Johnny dollar Johnny, this is Jake Kessler. You know greater Southwest insurance company out there in Kingman, Arizona That's right. Well. Hi, Jake. What's on your mind? One of my clients Johnny insured for $30,000 has a little cattle ranch Name is rave Chisholm rave Chisholm. That's right Oh, it's a circle RC layout lays over between here in that Lake Mojave resort. You're always going. What's the trouble? We losing some of his cattle. Oh losing plenty of them. They're being poisoned. Oh, only it's not them steers About it's rave. What do you mean Johnny?  Yeah, if he really does. Well, I know rave Chisholm pretty good Johnny He's a bad character. I wish I'd never sold him insurance. Yeah. Yeah Oh, if he does know or Johnny this whole thing is going to end up in a killing either whoever's doing this or rave himself The circle I see that's right. So will you come out here? See what you can do about it right away? Sure Okay, I'll be there Brings you Bob Bailey in the exciting adventures of the man with the action-fact expense account America's fabulous freelance insurance investigator yours truly Johnny dollar Thirsty people everywhere prefer ice-cold Pepsi Cola and because it's light it refreshes without filling Charlie Be sociable. I am Kay. Pepsi is a favorite of thirsty people from Maine to Hawaii from Alaska to Florida It's perfect for parties or picnics. So serve Pepsi to your guests. It's helpful But this is the sociable part keep plenty of Pepsi ice-cold and ready Remember it goes fast because everybody likes Pepsi singing still sounds more inviting. May I But singing doesn't say pick up an extra carton of Pepsi today better yet get a case you do that And now act one of yours truly Johnny dollar Expense accounts submitted by special investigator Johnny dollar to the greater Southwest insurance company Kingman, Arizona office The following isn't a kind of expenses incurred during my investigation of the Sidewinder matter Jake Kessler hadn't given me very much to go on one of my old friend Buster favor If Buster knew about the circle RC and its troubles Well expense account item one is 350 for a phone called a Davis damn 7 to the Lake Mojave resort That's about the way Jake Kessler put it to me. So how'd you like to meet me at the airport over in Vegas? All right now Buster the best connection I can make will get me in there at six o'clock in the morning, okay? Item two 163 90 plane fatal Las Vegas, Nevada True to his word Buster favor was there waiting for me in his car We headed east on route 95 to Boulder City and turn south George Kingman And I wondered just how much food there was for a herd of beef cattle out here in the seemingly bear desert country We sure it's problem Johnny, but a much bigger one is keeping them supplied with enough water See those windmills in there. Yeah, I've noticed them Well, every one of them has a big water tank and a watering trough at the base of it With almost here if it's all die off We turn here all right Jake Kessler said this rave chism is a pretty bad character You asked me Johnny rave just soon kill a man as he would talk to him the side one Do they call him in good reason too? He's just as mean as a side one. Oh, that's why nobody was very happy to see him Politic himself into a lease on that good ranch land with all the water it's got on it Out of a single one of his pumps ever goes dry, which is more than you can say for most of wells out here Believe me, but now somebody's poisoning the water for him. That's right Any idea who no doubt about it who buster his ex-partner in a gold mine another bad character name is Jerry McCoy Was by cheating Mac out of his chair of the mine that Chisholm got the money to lease the ranch I see and Mac swore V ever caught up with Chisholm. He'd get even with him Ask me Johnny Mac has caught up with him. What apparently wasn't a very large one But must have pointed out where the fence line extended nearly two miles back into the mountains at the east end of it As we near the ranch house, I could see what he'd meant about the water There were more trees and green than I'd seen anywhere else in this desert country The ranch house itself was a sprawling un-painted affair But there was a flower garden at the side that appeared to be doing quite well A dozen or so chickens pecking away at the dirt as we stopped a woman came running out of the door came over to meet us Mr. Johnny dollar Special investigator for your husband's insurance company. Oh, then you got to do something mr. Dollar do something about my husband Well, he's the one I came to see is he here? No No, that's the reason you've got to do something about him. You've got to stop him from what? Oh, it was about an hour ago that my son come in from out on the range my son Wayne Wayne had been over along the east fence fixing the repair broken post But instead he come on back here and told his pa told Ray told him what this is just Jerry McCoy Wayne had saw McCoy out there fooling around the trough at the windmill fixing the poison that he must have been And it is McCoy. Oh, what did your husband do about it?  Dollar. Oh, he'll get killed himself Mr. Dollar. Yeah, knapsack. Did you see? Oh, yes, sir that That knapsack. Oh, why do you say it that way? What's in it? I don't rightly know mr. Dollar last few days ever since he heard that McCoy was in these parts He wouldn't let anybody touch it. He's kept it hit away funny. Miss Chisholm You think Wayne could show us where it was he saw Jerry McCoy? I don't know where he is. Wayne has gone out somewhere too, and I'm so worried about it Why do you say that mrs. Chisholm? With Rafe and the kind of temper he's in Anybody got in his way or tried to stop him? Rafe's a dangerous man mr. Dollar, and he's got that gun with him what his own son You don't know that Rafe mr. And we better find him quick. We'll have to track him Johnny Miss Chisholm are there a couple of extra horses we can use. Oh, yes, help yourself It's a lot better than a car out there in that Miss Keaton sage. Come on And maybe we'll find Wayne for you too. Oh, I hope so mr. Caver Yes, sir.   Oh The other tracks and follow his Must be the boy's heart if Wayne catches up with him or old Rafe sees he's being followed You got a gun with you, haven't you? Yeah, right here. Good, but I sure hope you don't Gunshot huh pistol shot must have been that 45 Rafe's carrying and it probably means that he's found McCoy He's discovered that Wayne's trailing him only we had some way of knowing where that shot came from only hadn't been so busy talking My fool head off. Well, I guess the only thing we can do is to keep following those Johnny That shot came from over there at Black Canyon way over there to the right Rafe has a windmill and a watercrawl from an old Beach active. Let's go Look over there the top of that Mesa. I'll speak dust clouds building up I knew this here was too still out here Johnny that dust over the Mesa coming this way means that inside of five Maybe ten minutes. We're gonna be in the middle of the worst sandstorm you ever heard of we better get on back to the ranch We never make it. We got a fine cover. Come on boy Oh Where bustin on the right Big cave in the side of it. Let's go brother Just pray we can make it Johnny and believe me. I mean pray Was less than a mile to the cave in the side of Shadow Mountain But by the time we'd come at half the distance the sandstorm came roaring in on us The hot dry wind pounded and pummeled us at 50 or 60 miles an hour Burling clouds of blinding cutting sand ahead of it How the horses were able to take this on the run Then blow on the saddle our hats pulled down with handkerchiefs over our faces. We not only couldn't see we could hardly breathe As the storm got worse We were forced to dismount to cover the heads of the horses with our coats to leave them on foot But we kept on And I prayed that buster still knew where he was going buster Oh my good track only by hanging on to the tail of the horse that he was leaving Then finally the lee of shadow mountain The lifesaving protection afforded by the deep cave in the side And there to keep us company were other fugitives from the sandstorm half a dozen jack rabbits a couple coyotes of fox and several kinds of rats and mice Huddled together silently Forgetting for the moment all the ancient instinctive enmities and their escape from the peril outside of the cave And the wind roared with the sound of thunder Speaking its anger its frustration And having failed to smother us out there as though now trying to deafen us with a sheer power As we crouched there the horses stayed close to us making strange sounds little sounds that I'd never heard before It was almost like the whimpering of a frightened child Then After what