In tutorial 1 we have seen very basic problems related to the steam methane reforming and other hydrogen production methods. So, these were like very preliminary knowledge about the what type of problems can be there associated with the course. Now let us with that background let us see in this second tutorial some more problems these are more detailed problems. Let us look at the problem the problem statement is that in a steam methane reforming reaction the feed gas composition is provided so these are the different species which are present in the natural gas. So, in the earlier problem we have considered only methane being present now we know that natural gas is a mixed composition with methane primarily in major constituent but then there can be other constituents as well. So, here we have taken other constituent to be ethane carbon dioxide nitrogen and let us assume that the steam to carbon ratio which is given in the process is 3. So, steam to carbon ratio is provided to be 3 and the exit gas temperature is 900 degree centigrade and pressure is 20 bar. So, different equilibrium constants are provided temperature here T represented is in degree centigrade and what we have to do is we have to calculate the exit gas composition after the two reactions first steam methane reforming and then water gas shift reaction. Now let us do this problem. So, the first reaction that will occur is SMR and the second reaction will be water gas shift. So, it is given in the problem that steam to carbon ratio is 3. So, using that if we now calculate the carbon in the natural gas so we have methane in which the carbon is 0.95 mole percent is given in ethane which is 0.03 into 2 C2H6 and also into the carbon dioxide which is 0.01. So, a total this all makes up a total of 1.02 moles. Now if carbon to steam ratio which is given to be 1 is to 3 provided that it is 1.02 mole percent of carbon. So, the steam is 3 times of this which makes it to be 3.06 mole percent for steam. Now there are two assumptions here nitrogen we know it is remaining unreacted in the process and we will assume here that the ethane remains is completely reacted in the reaction. So, to solve this problem let us first write the species what is present at the inlet and what is present at the outlet. So, methane which is given to be 0.95 let us assume that in the outlet stream the unreacted methane is X ethane C2S6 which is 0.03 mole percent we assume that it is completely reacted CO2 0.01 that we will find out N2 given is 0.01 it is not consumed in the reaction what are we have just now seen it is 3.06 what comes out at the exit that we will find out CO initially the initial mole percent was 0. Let us assume that on reaction it is Y for H2 initially it was 0 and then we will find out how much is there so these are the entries that we need to fill in the table. Now we will solve this problem using materials balance those who are from chemical engineering background they will be well versed with solving such problems but for we will be solving this this is a simple problem but little lengthier one what we will be doing is we will be doing material balance and specifically atomic balance for each of these constituents. Now if we do the material balance we start with the carbon balance what we say is whatever is entering or being generated is equal to whatever is leaving coming out. Now if we start with the carbon balance the carbon present at the inlet side is 1.02 that we have found and that is equal to if we see the two reactions again here. So now what is leaving is unreacted methane so this is what is arising from the methane side X then ethane it is completely consumed so 0 for ethane. Now we have CO which is we have represented by Y the term arising from CO and then the term arising from CO2 let the CO2 output we will find from this carbon balance. So the CO2 at the output side at the outlet can be represented as 1.02 minus X minus Y. So this is one of the entry that we can fill here 1.02 minus X minus Y. Now the second material balance we will do will be for oxygen if we do for oxygen balance again the same whatever is entering or generation equal to coming out. Now from the CO2 side it is 0.02 in the reaction which is entering with water it is associated so it is 3.06 on the product side associated with CO it is Y this is an atomic balance that we are doing it is also associated with CO2 CO2 we have just now calculated as 1.02 minus X minus Y so we will substitute for that and there are 2 moles so 1.02 minus X minus Y that is arising from the CO2 reactant what in water also that oxygen content is there. Now if with this oxygen balance we can find out the H2O which is coming out and that comes out to be 1.04 plus 2X plus Y. So in this table we have got the second entry which is that H2O coming out 1.04 plus 2X plus Y. Now the third material balance we will do for hydrogen so from methane hydrogen methane it is 0.95 in the reactant side and there are 4 hydrogen atoms to it so 0.95 into 4 this is arising from the methane in the reactant then there is ethane present on the reactant side so from ethane the mole fraction of it is 0.03 and then there are 6 atoms in ethane there are 6 atoms then it is coming from water 2 water molecules reacting to 3.06 2 hydrogen atoms which are coming from water and the amount which is leaving that is corresponding to the unreacted methane X amount of unreacted methane there are 4 hydrogen atoms in the methane so 4 acts plus there is water 2 times 1.04 plus 2X plus Y. This is hydrogen is having 2 atoms and hydrogen we have already found the content of it 1.04 plus 2X plus Y and that is along with the hydrogen coming out in the reaction. Now if we solve this then we can write it as and that will give us the amount of hydrogen coming out and this corresponds to 8.02 minus 8X minus 2Y so we will fill in this entry for hydrogen 8.02 minus 8X minus 2Y so now we have found the corresponding mole fraction of the species which are coming out in the process. Now our aim is here to find out what are the values of X and Y to find this so we have 2 unknowns and now we will be using the 2 known equations for finding these values of X and Y it is given in the problem that the equilibrium constant for the reforming reaction is given by exponential 24.383 minus 15415405 divided by the temperature and the temperature is also given in the problem to be 900 degree centigrade. So we can find the reforming equilibrium constant and when we substitute this T equal to 900 degree centigrade we get a value of so this exponential is exponential of 7.26 and that comes out to be 1426.957 so this is one value we have got and similarly we can get the equilibrium coefficient for shift reaction. So provided from the correlation the value for shift is exponential 2299 divided by temperature minus 2.79 when we substitute again temperature equal to 900 degree we get that value as 0.7901. So now we have 2 unknowns and we have 2 equations that we will be using how we will frame those equations we will be framing those equations according to the definition of equilibrium constant. So equilibrium constants these 2 equations these values we will be substituting in the definition for the equilibrium constants and then we will be getting. So let us do 1 by 1 let us first use for the reforming reaction the equilibrium constant so it is the partial pressure corresponding to the product side CO upon the standard pressure into the partial pressure for hydrogen which is one of the product upon the standard pressure raised to the stoichiometric coefficient. So the reaction was CH4 plus H2O giving CO plus 3H2. So the product is CO it is partial pressure, partial pressure of hydrogen and the stoichiometric coefficient raised to the stoichiometric coefficient divided by the reactant side. So the partial pressure of methane over the standard pressure, partial pressure of water divided by the standard pressure raised to the stoichiometric coefficient 1 and similarly we can do this for the shift reaction. So shift reaction CO plus H2O giving CO plus H2O so the partial pressure of the product side CO over standard pressure, partial pressure for hydrogen similarly for the reactant side CO sorry CO2 this is CO2 and for hydrogen. Now these are the two equations whose values we have already found so for this particular problem the reforming equilibrium constant we have found to be 1426.957 and for shift reaction we have found this value to be 0.7901. Now we will be substituting for the partial pressure in these equations to solve this problem. Now let us find out the partial pressures from the table which we have now filled the entries. So we have now the species known here and now we will be utilizing the Dalton's law for finding the partial pressure. So this is the species which we have got and now we can find also the mole fraction from here. So mole fraction we can calculate for each of these species let us tabulate that separately so that we can use these for the finding the x and y values. So now if we try to tabulate these again using the mole fractions then we can say that the species entering, leaving and the mole corresponding mole fraction we can find. So the methane on the reactant side 0.95 on the product side x ethane 0.03 mole percent completely reacted carbon dioxide 0.01 this was given in the problem and we have found that its content is in the outlet side is 1.02 minus x minus y. For nitrogen this remains unreacted it was 0.01 it remains 0.01 for water we have found it is 3.06 and then at the outlet side it is 1.04 plus 2x plus y. For CO carbon monoxide initially it was 0 we have assumed its concentration its mole percent to be y on the product side H2 initially 0 and we have found it to be 0.8.02 minus 8x minus 2y and that total contributes to 4.06 entering moles mole percent and then it is what is leaving 10.09 minus 6x minus y. Now we can find out the mole fraction corresponding to each of these species by dividing what we have got at the output divided by the total number of moles.  So this is the mole fraction yi is mole fraction. Now we know the relationship partial pressure is equal to mole fraction times the total pressure and total pressure is given in the problem to be 20 bar. Now substituting these individual mole fractions in the equilibrium constant in terms of the partial pressure. So partial pressure will be given by partial pressure will be for any species i which could be CO, CH4 or CO2 or water we can write the partial pressure in terms of the mole fraction for that species and the pressure total pressure which is 20 bar. So yi into 20 and that we will substitute in the using the table here. Now if we substitute for K reforming the equilibrium constant for the reforming where we have just now seen it is the ratio of the partial pressure for CO for hydrogen raised to the power 3. Similarly for methane reactant side the two reactants and steam. Now if we substitute these values now the standard pressure is taken as 1 bar. If we substitute all these values from the in terms of the mole fraction which is nothing but yi times the total pressure the denominator for each of these is 1. So partial pressure for CO is given by the mole fraction for CO times the total pressure that is 20. Similarly the mole fraction for hydrogen into 20 raised to the power 3 mole fraction for methane, mole fraction for hydrogen again we can take out that 20 out. So that remains is 20 to the power 2 and then the corresponding mole fractions for CO, hydrogen, methane and water. Let us substitute those values. So mole fraction for CO we can use from here y divided by 10.09 minus 6x minus y for the CO for hydrogen 8.02 minus 8x minus 2y divided by 10.09 minus 6x minus y whole raised to the power 3 stoichiometric coefficient. Denominator for methane x divided by 10.09 minus 6x minus y and the last term for water this is given by 1.04 plus 2x plus y divided by 10.09 minus 6x minus y. Now this we need to solve this is one equation that we will be getting we can further write it as we can simplify it to write this is whole cube divided by the denominator x 1.04 plus 2x plus y and 10.09 minus 6x minus y whole square. So this is another equation which we have let us write it as equation number 4. Same way we will be using for the shift reaction the equilibrium constant for the shift reaction there we have written the partial pressure for CO2 for hydrogen with the divide by the reactants partial pressure for CO and water and this value we have already calculated to be 0.7901. Now let us again substitute the value for the mole fraction.   