Hello, and welcome back to Beyond Networks, the evolution of living systems. We're still on our journey into philosophy, the philosophical sort of motivations for this course. In this module, we've sort of looked at how we should refocus from that, which we know, to the unknown, from the island of knowledge, to the ocean surrounding it, the ocean of ignorance. We talked about how questions are more important and the facts we already have. And then we went into sort of the basics and a brief history of process philosophy. And we will use some of these concepts today to look at the process of how we get from the island of knowledge into the ocean of the unknown, how the process of doing science itself operates and how that sort of interacts with the things I was telling you about on scientific perspectives in the previous module. In particular, I want to remind you of this wonderful quote by Nicholas Resch, the processional nature of knowledge reflects the fact that our thought about the real things in this world presses outward beyond the limit of any restrictive boundaries. It's a never-ending quest that I gave you. This picture, this metaphor that comes from Stuart Feierstein's book, Ignorance and How I Drive Science about these ripples in a pond that keep on expanding. But the actual expansion of science, of course, is not as smooth and regular as this at all. And we've also talked about this already when we talked about the second most famous philosopher of science that you may know after Karl Popper, Thomas Kuhn, who talked about how science normally proceeds by puzzle solving in a sort of a common paradigm, but sometimes every once in a while, you get this big paradigm shift after which nothing is the same. People ask new questions and really see the world with new eyes. So it's very difficult to talk across these sort of revolutions. And this is the concept of income and serability. So we actually transform our view of the world as we make progress in science. And this is a very sort of uneven dynamic which reminds us, if we're biologists probably, of the concept of punctuated equilibrium in evolution, also called punk-ique or evolution by jerk sometimes, especially by people who don't like it very much. So this concept of punctuated equilibrium is that if you look at the fossil record in biology, you have long, long periods of nothing happening, punctuated by these sort of really tumultuous revolutions and very quick changes, radiations of species, big extinctions and things like that. And people have been sort of puzzling what the reasons are for these sort of fast, slow dynamics in evolution. We'll come back to that. What I want you to know right now is that sort of this normal science, or evolutionary science, Stasis, fast extinction and radiation is very similar to each other. So we can ask the question whether it is worthwhile looking at the development of science with evolutionary principles. And of course I'm not the first one to suggest that. If you think about it, Karl Popper's work itself, this sort of idea that we more or less randomly suggest hypotheses that then get tested and sometimes refuted is very similar to an evolutionary process. And this is the foundation of the work of American social scientist Donald Campbell who took Popper's work and turned it into something that he called evolutionary epistemology. And his article of that name, of that title, evolutionary epistemology actually appeared in a festrift for Karl Popper called The Philosophy of Karl Popper which was published in 1974. In this paper, Campbell reviews work that he had done since the 1950s in which he's looking at how we randomly, by randomly proposing conjectures, hypotheses, we create sort of an intellectual version of blind variation, different ideas that in Popper's version of The Philosophy of Science, remember, Popper doesn't tell us where these ideas come from. So we consider them random and also blind towards their sort of views in depicting the truth about reality. We talked about that in the module about perspective in the lecture about perspective true. On the other hand, when we test those hypotheses, refutation of a hypothesis is almost like selective elimination of a species in evolution. So there are very striking parallels. Of course, Campbell already noted that this applies to all human knowledge, also sort of intuitive knowledge that we can develop this way or our own cognitive processes are adapting in this way, not just in science, but generally. And that I'm always wary of metaphors. So we have to be careful in transferring sort of concepts from biology, from evolution to the progress of science, but there are some really interesting parallels that we can note here. When I say we should be careful, there are a few other people that worked on this topic and took it to some extremes. A famous example, by the way, is Rupert Riedel, the chair of the theoretical biology department, former chair of the theoretical biology department and founder of that department in Vienna and the founder of the Conard Lawrence Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research. He published a book in 1984 that was called The Biology of Knowledge, The Evolutionary Basis of Reason and inspired by work of Conard Lawrence on the evolution of our own cognitive abilities. He developed a theory himself that was very similar to Campbell's ideas at the time. This idea was taken to an extreme by David Hull. I have to show this book here because it's called Science as a Process. Of course, I love this title. I'm not sure I love the book as much because it takes an extremely selectionist approach to how our scientific theories evolve. You will see during this course that I'm somewhat critical of the extreme selectionist approaches in biology. So I'm also a little suspicious of his approach here, but it's a great book title for sure. We're not gonna go further into this. I encourage you to read it and form your own opinion. But if we get back to Campbell, we also get back to Wimpsad and we can draw a bridge from Popper via Campbell to Wimpsad. Because Wimpsad bases a lot of his work on robustness on the kind of work Campbell did. And he has a very central, Campbell has a very central concept in his theories, which is called multiple determination, which is where this term robustness in Wimpsad's theory comes from. Remember, robustness is the criterion by which we just, we judge the trustworthiness of our knowledge. Things are robust if they are accessible, detectable, measurable, derivable, definable, producible, whatever, in a variety of, and that's important, independent ways. Okay, so the more independent confirmation we have, the more trust the knowledge that we gain. And so by doing all these activities that are listed here, we refine and sort of adapt our knowledge to the reality we are confronted with. So we're trying to sort of develop more robust knowledge. Our cognitive abilities, this is interesting. This is not from Wimpsad's book, Re-Engineering Philosophy. Our cognitive capabilities and our institutions, he says, Wimpsad, they're very similar. They're no less re-engineered, that's an interesting word, than our biology. So our bodies that evolve by selection and other processes. Or technology, there's some sort of technological evolution as well. Just look at the different cars over time or planes. And he says, there's what they have in common, all these things. So our bodies, our technology, and even our theories about the world have something in common. And that is their structure, which is basically a structure of layered clutches in exaptations. What does he mean by this? I think this is fantastic. So we'll go into these two words a little bit. So the first term is the Cluj. It's very widely used, especially in early computer engineering, the sort of programming you did very quickly, that what was garnering commenced, like I could tell you how this works, but I would have to kill you afterwards. So something that is a workaround, it's not really solving the problem in a straightforward way. It's quick and dirty. It's a quick and dirty solution, the Cluj. It's clumsy, inelegant, inefficient, difficult to extend and hard to maintain. You've seen such technology. We have examples of this in our evolved bodies, our trigeminal nerve, I think it is wrapping around the order. So in giraffes, it has to go down from the head of the giraffe all the way down into the body of the animal and back up to innervate the sort of facial muscles of the animal. So this is a Cluj, an evolutionary Cluj, but our theories, our scientific theories, we've set this, this is the central insight, are just like that. We are tinkering, okay? We are using what we have and we are building heuristics, Clujes, quick and dirty solutions that work, not theories that have the value of absolute truth. And acceptations. And this is an extremely important concept that was developed by Elizabeth Burba and Stephen Jay Gould in a fabulous 1982 paper. In fact, I think it may be the single most important thing that Stephen Jay Gould contributed to the world and evolutionary theory in particular. And an acceptation is this sort of a trade or actually also it's used for the process whereby a trade becomes used for another function that it was originally selected for. Think about bird wings. Probably the first wings, they were sort of flappy outgrowths that were used for thermoregulation. That's a people thing between the forelimbs and the body of the animal. And then gradually these animals managed to start gliding and then selection switched from thermoregulation as a function to the function of flying. But the original selective pressure on this trade was probably not for flight. And that's an acceptation. What an acceptation allows you is sort of to work with stuff that's laying around.  As Francois Jacqueau famously said, it takes whatever it has laying around and uses it for whatever it needs it. And so no less if we think about our evolution, the evolution of our own knowledge, this is how it's structured. So we shouldn't expect this sort of a clean and unified sort of view of the world, but we should expect this sort of mess of local approximations, piecewise approximations as Wimsa calls them, the different perspectives that are sort of laying around and sometimes cooperate together and sometimes contradict each other. And through this interplay science makes progress. And we can learn from these parallels a few more things. So basically to summarize this argument, which is you may have to watch this again. I mean, it's not intuitive, but it's extremely deep. This is an amazingly powerful insight that he's presented here. So Wimsa is saying our knowledge, our scientific knowledge behaves just like any other complex adaptive system. And we can draw parallels between the evolution of other complex adaptive systems, such as organisms or technological systems that we are developing, evolving as human beings. We can draw parallels from those sort of systems to the evolution of the progress of our own knowledge. This is amazing. And so in particular here, I don't wanna go too deep, I can't go due to too deeply into this because we're limited on time, but there are two properties of complex adaptive systems that are probably universal across all domains that I want to point out. And they will come back many times during this lecture. The first one was first suggested by pioneering complexity scientists and economists, Herbert Simon in 1962, in a wonderful little paper that you should read. He says, everything is connected in the world. Remember Wimsa's bio-psychological thicket. Everything is causally connected. Everything influences everything. But some things are more connected than others, like Orwell's animal farm. Some animals are more equal than others. Some things are more connected than others. The world is a large matrix of interactions in which most of the entries are very close to zero and in which by ordering those entries according to their orders of