Item number SCP-2456 Object Class Keter Special Containment Procedures Due to the memetic nature of SCP-2456, as well as the high number of suspected infected individuals, complete containment of SCP-2456 is not physically possible with current Foundation technology. Foundation research has currently developed thematic methods of neutralizing all SCP-2456 instances in the wild. Access to any manuscripts documenting past SCP-2456-alpha instances is limited to level 3-plus personnel currently involved in Project Montague. While active alpha instances are rare in the wild, SCP-2456 is categorized as a Class III memetic hazard, and is considered a high priority. Live crawler GH-739U, Lurium Ipsum, is set to scan for any keywords related to SCP-2456-1 on various social media sites, cult databases, and domains. Once identified, alpha instances are to be retrieved by suitable field agents and brought to Site-33. Alpha instances under research must be kept in the Class III MKHC. Testing with D-Class is limited to level 3 personnel. All testing with active SCP-2456 instances have been halted. Testing is limited to the alpha state of SCP-2456, and must be under the oversight of level 4 personnel. Under no circumstances should two active alpha instances ever be introduced to one another. In the case of a breach, Site-33 is to initiate lockdown procedures, and Class III memetic kill agents will be dispensed throughout the facility. Any incident 2456-C for more details If SCP-2456 reaches epidemic levels, the use of protocol MOBAB in its final or prototype form is pre-approved. Mobile Task Force Site-10, Salt Swords, is assigned to handle cleanup of the aftermath, in addition to managing total suppression of media. Description SCP-2456 is believed to be a memetic parasite that is present in an estimated 0.7% of the human population. SCP-2456 lays dormant in a majority of the affected, and is not contagious in its initial form. Possible signs of SCP-2456 infection include An affinity toward astrology, astronomy, and or various pseudosciences. An increased proficiency in speaking foreign dialects, particularly those in the Baltoslavic and Afro-Asianic regions. Prolonged episodes of acute psychosis and paranoia, OCD in a high attention span for geometrical shapes, patterns, and sequences of five. Dissociative Identity Disorder SCP-2456 will leave its dormant state once several stress triggers have been activated, and the subject will then undergo an alpha event. The subject will fall into a period of advanced REM sleep, lasting up to three to four days. After awakening, alpha instances will claim to have had a series of vivid cryptid dreams. These consist of visions of past prophets from assorted theologies being executed by a saber or sword, and celestial bodies dancing in the sky. The SCP-2456 strain is found in alpha instances can be eliminated with the use of class D amnesics during this time. Following the alpha event, the subject relapses back into a six-day to six-year dormancy, followed by their beta state. During this time, the alpha instance will begin preaching SCP-2456-1, an abstract theology that is the only known transmissible form of SCP-2456. Subjects infected in this way are referred to as beta instances. Infection rates are high in observed subjects, with an average 70% success rate at an average 4% fall-off. Knowledge of SCP-2456-1 and of its core components is not contagious. Infection requires direct auditory contact with an alpha instance or beta instance, and the victim must have strong pre-existing religious beliefs beforehand. SCP-2456-1 is always monotheistic in nature, and can be characterized by several distinguishable qualities. SCP-2456-1 will begin as a variation of an existing theology. The number 5 will appear frequently in written doctrine. Godhead figures are synonymous with the sun, and are believed to bring about a future apocalypse. Mentions of a non-existing gizmperexie uncommonly appear in scripture. Foundation research is currently searching for a correlation with SCP- Many references to celestial objects, based on existing astronomical knowledge at the time. The appearance of hands in regular quadrilaterals and religious icons and symbols. Religious symbols of the sun have some limited form of mathematical significance. SCP-2456-1 has a weak reality-warping effect that varies with every iteration, and in its initial state it is virtually harmless. With every new beta instance created, this effect grows exponentially in radius and strength. SCP-2456-1 also incites violence and aggression, commonly leading to self-mutilation and war-like behavior among the infected. Beta instances actively seek out the uninfected, and will either spread SCP-2456 infection or attempt to murder them. Dormant SCP-2456-alpha instances are immune to infection by SCP-2456-1, and may aggressively react if exposed. However, exposure to SCP-2456-1 causes stress in the subject, and will increase the chances of SCP-2456 activation. If two active alpha instances ever come into contact, then ████████ please see Incident-2456-C. No SCP-2456-alpha instances have been successful in infecting more than 5% of the existing human population. Current Foundation simulations indicate a CK class in the world scenario if SCP-2456 infection rates ever exceed 7%. With the contagion becoming violent to the point where treatment becomes impossible. In addition to this, SCP-2456-1's reality-warping effect is likely to fracture the integrity of space-time at those levels. If infection rates exceed 96%, SCP-2456-1 is predicted to ██████ discovery. SCP-2456 was first discovered by an unscheduled raid on a serpent's hand base in Eugene, Oregon. On June 10, 2016, Mobile Task Force TAL-9, Bookworms, were charged with the acquisition of a copy of SCP-█████, which was believed to have been stowed in an abandoned industrial warehouse. Serpent's hand members were discovered inside upon break-in entry, in a firefight ensued. Foundation casualties totaled 11. After recovery of SCP-█████ and other related anomalous artifacts, a wooden crate was found next to a furnace with the lettering 5th Cycle of the Mine stamped onto its side. The cache was discovered to contain numerous fitness text, including an extra copy of SCP-█████ and a weathered note which read ████████. George, this is our latest catch. Please burn these as soon as you can at your discretion.  At the bottom of the stockpile, several age manuscripts were uncovered that detailed past SCP-2456-1 instances, and a large Foundation historian's about a possible unidentified SCP. Below is a list of past SCP-2456-1 instances. As of now, there are six known variations of SCP-2456-1. However, research has shown potential evidence of an additional ██████ more. Descriptions may be added or changed if new information is uncovered. A recent server breach completely unrelated to 2456 somehow corrupted the files. I've done a bit about everything to fix it, but if anyone knows that the system is still acting up, please give me a call. You know the number. Eric. SCP-2456-1A Name God-Worshipping Society SCP-2456-Alpha Hong Xu Kuan Round Scale 5 Complementary Theology Confucianism Catholicism Due to political instability, in addition to Xu Kuan's weak state of body and mind, SCP-2456 was activated in early 1837. Xu Kuan experienced vivid hallucinations based on his past knowledge of Confucianism and interactions with Christian evangelicals. During his beta state, Xu Kuan went into a waxing period of approximately six years, after which SCP-2456-1A was created. The local Hakka population was the first to experience infection, but rising tensions with the government led to the creation of the Taiping Army, which became a major factor for widespread SCP-2456 contamination. Although not armed with sophisticated weaponry, the Taiping Army completely devastated the Chinese landscape. During its 14-year lifespan, it had marched through every province of China. The Taiping-Heavily Kingdom of Peace only further increased viability, but weakened as SCP-2456 infection rates slowed down. One of the more prevalent properties of SCP-2456-1A was its ability to cause full nuclear transmutation of biological organisms. Accounts related to SCP-2456-1A showed that beta instances would often involuntarily transform themselves into piles of the geological matter. When researching the areas it describes in its accounts, Foundation geologists found traces of human feces and saliva in pockets of igneous rock, and hominid DNA bonded to sediment. SCP-2456-1B Name? Colt of Aten SCP-2456-Alpha Unidentified Routes Scale 2 Complimentary Theology Egyptian Mythos Although Akanatan of Armana was the leader of SCP-2456-1B, evidence shows that SCP-2456-1B originated from a scribe or mentor that was particularly close to the pharaoh. Akanatan was a very aggressive beta instance, using its power as head of state to condemn worship of all Egyptian deities. Temples dedicated to Aten were generally peaceful. Foundation archaeological evidence shows that instruments dedicated to cell mutilation, removal of the heart, and ██████ were present in several major temples. Several temporal and spatial shifts were common during the lifespan of SCP-2456-1B. One scribe's account indicates that the days were occasionally stretched out, and celestial bodies did not behave as they had once used to. At one point, the midday sun did not set for five days, causing a drought along the bank of the Nile, and sparking a peasant's riot near one of Aten's temples. Additional Egyptian astronomical charts show constellations, nebulae, and star systems that are non-existent, or are depicted in incorrect placements. Further, a planet translated to Nibu appears commonly in astronomical accounts, and was described as being half the size of Venus, but with poles with light and five second intervals. SCP-2456-1C Name, Undetermined SCP-2456-Alpha, Undetermined Route Scale-3 Complementary Theology, Aztec Mythos Little is known about the origins of SCP-2456-1C, but its enormous impact on the Aztecs is evident. The Aztec deity, Tenedia, is most likely an aspect of SCP-2456-1C that had infiltrated Aztec culture and society. The retrieval of Aztec text from the serpent's hand, C. Discovery, provides evidence for this theory. Sacrifices of the hearts of Tenedia were very common, and may have even started solely because of SCP-2456. If this is the case, casualties linked to SCP-2456-1C could easily number around 56 ██, although not a complete version of SCP-2456-1C. The worship of Tenedia has still caused a mild reality-warping effect throughout the Empire. Anomalous reports include accounts of the Sun and Moon being eclipsed by unknown celestial objects, lasting for weeks on end. Rarely, cadavered from past sacrifices would reanimate, and attacks of billions in an aggressive behavior immobilize them and reach into their throats to pull out there. Coastal regions of the Aztec Empire suffered greatly from a periodical, glowing red poison that killed off fish in the sea, cause tissue necrosis in humans, and formed large blood clots in the lungs. This is likely to result from bioluminescent dinoflagellants, which is unusual given the areas of occurrence, and the symptoms of infection. Note, a codex describing Tenedia in detail seems to indicate SCP-2456-1C originated from the Epiomex. A research party has been sent to Barrett crews to uncover the genesis of SCP-2456-1C. Scheduled time of return, May 17, 2017. SCP-2456-1D Name, Cult of the Supreme Being, SCP-2456-Alpha Augustine Bon-Joseph de Roche-Pierre Seed Document-2456-A Round Scale-1 Complementary Theology, Cult of Reason, Catholicism Due to the small longevity of SCP-2456-1D, not much can be said about its traits as it had not experienced widespread virability. Although it did not guard enough followers to cause intense reality-warping effects, some anomalous characteristics were still prevalent. Since the French Revolution was underway, it is impossible to estimate all casualties linked to SCP-2456. However, Jacobin letters and diary entries show that Maximilian Roche-Pierre had become more animalistic and ruthless in its executions, as well as implementing a large daily quota. Incomporial manifestations were visible in the Parisian streets, as well as sudden dimensional ships and various lines and smoking parlors around the city. A manuscript