of what your deployments are. Now, in these lessons, I'll not only explain both methods, but I'm also going to build the exact same SharePoint framework web part app using each of the different methods, both class components and using React hooks. Now, these are brief demos. You'll see how to construct an interactive client-side web part as a multi-component React-based application. And this is going to cover properties, events, states, and as well as a concept called lifting the state. We'll get to that in a little bit. The next lesson is going to discuss the Fluid UI React, previously known as the Office UI Fabric React. And it's going to demonstrate how to use special controls within your components. Then I'll demonstrate how you implement Fluid UI React controls in the web part that we created during the earlier demos. And then finally, expanding on my chapter about testing SharePoint framework solutions, I'll demonstrate how to implement automated testing in your React apps. Now, before we delve into learning about React, there are a few important points that I want to call out first. In this chapter, I'm not going to attempt to teach you everything about React. This is a vast topic, and it's beyond the scope of this class on the SharePoint framework. But my goal is to make you comfortable enough to start your first React project in the SharePoint framework. And I want you to be able to open an existing React project, whether it's built using the class component model or the functional component approach with React. And I want you to be able to understand how things work, how they're related, and not feel like you're reading some foreign language you're not familiar with. There are numerous resources available for learning React in much more depth, such as newsletters, websites, articles, videos, and a bunch of other courses. I would start at react.dev. It's the official React site from Meta, where you'll find a brief tutorial and the API docs. Specifically, look for the Learn section. Let's get a whole tutorial walking through React as well. Now, just remember, in the SharePoint framework, we've never been on the latest version of React, so make sure you're looking at the docs for the version of React that you're using. I'll discuss more about React in the SharePoint framework versions in just a minute. Now, there are many great courses that delve deeper into React than this chapter is going to. After all, this course is on the SharePoint framework, not React. I want you to refer to the notes for the lesson below this video for my list of recommended courses and resources to enhance your React knowledge. I've reviewed all the ones listed, including the paid ones, and I recommend all of the ones that I'm listing here. By the end of this chapter, you should be able to create your own React-based SharePoint framework solutions or open up someone else's solution and feel comfortable with it making changes. And in this chapter, I'm also going to focus on using TypeScript with React. A lot of the courses and a lot of the demos use JavaScript, but in the SharePoint framework, we use TypeScript. Now, there isn't some special version of React for TypeScript, but I'm going to assume that you're going to also use TypeScript and your React projects, especially because we're working in the SharePoint framework. OK, let's get started learning React and using it to create robust SharePoint framework apps. But before we learn about the different approaches to create React apps, let's run through a quick little primer on what React is. And then, before I wrap up this lesson, I'm going to explain what versions of React the SharePoint framework supports. So what is React? React is a JavaScript library that is used for rendering user interfaces. It enables the combination of small user interface elements into reusable and nestable components. The moment you start with React, you're going to notice this thing called JSX. JSX stands for JavaScript Extended. It's a send-tax extension for JavaScript that allows us to write HTML-like markup directly in JavaScript files without having to quote it as a string. It's often mistaken for React itself, but these are two very distinct things. React leverages JSX. React uses JSX to build more efficient and productive applications. There's also something called TSX, which is just the JavaScript implementation in TypeScript. And this is typically what we're going to use in the SharePoint framework solutions. Now, our React components will be rendered whenever the state changes, including the initial state. And that's a fundamental React principle of how React operates. Any state change in a component is going to trigger React to re-render the entire component, or the parts that need to be re-rendered. Now, when working with the SharePoint framework, there are a few key points to remember. React, which is already present on the SharePoint application pages where our apps are hosted, is excluded from your bundles when you create a new SharePoint framework solution. Your project is going to reference React, but the SharePoint framework's build tool chain already prevents it from being included in the bundles. There's nothing you have to do to externalize it. It's already done. This means that you can use React in your SharePoint framework projects without any extra steps. However, it is important to only use a version of React that is supported and tested by the SharePoint framework, because this is going to prevent the need to download and load multiple versions of React onto the same page. React is not designed to run with multiple versions or instances on the same page, so it's best to stick to the version provided on your SharePoint page. Furthermore, the SharePoint framework supports a specific version of React, and while you might be tempted to use a more current version of React than what the SharePoint framework supports, this is not recommended. Instead, you should rely on the version that aligns with the version of the SharePoint framework that you're using. And this means that you may not be able to use the latest version of React, but it's preferable to avoid the risks of mixing and matching versions of running multiple versions of React on the same page. In summary, just be aware of your target environment, whether it's SharePoint online or any