It's an honor and a pleasure to be presenting this work here today. What I'm presenting is a chapter in a forthcoming report on African data on poverty and revisiting the facts. And just to set a little context, as Chico described the economic growth and poverty situation in Africa, the purpose of this report is to revisit the data with a more kind of careful and fine-tuned lens on what do we know about monetary poverty and non-monetary poverty and the quality of the data. I'm not going to spend much time on this slide, but there are a number of reasons why we care about inequality in Africa, which I think is why many of you are in this room here today. The outline of my presentation. So I think what's nice about this session for me is that I've been in correspondence with the other presenters, and so we've in some way kind of organized ourselves in terms of the content in our presentations. So what I'm not going to present to you today is a story around poverty, inequality trends in Africa over time and what explains those trends and the determinants of inequality. Rather, my presentation is going to try to do two things. One is step back and look at the big picture on the data we have for inequality in Africa from a monetary measurement perspective. And then secondly, it's going to try to look beyond the genie in terms of how we think about inequality in Africa. So the starting point for our chapter was we wanted to kind of set the stage for thinking about how do citizens and people in Africa view inequality. And what we found when we looked to the data we have on perceptions from sources like the World Values Survey, Afrobarometer, and Gallup was a really mixed story. This graph basically replicates what was also presented in the Equity World Development Report from 2006, Chico is the head of that report. And what it shows is that you don't find a kind of universal perspective that all aspects of inequality are viewed as bad when you ask people about inequality. You see a range of answers in different countries, and over time that changes slightly when we have repeat surveys from World Values, but generally it shows you the same story. There's not an overarching strong message that people view all types of inequality as bad. This is also true when we look at perceptions of government and adequacy in terms of narrowing the income gap. Now here what we see from the Afrobarometer is a large share of respondents will say they want the government to do more, that the government's not doing a very good job at narrowing the income gap. But the level of response is not correlated with the genie measure of inequality in these countries, which is the red dot on that slide. So now we're going to deep dive on the data side. What we did for this report is we looked carefully at the set of household surveys where we draw our genie data from, our genie measures and other inequality measures. And what we see when we look at the landscape on data in Africa is one is that there's been a big increase in the last 15 years in both the number and quality of surveys that are available. But one of the problems that is pervasive is comparability in surveys conducted within a country over time. And two examples that we cite are genie and molly, which each have conducted four nationally representative household surveys for measuring poverty and income. And no pairs of those four are comparable within these two countries because they change fundamental aspects of the questionnaire in terms of diary or recall method, recall periods, the season of the year when the data was collected. That effectively make them not comparable. So when you look at the data ability from a comparability lens, what you find, and this is the map on the right, is there are a number of countries where you have two or more surveys with which to judge poverty trend and inequality trend where the surveys are deemed to be comparable. But there are a lot of countries where we have maybe one survey. And there are a handful of countries that maybe have a survey that we can't get our hands on or haven't even conducted a survey. So now I'm going to talk about data, a range of data matters when we think about inequality measurement. One of the things we looked at in this report was, so what if you have no survey? What do you do in terms of saying something about inequality in a country where you have no recent data? And here we did a very simple comparison with the standardized world income inequality database, which is an effort to impute genie coefficients across all the countries in the world. And on this, in this graph, you see that the red dot are the survey-based genie estimates coming from our micro data. The black dots is the mean of the 100 imputations coming out of the SWID database. And the blue dots are the 100 imputations themselves, which give you a sense of the standard error around the mean estimate of the genie from the standardized world income inequality database. And what you basically find is the efforts to model or impute a genie give you huge errors on both sides. At the end of the day, you really can't say much, we believe, if you don't have an actual survey to base a genie estimate on to calculate a genie from. Second approach would be to take something like the Gallup, which collects a self-reported monthly income question. So it's not actually a consumption question. The Gallup