seemed like ages but could only have been a couple of hours the winds subsided Suddenly as it had come up I started to rise but buster touched my arm and motion me to wait A hail a hail storm of the kind you may hear about but never quite believe Right here in the middle of the mojave desert Some of them almost as big as dolphins dashed against the rocks outside And some of those hail stones rolled into the cave then melted at our feet Finally it stopped The little animals who'd been our companions quietly looked at one another and one at the time departed maybe Maybe a little chastened by this having sheared the comfort of each other's presence for a while Kind of gives you respect for this does it doesn't it? Too bad those animals don't always get along so well So peacefully isn't it I guess you could say that about some of the people in this world too, couldn't you? Well We lost our trail But we know where those shots came Johnny now what? Half under that rock the one that blocks the entrance somebody lying there buster buster come in during the storm Wayne Tell me it's young Wayne Chisholm Are you all right boy? Hello, mr. Feather you heard Wayne you've been shot. Who did this? My pa your pa wave Chisholm I'll be all right. What happened? It was terrible tell us go tell us terrible terrible Of yours truly Johnny dollar in a moment meet star steward urwin Nothing's worse for an actor than a nasty cold to feel better quickly I take wonderful four-way cold tablets the fast way to relieve cold distress Right tests of all the leading cold tablets proved four way fastest acting Four way starts in minutes to relieve muscular pains headache reduce fever calm upset stomach also overcomes irregularity Take my advice for your next cold take four-way cold tablets the fast way to relieve those cold miseries Four-way only 29 cents And now here's a word about another fine product of grove laboratories To get rid of embarrassing dandruff in three minutes change to fitch dandruff remover shampoo Three minutes with fitch regularly is guaranteed to keep unsightly dandruff away forever Apply fitch before wetting hair rub in one minute add water lather one minute Then rinse one minute every trace of dandruff goes down the drain Three minutes with fitch and embarrassing dandruff's gone at the same time fitch can brighten hair up to 35 percent Get fitch dandruff remover shampoo today And now act three of yours truly Johnny dollar You mean your own father shot you yes, sir But it's all right. He only nicked me what happened Wayne I don't think he meant to hit me mr. Faber Well, but when he saw that I'd followed him after he got there looking for jerry mccoy did he find mccoy Well, he told me to go back and he cursed me and he fired a couple of wild shots at me the three we heard But I don't think he meant to hit me. I wonder then I hid behind some deer brush Then worked my way down again so as I could see what he was doing. Well, what about mccoy? Park Paul found him all right There in the feed shack there in black canyon where he was skinning out one of our young steers in there out of the sun Okay, then johnny. We better get on over and I'll wait wait buster Then what happened Wayne? It was terrible. Mr. It was awful I was close enough. I could see him. I could hear him through the open window of the feed shack Do you think I didn't know all the time we're human cars. It was poison in the water for my cattle Yeah Well, I told you I'd get even for what you've done to me over in that gold mine rave and now I've got you just No, no, I'll put down that gun.  See I got no gun on me. I ought to kill you mac I've been thinking about this a long time about what I'd do when I caught you But what's the use?     You're gonna need a lot of them me Well, I don't understand you Huh, you think I'd want anybody to know or let you go the man that was poison in my cattle Keep cutting them strips. I am rave. I am. No, it's gotta look like you've got the best of me tied me up and left What you're gonna tie me up to this post in here Tie you up. Go ahead.  Ain't no trick. But now listen a couple days out of here We're no water to die. Come on tighter. I still got this gun on you No killer rave you won't be There's a couple hours and that boy of mine. I'll be back here with help I don't think see me tied up this way. They'll never know I got soft and let you get away.  You think I'd take this chance if I didn't know they would You get out of here the wind's coming up and you're going to be a sandstorm. All right. I will and uh here Good that's right. Take it Because I know you ain't got the guts to use it on me and it's better if they think you took it off me I don't get it rave But I better get out of here before they come for you. That's right You can take my horse too Your horse too For sure, sure. Don't touch that knapsack out there on the ground Knapsack That's the one you carried when we was prospecting.  I'll see for myself No rack you open that knapsack and you'll be sorry. Yeah Will I where you can't stop me tie it up that way? You can't stop me now Open it up. It's in here right? It belongs to me There in that knapsack Was three sidewenders sidewenders rattle snakes McCoy he didn't have a chance. It's a lord. There was enough poison in them Yeah And not knowing that you'd seen all this But knowing you'll come back with help that we'll find him tied up there Yeah, johnny reefs me to look like he has a perfect alibi Not the mccoy.  It's still murder buster Wayne, do you think you can make it to the ranch? Yes, sir Then come on buster.  We'll pick up our killer. Okay, johnny Ironic in yeah All trust up and waiting for us By his own doing We reached the watering trough on the old feet shack And the body of jerry mccoy already have buried by the sandstone And I wondered what sort of punishment could possibly be enough for the man who'd done this to him Yeah, I wondered Until we found rachism Tied to that coast Wait a minute. There's a dried out of shrank tighter and tighter around his body around his neck until he Me too Yeah, just a question the ways of justice Expensive out total including a couple of drinks for buster myself on the trip back to hideford 345 40 yours truly Johnny dollars our star to tell you about next week's program next week long beach, california looking for the tidy sum of $75,000 join us. Won't you yours truly? Johnny dollars


In this video, we are going to look at a first example of a program written in Python. So let's create a new file and rename it to a first example. Okay, so let me give you an example. The example goes as follows. Given a list of numbers, find the average of all the even numbers in the list. Okay, so find the average of all the even numbers in a list. That is the example. So in order to do that, I have to give you a list of numbers first. So let's start with that. Let's create a variable called numbers and assign to it a list. And to do that, we use the bracket notation, so open and closing brackets. And in between the brackets, we are now going to list all the numbers that are going to be in the list, separated by commas. So let's go ahead. 7, 11, 8, 5, 3, 12, 2, 6, 9, 10, 1 and 4. Let's execute the cell. It works. And now let's confirm that Python understood what we want. So let's simply ask Python, hey, what is numbers? And numbers is a list of numbers. The same numbers we gave it. Okay, so let's summarize what we have learned syntactically speaking so far. So at first, the single equals sign. This is what we call the so-called assignment statement. And the important thing is here, the right-hand side is evaluated first. And only if the right-hand side works, then the result of that will be assigned to the variable on the left-hand side. Then the bracket notation. This is what we refer to as the so-called literal notation to create lists. And there will be other ways to create list objects in Python. But the notation using the brackets, the so-called literal notation is one of the easiest ways to do so. Yeah, and now we have a list of numbers. Okay, so now that we have a list of many numbers, we want to do something with each individual number inside the list. So therefore, we have to find a way how we can access the individual numbers inside the list. There are two ways. And let's start with a first one. We can, so to say, grab inside the list and pull out an individual element. And we do that by specifying the index of the element we want to take out. So there is a syntax for that. And it goes like this. First, you write the name of the variable numbers. And then without a space, we write brackets again. And inside brackets, we have to specify the index of the element we want to extract or we want to look at. So let's say I want to