detailing the Alpha instance can be found in Document-2456-A. SCP-2456-1E Name, Undetermined SCP-2456-Alpha Undetermined Round Scale, Undetermined Complementary Theology, Undetermined System Error, Data Corrupted Please see a Network Administrator for more details SCP-2456-1F Name, ██ SCP-2456-Alpha, Undetermined Round Scale, 8 Complementary Th- System Error, Data Corrupted Please see a Network Administrator for more details System Error, Data Corrupted Please see a Network Administrator for more details Syndrome Protocol of a huge System Error, Data Corrupted Please see a Network Administrator for more details SCP-2456-Alpha is still at large Document-2456-A The following excerpts are taken from text recovered by the serpent's hand. They have been translated from their native scripts into the English vernacular, in addition to being analyzed and deemed safe from any potential cognitive hazards. A full transcript can be obtained by contacting the Department of Anomalous Text. From Wisdoms of the Heavenly King, circa 1861. And so the Prophet stood on the edge of the heavens, and looked down to the poor and weary below. And the great Prophet sat inside, for men and women groveled in the filth and ash of great mountains. And so he spoke, and his children wept, where they understood, standing so terribly close to the stars. He followed the smoke until the smoke had turned into steam, then mist, then vapor. He met the man from the west, who lived in the south, to further his knowledge of the great dream. He studied for five months, and on the fifth day of the fifth month, the great Prophet understood. The man from the west, who lived in the south, left with haste and refused to assist the great Prophet's mission. The Prophet was angered but understood. The man simply needed time to itself, and formulated his own opinion and vision. And so the great Prophet led the people of cinders from the ashes, and they waged war when attacked. The armies of the usurper attacked at the dawn of the new year, but the sun was on our side, and we prevailed. They lost and ran, but the ones that were left behind faced the Prophet and they understood.  Think five irrational thoughts a day. A student approaches his master and asks, We are born, we develop, and we toil until our death. Is this not our fate? The wise master replied, Our world withers away five pieces at a time, but the stars will always die in threes.  Repay all depths due before a departure. Two men look up at a star-filled sky. One asks to the other, Will we forever be bound to the celestial bodies? The other replies, They had never been there, but you can make it so. Five spokes of a broken star. Five elements at forever spar. Five senses to evoke the mind. Five pieces slowly unwind. A black moon howling is a vision unworthy of one sight. From a verse of the great hymn of the Aten, thou claimest the world for its own, according to thy desire, but given the heart to its sole son, the king who lives by moth, the Lord of the two lands. Nefer Hekper, soul one of re, champion of the western Nile, and the humble scribe by appreciable mentor. The messenger of thy glory rises alongside you, unforgotten. The stars and the earth command to thy wishes. Thou alone art their lifetime, a candle in the dark. Thou rises with them, and thou shalt die with them as well. In thine cycle through the sky, thou sendest visions from the heavens, a distant mirage, light fires in the water. Thou lives in the deepest dredges of the great Gismpric Sea. Thou disperest amongst the harlots, in the fifth day of the solstice, in the fifth year of the summer harvest. Thou dis-suffered. But no matter the cause, no matter the threat, thou shalt live on to indulge the next world with thy divine antipathy. So says the black moon of the winter months. Entries taken from the diary of Augustine Bond Joseph de Rose Pierre, November 11, 1793 to July 27, 1794 21. Brimaire II. Lafette de la Raison has been an unimaginable success. The Jacobins parade in the streets, throwing flowers in the air. Children sing and laugh. The era of change has begun, but alas, the age of tyranny had not yet ended. The Frenchmen pride in their progressiveness, but it is too soon to celebrate. 29. Brimaire II. My dear brother Maximilian has voiced his concern about the cult of reason. I received an epistle from him while I was in my parlor, requesting my sole presence in the ██████████████ CELAN during the twilight hours. I found him in the corner, reading a paper in a boot, and he met my gauge with leering eyes. He raged on in about the vileness of the feast, the hypocrisy of the officials that organized it. I sat on the opposite side, pipe in hand, and stared at him bemusingly. My brother is a visionary, but at times like these, his thoughts simply consume him. Give him time, and he will understand there is nothing to fear of change. 23. Frimaire II. I dreaded the most peculiar dream last night, but unlike the rest, it has invaded my reveries. I vivid thought that eats up my very mind. Sineteca, unintelligible. 30. Frimaire II. I see the dream more clearly now, a belligerent ruler that defies all odds and expectations. It will reconquer the world, using Frant as his figurehead. The Pope, slain. The king, dead. The world, subservient. All for the glory to the one true king. People celebrating both the science and the spirit of the world. A king must always exist in society. My brother must reason with me. I must share the wonders of this illuminating message. 13. Nibbos II. I have received the letter back from my brother, and it was nothing more than a crude sketch of a ship sailing on the sea, far away into nothingness. I worry for him sometimes. I shall send for a carriage tomorrow, and take myself to his home. I only wish to share the dream, but it seems to have become a new obsession. 14. Nibbos II. I knocked at his door, but no answer came in return. It seemed almost as if no one had lived there for some time. I paranoically began to believe that my brother had vanished alongside my good friend Sebastian, who I could no longer find ever since I shared my dream with him. However, I continued my racket until the door slowly creaked open. The terrified expression of my brother peered out behind chains. He relaxed upon realization that it was just my sole company, and hastily ushered me inside. He poured me a cold cup of tea, and began to bash me with questions about the dream. I told him everything, even the thoughts of culthood that reached my very mind. He grew visibly excited with every new sentence, and began to write notes in a small sketchbook of his. I share his joy, change is always good for the heart, but I fear for his health. Those hands are like those I've seen in medical journals, of the dead and dying. 15. Nibbos II. I had returned to his tendency, but nobody was home. The neighbor says that he saw my brother leaving his abode in the early hours, but Roepierre's destination could not be determined. I ask if he thought my brother looked ill with any malady, but was astonished to hear the antithetical, most curious. 18. Floriel II. Leculte et Supreme has been formally announced. The members of the council grumble with suspicion, but give it time, and time we need, and our numbers will surely amass. 19. Date missing. I have begun seeing it. Our power grows, and the nightmare swells. The other day, I was sitting on a bench reading a book of poetry, and a man approached me. He asked me for a Louis-Dor, like some tramp that infests the streets, but he said that he needed a coin to pay the ferryman, otherwise he wouldn't be able to cross the stream. He held out his hat, and I put in, but the man said nothing in return. How rude. But the headless can't speak after all, and so he went on his merry way, the sun reflecting his patches of bone, and disappeared at the path in the trunk of an oak tree. The day after, I entered the local salon, but a crisp cloud of smoke and water enveloped the air. I had accidentally stumbled upon a smoking room, but not any normal smoking room. The Duke of Dirkwood sat on his sequined throne. I fearfully trembled and bowed down into the presence of the gracious Earl, and kissed his left foot, and he graciously patted my head with one of the bulbous hands. The other held a long opium pipe, the third a scimitar, but alas, the last two were chained. The five heads scowled and scorned as they fought their shackles, and he roared like that of a wonderful beast. A monster wore sacrifice, a lion wore it given one's flesh. Let him feast, like wonderful maggots that grow on my skin. Date Missin' The streets run pink with blood and agony. I can hear their screams even after their heads topple in the basket. So much blood. So much blood. Blood. And blood and blood. They erupt from the corpses like geysers and daggers in the dead of the night. It's not enough to satiate a growing hunger. My brother, he doesn't understand. He slogs through the nightmare, hoping to enter the paradise. Empty promises from an empty lord, but he is our lord nonetheless. 9. Thermador II Forgive me, dear brother. In these past few days, the entire world has been afflicted with blood demands. I am as guilty as you are, but you should not have deserved such a demeaning fate. I gave you those inbred thoughts, the dark whispers that consume me have taken the hold of you. You've lost something in your eyes, brother. It has been replaced with a bright and poisonous light, like that of a distant star.  Punish me, O king. Let me suffer for those who have suffered. Addendum 2456-1 On December 21st, 2016, during a scheduled comb of Foundation servers, a firewall sounded an alarm in response to an unidentifiable audio file sent the researcher Samuel ██████████. No Foundation credentials could be found, but the file was traced to a cubicle that had been vacant for six years. Unusually, the hardware had been short circuited and badly corroded, with traces of pyruvic acid, sea brine, and burnt heart tissue found in the CPU. Although the terminal was not damaged beyond repair, the file was one of few items deemed salvageable, as the rest became corrupted from the damages. Attempts to restore to full audio file have failed. A transcript of the recovered portion can be found below. Orked with the Foundation for twenty years now, I've seen men bleed out because of a song dedicated to a goddamn mountain. I've heard of a skip that forces victims to suture their mouths shut, and I've tested countless D-class on books that break their bodies, their minds, and whisk their existence away into a land of fiction and fantasy, but now it's me that's dying. If you could call it that.  I don't know how much of what I'm about to say is true. Simon probably had the best understanding of this thing out of all of us. Simon. Now that's the name I haven't heard of in a long time, but it doesn't really matter. He's gone now, and no one seems to care. It was just me, Simon, Charlie, and ██████. We were assigned to SCP-2456 ever since it was first identified. Our mission was simple. The catalog all passed occurrences of SCP-2456-1. This wasn't the first time I dealt with memetics, nor was it the first time I dealt with a Keter class, but this test seems simpler than my previous ones. Testing with D-class dumps you down after the first couple of weeks, but you never really get used to it. I was actually almost relieved once I got transferred. Was the first one to go. One minute I was having my lunch with him, the next he's on the floor screaming about visions of the sea and the archons of a tropic world. They dragged him through the infirmary, but not before he managed to stab a guard's leg with a dinner fork. I asked to see him after an hour had passed, imagine just how surprised I felt when they told me that no patients had been admitted in the past four hours. This skip is relatively new, we just don't fully understand all of it, and it seems we only have a fraction of the information, and that's where the danger lies. To simply put it, there is a third state of SCP-2456 has gone unrecorded, a Gamma state if you will. Picture a DNA molecule. How does it create proteins? I know.  