estimates are advertised as being one way to understand income inequality in Africa and certainly help you bypass the need for a complicated household survey that takes a lot more time to collect. So we look at the Gallup. Now, the Gallup comes up with estimates of the percent of the poorest households holding 20% of total national household income and the richest 20% holding the richest share that hold 20% of national income. And their estimates in the bottom row here are 63% and 2% respectively for Africa. Now, we do the same comparison with consumption. Consumption's not income, which I'll show you another slide that makes that point. The point of this slide is to say when we take a consumption household survey perspective, we come up with very different numbers. And at the end of the day, we don't know if these numbers, these shares are different because it's consumption versus income. If it's different because the income measure doesn't include the valuation of home production or if it's different because of the mode of asking these questions is fundamentally different between these two questionnaires. So speaking to the consumption versus income inequality, one of the constraints we have working in the Africa region is most of our household surveys generally don't come with what we would consider to be reliable estimates of total household income. And so often, usually almost entirely, we use consumption-based inequality measures. And it will matter because when you go to something like PovCalNet, a lot of countries in other regions, particularly in Latin America, are basing a genie measure on income and not on consumption. So here we have from a study that looked at three countries in Africa, and I show you Tanzania results and Uganda results, and actually did use detailed LSMS data to construct an income aggregate and compare inequality looking at income perspective or consumption, and not surprisingly, you find that inequality looks much higher from an income perspective. But that might give us some sense that the overall average and or high genie that we see in Africa that you'll see in the next two presentations may actually really be quite higher compared to other regions where it's an income-based measure of inequality. Okay, within country, going to the comparability story, I have two examples here. So you take Malawi, which has had three national household surveys, and if you know the design of these questionnaires, it's widely recognized that the 1997-98 integrated household survey on the consumption measurement side is not comparable with the subsequent two household surveys. And this makes a huge difference if you want to tell an inequality trend story for Malawi. Likewise in Cote d'Ivoire, 1992-98 Cote d'Ivoire household survey deemed not comparable to 2002 and 2008. It doesn't show as dramatic a change in trend, but none unless you would want to recognize that not comparability and potentially not make the mistake of inferring trend from two surveys that you should not compare or we think you should not compare. Okay, so we take the surveys that we have. We have about 117 micro-datasets from household surveys in 45 countries. Excluding the not comparables, we're down to 24 countries and 58 surveys. And so what do we find when we look at inequality trend? Well, we find there's a mixed story, and this will be, I think, repeated in the next two presentations. On the other hand, we find that it doesn't matter a lot if you restrict yourselves to the comparable surveys. So the trend story, even if you take all the surveys, all 117, won't look dramatically different when you eliminate the non-comparable surveys. The second aspect I wanted to raise beyond the questionnaire design aspect is deflated or not. In the course of doing this work for this report, I learned all kinds of interesting details about what kind of data we have and how it's computed that I wasn't aware of. And one thing I was not aware of is that the genie coefficient in Paw-Cal-Net is based on a nominal consumption measure within the country. So urban households and rural households, there's no price adjustment between the two. In a very small number of countries in Africa, there will be a price adjustment. Interestingly enough, it seems to be a historic artifact of how the data was funneled into Paw-Cal-Net and not a strategic decision. But by and large, the surveys that you find in Paw-Cal-Net for Africa anyway are nominal and not deflated. And that might matter hugely for saying something about inequality. So here, we managed to get a deflated version of the consumption aggregate, not necessarily deflated in the same manner across countries. So that's a caveat to this graph. But what you find is the nominal, when you take the, so here, my inequality measure here is simply taking the mean household consumption in the richest region to the poorest region across four countries in Africa, where region, for example, in Ethiopia is region, but in Nigeria, it's state. And what you find is that ratio as an indicator of spatial inequality in these four African countries goes down when you adjust, I mean, not surprisingly, I think, when you adjust for price differences that urban and rural households face. So our, you know, much of, in fact, before we did this exercise, much of our story about between and within inequality had a heavy emphasis on the spatial dimensions. And we