magnitude, the distinct hierarchy structure can be discerned. So we may be living in this causal thicket in the middle of this mess, but there's hope because this thicket is somehow modular and it is possible to distinguish important influences in a complex system compared to others. What this means for science is that some connections we make are more robust than others and those are the ones, of course, that we retain. This is an argument against astrology, for example. If you have an argument with someone who believes in astrology, they can say your relationships are influenced by the planets and the stars and that is hard to deny. There is some gravitational influence and you cannot exclude the possibility that this changes something, but you can say, look, the influence of those factors is probably a lot less than the influence of your partner in a relationship on the relationship. So this is what is meant here by distinguishing these sort of large entries from the small entries in the matrix of interaction in reality. And so we'll encounter this also when we look at the structure of living systems. They are modular exactly for the same reason and we'll examine those reasons why all complex adaptive systems seem to have this sort of modularity in a feature model of the lecture. Lecture itself is modular as you noted. So the other sort of common factor of complex adaptive systems and also our theories is called generative entrenchment and this is a term that Wimsa himself develops and it's a very interesting term. He says, as our scientific knowledge evolves some robust heuristics become the basis of others. So remember, because of this decomposability we are retaining some heuristics and some not those that are robust are more likely to be retained, but not guaranteed. And so some of them stick around for longer and as they stick around for longer there are other heuristics that come to depend on them and people start building on those robust heuristics that are already around. Okay, we hope that those are robust because if they're not they can crumbling down of course all the heuristics that depend on them also fail. So as you accumulate more and more other heuristics that depend on one particular heuristic it becomes more and more difficult to change it just because too much depends on it. And this is what Wimsa calls generative entrenchment such foundational heuristics become generatively entrenched. Generative entrenchment is a feature not only of scientific insights of course but of certain components of any adaptively evolving complex system. So this applies to not only our foundational theories about the world, they become more and more difficult to change as we build on them but also on things like specific regulatory genes for example in animals think of the Hawks genes if you're a biologist they're very conserved in all the animal filer. So these are generatively entrenched if you change them a lot too much depends on it and everything will fail. So they are becoming indispensable and actually if a component that is not robust become such an entrenched factor that's a very bad thing because when it comes crumbling down and that's a real problem. So this is the basis of fragility one of the main basis of fragility in complex systems to come back to this topic of how evolution learns by making mistakes. Okay, so we've we're pulling together very quickly, very many things here. So all I wanted to say is that we can think of science our scientific theory as some sort of evolutionary process that involves some sort of selective pressures on theories heuristics to be maintained, retained or refuted. Okay, and it's there are certain parallels to organic biological evolution that are interesting to look at. So basically there is a type of an evolutionary dynamic at work here and what Wimpsett means by reengineering reality is that these systems of heuristics these scientific theories that we have they can adapt to their context their environment just like an organism can adapt to their context and therefore we can make progress in science just like evolution can lead to adaptive outcomes. But let's move back to Thomas Kuhn because we haven't quite covered what he had to say apart from his very famous book on scientific revolutions he wrote another famous piece which is called the essential tension and it's also got something to do with the progress of science. It is a sort of a tension that's inherent in the dynamics of doing research yourself. It influences your own research strategy. And he says, as a scientist, you're in constant tension because of this sort of dynamic between normal science and revolutions. Normal science is common, it's productive, revolutions are rare and rarely succeed.  The risks that you wanna take to get out of that tradition but we need both of those to interact with each other. And this is parallel to sort of the productive tradition corresponds of course to the puzzle solving in normal science and risky innovation corresponds to his revolutionary science. So new paradigms ask us to see the world in completely different way. And so the problem is if you translate this into modern vocabulary, there's a beautiful book that I recommend that's very easy reading. It's called Algorithms to Live by Brian Christian and Tom Griffiths. And one chapter in that book is about a computer science strategy that's called Explore Exploit. And it corresponds exactly to Coon's sort of essential tension in science. Computer scientists are trying to figure out what your best strategy is. For example, if you're gambling, nobody is anymore in Vegas but people used to be pulling these one-armed bandits and computer scientists were developing these sort of strategies when it would be best to switch between different machines with different odds. So it's about risk-taking. This is a risk-taking strategy and you can derive some mathematical truths about or insights, I should not use the word truth anymore here insights about when it is good to switch strategy and when it is good to stick with what you know. So if you have a lot of certainty, if there's a high penalty on taking risks, if you have a lot of pressure and no time, then you should exploit and you can see immediately what I am alluding to here. So in modern academia, what you have is exactly the situation. Everybody's just exploiting what they already have. But as we've seen before and as Thomas Coon has introduced, you need both the risk-taking and the sort of puzzle solving the normal signs to get ahead and this is a problem. On the other hand, this sort of exploiting is not unreasonable, especially if you have found a gold mine somewhere exploited. If you're getting older in life, you become more conservative because you're switching from exploring to exploiting. That's fine. You can say as a scientific discipline matures, it can do that as well for a while, but if it gets stuck in this dynamic, it's a real problem. You always think, okay, young people don't vote conservatives. So conservatives will die out in the future, but that's not true. Why? Because young people turn into conservative old people all the time. And this is a rational strategy as proven by this work in computer science. And this has a lot to do not only with how we do science, but also of course with how organisms choose strategies in evolution. Again, there's a big parallel here. And you can apply this, for example, there's entire branches of industry nowadays that are sort of dying. You can recognize a dying industry by the amount of exploitation it is doing. And I need not point out that when I was young, we did not have so many sequels in the movies yet as we have today. So basically the movie industry has increasing revenues and it's sort of switching from explorer to exploit. But because of this pervasive pressure that we have everywhere in society and especially in academia, everything is switching. And so we've stopped exploring in science. And again, so this is something that I want to do here. So maybe what I'm trying to do is a bit crazy, but I'm just trying to break out of this exploitation sort of dynamic that we're stuck in right now. And I think we need to relearn to explore. So what we're doing here is we're taking unusual perspectives in order to explore because this is something that is intrinsically important for a healthy dynamic of scientific inquiry. So we've brought together here the two topics of process thinking, applying this process thinking to progress in science itself and connecting it to the things that I said about perspectivism in the previous model. This was a very sort of superficial tour, but I'll provide you with the reading materials that you need to go further in this topic if you want. So what we'll do now is we'll slowly segue back from this sort of excursion into abstract philosophical principles that provide the motivation of the course into applications to our view, the scientific view of reality. And exploration of course, free exploration has something directly to do with the main criticism of this course. And that is sort of if you consider the universe as a mechanism or a machine, everything is determined, including the future. And so you don't need to explore. You can just, if you have this old fashioned naive realist view of science, you can say, we have a working scientific method. We just apply it until we know everything about the universe, okay? We just need to measure the hell out of it and we'll understand everything. There is no new thing under the sun to quote my favorite book in the Bible, which is Ecclesiastes. Should read it, very interesting. So if we could only measure the current state of the universe with unlimited precision, that's the idea. We would know everything about its past and its future. This is clearly absurd. So if we adopt this process view, we get out of this problem. We move away from this naive realist view, okay? To go back to Resher and a wonderful little book he's written called, Unknowability. What he says there is, he makes a very simple argument that he also makes in his process metaphysics book but in less detail. He says, if we could predict discoveries in detail in advance in science, then we could make them in advance, think about it. It is logically impossible to predict future breakthroughs like that. And that the same applies of course for technological innovations, insights, whatever that you may have. So this transformative learning experience that we want to go on in this course has to be completely open. It is incompatible with this close Laplacian view of the universe that it's understandable in its entirety. It's determined and we can know everything about it. The myth of Laplacian omniscience as Reimsach called it. Resher goes on to say, and this is a beautiful quote, the future of science is an enigma. Innovation is the very name of the game. Not only do the theses and themes of science change but so do the very questions. So if we want to make progress in science, we don't not only need to get more data, more evidence, we need to ask different questions that are relevant in our current context. So the whole meaning crisis that I was talking about in the beginning, the very beginning of the course is caused by our current perspectives no longer being adequate for the problems that we are facing today. And I think it's extremely important, especially if we consider the perspectival nature of scientific knowledge and its evolutionary dynamic sort of nature that we start opening our minds, playing around with new ideas and taking this different perspectives again even though we have a lot of pressure to produce in the current paradigm. So in this spirit, I'll present tomorrow a very short lecture that is sort of making the bridge between process thinking and biology and then we'll start moving into the world of biological systems and biological models with this lecture. I hope you stay tuned and you'll join me again tomorrow when I talk about process biology. Thanks for listening. Bye now.