of the SharePoint server on-premises versions of where a SharePoint framework is supported. Always know what version of the SharePoint framework you're using and what version of React it supports. So let's discuss the component model in React. I want you to think of your entire application user experience as a UI tree where everything is a component. Components can be used to compose other components as well. For example, if we have a component called app, it can be the root of our application with child components inside of it, like inspiration generator and fancy text. Fancy text, which has a public property called text, accepts a string like hello world and it displays it in the application. The inspiration generator that contains other components and can conditionally show them based on logic. For example, if a Boolean value of don't show is set to false, the fancy text component is going to display the text on our page. This demonstrates how a component can house other components and how components can be conditionally rendered as well. As a React developer, you can build React applications two different ways. You can use functional components or class components and in fact you can mix and match them if you want to, which that comes in handy when you want to migrate an existing app over to the newer style. Class components were the original method of creating React components and they existed in React prior to React's version 16.8. Now this is the only option for building a React application for SharePoint Server on-premises deployments at least today. SharePoint Framework version 1.8.2 supports React 16.7. So if you're working with that version or any earlier version, you can only build apps using class components. However, React 16.8 introduced a new method of building React apps using React hooks and functional components. SharePoint Framework version 1.9.1 introduced support for React 16.8 which makes it the first and the lowest version of the SharePoint framework that allows the use of React hooks. This however is only available in SharePoint Online. So which one should you choose? React hooks and functional components whenever possible as they are more modern, future-proof, performant and easier to build with. React is also said, this is the way going forward and they also address many of the issues associated with class components. However, if you're working with any of the SharePoint Server on-premises deployments your only option is to use class components. From my perspective, that's the only reason why you should not be using React hooks and functional components. That wraps up my overview and introduction to the chapter on using React in SharePoint Framework apps. But in the next few lessons I'm going to explain and demonstrate each approach to building React apps. These are grouped into their own lessons so you can easily pick what's important to you and skip what isn't. For example, if you're only working in SharePoint Online and you're building a brand new project you're probably going to want to use React hooks so you can skip the class component lecture and demo. But if you're working in SharePoint Server and you're stuck on SharePoint Framework version 1.4 you can skip the React hooks lessons because they don't really apply to you. You can't use hooks in SharePoint Framework 1.4.1. Now in the next lesson I'm going to cover class components. So if you're working in SharePoint Online you might want to skip over this and jump straight into the React hook lessons. So I will see you in the next lesson or whichever one you jump to.


Section number 26 of glimpses of Bengal by Rabindranath Tagore. This lip of box recording is in the public domain. Pattisar. 13th August 1893. Coming through these beels. Footnote 1. Translate this note. Sometimes a stream passing through the flat Bengal country encounters a stretch of low land and spreads out into a sheet of water called a beel of indefinite extent. Ranging from a large pool in the dry season to a shoreless expanse during the rains. Villages consisting of a cluster of huts built on mounds stand out here and there like islands and boats or round earthen vessels are the only means of getting about from village to village. Where the waters cover cultivated tracks the rice grows through often from considerable depths giving to the boats sailing over them the curious appearance of gliding over a cornfield. So clear is the water. Elsewhere these beels have a peculiar flora and fauna water lilies and irises and various waterfowl. As a result they resemble neither a marsh nor a lake but have a distinct character of their own. End of footnote. 2 kilogram. An idea took shape in my mind. Not that the thought was new but sometimes old idea strike one with new force. The water loses its beauty when it sees us to be defined by banks and spreads out into a monotonous vagueness. In the case of language meter serves for banks and gives form and beauty and character. Just as the banks give each river a distinct personality so does rhythm make each poem an individual creation. Pros is like the featureless impersonal beel. Again the waters of the river have movement and progress. Those of the beel engulf the country by expanse alone. So in order to give language power a narrow bondage of meter becomes necessary. Otherwise it spreads and spreads but cannot advance.  They have no language. No self-expression. The river ceaselessly babbles. So the words of the poem sing.  Thus bondage creates beauty of form, motion and music. Bounds make not only for beauty but power. Poetry gives itself up to the control of meter. Not led by blind habit but because it does finds the joy of motion. There are foolish persons who think that meter is a species of verbal gymnastics or ledger domain of which the object is to win the admiration of the crowd. That is not so. Meter is born as all beauty is born the universe through. The current set up within well-defined balance gives metrical worse power to move the minds of men as vague and indefinite prose cannot. This idea became clear to me as I glided on from river to beel and beel to river. Patissier, 26th, Stravin, August 1893.  