look at the first element, the seven. So maybe I can do so by specifying the index one for the first element in the list. Let's execute this. And we get back 11, which is the second element. And that is not a mistake. This is just a convention that we see at play here. So by convention, in some programming languages, and Python is among them, we start to count at the number zero. So the index zero is referring to the first element in this case in the list. So to obtain the first element, we use the index zero. This gives me back the number seven. So today, if I want to obtain the 12 from the list, let's count how many elements there are before it. So first element, second, third, fourth, fifth, and the sixth element. And the index that goes with the sixth element would be the index five. So let's go ahead and write numbers. The brackets operator and index five. And this will obtain or pull out the number 12. Okay, so how do we call the brackets here in this context? So in this context, what we do is we call the brackets, the so-called indexing operator. So technically speaking, the brackets up here and the brackets down here have a totally different meaning. And that is something that happens often in programming that a symbol may have one meaning in one context and another meaning in a different context. Okay, so this is indexing, grabbing inside. And just to illustrate this, if we look at numbers, all the numbers are still inside the list. So by indexing, we are just looking at an individual element in the list, but we are not pulling it out. Okay, we are only pulling it out for, let's say, read-only purposes. Okay, we are not really pulling it out. It remains in the list. So that is one way to look at individual elements in the list. But this is rather tedious because we would have to index 12 times into the list, and we have to manually add the index number and thereby obtain the individual numbers. That would basically mean we could just go ahead and calculate the average of the even numbers by hand because that is basically the same amount of time we would need. So we need a better way to go over all the individual elements in the list. And to do so, we go ahead with the so-called for loop. So we write for, and now we have to go ahead and specify a variable. And here you will soon see why I call this variable number singular. And then we will write in numbers plural. And the numbers plural refers to the variable up here, of course. And then we end the line by saying colon. And now what we do is what this line does is this is a so-called for statement or for loop. This is going to execute a given code several times. And in particular, once for every time there is an element inside the list. And now what we do is I hit the Enter key. And this will, of course, take me to a new line. However, the new line is indented by four spaces. So that is a Python's way of knowing that whatever I'm going to write here belongs inside the for loop. And whatever code I write here is going to be executed several times. Okay, so I'm going ahead. And for now, let's simply go ahead and write print, parentheses, and let's say number singular. And what is print? Well, we've seen print briefly before. Print is a built-in function that simply takes input and print something out to the screen. So if ever you are in doubt if a function is a built-in function or not, what you could do is you could go ahead and go to the Python docs. And then you will click here on the library reference and scroll down a bit. And here you see there are the built-in functions. Let's click here. And here you have a list of all the built-in functions. And here we have indeed the print function. I click on here. And this takes me down to the part where the print function is being explained. And the function takes a couple of arguments. And one of the exercises actually walks you through this. And you have to figure out what these inputs mean. And then it basically explains here what the function does. But the print function is rather simple. It simply takes stuff and prints it out. In particular, it prints out the input on an individual line by default. So if I go ahead and run the cell, what that does is it prints out the numbers one by one on a line on their own. So let me repeat that. The for loop causes the code that is in the indented block here to be executed several times, namely once for each element in the list. So the first time the print number line is executed, number singular is going to be set to 7. The second time the print number line is going to be executed, number singular will be set to 11 and so on. So inside this block we are basically doing everything right here is done to an individual number. That is why I chose number singular here as a name. Of course, inside the print function here, what we could do is we could also write plus one. And this would simply add one to the number first and then print it out. So we can have some more fancy code here. But for now let's keep things simple here. So some people may be confused and ask, how does Python know singular and plural? Well, the answer is it doesn't. So it doesn't matter what name I specify here. So I could go ahead and instead of number singular, I simply say for example X and this would not change the output. So everything stays as before. However, my recommendation is that you always try to use names that are kind of meaningful. So for example, if you have a list of numbers of many numbers, then calling it numbers plural is kind of intuitive. It makes sense. Calling a variable that is set to an individual number, just number, is also kind of a good idea. So by choosing names in this way, we are keeping our code readable. So that is the idea of a for loop here. So let's summarize quickly the for dot dot dot in dot dot dot and colon. We call this a for statement or a for loop. And what this does is executes code repeatedly. And now the question is, how can we generalize the syntax here? And the answer is you will also quite soon see another example of such a line that ends with a colon and these lines we call header lines because header lines are all the lines in Python that are followed by an intended block of code. And just to illustrate another point, we could go ahead and create another variable. Let's call it result and 32, let's say number plus three. And then we could say print result here. So we could also have more than one line of code in the block. However, note how both lines have the same level of indentation, namely four spaces, four space characters. So this is how Python knows that those two lines basically belong together. They are one block of code that is executed repeatedly for each element in the list. Okay, so let's undo the changes and go back to the print at the simple print number version. One more thing syntactically speaking that we want to understand is the meaning of the parentheses here. So the parentheses here are what we call the so-called call operator. And what this does is it executes a function. Okay, so if I go ahead and I simply write print without the parentheses and I execute this, I get back a reference to the function, but the function is not being executed. Okay, so this is just referring to the function without executing it. But by putting the parentheses here next to it, that basically means not only look up the function but also execute it. Okay, and maybe execute it with the number one in it and print out the number one. Okay, so that is a little bit more of syntactical terms that we should learn. So now let's go back to the problem. Now we have to come up with a solution approach. So now we know how we model the numbers in the list. And we also know how we can loop over all the individual numbers inside the list. Now we have to come up with some logic, so-called business logic that solves our problem. And the problem is that we want to find the average of all the even numbers in the list. So we have to break down this big problem into many small steps and then solve them one by one. And the next step that we want to solve is we want to go ahead and make our for loop such that whatever is in the block here is only executed for even numbers. So in other words, I want to put in a filter that basically skips all the odd numbers. Okay, that's what we want to do. So, okay, let's think of how can we characterize even numbers versus odd numbers that we want to skip. So without going into too much math, I think we all remember from high school that any number, any whole number divided by two that has no rest is even. So in other words, if we divide that by two and we get a rest, we have an odd number. If we get no rest, we have an even number. So that means we now have to figure out