Well, not to bore anyone with the specifics, but basic protein synthesis requires two major steps. The first one, transcription, has RNA-prolimorous building RNA molecules that detail instructions. RNA translation, in its most basic definition, is the RNA molecule being red. And that creates the product, dash tRNA first brings methionine, and the chain ends with either amber, or ochre, or opal. Congratulations, you've just made the primary structure of a protein. SCP-2456-2 is an incredibly potent antememe, capable of causing dramatic and localized dimensional shifts. It's very delicate, very fragile, and requires careful preparation. A beta instance is the indirect vector for SCP-2456-2 infection. Whenever a beta instance writes information about SCP-2456-1, a Gamma instance is created. If a subject reads the Gamma instances, there is a possibility that SCP-2456-2 will enter the subject. The subject will slowly vanish from existence, and all records and knowledge of the subject will disappear alongside it. However, this process is incredibly flawed. Sometimes a corpse is all that remains, sometimes just a name. And from personal accounts, SCP-2456-2 is capable of causing vivid hallucinations and depositing false memories in the subject. Simon kept telling me stories about his life when he succumbed to this thing, and they always seemed to change. We didn't know this at first. Charlie told me that it was probably a phantom alphabet causing us to become ghosts.   Simon, though, he was the brighter one. He had a theory that SCP-2456 has more to it than meets the eye. He went missing three days ago. We were in the same room. I just turned around for one second, and he's gone. Maybe his favorite coffee cup, the one that's always by his side, where Snoopy's wearing that goofy-looking Christmas hat, lay half empty on the floor.   Personally, I'm not too sure. I think that's something went wrong. I think the 5th Church doesn't fully understand SCP-2456, and so SCP-1425 failed to become a stable version of SCP-2456-2. Gamma instances can't create beta instances. SCP-2456 just becomes too weak at that level of infection. Instead of beta instances, SCP-1425 created alpha instances. But even then, I think that it did work at some level. What was that woman's name? The talk show host? I only just realized that she never reappeared. The Foundation does not have a full understanding of this particular skip. The problem is, it's not a parasite. SCP-2456 is the dream. A slumbering king rests dead in the water, fractured into five pieces. He shuffles through an eternal nightmare. A usurper has claimed his throne, but he is not fully unconscious. The 5th King has set his sights onto this world, and will burn the earth with an undying flame, just to punish the traitors that locked him away. His anger is one that is unbridled, and so he shares the dream. They were chosen for a specific reason. They were his champions, destined to share the world with his glory. Destined to bathe the world in the blood of his interlopers and remind everyone of their true master. Even the strongest hunger, and sometimes they just gotta take a little bite. Sacrifice by blood is what it desires. Sacrifice by souls is what it requires. I feel it happening to me too. Even as I write, they whisper to me, unintelligible. I dream terrible, terrible things. Sometimes of the number 5, sometimes of the number 6, rarely of the number 4. I feel them too, writhing in my skin, and oh, possible cognitohazard as well. That explains many things. One of the little lambit liars lurking in a lonely sea, a special star signaling songs ever so carefully, and men that mind may find unintelligible if they dig a little too hard. Have you ever wondered what the phrase A.A. means? No, stop it. I'm digging a little too hard, aren't I? But just wonder, how far down does the rabbit hoe go? As deep as the tower door, bringing me to a land of hedonism and fun? Or as deep as the Great Lake, whose sorry inhabitants float in the water and stare into the fiery abyss of the great sun? My time is almost up, and just remember, remember, remember. Why do you think we never knew? The foundation is old, but the world is older. Most likely we've had some help. A group as old as the fifth king, trying to put it into his nightmare. I wouldn't even be surprised if the serpent's hand was partially involved in keeping his forces at bay. After all, we did find those gamut instances at their headquarters. But now they are in the hands of the foundation, and they will never be destroyed. I can hear the fields of Aspidale calling my name. The air is suddenly getting thicker. I can already smell that sweet sea breeze. Follow the smoke that sits on the water. Listen to the thoghorns calling for their dead companions. The sea foam crashing against the tide. I am not ready, for I am not worthy. This was Senior Researcher John Richards signing off, and one last thing before I step into the water. Once history is forgotten, it is of course doomed to repeat itself, and the sixth cycle will forever more echo. Note, foundation records of the persons listed in the transcript in addition to one John Richards are non-existent. However, these men may be related to sudden unexplained disappearances of Foundation officials. A Foundation audit is currently underway. O5-3


We've gone through before the management part of the Macla, how to join and discover a network. Now we want to look out once we've joined a network, how do we transfer data? We want to provide efficient, robust and fair data transfer. So what does that mean? Efficiency, we want to deliver data across a wireless link. We know normally wireless links especially compared to wired. We have a limited number of resources. Is the data rate is often an order of magnitude less than an equivalent wired cost technology. And we have limited bandwidth. So efficiency is about trying to minimize any overheads so that we make good use of those resources. So that's an aim of the Macla to minimize overheads. If I want to send data, I don't want to spend a lot of time doing other things, not transmitting data, sending acknowledgments and so on. That increases overhead. Robust in our wireless link, we expect there could be errors. I will send some data and it will not be correctly received by the receiver. So we'd like to fix those errors, handle those errors. So we need a protocol that can deal with errors and also be efficient. We know the basic way of dealing with errors. We send a data frame. If the receiver doesn't receive it or if the receiver detects some error, then it will not respond with an acknowledgement. If everything's okay, the receiver sends back an act. That's one way to deal with errors. I send data, I expect an act back. If I don't receive an act, an acknowledgement, that suggests something went wrong. So a retransmission, and then we retransmit the data. That's a retransmission scheme or an ARQ scheme. We'll see that 802.11 uses such a scheme. We send data. We should respond with an act. If we don't receive an act, something's gone wrong and we'll deal with those errors. The other aspect that we'd like is fairness. Fairness is about treating all the devices in the network equally. From now on, we're going to refer to the devices as stations. So up until now, we've spoke about clients and access points. And they have different roles. Clients, for example, laptops, associate with an access point. But when it comes to transferring data, once you're associated with an access point, access points and clients are treated the same. Generally, we call them a station. A client is a station, a wireless land station, access point is a wireless land station. In terms of the details of the protocol we go through, they are no different in terms of the data transfer. An access point behaves the same as a client with data transfer. Not with management of the network, but just with data transfer. So sometimes we just say a station. Fairness is about giving all the stations an equal share of the wireless medium. With wireless, we have a broadcast radio environment. When we transmit, everyone within range can receive or can hear that transmission. And we've defined before that if two people transmit at the same time, and a receiver receives both of those transmissions, then that's called a collision in that the receiver cannot understand anything that was transmitted, i.e. we have errors. We don't want that to happen. We want to avoid the errors, collisions for example, but also make sure that if multiple people want to transmit data, then they all get an equal opportunity to send their data. For example, there's my laptop, there's your mobile phone, wanting to send data to the access point. We should get approximately 50% of the opportunity to send our data. I shouldn't be able to send 90% of the time while your phone just sends 10% of the time. That would be unfair. Fairness is equal share amongst all the devices. And a reminder of some of our assumptions that we've covered earlier in this topic. If two nodes transmit at the same time and the receiver is within range, then a collision occurs, lost data. No data is received. And that sets up the aim of the 802.11 MAC data transfer protocol. The aim is to avoid collisions. Because collisions lead to lost data, and lost data leads to retransmissions, which leads to a longer delay before we receive the real data, we get lower performance. Collisions can significantly reduce our throughput and increase our delay, which is bad. Collisions occur when two or more stations send at the same time. Therefore, the goal of the MAC protocol is to ensure only one station or one node transmits at a time. If only one station transmits at a time, there will be no collisions, and therefore, there will be no lost data due to collisions. And our performance should be okay. So that's the goal. There are two ways to provide that approach. In the original 802.11, two ways for transferring data. One's called DCF and the other one's called PCF. DCF stands for Distributed Coordination Function, and Point Coordination Function is PCF. So these are functions or algorithms for coordinating who transmits. Distributed means the algorithm is just distributed amongst all the stations. Point Coordination Function, there's a single point, the access point that coordinates who transmits. Today, DCF is the main one used. In the original products, although both were available, DCF is mandatory when someone builds a wireless LAN device, they must implement DCF. PCF was optional because a complexity of PCF originally was not even included in devices. Nowadays, some of the devices you buy support a similar function to PCF, but almost all the time then when you transmit data, you're using DCF for a small variant of it. So most of the data transfer is based upon DCF. And that's all we're going to cover in this course, DCF. Before we look at it, let's... PCF in a very simple term is a polling-based system. The access point says, this client can send. And then it says, okay, now another client can send. So the access point tells the clients when they are allowed to send. Since it's controlled by one central device, the access point can set up a schedule such that no two clients are sending at the same time. So it's like me saying one can transmit when they've finished sending their data, now someone else can transmit. And because a client only transmits when an access point tells it to, no two clients transmit at the same time. So a polling-based transfer controlled by the access point. It's more complex than DCF and hence wasn't implemented in most of the early devices. DCF is distributed. There's no difference between an access point and a client. They all are just stations that want to send data. Distributed in that they independently make their own decisions when to send. There's no one device telling them when to send data. It uses a mechanism called carrier sense multiple access, CSMA. And CSMA was used in the original wired LAN, Ethernet. Multiple access allow multiple devices to access the wireless medium at the same, allow multiple devices to access the wireless medium. Carrier sense, sense is about listening to see whether someone else is sending. And if someone else is sending, you will not send. If no one else is sending, then possibly you can send data. That's the idea. So carrier is about the physical layer and listening in onto the signal. Sense is like listening. So it uses CSMA. In the wired LAN, CSMA was used. Wireless LAN uses a small variation and it