There is an unbroken consistency in the manners, customs, speech and adornment of women. And the reason is that for ages nature has assigned to her the same definite role and has been adapting her to it. No cataclysm, no political revolution, no alteration of social ideal has yet diverted women from her particular functions nor destroyed their interrelations. She has loved, tended and caressed and done nothing else and the exquisite skill which she has acquired in these permeates all her being and doing. Her disposition and action have become inseparably one like the flower and its scent. She has therefore no doubts or hesitations. For the character of man has stole many hollows and protuberances. Each of the varied circumstances and forces which have contributed to his making has left its mark upon him. That is why the features of one will display an indefinite spread of forehead, of another and irresponsible prominence of nose, of a third and unaccountable hardness about the jaws. Had man with the benefit of continuity and uniformity of purpose, nature must have succeeded in elaborating a definite mold for him, enabling him to function simply and naturally without such strenuous effort. He would not have so complicated a coat of behavior and he would be less liable to deviate from the normal and disturbed by outside influences. Women was cast in the mold of mother. Man has no such primal design to go by and that is why he has been unable to rise to an equal perfection of beauty. But as sir 19th February 1894, we have two elephants which come to graze on this bank of the river. They greatly interest me to give the ground a few taps with one foot and then taking hold of the grass with the end of their trunks, wrench off an enormous piece of turf, roots, soil and all. This they go on swinging till all the earth leaves the roots.  Sometimes the women takes them to drop the dust into their trunks and then with a snort they squirt it all over their bodies. This is their elephantine toilet. I love to look on these overgrown bees with their wasp bodies, their immense strength, their ungainly proportions, their docile homelessness, their very size and clumsiness makes me feel like a kind of tenderness for them. Their unwieldy bulk has something infantile about it. Moreover, they have large hearts. When they get wild, they are furious, but when they calm down, they are at peace itself. The uncouthness which goes with bigness does not repel. It rather attracts. But as sir 27th February 1894, the skies every now and then overcast and again clears up. Subtle little puffs of wind make the boat lazily creak and groan in all its seams. That's the day wears on. It is now past one o'clock. Steeped in this countryside noon day with its different sounds, the quacking of ducks, the swirl of passing boats, bathers splashing the clothes they wash, the distance shouts from drawers taking cattle across the board. It is difficult even to imagine their chair and table monotonously the small routine life of Calcutta. Calcutta is as ponderously proper as a government office. Each of its days comes forth like coin from a mint clear cut and glittering. Ah, those dreary, deadly days so precisely equal in weight so decently respectable. Here I am quit of the demands of my circle and to not feel like a wound up machine each day is my own. And with leisure in my thoughts I walk the fields unfettered by bounds of space for time. The evening gradually deepens over earth and sky and water as with bowed head I stroll along. But it sir, 22nd March 1894. As I was sitting at the window of the boat looking out on the river I saw all of a sudden an odd looking bird making its way through the water to the opposite bank followed by a great commotion. I found it was a domestic foul which had managed to escape impending doom in the galley by jumping overboard and was now trying frantically to win a cross. It had almost gained the bank when the clutches of its relentless pursuers closed and it was brought back in triumph gripped by the neck. I told the cook I would not have any meat for dinner. I really must give up animal food. We manage to swallow flesh only because we do not think of the cruel and sinful thing we do. There are many crimes which are the creation of man himself. The wrongfulness of which is put down to their divergence from habit, customer tradition. But cruelty is not of these. It is a fundamental sin and admits of no argument or nice distinctions. If only we do not allow our heart to grow careless. Its protest against cruelty is always clearly heard and yet we go on perpetrating cruelties easily, merrily, all of us. In fact anyone who does not join in is dubbed a crank. How official is our apprehension of sin? I feel that the highest commandment is that of sympathy for all sentient beings. Love is the foundation for all religion. The other day I read in one of the English papers that fifty thousand pounds with animal carcasses had been sent to some army station in Africa. But the meat being found to have gone bad in arrival, the consignment was returned and was eventually auctioned off for a few pounds at Portsmouth.  What callousness to its true worth. How many living creatures are sacrificed only to graze the dishes at a dinner party? A large proportion of which will leave the table untouched. So long as we are unconscious of our cruelty we may not be to blame. But if, after our pity is aroused, we persist in throttling our feelings simply in order to join others in their preying upon life, we insult all that is good in us. I have decided to try vegetarian diet. Parisar 28th March 1884. It is getting rather warm here, but I do not mind the heat of the sun much. The heated wind whistles on its way, now and then pauses in a whirl, then dances away twirling its skirt of dust and sand and dry leaves and twigs. This morning, however, it was quite cold, almost like a cold weather morning. In fact, I did not feel over enthusiastic for my bath. It is so difficult to account for what veritably happens in this big thing called nature. Some obscure cause turns up in some unknown corner, and all of a sudden things look completely different. The mind of man works in just the same mysterious fashion as outside nature. So it struck me yesterday.  