All right, me and Brett are here today to talk about pricing for growth and also directly related to why tech companies go out of business and why they can never move out of their garage or why they can't move from ever being a one man show or a lot of other related things to it because it comes down to pricing your products, pricing your services and we were joking around just before here we try not to do too much free talk we laugh because I told them I said you know how I recognize the tech company is going to go out of business right away especially in the IT service field they start with a headline I'm cutting everyone's prices I'm going to beat everyone by half I'm just going to do services for half of what Tom charges and I'm going to beat you at it and I've been in business for 15 years yeah I've actually had that told to me directly have you ever seen it on a sign or anything we'll beat Tom's prices yes so fun story directly into this we had advertised prices for like the laptop screen repair at my retail store another retail store opens up down the street and really copies my sign exactly same wording and everything not the guy obviously they put their logo on it not mine really yeah and then charge almost half what we charge I don't know how they were doing it now my favorite part was he used to we stocked all the screen repair and he didn't so he used to come down asking us for screens and I would sell them to him for the same price he was charging for the repair and he says how am I supposed to make any money at that I'm like that's really not my problem and he would say his he even tried to explain to me his business method was to get a bunch of customers and directly compete with me like he'd tell me this and by getting the parts from me and he didn't care if he lost money for a while because he was going to make it up in a long term how's that work out for people Brett that doesn't work out very well you there insurance companies are are are notorious for doing that when they they go they call it buying a market and and when you go into buy a market and and you sit there and undercut everybody at some point you're going to have to raise prices and and it's funny is the consumer some consumers are key on this and and they key in on it but a lot don't because in a lot of things a lot of people are trying to get the best price and or they're trying to get the cheapest price and don't don't forget you get what you pay for yeah and when they try to get that cheap price I mean so you get an insurance company they'll come into a market or some other company they'll come into market like you just said and and advertise if they're going to give you the best rates they're going to cut your rates in half it's going to be half the price eventually yeah it's going to be that and you might get a good product but what's going to happen is eventually if you're still continuing to use those people the price is going to go up and most likely it's going to go up over a period of time that you're not going to notice it and eventually you end up paying more than what you would have paid for using somebody else yeah and in the other side especially when you come to the IT service business which I can directly speak to is the customers you get with that and one came in the other day and he was a he kept saying we were too expensive for things which was normal and he told us backups were too expensive too and now his business is in a level of chaos of losing all the data that he lost and it was an accounting firm and the guy is just that so he went back in between using us and using this other guy who charged him one third of what we charged so but of course the guy who charges one third is very busy the guy is definitely busy and he doesn't return phone calls sometimes for a week at a time so when this person wasn't returning phone call he comes back and calls us and he agrees to pay our rates uh he still complains about them he lets us know each time you know your rates are just way too high I only pay one I know but you're calling us because he's not answering the phone is how he's joke around with the guy we've uh we've established that we like to joke around with him and we tease him about being a very cheap individual but we told him this time there's no help he's like what do you mean I'm like the data's gone well like I seen it on tv the data's never really gone oh no no that's uh that's a great tv show but uh the data's gone like it is there is no backups there is no this thing has completely uh it broke the the the drive is like the platter the pieces came off for those of you that want to know the technical details the the platter broke the glass in it because it had the laptop hard drive it's just a mess if there's no getting this data back right and he doesn't he he was dumbfounded by this and uh very upset and but this comes down to sometimes if you're trying to do that you attract some of those I imagine this guy the person who charges this accounting firm very small amounts of money probably doesn't like answering his phone because he comes out there he offers these flat rate services for $30 they'll come out to your office but it's also why he's been in business for uh 10 12 years round I've known the guy for a while that does his it work and he's still a one-man show sometimes a two-man show but I don't uh he's he finds like right uh random people to work for him that I don't know that are under the table probably or something like it yeah see this old retired guy seem nice but kind of strange um and I see some of these people they come and go and it's one of the one of the problems is if you're not thinking about how you're going to grow your business if you start out like well hey when I charge 30 bucks I make 30 bucks go certain a pocket and uh and I can undercut Tom because you know he's got staff and a building and things like that well maybe that's what you want is to always be that way and that's fine if that's what your choice is but you have to think about that the reason I charge all this and reason I do have all these expenses and building and employees and staff and insurance bonded all those things that are important uh to running a business is it was price for growth I always charged a lot because I plan to hire people to do it and this is you can't hire people to do it if you start charging very little you now have just worked yourself into being trapped you're like wow I'm only charging this much so I don't now the good news is in the beginning you do kind of enjoy a good margin yes um technically my margin a little bit goes down when you start paying someone but then you make up for it by freeing yourself up because now you can bill and the other person to bill and eventually you're like me and they have maybe eight people working for you and I'm sitting here making a video and I got everyone out there billing right now man I got a project going I got like a team working on some stuff and then we use contractors as well but I couldn't hire a contractor I'd have to do everything myself if I didn't bill enough right well you you said you say bill enough um but you said something earlier that I wanted to stop you from saying but I of course I was I charged too much yeah you said that you don't charge too much you because you've taken your model and you go okay this is what this cost this is what that cost and you take and you mention out you've got the part you've got the time for service you've got your what you're paying for your insurance your rent your employees that all has to factor into your price yeah and it has to factor into the beginning price if you're starting a tech company and you just want and it's really hard and so if you went in and you go I'm going to go steal Tom's cuspers by offering half rate and then I'm going to increase rate over time well I've had people offer a lot of my good clients will never switch they're just kind of like why would I go with someone half the price it's not they're not always saying about price now price does matter and I'm going to do a separate video on some of my MSP stuff and talk about how the practices I do and things like that and pricing is really hard because it's very market driven and when the market is sparse like let's say Wi-Fi installs we've been doing a lot of them and I've been trying to figure out am I under pricing or not and I think the other company's maybe overpricing and this is where the free market kind of helps decide but when there's very few people it's hard to get indicators and this is a perfect example and maybe the person because I he found me from YouTube is watching this and he realized that the for managed Wi-Fi service every three months because they're leasing him the hardware and providing the service so they say this much per month you have Wi-Fi in your building like this is the fee how much you set that fee at well this company said it's so high that every three months and he's got 200 Wi-Fi access points every three months he completely can buy all the access points and he doesn't own them now so is that too much at the time when this company presented it no but now they've been a few years into it I mean at least no because there wasn't another comparison they had because this company's been doing it for a few years and that's what they think the right price is I don't know should someone be making $200,000 a year profit for a one place on Wi-Fi it seems kind of high to me so we came in with a proposal that does allow me to make money and doesn't cost them where they're buying the entire service every in only three months so well it goes to integrity and greed I mean think about that yeah you're not you have integrity and you know that you have to price to be so business has to make a profit right has to but you know you have the integrity to say that this is what is really going to cost now another business can be greedy now so you you came in an undercut and you talked about someone coming but you undercut it in a in a way that was it still made sense to you to not have greed in in your business I mean it goes to integrity or greed right and so there is a happy balance you have to find so when you're setting your prices you do kind of have to look around maybe maybe shop the competition a little bit the you know and if you want to know like oh what's the trick to becoming a millionaire type thing well sometimes and we were just play the lottery play lottery is one of them and way you can