uses this feature called collision avoidance. In wired LAN they use collision detection. The differences in the wired and wireless means that collision detection is not possible in wireless LAN. We'll explain later what collision avoidance is or the mechanism. So let's go through DCF. One station transmits at a time. So we need an algorithm that each node follows without exchanging information about what to do with other nodes. They all follow this algorithm and with the aim that if they all follow the algorithm, only one of them will send at a time. So it's implemented in a distributed manner and clients and access points are the same. We call them stations. Within DCF itself there are two modes of operation. One's called basic access and one's called RTSCTS mode. And the modes are selected depending upon the size of the piece of data that wants to be sent. The smaller data basic access is used for larger data RTSCTS. We will go through both modes separately. Explain basic access first today and maybe get on to RTSCTS. In DCF there are four types of frames. There's a data frame. It has a header, the payload, the information we want to transfer to the other station and a trailer. The size varies even of the header and trailer. Some typical values here, often the header and trailer around 34 bytes. It can change in some special cases. And the data is limited up to a maximum of 2,312 bytes. Typically because wide lands use 1,500 bytes, wireless land will limit to 1,500 bytes as well. And the very basic mechanism is the source sends a data frame to the destination, the destination sends back an acknowledgement frame. There's an act frame. There's no data contained in the act. It's a small frame, for example, 14 bytes of header and that's it. And there are two other types of frames. Data and act are used in basic access mode. In the second mode, RTSCTS, there are two new types of frames called RTS, Request Ascend and CTS Clear Ascend. We'll come back to the purpose of them when we look at RTSCTS. Again, they're small, tens of bytes. So normally we send one large frame, a data frame, maybe 34 bytes of header, 1,500 bytes of data and then we expect a small act to come back. Of course, the larger the header and the act relative to the data, the less efficient will be. That's why we'd like to make the data large compared to the other parts. We've gone through the structure of the frame last week and we went through, gave some examples and we've gone through addressing. Let's go into detail how DCF works. So remember, always remember that aim only one station transmits at a time. How do you do that? Let's say in this class, everyone wants to say something. You're in a group of people. Everyone wants to communicate some information. But only one of you can send or talk at a time. What do you do? If you're polite, you may listen and see if someone else is talking and wait for them to stop talking. And if they stop talking, then maybe you wait a little bit of time and then if no one else was talking, then you would start talking. So that's a way in a distributed manner. It's distributed in that everyone is following their own rules as to when to talk. They don't exchange explicit messages with each other as to, okay, now you can talk, now you can talk. They all do it independently. We do the same thing in basic access. We have our stations. They all want to send some data. The concept is a station will transmit if the medium is idle. The medium is idle means no one else is transmitting. The medium is the wireless medium that we send our signals across. Idle means that from my station's perspective, it's not receiving any signal. It's idle. So if no one else is sending, then you can possibly send. If someone else is sending, that is, the medium is busy, then of course wait until they've finished and then possibly transmit. So that's the basic concept. We need to work out the details of that and see what happens if it goes wrong. See what happens or how long do we need to wait for the medium to be idle? How long should it be idle before we can start transmitting and so on? So we'll go through the detailed operation. We're going to go through from the perspective of one station wants to send data to some other station. It doesn't matter if it's a client or an access point, just we want to send some data. Let's look at what the steps are. When a station has data ready to send, first step is it checks if the medium is idle. So what that means is check if it receives a signal, meaning someone else is transmitting. So the radio is in the receive mode. If it receives a signal, which is strong enough, then the medium is busy, someone else is sending. If it doesn't receive a signal, then it assumes the medium is idle. But the medium must be idle for some period of time, and that's defined in the DCF. The first step is the medium must be idle for some period defined as diffs, the DCF into frame space. It's used for DCF into frame space, so it's some space or some time between doing things with frames. The value of diffs, the DCF into frame space, is defined for each physical layer. For example, for 802.11b, it's 50 microseconds. And for 11g, I can't remember the value, I've got it on one of the later slides. So for the different physical layers, there's a value defined for the DCF into frame space in the order of tens of microseconds. So the medium must be idle for that period of time. And then after that period of diffs, in fact, the medium must be idle even longer. What happens is the station keeps checking if the medium is idle, no one else is sending, and it must be idle for another period called a backoff period. In wireless LAN, diffs is fixed, the value. The backoff period is chosen randomly by the station. So for different computers, different stations, it may be a different value. We'll see the algorithm for choosing it shortly. If, from my station's perspective, no one else was sending for the DCF into frame space, and no one else was sending for the backoff period, then I can transmit my data. So when the backoff period is complete, transmit the data frame. So you transmit the data frame to the other station, and I don't know if we don't say it here. When the other station receives the data frame, they wait a short amount of time and then transmit an act back. So receive a data frame, wait a short amount of time, transmit the act. When I receive the act frame, everything's done. The data transfer is complete. The receiver, when they receive the data, they wait a short amount of time. That's called the short interframe space. We'll see that defined shortly. There are some other rules that we need to follow as well. If something goes wrong, if the medium is busy, we'll get to them in a moment. Let's keep defining some of the parameters we have. We have interframe spaces. The two ones that we care about are diffs and sifts. The DCF interframe space and a short interframe space. There was also an interframe space used by PCF, but we don't care about that. The short interframe space is the time from when the receiver receives the data frame until when they send the act. So you receive a data frame, wait for a short interframe space, and then transmit the act. And short interframe space is always less than diffs. And that's important. There's, we said, we wait for the diffs and then we wait for a back-off period. The DCF interframe space is fixed. The short interframe space is fixed. The value is defined. The back-off period is random within some range. When my station's about to enter the back-off period, what it does is it chooses a random number, R in this, an integer, between zero and some maximum value, CW here. And the back-off period is that random integer R multiplied by some other fixed value called the slot time. Again, the slot time is fixed and known in advance. We'll come back to the rest of that, the value of CW and how it changes after we go through an example. So we've got some parameter values and they're defined for each physical layer. So A2 to the 11B, there's some values for 11G, 11N, there are values and they're not always the same amongst the physical layers. They are the DCF interframe space, the short interframe space, the slot time and we'll see that there's a minimum and maximum value of this CW called our contention window. The back-off period is some random integer between zero and CW multiplied by the slot time. Let's look at some values and then go through an example. I think a few slides along, many slides. Here are some values of those parameters. Just for 11B, 11A and 11G. So for 11B, 50 microseconds is the DCF interframe space. So when I want to send data, I must check that no one else is sending for 50 microseconds. If no one else was sending, then I start the back-off period. And the back-off period, I choose a random integer between zero and 31. Multiply by the slot time. So let's say I chose 10, for example, between zero and 31. I choose 10. Multiply by the slot time of 20 means I must wait for 200 microseconds. And then I send my data and the receiver waits a short interframe space of 10 microseconds and sends an act back. If I'm using 11A, same procedure, but just different values here. And 11G and 11N as well. Just so I can remember, let's write them on the board. What have we got? And I'm going to go through an example. There are some examples on the slides. We'll go through some on the board. And just because I have the answers, it's going to be using 11B, which is a bit old, but we'll find the values are easier to work with as well. Because there are multiples of 10 divs. And in my example, I will not show the units just for convenience. Everything's in microseconds. 10 to the power of minus 6 seconds. So 50 microseconds. Sifs. So let's go back to our description. And the backoff period, we choose a random integer between zero and CW, where CW is initially CW min, the minimum value. So it's initially 31 in our case. Later, we'll see that it increases up to some maximum value. So to choose the backoff period, a random integer, random uniform between zero and CW. For example, 31. That's this. And the backoff period, I'll just call BO, is R times slot time. So that CW, we'll see is a contention window. We'll see the significance of it after we go through our first example. CW, originally is CW min, but we'll see the value of CW changes. It may change. It may take values between 31 and 1,023 in our case. So initially, it's the minimum value. Later, we'll see it can increase up to the maximum value. Whenever we have a data frame to send, it's always the minimum value. So if I have a data frame one to send, CW equals 31. The next piece of data I have to send, it's 31 again. But we'll see if we have to retransmit, we may have to, we will increase it. So that are the parameters we have. Let's go through the steps. And to illustrate what happens, we'll try to use these timing diagrams. They can both illustrate what happens, and we'll also use them to calculate how long things take. The way to read it first is time increases as we go from left to right. So in this diagram, each line represents what happens at a station. So in the example on the screen, there are three stations, stations A, B, and C. And for each station, we show the operation that it's performing, or the stage it's in, in terms of the protocol. For example, in this period, it's waiting, it's checking that the medium is idle for the diffs period. Then it's checking that the medium is idle for the backoff period. Then it's transmitting data, and the data transmission takes time. And then, so remember the simple steps, wait for diffs, the medium must be idle. If it's idle, wait for backoff. If it's idle during that period, transmit the data. Depending upon the size of the data frame and the data rate we have, it takes some time to transmit. The receiver, in this case B, receives the data. Once it's received the entire data frame and checked, it's okay. It waits a short interframe space, and then transmits an act in response. And once A receives that entire act, that data frame transmission has been completed. We've finished one frame transfer. And then we can proceed to others. So if you ignore the rest of the details, going diffs, backoff, data, sifts, act, that's the normal case. Assuming nothing, there's no interference, nothing goes wrong. So