The bloodstream brushes on, the nerve strings vibrate, the heart muscles rises and falls, and the seasons in man's being change from one to another. What kind of breezes will blow next? When and from what quarter? Of that we know nothing. One day I am sure I shall get along splendidly. I feel strong enough to leap over all the obstructing sorrows and trials of the world. And as if I had a printed program for the rest of my life tucked safely away in my pocket, I am at ease. The next day there is a nasty wind, sprung up from some unknown inferno. The aspect of the sky is threatening, and I begin to doubt whether I shall ever weather the storm. Merely because something has gone wrong in some blood vessel or nerve fiber, all my strength and intelligence seem to fail me. This mystery within frightens me. It makes me diffident about talking of what I shall or shall not do. Why was this tacked on to me, this immense mystery which I can neither understand nor control? I know not where it may lead me or I lead it. I cannot see what is happening, nor am I consulted about what is going to happen, and yet I have to keep up an appearance of mastery and pretend to be the doer. I feel like a living piano forte with a vast complication of machinery and virus inside, but with no means of telling who the player is, and with only a guess as to why the player plays at all. I can only know what is being played, whether the mode is merry or moonful. When the notes are sharp or flat, the tune in or out of time, the key high pitched or low. But do I really know even that? 30th March 1894. Sometimes when I realize a life's journey is long and that the sorrows to be encountered are many and inevitable, a supreme effort is required to keep up my strength of mind. Some evenings as I sit alone staring at the flame of the lamp on the table, I while I will live as a brave man should, unmoved, silent, uncomplaining. The resolve puffs me up and for the moment I mistake myself for a very very brave person indeed, but as soon as the thorns in the road worry my feet, I write and begin to feel serious misgivings as to the future. The path of life again seems long, and my strength inadequate. But this last conclusion cannot be the true one, for it is these petty thorns which are the most difficult to bear. The household of the mind is a thrifty one, and only so much is spent as is necessary. There is no squandering on trifles, and its weld of strength is saved up with miserly strictness to meet the really big calamities. So any amount of weeping and wailing over the lesser griefs fails to evoke a charitable response. But when sorrow is deep as there is no stint of effort, and the surface crust is pierced, and consolation wells up, and all the forces of patience and courage are banded together to do their duty. Thus great suffering brings with it the power of great endurance. One side of man's nature has the desire for pleasure. There is another side which desires self-sacrifice. When the former meets with disappointment, the latter gains strength, and on its thus finding fuller scope a grand enthusiasm fills the soul. So while we are covered before petty troubles, great sorrows make us brave by rousing our truer manhood. And in these, therefore, there is a joy. It is not an empty paradox to say that there is joy in sorrow, just as, on the other hand, it is true that there is a dissatisfaction in pleasure. It is not difficult to understand why this should be so. End of section 26. Section number 27 of Glimpse of Bengal by Rabindranath Tagore. This liberal box recording is in the public domain. Shalida, 24 June 1894. I have been only four days here, but having lost count of the hours, it seems such a long while. I feel that if I were to return to Kolkata today, I should find much of it changed, as if I alone had been standing still outside the current of time unconscious at the gradually changing position of the rest of the world. The fact is that here, away from Kolkata, I live in my own inner world, where the clocks do not keep ordinary time. Reduration is measured only by the intensity of the feelings, where, as the outside world does not count the minutes, moments change into hours and hours into moments. So it seems to me that the subdivisions of time and space are only mental illusions. Every atom is immeasurable and every moment in finite. There is a Persian story which I was greatly taken with when I read it as a boy. I think I understood even then, something of the underlying idea, though I was a mere child. To show the illusory character of time, Afakir puts a magic water into a tub and asks the king to take a dip. The king no sooner dipped his head in than he found himself in a strange country by the sea where he spent a good long time going through a variety of happenings and doings. He married, had children, his wife and children died, he lost all his wealth and as he brightened under his sufferings, he suddenly found himself back in the room surrounded by his courtiers. On his proceedings to revile the Fikir for his misfortunes, they said, But Sire, you have only just dipped your head in and raced it out of the water. The whole of our life with its pleasures and pains is in the same way enclosed in one moment of time. However long or intense we may feel it to be while it lasts, as soon as we have finished our dip in the tub of the world, we shall find how like a slight momentary dream the whole thing has been. Shalida, 9th August 1884. I saw a dead bird floating down the current today. The history of its death may be easily defined. It had a nest in some mango tree at the edge of a village. It returned home in the evening. Nestling there against soft feather companions and resting a varied little body in sleep. All of a sudden, in the night, the mighty Padmata slightly in her bed and the earth was swept away from the roots of the mango tree. The little creature bereft of its nest awoke just for a moment before it meant to sleep again forever. When I am in the presence of the awful mystery of all destructive nature, the difference between myself and the other living things seem trivial. In town, human society is to the fore and looms large. It is cruelly callous to the happiness and misery of other creatures as compared with its own. In Europe, also, man is so complex and so dominant that the animal is too merely an animal to him. To Indians, the idea of the transmigration of the soul from animal to man and man to animal does not seem strange and so from our scriptures pity for all sentient creatures has not been banished as a sentimental