Now again we will use all these mole fraction from the table. So for CO2 the mole fraction is given by this let us substitute that. So for the CO2 the mole fraction was 1.02 minus x minus y divided by 10.09 minus 6x minus y. For hydrogen it is 8.02 minus 8x minus 2y divided by the same denominator we will substitute that 8.02 minus 6x minus y divided by 10.09 minus 6x minus y. Similarly for CO this is y divided by the same denominator 10.09 minus 6x minus y and for water that is 1.04 plus 2x plus y and the denominator is same. We also have total pressure for both the terms which gets cancelled out and that gives us 1.02 minus x minus y, 8.02 minus 6x minus 2y divided by y 1.04 plus 2x plus y and that is equal to 0.7901. So these are the two equations, the equation number 4 and equation number 5 that we need to solve simultaneously. So the two equations that we need to solve is y 8.02 minus 8x minus 2y whole cube 410.09 minus 6x minus y whole square x 1.04 plus 2x plus y and that value was equal to the reforming constant that was 1426.957. This is the equation number 4 rewritten here 1.02 minus x minus y, 8.02 minus 8x minus 2y divided by y times 1.04 plus 2x plus y and that value is equal to 0.7901. So that is again the equation number 5 being rewritten. Now we can see that these are polynomial equations that with fractions and that needs to be solved to find for the x and y. So we have two equations and two unknowns. So we need to solve that, it is little difficult to solve it. We can use excel to solve and find out, we can use solver to solve and find out and if we solve that we can find out that the value of x comes out to be 0.18335 and the value of y comes out to be 0.64025. So these can be easily solved by putting a value for x and y and then later on changing that value of x and y so that we can get very closer to these solutions. Now if we put these values of x and y which we have just now found using these equations, in that case we can write down for the different species the amount of amount entering, amount leaving and the mole fraction for the various constituents in the reaction. For methane let us say it is 0.95 that was given, if we substitute the value of x, it is 0.1833 and then we can find the later the mole fraction. For ethane that initially was 0.03 mole percent and that completely reacted so the at the output the mole fraction was 0. CO2 it was given to be 0.01 and substituting the values we have found it is 0.19639 for nitrogen this remain unreacted to 0.01 for water 3.06 we have found and then substituting the different values we get 2.04696 the values of x and y in the earlier table for CO initially it was 0, hydrogen it was initially 0. Now substituting x and y we can get it to be 0.64025 for hydrogen 5.272 and then if we do a total of it then at the exit this comes out to be 8.3496 so mole percent divided by the total number of moles will give us the mole fraction. So if we divide 0.1833 for methane with the total number of moles we get it to be 0.02195 this is the mole fraction of the unreacted methane in the outlet gas stream same for carbon dioxide it is 0.02352 that is the carbon dioxide left after the reaction for nitrogen for water 0.245 for CO 0.07668 and hydrogen 0.6315. So this is the mole fraction or this is the mole percent in the product gas this is the gas composition which was required in the problem and this is the corresponding mole fraction of each of the constituent present in the outlet gas stream. So this is one of the problem a little detailed one that we have solved today. Thank you.


I came prepared this time. I'm full and ready to go.  It may be not your entire life, but today Just gonna hang out here and sip on my coffee I think we need to get a new coffee machine because ours is blowing up so to speak and See if any people come in here and talk to me the title is gonna turn people off and they're gonna click away And they're gonna go away and find some happier subjects But I don't care if I only get one or five people in here if it makes a difference because I just did my Instagram on this Hi Cheryl Good afternoon my friend This is exactly my Instagram, and I probably could have just transferred my Instagram over here Good afternoon Roberta With her little sweet purple heart, but I feel like talking so I am coming over here to talk Because I mean business kids Cheryl Roberta you guys have your water the eight of you who are here. Do you have your water? Look what I have in my hot little hands I'm gonna see if I can get at least 20 people in here, and then I'm gonna give you What's on my mind if you already saw on my Instagram? Stick around anyways. I Have my tickets for Thursday for what? Puerto Rico your heart's devotion Back in the ocean Going by myself. Good job Cheryl Steve has to work late. He wants to see it Lord knows I'm gonna want to see it several times because I'm gonna give a chance I hope all you other West Side Story lovers will at least give it a chance Before giving it the big kabush Hi, Susan. Thank you so much. Happy anniversary to you Hope your husband remembered because mine didn't Hi, honey. Good evening. Good evening. All right. Let's see.  That's great that you went to the meeting That's families. What was the subject? I'm curious to know I never keep up on the subjects when I don't attend the meetings when I started attending them again I don't know All right, I'm gonna put on a little lipstick. Thank you Roberta 13 years.  Uh, it's cold But I'm not gonna close the windows because I need the fresh air and I want you a reason to wear this scarf Scarf is special to me We're gonna start talking about what I need to talk about right now And while it's a sad subject It's a subject that needs to be heard And I really need you guys to listen to me And realize that it's part of life and we can't just ignore it. We can't just sweep it under the rug Well in my case, there's lots of stuff swept under my rug But hang out and just you don't have to say anything. You don't have to agree disagree It could be a moot point to you. I don't care, but please listen I have been saying since the middle of the pandemic. I've been saying it here when it came on. I've been saying it to my friends That this pandemic has affected us I would say 85 percent of us More than we are aware of that we give it credit for And that we need to pay attention to that What I'm asking you guys is if you I did this so much better on my instagram Hi cat. Hi honey We need to talk later because I need things from you Regarding Las Vegas.  All right, I'm gonna stick with my subject now If you see someone or you know someone Super well You know them so well inside and out Or maybe you don't know them at all. Maybe they just work in the mail room At your office building Or maybe it's the spouse of someone you know of but you're not so close with the spouse I don't care who it is If it's anybody and you have it in your heart and you have it in your personality I totally understand that you have to have a certain personality To approach people to be able to talk to people to know what to say or try to know what to say If they look like they're having a tough time Scope out the situation for starters Keep an eye on them as much as you can And ask them if there's anything you can do to help or just say hey Just start it with hey, how you doing? You don't have to go come here sit down in this chair I need to talk to you about your mental health and see if we need to get you to a psychiatrist Because I'm scared for you because you're depressed and you've been depressed since the pandemic and Oh, so many people are depressed from the time I what I'm trying to say is I would leave it to you and how you would handle it But I'm asking with all my heart and soul that you guys would be aware of the people around you Whether they're your people or not. They don't have to be your people. They could be related to your people They could be around your people I had a friend um growing up and his name was bill and bill Um, I wasn't gonna say his name. Why did I say his name? Well, there's a lot of bills, right? My first husband's name was bill In early high school We met We dated for a little bit and then we realized we were better friends because we were both really headstrong We came really really good friends.  This is a man. I'm talking about that was loved by many many many people He gave this to me many many years ago. I forgot I even had it And when I got that phone call last night, I remembered that I had this and I put it on this morning No, I put it on last night and I've had it on all morning couple people in all the talks on facebook and whatnot have said That he seemed down, but oh, you know, he was he was him nobody was like worried or whatnot And Uh now he's gone and none of us get to see him ever again. We never get to see this Fabulously good-looking egotistical funny A talented musician Who I loved with all my heart again And I think from what I hear from what I gather from the people who are still were still in touch with him If one of them and if I was still around he moved out of our town that we grew up in I'm still kind of near it. He's further I think if one person would have Said hey, let's go grab a cup of coffee and let's go grab a beer. Let's go grab something He'd still be here. It's my understanding that He called somebody yesterday And that somebody varied like we all do Like we all do Said hey, I have to I'm doing something Can I get back to you in 10 to 20? We all do it. It's life They called him back in that 10 to 20 and there is no answer because he was gone Who knows what would have happened if he was able to take that call So I'm not here for sympathy and I am not here for oh, we're so sorry Anita Even though I know that you are so you don't have to say it. I know all you guys I know what's in your heart and I thank you for that What I'm here is to ask you to be aware Of the people around you because this thing is no joke It's no joke and it's not over It's no joke And it's not over be aware you guys please be aware and you know what If you catch on to something or someone who's having some trouble And you're able to help even in the minutest way They will be so grateful for you they're grateful for you already because they know you And they're lucky to know you I just think there needs to be more awareness of those around us and what they may be Going through because you know it's it's kind of not funny We all we could say like you guys that know me would say We wouldn't be surprised if if need a Harmed herself. I would never harm myself In other words, you guys know that I'm going to do presence So if something happened to me because of my mental health You guys likely would not be surprised. I think that's a fair statement Because I put my depression out there, which I'm good now. I'm not depressed. I'm sad. There's difference So I'm good my state of mind. I'm okay you guys But I got to get this word out there. Please be aware of the people around you Because that one minute two minutes three minutes four might make Or save a life I know I sound like I'm on my soapbox or something. You know what? I don't care Because if it saves anybody if my getting on here and saying this Makes anybody more aware It's worth it.  