remember those steps. Diffs, backoff, data, sifts, and act. We will try and calculate how long it takes to transfer the data. And from that, look at the throughput and delay incurred from using the wireless LAN MAC protocol. In this example, of course, there may be other stations that want to send at the same time. So we have station wants to send data to B. So I show here that at this point in time, A has data ready to send to B. So it now follows the steps. No one else is transmitting. Well, assuming there are only three stations in the network, or in the vicinity of each other, B is not sending here, C is not sending. So the meeting would be idle. So we think about when is the meeting idle and when is it busy. It's idle if no one else is sending. If no one else is sending, it's idle for the diffs, so we proceed to backoff. We choose a random number, and the backoff is that random number times by the slot time, some period of time. If it's idle for that period, and in this example it is because B is not sending, B's got no data to send. C is not sending, and start transmitting the data. And in this diagram, I show when the medium is busy by this rectangle here with the slope lines. This is indicating the medium is busy. Someone is transmitting. Because we have a broadcast medium, when A is transmitting from B and C's perspective, the medium is busy. Okay, so I draw that here. B, the medium is busy, and for C it's busy. And we can see for the rest of the cases. Now let's consider what happens if C wants to send some data as well. So A started, and then some time later, at this point in time, C wants to send data, and they want to send data to B. So they follow the rules. They check if the medium is idle. If so, proceed into the diffs phase. The medium must be idle for that entire duration of diffs. Where it's idle, it's idle, it's idle, and then it becomes busy. We start to hear the transmission from A. Even though A is sending data to B, because it's a broadcast medium, everyone within range receives that data, or receives the signal. So C starts receiving the signal and determines the medium is now busy. So when you are in diffs, or even in back off, the medium needs to be idle. If it becomes busy, you wait. So this is the idea of if someone else is sending, wait until they stop sending, and then try again. And sometimes that waiting is called defer. We defer our transmission until a later time. So C is not doing anything here, it's waiting. It's waiting for the medium to become idle again. It's busy, it's busy, and then A stops transmitting. The medium becomes idle. So from C's perspective, it restarts from the start of the diffs. It needs to be idle for diffs. It's idle, it's idle. Ah, it's busy again. Yeah, so restart from the start. So diffs means the medium must be idle. The medium must be idle for that period of time. If it's not idle for the entire period of time, then you wait until the medium becomes idle again, and you, as if you count from zero again, it must be idle for a full diffs again. So here for A's perspective, the medium was idle for the diffs. Here for C it was not. So it has to go back to the start. The medium must be idle for a full diffs. It's not in this case. Because it was idle for a short period of time, but then the act was started to be transmitted. So it becomes busy again. And note that diffs is always greater than the short interframe space. So that means when someone stops transmitting data, another station, C in this case, will not get to finish their diffs, because B waits just a short period of time and then immediately sends. So the act should always come back after the data, assuming there are no other errors. So from C's perspective, it waits for the, or defers for the act to be completed. And then the medium is idle again. So we go back to the start. Diffs, choose a rent. So the medium was idle for that period. Choose a random back off. So choose some random integer R between zero and CW, multiply by the slot time, and then wait for that period of time. And again, the medium must be idle for the entire back off. Any questions so far? We'll keep going in a moment. Any problems? What if diffs at the same time? I think that's a question about, well what if two stations want to send at the same time? We'll see what would happen. We'll see some examples later of what if different cases occur. We'll see it comes back to the random back off and why we have a random integer here. If they both start diffs at the same time, then of course the medium will be idle, but then they'll both start the back off at the same time. And most likely one will choose a different random integer than the other and get to transmit first. We'll come back to that example in a moment. Let's try and finish this one. We've got to a stage where C has data to send to B, A had data to send to B, successful, done. So A is finished from that perspective. Medium is idle for diffs. We start the back off. The back off is quite long in this case. Let's say we chose a large value of R, 30. It's random. In the meantime, B now has data to send back to A. Because A has sent data, maybe depending upon the application, now has something to return. So at this point in time, B has some data to send to A. So it follows the same steps. Diffs, okay. So look at the medium at all three stations. Look if it's idle or busy. Diffs, it's idle. Everything's okay.  In this example, let's say it chose a small random number. Three, for example. It depends upon the exact timing. But let's say it chose a random number such that it finishes its back off while C is still proceeding with its back off. So the time that C needs to back off is quite long. Maybe in the normal case, it may finish here. The time that B needs to back off is quite short. Of course, it just depends upon the random number chosen.  So B transmits the data, which interrupts C's back off. Because if B is sending data, the medium is now busy. So station C must defer. It must wait until the medium becomes idle again. We saw that happen with C before. It started the diffs, medium became busy, it deferred, and then it has to restart the diffs. When it becomes idle again, interrupted, restart the diffs. When we interrupt the back off, we wait until the medium becomes idle again, start the diffs. We don't get the diffs completed because, in fact, there's a short interframe space, and then the act comes back. So the medium is busy, we're waiting, we're waiting. Start the diffs. And here's a thing that's different. We don't restart the back off, we continue from where we left off. So if I chose R to be 30, means my back off is 30 slots. If I completed 17 slots here, 17 of the 30 that I required to complete, when I continue, I need to do another 13. I don't need to wait for 30 slots, I need to wait for just 13, the remaining slots. So we continue the back off from where we left off. Once the back off is complete, send the data, although it's not shown here, there'll be a short interframe space and an act, and we'll be done. So first, in summary, the basic steps. Medium must be idle for diffs, medium must be idle for the back off. That's shown here, diffs, back off, then transmit the data. When B receives the data, it waits for the short interframe space. The medium doesn't have to be idle there, it's not checking, it just waits and immediately sends, or then sends the act, and then we're done. But if you have data to send and the diffs is interrupted, wait until the medium is idle again, and then start from the start.  So it's a slightly different interruption of the diffs. Send the data, short interframe space, act. So this will see the consequences of this protocol in terms of how it provides efficiency, robustness and fairness, designed to meet those aims and will calculate the efficiency, and we'll see some cases of the fairness and how that's provided. Let's go through an example with some calculations. And the example, I'm not sure if you have it. Do you have it in the handouts? This one, maybe towards the end of the wireless LAN. It just sets some values to go through an example. And you also have just on the page after that some space to draw the diagrams, because I'm going to draw them on the board because we need a lot of space to draw them. But first, let's do some calculations. So in this example, we're going to see what happens when we have, we're going to use 80 to the 11b. It's a bit old, but I've got the values. We have a data rate of 11 megabits per second. So when we transmit the data, the time it takes to transmit depends upon the data size. So data size divided by the data rate, we get the transmission time. We have the diffs and we have these parameters. Let's make some assumptions about the size of frames, because we need to know the size to calculate the transmission time. Data header and trailer, 34 bytes. Act frame, 14 bytes. We're not dealing with RTS, CTS yet. How long does it take to transmit the data frame? We need to know the data size. In the example we're going to go through here, section 3, the basic access. We're going to assume there are three stations. Two clients, AMB, and a single access point. And in all cases, the amount of payload to be sent is 1,341 bytes. Calculate the transmission time of the data frame. That's the data size plus the header. What's the transmission time? So in the previous case, we had the data frame. It's made up of header, payload, the actual data we want to communicate, and a trailer. And we said the header plus trailer is 34 bytes. For these two together, 34 bytes. And in our example, the payload is 1,341. What's the transmission time? How long does it take to send this data frame? We've got a total size of 1, 3, 7, 5 bytes. And our transmission time is simply the size, the total number of bytes we need to send divided by our data rate. Our physical layer transmits our bytes at 11 megabits per second. It was given in the 11B characteristics. So 1,375 bytes divided by 11 megabits per second. You will use your calculator and you'll get anyone around. I want exact. This one, it is on the website somewhere. Yes, it's there. If you follow the links and the handouts for wireless LAN. What's the answer? One millisecond. 1,375 multiplied by 8 is 11,000. 11,000 divided by 11 megabits per second. And let's do it in microseconds. 1,000 microseconds. Let's do everything in microseconds because our value is up here in microseconds. Just for convenience in adding things up. So the data transmission time is 1,000 microseconds. And that's why I chose this strange number of 1,341 bytes. Just so that the answer is 1,000. So let's record that data. I'll just write data. We know it's the transmission time of 1,000. And we also will have an act. And I'm going to simplify things to make it a little bit nicer. I said the act was 112 bits, 14 bytes. Or let's round it down to 100 bits. Because 100 bits, there's one other factor. Let's make it clear. That was our data. What about the act? The act is 14 bytes or 112 bits. For simplicity, let's change it to 100 bits. Approximate. Just so my numbers are easier to work with. You will not do that in an exam unless I tell you to. You will use the exact value. Or I'll give you a nicer value. I'll say it's 100 bits. Now, there's a slight difference here. The data we said is a cent at 11 megabits per second. So it's the data size divided by 11 megabits per second. With control frames, the non-data frames, often they are sent at a lower data rate. Usually the lowest data rate. And in particular, an act frame is sent at, so we have 100 bits. We transmit it in 11 bits at 1 megabit per second, in order to 11 megabits per second. So in fact, your radio device changes the data rate. The data is sent at 11 megabits per second, and then the receiver sends back at 1 megabit per second. Why? Because the control frames, acts and others, RTS, CTS, and even beacons, if you send at a lower data rate, a receiver further away can receive. So if you move up to a higher data rate, that effectively the transmission range reduces. With a very low data rate, you can send a long way. So the idea of sending at a low data rate, the control frames, means other stations can hear this. Even stations which are a long way away can hear it and know about what's going on. So in most cases it's just the data that's sent at the high data rate, and the other frames may be sent at a lower data rate. The exact data rate may differ on the different physical layers. If that's the case, we get an act transmission time of conveniently 100 microseconds. So our data transmission time is 1000 microseconds, the act is 100 microseconds. 