exaggeration. When I am in close touch with nature in the country, the Indian in me asserts itself and I cannot remain coldly indifferent to the abounding joy of life throbbing within the soft down-covered breast of a single tiny bird. Last night, a rushing sound in the water awoke me. A sudden boisterous disturbance of the river current. Probably the onslaught of a fresh jet. A thing that often happens at this season. One sweet on the planking of the boat become aware of a variety of forces that work beneath it. Slight tremors, little rockings, gentle heavens and sudden jerks all keep me in touch with the pulse of the flowing stream. There must have been some sudden excitement in the night which sent the current racing away. I rose and sat by the window. A hazy kind of light made the turbulent river look madder than ever. The sky was spotted with clouds. The reflection of a great big star quivered on the waters in a long streak like a burning gas of pain. Both banks were vague with the dimness of slumber and between them was this wild, sleepless unrest, running and running regardless of consequences. To watch a scene like this in the middle of the night makes one feel altogether a different person and the daylight life an illusion. Then again, this morning, that midnight world faded away into some dreamland and vanished into thin air. The two are so different yet both are true for man. The day world seems to me like European music. It's con cards and discords resolving into each other in a great progression of harmony. The night world like Indian music, pure, unfettered melody, grave and poignant. What if their contrasts have been so striking? Both move us. The principle of opposites is at the very root of creation which is divided between the rule of the king and the queen. Night and day, the one and the worried, the eternal and the evolving. We Indians are under the rule of night. We are immersed in eternal, the one. Our melodies are to be sung alone, to oneself. They take us out of the everyday world into a solitude aloof. European music is for the multitude and takes them along, dancing through the ups and downs of the joys and sorrows of men. Shalida, 13th August 1894 Whatever I truly think, truly feel, truly realize, its natural destiny is to find true expression. There is some force in me which continually works towards that end, but is not mine alone. It permeates the universe. When this universal force is manifested within an individual, it is beyond his control and act according to its own nature, and in surrendering our lives to its power is our greatest joy. It not only gives us expression, but also sensitiveness and love. This makes our feelings so fresh to us every time, so full of wonder. When my little daughter delights me, she merges into the original mystery of joy which is the universe, and my loving caresses are called forth like worship. I am sure that all our love is but worship of the great mystery, only we perform it unconsciously, otherwise it is meaningless. Like universal gravitation which governs large and small alike in the world of matter, this universal joy exerts its attraction throughout our inner world, and baffles our understanding when we see it in a partial view. The only rational explanation of why we find joy in man and nature is given in the Upanishad, for of joy are born all created things. Shalita 19th August 1894 The Vedanta seems to help many to free their minds from all doubt as to the universe and its first cause, but my doubts remain undispelled. It is true that the Vedanta is simpler than most other theories. The problem of creation and its creator is more complex than appears at first sight, but the Vedanta has certainly simplified it halfway, by cutting the guardian knot and leaving out creation altogether. There is only Brahma, and the rest of us merely imagine that we are. It is wonderful how the human mind should have found room for such a thought. It is still more wonderful to think that the idea is not so inconsistent as it sounds, and the real difficulty is, rather, to prove that anything does exist. Anyhow, when as now the moon is up and with half closed eyes I am stretched beneath it, on the upper deck, the soft breeze cooling my problem vexed head, then the earth, waters and sky around, the gentle rippling of the river, the casual wave favor passing along the tow pack, the occasional dinghy gliding by, the trees across the fields, wake in the moonlight, the sleepy village beyond, bounded by the dark shadows of its growth, verily seem an illusion of Maya, and yet they cling to and draw the mind and heart more truly than truth itself, which is abstraction, and it becomes impossible to realize what kind of salvation there can be in freeing oneself from them. End of section 27 Section number 28 of Glimpses of Bengal by Rabindranath Tagore This LibriVox recording is in the public domain Shazadpur 5th September 1894 I realize how hungry for space I have become and take my fill of it in these rooms where I hold my state as a sole monarch, with all doors and windows thrown open. Here the desire and power to write our mind as they are nowhere else. The stir of outside life comes into me in waves of overdure, and with its light and scent and sound stimulated my fancy in the story writing. The afternoons have a special enchantment of their own. The glare of the sun, the silence, the solitude, the bird cries, especially the coins of the crows, and the delightful restful leisure, these conspire to carry me away all together. Just such noondays seem to have gone to the making of the Arabian Nights in Damascus, Bokhara or Summercond, with their desert roadways, files of camels, wandering horsemen, crystal springs, welling up under the shade of feathery date-groves, their wilderness of roses, songs of nightingales, wines of Shiraz, their narrow bazaar pots with bright overhanging canopies, the men in loose robes and multicolored turbans, selling dates and nuts and melons, their palaces fragrant with incense, luxurious with king-cop-covered divans and bolsters by the windowside, their Zobaria, or Amina or Sophia with gaily decorated jacket, white trousers and gold embroidered slippers, a long nergilla pipe curled up at her feet with gorgeously liveried eunuchs on guard, and all the possible and impossible tales of human deeds and desires, and the laughter unveiling of that distant mysterious region. End of section 28 Section number 29 of Glimpses of Bengal by Rabindranath Tagore This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. On the way to Diga Pattiyaya 20th September 1894 Victories of standing in the flood water, they trunks wholly submerged, their branches and foliage bending over the waters, boats are tied up under shady grooves of mango and bow tree, and people bathe screened behind them, here and there are cottages stand out in the current, their inner quadrangles under water. As my boat rustles its way through standing crops, it now and then comes across what was a pool and is still to be distinguished by its clusters of water lilies and diver birds pursuing fish. The water has penetrated every possible place.  