how can we do division in Python. Okay, so let's learn that. So let's go ahead and say let's take the number seven and let's divide it by the number two. And the easiest way would be to use the single forward slash seven forward slash two. And this gives me back the result of 3.5. This makes sense. Okay, now I will show you two more ways of how we can divide a number by another. So the first variant of that is to use the double forward slash and double forward slash is what we call the integer division. So the integer division takes two numbers, two whole numbers, and it will give me back another whole number. So in other words, it will not look at the decimals after the decimal point. So seven divided by two is three and some rest. And therefore, seven divided by two gives me just three here with this using this division here. And then we have a similar variant, the third variant of division. This is the variant that simply gives me back the rest. Okay, and this has a name. It is called model or division. So let's go ahead and do that in Python. And the symbol for doing that is the percentage sign. So seven percentage sign two will be read as seven model or divided by two. And this gives me back one because seven divided by two is three and the rest of one. And this is simply what we get back. Okay, so let's do the same three examples here using an even number. Let's take eight, for example. So eight divided by two gives me back 4.0. This should already get you a little bit suspicious. I'm not getting back four here. I'm getting back 4.0. So for a computer, this seems to make a difference. If I divide eight with a double forward slash by two, I get back four as an integer. And this makes sense because it's just an even number. So the division works perfectly. And then if we go ahead and model or divide eight by two, we get back zero because eight divided by two has a rest of zero. Okay, so this is division. And now we're still not done with this filtering part. So the next thing we want to do is we have after we divide a number by using the model or division by two, we have to compare the result of the division to either zero or one in order to figure out if the number is even or odd. So the next we have to learn is we have to figure out how one number or a variable holding a number can be compared to another number. Okay, and there is a comparison operator in Python. And the comparison operator is very simple. It goes like this is simply a double equal sign. So if I compare number one to the number one, then I get back true. If, on the other hand, I compare the number one to the number two, I get back false. Okay, and true and false are just Python's special values for saying yes and no. Okay, so this is the so-called comparison operator here. Okay, so let's maybe write that here. Write that down. The double equal sign is the comparison operator. And then the result that we see, the true and the false. This is just these are special values indicating yes and no. This is how Python says yes and no. Okay, so now we have learned how we can divide a number using the rest division and compare the result to zero in this case. And if we then get back true, then we know the number that was divided is even. So let's go back to the follow. And inside here in the first line of the code block, we now have to write down some logic of how we compare each individual number to or the rest by dividing by two to zero. So how do we do that? We go ahead and we write if. This is the so-called if statement. And then we go ahead and we write if number singular, modulo divided by two. So the rest division, double equals zero. So if number divided by two has no rest. This is how this read colon then do something. And what do we want to do? Well, for now, let's just print out the number. And what we are going to do here is we are going to indent the print number line by one more level. So now print numbers indented by eight spaces. Okay, let's execute this code cell. And as we see, we only see the even numbers. Okay, so we are now skipping the odd numbers. Okay, so now let's learn another concept here. So let's say I want to make this line here easy to understand for a human reader here. So what I will do is I will comment this line. So I will write a hashtag here and I will say if number is even. Okay, so that is what this line here means. Okay, so this is an example of a comment. And a comment basically means this is text in a code inside a code cell. And Python basically does not execute it. Okay, it just ignores that. Okay, so let's summarize the if dot dot dot colon. This is the so called if statement or also sometimes called the conditional statement. And here the code block is only executed if a condition is true. And then also the hashtag symbol here, this is basically a comment. And what that means is Python ignores whatever comes after it until the end of the line. Okay, and maybe I introduce another nice abbreviation end of line or programmers is often abbreviated with EOL. So you will often see EOL, you will also see that in a couple of error messages in Python. EOL just means the end of the line. Okay, and if I execute this code, we see that we get the same output. Okay, so now we have written code that does something for every odd for every even number inside the list. Okay, so now let's go back to our big problem. And now let's think of how could we proceed. And the answer to this is if we only have all the even numbers, then what we do or what we should do in order to figure out the average as well, we should simply add up all the even numbers and then divide by the number of even numbers. Okay, this will give us the average. So how do we do that here? So this is an example now of where we introduce a temporary variable or two temporary variables to help us solving a problem, but the variables itself, we are not really interested. So let's first create a variable. Let's call it total. And let's set it to zero at the beginning of the code cell. And the variable total will hold the sum of all the even numbers. So what we do now here, instead of where it says instead of print number, we are now going ahead and we go ahead and we'll say the new total is will be set to the old total plus whatever the current even number is. So the follow this looping over the even numbers for an every iteration of the loop number singular is an even number. So we take all the individual all the even numbers one by one, and we add them on the total and the total starts at zero and then at the end, at the end of the cell, if we ask Python hey what is the total. Python will give me back 42. So the sum of all the even numbers in the list is 42. Okay, so for some of you this may look confusing because this looks like a mathematical equation, but this is not an equation. So as I said above, when we see an assignment statement, the single equality sign, then what we do is we evaluate the right hand side first. So we add total plus number and then the result of that will be assigned to the total. Okay, so that is what I mean by the old total on the right hand side and the new total on the left hand side. Sometimes we refer to this as updating, updating and variable. Similarly now, let's go ahead and introduce a second temporary variable and call it count. And let's set it equal to zero as well. This is called initializing a variable. Let's go down here. And let's also update the count variable by saying the new count is the old count plus one. So if for every even number, we always add one to the count, then at the end of the day, the count will be the number of even numbers in the list. And then what is the average? Well, the average is just the sum of the even numbers called total divided by the count of the even numbers count here. Okay, and if I execute this, I get back as the result 7.0. Okay, and this makes sense if we look at the numbers, we are starting with all the whole numbers from one to 12. And if I average all the even numbers in this list, then 7.0 seems to be a intuitive result or sum that looks correct. Okay, so that is our first example of a program that involves a little task. And what you should learn from that is, of course, all of the syntax that we talked about here. But also you should get used to the way we break down this in, so to say, big problem here into many small steps. And we write code that solves the problem in a programmatic way. And now what we could do is we could change the list here. We could have a different list with different numbers and execute this code cell here. And then we would calculate the average of all the even numbers in another list. Okay, so this is how the problem here is solved. Okay, so I will leave it at that and I see you soon.