100 divided by 1. Again I just chose the sizes so these numbers are nice. Let's use that data to calculate how long it takes to send our data, and then look at the efficiency of our protocol. You have this, what else do we have from there before we remove it? So we've got the scenario 3 here. All stations are within range of each other. So A can hear the access point, and also can hear B, and vice versa. So all stations can transmit and receive directly to each other. Our scenario is that client A has some data to send it to the access point, and they have it at time zero. So we're going to count time from when A starts sending to the access point. 1,420 microseconds later, the access point has data to send to A in this case. So I'm just making up some times when the stations want to send data, and then 220B wants to send to the access point. And when they choose random numbers, each station chooses independent. Your computer chooses a random number between zero and CW to make my calculations easier. Let's say A chooses 10, access point chooses 3 as a random number, and B will choose 10. There's no link between the two values A and B chose, so random. With that information, let's calculate and draw how long it takes to transfer the data. Any questions about the setup before we remove this?  So just the transmission times and some of the characteristics of the physical layer. Let's try and draw what happens at those three stations, A, access point, and B. And this is what's going to happen over time. So we're going to draw the operations over time, see if I can get this straight. So time is increasing as we go to the right. And all the times will be in microseconds. So when we start, A has some data to send to the access point. And that's at time zero. That's when we start this exam. What happens? Diffs. So when a station has data to send, it checks if the medium is busy or idle, checks if anyone else is sending. Access point is not sending, B is not sending. Note that B is sending from our numbers at time 220. Checks for the diffs. And I'll draw that here, some period of time, diffs. If we started at time zero, the diffs would finish at time 50. 50 microseconds later. So record the times. No one else is transmitting. So that was successful when we completed the diffs from A's perspective. And then what happens? Back off, how long? Choose a random number. And what value does it choose? Let's say it chooses 10. It chooses a random number between zero and 31. And let's say this time it chooses 10. It chose 10. Next time can be five. So 10 times 20, that is 10 slots. So we think we count in slots. Each slot is 20 microseconds. So the back off must be 20 times 10. 10 slots, 200 microseconds. So we start the back off, BO. And let's just note we chose 10 as a random number. So it needs to be 10 slots long. And when would it finish? 250 somewhere around here. On the setup of the scenario, we say that time 220 B has day to descend. So let's, remember these are three different computers. They don't know what the other computers are doing.  All it's doing is counting a timer inside the computer. It's not sending anything, receiving anything. All it's doing is, okay, it starts a timer. A is sensing or listening and seeing if it's receiving a signal. No signal being received for 50 microseconds. Okay, now let's start again. No signal being received. I'm going to wait up to 250. In the meantime, B has some data to send. This won't be exactly to scale, but at time 220. So B will start the procedure, diffs. Remember, it's a distributed system. We need to consider what the devices are doing in parallel. When will its diffs finish? Starts at 220, 270, it should finish. But let's consider what the other stations are doing. What the other stations are doing. This would finish at 270 if no one else was sending. But A is going to finish at time 250, 10 slots. So let's draw what A, the back off, say it's here, at time 250, which is 20 times our 10 slots. And when we finish the back off, what does A do? It transmits the data. When will it finish transmitting the data? 1, 2, 5, 0. Start 250, takes a thousand microseconds to send. 1, 2, 5, 0. It will finish. And maybe it's hard to show here, but that means someone's transmitting. During that time, from the other stations' perspective, from access point and B's perspective, the meeting will be busy. And especially from B's perspective. Because the meeting became busy at time 250. That transmission interrupted B's diffs. What does B do? It didn't finish the diffs, it should finish at 270, but at time 250 someone else started sending. What does B do? We say it defers, it waits. It waits until this meeting becomes idle again. So we can write here, it's waiting. And of course it will go up to 1, 2, 5, 0, defer. It's not transmitting anything. So when we draw diffs back off, defer, the station is not transmitting anything. It's just maintaining an internal state saying, I cannot do anything until this meeting becomes idle again. And when it becomes idle, then it moves up to the next stage. What happens next? Who does sifts? The access point. So A is sending data to the access point. Transmitting the data, transmitting everything's okay. No one else is transmitting, hence no collisions. At time 1, 2, 5, 0, same time here, the access point has received the entire data frame. Okay? So once they receive the data frame, they check, it's okay. It doesn't take any time or any significant time. And then they wait for a short interframe space, sifts, wait for a short interframe space, and then immediately send back the AC. I'll draw the AC here. So the short interframe space is 1, 2, 5, is 10 microseconds. So it takes us to 1, 2, 6, 0. And the AC is 100 microseconds. So it takes us to 1, 3, 6, 0. So that's this time here. Check that I've on the right track. Yep. So access point transmits the AC. And at time 1, 3, 6, 0 here, station A has delivered the data successfully to the access point. From that data frame's perspective, that piece of payload, it's done. Diff's back off, data sifts back. It took 1, 3, 6, 0 microseconds. If we just briefly focus on that data transfer, how efficient were we in delivering the payload? Just ignore B. From A's perspective, how long did it take to deliver the payload? It took 1, 3, 6, 0 microseconds from 0 up into here to deliver the payload. Assuming it has more data to send, then it needs to do the same procedure. And if it always did that same procedure, then every 1, 3, 6, 0 microseconds is delivering, what do we have? 1, 3, 4, 1 bytes. So we'll remove this in a moment. Every 1, 3, 6, 0 microseconds, the payload, the data frame contain header, trailer, and 1, 3, 4, 1 bytes of payload. So we delivered 1,341 bytes of payload in 1,360 microseconds. That gives us a throughput. Assuming we'd always sending 1, 3, 4, 1 bytes and it took 1, 3, 6, 0 microseconds, then that would give us an indicator of throughput. How much payload, or what's the rate at which payload is being delivered? That is payload divided by time. Whatever the value is, multiplied by 8, I would need a calculator. You don't have to calculate that. We'll see later some summary statistics. It's 7.8 megabits per second, 7.88. Remember our physical layer data rate is 11 megabits per second. The throughput just for that individual frame, we could say is 7.88 megabits per second. It's not the maximum of 11. Why not 11? Even though we're sending the payload at 11 megabits per second, we also spend time sending nothing. And we also spend time sending header and trailer and we spend time receiving an act. So the throughput is the measure of the rate at which the real payload gets delivered. And that's a fraction of what the full data rate of 11 megabits per second is. In practice, looking at an individual frame to calculate the throughput is not very accurate. You need to look at a sequence of frames. That is, let's say I send 1,000 frames. Find the total time, do this 1,000 times and then work out 1,000 frames divided by the total time to get more statistical accuracy. So we're seeing some overhead or some inefficiency arising. Let's continue. What have we got? Five minutes left. Let's continue and see what happens at B because A is finished. B deferred up to 1,250. Then what happened? In fact, at 1,250, medium is idle again. So start the diffs, but at 1,260, it becomes busy again. Diffs should last for 50 microseconds. It only lasted for 10. We were interrupted, so we stop again. We defer because the act and 1,360 and now the medium becomes idle again. What happens next? Diffs again. We start it from the start. And when's the diffs going to finish? 1,410. Next, back off and it chooses, only because I have the answers, it chooses 10. Luck, which would take it to, it chooses 10 as a random integer between 0 and 31. It chose 10. No reason it chose the same value as this. It's just unlucky or lucky, however you want to look at it. 10 times 20, 200 time units. So it would take us to 1,610. It would finish the back off. But the other thing is the access point has data to send. At time in the question 1,420, add some more complexity. At time 1,420, access point wants to send data. While B is in the back off period, access point diffs. When's it take us to 1,470, back off, chooses 3 as a random number. Again between 0 and 31 chooses 3. 3 times 20 is 60 would take us to 1,530. So the access point will finish the back off period at 1,530. No one else sending. A is not sending, they've got nothing to send. B is not sending yet. They're still in back off, which should finish at somewhere at 1,610. But in fact the access point starts sending the data because they completed the back off first. So this random integer for determining the back off length impacts upon who gets to send first. We'll see some different cases later, but we see that whoever chooses the smaller value, choosing a smaller value gets you a higher chance to transmit. In this case, A had data, or A started the diffs after, sorry, access point started the diffs after B. But because they chose a small random value here, 3, whereas B chose 10, access point gets to send the data first. Because we would interrupt the back off, we'd have to defer, and we'd see the same here. We'd see it takes 1,000, 2,530, SIFS, so SIFS is 10, which is 2,540, ACK is 100, 2,640, and from B's perspective, it had to defer. It would start the diffs here, but it would be interrupted because of the ACK. Because of the ACK, and have to defer again, and what's next? So although I've skipped through this part quickly, it's the same as here. Data, SIFS, ACK, and the other station defer during the data, start the diffs, but interrupted by the ACK, defer during the ACK, and then done. The data has been delivered to station A, what happens next? We're almost finished, diffs. Takes 50, brings us to 2,690, back off. How long? Calculate the value. So here's something we haven't seen. Here the back off was 10 slots. So think we count in terms of slots, complete slots. 10 slots, 200 microseconds are needed. We completed 120 microseconds. We completed six slots. So the back off, we need to wait for 10 slots in total. Here we've done six of those 10, 120 out of 200. Because 1530 minus 1410, 120, or six slots.  And you'll see that you'll just finish. There'll be data, SIFS, and ACK, and you'll complete. For reference, the final ACK is at time, if I can read my own writing, 3880. So you can complete that and you'll see that the ACK is finally received at time 3880. So we've seen the basic mechanism of DIFS, back off, data, SIFS, ACK. We also see deferral. If we interrupt the DIFS, then we restart. But if we interrupt the back off, we continue completing the number of slots we haven't completed yet. So here we've done six of the 10. We've got four remaining. There are some more details to go through. What happens if different cases arise? We can still get collisions. How? What do we do in the response of collisions? We'll go through them next week and we'll try and finish on Wireless LAN Wednesday and Thursday next week.