A little more in the water will be right inside the cottages and their occupants will have to put a much end to live on.  All the snakes have been flooded out to their holes and they with their sundry, other homeless reptiles and insects will have to chum with man and take refuge on the tatch of his roof.  The sight is hardly pleasing. Coals and fevers and rheumatism in every home, the malaria-stricken infants constantly crying, nothing can save them. How is it possible for men to live in such unlovely, unhealthy, squalid, neglected surroundings? The fact is we are so used to bear everything, hands down, the ravages of nature, the oppression of rulers, the pressure of our shastras to which we have not a word to say while they keep eternally grinding us down. End of section 29. Section number 30 of Glimpses of Bengal by Rabina Nathagore. This liberal arts recording is in the public domain. On the way to Bualia, 22nd September 1894. It feels strange to be reminded that only 32 autumns have come and gone in my life for my memory seems to have receded back into the dimness of time immemorial. And when my inner world is flooded with a light, as of an unclouded autumn morning, I feel I am sitting at the window of some magic palace, gazing entranced on a scene of distant reminiscence, soothed with soft breezes laden with the faint perfume of all the past. Goethon his deathbed wanted more light. If I have any desire left at all at such a time, it will be for more space as well for I dearly love both light and space. Many look down on Bengal as being only a flat country, but that is just what makes me revel in its scenery all the more. Its unobstructed sky is filled to the brim like an amethyst cup. With a descending twilight and peace of the evening and the golden skirt at the still, silent noonday spreads over the whole of it without let or hindrance. Where is there another such country for the eye to look on? The mind to take him. End of section 30. Section number 31 of Glimpse of Bengal by Rabindranath Tagore. This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. Kolkata, 5th October 1894. Tomorrow is the Durga festival. As I was going to Ess's yesterday, I noticed images being made in almost every big house on the way. It struck me that during these few days of pujas, old and young alike had become children. When we come to think of it, all preparation for enjoyment is really a playing with toys which are of no consequence in themselves. From outside it may appear wasteful, but can that be called futile, which raises such a wave of feeling through and through the country? Even the driest of worldly wise people are moved out of their self-centered interests by the rush of the pervading emotion. Thus, once every year there comes a period when all minds are in a melting mood, fit with the springing of love and affection and sympathy. The songs are welcome and farewell to the goddess, the meeting of loved ones, the strains of the festive pipes, the limpid sky and molten gold of autumn are all pots of one great pay-in of joy. Pure joy is the children's joy.  He who can retain this faculty of enjoyment after he has grown up is indeed the true idealist. For him, things are not merely visible to the eye or audible to the ear, but they are also sensible to the heart, and their narrowness and imperfections are lost in the glad music which he himself supplies. Everyone cannot hope to be an idealist, but a whole people approaches near rest to this blissful state at such seasons of festivity. And then what may ordinarily appear to be a mere toy loses its limitations and becomes glorified with an ideal radiance. End of section 31 A portion of the picture remains darkly confused and uncertain. If, then, our best friends are only pieces of broken outline strung on a thread of imagination, do we really know anybody at all? Or does anybody know us except in the same disjointed fashion? But perhaps it is these very loopholes, allowing entrants to each other's imagination, which make for intimacy, otherwise, each one, secure in his inviolate individuality, would have been unapproachable to all but the dweller within. Our own self too, we know only in bits, and with these scraps of material, we have to shape the hero of our life story, likewise with the help of our imagination. Providence has, doubtless, deliberately omitted portions so that we may assist in our own creation. Bulpur 31st October 1894 The first of the North winds has begun to blow today, shiveringly. It looks as if there had been a visitation of the tax-gatherer in the unlucky grooves, everything beside itself, sighing, trembling, withering. The tired impassiveness of the noonday sunshine with its monotonous cooing of the dowse, in the dense shade of the mango tops, seems to overcast the drowsy watches of the day with a pang, as are some impending parting. The ticking of the clock on my table, and the pattering of the squirrels with scamper in and out of my room, are in harmony with all other midday sounds. It amuses me to watch these soft, gray and black striped, furry squirrels with their bushy tails, their twinkling bead-like eyes, their gentle yet busily practical demeanor. Everything eatable has to be put away in the wire-gauze cupboard in the corner, safe from these greedy creatures. So, sniffing with irrepressible eagerness, they come nosing round and round the cupboard, trying to find some hole for entrance. If any grain or crump has been dropped outside, they are sure to find it, and taking it between their forepaws, nibble away with great industry, turning it over and over to adjust it to their mouths.  