undercut prices there's ways you can it's one of the books I've recommended before is Jay Samet wrote a book called disrupt you wonderful book and when you disrupt a marketplace because you have a new innovative way of doing something and you go hey wow these companies have been doing it the hard way if for example the remote support method we use and now everyone's going well we're all sports common actually one of the things that we've taken away from a lot of these companies is doing everything remotely and managing it we're doing these bids and they're like well we're used to the other guys that charges two hours of drive time every time they come out then they seem to take two hours to do something the only every time we call them there they want to show up on site every single time right and because that's their billing model they're used to doing on site we go wow most of these problems are you know oh problem about look I can fix it remotely problem the printer I can fix it remotely so we try to focus on a remote which now saves both people money so I'm able to save the company money while still myself remaining profitable because we don't have to leave so I don't I don't lose a technician for an hour of driving and traffic my technician now has a good billable rate because he can flat rate a small amount of time so that is a disruptive model where we can make a lot more money in the tech field and it's funny because it's 2018 and I'm still my my friends works for all those companies that they do not do anything they drive they drive to it yes they have I think they have nine or ten tax but they want the owner wants everyone to drive because drive is billable that's his answer drive is billable man why why did you tell him how to click it on the phone drive out there and click it for him because that's a bet's 150 dollar bill for you showing up so eight or nine tax and a billable hours think if he could do if he did his remote leak it probably cut his tax and half and increases profit by a big margin I'm not gonna say huge yeah but a big margin and that's what we are we've gotten and this is just the way the market's got as we've gotten better and better at remote support you know what support tools have gotten better the ability to do things has gotten easier and because of that you know it's made my company more profitable and we try less but it's funny to see here in 2018 there's still companies that really focus on that so there are other ways you can undercut the market and save companies money in it but in the reason I bring up the jay salmon disrupt use because the book is full of not related to tech always but tons of little ideas of how companies saved a fortune by doing some innovative market change you know there's all these little stories like how pencil oil got started by putting no one had the idea before pencil to put oil in a plastic container that was what made that a billion dollar company was everyone used these stupid spillable you remember the one I remember you had to push the hole they had this nozzle yeah and if you don't remember that you're missing something in life you're not as old as us or you never worked on cars but so those little things that can disrupt the market this is those are ways you can you know find different angles that are really lucrative because there's no one else in the market versus some things and we'll bring out my cabling there was a discussion in one of the forums these are public forums you can find on Facebook or on reddit for people discussing tech business and someone's like wow I'm getting undercut all over the place on the cabling installs I'm like yeah we we try we've kept our prices reasonable on that but I see people charging a lot more but it once you get into a very commoditized I need to run the cable from here to here I need a wall plate on it there's not much there's not much margin for that there is a it's a commoditized product so you got to think about it too if you're doing a commoditized product that's very easy to price you're not going to make as much money and it kind of you got to be careful because it can be a little bit of a race to serial margin so you always got to be looking at where you're providing value for your clients right well you do you do a lot more than just that too but sometimes you have to charge for what's in here I mean in my business I charge for what's in here mostly yes and you have to as well because you there's a lot of things you're doing that are only in Tom's head right and and and that that that's a valuable information that you only Tom can extract well in it and that's something that we do sell his consulting services just like he does he does business consulting I do IT consulting and you know the people that understand it and I some people don't and I made someone angry yesterday because they didn't get it they called and just wanted me to walk them through all the network equipment and tell them what to buy for their setup and they thought I should just walk I said no we have a fee for this we'll do a network design fee kind of give me a list of what like your goal I always say start with the goal start with how you want your network planned just give me a general layout I look at it and for a fee I will tell you what components go where we do this kind of consulting all the time for other IT companies for other IT managers this is a service we offer it it works really well we're doing a consulting for an IT firm they're doing a big move they've never moved a company they maintain their internal IT team maintains our IT they've never done a move so they consulted us on how to do the move how to set up all the equipment and what equipment to put in place at the new building to make the transition really smooth so you know that's a consulting fee I have an hourly rate I gave him a price and that's just charging for knowledge I have in how do you set the price on that they're willing to pay quite a bit for it because they want a smooth transition I guarantee it I have a good reputation for doing this type of work and you can set flat prices for that I you know you can give them an hourly fee just because they want to hang out with me your time is super available and if you want to hang out with me my time is super valuable and I charge a lot for me directly right flat rating things works really well how much they tell me scope a project and go I wanted to get I got to move from here to here and here's how many staff members are here's how many network drops are going to be and I go here's a price I'll tell you I'll just do it for this price fixed guarantee it done and away you go and that goes into one more thing I want to talk about pricing yeah is this for you in the tech world I can set up a VPN really really fast the new guy cannot right so you have to think about that in your pricing model don't necessarily charge things per hour you know how many years I've been doing some of these technical things I can do them you know half awake right and still get them right versus as you know when you're new you're like wow there's a lot of things to learn so you don't always want to price per hour you want to try whenever you can the flat rate things and then you decide whether or not you do it or you outsource to someone and you have to figure out how much you're paying your tax but there's it's a lot of moving components in there but it also helps how you create your margin flat rating stuff helps you quite a bit and setting the prices so you can think about where you want to be is important there's the other perspective of what do people think of the guy who wants 30 bucks versus the guy that wants 150 to do the same thing well you get what you pay for yeah and business owners are having you get what you pay for in that respect especially in your world I gotta say because I've seen good companies like you and I've seen some not so good companies which I will not mention that have worked with some of my clients and that I'm trying to get them over to Tom Tom's gonna be working with a client that I've had but it's funny how you got that referral away from me but we're both working with the same client here in an area that we have and he's doing now going to be taking over their IT work and they had somebody that well they did a flat rate but their flat rate was astronomical yeah and their service quality was bad very long drive times because they're about two hours away they have I looked at their website it's crazy I don't know we're not mentioning my mention name but if you want a way not to do things and just be confusing the way they word things everything is uh yeah that's why the company wants to switch they've not they've not gotten good service use you really important in anything is being able to deliver on your thing this is you know he has talked a lot about integrity and it's really important in his business and my business is if you sell a product I would deliver on it and these companies come up with these high prices as if they're doing it and when you think about it the reason a lot of business owners they actually do understand value and the ones that don't maybe aren't the right clients for you I hate always saying that sometimes I've had clients but this is also what's led to firing clients and there's a reason a lot of them are driving a nice Mercedes or something like that they understand the value and the luxury comforts of having a nice vehicle and things like that this same thing kind of goes to you if they look at you as the Mercedes really look at you as oh wow you're the kind of crappy twenty two thousand one Toyota the Pinto yeah you're the Pinto over here um I love my Pinto yeah Pintos are cool as long as you get reared to buy them they were really cool car so it's also that perception you have on yourself we try to keep a level as much as I joke around and you know we're we're both wearing uh you're gonna golf shirt on we're both wearing shorts things like that but when it when it comes down to business my guys show up with uh Lawrence technology shirts on we look presentable uh we make sure things are organized we make sure that all of our work top to bottom you know our our wearing jobs and ones are you have a very uh visible uh after result because they can look at the wiring we even have vacuums is an important thing that are in our trucks so we vacuum up and clean up your mess yeah we clean up our mess like it's there's a whole presentation well of course how can I pay