Welcome to nursing school explain and on this video on how to pack your clinical tools bag now clinical Rotations usually start really early in the morning and it's very important to be prepared with all your equipment So I recommend packing everything making sure you have everything that you need the day before and there are certain things That are essential and that you will always need and I'm not going to go over any uniform policies and shoes and Hairdress code because that's specific to your school, but let's take a look here So you definitely need to have some writing tools I Specifically recommend a pen that has many different colors so that you can quickly switch from one color to another Circle things make exclamation mark for abnormal values and all these things and all you need is one pen But just to be sure have a regular pen ready as well And maybe a highlighter so that you can really highlight things that stand out to you on in your report sheet And then maybe a sharpie helps too in case you need to label things Just be mindful of infection control when it comes to that So never touch any kind of patient object with the sharpie and then put it back in your pocket and use it on the Next patient because it might be an infection control issue Always make sure you have your pen light ready and check it make sure that the battery still works Otherwise, you're not going to be able to use it Then of course you're going to need your set of scope and I have several videos on how to go about selecting one Then and these are trauma shears So these are a little bit bigger scissors than you might need you might want to choose the Bandage scissors that that are a little bit smaller and a little bit easier to carry But I was an e-honors for so long these carry these cut through anything and I like to put them in my cargo pocket Of my pants that way I always have them accessible Then they also have this doll in here so that you can never cut the patient So just make sure that you put that in towards the patient when you need in case you need to cut something off Then of course always have alcohol wipes ready You might want to bring those from home or pick up a couple in the morning from Wherever it's sorted your clinical facility to have them ready because you probably go into want to wipe your Earpieces of the stethoscope and the diaphragm in between again for infection control purposes And then have a little notepad ready, which is very helpful when you are taking report or just writing down some information Just depending it's just nice to have it's very compact And you can just stick it in your pocket and it's not very heavy And then you're certainly going to need a clipboard Whatever works for you this specific one has a little bit of Information medical abbreviations ekg some blood test values And then some normals for vital signs and a couple of different scales Now clipboards also come in a foldable version, which I think is very helpful because if you can put your papers on top here And then fold the clipboard many times it'll fit in your scrub pocket Again, you're going to have a lot of things in your pocket So just be mindful of how you're going to use it And where you're going to put it because you only have limited Amount of pockets all those scrubs are very comfortable, but they do come with limited amount of pockets Now a couple other things that I recommend So this is typically what you want to carry with you at all times to be ready for patient care Another thing oh one more thing make sure you have a watch because otherwise How are you going to count the pulse or respiration? So make sure you have a functioning watch and you know how to use it if it's analog or digital And then there are a couple other things that you might want to leave in your clinical bag in a locker or wherever you store Your bags when you're there. This right here is a very nice Essentials for health assessment book. So especially if you're in your early nursing career This helps you just a quick review of how to do certain skills and tasks And it gives you also abnormal and normal findings It's not very big to carry and you can just leave it in your bag and have an easy quick reference Then FAA Davis also makes these notebooks which are super helpful This is one is specific for med search. It has different tabs there on different body systems. It gives you different tools The pages are Kind of laminated so you can clean them after use So that you make sure you don't take any germs home from the hospital And this is again something you can easily carry in your pocket Again, if you are just starting your clinicals and you might need a little bit of a Reference guide still that you can refer to because we really can't carry big textbooks Or any kind of laptops or tablets with you in the clinical setting So that's why this is nice to have Another thing that's important is any kind of disinfectant wipes Now you can probably find those in your clinical setting But maybe you want to just take a couple out of a bottle put them in like a ziplock bag and carry them with you So that way you can wipe down all your equipment before you go home because keep in mind It is the clinical setting germs are everywhere and you don't want to have germs attached To your pen or to your pen light and your set of scope and take that stuff home with you So that's why it's so nice to have these wipeable clipboards as well as these notes that you might have with you Just give them a quick quick wipe to make sure that you're not contaminating your home with any germs And then of course you can have a pretty bag that you put it all in So um whatever bag that you choose so put your own flair on it Whatever it is that you like in terms of colors so just Make sure that you that you feel happy and bright the morning of clinical when you're heading out to take care of your patients And make sure that you pack the bag the night before Of course, you always want to make sure you have enough hydration and snacks with you because we know It gets busy in clinical and you want to make sure that you keep your blood sugar up and stay hydrated Thanks so much for watching this video on clinical tools and how to pack your bag And also check out my other clinical playlist videos and I'll see you soon right here on nursing school explain. Thanks for watching


Different shapes and sizes kind of create different kinds of energy structures. These energy structures can determine your psychological and emotional state. So certain substances can change the atmosphere.  It just makes the atmosphere feel more lively. This question comes from Ashley in Memphis. Namaskaram saguru. Incense has been used for thousands of years in almost every culture to invoke gods, support meditation, and for healing and medicinal purposes. Burning herbs and resins has been an especially big part of both Indian history as well as Native American history. Can you please speak about the significance of burning incense and how incense should be used in modern times? Oh, is that the reason I'm being smoked then? And the question is from Ashley. Incense is usually Ashley. Without ash, you know, there is no incense. Well, the significance of this is there are certain substances when they burn. One thing is there is fragrance, of course, which is pleasant for the nostrils. And incense burning is about the atmosphere, not about you, because different spaces, indoors especially, in different spaces, there are different kinds of one thing is smells. There's also different kinds of energy structures which will happen. The shape and size of the room will do this. This is why there is such a attention to the shape and size of the room. In Indian culture, there is a whole attention to the shape and size of the room in which you live. Because the shape and size of the room in some way, if it is not heavily ventilated, when I say heavily ventilated from both sides, two walls are open and it's happening, then it feels almost like outdoor. That's different. Most homes are not made this way because they have neighbors. You can't open too many windows. Too many openings won't work. There is weather, there are many things, all right? And there is air conditioning, worse. So, different shapes and sizes kind of create different kinds of energy structures. These energy structures can, if they become very strong, can determine your psychological and emotional state, which either can be conducive or can become an impediment in who you want to be. So, certain substances, like sandal in India, there is something called as Samrani, which is a very powerful thing, which is used even when people are ill. First thing they do is this, and it is now been found, it also kills certain types of bacteria in the air and also on the surfaces.  If they want to do some auspicious event, Samrani all over the place. It's a certain kind of regime, which a tree drips. Well, in this pursuit of Samrani, you will see in the forest, they are massive trees. People would have carved into the tree because the trees look solid outside, but inside there is a cavity. In that cavity it will be dripping this resin. We do not know, at least I do not know what is the natural reason why these resins come out. But people go and gather this.  That means they must be at least over 30 to 50 years old, otherwise you don't get it. This has a powerful impact on the atmosphere. It is not necessarily a fragrance, it is a different kind of thing that it clarifies the air, it just makes the atmosphere feel more lively. Fundamentally it... whatever structures that they are there, it will make indoor like outdoor.  Just mild Samrani in the house will make it feel like, though you're indoors, the feeling is of outdoors because it's an unstructured space. Especially if death happens in the family, Samrani is burnt for up to eleven to twelve days because they want to clear that air completely. These are subtler aspects, but I'm little apprehensive of speaking about this in United States because there is already so much a new age, you know, because first one I came to Nashville. Someone in Nashville told me that, Sadhguru, there is a spiritual expo happening. I said, what? Spiritual expo? Even in India it happens only once in twelve years. No, no, here every year we have. I said, I want to see. They said, okay, let's go. And then in the afternoon they came to pick me up and said, Sadhguru, we've gotten a slot for you to speak in the spiritual expo. I said, great. For the first time I'm in United States, I thought spiritual expo. And I went there. A huge tent and when we went in there country music was going on full of, full blast. Obviously this was a group which wouldn't find any other paid stage. Maybe in the evening more known groups would come in the afternoon. At the empty stage anybody can use the sound system. So they were banging away. I said, okay, spiritual expo. But it's okay, music is just a cultural thing, let me focus on the spiritual expo. I went inside, somebody is selling a spiritual bath soap. Wow. Somebody is selling a spiritual stone, a pebble from somewhere which is spiritual. Like this root, herbs, this, that. I don't know if there was a toothbrush. Then I thought, oh, this is like the Indian Shandy. You know, in the Indian villages there is a Shandy Sunday market or Wednesday market or Monday markets like this. So here there will be all kinds of exotic things being sold. There will be a root just this much, it's still like this. It should not be straight, you know, it should be. I can't do that with my finger. So if you take this, this is a root that could make you invisible. You must go grind this along with the left jawbone of a female whale and the whale should be alive. That means you actually swam in there, cut a piece of the jaw and came and together, if you rub this together along with something and there is a mantra, you do this and then that paste, if you put it in the upper palette, you will become invisible. Actually, if you go into the mouth of the whale, you will become invisible. Anyway, then I saw, oh, this is like an Indian Shandy. There they were selling all kinds of exotic incense also. Incense has a certain impact, but don't overdo it. Don't think it'll determine your spiritual nature. It can change the atmosphere a little bit. It should not be over certified. It has a certain impact. One can use it in a sensible manner, but these days incense is being made with chemical stuff. Best you don't burn those things. It's very, very important before you have enough chemical thing happening on the street, in the industry, in the factory floor that you may be working, wherever there's enough chemicals floating around. At least within your house, do not burn chemically made incense, because I think that is almost 70% or 80% of what's available in the market today is chemical. You must take it out before you burn it. It's very, very important because within the closed enclosures, if you burn chemicals, well the negative impact of that is very, very big. So it must be natural resin or certain other oils, essential oils and things which can make a difference. A mild difference, if you need that kind of a difference, it helps definitely.