Sam here with late in sports cards. We are ripping 10 box Tuesdays 10 box sapphire threads at baseball mixer number 149 random teams Here's a look again at your random results as always you can find these on the website under the results tab as well as link That's in chat. So good luck everybody again. Yeah, it's got to sell out the Prism at choice and fast break mixer That is 17 to go still freaking next Link is in chat for y'all. So definitely check that on out. Let's get going on 10 box Tuesday. We'll start with elite extra edition Any of the DPL guys that are not Currently on teams will get random to all at the end in this one. There is no non MLB spot So obviously because there's one box of it. So Any of those will get random to all at the end Owen Murphy For the braids We've got Daniel Susak That is future threads Go into the A's Kenya Huggins go into the reds. Nice one there Yoren Acosta to 499 and Caden welts to 299 Yeah, if you just Google any of the bar Parker Messick college ticket. There's Owen Killington. That's going to the pirates nice one there pirates Congrats Pittsburgh Hit in at gems We've got elite extra edition Dalton Rogers going to the Red Sox Dalton Rogers And that is the base refractor autumn Dalton at Rogers We've got a Hayden Alvarez. That's to 349 and turn of the century and the Rodriguez That's going to the pirates going to the pirates Refractor Connor pre lip nice one there We've got Justin Crawford. That's going to the Billy's Justin Crawford As well as a Cooper shirt prime numbers 118 out of 200 We'll also do a random at the end for all of the DPL numbered cards that are not autoed as well Pre lip I believe is to ease on the twins There's Zach and Nito for the angels to 499 and a prime numbers of Landon at Sims That's to 127 for the diamond backs bolts for the A's nice one there Henry bolt Cade povich that's for the twins. So I know I know illegal Nice one there for the twins We've got die cut is going to be yeast and more of L that is six out of ten For the rangers nice one there rangers yeast and more bell We've got Cole Phillips It's going to the Braves As well as a tray Dumbrow ski that is 66 out of 170 for the Astros tray Dumbrow ski Las Pacquiao Judd Fabian Judd the stud for the Mets There's Dominic Keegan That is going to the rays nice one there rays Dominic Keegan We've got a Edward Lantigua That is a Dominican prospect. Let me look that up really quick Edward Lantigua Edward Lantigua Think he was Still a prospect Let's see Um, I believe this will be a random to all at the end Edward Lantigua I don't think he's doesn't say anything Um, yeah, that's our Naldo Lantigua. He is that is not Edward Edward Yep, no Edward Lantigua that will be a Random to all at the end Edward Lantigua So we'll do a random for this card as well as a different team will win the uh all the extra Numbered base Jacob Barry for the Marlins to 349 Jacob Barry And a trade let's go them to 299 Nice one there. All right, let's do what we want to do next. Let's see Don't see it. All right, that's fine. I'll go take a look for it I'm gonna have to take a look for one box after really quick guys You did 2022, right? Yeah, 2022 I didn't see Sapphire I didn't see 2020 or 2021, but I didn't see Bum and Draft That's 20. Yeah, I have 2020. I have two of the 2020s and we only have to rip one of those Um, let's do Sonic next. We'll do Sonic. So that's a random right there Uh, random to all 2022 top chrome sonic and for the first time not not honestly wrong I would say they're illegal another 10 box Tuesday spot came in. We're down to 16 to go on our uh Fast break and choice mixer 16 to go that breaks next Team to go base check the way way back to Yeah It's gotta be it's gonna be back there somewhere jake burger refractor and right wave kind of long No, I know. Yeah, that's one one difficulty a lot of times. There's a brace harper till right wave 77 out of 199 I'm so used to like ripping one of each of these That just completely forgot to grab the right one. So I'll just grab it after maybe after this box.  Don't worry about it. I know it wouldn't be in the front I think you sell sapphire in the front is a counter for lifo refractor. There's a sayasizuki youth quake Nice one there for the cubs jash chiseled Yeah, just thought it was just fine. Yeah Uh jack flurry, I guess sure these tubes will be will be in both the threads and some in the other one as well jack flurry Um rata kunya and hyunjin raiyu ray wave I'm also going to do a random for all of the dpl um Non-affiliated so vedal brujan refractor rookie joey gal at the end So I'm going to do one random. It's going to have this as the top winner and the second team I say just put it on the sales sheet or the random just be like all Dpl non-affiliated cards go to x team whatever wins it. Yeah after the random. Yeah Yeah base and base Prism brian reynolds nice one there for the pirates and chris sale refractor louise garcia Still in carlson Ray wave joey del nice one there for the angels. Congrats angels Thank you oscar taking a spot as well. We're down to 15 to go guys 15 to go that is breaking right after this 15 spots. What's up shed? My favorite current baseball player Ooh, that's a tough one actually illegal Um, I like lemayhu a lot. He's probably my favorite yankee No, it's not kavin bijio. I can tell you it's definitely not kavin bijio There's ray wave max munsey Base there's george kirby on the youth quick Wanda franco rookie Prism jonathan india. Yeah, it's not al-tube either jonathan india. Probably tall peck. I like lemayhu. Yeah He's just a consistent consistent hitter. I like that Refractor elie morgan rookie for the guardians and a danseby swanson We'll go into one of the sapphires now. So what sapphire do I not need we have 21 bowman. You have that We've got 2020 tops chrome update 2022 tops chrome. We don't have that 2022 bowman draft and bowman chrome. Okay, so I need to get rid of the regular tops chrome All right, so give me one sec guys. I'll be right back DJ the mayhew very random not that random Sorry for the delay. All right Another fast break mixer another another fast break mixer. All right guys. We are down to How many spots left 13? I believe no 14 13 13 to go guys breaking next 13 spots to go That is it that is all Thank you guys so much for taking spots in that. All right, let's do we'll do under wraps now We'll do under wraps one box fanatics under wrap series too That's fair. If I was really sorry, there wouldn't be a delay. You're right illegal Cut my finger off there. Jesus Oh, that's so sick, dude. This is really freaking cool. This is really freaking cool. Dylan Wow Pedal on zoe inscribed polar bear Congrats Mets Dude, that's awesome Walter H. Congrats, buddy Pedal on zoe and that is inscribed polar bear Wow, so freaking cool, man Congrats on that waltz. There you go, buddy Picking up a nice polar bear.  All right, um Let's do 2020 tops chrome update sapphire edition 2020 tops chrome updates sapphire It's 2020 tops chrome update sapphire Good luck. What's up dawg? Wait, who's got a 4.6 average? Hatcha varia alexa verdugo david mckatt. Your don auto would be pretty cool toca We hit a um Niko horner last time. There's a green travest Shaw. That's going to be seven out of 45 seven out of 45 robert stevensson I wasn't able to figure that We've got travest Shaw Adam Engel, there's a derrick jeeter nice one there all star game felix rnanda's king felix It's like you got our auto and miss pack. That's gonna be houston. We've got a jake fraily For the mariners jake fraily Nice one there. Congrats on that Jake fraily john carlo stanton as well I agree. It is hard to beat tops sapphire tops sapphires clean very clean Michael former Sean poppin Aristides a keño update and louis severina austin pruit John lopez there's gabin luxe rookie nice Clayton kershaw really really sad what happened to gabin luxe today Poor as acl running the bases. They're awful lance thomas mitch morland mitchie two bags uh col calhoun and uh thomas nido that's a nido nido Yeah, I like jake fraily jake fraily is actually pretty solid Joe panic Josh uh fegley funny name David uh aug result and jocelyn verlander So I'll do it for sapphire. We'll get back over to here Here and here Drop you guys this link to the next break as well 13 to go Breaks next everybody breaks next Um, all right, let's do Did elite did fanatics did top