Oh gosh, you know, he spent more time in the bathroom doing his hair than I did It was very handsome And all the girls loved him. I loved him but as a sister And I hadn't seen him in a long time and I saw a picture of him yesterday and he had lost his hair And he had gained a couple pounds and he was always that guy Who Fetched people on those things He wasn't mean or anything, but it made a difference and I had to laugh when I saw the picture of him I'm like, look at you billy boy. I don't have any hair And you're not me and you at weight wise. We're kind of the same now, aren't we? He used to love to uh, he and his wife His first wife who is a dear friend of mine and my heart breaks for her as well as his current wife Since I was heavy and when we'd all go to the parties and we'd all go out and we'd go party You know the thin girls they put on their long thigh high boots and you know, they'd be all Anybody in my age knows when I'm talking about who's in the rockin world I couldn't dress like that because it wasn't appropriate for a heavy body And he and his first wife would go out of their way because they lived with me They would go out of their way To do my makeup And dress me so that I fit in Felt better about myself and had a good time He was doing something for me He was always doing something for me just by being in my life He's not in my life anymore Be aware of people It's all I'm gonna say About this anymore. My friend is gone. There's lots of people gone I know other people who are listening to this have had to have lost people I don't see how if you haven't I'm so happy for you And their families Uh another person in our group from then passed away two months ago Uh a woman It's too much. It needs to stop and I think if we are aware like I'm asking like I'm begging We have a greater chance of it stopping So that's it I needed to get on here. I needed to say it. I hope somebody hears it kitty hears it. No, I'm kidding. No Yesterday was our anniversary Uh, Steve forgot our anniversary So I was kind of in a snip most of the day I imagined that and needed a snit That never happens I get to wear a scarf today. I get to wear my bill of scarf I don't even know why he bought this for me. I'm trying to remember. I mean he wasn't that kind of guy I bet it was for one of the outfits. He was putting me in to Go rock out We had some good times. Let me tell you, you know, let me go back and read and see if anybody's saying anything that I should be reading Susan I spoke to honey. We were bertha I'm 21 in Ohio. So cat baby cat baby. Thank you, honey Thank you, Cheryl Thanks you guys I'm sorry Susan You know what? I'm okay, and I appreciate your prayers pray for his he has some um Uh, I guess he had some nieces that he was really close to he couldn't have kids Um, that was another fun night at the hospital with him something happened and then we found out he couldn't have kids So he he really doted on his nieces and nephews So pray for them pray for his brothers pray for his wife Pray for his ex-wife Um, let me go back. I missed I scrolled Sheila says vasctech. I'm sorry. I don't know what that means Honey says can I add that suicidal people very often look and sound better happier More together right before they take their lives. It is because the decision brings them peace Okay, I have a complete goosebumps honey because You the things that you say I don't know what you do for business I know you're on the other side of the pond.   I don't claim to be anybody's doctor I'm trying to save some lives here and if one person one piddly little old lady Who lives in sinney valley, california and likes to get on the youtube and talk is can do that Or at least get the word out there.  I'm gonna do it Sorry But if that's the worst thing that can happen in your in your life today, you're doing okay Find somewhere where you can message me because I'm curious Uh, what else anything else interesting Okay, so let's move on anything interesting with you guys anything good anything maybe not so good anything You just want to talk about because you need to talk like I needed to talk I'm not gonna get dressed today. I don't feel like it But I look like I'm so presentable. Don't I? Hey Susan if cat accidentally dealt dealt she dealt Your comment.  It's gone I know I've done it You want to see the funny part about this scarf? Okay, so I have this lovely scarf on it just feels so good But look at guess who's on the shirt. I'm wearing Look at this. It's all fuzzy like in old days. Isn't that just the cutest thing a wardrobe revolves around the mouse Thank you, Suzanne Thank you I know it's nice. Hi, it's it's just comfy. I think I may never take it off except a shower, which I do need Marilyn Hi Anita just joined not sure what's going on but late at happy anniversary. Thank you, Marilyn We went out. We had um Mexican food He brought me some beautiful flowers.  Everybody you have your water if you've gotten here late If you've gotten here late, I have a friend who took his life yesterday And my message here is that I would like everybody to keep an eye on everybody Did the pandemic is not over the effects of it are not over Uh, it has I've been doing pretty good with the us. Haven't I? Hey, look at me go I just need people to be aware of the people around them I really just I really do Thank you Brenda. I'm sorry to hear about my friend too He was a piece of work And I loved him so much I love really hard in case you guys haven't noticed. Oops. Sorry. Sorry about that Did I tell you guys we're gonna go to las vegas in may and see jim agaaf again for my sixth gift? But oh my gosh you guys the um Though those are so expensive in that at that time of year right now. They're like totally doable, but Holy cow Steve's gonna have to get a couple more jobs You're here. Oh my gosh, I was talking about you in my last live where your ear is turning Or burning And I saw your beautiful display on facebook at your Uh, uh, is it called a gallery like an art gallery? Oh such beautiful. Where is my friend? You guys go over to barba pasx Uh Channel still got a little bit of this Going on here. Don't worry. I'm okay Yeah, they they were beautiful I wish I could hang one of your pictures in every single one of my rooms Carol epidemic has changed the world. You are right. I needed my friend and I were just saying the same thing None of us really know what this has done to our mind and body Thank you for this Anita. Thank you Carol for thanking me Because you hit the nail on the head like honey did earlier.  I need her. Okay. That was a slip of the tongue I wish she could be sitting over here in my Little sofa that apparently Because let's be honest here after I got the phone call last night. I poured a heavy drink in Apparently I ate a whole bunch of cashews because I got cashews all over my couch Oh, well, I got my good fats in Thank you barber. It's because I'm wearing my my scarf I'm pretending I'm wearing all it. It's really easy you guys Put a little lippie on grab one to make sure you have earrings on Put a scarf or some kind of a coat room or accessory on And just fake it It is lovely to see barbara isn't it? Hi Jackie I've been on the youtube community more than I was and I am coming back. Thank you so much. That makes me feel good I told steve, you know, we got to get rolling do some cook with knees and different things You know what if did if Brenda say she's not getting her notifications I don't get my notifications for anybody that I watch Come back in sometimes it works sometimes not so much. I think it's a major glitch with youtube This is the cutest mug. I know I showed it to you guys, but I just have to show it to you again I'm trying to think of things to talk about if any of you guys can think of anything to talk about just for a few minutes I would appreciate it because that steve's not gonna be home four two three a couple hours I don't feel like sitting here by myself all so much Okay, you got him susanne. You got him No notifications. Isn't that? Yes, barbara. I decided this year. Thank you jackie Um, I decided this year that I'm not going to do the kitchen just because We're not having like Steve and I were talking and I talked about this in my last video too Why are we going to go all out to decorate when he and I are the only ones that are going to see it? Like for instance the thing this that we do every year um You guys can't see it on the camera, but on the top and on the bottom There's like a milla milla Something up there where we can see the painting underneath it So steve was like oh, I'm gonna fix it and I'm like wait time out here brother time out Why we're the only ones that look at it every day? So we went minimal this year. This room is decorated and I'm extremely happy with it all over every time he comes over Nana, please do the kitchen and I'm like all over babe. It's just I'm not this year Okay, I've done it every year since you lived with me this year. You live with your daddy.  We can But I just don't have the energy to do the kitchen this year And I'm glad we did this room because I'm never in the kitchen either.  I don't know Brenda says I put my four foot pink tree up this year It looks nice. It makes me feel better. Oh, I wish I could see it. That's one thing about youtube. I wish I could see things Fall stuff still fall Barbara You're good Hi, Marco. I didn't see you come in. You didn't ring the doorbell. It's a story. So sorry. Oh, thank you, honey I think it needs to be talked about. Don't you? I know you agree with me I know out of everybody whole entire world that you agree with me Um, I all of you guys agree with me. Just some of us are a little more vocal than others See, Marianne has follow-up too Oh, thank you, Suzanne Christmas water tumbler. I didn't get a Christmas water tumbler, but I got this one and I totally dig it I love it. It's just like so beautiful. Give me florals. I wonder why I never had florals in my first life. I know I say my first life which can be confusing to some Hello sparkly Susan I thank you. That's quite the compliment And that's all that's behind it Right, if you don't want to listen to what I have to say not you use sparkly Susan Put anybody out there in the big world who happens upon me on youtube Don't listen move on do something else I'm hungry that I haven't eaten anything today. I'm under eating you guys I'm acutely under eating. It's like I wait till I'm so hungry and then I'll have a yogurt Put put out one or two things a day on youtube charen Um, Andy sent you over to me. He's always sending people over to me. I love it I love it. She needs to stay motivated this week. She had a tough week You know and when she was building it up. I'm like, oh my god.  