It's no secret that one of the most disturbing trends in this country is the notion of minor children going through radical surgeries and chemical treatments to perhaps change their gender. Well, this story at ReadLine.com today from Dr. Susan Berry uncovers a study that was done at the University of York in the UK. They have found unbelievable evidence to suggest this compromises young people's bone density, mental and emotional development, is wrecked, heart and fertility issues. It's a nightmare. And the sad reality is in the United States, we're just getting started with these processes. 28 states in the country allow this stuff. And that's why I'd ask you if you're in favor of banning this gender affirming care as it's called in the United States, I hope you'll sign the petition that's linked in this post.


Appalachian Wireless proudly brings you unlimited data. Unlimited data is only $80 a month for a single line. Four lines as low as $200. Better service? Bigger savings? That's today's Appalachian Wireless. An East Kentucky network company. The address beats low to 25 gigabytes per line to 512 kilobits for phones and tablets. And 15 gigabytes for motors. See store for more details. The drug epidemic is destroying lives, our families and our communities. Tiffany Robinson has first-hand experience with that as she was in Floyd Circuit Court Thursday to be sentenced for manufacturing of meth. Robinson says her decision to use drugs took everything she had. I just got in a really bad place and let the drugs take control of my life. And in less than a year's time I went from working and having a home and a car and my kids and family to losing it all. And I was homeless and just didn't care anymore. Since being charged over two years ago, Robinson said she's been able to get her life back together. I got in a 12-step program and in that program I got people that care about me and that, you know, support me and help me and they're going to be here with me today. I got to learn a lot about myself through working the program and it's really helped me to see where the problems were and how to stop from going back to that life. As Robinson faced Judge Smith for her sentencing, the judge did something he's never done before. Instead of going to jail today I get to go on probation and my charges were amended down to where I have a chance at being able to get them expunged off my record and, you know, the judge seen that I was doing the right thing and staying clean and trying to better my life and he's giving me a chance. Robinson went on to thank everyone who has supported and prayed for her through this entire ordeal. Reporting from Prestonsburg, I'm Shawn Allen for EKB News.


Hello everybody, E here. It's my most anticipated book of the year. Hello everybody, E here. Welcome back to another book review. And yes, as the goofball in the intro said, this was my most anticipated book of the year. It is Brother Robert by Anya C. Anderson. A-N-N-Y-A. They tell you how to pronounce it in the forward of the book. It's Anya. I believe it's African. I'm not exactly sure, but it is in the forward. They explain it the pronunciation is in any ways. I am a massive Robert Johnson fan. There's only up until this photo was given to the publisher. There were only two pictures of this man available, period. He is a blues legend. Some say that he is the progenitor of Delta Blues. I don't know enough about Delta Blues other than being a huge fan of it. I need to read up on it some more. Other than me loving the music, I don't know a whole lot. I love Sun House. There's so many I could sit here and list. And this book talks, it's like a who's who of Delta Blues musicians and rock rock musicians and blues musicians, jazz musicians, all that stuff. She talks about all that. But Anya C. Anderson is, was, well is whatever, Robert Johnson's kind of sister. I don't want to explain too much. I want you to go out and read it. Especially if you're a fan of the blues. There was, what this book does, is this book adds a humanity to this mythical character. I mean, if you, this is go ahead and say it. From what his sister says, from what Anya, sorry, I'm going to call her Miss Anderson. From what Miss Anderson says in this book, we got it wrong. Everything that we've ever heard about Robert Johnson has been wrong. The man was kind. He was gentle. He wasn't a fighter. He wasn't a drunk. He wasn't any of the things that history has made him out to be. And one of the main reasons for that is, and they explain it in here, his history was written by white people, by white men who didn't even know him, who didn't even come around until after he had died. So most of the history that you get from, from, for Robert Johnson are written by people who were never around him, not even in his culture, not even in his town. We're talking about record execs and all, all this other nonsense. Also that brings up a dilemma here for me. How do I consume Robert Johnson's music in the future? The people who own the rights, the, the family never got a single penny for his, for his work, for his music. The estate never received a single penny though they fought tooth and nail for decades. Never got a single penny. Still have it as of the publishing of this book. I hope this book sells millions and becomes a best seller because this lady deserves every penny. The way they, the record company, and one person in particular, screwed over this family utterly enraged me. Now, but ethically, how do I go about consuming Robert Johnson's music that I know and love? I can't watch the stuff on YouTube because all the stuff on YouTube's pirated. I can't listen to it. I can't listen to my, to it on Amazon. I haven't bought any of the CDs and I'm glad I haven't yet. I can't stream it there because the record company's making money off of it, whereas the family's not. How do I, there's no way to support this, this wonderful music. There's no way for me to ethically listen to this music. So my question for you down in the doobly-doo today is how do you think I should go about listening to one of my favorite artists of all time? It's him, Tom Waits and Slipknot, honestly. As far as male performers, it's those three. Absolutely love it. Love all three of them. But how would you go about it? How do you, how would, just give me some suggestions, give me some options, that kind of thing. I would love for the community to talk to me about it. Now, as far as the book itself is concerned, it's wonderfully written, beautifully written. I really love the sections where he was talking about just sitting down and talking to Miss Anderson. This absolutely fantastic writing, fantastic storytelling. And I say storytelling because it is written in like a narrative non-fiction kind of deal. I appreciated that so much, but I wish, well actually I was about to say I wish I had been there, but what the author did, it's Preston Lauterbach is the author who interviewed Miss Anderson and talked to her about her brother. The scenes where he's just sitting there talking to her are my favorite and he put me there as if I was sitting there in the room with them, listening to her talk. He gave her a voice and I love this book for that.  I'm going to be conflicted for a while on how to go about listening to Robert Johnson's stuff in the future, but have you read Brother Robert Man? This time I'd really, really love to talk to you. Have you read Brother Robert? Let me know down there in the doobly bean whether or not you liked it or whether or not you hated it. If you hated it, especially if you hated it, let me know why you hated it. But until next time, I have been E, you have been U. This has been another book review. I'll talk to you guys later. Bye bye.