a guy if I'm paying a guy the bottom dollar he's gonna go I'm barely making anything on this job I'm ready to get out of here man I'm I got something better to go do because I'm not making much money because this goes into I pay my staff very well if you in I can't afford to pay him well if I wasn't charging well and it just it goes full circle because I see these people can play and they can't find technicians I'm like you're trying to hire a guy for a minimum wage well it's looking forward I'm trying to be the the guy in town that takes all the business so I got my prices down here at the bottom and I'm gonna try and make it up in quantity so I'm trying to pay minimum wage and I can't figure out why I can't find a super good tech and I'm like yeah you can kind of see how this all compounds into why you need to charge for your services because all the super good techs are coming to work for you yeah yeah I mean let's face it you're you've got a great team yeah and building a great team is not just pay it's also creating environment and things like that uh because obviously there's driving no one maybe someone likes driving I driving around traffic here Detroit's awful it is and my friend who works for the company they pay him very well but he's uh that's why I have a lot of insight I have a lot of it friends and one of them he works for the company they pay him well and uh he's been there a long time but he hates that they just make him get in the car all the time because that way he can generate billable hours he tries him nuts he's like they pay for his car they pay for everything like he's got a company car company phone and uh they do a lot of specialized work but he's just like man I have to drive out for stuff I know I could just click he he's come here hung out with us he's like you guys just like click a button I'm like yeah they won't allow remote support for the owners just like really old school you would be able to bill as much if you did that what century are we in I know I'm just sitting there thinking what's it I mean within years we're gonna have screens that just pop up right in front of us I mean they already have that technology oh I know we're doing this all the time and we've yeah so but I can't tell you what to exactly set your prices for it's gonna be different for everybody it's gonna be different based on your area and that's the camera I'm gonna leave this here we don't pay a ton for this building because we're south of Detroit and the rates are really good Detroit is weird because if you go on the north side of Detroit it's not just double it's about 10 times as much to rent a building we can get we pay for this building you know a few thousand dollars a month and costs for this building if I'm because we're in the southern Wayne County area if we go to Oakland County that same building is about five thousand dollars in costs per month just to have the building and with the same square footage so you you have to counter price according if you live in New York and you're in Manhattan you probably couldn't you know people see the price I've seen the prices text chart share and people see that's ridiculous I'm like well no what they have to cover their costs have to cover your costs you lived in Seattle so yeah you know too Seattle man there's there's neighborhoods there's you know they have over a million dollars the average home price exactly so you have to price accordingly so I can't if I told you prices now this is where the remote thing works out good for us because I thought our remote rate was reasonable and high until someone uh we did some work in California you're like how can you live on that rate and I'm like pretty well actually come down here and see where we're at but of course you know we're doing Wi-Fi for this apartment complex and you know we gave them a lot of flat rates to get some of the project done wrong because it's all just the remote programming and they're doing the physical layer uh but I you know because you were looking at it we're like oh wow that's only a five thousand dollar a month apartment like they pay more for an apartment than we pay for a building yeah yeah that's that's it it's intense but so you said something about you being here and being able to do remote and I want to plug Tom a little bit here is because if you're out in Oakland County or if you're anywhere anywhere Tom can remote yeah and give you a better price yeah okay I'm just going to say that but you're going to get the expertise that Tom has the expertise his team has and not have to pay somebody to go drive your location right and it's and it goes back to you know we talked a little bit about it before but it's like it costs a living allowances and things like that uh California is an example there's an article about the working homeless these people are making $80,000 a year and are homeless and uh they live in her car because California price should be expensive so when you think about in fact for all those price and it makes it very hard to build a tech company that does service with remotely because you're like yeah I have to pay my technicians 150k a year to that so all of your prices get scaled up or so if you happen to be in an area that's very more rural you can do very well and I'll I mentioned before and I've we've done a video together before me and Chris from crosstalk solutions his business model is interesting and he lives in a beautiful more remote area in the other side of the state that's not in a dense city but he also doesn't have a lot of those expenses he's been able to run his consultancy business that way and do well and he's actually also built an entire remote team he doesn't have a building that like I do that his team goes to he does manage them remotely and it's also another perspective but he's still christening to cheapest I'll tell you that right now um his project prices they're reasonable they're of good value he's really wicked smart and does a good job but he's also just because he doesn't have what you visibly see like I am with the building he still has a team he pays he still works and coordinates that so they will have to charge for that um so you got to find that happy balance like I said I can't just throw it out there and see this is your prices but I will tell you that if you just if you if you're a concept of starting a business is I'm just going to undercut everybody that's my first sign that we're probably not going to be in business long right so unless you've come up with an innovative new way to do business a neat idea in the remote things not new but it is clearly new to this other company right right they're not doing that yeah they're not doing that when we've been able to snag customers you know so unless you're doing something really market changing and different and you know if you're going to start a business uh think about that you know think about all those factors before you get in before you jump into it so I'll leave you with that and uh thank you oh and I'll leave the in the links below where you can find out more about Brett and you guys know about me so yeah all right thank you thanks for watching if you like this video go ahead and click the thumbs up leave us some feedback below to let us know any details what you like and didn't like as well because we love hearing the feedback or if you just want to say thanks leave a comment if you wanted to be notified of new videos as they come out go ahead and subscribe and the bell icon that lets YouTube know that you're interested in notifications hopefully they send them as we've learned with YouTube anyways if you want to contract us for consulting services you go ahead and hit launch systems.com and you can reach out to us for all the projects that we can do and help you we work with a lot of small businesses IT companies even some large companies and you can farm different work out to us or just hire us as a consultant to help design your network also if you want to help the channel in other ways we have a patreon we have affiliate links you'll find them in the description you'll also find recommendations to other affiliate links and things you can sign up for on laurance systems dot com once again thanks for watching and i'll see you in the next video


Hey Kim know what she doing? Kim know what she doing? Okay? Hop in welcome back to another video for today's video. We are gonna be doing a skim top baby Okay, so y'all already know I love skims if you have follow me on Instagram I'm always posting my skims and I love skims. It's like a luxury Lounge wear like Kim K snapped. I'm sorry. She snapped skims is really good quality Like I love really good quality stuff I don't care how much it is like I will pay for good quality stuff because I would rather you know Have good quality things that I don't have to like, you know, worry about getting a dingy in a washer I can keep you know wearing it after over and over and it's not gonna you know, it's not gonna get dingy I would rather do that keep having to buy some cheap items Just because it's cheap, but it's gonna get dingy in a washer I'm just gonna have to keep repurchase in it anyway. So who really has time for that not me, so So, yeah, so today we're gonna be reviewing the waffle collection. I have not tried on any of my clothes But I do have a couple items of my favorite that I do want to show you guys some of the t-shirts cuz they're bomb and The whole waffle collection cuz I got the whole Collection because you know, it's winter time and skin is schemes is all I wear and the waffle collection is a more thicker material So I'm like why not get everything in the colors because Literally, it's all I wear. So But yeah, girl, so if you're new here, hey, my name is Kyra. Don't forget to like comment and subscribe And let's get into today's sponsor Thank you Harry's for sponsoring this video Harry's is a personal brand care reinventing the way you shave as some of You may know I suffer from hearing armpits and my legs and all over so thanks to them They send me over their trial set kit, which includes the shaving gel a five blade razor cartilage with the textured grip and Also a travel cover to protect your blades and the razor heads are detachable So you'll be able to change out the heads anytime that you need That you feel you need a brand new one The gag is tons of women use Harry's razors. They aren't just for men What I love about it is that it's a high quality razor blade and it gives you a comfortable shave So