I was like Bolting myself here She heard hey, yeah, it was high any of us who had that would have been the way she was But it wasn't nearly as bad as she made it out to be So I have to get dressed Sharon. Do you guys care if I get dressed for my cook with me? I like my pajama bottoms. I'm just at one with them Isn't it cat? I think you should have one too Cindy and I got these when she was here and her main color of her florals were purple because purple is her favorite color At least I think it is I buy her everything purple. So if it wasn't her favorite color It is now Thank you, honey. I'm comfortable man. I'm so comfortable. My jammy bottoms are comfy my top. You can't get comfier than than these dudes You just can't But this would probably keep falling in whatever I make so maybe I'll have to do something crock-pop for like a a five minute five minute video It is so lovely to see her. Isn't it? It's like when she comes in before she even says anything We should know she's here because she just her aura Gets here before she does Thank you, Susan. I know I was saying in my last video that I need a 12 step program for tumblers This one's got so many this though is mine and for anybody who has tumblers Galar like this chick you can go on amazon and buy these Excuse me, and they have Yeah, that's a good question. Barbara. Where is lou? Lou if you watch this later Jimmy oh shoot Okay, we got a message from jimmy. He gave us a message. It was there I have to go on amazon and get the little plastic doohickeys that keep your earrings on because I already lost this one Twice at dinner last night A video on my tumblers susanne, you know, I always forget that I don't have to be like overly entertaining or Educational or helpful that I can just sit I'm writing it down right now tumblers I'm gonna make a list of things that you guys give me tumblers and what's the other thing I collect in there I love amazon too. You need it. You got it But yeah, I need those little plastic doohickeys so because these my old holes I told them my story about how my ears are repaired a million times And sadly, it's effect how my ears stay or leave My for those of you who didn't hear the story the cliff note is I got my ear pierced when we lived in hawaii by an old hawaiian doctor Who worked out of his office in his home?  Who did my mom put in that chair first? Was it this sister? No Because she never had to was it that sister? No Let's let need to try it first because he didn't have the gun like they do now It was a needle with a string And he stuck it in there and pulled the string through Tighten out in it And so then I had to continue to I did that too Barbara, but this was when I was a little girl and we kept having to do the string So the angle in which he did it and where he did it This one, especially my earrings are always falling down. Why am I boring you people with this nonsense? An old hawaiian doctor pierced my ears. Oh, but here's the I can never say peace. They were resistance Just did Uh, do you think that sister one sister two or mother went ahead and got their ears pierced? I my second hole is Barbara. I don't think I used a potato. I don't remember what I used I think I used I probably used A joint And some alcohol I have no recollection I was a rather end of youth. I'm sorry. It's who I am. It's who I was All right, so I'm gonna write that down with the tumblers. I need to do some Cooking This water tastes so good. It's full of ice Lemon and the water make it good you guys. I know so many of you hate your water Has anybody seen the redheaded nurse by the way? Um Just make it taste good refreshing I had to be held down for the second year. It jolly well was not painless like they said so it's a bit wonky I hear you mine are all wonky Everything's wonky That's why we got along so well. Cheers. I take a short walk today. I did I I can totally honest Cross my heart hope to die No, not yet Susan. Not yet. I'll get there when I can get there, but no Clothes pins I've never heard of clothes pins. I think we might have used apples We used apples for a lot of things not that I condone it let you know don't you know But sometimes if you didn't have something that you needed for something you'd had to use an apple and it was very refreshing We were talking about ear piercing barber. So what how would the clothes pin work? I don't know how that would work Somebody explain it to me, please Yes, Amy is back on wwe the last yeah, I know but she hasn't been online for like A couple weeks Brenda, what did you use your apples for might I ask?  And then stick something in there and did you do that? My bill who's gone we did that I pierced a friend's ear in high school with a safety pin and an orange. Eww an orange Barber are you catching are you catching what I'm throwing down?  I go out to get yes. I told I told instagram. I didn't tell you guys Somebody broke into our mailboxes and three Of my Christmas presents for Steve.  Thank you It's kind of like, you know what it is. What should we name it? It's it's grief laughter is what it is. It's grief laughter But we're saying oh so anyways One of the things that really pisses me off Is that two of the items were personalized So unless the people who stole my items know a guy named steve That sits on the couch with a dog named kitty. It's all gonna end up in a dumpster. I'm so mad Amy was live on february november 26. So yeah, that's what I said two weeks, right? I don't know where she's been I messaged her but everyone heard back from her. I just hope everything's okay and she's just taking a break That's probably the case She does that she and I are like that. We don't have neither of us. I don't think have ever really been like on a Schedule as more I would say we either come in And never leave for months every day talking talking talking or we just kind of hop in every now and then There's the mailman. I should run out and get my mail before to All right, the mail was stolen in broad daylight you guys All right Everybody's split and so I must be boring you so I'm gonna go pour Something else. I'm gonna watch below deck. I'm gonna drink my water I need to find a piece of cheese or a yogurt or something to eat because I have not eaten today But I needed to get that message out keep an eye on the people around you Whether they're your people or not your people somebody else's people And if it's somebody else's person But you know that person bring it to their attention So they can keep an eye on them Because we can't lose any more people from this pandemic be it at their own hand The pandemic itself. You're right Barbara. I am Love you guys so much. Thank you for listening If anybody wants to give me a thumbs up Look at honey. I love you guys Hugs to you all and I'll probably what day is it today? If if I don't see you before west side story you can Count on all fingers and toes that you'll see me afterwards Because we're gonna give it a chance people I've already listened to the soundtrack a few times and laid on my bed and cried just because It captures my heart


CB2 is one of the most abundant, one of, not necessarily the most, receptors on our immune cells. So there is an incredible role of the endocannabinoid system in regulating immune function and autoimmune conditions and whatnot, and we know that immune system is integrally involved with how cancer develops, how it spreads. Oftentimes cancer is tricking our immune system to do its dirty work for it, bringing in cells that promote the growth of new blood vessels, promote the, you know, invasion of these cells into different forms. And once again, when we activate the CB2 receptor, we see a quelling of this immune response, and we see sort of a disabling of some of cancer's mechanisms by which it can be so aggressive.


when I did my first professional job on Broadway called first by about Jackie Robinson, first black ball player, Ida Gress. Who? But you had to write your bio. I had no credits, because it was my first professional job. And I do not remember writing this, but at one point he says, you know, David has, you know, he has an MFA from Yale. He's done wine in the wilderness at the lab theater at Ann Arbor.  There barely were comedy clubs at that time. But you know, 81, 80, yeah, but the comedy boom had started. Got it, got it, got it, got it.  And so then that became something, I think I want to try this. And so I just put it on my, I put it on my bio. Damn it, it's so funny. Yeah, I had no, I had no. And you still didn't do stand-up for a long time, right? No, because I was acting. And what happened was I met Robert Townsend. We did soldiers story together. Oh, he was in the movie, right? He shared a honey wagon. Now you're a comic, so you appreciate this. Robert and Denzel were really good friends, but I thought Robert Townsend was the funniest, most brilliant person I'd ever seen. He came in and we shared a honey wagon, which is like a half of a trailer. It's not even the size of this space. Right, so we were there together. And he was doing this material. He was doing mo money. He was doing all of it. And then at one point I was like going, oh my God. He has like 17 routine, I was just rolling. And he goes, oh yeah, that's my friend Damon. That's his routine. Oh, he was doing other people stuff. Yeah, yeah, yeah, but he would claim it. He wasn't like, I wrote that. But still, and I was not of the comedy world. I was just amazed. I remember we drove on a day off from Soldier's Story. Robert and I, we drove, we were in Fort Smith, Arkansas in 1983, so they changed the movies. There's one movie theater. They changed the movie once a month. We were there for three and a half months. We drove to Tulsa, I think, as a road trip, just to see movies. You were shooting like on a barrack somewhere? Yes, Fort Smith, Fort, yeah, Fort Smith, Arkansas, Fort Chaffee. That's the name of the base that we were on. While we were there, Robert says, okay, we're gonna go to this comedy club and see my friend Larry Miller. And you know, I'd seen Bill Cosby when I was 12, but to sit in that club, Halffield Club, and Larry, my experience then was like, how is he talking for an hour? Yeah.  