Today, we are going to discuss about the concept of normativity and its association with the speech act. We have already discussed about Schiffer's intention-based semantics and we had stopped our discussion at this point that how morality and potentiality are part of the intention-based semantics. When we analyze the concept of meaning, we need to see where the speaker induces normative elements when he or she is engaged in performing speech acts. Speech is a performative activities. Whenever we speak, we consider speaking or making an statement is a performative act. This has been theorized by Searle following Austin. We have discussed that. Specifically today, we need to understand how the normative element comes into the discourse of speech act. In that context, it is through normativity, the intention-based semantics tries to approach the concept of truth. So, normative reason in a sense supports or works as a truth-supporting reason. So, in that context, Schiffer says when intentionally expressed statements, speaker is imposing an intention in the expression. So, it is not the case that speaker just imposes the meaning. Rather, the utterance also involves certain values. So, there Searle brings in the notion of commitment and obligation. When the speaker otters a statement, for example, the statement of promise, I promise that I would lend you 100 rupees. This promise involves the sense of commitment and obligation. The moment the speaker otters this particular statement, he means what he says, what he is committing and he tries to fulfill this promise. So, promise making as a kind of an intentional action shows that the speaker is not only inducing a kind of a special meaning to it, but also expressing commitment and obligation. So, commitment and obligation are the normative element of the statement. So, in that context, the speaker is not only inducing a kind of a special meaning to it, but also expressing commitment and obligation. So, commitment and obligation are the normative element attached to the linguistic representation that has been made through several formative expressions like promise, order, assertions, etc. Now, Schieffer says and agrees with this idea of intention-based semantics argued by Searle and Austin, but he further his thesis referring to this point that the statement of promise has an emotional or affective attitude and there is an intentional attitude. So, there are two kinds of attitudes that the statement exhibits. One is that the emotional attitude, the affective attitude and the rational intentional attitude of the speaker, because when the speaker says or otters a promise, he knows what is making said. He is aware of this fact that he is making this statement. He is also aware of this fact that he is committed to do certain things. So, the sense of commitment is the result of some kind of a rational deliberation. So, intentional attitude involves rational thinking. So, when we say that speech is a kind of a special kind of intentional act, we also presuppose this fact that it is a rational or deliberate action. In that sense, making a promise or an assertion is nothing but expressing our decision-making. So, when we say that speech is a kind of a special kind of intentional act, we also presuppose this fact that it is a rational or deliberate action. In that sense, making a promise or an assertion is nothing but expressing our decision-making. So, in that sense, little differs from the Graecian framework, which he says. In the Graecian framework, we fail to distinguish this motive and emotion. The motivating factors for intentional actions or making or forming, the motivating factors for intentional actions or making or forming. So, the the emotional factors that are attached with it. To see for intentional based semantics also refers to this idea that the semantics is compositional in nature, where the compositional aspect in the surest communicating circumstances, speaker's intentions are not only a subjective factor in bringing out the effect in the audience, rather the circumstance itself is an important and un-cellizable condition in bringing out the effect. So, Schiffer at the beginning tries to show that meaning can be analysed with reference to certain conditions and that is what he called the communicating circumstance, in which both speaker and hearer are participating and this condition has nothing to do with the habitant practices. So, meaning for Schiffer is not conventional the way Graeci has understood it or the way Schierl would construe it. The Scherlian interpretation to this intentional based semantics is precisely to argue that meaning is conventional and meaning is been intentionally composed by the speaker. the speaker. This is very fact that the speaker induces the meaning also implies this that the speaker is trying to compose a kind of a content that is embedded in the statement. So, Sol is in favor of arguing out a thesis called the compositional notion of semantics. Whereas, SIFER and others would agree with the compositional notion of semantics, but slightly in a different way. We would like to see how does SIFER differ from or disagrees with GRIES. Firstly, for S that is the speaker X may have some meaning other than P. So, it is cannot be as policy to utter X only if he wants some A to think as things that P. Now, SIFER is questioning the very intention of the speaker. How is it the case that such a coordination takes place? The GRIES in intention by semantics does not explain this coordination between the speaker and the hearer. Hence, there is a difficulty that SIFER is raising here. Secondly, S may have some other utterance style by which he also means that P. So, it cannot be as policy to utter X if he wants some A to think that P. So, in this context we cannot generalize this fact that the speaker X generalize this fact that the speaker S cannot have a subjective policy. Now, this intentional expressions when made by the speaker does not imply that the meaning is subjective, but according to SIFER, the meaning is subjective. For SIFER's criticism, one can get this impression that the GRIES in and the SIRLE in understanding of meaning particularly the intention based semantics gives an impression of the fact that meaning is subjective, but that is not the case. For SIFER, IBS the intention by semantic involves no subjective imposition of meaning in the conventional means of communication. Rather, the speaker and hearer must have or share some kind of a mutual beliefs or knowledge. They must be aware of each other and that awareness, that knowledge that is common to the speaker and hearer will help us explaining the coordination that prevails between them. Otherwise, what the speaker says and what the hearer will understand, how does the hearer know that speaker means this, not that. Whenever speaker orders P, he means X, not Y. So, this coordination is possible. The hearer would perfectly understand what the speaker means provided they share some common ideas or knowledge and thereby the coordination is possible. So, the perfect coordination or what you call the self-perpetuating regularity condition, in fact, talks about a strategic interdependence to regulate agent's goal-oriented behavior. In fact, SIFER further introduces the notion of coordination equilibrium to standardize that what is usually being expected whenever the speaker orders P. So, this would be a kind of a standard, an acceptable standard, what he calls the coordination of the speaker to talk about, to analyze the intentional meaning that is being imposed on a particular statement whenever something is said. He further says that meaning is not conventional, rather meaning can be analyzed through certain cognitive functions. Now, the emergence of new conventions, new practices, new orders would definitely be in hindrance and SIFER says that should not be in hindrance, provided we work out meaning in a way that the speaker would understand what the speaker means, provided we work out meaning from a psychological point of view or following a psychological model. So, SIFER ultimately argues for psychological model of meaning which replaces the conventional model. So, this