especially with me with having sense of skin. I'm always, you know Having to shave because I do suffer from I'm just an overall Harry female at the end of the day What I also love about Harry's is the price refill start at only $2 Even though they have a high quality blades, their new sharper blades are still lowest $2 each This blaze provides a super comfortable shave blades are so sharp You'll be able to shave four times a week. They also do a give back They give 1% of their sales to organizations that provide better mental health care So that's just awesome and you'll be able to try out Harry's as well All you need to do is follow the link Harry's comm slash Kyra to redeem your Harry's trial set for only three dollars Yes, three dollars and also the holidays are coming up So this is the perfect perfect perfect gift to give someone Provide them with a comfortable shave with Harry's so all you need to do is click the link Harry's comm slash Kyra and you'll be able to get a trial set for only three dollars So thank you again Harry's for sponsoring this video So yeah, so if you're new here, don't forget to like comment and subscribe And let's just hop right into the video. Okay y'all. So the first item that I have is this waffle robe I love robes and personally that's all I've been like during the daytime when I'm not going nowhere I just throw on my robe and put on my faja and I'm chilling So I had to get a robe and also this material is so cozy and I love this This is the stone color and you know, it's fall time So I really wanted to get a cozy color even though it's white. I make sure I don't have no makeup on Um, like with this on and it's so cozy and comfortable. Like I just can't like the material of this is so So so so so soft like I can't even get over it. So this is what it looks like Really snapped like everything that kim makes is so cozy and so comfortable And it's just feels so good on my skin Especially because I have eczema and a lot of materials Um, some of these clothing people be making irritates my skin But skim does not irritate my skin. That's why I like wearing it so much This is the robe. I highly highly highly suggest you get a robe. She has a couple sleepwear loungewear stuff, you know Robes so I highly suggest you get one of these especially for the uh fall time in the winter Okay, y'all before we even continue on like with the clothes. I want to show you guys this, um I literally just opened it.  Literally this I literally did not try this on yet.  I have it off right now because I have on the waist trainer waist trainer from skims Girl game changer if you got like a little fupa going on just throwing this waist trainer I'm about to show you all in a second. Literally it will suck you all the way in I have not tried any of her like shapewear like this So we're about to see today and I wanted to get this just because you know, I wear my phaha And sometimes the little stuff be poking through and I want something like, you know Um, what is it called like flattening out and like making that visible So I got this and then I also got the to waist trainer, which I'm about to show y'all So I have the waist trainer on Um, but I can't show y'all anything below it because I don't have anything on But yeah, the waist trainer from skims game changer So I really want to see how it will look with that in this under my clothes Just when I'm going out and about and I don't have to wear my phaha I want to see it's up if it's a good replacement for it. So I'm gonna compare and contrast real quick and see What's t so first I'm gonna put This on just to see what I'll fit and then I'm gonna compare it with my phaha on to see what I want to continue with While doing this because I have a lot of I get swollen every time I'm out of my phaha for too long So I want to see if it really compresses me really good where I don't have to worry about wearing my phaha like while I'm out and about But we'll see Okay, y'all so I have on the little body suit and then also the waist trainer underneath and the waist trainer is extra small And this one is a small medium.  Um Rather than my phaha, but I kind of want to see what it looks like as under an outfit But as far as like compression goes it really holds good compression But it's just down here. My lower abdomen is where I have my problem areas. Um But it's so comfortable like I can definitely wear this like Just lounging around in or like, you know, it's supposed to be worn other clothes So but I like it. I love the material anything that scams has is literally the material is unmatched. So But so I'm gonna put an outfit on I'm gonna see what it's looking like and Yeah, so I'm gonna see if I should wear my phaha under it or just wear this so but Yeah, this is how it looks Okay, y'all. So I absolutely love this. So I do have it with the um, what is it called? The Her trainer underneath it. Oh It's so comfortable But it's not compressing me how it should the rest of the items on with my phaha on just so I don't get that much Swelling like I control my swelling, but it is so comfortable I got the top and the small and the bottoms and the small Because when I'm ordering from skims, I get a medium and pants And I don't like how extra like right here in the private area days But listen her stuff is very very like stretchy her stuff is stretchy and you know, she I feel like she makes stuff for you know Any type of body range like she doesn't make she makes clothes for all types of shapes So you'll you'll be able to fit it. You know what I'm saying?   I'm I swear to you So this is so cute. I love this, but We love it Hey, can't know what she's doing. Can't know what she's doing. Okay Next color is one of my favorite Colors she has ever came out with I love this This color on my skin tone. It just looks so freaking cute. It's not like a I don't know how to explain this green But um, you can tell from like this angle how soft the material is y'all like This is so soft and these are the joggers and they're in the size small Um, the last one that I showed you in the white and the stone Those are the leggings and the only difference is that um at the bottom is like, you know scrunched up like that So, but yeah, I would definitely wear this with like some combat boots I would definitely like dress this up with some like I got my compression socks on right now You know long socks with like some boots I don't know. This just gives me like military vibes But like make it fashion and cozy, you know, even though these are small. They're definitely um oversized on me I'm on thick Cause she think So yeah, but this Is so cute like the waffle collection is a head So cozy so comfortable But yet so put together and stylish. I love it Then I also got the collection the waffle collection in black Like I said, I got majority of the colors I got them in the joggers and I also got the same top with it But I didn't want to retry the top on just because y'all know y'all seen the two colors It's basically the same thing but in black I'll show y'all it's just like a thermal So I got that with the matching joggers, which I have on right now super cozy super comfortable Oh my god, and I had to pair with this bodysuit because it looks so Good, so let me tell y'all about the skin's bodysuit. So look Just look how stretchy it is And I wore this so many times like it's the best quality like you can see like the black It's still black and it's not dingy and it looks so good and the quality is there sweetie It's there So and I really like how this looks with the joggers and I also got a matching like zip a coat to go with it I love this like this is just so like Like if you need to go around errands real quick Um, you look so put together with this nice, you know, it's a bodysuit This is the bodysuit. I forgot to tell y'all the t-shirt bodysuit Um, and also I do dress this t-shirt up I wore it the other day with these leggings from zara my fendi boots girl. It was a look like her t-shirts are Not regular t-shirts. You can definitely dress these up So that's what I love about skim t-shirts. I need the white. I need every color like I need like a full long stock Okay, I'm telling you so kim if you're watching, uh, please send your home girl A whole bunch of t-shirts because I need them. Okay So So cute. I love it. And then also I got the matching zip up Sweater I thought the sweater was gonna be a little different like long, but it's a cropped Sweater, but it's still cute And I don't mind it just because it gets you can still see my shape and it doesn't like overpower Um, my body so you can still see shape. That's why I got a small So you can still see it But yeah, this is like the perfect the perfect Winter outfit for me I love this. This is so cute. So cute kim snapped like This snapped unmatched Like I said all the ones from this collection I already knew it was when we cozy and comfortable The perfect perfect collection for the fall and winter time And I'm so happy that I got all the colors because I need it So cute Because she think Okay, y'all and lastly is this infamous brown color This brown she snapped Okay, she snapped. This is literally the perfect brown So I ended up getting it said I have not worn the full like set yet with the shorts and the t-shirt just because it's cold But I got it because you know to lounge around the house in or if it was like a hot day I could just you know wear this as a set But I've been wearing the t-shirt Girl, like I said If you get anything from this haul get a t-shirt like get a t-shirt from skims collection I'm telling you you will not go wrong.  The material is so soft y'all like I'm telling you it's unmatched like unmatched And then I also let me show you the t-shirts that I got I showed y'all the body suit that I got the black one and then I also got a new t-shirt and then this kind of dark deep chocolate brown I just love skims If anything I'm wearing skims on a daily basis. I'm wearing skims All y'all so that is it for this video. I hope you guys enjoyed Do not forget to like comment and subscribe and let me know your favorite items from the haul down below in the comments And also let me know how y'all like this angle because I'm trying to give y'all what y'all want And y'all know I'm really limited amount of space, but I gotta deliver because y'all my girls And yeah, so I hope you guys enjoyed and don't forget to like comment subscribe and I'll see you next video. Bye