There's no character, he's thinking it up on the spot. Like I didn't know the process. I just was amazed, like how can you do this? And it's funny, and you're holding my attention. And then, you know, Robert was like, no, that's his act. You know, he was like, what is your, what do you respect more at this point, stand up for acting? It's not respect, it's how I define myself. Well, okay. At the end of the day, I've always defined myself as an actor, personally. I did stand up for a long time. Quite as it's kept, I've quit stand up, but I just didn't, yeah, I didn't make an announcement. Just because I felt I was done. David, we're all feeling it. I know, I know. I mean, when you're in a club and you're like, my sciatica is crazy. Guys, give it up for sciatica. No, I just felt like I didn't really have anything to say. Yeah. You know, I just wanted to do something else. But in that moment though, back to the Larry Miller thing, this was a whole new terrain. I'd seen Richard Pryor. And Richard Pryor was like one of my major idols. Sure. But I never looked into the mechanics of stand up until I started doing it. And when I started doing it is because I would hang out with Kenan, Robert and those guys. I was out here doing my first TV show like in 1985, 86, called All Is Forgiven. And that was created by the Charles brothers who just had done Cheers. Oh, wow. So I was at the Porsche dealership. I'm like, I'm going to be back in 10 days, man, because you remember this face, baby. Exactly. I remember our premiere. I think it was behind Cheers. We pulled a 20 million 20 million viewership. And the network was like, I showed one of the I showed one of the producers on the Carmichael's, the number. And he almost fainted. And still they were like, we just saw you do a little bump. You didn't really know. You know, I'd never really done stand up. I would do stand up to hang out with Robert and Kenan and those guys. So I started doing spots. Okay. But just for fun. I'd really, there's no longitudinal thinking that I'm going to get on this TV show. It's going to feed my road work and I'm going to do a special. No, I just thought it's fun. Because after a certain point, Robert and those guys said, you can't just hang out with us in comedy clubs and observe. You have to do comedy. They actually said like, hey, they kind of intervened. Like this is enough.  So we either do it or leave. It wasn't even your funny enough. Because it wasn't just you. It was also Eddie Murphy and Rock were around too, right? So it was like. Well, Chris, I'd met when I was in New York. Chris, I met him. What is the special Eddie did? And of Town Comedy Express. Boom. I met him right around there. Yes. And I lived right around the corner from Catcher Rising Star.  So I knew Chris a long time. Damon, anyway, Damon would go and do Stand Up Comedy. And I always looked down on it.  That's so sad. And he told me how much he made. Which I think at the time was like. Tell me more about the saloon. You think like 18,000, 25, something like that for two or three days. I'm like, what? Literally within 30 days. Hello, DC.  I did my spots and I got an agent and I started going out. And that changed my career for years because that will allow me a cushion to say no. Like I didn't have to play. Who is this dude in this James Spader movie? Radio. No, it was worse.  Meshack, Taylor type. Yeah, in Mannequin. Yeah, I remember they called for that. And I didn't have to because I started doing comedy and that allowed me to go make this other money. But I got burned out, man. I got burned out during in Living Color. I would take two weeks off. Then I would tour all summer until. And you're talking about like from probably May to August. Clubs, some theaters mixed in grinding. And I would take two weeks off at the end of summer and then I was back on the show. So I did that for like three or four years and I just started getting burned out. Like I wasn't my income jumped, but my happiness didn't jump. It was just a grind, man. And what is your inner life like? What do people, what are your loved ones, what negative things do your loved ones say about you? It was more or relationships. It was more me because it took a while for me to voice it because I was on a hit show. I was playing sold out clubs and stuff. I'd done Boomerang in 93. And I remember when I was heading to some place like Houston or something and my ticket sales just skyrocketed because Boomerang was a really big movie and all of that. But inside I just was tired.  It was fucking, yeah, man. So I was getting burned out.  And that was, that's not what I was getting yet. So there was always more and always questioning. I did not know in that moment if I was really going to get to the level that would shut me up. I don't think there is a level. Well, yeah, that's what I'm trying to think of. Like, did you get to the level that would shut me up? No, you know, lead in a movie. I always said my goal was like to be three movies deep.    Yeah, you say you don't know.  Oh, very few. You're very good friend Denzel. Yes, yes, yes. But back then he was probably the only black dude.  But that's where I was then. And I thought by the time I get to my age now, I thought I would be retired. I didn't think that they all thought you were. But we I didn't think people would really want me, you know. Well, it's funny to explain to I know it's funny to explain to people how like comedians in their fifties by this point, 30 years ago, we're doing Westbury like venues. You've never heard of like your parents would go to Westbury Music Fair, Westbury Music Fair. Like, yeah. And and like Cosby and Bob Newhart and all those guys and Don Rickles would be in that realm. But now like Dave, Chris, Kevin are doing arenas. Even Jim, like when Jim really blew up, I said, Jim, you should do a two day national tour. You should do one night in Yankee Stadium. Then you fly out and do one night at Dodger Stadium. And of course, Jim was at the same. No, he says, no, I want to be Robert DeNiro. Why would I do that? Yeah.  Well, again, that's like the disease of more and the disease of I want to be Hamlet. Everybody did you and did you ever did you reckon with it? Did you get to a point where you're like, all right, I have to. This is making me miserable. This makes me that miserable because like I said, I always worked. I always made money. Now, I didn't have a 40 million dollar deal at Netflix. But, you know, I was flush. I bought a house.  So also, there was no other avenue where I said, you know, and I'm going to bad groceries at Ralph's because it's more spiritual. No, I mean, this is what it was. And I figured I'd be retired. I did not take into account. You know, at my age, I've done my 10,000 hours.  I know who who are you. I'm an actor, man. I'm really comfortable. I'm a dad. I'm an accomplished performer. Hey, did you like that? Did you like that? Yeah, did you like it, though? You want more? Don't want to work? Would rather watch videos of me grab acid with people.  This is like when the weatherman says there's a high pressure system coming in. I'm not really used to the green screen.


It is the 5th of March 1973 and a truck is backing up to a mass grave. The people surrounding the open pit are going to see something that will go down in history. After the truck has backed up, it tips its flatbed and its frozen material slides into the ditch. Now as I describe this you might be thinking that this is a war crime. War crime no, but to me definitely a crime. But the people surrounding the ditch are witnessing is a mass burial, but not of people, instead it is over 29,000 frozen pizzas. The man overseeing it is Mario Fabrini. The rather flamboyant event is a statement of sorts, but we'll come back to that in a bit. My name is John, welcome to Plain Difficult and today we're looking at the great Pizza Funeral of Michigan. Pizza is my favourite food, it's delicious, and by mentioning it I've found a reason to cook one. Now as I make this pizza I'm going to talk about Mario Fabrini. He had left communist Yugoslavia and emigrated to the small Michigan USA town of Asenki. This was just after the Second World War. He was a bit of an entrepreneur, and to make some extra money he began making and freezing pizzas in his home for sale in local markets. His pizza business did do rather well, and within 10 years he had one of the country's most modern pizza factories. The company was called Papa Fabrini Pizzas, and the factory had the capacity to make several hundred thousand a week. The impressive growth of the company from cottage industry to fully fledged factory is really impressive. Mario definitely did do good. Although the final product rolled out of his factory, like most industries Mario's relied on a supply chain. Different suppliers produced the cheese, the flour, ingredients for the sauce, and even the toppings. One of which was mushrooms. Instead of fresh ones, like the ones you get off the vegetable aisle in the supermarket, Mario used tin ones. Nothing really wrong with that as it reduces the risk of waste and rotten batches. It has a longer shelf life which allows for better logistics planning, so pretty much all good. Mario's supplier, Tolono Pizza Products, got its mushrooms from the United Canning Company of East Palestine, Ohio. Yes, that one. A spanner would be thrown in the works for the pizza company when an odd defect was discovered on one of the United Canning Company's cans. Some were found to be bulging, which is a hint for some kind of contamination, which is definitely not good. The contents were sent off to the FDA, and the results were pretty bad. Botulism. So what is botulism? I mean, it kind of sounds like a medieval plague. It is a fatal illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium, clostridium, botulinum. Not good if it's in your food. Tolono Pizza Products were informed about the whole killer bacterium, who then told Mario. He would also be contacted directly by the FDA on February 19th, 1973, and told to recall his products, roughly around 30,000 pizzas. This had a street value of $60,000, with a cost price of $30,000. So Mario the Mad Lad he was decided to try and make some lemonade with the lemons he had been given, i.e. 30,000 useless frozen pizzas. Well, how about a mass funeral to show the public he was complying, and to make a little bit of publicity for his company? He set the date for the 5th of March 1973 and themed the occasion. Hundreds would attend, including William Millican, the governor of Michigan. The pizzas would still be in their wrappers and were poured into the 18 foot or 5.5 meter deep hole with four dump trucks. Mario then laid a reef in the colours of red and white. Now Mario didn't blame his supplier per se, but he did have to get his money back. Fabrini launched a $1 million lawsuit against United Canning and the Tolono Pizza Products Company. It was settled in 1979 for $211,000, but sadly the company would wind down a few years later. Now as a bit of salt in the wound, the initial FDA test results were overturned upon further investigation. You see the presence of botulism was tested via the use of lab mice, but the depths of the laboratory mice used in the test were confirmed to be from an unrelated illness. Well, that's just grand isn't it? At least we got a piece of funeral out of it. These are the plain difficult production. All videos on the channel, creative commas, attribution, share are like licensed. Plain difficult videos are produced by me, John, in the currently cold and wet corner of southern London UK. I have Instagram and a second YouTube channel, so check them out if you want to see other stuff I get up to. And also I have YouTube members and Patreon members, so thank you very much for your financial support. All that's left to say is thank you for watching and Mr Music, play us out please.