Hi everyone, Joe for jazby's casewrakes.com fourth quarter one twenty-three left and counting third and 13 for the Niners down by three Jimmy G Sat sacked Wow throws it away picked off Wow Oh, that's that's a rough way to That's a rough way to end it. Oh Anyway, here's immaculate football brand new release just came out on Friday pick your team three Rough Not that was not not a good not a good play by by Jimmy G All right, there is immaculate football Thanks everyone who picked their teams Jake with that last bot mojo Here's the Jacksonville number block. So we did that in a set in separate videos if you want to see the randomizer for that And here is another one for a different group of teams featuring Chicago Yeah, that might have been the last play of Jimmy G as a San Francisco 49er Here it is fresh case of immaculate football all six boxes Full case go bigger home and a Super Bowl square break. So it looks like looks like bangles Rams and we got 60 out of 75 Odell Beckham, Jr. As a brown, but he had a great day today as a ram That'll be for Michael with Cleveland. I know let's hope not big rig We got a piece of Miles Sanders his helmet. That's awesome 7 out of 10 for the fly eagles fly eagles are a number block team. It's part of that Chicago group This is not gonna fit very comfortably in a 180. So that's going to a slider box Stand by it. All right, so eagle seven that'll be for Derek got a dual relic here 9 out of 49 past and present dual relic ladenian Tomlinson Austin Echler for the Bolts JC we got Mike Kasicki Jersey and autograph right on the eye black silver ink on the eye black 59 out of 75 That'll be for Miami. That's gonna go to Jeremy Redemption we got Jalen Darden rookie patch autograph Jalen Darden. I think is a buccaneer Yeah, why receiver for the Tampa Bay buccaneers? So that'll be for the Chicago number block group So that Chicago zero Tampa Bay zero that is Nathan. I mean Yeah, you got to be happy for Matthew Stafford. I mean he's so many people have said he was just padding stats 38 out of 99 by the way nice from Andre Stevenson patch that goes to the Patriots. It's gonna go to Christopher So many people said he was just stuffing the stat sheet Couldn't win the big game Here he is Going to the Super Bowl next box. Let's post a poll right here So currently Rams are minus four and a half and I think the Rams are quote-unquote the road team here But but they're obviously playing at home. All right, so if you feel like Voting here who wins the Super Bowl against the spread Cincinnati Plus four and a half Rams minus four and a half The line is four and a half Jason Jaspie thinks time for burrow to ruin this Rams team's homecoming that we got Five out of ten for the Bears That's Khalil Mack. All right number 52 that's Bears five Chicago five is gonna be for Derrick We got a Damian Harris 25 out of 25 Nice big patch there For New England that's gonna go to Steven flat Check that Christopher. Sorry and the Patriots even as the Saints Australian betting sites have the line at three and a half. Yeah, I'm sure it's gonna change wildly over the next Hour or two, but that's the opening line Mack Jones piece of his glove nice Adidas logo there. That's a sweet one for Christopher and the Patriots Jason Jaspie calling burrow season burr season Heisman He's gonna add the and add a Super Bowl to the resume. What's the NC? Oh? the AFC North Oh Heisman national championship and Super Bowl. Yeah There's Javante Williams 86 out of 99 silver ink on the eye black that's gonna be for Denver Denver's a number block team So Denver six we go by that digit right there Then verse six that'll be for for Derrick and we've got a nice cleat impressions. Oh, I see what they're doing here It's like the sneaker spotlights. That's TJ watt 21 out of 25 Pittsburgh picked up straight up by David B The last one here does Fitzpatrick dual relic rookie patch and autograph for Eric K and the Titans that is numbered 51 out of 99 Yeah, Jason saying Rams. They're just a bot team Bang goes all draft picks. Yeah, they've been drafting for a long time all those high picks Man, I hope I hope the Super Bowl will be great because all these other playoff games have been so awesome All right box three pick your team three pick your team for in the store right now Going into a number block after this break. So if you still if you just want to grab your team straight up Please do so Deon Sanders five out of 75 Jason Jaspy. You must love the colors of these boxes. It's like a Oregon kind of Oregon Eagles Oregon Ducks Philadelphia Eagles kind of look there There's Deon Sanders for Brody and the Falcons There is That's James Lofton eight out of 25 For the Packers Green Bay is a number block team. That's part of the other number block group So we go to Green Bay eight And that'll be for Jose You got Trey Lance looks like it's gonna be his era next year one out of ten two-colored Triple relic that'll be for Jay Graggs and the Niners Marks of greatness war and moon 32 out of 49 Eric K with the Titans There's two to at well going to the Super Bowl 58 out of 99 shadow box signatures Patrick Davis and the Los Angeles Rams and Tillon Wallet 72 out of 99. Oh wrinkly on the penny sleeve there There's Tillon Wallace. That'll be for Aaron and the Ravens All right, we're halfway through this full case break three more to go Real-time cap is not proportionate to population. I don't think it ever I don't think it ever has been That would be crazy and baseball doesn't have a cap. It's more of a more of a luxury tax We got 47 out of 75 a Zika Elliott 19 out of 25 the standard CD lamb so two cowboys. Oh, actually this first cowboy is Going to Dallas seven That's over here That's gonna be for Joe and this is Dallas nine that it's gonna be for Brian Yes Rex Baseball has more boxes. There's more just more players To to at well one out of 81 out of 99 Patrick Yeah, who's who's saying that that this that baseball? First of all baseball is not a cap whoever's saying that it just doesn't know what they're talking about It's not a cap. It's just a luxury tax So cap there's no cap No cap no cap on the no cap Rams Patrick Davis and there's Trey Lance autograph Two-color patch and silver ink auto. Maybe they'll have more success with him Next year once he has a whole offseason and a full season to work on his game 13 out of 75 silver ink autograph nice one for Jay Gragg's Trey Lance era starting There's Luke Keekley the penmanship there 13 out of 75 Three-color patch and autograph Brian Watt for Carolina, and we've got Ian book Steven flat you did wish a saint into existence book it Jersey and autograph 21 out of 99 Ian book We'll have a new coach. All right next box What's going on here? Is that a piece of a piece of a hat and a redemption on the bottom? What's going on? What is happening? What's happening? You got Tyree kill one out of ten. She's gonna have to retool again Try again Next year Tyree kill can city one will be for Matthew This must be a piece of the hat or a button helmet button one of one Rashad Bateman Wow, that's really cool, and that is for Aaron and Baltimore. It's a little snap Inside of the helmet might even be slightly too large for for this Well, we'll put some painters tape right around there Nice Aaron All aboard the big hit express All right onwards. We got four out of five T Higgins We'll see him in the Super Bowl triple relic and autograph since Natty Sean Maddock with the bangles Sean all aboard We've got a NFL 100 Larry Fitzgerald and goes to Jeremy and the Cardinals Nice good penmanship on card auto very cool Got John Randall marks of greatness That is 19 out of 49 Jerry with Minnesota and the redemption Immaculate signature patches rookie card 27. Good luck P a Pat Pat Friarmouth Steelers David B Nice one. I mean probably Rex with a Super Bowl appearance. I mean Joe Burroughs stuff has been going up all year Obviously, but so I don't think there's gonna be a huge bump, but But there should be a Super Bowl bump. All right final box. Good luck everybody We've got one more case in the store And I'm gonna turn that into a number block at the end of this at the end of this break Six teams left if you want to get your team straight up and avoid a number block remember the number blocks are Not included in the Super Bowl square promo Jacksonville is a number block team Pay attention Jacksonville. We got a Trevor Lawrence on the bottom, but what's the number gonna be? We don't know Daniel Jones 10 out of 10 Didn't the Giants make a coaching hire recently? We'll have a new coach to Unlock his potential. Maybe we've got ooh nice rookie helmet helmet sticker The horns of the Viking Amir Smith Marseille 12 out of 12 That's right debilitating did call a big tealah. I remember that Let's see what's gonna go to right there you go Minnesota. There you go Jerry didn't fit in 180 Got a dual relic past and present. We got Randall Cunningham on the left side Jalen hurts on the right side Nice one for the Eagles number block group. So that'll be Eagles six Philadelphia six that's gonna go to Derek Well, nowadays. Yeah, well good There is Zach Thomas shadow box inch or 76 out of 99 But not when not when the boss man was the price guide editor for Beckett Surely don't mean those days. That goes to Miami. Yeah, Jeremy with the Dolphins and we have for the Seahawks 80 at a 99 Sean Alexandra, that's a nice silver ingot a graph on the eye black Seattle Patrick Evans and the last one here is The Trevor Lawrence, but who who does it go to? 12 out of 49 to color patch an on-card autograph RPA Trevor Lawrence. He's gonna have a new coach. Hopefully that unlocks all the talent that he has So that is Jacksonville to That is Derek Molanson with the spot that he won in the filler and that got randomized number two There you go. The risk paid off Derek. Congrats Thanks for watching everybody What a break. Let's give away a Super Bowl spot. So let's flip back to the page right here This one spot being given away Let's make it easy for me here. Let's randomize or alphabetized by your first name And then let's gather all of your names the random number blocks don't count Dice list so actually pretty decent odds for the people who bought spots straight up. Let's roll it randomize it three and a five top name after eight one two three four five and three six seven and good luck eighth and final time after eight Name on top Now sad times for Nick L and everybody under him Appreciate everybody giving this a shot Only one winner though. Happy times for Michael Michael P. I don't think I called your name all break but now you have a Super Bowl square spot and You know and depending on the score you might win some big money Thanks for watching everybody. Jasper's case breaks calm. I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye. Bye