Thus, little sounds continue all day, knowing teeth, scampering feet, and the tinkling of the china on the shelves. End of section 32. Section number 33 of Climbs is a Bengal by Rabindranath Tagore. This is the bevels recording as in the public domain. Shalida. 7th September, 1894. As I walk on the moon, light sands. s usually comes up for a business talk. He came last evening, and when silence fell upon me after the talk was over, I became aware of the eternal universe standing before me in the evening light. The trivial chatter of one person had been enough to obscure the presence of its all-pervading manifestation. As soon as the pattern of words came to an end, the piece of the stars descended and filled my heart to overflowing. I found my seat in one corner. We desassembled millions of shining orbs in the great mysterious conclave of being. I have to start out early in the evening so as to let my mind absorb the tranquility outside before S comes along with his jarring inquiries as to whether the milk has agreed with me and if I have finished going through the annual statement. How curiously plays RV between the eternal and the ephemeral? Any allusion to the affairs that the stomach sounds so hopelessly discordant when the mind is dwelling on the things of the spirit, and yet the soul and the stomach have been living together so long. The very spot on which the moonlight falls is my land and property, but the moonlight tells me that my Zamindari is an illusion, and my Zamindari tells me that this moonlight is all emptiness. And as for poor me, I remain distracted between the two. I grow quite absent-minded when I try to write for the sadhana magazine. I raise my eyes to every passing boat and keep staring at the ferry going to and fro. And then, on the bank, close to my boat, there are herded buffaloes thrusting their masses' mouths into the garbage, wrapping their tongues around it to get it into their mouths, and then munching away, blowing hard with great big gasps of contentment and flicking the flies off their backs with their tails. All of a sudden a naked weakling of a human cub appears on the scene, makes sundry noises, and pokes one of the patient bees with a cutgill, whereupon, throwing occasional glasses at the human sprig out of a corner of its eye, and snatching at tufts of leaves or grass here and there on the way, the unruffled beast leisurely moves on a few paces, and that imp of a boy seems to feel that his duty, as herdsman, has been done. I fail to penetrate this mystery of the boy covered's mind. Whenever a coward or buffalo has selected a spot to its liking and is comfortably grazing there, I cannot divine what purpose is served by worrying it, as he insists on doing, till it shifts somewhere else. I suppose it is man's masterfulness, glorying in triumph over the powerful creature it has tamed. Anyhow, I love to see these buffaloes amongst the lush grass. But this is not what I started to say! I wanted to tell you how the least thing distracts me nowadays from my duty to the sadhana. In my last letter, footnote 1, not included in this selection, end of footnote, I told you of the bumblebees which hover round me in some fruitless quest to the tune of meaningless humming with tireless acidity. They come every day at about 9 or 10 in the morning, dart up to my table, shoot down under the desk, go bang onto the colored glass window pane, and then with a circuit or two, round my head or off again with a whiz. I could easily have taught them to be departed spirits who had left this world unsatisfied, and so keep coming back to it again and again in the guise of bees, paying me an inquiring visit and passing. But I think nothing of the kind. I'm sure they are real bees, otherwise known, in Sanskrit as honeysuckers or on still rare occasions as double... provosidians. Shalida, 16th, Falgun, February 1895 We have to treat every single moment of the way as we go on living our life, but when taken as a whole, it is such a very small thing. Two hours uninterrupted thought can hold all of it. After 30 years of strenuous living, Shali could only supply material for two volumes of biography, of which, moreover, a considerable space is taken up by Dodin's chatter. The 30 years of my life would fill even one volume.  To think of the quantity of land and trade and commerce which go to furnish its commissariat alone, the amount of space occupied by each individual throughout the world, the one little chair, is large enough to hold the whole of him? Yet, after all is over and done, there remains only material for two hours taught. Some pages of writing. What a negligible fraction of my few pages with this one lazy day of mine occupy. But then, will not this peaceful day, on the desolate sands by the placid river, leave nevertheless a distinct little gold mark even upon the scroll of my eternal past and eternal future? Shalida, 28th, February 1895 I have got an anonymous letter today which begins to give up one's self at the feet of another is the truest of all gifts. The writer has never seen me but knows me from my writings and goes on to say, however pity or distant, the sun. Footnote 1 Rabi, the author's name, means the sun. End of footnote Worshiper gets a share of the sun's rays.  And more in the same strain. Man is so anxious to bestow his love on some object that he ends by falling in love with his own ideal. But why should we suppose the idea to be less true than the reality? We can never know for certain the truth of the substance underlying what we get through the senses. Why should the doubt be greater in the case of the entity behind the ideas which are the creation of mind? The mother realizes in her child a great idea which is in every child, the ineffableness of which, however, is not revealed to anyone else. Rabi to say that what draws forth the mother's very life and soul is illusory, but what fails to draw the rest of us to the same extent is the real truth? Every person is worthy of an infinite wealth of love. The beauty of his soul knows no limit. But I am departing into generalities. What I wanted to express is that in one sense I have no right to accept this offering of my admirer's heart. That is to say, for me, seen within my everyday covering, such a person could