chrome updates sapphire. Let's do 21 bowman sapphire 21 bowman sapphire 2021 bowman sapphire edition should get one auto in this I believe Yeah, true. I mean, he's just a solid guy. You know what I mean He's a solid fraily. He's definitely solid. I like fraily mcconzala's karson talker daniel lynch and andrew dalquist like got a green of Jackson rutledge that is one out of 125 nice one there for the um nationals Tyler soders don't like you don't need to do the color out of these for the recap You're chilling on that Christopher morale first antoniel gilmes grace and rodriguez and giroldo perdomo 2018. Yeah, that'd be solid It's just alec windowa other gallant. Josiah gray and blake waltz and hey Fair fair illegal fair Francisco alvarez nice jordan walker got a freddy valdez 56 out of 99 on the uh late blue auto King rats on that one there mets. There you go again. Walt. We'll killin it with that spot right now and fortis nova true waters and josh jung louise garcia triton casas nick gallant and jordan westberg Yeah, definitely not bad on that med spot wall Alex else wander franco nick bits go and marco luciano For the giants. Let's do what do we want to do next we did 21. Let's do 2022 tops chrome sapphire update 2022 tops chrome sapphire update edition 2022 there a random assortment of people on the cover of that Aces up martin perez rylan bannon Sean do little taylor rogers Uh, that is for the mariners and eric fetty I am a little flabbergasted by the box there dog So we got a gold coming up of joey wence nice one there for the tigers 47 out of 50 from the breaker seat Reese maguire freddy freeman. He might honestly. He's definitely might illegal I wouldn't I wouldn't put it past him Will smith josh winder rookie seph brown and a jordan luke though just pass it joe perez rookie luke rayley and Eduardo Rodriguez G. Orschel John Jonathan the wise cut johnny lasagna Uh for the cubs and anderson severino rookie Yeah Spencer trockelson rookie infield crew seph lugo and jeremy peña a nice one there A couple of nice rookies in that one still out in your top loader. It's cam reddish jeez Anthony pass there's a green martin pares uh 75 of 75 for the Rangers that is a ranger martin pares Very nice and sunny gray All right, let's do what we want to do next here dylan. Let's do 22 bowman draft 22 bowman draft sapphire Uh, it's supposed to be next justin there are still 13 spots to go So we may end up moving it depending on if the spots sell out in time or not So if we do move it, it won't go till the end of the night. So it'll go around like 12 But uh, i'm gonna keep it for a while see if uh, it wants to sell out and we'll uh, kind of just go from there Mikey Romero and jonathan cannon and drew gilder. Oh, nope. That's 10 bucks. Do you say We got 13 to go That's the uh the sapphire mixer like the not sapphire the uh that mixer the other one will go right after But of all bowman has different like more prospects So like eric brown rossman verdugo and cole young like most of the ones in bowman draft won't be uh, well, not of them are in the mlb yet henry bolt first jason domingas wilman diaz and brooks lee first as well 13 to go guys again. That does break next The choice and fast break mixer first robert moir eddie's lenard and a first of logan tanner That's truly legal michael hernan does first jimmy crooks Warming burnabelle and first trace gonzalez holding freezing alarm in there. Yeah, no problem Got a gold coming up to 15 check it marcy. It's gonna be neat vermin 12 to 15 going to the guardians. Congrats cleveland nice one there Cleveland guardians denise h congrats denise nice one there, buddy and ben joist noise joist Troy melton. We got a green jackson cox on the first 38 out of 50 for the rockies There you go, uh, colorado kind of pre-lip and josez salas morning burnabelle's arch enemy breson mott's flittle watson jackson jobe and a yearland confidant the way to end it what a way to end it With some confidant You get joseph taking a spot in 10 box tuesday. I believe that is down to one to go now 10 box tuesday Basketball is down to one. Yep. Again guys got to get sold out on fast break and choice mixer Breaking next 13 to go there No, the the prison the choice the prism choice and mosaic choice is filled the other one has not So that one will still go on time the mosaic prism the 10 box mixer number three. That'll still go at 8 30 But we may end up moving the other one depending on if it sells out or not. So 10 box tuesday, uh, keep it going here We've got 22 bowman chrome sapphire 22 bowman chrome sapphire The, uh, tiered random team still has four to go as well that i envision will probably fill by the time we get there Then we will have to see trace weenie Paul goldschmidt uticappy and jaren doran rookie Royce lewis rook first is samiel munios And jake burger two cases the update of jump super jumbo for 10 box tuesday. Good god, man For two box tuesday. I've got an orange coming up with cunha. That is not gonna. I was gonna be a rookie at matt manning 14 out of 75 nice one there Yes, tiered is not filled either, but that that i envision will fill Matt manning and alexis rinandis 10 cases of super jumbo. That'd be a whole day That is riccardo cabrera nick magical Sherrod kelinick and kurtis mead. Yeah That happens for sure. Well Oh, yeah Oh, yeah Nobody should have to see that simon horn Miguel cabrera scurry seager and marcella meyer 10 cases. Oh my god. I can't even imagine that Yeah, those are those 10 when we do like those 10 or 20 cases of bowman cheese, man What's up, we normally do it by player too. Yeah You have multiple people sort those Yeah, it's like all four of us cheese He's sorting it. Yes cheese, dude Come on What are we doing here pack this pack literally exploded on me?  Good lord. That was embarrassing james triantos first josh donaldson Uh bobby wit and Lonnie white Yeah, we usually do that for like if we do like a 20 case or a bowman We'll usually do it by player danier quavo We've got a teal jordan walker 71 out of 99 for the cardinals Nice one there congrats on that. Thank you. They're matthew taking a spot in the next one We're down to 12 to go guys say a Suzuki rookie and christian Hernandez Down to 12 to go red wings are so bad There's trey turn Royce mark and son john carlo stan and Khalifa watson. Well, don't want to hear it That was not the best pack opening. All right one box of 21 triple threads With mr. Ken grippy jr on top 2021 tops triple threads baseball. Yeah, we did it. Yeah, we've done it twice since I've been here We did one for when bowman 22 bowman first came out We did a 20 caser random player style and then we did 20 caser of chrome Bowman chrome and bowman chrome choice. That was 10 cases of each Hey, what's up mic? I know rangers looking good. Dude. They're making a push now Yeah, 10 case chrome 10 case chrome hobby 10 case chrome choice Oh, yeah, I had to break all the choice boxes I had to open all the packs for the uh for the hobby because rich was here just going through them Andrew McCotchina 125 for the Phillies and orange yellow to 199 Base and base we've got glaber torez. That is baltimore basher 27 of 27 next one there for the yanks. That's awesome Another spot came in So we're down to 11 to go guys 11 to go This one there. Let me get this copied over for you again 11 to go Breaks next and then we've got a christian pachet Uh 12 of 18 on the rookie nice one there for the braves getting still a brave in this Yes. Yeah, no paper shipped on that one Yeah, no Well bowman chrome doesn't like that's the one that doesn't have any paper The chrome hobbies all chrome and then the choice is only three cards, which is like three autos So, yeah, everything shipped on the chrome But when we did 22 bowman 10 cases or 20 cases of that or I might have I don't know if we did 10 or 20 I forget now Um, yeah paper did not ship on that one There's uh, mini machado 299 for the podricks man match and reggie jackson 25 of 99 for the ease Base we've got hosé of rayou That is 14 out of 27 four homers in a row for the white socks cool one there 10 bucks to say basketball is sold out. Thank you. They're trevor taking the last spot And alex kirilov on card rookie auto four out of 199. Congrats on that. Oh, yeah Someone bought nine boxes of pristine for first Nice one there pristine honestly is not that bad anymore pristine's actually pretty easy one box of 22 triple threads Like bowman sterling. I can make a case a little bit harder to open Pristine I've got to gotten into a groove now But like one of the bowman sterlings are kind of brutal like 21 the like Plastic is so tight that you have to like you have to take them all out and open them all on the side Instead of just doing like a one one shot through all of them in an x you have to like go in and manually open Literally every single one That one's a little top 22. They made it easier 22 is much easier the 21 is that's that's a top one All right, orange no one ryan to 199 for the strobes and blue austin riley the 25 for the braves We've got o'neill cruise rookie trey turner and shane boz rookie Got lat america rero junior 22 of 27 40 for dad and son. That's really cool Nice one there. Congrats on that And jt real muto nice one there that is that's 54 out of 99 for the fillies It's one there Oh, white whale Yeah, we got a 101 in this one nice.  