Teenager blamed for being parked in a disability spot even though she was there rightfully so. Yasmin Swift was just another teenager who had just graduated from high school and started working at a hair salon. Then, one day, she started feeling a bit different. She had strange symptoms such as swollen legs, stomach and eyes. Her first thought was that it was probably due to allergies, but actually it was something way worse than that. Yasmin thought, as most people would think that the swollen body was a reaction to some form of allergy. She then, logically, tried to prevent it with counter medications for stopping, or at least soothing, the allergy symptoms. Soon she realized that the medications were not helping. On the contrary, her state began to deteriorate even worse, because now she also felt exhaustion and shortness of breath. Yasmin's mom was very worried about Yasmin and she was pushing her to go visit a doctor from the very first symptom. Since the symptoms did not seem too scary to Yasmin, she decided to first try and figure it out on her own. Since the medications she thought would help did not do anything positive for her body, she knew it was time to take her mother's advice and go pay a visit to a doctor. When Yasmin finally listened to her mom's advice and went to the doctor, things took an unexpected turn. The doctor thought that she exhausted and that she needed some time off. So, after visiting the doctor, she took the advice to relax a bit and reduce stress. It is true that in a lot of cases this should help, but in Yasmin's case it just made her condition worse. Yasmin's conditions seriously deteriorated. Before her first symptoms she had had a pretty healthy lifestyle, which included going to the gym up to five times a week. But now, it was quite a struggle for her to go from one end of the room to another. Her breathing became heavy and her health deteriorated so much that it was clear that neither allergy nor exhaustion would have made her feel this bad. Yasmin became a regular visitor to the emergency room of the hospital. The hospital staff knew her by name. Though, despite her condition getting really bad, no one could diagnose her. They did numerous tests on her, but the results would only seem as if there was nothing seriously wrong with her. But her legs were still swollen and her breath was very short. She admits it was really scary to her when she realized that her symptoms did not go away, but they only got worse, whereas the doctors were telling her that nothing was wrong. Yasmin's mom was terrified with fear. She saw that her daughter went from an active young lady who used to go to the gym five times a week to a weak creature, barely able to go up the stairs. Yasmin was also losing weight despite the lack of physical activity. She had a really bad appetite and her mom admitted that she was scared that she was losing her daughter. Months had passed and there was still no answer to the question of why Yasmin is getting worse and worse. The situation started resembling some movie script with Yasmin as the lead actor in a drama suspense movie. She admitted that she was in a really bad place back in the days and the idea of her imagining it all also crossed her mind. It was difficult not to believe all the tests that came negative to various conditions. After almost a year of numerous testing the doctors finally figured out what was going on with Yasmin. She was suffering from idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension disease, which is a very rare condition. That was partially the reason why it had taken so long to diagnose it. Yasmin said that at the moment of finding out about the diagnosis she felt a bit relieved, since after a year of the countless tests she had finally gotten an answer. Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, IPH, is a lung disorder characterized by high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries. In this instance, idiopathic stands for the unknown cause of the pulmonary artery hypertension. Due to this disorder blood flows through the stiff and narrow pulmonary artery with greater heart pumping force and high blood pressure in the pulmonary artery damages both heart and lungs. After finding out what was happening with her own body Yasmin said, at one point it got really bad, I was constantly in and out of ND. The diagnosis was a relief at first, but now it's just difficult to live with. She had her medications and this meant that from that moment on she was literally attached to them all the time. It also meant that her life was about to change and she had to get used to it. The cause of the condition is unknown, so there was no way to prevent it, she just had to accept it. After Yasmin got on her medications her quality of life improved a bit. But being on these medications was not so easy to handle. Yasmin had an intravenous drip attached to herself all the time, even while showering and sleeping. The drip had a pump which helped the medications circulate her body and lower the pressure her heart created in the artery. Yasmin had to prepare the cassette of medications every 48 hours. She and her mom and are the only ones in Kent who were trained how to do this properly. At first it took Yasmin about one hour to prepare cassettes, but later on she managed to reduce this time to 45 minutes per each. Sometimes her mom prepared them because it was exhausting for Yasmin to do it all the time but she had always attached them to her own body, since she simply didn't want to be reliant on other people too much. In one of the posts Yasmin explained how it was for her when she started taking the medications. She felt really annoyed for being reliant on numerous tablets, humorously mentioning Viagra as one of them. But this was really true. While Menus Viagra for a very different purpose for Yasmin it was one of the medications she took in order to be able to breathe. Taking the medications gave her the opportunity to continue with her life and Yasmin was really grateful for it. But taking so many different kinds of tablets made her feel a number of side effects such as headaches, sickness, water retention, and facial flushing. She also often had puffy face, legs, stomach and back. She also explained that most of the days she had headaches and felt as if she had a hangover. Before she found out about her condition, Yasmin had a pretty active social life. She used to like going to festivals, spending time with her friends, going out. But she said that if whenever she decided to go out, she would feel really bad for the next three days. She knew it was important to have normality in her life, but everything had to be adjusted. I don't want people to act differently with me, she said, but be mindful that I can't do the things that I used to be able to do, and I walk a lot slower. When she found out that the pump would be attached to her 24-7 and that this meant that she wouldn't be able to go swimming anymore, she felt really sad about it. She had always dreamt of swimming with dolphins, and this was no longer an option for her once the four was attached to her. Luckily for her, she could arrange a trip to Portugal before having the four line fitted. As for her swimming with dolphins, she wrote this was the most perfect day, even more so knowing I won't be able to experience this again. Yasmin had been dealing with her condition for a year before she was diagnosed. When she finally realized what was going on inside of her body she, her perspective of life changed. She knew she wasn't apt to do everything she used to, but she learned to cherish every day she wakes up alive, and she was determined to continue living her life as normally as she could. Since she was determined to continue with her life as normally as she could, despite the pump being attached to her all the time, one night she decided to go out with one of her friends. It was July 19, 2018, and after parking her car in disability parking spot and putting her blue disability placard on the mirror, she headed to the pub. Little did she know that her parking at that spot would change her life forever. After leaving the pub, Yasmin headed back to her car only to find a note that was very disturbing for this young lady with a serious heart and lung condition. All of her friends and family knew what she had gone through and what she was still going through, but it seemed like the strangers judged her for looking normal. The note that Yasmin found attached to her windshield said that she was parked illegally at the spot and that she was not disabled. It also said that this person would inform the authorities about this illegal act. Yasmin felt furious. She knew she had to do something about it, but she also knew she couldn't talk it out with the person who wrote since the note was anonymous. Yasmin decided that this case should not just go unnoticed, so she took a picture of the note and posted it on Facebook. She wanted to speak out against the injustice being committed against her for looking normal. The note made it clear to her that people are quick to judge and just see her as young and healthy, when in reality she has a debilitating illness. She decided to write back to the anonymous person who left the note on her Facebook account. She wrote to the person in Tenterton who wrote this lovely message on my car last night. Just because I look well doesn't mean I am well. Do not judge me you have no idea what strength it takes to wake up each day in battle with my own body. If you would like to give me your heart and lungs I would happily go back to my old life. Not all disability is visible. Yasmin's post went viral. People started commenting on it and sharing it. She couldn't believe the support she received from everybody. People congratulated her on her brave act of speaking out. Also, she had tons of supportive comments regarding her condition. She said that she couldn't even read through all the comments, but she was really happy that her post showed how sympathetic people were. Yasmin said that if she had had an opportunity to speak to the person who left the note she would have said not to judge. The fact that she wasn't in a wheelchair did not mean that she was not entitled to be parked in a disability spot. On one hand, she would like to have the opportunity to speak to this person, but on the other, she wouldn't like to waste her words on a person who is so judgmental. This was not the first time someone had an issue with Yasmin parking in a disabled spot. She had experienced people approaching her car and interrogating her about her condition, trying to figure out why she was parked there. Sometimes these encounters left Yasmin in tears and sometimes she experienced panic attacks. The anonymous writer was still different than any of the encounters Yasmin had had before. The sheer fact that they were anonymous made Yasmin so angry. It is one thing to be curious and even to look, but it is quite different to have the nerve to write about it, threaten to inform the authorities and then, leave a message without any way of tracking you. It is a cowardly act. Writing the post and receiving all the positivity out of it made Yasmin think about going one step further. She realized that her voice could be heard and she also knew that she was only one of 100,000 patients in the UK with the same condition as her own. Those people were probably going through similar situations as she did, and now she saw a chance to raise people's awareness about invisible diseases. In the following Yasmin's posts, as well as the interviews, she tried to talk about her condition more openly. She wanted to reveal the bits that people did not see. She showed what a trouble it was to live with a pump and four, and how the cassettes of medications are prepared. In another post, she explained how it is to sleep with oxygen, explaining that it was so noisy that she had to wear earplugs for it. Yasmin's family has always been there for her, but this time her sister, Nicole, took the concept of caring for her to a whole new level. Since the treatment of her condition, along with the costs for doctors and hospitals, was emotionally, but also financially exhausting, Nicole decided to take some action regarding raising funds for Yasmin while also spreading the word about pH. The initial idea was to raise 800 pounds for her sister's treatment. But soon Nicole was really surprised with the positive response this fundraising had. People donated in total 1,770 pounds. Nicole and Yasmin saw this as a great opportunity to help others. Half of the money was used for the initial idea, which was to finance Yasmin's medical treatment. The other half was given to the British charity supporting patients with idiopathic primary pulmonary hypertension. Since the first fundraiser went better than they expected, they decided to throw some other events for raising the awareness about this invisible disease, but also to help those in need. They started off with a family fundraiser at a barbecue event, again thrown by Nicole, but there was also the family's lifelong friend, Sarah Ward, who ran the Brighton Marathon to raise funds for Yasmin and pH charity. In October 2018, just three months after the incident with the note on her car, Yasmin decided to create a new Instagram account dedicated to raising awareness about the invisible illnesses. She felt people were not sympathetic enough about any condition that was not physically visible, and she was determined to spread awareness. Yasmin was a bit apprehensive about how the page would be perceived, but in October she felt that the time was right for such an action. Even though the idea of the page was very