not possibly have had these feelings. But there is another sense in which I am worthy of all this, or of even greater adoration. End of section 33 Section number 34, Eglipsons of Bengal by Rabindranath Tagore This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. On the way to Pubna, 9th of July, 1895. I am gliding through this winding little Ichamati, this streamlet of the rainy season. With rows of villages along its banks, its fields of jute and sugarcane, its reed patches, its green bathing slopes, it is like a few lines of a poem, often repeated and as often enjoyed. One cannot commit to memory a big river like the Padma. But this meandering little Ichamati, the flow of whose syllables is regulated by the rhythm of the rains, I am gradually making my very own. It is dusk, the sky getting dark with clouds, the thunder rumbles fitfully, and the wild kasuarina clumps bend in waves to the stormy gusts, which pass through them. The depths of bamboo tickets look black as ink. The pallet twilight glimmers over the water like the herald of some weird event. I am bending over my desk in the dimness, writing this letter. I want a whisper low toned, intimate talks and keeping with this phenomena of the dusk. But it is just wishes like these which baffle all effort. They either get fulfilled of themselves or not at all. That is why it is a simple matter to warm up to a grim battle, but not to an easy inconsequent talk. End of section 34 Section number 35 of Glimpse is a Bengal by Rabindranath Tagore. This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. Shalida 14th August 1895 One great point about work is that for its sake the individual has to make light of his personal joys and sorrows. Indeed, so far as may be to ignore them. I am reminded of an incident at Shazidpur. My servant was late one morning and I was greatly annoyed at his delay.  Then with his duster he set a tidying of my room. When we look at the field of work we see some at their trades, some tilling the soil, some carrying burdens and yet underneath death sorrow and loss are flowing in an unseen undercurrent every day, the privacy not intruded upon. If ever these should break forth beyond control and come to the surface, then all this work would at once come to a stop. Over the individual sorrows flowing beneath is a hard stone track across which the trains of duty with their human load thunder their way, stopping for none save at appointed stations. This very cruelty of work proves perhaps man's sternest consolation. End of section 35 Section number 36 of Glimpses of Bengal by Rabindranath Tagore This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. Kushtia 5th October 1895 The religion that only comes to us from external scriptures never becomes our own. Our only tie with it is that of habit. To gain religion within is man's great lifelong adventure. In the extremity of suffering must it be born. On his lifeblood it must live. And then whether or not it brings him happiness, the man's journey shall end in the joy fulfillment. We rarely realize how false for us is that which we hear from other lips or keep repeating with our own while all the time the temple of our truth is building within us brick by brick day after day. We fail to understand the mystery of this eternal building when we view our joys and sorrows apart by themselves. In the midst of fleeting time, just as a sentence becomes unintelligible if one has to spell through every word of it. When we once perceive the unity of the scheme of that creation which is going on in us, we realize our relation to the ever unfolding universe. We realize that we are in the process of being created in the same way as are the glowing heavenly orbs which revolve in their courses, our desires, our sufferings, all finding their proper place within the whole. We may not exactly know what is happening. We do not know exactly even about a speck of dust. But when we feel the flow of life in us to be one with the universal life outside, then all our pleasures and pains are seen strung upon one long thread of joy. The facts I am, I move, I grow, are seen in all their immensity in connection with the fact that everything else is there along with me, and not the tiniest atom can do without me. The relation of my soul to this beautiful autumn morning, this vast radiance, is one of intimate kinship, and all this color sent to music is but the outward expression of our secret communion. This constant communion, whether realized or unrealized, keeps my mind and movement out of this intercourse between my inner and outer worlds I gain such religion, be it much or little, as my capacity allows, and in its light I have to test scriptures before I can make them really my own. End of section 36 Section number 37 of Glimpses of Bengal by Rabindranath Tagore this LibriVox recording is in the public domain Shalida, 12th December, 1895 The other evening I was reading an English book of criticisms full of all manner of disputations about poetry, art, beauty and so forth and so on. As I plotted through these artificial discussions my tired faculty seemed to have wandered into a region of empty mirage filled with presence of mocking demon. The night was far advanced. I closed the book with a bang and flung it on the table. Then I blew out the lamp with the idea of turning into bed. No sooner had I done so, then, through the open windows the moonlight burst into the room with a shock of surprise. That little bit of a lamp had been sneering dryly at me, like some meffi-stoffless, and the tiniest sneer had screened off this infinite light of joy issuing forth from the deep love which is in all the world. What? For sooth, had I been looking for in the empty wordiness of the book, there was the very thing itself filling the skies, silently waiting for me outside, all these hours. If I had gone off to bed leaving the shutters closed, and thus missed this vision, it would have stayed there all the same without any protest against the mocking lamp inside. Even if I had remained blind to it all my life, letting the lamp triumph to the end till for the last time I went darkling to bed, even then the moon would have still been there. Sweetly smiling, unbetrubed and unobtrusive, waiting for me as she has throughout the ages. End of section 37 End of Glimpse of the Bengal by Rabindranath Tagore