We've got a salvatore pares Nice one there that is 17 out of 27 for the royals And we've got a white whale is a pirate buxton One-of-one white whale auto There you go minnesota That is going to henry c. Congrats henry I saw in there buddy buck. That's three color three color and three color on that one gorgeous buxton white whale We'll get that magged up for you Let me do the random really quick. So I'll explain how this is gonna happen So we've got this Edward lentigua So this will be random off to the top team in the random and then the second team in the random We'll get all of the dpl cards if there are any that are non Uh, non autos numbered cards is basically how that's gonna go non auto numbered cards of dpl guys not signed to mlv teams We'll um Get that so I'll basically any numbered cards. We'll go to that. So Let's do the uh, random really quick guys again We're gonna roll the dice top team after eight times. We'll get the Edward lentigua Patch auto right here and then the second team will get all of the numbered dpl guys that are not currently signed to mlv teams So you've got that one coming your way. Good luck eight times one two three four five six seven eight The braves will get the lentigua. I guess just make a note on the sales sheet. Okay Um numbered dpl cards are gonna go to the tigers. So just say like non mlv dpl cards go to tigers. Cool. Awesome All right, let's do a quick Recap here.  Thanks again for the fill got to get this next one filled up


This is stock number 90391B. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used car and SUV headquarters. Today we are checking out this extremely clean 2015 Nissan Murano all-wheel drive. This vehicle has a 3.5 liter dual over head cam V6 motor and has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop. Has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. And this vehicle is 100% ready to go. Java Metallic is the color and we shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone device, turn them on right now because it is like you're right here looking at the vehicle with me. And definitely your best way to check out the vehicle before seeing it in person. If you want to check out more photos in the upper right hand part of your screen is the link right to our website. So click that and check us out there. Comes with painted and polished aluminum factory rims. Brand new Firestone Destination 23565R18 tires. You can still see the little wear knobs on them. We put those on in our safety inspection. So four brand new tires all the way around. I didn't see any dents or dings on that front fender. Has a projector lamp, headlamps, LED running lights. Front grille is in excellent condition. The hood is in nice shape. I didn't see any major dents on that. Passengers side fenders in excellent shape as well. And the passenger side rim. No major scuffs or scrapes on there. As you go down this side of the vehicle, take note of how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror like that paint is. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle. You can see the vehicle, hear the vehicle and have confidence in what you're looking at before you even get here. In fact we offer a Summit Auto Fastpass option in the upper right hand part of your screen. A link right to our website where you can apply for financing. Get pre-approved. Even appraise the trade if you have one so that when you get here your deal is all ready to go. And you just have to drive the car and love it. Back tires are brand new as well. And it does have four wheel disc brakes.  No dents or dings on that. It does have the dual rear exhaust. The tailgate is in really nice shape. That is a manual raised tailgate. And it has an all-weather floor mat back here. And underneath is your spare tire. Those seats do fold down for extra storage. And you can see that those shocks are working real good. It has LED tail lamps. And as you go down this side of the vehicle just as clean as that passenger side. And for full disclosure this back rim no major scuffs or scrapes on that. Really nice condition as well. On the rest of the side. No dents. No dings. Very nice shape. Has the LED running lights or the built-in directional signals. I should say it. Pardon me. Has the blind spot mirrors and the power mirrors. Inside the SL package gives you it's like a suede floor type material. Black. No rips. No tears. Very nice condition. Factory floor mats. Stability control. Power windows. And power locks. This one has auto headlamps. And you can see that it has 43,428 miles. Digital speedometer. You got your outside temp display. Your time display. Miles to empty. And all that good stuff. Steering wheels in really nice condition. I didn't see any major wear scuffs or scrapes on that. Cruise controls on the right. Bluetooth and audio controls on the left. The SL package on this one gives you the factory navigation system. AM, FM, and Sirius XM radio capabilities. Also this is where your backup camera shows up. And you got all your stuff right here for your controls. And that is a touchscreen radio. Dual climate control here. Push button. Start, stop. Here's your key fob. Take a look at that. And it does have remote start on there. You get this really cool kind of light wood grain trim on the dash. And it wraps around to the door. Passengers side floor mat and seat are in excellent condition. I don't see any rips or tears on that. I don't think this vehicle's ever been smoked in. Smells very clean inside. Up here are your map lights. And we'll take a quick look at the back seats. I didn't see any windshield chips on here or anything like that. We'll take a look at the back seats and then we'll check out under the hood. The back seats are just as clean as the front seats. No rips, no tears back here.  Sorry about that. Those seats fold down just like so. And we do have a factory floor mat back here. There's a USB plug-in as well. No seats go really nice and flat which is nice if you have to haul a bunch of extra stuff. It does have the child safety lock right there. And we'll take a quick look under the hood. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today. And hopefully from this HD video you'll have been able to tell just how clean this Marano is all the way around inside and out. Under the hood we have the 3.5 liter dual overhead cam V6 motor, 260 horsepower. Engine bay is super clean, runs very smooth. And this vehicle has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop. Has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. The vehicle has been gone through mechanically. 100% has four brand new tires and is 100% ready to go. To see more pictures of this vehicle in one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, half tons, three-quarter tons, one tons. You name it we got it go to our website www.summitauto.com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com. And if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summitauto. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. In fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left. A link to more used inventory videos like this one on your right. If you've not been to our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website. Click those check us out and we really look forward to helping with this super clean 2015 Nissan Murano SL all-wheel drive and Java metallic. Thanks again.