So, can we shall we. So, in question 6.3 look at the right hand side view of this wheel or roller or pulley whatever you want to call it and see if there are any mistakes on the right hand side are there or are they not yes what is missing what is there that should not be there and what is missing you mean this one that is missing what else another one you mean these two guys they should be there they should not be there they should not be there they should not be there better of course, these vertical lines they would correspond to this arc of the rim yeah. So, these are little or subtle mistakes that are very easy to be missed out and unless actually you have an eye for the drawing it becomes a little difficult for you to catch these mistakes. So, the more the practice the better for you I am sorry I am making you work a lot, but bear with me. So, quite a few of you guys would have rather they asked me what FADC means you know when I was working on these drawings I did remember I think what FADC meant, but I do not remember it now. So, I apologize for that you know I have been asking God since yesterday and I have invested about 2 or 3 hours and God gave me a lot of answers one of them being flight automated digital control and that had absolutely no relation to engineering drawing, but I will tell you what. So, do not worry about FADC for now if I get an answer I will definitely share it with you, but what I can tell you is when I was working these drawings I took this depth as half of 5 that is 2.5. So, as far as you guys are concerned as far as your labs are concerned just take that dimension as half of 5 and that do not worry about all right. This problem problem 6.2 which is an optional problem in your lab quite a few of you guys came to me said that if you take the revolved section the section actually covers pretty much the entire thing maybe it spills out all right. So, one option that you can think about is maybe take this dimension as 170 instead of 130 for those who have already solved this problem on Monday and Tuesday do not worry about that for those who are going to be working tomorrow and day after take this dimension as 170 and see if you get a proper revolved cross section. And alternative of course is to show this revolved section in this view because you already have this dimension you already have this dimension all you need to do is get this dimension revolve it spin it and show the corresponding revolved section that you would show here over there that is a possibility any questions so far any questions these lines you mean these lines yeah. So, they should be there because that this slanted part is essentially tangent to these cylindrical surfaces is that what your question was yeah. So, they should be there all right it would be a T no no. So, this is a slightly different figure here this figure is not the same as this figure for this case the cross section would be a T. But what I am trying to show over what I am trying to say why this figure is that there is a possibility that you can show the revolved section in this view as well yeah. So, I will tell you what. So, I will talk about sectional views a little more today. So, see if I am able to address your question if not then we will talk about that after class all right. So, passing seat belts another mistake wonderful yeah yeah. So, it would not be well yeah. So, these lines would not be there probably.  So, she is an eye doctor anyhow ok.  So, today will be quite a bit of reading. So, I have been giving you so much of assignments and so many problems to solve that I do not think it is fair on my part to expect you to ask God or read your Bible. So, if you have not found time to ask God about your questions or read your Bible do not worry I will help you out I did that on your behalf. So, with regard to sectional views what does God or Google say about these views. So, I did a little bit of reading myself I ask God and I got quite a few answers I want you guys to follow me because I am going to be reading all the text slowly gradually ok. And the important text is something that I have highlighted or colored using a color different than black ok. In section view drawings hidden lines. So, this is from UNICEF Texas at Austin. In section view drawings hidden line representation is omitted in that part of the view with the section lining this is important a correct conventional representation of the full section in the front view omits these hidden lines something that you know. In all cases the top view of the drawing is a standard orthographic view complete with visible and hidden lines ok. So, front views section view top view is the entire complete view with all visible and hidden lines ok something that we know visible object lines this is about precedence of lines over each other visible object lines take precedence over hidden and center lines hidden lines take precedence over center lines cutting plane lines take precedence over center lines when locating the cutting plane for the section view center lines are included in the section view, but hidden lines are omitted ok something that you know some more certain features of engineering parts are generally not sectioned even though the cutting plane may pass through them. When the cutting plane passes through the length of supporting ribs lugs and other thin parts the feature is represented without section lines to avoid a miss impression of solidity. So, this is a new phrase miss impression of solidity I will talk about that, but what it says is if you have a feature and you have a section plane that is parallel to the feature. For example, this is a rib and if you have a section plane which goes or which runs parallel to the rib then this guy is not sectioned that is my convention and the reason is to avoid miss impression of solidity talk about that later. In addition to thin structural features parts not sectioned also include standard mechanical elements such as shafts, bolts, screws, nuts, rivets, keys, pins, bearings and gear teeth. The shaft, bolts and nuts of the assembly are not sectioned even though they are cut by the cutting plane. Look at this figure for instance. So, you have a little web over here or rib whatever you would want to call it you take another view of this section it look at this part. So, the section plane is running parallel to the web this rib is not sectioned. If you section it you would see a picture like this you will see a picture like this and that would give you the wrong impression that this web is actually quite thick and runs from here to here. It would give you the impression this picture would give you the impression that material is present here and here as well to avoid that miss impression we do not section web or ribs. But on the other hand if your section plane runs perpendicular to these thin features these thin features they get sectioned parallel not section perpendicular section. So, I told that the figure over there gives the impression that the entire object is solid the web is not thin feature or on the other hand it is ok to hatch this guy over here because the cutting plane is perpendicular to the web or the web some more. When both the web and ribs are present in section views of cylindrical parts for example, in this roller you have got only the web, but not spokes or ribs on this case you have got both the web as well as spokes ok. When both a web and ribs are present in section views of cylindrical parts the alternating sectioning rule applies something that I have not talked about. When ribs are present in addition to the web the usual convention for the ribs would result in a view identical to case a. If you section this guy section this guy you would see this part cross hashed not this part. So, this is a case with only a web that connects the hub the center part of the roller to the rim the outer part of the roller. But on the other hand if you also have these ribs what do we do? Even if the section plane is passing through these ribs or even if the section plane is parallel to these ribs we have to section it because if we do not section it if you do not section this guy and this guy this section view would be identical to this section view that would give you the impression that you have only a web and not ribs or spokes in there ok. When ribs are present in addition to the web the usual convention for ribs would result in a view identical to case a which is what means to eliminate this mess representation and this technique only alternating section lines are shown in the cross hatching style. So, these guys they are also section alright. So, even if the section plane is parallel to the ribs in this case to avoid the mis representation between these two cases the ribs are sectioned ok. So, this is from other source Kent State University I will go a little fast ribs in section not drawn if parallel to plane because tends to imply greater mass than actual drawn if rib runs perpendicular to the plane and same as true for spokes. Conventional practice sectioning is not a physical cut this is something that I liked ok. So, sectioning is not actually a physical cut, but it is a graphic cut ok. So, the physical cut and the graphic cut could be different from each other they could be identical or different could be different such as ribs not sectioned and spokes not sectioned also items usually not sectioned are ribs, spokes, bolts, pins and keys ok which one. Well you then get the true thickness of the rib now you then tend to get the true thickness of the rib over here you would not get the true thickness of the rib, but over here you will. So, that mis impression of solidity would not be there well that is what the convention is yeah ok. So, keep this in mind sectioning is not a physical cut, but a graphic cut ok. Another source conventional practices have been established to handle section views which was talking about conventional practices have been established to handle section views of special situations such as the alignment of holes, ribs and spokes they have described these conventions in four parts 8.4.1 ribs, webs, spokes, lugs and other thin features are not sectioned lined when the cutting plane passes parallel to the feature again something very similar. A rib or web is a thin flat piece that acts as a support something that I have been talking about for quite some time supporting elements 8.4.2 or rather 8.42 adding sectioned lines to these features would give the false impression that the part is thicker than it really is ok. Something that I have covered do not worry about it what would