had to kind of deflate that story a bit, if you will, in light of the fact that while that story is still there, it doesn't go away. It definitely has less magnitude when you use a deflated consumption aggregate to look at between and within inequality in any country at any point in time. Surprisingly, we found that generally, in terms of ranking countries, based on their genie and alternative measures of inequality like mean log deviation or PAMA, they generally held. And so we tended to focus then on the report on genie, but not to say you might not get subtle different stories from using different indicators. All right, shifting gears a bit, one thing we wanted to do in this report is say something about African inequality. So take the continent as a whole. Pulling together all the micro data. And what we find from an African inequality perspective is that Africa-wide inequality is going up. It's gone up in our estimate from 52 to 56, circa 1993, circa 2008, because we have sort of benchmark years for our surveys. On the other hand, when we look at the population-weighted country genie, we don't find it systematically going up. And that's part of the story in the next two presentations, I believe. And we find a greater share of African inequality is explained by these gaps across countries. So you have a bifurcation in terms of rich countries with richer households and poor countries with poor households and a widening gap between the two. Which is different than say, I think Bronco Milanovic's work on the story about global patterns of inequality. And not surprisingly then, what you see when you look at the entire set of households in these multiple country data sets is the share of the richest African households are largely in rich African countries. And the red here in this graph shows you the population residing in upper, middle, and high-income countries in Africa. I should have said also that Africa throughout this presentation refers to sub-Saharan Africa. The second part of our chapter then looks at unequal opportunities taking an alternative view of inequality and thinking about things like inequality of opportunity. How do circumstances at childhood influence adult outcomes? And if we can take information from surveys on parental background, the region of birth, for example, how much of that explains levels of inequality? So this is challenging for a number of reasons. One of which is we don't have many surveys that ask these background characteristics and we don't have a consistent set of background characteristics across countries. So not every country has the same set of circumstance variables and what we find. And the second caveat to that or third caveat I suppose is by, this is a lower bound estimate of inequality of opportunity. So this is what we think the minimum share of inequality is driven by unequal opportunity is. And it comes out to about 15%. But keep in mind the caveats that I just mentioned. Finally, we can also take kind of a similar perspective and say, well, okay, if we know about parents' education, can we look at how parents' education influences the level of education of children? And likewise for occupation, to get an intergenerational persistence, which is what we think is a core feature of inequality transmission over time. And so here we have work that's actually being presented in a poster session. So if you want more details, I encourage you to go and seek out the poster that Eleni Yitbarik is showing here. This is one example from Uganda. So we have cohorts of people over time. So we have Ugandans who were born back in 1945 and then Ugandans born in 1990 on the far right. A simple regression of child's, my own schooling on my parents' schooling gives a purple coefficient, which is the beta, which can be by some accounts a measure of intergenerational education persistence. So it's falling, which I think we think of as a good sign. The correlation coefficient on the other hand is flat and the standard deviation ratio between parents and children is actually going up. So in some sense interpreting this kind of depends on which indicator, well it does depend on which indicator of intergenerational education persistence you rely on. And here are graphs for a whole host of countries and you can see that you, there isn't one clear obvious story except to say that in most countries the beta on that regression is going down. Finally, we can also look at occupational persistence between generations. And here we have very simple figure on the fraction of sons of farmers who themselves became farmers by cohort. So again, from left to right, older people to the youngest cohort on the right. And in some countries it's fallen by a lot and in Cormorosa it's fallen. Ghana kind of bounces down and then bounces back up and in other countries like I would say Rwanda it's fallen a bit but generally there doesn't look like there's a huge amount of occupational transition. Now some of that will be driven by structural transformation but we find that even controlling for structural transformation and kind of the some sense economic growth of certain sectors doesn't remove the fact that there has been real progress in occupational mobility between generations. The last part of this work I still think is the most interesting aspect because we but it's also the one that's hardest on the data side. And that is telling a story about