idea that the new convention or the emergence of a new convention would create conflict, so far as this intention best semantics is concerned, because again and again bringing this coordination equilibrium will be a tough task, because that is grounded on practice or the notion of serability. How the speaker and hearer or a community says a particular knowledge, particular belief. So, therefore, SIFER tries to draw our attention to the fact that a psychological model would help us better explaining the intentional best semantics. Therefore, he argues that the new convention or the conventional best semantics. Therefore, he argues that we can replace the conventional notion of meaning through the psychological model. Convention has been defined by psychological and non-semantic terms. So, SIFER's notion of convention or the conventional meaning is to be defined with the help of certain psychological elements as well as the help of certain non-semantic elements. Now, what is non-semantic about SIFER's intention best semantics and what is psychological about SIFER's intention best semantics, particularly the psychological model that he is bringing into the discourse of meaning. Now, when we try to read SIFER's argument, one can very well imagine about the status of intentionality present in meaning. So, what would be the status of intentionality in this case? Whether intentionality remains as a psychological phenomenon or it is a non-psychological phenomenon. So, the intentional attitude of the speaker is caused by what SIFER says, the propositional attitude of the mental states. So, intentionality is in a sense connected with the propositional attitudes of certain mental or cognitive states. SIFER does not want to understand the notion of intentionality or the intentional attitude of the speaker referring to the conventional uses of language. So, it is the linguistic form of life for SIFER does not help to explain the intentional attitude. So, language per say is not autonomous, whether language is in fact dependent on the intentionality of the function of human cognition or the function of human mind. SIRL also argues that as I have said earlier, according to SIRL, language is an institution created by the intentional attitude of the human beings. In other words, it is intentionality through which we can explain the function of language in our everyday life. Intentionality is prior to language. SIFER on the other hand comes closer to the SIRLian thesis, but in a very different way argues that intentionality is not an independent property, rather intentionality is exhibited by the function of SIRL. So, SIRL is not an independent property, rather intentionality is exhibited by the function of certain cognitive states or the propositional attitude of mental states. So, the structural explanation is formed by micro constituents and these micro constituents are words in the one hand and the syntactical mechanism that is operating in our brain. So, syntax or what you call the grammar determines the language. The grammar is a part of the cognition and one that the function of this cognitive states determines the function of the language. Because expressions are when you talk about linguistic expressions are product of the cognitive function of human mind. This function, the cognitive function happens in a particular way. The logic of this cognitive function shows that there is an order, there is a structure, there is a grammatical structure which is involved in producing or making this linguistic activities possible. Hence, for SIFER the sentence of L, suppose L is one kind of sentence is nothing but the sentence of G. So, the sentence of L will presuppose that is the sentence of G. So, in that sense the meaning of whatever you said in this particular sentence, the meaning of the sentence L is connected with the meaning that is there in the mind. So, in that sense whenever we talk about understanding, knowing is a kind of a cognitive activities, those cognitive activities can be accommodated as a part of the function of the mind. So, when I listen to your promise or promise of the speaker, I understand that this is promise not an order or what does the speaker mean when he utters this particular statement. So, understanding or knowing are very much part of the cognitive activities, it is related to cognition. Hence, the linguistic component is part of the propositional attitude and there are also certain non-semitic functions involved and those non-semitic functions refer to the grammar. So, understanding and knowing are very much part of the cognitive activities involved and those non-semitic functions refer to the grammar that is the grammar of thought. So, see for in this connection comes very close to order. Now, let us read see for. See for says to know meaning of mental representation as is to know what one believes when as one believes that the content of one's belief is conveyed by that causes of belief predicates true. So, that is what the propositional attitude is not only exhibiting the intentional element present in the sentence, but also can explain how a sentence is formed, how a sentence is being composed by the speaker and what are the cognitive elements involved in composing the sentence or the expression. So, there are both psychological element and there are also non-semitical element preferably for see for it is the grammar which is primary condition for formulating the sentence. Hence, the see for's compositional semantics comes close to for's understanding of language of thought or Somsky's notion of a universal grammar because all this philosophers of language try to analyze meaning with reference to certain mental features and they all emphasize that it is the grammar which is primary. It is the grammar which is non-semantic. Now, one of the reasons why see for is talking about a non-semantic analysis of the semantics. It is precisely because see for finds the Grisians have given a circular explanation of meaning. He says if you would like to have an intentional semantics and it can be well argued without giving primacy to the semantics. So, therefore, a non-circular explanation of intentional content of an expression is possible and it is possible precisely with reference to this kind of model. The grammatical states believe states which are propositionally expressible are grammatical states which are non-linguistic mental states. They are not entirely linguistics. Following see for lower argues brain law argues that a non-linguistic account of content provides an alternatively flexible basis of basis for sketching the many fold possible dependencies of thought upon language. The key point is that the description of content to propositional attitude is more abstract level than the description of meaning to the natural language. The point is if my functional account of belief individuation is correct, intentions are not required in the theory of propositional attitudes and their intentional properties. It is without those intentional properties. One can individuate the speaker's belief or what does the speaker mean when he or she expresses a particular statement.  