serious, she saw it as a positive page, where she would give tips and lend help to anyone with pH or share her or other people's experience. The page was targeted at people with any kind of invisible illness, such as anxiety, depression, mental illness, or those who were simply having a hard time. In one of the posts Yasmin explained how important the support she has from her friends and family is. Thanks to her mom, sister and her loving boyfriend it was easier for her to go through hard time she had experienced. Their unconditional love and support helped her go through all the steps of her condition from the first symptoms to the diagnosis and therapy which included many bad side effects. Her loving ones indeed mean a lot to Yasmin, but when it comes to dealing with any kind of a serious illness, she claims that self-love is crucial. Anything that one can do to make oneself feel better, such as candles, long baths, positive pictures, or quotes around the room might help a lot, so she emphasized their importance to her followers. After a year of determining what was wrong with her body, Yasmin shared on her Instagram account a long post on the importance of never backing down too. When she remembered the days when she still hadn't been diagnosed she admits life was very scary. They almost released her from the hospital without a diagnosis. But luckily she fought hard and so did the workers at the hospital and in November 2018 she expressed how happy and grateful she was for handling it all for a year already. Mandy, Yasmin's mom, celebrated her birthday with her daughter who was feeling a lot better in 2018 than on her birthday in 2017. Medications were doing their job and the girls could go out and celebrate Mandy's birthday relieved in a way, especially if they looked back on the same time previous year. After this, Yasmin's next birthday was approaching and everybody was so excited. One day in December, Yasmin felt swollen again. She was admitted to the hospital again to get rid of the extra fluid gathered in her legs. She had a feeling though that she wouldn't be celebrating her birthday the way she expected. Luckily for her, she was released after five days on Saturday. Unfortunately, on Sunday she woke up from her sleep only to find that her whole body was cold, her lips were blue, and she was shivering. Her mom had to call an ambulance immediately. When the ambulance came they determined that Yasmin had a high fever and that her oxygen level was too low, only 88% whereas the ideal level is 95%. They took her to the hospital for additional tests. She felt devastated again. She did not like going back to the hospital so often, especially since she religiously took her medications, and she did everything she was told to do. Before her 20th birthday, Yasmin had a feeling she wouldn't celebrate it as planned, especially after spending five days at a hospital in order to reduce fluids from her body. Unfortunately, she was right. After being readmitted to the hospital, she had to spend more time for the tests. She, just like most people, did not like hospitals, but it seemed to be the place where she would celebrate her 20th birthday, so she had to accept it. After numerous tests, Yasmin got informed that her medications did not do enough for her and her body. This was a shock for Yasmin. She knew how hard it was for her to accept the therapy, but she somehow got used to it, only to find out after about six months that it was not good enough for her. Some people with her condition used the therapy for years, but unfortunately, this was not Yasmin's case. After the tests, the doctors realized that the water in Yasmin's body started to gather in her lungs and heart as well. Her kidneys also showed signs of a struggle. All of this meant that her body couldn't cope with it all, and they had to go to Plan B, which was a transplant. Yasmin was gutted to hear this. She was also told that her clock is ticking, and that at that moment she had about two months to live without a transplant. She needed a heart and double lung transplant, but if her heart would shrink back down from medications, maybe just a double lung transplant would be necessary. It was January 7th and Yasmin was supposed to sign the transplant papers. She waited to see the surgeon who would give her details before signing, but even during the waiting time Yasmin was more apprehensive than usual. Everything was happening for real at that moment, and there was no turning back. When Yasmin and her mom started talking to the surgeon, she told them that due to new medications that Yasmin reacted well to, she did not need a heart transplant, but only double lung. This was good news because finding a match for both organs was a lot more difficult. Also, the hospital had done 50 double lung transplants and only one heart and lung transplant. Yasmin is a person who likes to know all the details before doing something, but with the transplant papers she didn't know what to ask. She already got so much information on lung transplants, waiting lists, donor organs, the operation, long-term care, drugs and side effects and chronic rejections. Doctors had questions for her as well, regarding donating her organs to the research, choosing the lungs by herself or letting the doctors decide. She signed the papers, feeling a bit rushed through it. On the following day Yasmin got a call that she was active on the list. This was really good news for her, because her condition was very time sensitive. Her mom explained that she was the top priority at a super urgent list for lung transplants, but it still took about 11 days for lungs to be available. Yasmin explained that waiting game was the most difficult during the nights. Since she overheard that the calls informing patients of the match most frequently occurred late in the evenings or in the early morning hours.


So, hello everybody, thanks for coming here. When I introduce myself shortly, I'm Florian Haftmann. I'm working for the city administration of Munich, more exactly the IT service provider for the city of Munich, IT at M. And to understand what I will talk about, it is necessary to dive into the context in which I'm actually working. So, we at Munich, we are running an Ubuntu-based Linux distribution on about 18,000 machines with about 33,000 users. Our leading office platform is LibreOffice 4.1 and the transition to LibreOffice 4.0 is currently in planning. And this context did not fall from heaven, it has a certain history. So, during the 2000 years, there was a migration, actually, two migrations in one. First was a desktop migration which had the aim to introduce a free desktops environment in the city administrations together with an automated software deployment, the configuration management, training sessions, and so on and so on, what you need for that. And simultaneously, also an office migration or an office consolidation was issued which aimed at introducing a free office suite, establishing a letterhead system, the Walmux, I will speak about it with a few sentences later, and also to consolidate all kinds of office artifacts, templates, macros, extensions, add-ons, whatever, also including training sessions, of course. And about 2012, the migration was achieved. So, the two aims met somewhere in the center. Well, almost. There was one missing dangling link where the two didn't actually meet, and this is what I will talk about. And what this missing link actually stands for will hopefully become obvious during the next slides. But first I have to talk a little bit about the achievements of the migrations themselves. So, just to sketch roughly how the automated software deployment works in our desktop environment, the idea is you have a software database which models the assignment of software packages to workstations. And the admin does his configuration there, and then after the admin pushes the red button, install this workstation, everything happens unattended. So, there is a dedicated bootstrap server which provides everything for a new workstation to bootstrap itself from scratch. After the bootstrap, the workstation is able to retrieve its current package configuration from the software database, and then just to install the required software packages. And of course you can use the same technology also to update, uninstall, packages, whatever you want. And the key point is that it's automated. You don't have to go to the workstation and do something, there you do everything centralized using your software database. And another key advantage of our migration has been a centralized configuration management. So, the idea is you have your users in your IT landscape and they typically cover some roles. You don't configure each user separately, you aggregate them to roles. And those roles you can attach certain rights or certain features to, for example, the ability to access certain printers, the authorization to access certain network drives or the authority to plug in certain removable media. And what is a particularity of our configuration management that also applications together with a specific configuration may be assigned to roles on a per role basis. And this everything is stored in a big configuration database which is also centrally administrated by administrator. And to give you an example of how this is designed to work smoothly together, just an example how a concrete business application finds its way to the user. So these are our actors, user, admin and developer and this is our infrastructure. And of course at a certain stage, a developer has to decide where I will upload this package, this application to the repository. Otherwise it won't be installable. Then this is deployed automatically using the software deployment. But then still it is not implicitly available to the users. First, the administrator has to assign access to this application in the configuration management. Usually on a per role basis, this is just for simplicity here described on a per user basis. And what happens then when the authorized user logs in, in this example Alice on the workstation, doing the log in the workstation does a look up in the configuration databases, okay, this user is supposed to use that application. I will provide it to the user in a suitable manner. Usually using a start menu link or desktop link or a quick start link, whatever. And this is how this actually works together. So the benefits of this approach is that you don't have to be hypercritic on which workstation to install which software. So the idea is you can deliver your software quite generously to a huge number of workstations and the details, well this user needs that special application. That role requires that special application to do by configuration management because usually if you're using free software licensing is not an issue, you can distribute generously. Local hard disk space is rather cheap nowadays, it's not an issue. And well, if you would be required to do all this differentiation already in the software distribution, it would be harder to maintain because the software distribution there is some inertia on it. Removing or installing packages, you don't want to do that on a daily basis. But configuration management is very lightweight in that respect, you just change the assignment and it acts immediately. You don't have to do any manipulation on the workstations proper. And if you have this configuration database, software database at hand, you also have an explicit zoning map who is actually using what applications, which is very helpful in such a diverse infrastructure as the city of Munich because there are so many details and to do a proper life cycle management, you have to get hands on that information because otherwise you don't know how far much users is that really relevant, who needs really what, otherwise you have so many unanswered questions which you want to answer for proper life cycle management. Okay, so much to speak about the test of migration. Now a few words about the benefits of our office migration. Before this office migration and consolidation started, this was what was flying around in the city. There were various versions of a popular proprietary office suite at the bottom. I think you can infer the details. And built on that, there was a rich zoo of various office-based business solution. So in the course of the migration, about 20,000 macros, templates, forms, whatever you can imagine doing with office have been identified. And these had to be consolidated. So at the bottom of free office suite with a managed life cycle was established starting with open office org. Then nowadays in the progress of switching to labor office completely. On that was built a dedicated office extension, our letterhead system, the Walmux. It is a system on its own. It would be worth to introduce it in a separate talk, unfortunately, not this year, maybe next year. And it just enables you to manage all those typical template related tasks which you have in a public administration. And it enabled us to really consolidate all those funny templates flying around. Some of those pre-existing office solutions turned just out to be unsuitable for office. They have been migrated to proper web-based data applications. But this is now the reminder, about 100 specific solutions could not be migrated to something different. So they have been transformed as macros, as extensions from the previous office suite to open office or labor office. And just to give you an example, or to give you some examples what this actually looks like. There were simple things for parking lot management, writing letters to school parents and calculating some details in dog tags. For your