the Bible say ok this is what God said what would the Bible say ok. So, if you look at page 161 section 5 parts not section many parts bolts pins shafts recognized easily by their exterior views than by sections ok. So, it is better to recognize these guys by their exterior views than by sections they may lie in the path of the sectioning plane such parts should be left in full view and not sectioned otherwise the drawing will be difficult and confusing to read 6.8 spokes not sectioned even though the section plane passes through two spokes sectional view must be made without cross hatching the spokes ok something very similar. So, this guy actually differentiates between a web and a spoke if you section these spokes these two figures they will essentially be identical and you will get an impression that this entire thing is actually a web which is not true ok. So, to differentiate between these two cases where you have a web and where you have only these four spokes these four spokes rather these spokes they are not sectioned while or whereas the wheel is sectioned the web is sectioned page 162 6.8 spokes not sectioned other machine elements treated in this manner are teeth of gears and sprockets veins and supporting ribs of cylindrical parts equally spaced lugs and similar parts 6 b ribs in section when the cutting plane passes longitudinally or parallel through the center of a web or a web cross hatching of ribs is not performed as if the cutting plane were just in front of them ok. So, even though the cutting plane passes through a web hatching is not done because we treat the cutting plane to be in front or behind ribs cross hashed gives a misleading effect suggesting a cone shaped implies presence of a lot of material ok. When the cutting plane cuts a rib transversely right angle to its length or axis direction it is always cross hashed lugs in section a lug which is very similar to a projected year or projecting year that is what the bible calls of usually a rectangular cross section is not cross hashed if you look at figure 30 and the title of that. So, small lugs they are not hashed they are treated as spokes or ribs large lugs they are hashed they are treated as the solid base of the part ok and pages 161 to 165 if you get time they are nice read ok. So, if you guys dozing off wake up all right have some water we will take a little break and if you have any questions feel free to ask and then we will start with oblique views. So far so good with regard to sectional views. So, these are the conventions that you would need to keep in mind ok back to pictures enough text. So, we will talk about oblique views today you know when I was a kid I was a naughty guy never was in present studying I always used to pick my bat and step out to play my father had a hard time. So, when I was maybe in the third grade fourth grade fifth grade as I did not study at all my father used to wake me up at 1 30 in the morning or 2 in the morning and he would make me go through the answers make me read of course, he was also reading and the exam was around 7 o clock 8 o clock 9 o clock the next day over the very same day. He used to wake me up with 2 cups of tea and that is how I am a tea person, but nevertheless whenever he used to draw a cube he would always draw the cube this way and I learnt to draw it this way and when I did my T a 101 equivalent when I was your age first here I came across the isometric view of the cube and I wonder why was it that my father drew the cube this way and not the actual isometric view. So, that perplexed me until I read about oblique views I will share what I read you know the 3 faces of a cube in orthographic views they are shown like this front top left right orthographic in the isometric you have seen the cube looks like this and if you think about it oblique view is a nice blend of orthographic views and isometric views. So, just imagine that faces which are parallel to the view plane they get transferred directly in the oblique view faces which are parallel to the screen or which are parallel to the view plane they get transferred directly over there and you get to see the depth impression through the isometric views. So, it is a nice blend of both these of course, when I say it is a nice blend I get to see true features in a single view and I also get to see the sense of depth in this. So, once again oblique views are a nice blend of orthographic and isometric views, but if you think about it the projections or the projectors are parallel in all the 3 cases you have seen that in orthographic views how about isometric are they parallel or not they are they are. So, in isometric you know that you rotate an object twice to capture it on the plane of screen. So, once again if you have this object you rotate it this way you rotate this way and this is your screen and your projectors are coming straight out perpendicular all parallel to either all parallel to each other, but perpendicular to the screen. So, the projectors are still parallel right they are all perpendicular to the screen orthographic parallel projectors are perpendicular to the plane which is parallel to one of the principle planes of the object. So, this is the view that you would see in case of orthographic projections in case of oblique projections things are slightly different what is the difference the only difference is the projectors are parallel, but they are not perpendicular to your view plane. Once again they are parallel to each other they go parallel to each other, but instead of being perpendicular they go oblique and hit the plane of you there is an angle involved which is not 90 degrees like so. So, if you take the projections for the first face which is closer to you you get to see a face like that. Once again these projectors are not perpendicular to this plane they are oblique and that is the reason why it is called oblique projection. If you take the same projectors parallel to the previous ones you get to see this face which is slightly offset to the previous face and that actually gives you the sense of depth these are your edges along the depth direction. Once again you would see certain edges you would not see certain edges just like in case of isometric views. So, edges that you see you draw edges that you do not see let go what is the advantage what is the advantage. So, if you compare oblique views with isometric views what is the advantage I can see one you do not have to draw ellipses if there are many of them you do not have to draw ellipses here. So, the true features will remain true features in oblique projections there is a trick to avoid that I will talk about that if there is a circle here and there is a circle there Google help you God help you. So, you choose your frontal plane in such a way that you have many features which are so to speak circular. So, that you are able to avoid those features along the depth direction. So, the first advantage that I see is you do not have to draw ellipses you have to you can deal with circles and that that should be ok. And the second advantage is that it would still the impression that you get by looking at these views you would still get the three dimensional impression somehow. So, this is where your question comes you have to choose the frontal plane in such a way that you get to capture as many circles as possible as many arcs as possible as many complex features as possible because drawing ellipses along the depth direction would be quite difficult. So, this is your frontal plane this is your depth direction the direction of depth could be 30 degrees 45 degrees 60 degrees as specified best to choose 30 to 60 range. And you got two options option one is to retain the dimension along the depth direction and if you do that we call that oblique view the Cavalier view. And if you foreshorten the depth dimension to half the view is called the cabinet view Cavalier oblique view cabinet oblique view. In the first one this dimension remains the same as the third dimension of the object in the second case this dimension reduces to half of the actual depth dimension of the object. I think it is possibly one of the simplest amongst the three schemes of drawing ok, but I could be wrong. So, let us look at the first example maybe it will be a nice idea for you guys to work it out on your sketch books if you have them if your eyes are heavier maybe that will wake you up all right.  So, I will draw Cavalier ok what should be the dimension along the depth direction same which is what look at the figure 100 good. So, this is the bounding box that would that would encompass this space of the object ok. I choose this angle as I think 30 degrees ok the depth direction what is the length of these guys what are the lengths of these guys 100 and behind I draw another bounding box ok. So, your object is going to be is going to be what it is going to be jailed within this box it is going to be encompassed within this box ok what would this plane correspond to. So, this plane corresponds to this guy here this plane is this plane all right. So, the first thing I would do is I would draw a bunch of circles I see three circles I will draw three of them this fine is this fine all right. Now, this is the plane that I draw behind this looks like there is there is this contour board here. So, I am going to be drawing this circle here behind which is pretty much like this I am drawing another circle on which plane this plane and this circle corresponds to this guy over here I have drawn this arc on this plane likewise I have drawn this arc on this plane what am I doing I have drawn this circle here now on this plane I have drawn this circle here the bigger circle behind the plane on the behind plane center lines the arc over here the corresponding arc at the extreme rear plane. So, this is like a cylindrical feature I am drawing the ribs now I am drawing these four ribs now and I start drawing the drawing once again the process is very similar to the way you would draw an isometric drawing get see these circles you see a counter board. So, the inside circle you start drawing the ribs solid lines second rib the third one you essentially draw whatever you see see this arc see that part of the circle on the left you see the entire right circle see that arc you see the arc behind see the arc on the left you see the arc on the right draw a tangent line and in a sense finish this one yeah there would be one more circle yeah looks like where would that be over here yeah there would be