Going on everyone Sam here with late sports cards from 22 23 penin immaculate basketball hobby 5 box case number 16 Pick your team style read off a list of our names on our teams got bohia B Clippers Brad E thunder and magic Caesar a sons check Fung L with the spurs Chen K next wizards Clayton T with the Warriors got Dan M jazz What's up, puka puka? FDOs K bucks I said Dan M with the jazz. Sorry if I forgot there Eric L with the Hornets Gavin K Kings G Chen has the Bulls in QK with the Pacers Joel M Blazers John M Mavericks Leo W Raptors Mark T Pelicans Marvin and Nuggets Matthew X heats Michael H. Pistons Patrick G with the calves Ricky v. Nets Rujan S Lakers Yeah, Lakers Ryan a Celtic show F gris Thomas C sixers Sufan H with the Timberwolves Wayne Y Hawks and whining H with the Rockets. So good luck here everybody. Let's get after it Thank you, Pauletto with the follow-on twitch Five to go breaks next is gonna be the light everybody breaks next Five to go on the light. Let's rock and roll with some. Oh, no, we got to do guess the guest the logaman again I have a $2,000 bounty if you have the team that hits a logaman and $420 of break credit if you guess the correct logaman if we pull one so guess is start now 30 seconds everybody guess somebody in the checklist who you think will pull a logaman of luck. Yeah, Kevin Herter I'm kind of in on that Gavin. I know you would be No, now he's a freaking. What's it called? Oh, that's right. It's right. No more red velvet. We should forget about that Hopefully Daniel Palo logan man would be dude. That would be something in the kringleberry Get him out of here, please go Kyle get him out. Let's go. What's up? Wahoo's deadlift shrimp. I love it. All right, everybody guesses are Lou Bob oh three two one Alright skirt with a logo fracter spot. Thank you, buddy Get him out man. Get him out now find him find that guy in van. I'm on literally everything. He's done Van him on literally everything bro That guy stinks All right, I'm back. Here we go. Come on. See something huge right here We go ladies and gents start off with a Zach Levine number two ninety nine Good stuff. They're bulls. Good luck. They're bulls. Nice one here. It's gonna be a Kavan looney That is gonna be twenty eight of ninety nine Kavan looney game used. This is gonna be a random right here. We've got remarkable rookie jerseys That is gonna be chat home grin keegan Murray and Shade on sharp nice Shade on sharp Yeah, so Brad E with the thunder Blazers was Joel. I believe and then I think Gavin you had the Kings, right? Yeah Joel yeah, so that'll be a rain Really nice car though. Love the triple patches and stuff four or five Bobby Portis on the Immaculate's Inc for the Bucks that's on that middle walkie middle walkie books Bobby at Portis that is a little I'm a little Noticeable enough corner. I'm gonna send an empty box and wrap it with that one. Sorry about that. Milwaukee Corners have not been fantastic on this. We've got a Brandon Ingram first of all those autographs right. I'm assuming that's gonna be a pelican. I'm just gonna double check that though to Immaculate basketball Checklists have to use a beckett. It's gross Oh Ingram Logo man signature moves Marks That's rotto He's a pelican and everything so yep pelicans going to the pelicans Very nice. Congrats on that pelicans Yeah, it's a nice one right there for sure. All right, that is to 25 Signature moves of penny hardaway Anthony hardaway. Hello, Jonathan. Hello, Jonathan. Congrats on that one. They're magic 18 to 25 on the penny again five to go on Delight here everybody. We are looking at the Kentucky Wildcats Michigan State Kansas, Oregon and Maryland everybody Five to go on delight Bricks now And not now but next close Basically, actually here 299 is gonna be a cam thomas For the Nets very nice. Congrats Nets nice one here is gonna be 299 that is two-color patch boy on bakdanovich Assuming that's when he was a yeah with the jazz, but that is a pistons card amuse jersey from utah But now a piston congrats Detroit. We've got a job or rent That is number 299 Damn, that's a sick name on this dude It's when they're job or rent to 99 this is so dope go to the spurs There you go. Uh chack fun 39 of 49 Antoine Carr inscribed big dog That's it. Yeah, number 35 man. Congrats on that for the spurs Antoine Carr on the scheme you sneakers watch signature Very cool. Take that all day. That'll work little Antoine Carr action However, that's what the Raiders in 28. Thank you buddy now to two to go on that That is such an awesome auto man. I'm gonna make sure again this guy is a hawk Yep, going to the hawks number to 25 on the redemption dianthe Murray Congrats on that the jante Dianthe Murray very nice. You can just toss that. Yeah, it works. I was gonna do slider box Yeah, I guess that works and then you can mag this one right here 22 of 49 oshaig bhaji on the red Um rpa Congrats on that one. They're at Utah Jazz. Very nice. Nice. Very nice oshaig bhaji Get that into a bag for you Utah onto the next one One random so far. Come on. Let's see a logo man Been a minute since we pulled the logo man, so we need to see one Very good minute actually All right to 25 deloading the uh d. Angelo Russell for the Lakers Blue We've got nice for the cabs jared allen 14 of 99 Congrats khalib lind jared allen We've got the standard that is going to be a zion 42 of 99 for the pelicans Zion williamson 14 of 49 devon vasel That is for the spurs 14 of 49 What's up, Noah? What's up, Noah? Pre-colored game use patch Really cool one here to 75 that is going to be a hero of the signatures 75 to 75 metal world peace That's like malice at the palace are test right there Congrats on that one there indiana They can mag this last one that is going to be a championship uh runs to 49 kareem abduldjabbar for the lakers so sick man and So awesome. I love that dude kareem kareem So cool, man. Congrats on that uh lakers I kind of was thinking the same thing to be honest jd I was kind of thinking the same thing that they used the metal world peace He was never met a world peace with the paces. He was only on our test. Yeah That kareem is awesome. I agree check one. I think it's awesome. All right. Here we go everybody again another sneaker I think so It's looking that way Nice one here to 50 for the mavericks jaden hardy Five of 49 we've got a Uh diante murray 57 and 99 for the hawks game use jersey That's dude. That's dope. Yeah, that is going to be 17 of 25 game used shoe of or sole of the game That is julius uh randall or the nicks Like the bottom part of the shoe right there the tread and everything that's cool, man. Congrats on that nicks 17 of 25 julius randall He does come back healthy Next up 16 of 50 on the um Uh horizontal rpa is kendall brown. Hey, that's awesome. Matthew.  Thank you, buddy We've got a 39 of 49 jake laravia Nice one there for the uh Grizzlies you can make this in the Appreciate that matthew. Thank you, brother Nice one there grizzlies and then premium patch autographs go to the pistons jade and ivy on the redemption Congrats on that one. They're detroit. Very nice. Very nice. Very nice very nice jade and ivy premium patch autos believably number 50 I'm not mistaken similar to that uh kendall brown same thing Uh, yes, just those two. Yeah, the brown's fine. Um, again, everybody. We got five to go on the next break Yeah, that's a really nice ivy on the next On the delight case breaks next Again, they are on sale. It is five to go now everybody two to go on the first phoenix. It's like two four or two Five and seven. I believe now on phoenix as well Well, we'll see a little man It's a good case overall, I would say too very all right starting off with a scary terry Erie rozier two at 99 Complete set of jordan airs from the six championships for eight million. Oh my god Yes, uh 19 of 24 team logo is going to be dalin terry part of the ellen bulls. That's really cool Congrats, uh, chicago Oh, that's it. That's really nice We've got a Um rj barrett 26 and 99 We're going to the uh Nicks on the game of use jersey Next up. This is dope two of five going to the nicks again. Bob macadoo Bob macadoo. Nice one there. Congrats on that, uh nicks as you can end up, uh Matt you can make the last card in this this redemption should be okay though Um, let's make sure they're on the same team here. Perfect. That is this will be number 25 We've got two a lot of graphs that is going to be jabari smith jr and kenyon martin jr. Oh nice. Congrats on that rockets Jabari and kmart. They're both, uh, again this card number 34 kmart jabari smith both houston rockets Nice one there. Congrats on that one. Um rockets Very nice very nice And then right behind it is going to be 58 of 99 another jabari smith jr This time just the rookie introductions acetate finish. Congrats on that one again houston Very nice, man two jabari smith jr autos in one box. That's pretty good actually Pretty good. We'll get this one into a mag for you Very nice. We got a quick random. We got to do here everybody. We've got the chet keegan and sharp rookie patch uh triple All right, triple and then we'll do a quick recap as well triple patch here under Kings Uh doing a quick uh random here again everybody for the triple patch. It's going to be numbered 13 to 25 We got chet holmgren four color keegan murray three color and shadeon sharp three color So that's going to be chet thunder keegan with the kings and sharp with the blazers. So we're going to roll the dice That is going to be six times One two three four five and six go into the thunder. Congrats. Okay. See Okay, see thunder Thunder right do a quick recap here. We'll start off with that patch again going to the thunder The triple of chet keegan and uh shadeon We've got a an rj barrett Uh diante mary zion jared alan John morant boy on big donovitch kevan looney And julius randall to 25 and then a really nice down terry to 24 On the rookie patch. We had a Uh jabari smith and kenya martin dual auto Uh brandon ingram redemption metal world peace penny hardaway to 25 bob mackie new to five A um bobby portis to five diante murray for the hawks Kendall brown rpa devin vasel pat game use patch auto and then an antoine car sneaker swatch signatures with the inscription Really cool one there. Congrats against spurs mag cards. We had a um jake laravia to 49 We had an oshaig bhaji to 49 Had jade and ivy premium patch autographs numbered to i believe 50 A kareem Abdul jabar championship runs 15 of 49 for the lakers And then a jabari smith jr 58 of 99 rookie introductions auto That'll do it for the break everybody. Thanks again for the fill coming up next is delight