The content is not part of that. One can also suggest that the content is explained with reference to those cognitive functions. Lower talks about the functional correlationship and plasticity. He says more and more beliefs states can be written in the brain. Hence, the function is plastic. Hence, the function is expandable. It is not limited to the function of the mental states. Hence, the function is expandable. It is not limited by this fact. The function is expandable in the sense that more and more beliefs can be incorporated to this cognitive chamber and hence, this notion of plasticity. So, far as this functional correlationship is concerned, they try to draw some kind of relationship between the neural structure of the brain and the grammatical structure of this cognitive states. Now, this causal relationship between these two states, the neurological functional states and the syntactically connected cognitive states are important to explain the intentional content of a statement. Hence, Puthlore and Schiffer would argue in favour of psychofunctional semantics precisely because the psychofunctional analysis of meaning is non-circular. We are not trying to explain meaning through a intentionality. Intention is not a primary factor to explain intentional meaning. Thus, it is non-circular. Rather, what is important is that the functional correlationship between the neural structure of the brain and the grammatical structure of the cognitive states, the syntactic states, how the syntactic states are formed and how they have been connected to the neurons and the neural circuits and how their function helps in producing a statement which is intentional one. So, this information processing model is in fact eliminating the notion of experience, the notion of consciousness precisely because such a model can be analysed accepting the functional theory of mind. And we have already discussed how functionalist theory of mind reduces the conscious experience to certain neural functions of the brain. Now, the urge here is this not to reduce consciousness, not to give this idea of experience from the discourse of meaning, but to bring them back and see how intention based semantics plays an important role in our everyday life. And such a model has been argued out by John Searle. Now, Searle's intention based semantics does emphasise the importance of the mind on this fact that intentionality is an intrinsic feature of the mind and the mind is conscious. And when the speaker is making a commitment, expressing a promise or giving an order, the speaker must mean what he says. Now, this idea of meaning goes very well with experience because whatever is being said by the speaker is being experienced. So, speaking as a kind of a special speech act, the special form of speech act in action also has a kind of a intention in action, because the speaker while speaking also means what is being said. So, meaning something cannot eliminate experience, rather speaking is an intentional action, it is a self-reflective action, it is a deliberate action, hence it is part of our thinking. So, intentional representation on intention based semantics, meaning is in fact connected with mind, but it is not disconnected with convention either. So, it is not disconnected. So, meaning is not entirely a kind of a intentional meaning is entirely intentional, so far as the relationship of intentionality with human mind is concerned and it is not entirely internal, it is intentional and not entirely internal. Meaning thereby, it is part of the convention, the practice, the uses of language. So, that is the linguistic form of life, the linguistic form of life is something which is important for Searle. So, Searle tries to show that meaning is internal as well as it is external. It is part of the convention, hence it is external. It is being imposed by an intentional mind by the speaker or the intentional mind of the speaker or an intentional subject, hence there is some kind of internality attached to it. Over and above to mean something is to experience the content of your statement. So, in that sense, the association of language or linguistic activities are part of the mental activities, but it is not entirely governed by the mental activities, it is certainly external. Searle does talk about the concept of background ability, which is a physical or a dispositional ability of the biological and it makes that intentional representation possible. The intentional representation is made possible through a non-intentional power, a non-intentional ability and what Searle calls the background ability. The background is biological. Searle says it is there in the mind, but we cannot completely characterize it as conscious or as a physical power. It is biologically evolved power because according to Searle, consciousness itself is being biologically evolved. So, Searle is not characterizing the conscious intentional attitude of human beings as something mental in a Cartesian sense, rather he wants to show that it is that physical capacity is a physical power, which makes intentional representation possible. So, he holds on to a physical ontology, but he also suggests that the normative element like commitment and obligation is not intrinsic to the physical ability of the brain, rather it is intrinsic to human consciousness. So, intentional representations particularly the linguistic representations, whether it is mental or it is in the form of language, whether it is in the form of thought or in the form of language or linguistic expressions. For Searle, the content is isomorphic. Then the normative element, which I am trying to bring in very briefly is to show that how human consciousness has kind of a deontic force, is a human consciousness has a deontic force, deontic power of human intentionality. A Searle would put it, the deontic power of human intentionality is important in this sense, because it is through this form of intentionality human beings have constituted institutions, human being have built up institutions. So, the creation of any institutions is possible with the help of this reflective attitude of intentionality or what Searle calls a self referential feature of intentionality. So, intentionality or intentional activities are self referential. In the case of speech act, whenever somebody is saying something, he means that, he experiences that. So, what is being desired to speak, what is being intended to speak by the speaker is being also experienced and it is that experiential component shows that intentionality or intentional activities are self referential activities. So, it is this self referential intentional act, it is this self referential act. So, it is this self referential intentional activities helps in formulating what Searle calls constitutive rules. The rules which are in this form called we mean x as y in the context c, x is meant as y in the context c. So, these are the rules which meant as y in the context c. So, this is what is the logical form of constitutive rules. So, it is through constitutive rules, institutions are formed. So, human normative activities is very much associated with the function of institutions. We consider p as promise which is been defined by an institutional structure that yes, this kind of statement will be considered as promise not as an order. So, it is the institutional which defines the meaning of the expression. So, meaning thereby is a rule governed activities. So, conventions are rule governed. Let me briefly talk about the literal meaning. The literal meaning determines the conditions absolutely in isolation, but literal meanings are vague and literal descriptions are always incomplete. Gator precision and completeness are added by supplementing literal meaning with collateral assumptions and expectations. So, Searle does the importance to literal meaning. This is literal meaning in themselves are incomplete. Hence, intentional semantics need to be bring into the discourse of meaning. So, the linguistic, so the development of linguistic categories and the ability, the intentional abilities of human beings are to be taken into consideration. And for that we need to talk about the conventions, the uses of particular concepts or categories and experience that is experiencing the meaning of the statement and which is very much part of an conscious, intentional attitude of the speaker. And I have already talked about self-reflexivity or self-referentiality that how we do, we modify certain things, how do we formulate a constitutive rules. So, and we have already discussed about the structural isomorphism. So, in that context we have also referred to how meaning is external that is how do we behave linguistically in the world. So, the linguistic field is an intentional field. It is a field which is connected to the mind. Mind is not in isolation because mind is experiencing things. The speaker is also an experiential subject. So, language and mind are very neatly connected. They are connected with the principle of intentionality. Hence, in the discourse of intentional based semantics we cannot rule out the significance of mind and consciousness. With this I conclude the discourse on intention based semantics. Thank you.