one more all of you with me yeah it is ok the length of the rib this guy here here over here. So, the mirror of this rib on the other side what are you talking about you mean this guy you mean this guy this rib here the other one here this one it does what I cannot hear if you if you this rib ends 8 units over here you mean ok this one this one ok I understand I understand I understand. So, this guy would be a little short this guy would be a little short all right I am permitted to make mistakes. But this actually gives you the essence of oblique view right. So, go back to your hostel rooms and draw the correct version of this drawing another one or is this time this time I would not say a word my presenter is going to be doing the thing all you need to do is like conquer or disagree you have seen this object before I am going to be drawing the cabinet view and the depth direction is going to be half of what is shown ok it is going to be half of what is shown stay with me which view should I choose as the frontal view good bonding box for the circle left well I was not supposed to say a word all right there you go shall we do not worry about what I am doing on the right something that I just needed to figure out the depth of this part ok, but you can follow this thing up in your slides I did not want to do any trigonometry. So, I just want to solve it to graphically do not worry about that ok. So, once I do this little exercise I figure the depth am I done ok ok thank you thank you why are why are both the circles not in the same line centers of this guy and this guy are you asking why are they not on the same plane look at the figure on the right got it. So, the cylinder on the right is pushed slightly backwards ok. So, one very nice thing about oblique use is that it gives a reader the sense of the correct dimensions and also the sense of depth yeah which one yeah basically the bottom view. So, I am looking at this object from the other side because if I do not draw that rib I am missing something well my intent is my intent what is my ok alright you know I am so glad you guys are participating, but just give me a second give a second a moment of silence please a moment of silence please thank you yeah well what is my intent my intent is to show the object as clearly as possible ok. So, I got 2 goals here number 1 to be able to show the true features as well as pretty much all the details of the object and also to render the object some sense of 3 dimensions ok. So, my goals are three four. So, I capture I capture the true dimensions on the plane which is piloted to the screen along this dimension I capture the depth and I choose the orientation such a way of the object that I get to show all the details of the object how does it matter does it matter no the object remains the same I have just flipped it I just flipped it around have not I well you got 2 questions you are raising 2 hands 2 questions any more questions I is heavy should not this circle be completed should not this circle be completed several question is well it is. So, part of this cylinder is hidden behind this surface. So, you got to be very careful. So, something very similar to the isometric drawings when you draw I mean got to be very careful what you see and what you do not see yeah which rib the dimension ok the question is why are we having the depth in isometric view what happens this is something very important you need to hear me out and you need to hear what happens in isometric view the length becomes foreshortened right. So, to give that sense of foreshortening in the depth direction yeah, but you know something that I will actually share with you something really interesting nature you guys no numbers 1 2 I do not know till when syllables language you guys know that how about nature does it no numbers you think it knows numbers you think it knows the rules of mathematics that we have learnt since we have since our first grade second grade third grade how does nature work loss of motion that is our understanding of what nature what we think nature how nature functions right. But nature I mean it is not function with numbers or language in my opinion I could be wrong, but in my opinion the way I see it you see a bird flying you see yourself walking you do not apply equations of dynamics you do not apply fluid mechanics when the bird is flying you do or nature does not do that at least ok. So, mathematics it is good so long as you are able to understand something it is great, but you do not have to apply mathematics everywhere ok. So, just relax take it as a nice blend of art and analysis yeah. So, what is what is your question are you allowed inside the rib inside the drawing well you can always use an arrow head like this and arrow like this possibly and dimension outside you can do that if you dimension inside I mean nobody stopping you from dimensioning inside just to make sure that your figure is very clear and it is not interfering with the dimensions that you choose to dimension outside the figure, but if you have to dimension inside the figure you are permitted to do so any other question.


Flight orders, flight orders, man-off, flight order stations. County Officer, all units ahead full, 095-RPM, indicating that's for us, sir.


So let me draw that one more time. So this is I am saying the right hand circularly polarized right and this is the left hand circularly polarized right. You can see that exactly opposite in nature it is easily found that they are actually mirror image of each other and not only that so they are actually if it's a mirror plane over here they are actually mirror image of each other and they are actually not superimposable. They are not superimposable on each other. So that means they have some chirality in there. So this right hand circularly polarized right and left hand circularly polarized right has that chirality present in there. So when you talk about a plane polarized right it already have this hidden chirality in the form of RCP and MCB and this chiral molecules when you talk about can detect the difference between a right hand circularly polarized right and left hand circularly polarized right and that is why the chiral molecule can be differentiated with plane polarized right because it has two different components right hand and left hand circularly polarized right and a chiral molecule can detect this chiral environment. So when we talk about a plane polarized right it is actually having some chiral elements. Now the question is why cannot we do that with simple unpolarized right because in unpolarized right you can have this difference possible in all possible directions and they are going to cancel each other out. So that is why you want to ensure that what is actually happening over there you can detect it precisely you want to ensure that we are sending the light in only one possible direction so that there is no possibility that it can be cancelled out with some other plane polarized right. So that is why we have to create this plane polarized right and once we create the plane polarized right now we unearthed the hidden chirality in the light. So all the light we are seeing at this moment from the sunlight to all the artificial light if we can create a plane polarized right we can unravel the hidden chirality in it and this chirality present in the light which is specifically designated in the plane polarized right can help us to detect the difference between different enantiomers or chiral molecules. Now the question is that is fine that there is a right hand circular polarized right and left hand circular polarized right and a chiral molecule can detect the difference but how it actually works how it actually interacts with these two lights so that I can get a signal and what kind of signals I can expect. So before going there again I am going back a little bit this is very important so we can use plane polarized right and the plane polarized right can show us a optical reflection. The plane polarized right we can say it is a combination or superposition of two different circularly polarized light one is right hand one is left hand and over here we defined it how this superposition can give you a plane polarized right and that actually signifies that this presence of these two different circularly polarized light or helical lights are actually the chiral environment present in the light and that is why a plane polarized right which is you can say now a chiral environment can detect chiral molecules. Now the question is exactly how it is getting detected any questions up to this one if not we move forward now the question is how it is getting detected. So the first one we are going to look into there are two different ways this left hand and right hand circularly polarized light can get detected and our goal is to find how it can happen. So the first one we are going to look at the first one what it actually happens that RCP or the right hand circularly polarized light and LCP or left hand circularly polarized light moves through a molecule in different speeds so do I mean by that. So now say before I start I have two different lights one is the what is the color so blue is for the RCP this is moving on this side and red is for the LCP moving on this side so this is the LCP and this is the RCP but before it can go through or interact with a chiral molecule their resultant is such that it actually barge in the same plane so it is a plane polarized light as a resultant which is buzzing in this particular plane. Now I put my sample over there so although I am showing them in different motions but they are actually exactly on top of each other but I am showing them in different ways so that we can see it properly but actually this RCP and LCP are actually rotating on the same circular same circle you can see but I am showing them differently so that we can understand it properly. So now when this light passes through the sample what I am actually going to say is the following now say one of them is moving faster so say that it is moving such a faster way that this RCP is reaching over here whereas LCP is moving a bit slow so it moves only up to there so the chiral molecule so this is my chiral molecule sample can detect the chirality present in a plane polarized light that means it can detect the difference between right hand and left hand circular polarized light and it allows one of them to go faster compared to the other why one of them goes faster than the other because one