In keeping with standard recommendations to prevent the spread of COVID-19, and in an effort to manage the flow of customers coming to transact business at the Government Supply Warehouse, the Ministry of Commerce, Manufacturing, Business Development Cooperatives and Consumer Affairs wishes to encourage households desirous of purchasing one bag of sugar to make this purchase at the wholesale outlets. The Government Supply Warehouse will continue to serve wholesalers, retailers and other businesses from its premises at Fuashu. We urge all persons to be guided accordingly.


Greetings and welcome to the Astronomy Picture of the Day podcast. Today's picture for January 1st of 2024 is titled NGC 1232, a grand design spiral galaxy. So, what do we see here? Well, we see a great spiral galaxy and called grand design for its beautiful spiral arms majestically sweeping out from the center of the galaxy. So, almost a prototype of what a spiral galaxy should look like. Now, when we look at galaxies, we see a lot of things here. And we see the central core of the galaxy. One thing we cannot see there is the central black hole.  Some, like our own galaxy, is about four million times the mass of our sun. Other galaxies are much, much larger even than that. Now, as we look farther out from the center, we start to see a bluish color in the spiral arms. And that is caused by young blue star clusters which have formed recently. How do we know they've formed recently? Well, the types of stars that form like this and that are this blue color don't live a very long time. They might only live five or ten million years. And as we understand, if we can see something that only lives for, say, five million years, it must have formed within the last five million years, or it would not be present in our image. Now, that may seem like a very long time to us, but on the timescale of galaxies, five million years is very short compared to something like our own galaxy, which is ten billion years old. And we see those clusters scattered throughout, in fact, dense star-forming regions and clumps of those blue stars highlighting the spiral arms. And that is where the star formation is ongoing within the galaxy as the denser material compacts together, taking dense gas clouds and compacting them into stars, giving us those bright blue stars that we see at the center. Now, what do we not see farther out in the galaxy? Well, that is what is called dark matter. Now, why does dark matter exist? Well, we know that something is wrong with our understanding of this, and that's dark matter is postulated. We think that it exists in order to explain the rotation of the galaxies. Based on our understanding of gravity, and that's through Einstein's general relativity, we know how the galaxies should rotate at great distances from the center. Once we get outside most of the visible mass, we would expect the stars to slow down in their orbits, much as the planets do within the solar system, where star, where the planets are outside of the vast majority of the mass, which is within our own sun. But what we find is that those stars more distant outside the visible edge of this galaxy and gas clouds beyond that continue to rotate faster and faster. So either our understanding of gravity is incorrect, or there has to be far more mass outside of the galaxy than we see within the galaxy itself. And in fact, in many cases, it can be 10 or 20 times the amount of galaxies, amount of material that we see within the galaxy. So for every star and cluster of stars that we see here, you can imagine at least 10 of those in this invisible dark matter that we cannot see. And that's needed to explain the observations that are made of the galaxy and how it rotates. So that was our picture of the day for January 1st of 2024. It was titled NGC 1232, a grand design spiral galaxy. We'll be back again tomorrow for the next picture. So until then, have a great day everyone, and I will see you in class.


I work in the dock in Dublin. So it's a global research and incubation hub that we opened just over two years ago. It's the one place globally, actually, where physically all of what we call our innovation architecture sits under the one roof. So that includes research ventures, sort of startups, and like Accenture Labs, which I lead up, which is our R&D center. Studios, which is sort of for rapid prototyping and Accenture Innovation Centers. So today, I'm going to talk to you a bit about how we can use AI to augment humanity. And I'm going to focus on mostly in the workplace. So first, I'm going to talk about where we are today with AI and why briefly. And then I'm going to talk to what I think are three myths that are going around today. And then finally, talk to three imperatives and three challenges that we face today to really be able to use AI to augment humanity. So where are we with AI? I mean, in Accenture, we've actually never seen in our history a technology with the speed of take-up and also the power to change everything we do as AI. We call it an alpha trend, partly because it actually influences other trends. So trends like blockchain and VR are all influenced by AI. And also because, as I just mentioned, it has the potential to change our work, our home life, our society, and everything. But AI has been around for a number of years. It's not going anywhere. Well, in a second, I guess. AI has been around for about over 60 years. So why today? And really, there's two key reasons. It's data, which has been talked about today, so the amount of data and the networking of data, and also cheap processing power. So that has allowed researchers to speed up and actually use algorithms and refine them to get accuracies going from about 60% sort of 15 years ago up into the 80s and 90s. And they actually become very useful then. And you can use them to help make decisions in a wide variety of situations. I don't know if the slides aren't changing. OK, yeah, this is cool. So this is sort of what I was just talking to there. So I'm going to jump on then to the three myths that go around a lot at the moment. The first one is the robots are coming for us. So this is in the sort of Arnold Schwarzenegger Terminator or HAL in 2001, that they're actually going to wipe us out. And I think this is then new. I mean, this has been around forever when something new and big comes. I mean, probably the cavemen, when they discovered fire, thought, oh, we shouldn't use that, because it could burn down our houses and villages. So therefore, should we consider not using it to keep Mormon and cook our food? I think there's definitely artificial-generate intelligence and things like that are definitely coming. But our view would be they're not going to be implemented in a way that's depicted in these movies. And if you ask around to other AI researchers, you'll get the same view. I mean, I think it's really important that we have things like open AI, where top researchers and companies that are applying AI in very cutting-edge scenarios are thinking about these things. But really, for the vast majority of us in what we're doing today, there's a lot more important things that we need to think about in terms of how AI can improve society in the way we work today. The second one is the machines will take our jobs. Again, this one isn't new. I could show you headlines from the 50s, 60s, and even the 1800s around how the machines are going to come and take our jobs. I mean, the type of jobs we do change over time. In 1800, over 80% of the world was employed in agriculture. And that's 2% today. And there were times when, actually, the rate of drop was quite quick. I mean, I think the difference of AI is there will be some areas where the speed of adoption means that jobs will change quite quickly. And that is why the imperatives and challenges I talk about are really important to tackle and put into place now. And the third one is that current approaches will still apply. So this is, oh, I can just take a little bit of AI and automate a couple of things in my organization, and I'll be fine. I mean, we believe in our research shows that actually applying AI in that way will actually make you less competitive in the long run. So in terms of using AI responsibly, the three imperatives and the three challenges. So the first imperative is re-imagine business. So this is linked to things aren't the same. So if we just use AI to automate our companies, the problem is you might get a very short-term lift to get a better ROI for a couple of years. But actually, applying AI in that way can make your company very brittle and very hard to react to change if you're only applying it to automate specific tasks. So it's really important that we think more in terms of re-engineering processes and even re-imagining the way we do business today. The next key thing is new approaches to work. So with re-imagining and redoing our processes, it's also important that we think about how we actually work. And really, our view is here that it isn't man versus machine or human versus machine. It's how do humans and machines work together as Cronin mentioned earlier. And we call that collaborative intelligence where you're using the traits and the skills of humans that humans are really good at and the traits and the skills that AI are really good at and using them together to be better together. So we have six different areas here where we see new jobs and skills being important in the new world of AI. So the first areas where humans help the machines.  