interest, I have given you the original German term in terms also there, just for your personal amusement, maybe. And so this was some tiny obstinate core of quite lightweight but still office-based business solutions which you couldn't get rid of. And this is what I'm actually talking about here. So in this all big picture, I concentrate on these 100 artifacts. And this is actually the missing dangling link which I have spoken about in the introduction. Why is it a dangling link? Is this a dangling link if we try to combine the picture? So when those about 100 solutions have been delivered, implemented and delivered finally, it hasn't been done in the software deployment because this was not yet ready to start at the moment also to a certain extent. And this worked just in a very classical way so it has been developed and it has been handed over to the corresponding department. Maybe not on a floppy disk, this is just symbolically but in a very classical manner in a physical media. Yes, I already spoke about that. It has not been done within our regular infrastructure because nobody knew how to do that at the time. And well, and after then you don't know what's going on but what is very likely to go on at one stage, your contact in the department will be replaced. Change of position, whatever. And then at a certain stage you don't know when but it will happen eventually. You get a call from somewhere, well we have a problem with this macro, with this template, whatever, with this extension, this is your stuff, you have to fix it. And then you get something also with a mail attachment or ticket attachment, you have a look at it and think is that what we have delivered? Because you will find maybe the department and ignorance of what's going on has given the extension to an external contractor which has done something funny about it. So you experience an effective loss of your control of your own deliverables. I tend to call this the dark matter. You don't know what's going on, you just know there is something and something will happen but you don't know when, you don't know what, whatever. And of course everything gets lost which I have explained is benefits of our software deployment and configuration management. So this is the general picture and I will talk about a few ideas which we have applied to bring office extensions to our software deployment. This is actually, well, this was the length of the introduction and this is the core which I will talk about. So let's just imagine we want some kind of automated software deployment for office extensions and essentially we can boil it down to these three items. This is something we need or we want. We want to parameterize the office extensions. We want to have automated packaging and deployment. And we want to have some kind of activation based on roles. Do you remember the picture with the login? If an office extension is installed on a machine, it should not be available for all users who log in on that machine but only to the dedicated users which are really supposed to use this office extension. And let's start with the two easier ones because you can imagine, well, you can do this in a certain way or the other. It's actually not that big deal but there is still some music in that because if you do it in a eave way, you implement it separately for each extension. You remember I have spoken about 100 of them. It's not that little so you want to have a more generic solution. You don't want to do the same thing over and over. And so you aim for a uniform implementation for all extensions. And well, the key ideas are also not that non-trivial maybe. So, but just to provide a running example why you want to use parametrized office extensions at all, imagine you have this office extensions letters to parents and let us just assume, well, the source, the addresses for this office extension whatever are placed in a spreadsheet and this spreadsheet is localized in a Munich environment, typically on a net share. And you don't exactly know the path so you want to have that configurable because this might change over time, there might be different teachers which need different sources whatever. Yes. And how we have implemented this is that we have implemented a dedicated extension which provides other extensions and interface by which they're able to read and write configuration settings, key value mappings, whatever from a dedicated configuration file. And you can use these extensions commonly for all parametrized extensions. And you can imagine without going into details you can provide means that you can retrieve the corresponding configuration parameters during logging from the configuration database. You have to store them in that configuration file and then you are done with the task without going into details here. Hmm, to speak about the packaging also that is not a big deal either but the key idea is that we use a standardized source layout for our extensions. So we can use one build-out thing which assembles all the material to achieve a Debian package or you could also think about a Reddit package or even an MSE package for Microsoft Windows, whatever. But the key idea is when we have a uniform standardized source layout which needs just one build-out thing actually. We don't have to implement it over, over, and over. And then this resulting package should just put into a software deployment and deploy it using the existing mechanisms. And this approach to standardize the source layout has also another advantage which is quite important because if you have a standardized layout you also standardize somehow what ingredients a typical extension is supposed to have. And actually in our scenario where we end up with six standardized ingredients there's usually some functionality implemented in Starbase, Java, Python, whatever. There may be parameters I have spoken about parametrization already. Extension may also add menus, dedicated menus for them, provide maybe a certain toolbar as an alternative or as an augmentation of a menu. May also contain simple templates which somehow interact with the extension and also might provide documentation for the user which is usually made available using a menu. And if you have a standardized layout where this is always placed uniformly, it doesn't only allow for easier builds, it also allows for easy analysis because you have 100 solutions. See, you want not that you implement similar solutions over and over. You want to see what is maybe shareable, whatever, what can you model after existing material, whatever. Okay, so this has been the first two of our requirements. I think we are done with that at the moment. And now comes a more delicate point where we really have some technical innovation in it. This activation of our office on a per roll basis. So what's the challenge behind this? When you might remember this picture with the start menu, which is generated during login, for regular applications, that's quite fine. If there's not a link, the user will not see the application. But an office extension, you don't start it via menu. It's either present in your office installation or it's not. So we need a different mechanism for that. Just to recall the picture a little. So the aim is we have a certain office extension. We have a certain user called Alice in debt and the user has a certain role. Let's assume teacher. And we want if a teacher locks, for example, Alice locks into a certain workstation, it is the office extension is present. Also for every other teacher on the workstation, but not for non-teachers. And the key question is how to achieve this. So let us just look at existing mechanisms. Many of you might know that there are different basic mechanisms to provide an office extensions and I have put it here together on that slide. So you can use UNO package, the UNO package tool, which allows for user local or system global installations. You invoke the tool on the extension and then it's somehow mingled into the corresponding profile. There's also a way to deploy them directly to a certain office specific path on your system. Hmm. And if you look at those options, of course we want some kind of user local installation, but we also want to keep it simple somehow. And you see, we have no option which matches our needs in the first place. So we would have wanted one line which is all green, but we don't have it at the moment. I will go into details why I'm not a fan of UNO Picagin, our scenario. Because if you decide to do that, you start to think around with the user's local office profile which may contain a lot of stuff and a lot of settings and you have to do some bookkeeping that you really don't damage anything there. Also if you use that, the extension is always copied into the user's home directory which you do not want either for space issues because this is also back up and also synchronized for some kind of roaming profile in our environment. And then you give the user also access to that material. It would be a very uncomfortable solution and this is why I actually marked this over there as wet. It's just not an option to go. You don't want to implement this. But what can we do else? So our approach is we have this deployment path where we can pull the office extension to and we combine this with a traditional POSIX technique. Now we are really using features of our underlying system platform for our underlying UNIX platform. So that's our running example just to recall the names. And the key idea is we have, we install the extensions first into a separate directory which is here called extension repository and then we place a symbolic link from the office deployment path and if we use the right POSIX permissions we get what we want. So how does this look like in detail at the top we have actually our target point where we have to link from and at the bottom we have where the extension is actually placed physically. Okay, first we introduce an indirection. So this is on our all symbolic link. We have some naming which also includes the role name. So we place a symbolic link from a user share library of this share extension first to a directory beneath bar one and then finally to the place where the extension is located on the hard disk. You might ask, well, what do we gain from that? At that stage, nothing. The detail comes with the POSIX permissions. Now it gets a little bit technical. I will come to the key point immediately. The key point is the POSIX permission of the intermediate directory beneath bar one. You see the user, these are the last three dashes and that permission has no permission whatever but on the group level, all members of group teacher are able to read the content of that directory. Why that? Oh, sorry, I have to plug in my power, maybe. Is there no power here? Or was this just? No, there should be power. Oh, okay, the plug was here. Sorry for that interruption. But no member of group teacher is actually allowed to modify the contents of that directory. That's the key point. You cannot do this on a sold per user basis in POSIX but you can do it on a group basis. It's a traditional POSIX technique. You just have to remember it at that stage. And this way you get actually what you want. That's the technical core point. And the benefits of that approach where it's very lightweight, it's purely POSIX, there's not a big magic about it. And it's also somehow self-cleaning so if you reboot the system all the intermediate simulings get cleaned up and they don't accumulate over time and you need no manipulation in the user's home directory. You can do all everything in the system space. And just to conclude this, the running example at a glance, so the developer at a certain stage uploads a package with the extension. This is installed by a software deployment. The admin has tended to his configuration job providing the application, assigning it to the user, provide the configuration settings, whatever. And when the user logs in, the parameters are retrieved from the configuration database, the parameters are stored so that the extension later on will access them and the extension itself is activated by a symbolic link. And the result is, well, that's what we want. So, well, this is how our user-specific configuration management for office extension actually works. And to conclude with a short stock taking, this was our dangling link and with this peak piece in the whole mosaic, it's closed. My Gravian achieved finally. Okay. Well, these are the key elements. We have our automated package and deployments. We have our parameterized office extensions and we have our activation of office extensions on a per user basis. And then we get back all the benefits from our automated software deployment and also some kind of standardization in our sources and extensions. Well, if you have further questions which you don't want to ask here, either ask me during the conference or here in my email contacts. Thank you. One question. Do we have you experienced some errors or error messages if an extension is not readable from LibreOffice? No, it's just silently ignored. Otherwise, we wouldn't have taken that way. So it was not necessary to find a workaround for? No, no, it just works straight forwardly. Well, you could ask the question whether you should rely on such a behavior, but it seems such things are not very likely to change in LibreOffice over the time. Okay, I've already worked on some extensions in LibreOffice and I have experienced that there is no error message at all. Even if it's crashing, you don't have any log files or something like this, so it's very, I think it's interesting. So, but. Another question. Thank you very much. Thank you.