of them it is interacting more than the other when there is interaction it is going kind of slowing down so imagine that you get out of your hostel room and trying to get to the dining area you meet a lot of friends your movement will slow down and if you don't talk to anyone you directly go to the dining room you move faster similarly over here this RCP is moving faster because it is reacting less with the chiral molecule whereas the LCP is reacting more so that is why it is getting slowed down but what will be the effect at the end previously these two lights are actually moving almost in the same phase so that's why the resultant was this particular plane over here but now as they're moving in different speed what will happen now say it is moving like this whereas the left hand one is moving way slow such a way that all together what we are going to see is the following that the resultant of all this RCP and LCP because now RCP is moving way faster on the right hand side compared to the LCP now the resultant doesn't belong to this original line over here because right hand side rotation is happening way faster compared to the left hand side rotation the resultant will now move so depending on the interaction that will change so you can imagine that if it is the left hand circle that is actually getting slower with more interaction the resultant line will be moving to the right hand side and vice versa and over here what we measure we measure the difference of the angle what was before it hits the sample and what is happening after it hits a sample and this angle is known as the phi or optical rotation so that is our first break in why the optical rotation happens again the optical rotation happens because one of them is moving faster compared to the other and that is why the optical rotation actually changes beginning in the beginning before it hits the sample and after it sees the sample so again let me show you on this particular system so over here you can see on the bottom figure first you can see that on the left hand side of the bottom figure this is before it hits the sample so everything are on the same plane and whereas on the right hand side it is actually exactly a little bit opposite what we thought earlier so over here the left hand circular poise light is moving faster compared to the right hand one and you can see the resultant now moves towards the left hand side that is what is actually happening because of the difference created by the chiral molecule and how it is detecting the right hand and left hand circularly poise light okay so again in your free time go back there and take a look now any questions up to here this thing we are actually saying that this chiral molecule have the property so that it can detect the chiral difference and the chiral difference is in the form of left hand and right hand circular poise light and it can detect the difference and it allows one of them to move fast and one of them to move slow move slow means it is interacting with them better compared to the other now before we go yes any question let's have a question so did you did you want to say that one of the specific isomer like r or isomer or react with lcp or rotate it and another isomer react or and rotate the rcp yes exactly yes that is a good point and that is actually true so if you put one of the isomer say it is the l isomer i'm talking with respect to the d and l amino acid if the l amino acid over here is interacting with the lcp strongly the d isomer will be doing the exactly opposite with the rcp and that is why one of the enantiomer we will show the optical rotation on the left hand side x degree with the same concentration all the other parameters remaining same that will be rotating minus x degree so the interaction remain of the same nature but with whom they're interacting that actually only changes so one of the isomer enantiomer say interacts with the rcp more compared to the lcp the opposite enantiomer will be doing the exactly opposite that will be interacting with rcp more than the lcp does it clarify occurs okay any more question if not so now we are going to talk about what we actually have seen so far that this optical rotation we are seeing this is nothing but actually a result or i should say an effect to be a better sound effect of a phenomena and what is the phenomena before i put the name to this phenomena what i'm actually over here seeing that rcp and lcp is moving in different speeds now can anyone tell me a physical parameter that actually relates to the speed of light immediately very nice although it is refractive index yes that is true so it is refractive index so over here what we are seeing that this parameter is nothing but refractive index so what we can say this refractive index is actually different for right hand and left hand circularly polarized light they're not same and that is why they're moving different and it is happening for one particular so this optical rotation will be dependent on the difference between these two systems and it is historically if we did in such a way it is always that taken as l minus r so left hand minus right hand features so that is why left hand circularly polarized light effective index minus right hand circularly polarized light effective index we take the difference of them and that is going to be directly connected with the optical rotation we are getting right so over here we are seeing this phenomena because the refractive index is different and for which is different for this circularly polarized light so that is why the phenomena we are seeing over here it is known as circular bi-reference here circular stands forward because we are looking into the circularly polarized light bi means different refrigerants connected to the refractive index so what it is saying in short term is actually circularly polarized light right hand and left hand they have different refractive indices and that is why we are seeing this optical rotation and this optical rotation this is the most simple form we can think about that it is a going to be a function of difference between the refractive index of the left hand and right hand circular polarized light but if we want to really put that in equation and again you don't need to remember this equation in exam or anywhere you can look it into the available resources and take a look but over here i'm just writing it whatever the different phenomena actually come into over here so this optical rotation not only is dependent on this particular nl minus nr or the difference in refractive index but it also depends on the wavelength of the light we are using so if i change the wavelength of the light i can see there will be direct dependence of the optical rotation on that we'll come into that a little bit later why it happens but if i can say one example measuring an optical rotation at 500 nanometer and then i measured 400 nanometer doesn't mean that the optical rotation will be same okay it might be opposite direction it might be different values and all those things so that is why whenever you are mentioning a value of optical rotation the two things you should always mention is the lambda or the wavelength you have used and the temperature you are using because these two are the physical parameters that always changes the optical rotation or i should say optical rotations are very sensitive to the temperature and the wavelength theories even 5 10 nanometer difference you can get a totally different and over here in this equation that is why the lambda comes l actually comes over here because it defines that how much length you are actually using and in that length how many molecules are there and all those things come into this 180 term comes because when you are measuring the angle first we are measuring that in the radian value but later we want to put that in degree values so radian to degree that transformation puts this 180 particular number over here and this particular optical rotation for a particular enantiomer is a constant so that is known as the specific rotation but again for specific rotation the two parameters i have to say that it is constant is temperature and wavelength and that is given by the optical rotation you are measuring the concentration of the sample and the path length of the sample you are using and over here for this equation to be valid you have to use particular units it is a gram per ml for concentration and decimeter for the path length that are the values you have to use again those are for some problems if i give you in the assignment on the exam you need to follow that up but important factors that need to be get into your thought process is that this optical rotation is a constant value only when you make it concentration independent that means you have to divide it by the concentration secondly it has to be at a particular constant not only concentration but particular setup of a sample so that is why the path length comes here because if the same concentration if i take one decimeter of 10 centimeter or one centimeter versus one millimeter optical version will be different because i actually will expose my plane polarized light to different amount of my molecule and that is why i can see a further difference over there so that is why i have to also quantify my concentration such a way that it is getting independent and obviously the temperature and the wavelength they are the as i said earlier very sensitive one so you want to ensure that they are also constant when you are measuring it okay so whenever you see a specific optical rotation values it has to be mentioned with particular temperatures say it is room temperature 298 Kelvin at this particular wavelength it should be there and whenever you are measuring the optical rotation and you try to find out what is the concentration when you go back to the literature values you want to make sure that the temperature and wavelength values are actually matched with your experimental setup otherwise your value will not be reliable okay so that is what it is actually happening over there


we won't learn how to open up or we don't learn how to open up from our male friends, from our father figures. It's very rare that a man will learn from another man how to emote his feelings learning it through a man. It's only through a woman. I shouldn't say only, that makes it an absolute. Most likely the way to a man's heart is going to come from a woman. And what I mean from his heart is being able to express himself.