But it's a lot more than that. So for the example of chatbots, chatbots are going to be the face of the company for a large part of their customer base. And so it's really important, say, for a bank, their chatbot isn't the same as the chatbot that you log into when you are logging into a governmental agency or a media company. So actually getting the personality of the chatbot right and training it to have the personality that reflects your brand is going to become increasingly important. In the explain and sustain space, a good example of that is actually Mark Zuckerberg, when he was up in front of the US Congress and in Europe talking about the Cambridge Analytica scandal. He committed that they were hiring 20,000 new employees in the explain and sustain space. So basically to be able to explain how the AI is working and to sustain the AI, to keep an eye on it and make sure it continues to work properly. So really what he's saying is algorithms can't police algorithm. People have to complete police algorithms. And it won't just be Facebook or Google. As AI is taken up more broadly, these types of jobs will be important in every company that's using AI. And then the other area is where machines help humans. And this is sort of the more interesting area, I think. So three places where we have examples of this is in the embody space. So embody means where the AI is physically able to help humans by doing tasks. And an example is Mercedes-Benz in Germany had a factory floor where they put robots in working with the machines. And actually, initially, they put in 80% robots and 20% humans. But they actually found that they actually had to swap the balance. And there was 20% robots and 80% humans because they needed the humans to be able to actually adjust where the robot couldn't. The second area is interact. So this is where the machine actually helped humans interact. An example of this is actually Accenture built for our visually impaired employees, a pair of glasses where we used video analytics and computer vision so that when a person is wearing them and walks into a room, it actually tells them what the glasses are seeing in the room and what's in front of them. And actually, so if they go into a restaurant, they look down at a menu, it actually can read out for them what's on the menu. And the third area is Amplify. And this is actually where we're seeing a lot and where a lot of the stuff we're building and researching is being used. So an example of this is actually allowing humans to be more value-add, say, in the space of, say, a police force where they have an emergency call center and AI is used, so voice-to-text analytics and then natural language processing to actually take the person who's calling in words, put them on the screen and actually highlight for the officer that's talking to them key words that they think they should go into the incident report. And this means that the officer can focus on what they're going to ask, which is calming the person on the phone and getting the essential information out of them. And it also means that their incident reports are much quicker to produce and more accurate. Another area where Amplify is important is actually allowing people to do things they can today. So an example of that is in Indonesia, there is one radiologist to every quarter of a million people, whereas somewhere like the states, it's one in 10,000. So things like diagnosing cancer from scans. The medical imaging now is getting 90, 90% plus accuracy. So actually in Indonesia, that opens up jobs to people who aren't doctors to be able to diagnose people and also obviously saves people's lives. And then the third area, which is really key, is responsible or ethical AI. So this is a new sort of area that companies need to, and I think are waking up to, they have responsibilities. So I'll run through these really quickly because I'm running out of time. Accountability, so this is the fact that humans have to be accountable for any decisions made by a company. So it's not acceptable to say the AI made that decision and it's really important when AI is put in that the accountability for decisions where the AI might be involved is thought about and very clear. Transparency, so this is brought into the news with GDPR today and so about being transparent about when you make decisions with the AI of why, but it goes further than that and it's where you use different types of algorithms. So if it's a black box type algorithm, should you use it in the process you're thinking about? So actually making those sort of decisions. Honesty seems obvious, but actually AI today can be used. So for example, in autonomous cars to let it speed up past the speed limit when it knows no police are around and then slow back down when there's a police. I mean that's possible but shouldn't be done. So it's really important that AI is used honestly. Fairness, this is around bias which Cronin talked about earlier. There's an example recently where with facial recognition and in the states and the independent body had a look at the facial recognition technologies that most companies were using and it was 99% accurate on white males and it was 60% accurate on black females. So and there was no problem. The actual algorithm itself didn't have an issue. The issue was the way and the data that was used to train the algorithm. And then human centric, it's also really important as we use AI to think about how is this gonna affect my employees, my customers, society. And because it's so new, actually think about the unintended consequences as well as the intended consequences. So three challenges and I'll race through these. So I think skills and learning. So as I talked about earlier, our view is that it's not a jobs problem, it's actually a skills problem. There will be areas where AI very quickly changes the type of job people do. And it's really important that us as companies and society actually work to help those people to get the skills they need in the new world. So in Accenture, we actually believe this is the biggest challenge out there at the moment. We're actually investing a billion dollars a year in Accenture re-skilling our people. And we did a survey last year with a number of executives globally and 65% of them felt that their workforce wasn't prepared for the workforce with AI. But only 3% were investing in re-skilling their workforce. So if that continues, that's actually going to end up causing a huge societal problem. So there's a real impotence on companies to really step up there. But actually it can't only be companies, it has to be society at large. So better community learning, governments have a role. I mean, it's something we all should be working on and be cognizant of. The other, the next challenge at the moment is data. We need to do more on data. I mean, today you talk to people, most companies will say data is their biggest problem. But the volume of data that's going to be out there from IoT technologies, edge technologies is going to get huge, even bigger than today. Also, in terms of how it's used, the more AI is embedded, the more important that you understand and trust your data and are sure it's accurate because of the way it's being used in your company. And thirdly, with the regulation coming in, like GDPR, it's really important we find ways and safe ways and ways within the law to share data, to allow countries and companies to innovate using data because there is a real danger if data gets locked down and people can't share and use it, it will stifle innovation. And the final area is no finish line. So we reckon today that if all research and AI stopped, it would probably take about five years for companies to catch up with what's already been done and implemented. But it's not stopping, it's still going and it doesn't show any sign of stopping anytime soon. So actually helping our companies have a culture of innovation and continuous learning is going to be key going forward. So that's the third and final challenge I'll talk to you today. But for me, I think the future is really bright with AI. I know there's worries, but I think if people focus on those three imperatives and three challenges, it will have a successful future. And most of the concepts I talked about there are actually gone into in a lot more detail in a book published by our CTO in the summer called Human and Machine. And you can get that on Amazon. And that's me. Oh, and by the way, I'm gonna say at the beginning, we're hiring at the dock. Am I allowed to say that? Okay, thank you very much. And I'll be on the panel now. Thank you, Maeve. Have a seat, Maeve. Thank you very much.