what's happening with extreme wealth. What's happening with the kind of inequality that our household surveys are never going to capture by design. Here a lot of stories about billionaire wealth Oxfam had a very big report that launched last year and so we wanted to look at that issue from an Africa perspective. And what you find is strong evidence that billionaire wealth is growing in Africa. And here we have information on the aggregate net worth from the Forbes list of world billionaires for Africa and you see an upward trend starting around 2009. Compared to other countries it looks like Africa moves like other countries in terms of the percentage point change in GDP per capita growth and the increase in the number of ultra high net wealth individuals. So these are not the billionaires these are only the millionaires if you will. Still these are hugely rich individuals but it generally it doesn't look like it's moving unlike the rest of the world. Okay so bringing all this together is a challenge that we're still working on but what would I say based on this? The obvious thing, 48 countries. There's a lot of diversity in terms of the inequality experience in Africa. Data matters a lot. The national statistical agencies and private entities who are collecting surveys have made a lot of progress but we still have a long way to go. In terms of equality of opportunity we're seeing signs of increasing mobility between the generations. We don't have as much data as we would like. We have very particular set of countries there. We face the same data challenge with extreme wealth holdings. We also have very limited information on the details around how ultra high net wealth individuals actually accumulated their wealth and to what extent it's coming out of rent extraction or political connection. So that's an area I think for more data and more research. Thank you.


Through development of non-full-arene acceptors, OPVs have reached efficiencies of 18%, yet the inadequate operational lifetime still poses a challenge for the commercialization. Here, the authors investigate the origin of instability of NFA solar cells, and propose some strategies to mitigate this issue. This article was authored by Jiechi Du, Guhu, Jin Yuan Zhong, and others.


Good afternoon and welcome back to the program. Time now to get into matters rugby and of course we're focusing on the ongoing London 7s and of course the upcoming Enterprise Cup finals later for 4pm East African time at the RFA grounds along Gungrods. Sami Murayan Ngarwa Kamuya are still with us to give their perspective with regards to the two events. Sami, of course, fading out there is one man who is in charge of Kenya Rugby Union as the president. That's Jeff Ganglodori. How do you rate him a few months after his election? Well, Ganglodori has not done much so far. I think we can say that he's not had the time to do much and we cannot start blaming him now for what he's not done. However, if we look at the promises that were made because there are election promises just like there anywhere else in this country on the political field, when you come up and promise something, the most important thing is for you to be able to deliver. When he got on board, that's the first time we started seeing senior rugby players boycotting the 7th team and most of them are complaining about one, allowances. Two, the pay was being cut and the reason that they were being given is because of sponsorship and it's true right now not very many corporates want to be associated with the 7th team which was not the case before. I remember when Virgin Airlines came on board and that's like 5 or 6 years, 10 years ago and they brought in very good money. Kenya Airways had to match up. I actually even better what Virgin Airlines were giving because there was that question and that was even coming from the government itself in terms of how do you have an airline from the UK coming to sponsor the Kenya Rugby team. We cannot have a Kenyan rugby team that always flies Virgin Airlines to international matches and that's how KQ came in. KQ came in pumped in good money but then of course we know the problems that have been at KQ and they weren't able to do it anymore. In come, Spott Pesa. Spott Pesa put in over 600 million in rugby and that was the biggest sports funding that we had ever gotten in the country. Misappropriation of funds happened, they had issues with the way the accounts were being done and how the money was being sorted and at some point I remember there's a time that Spott Pesa literally started paying players directly. Same thing with Kenya Airways so that tells you that there was a problem at the union because money was being pumped in but this money was not getting to the players and to the officials and that's why the money was supposed to actually get to. So now you look at this team now.  I do not want to discredit them because they've actually, you can literally see that they are fighting for the jazi but then judging by what has transpired over the last two days just are looking at Dennis Ombachi complaining as well as William Barker and Ombachi was complaining about a time when he got injured. He broke his leg when he was playing for the national team. What happened? He was demoted from a first tier player to a second tier player and by the time he came back he was struggling. He could not even pay for his bills and it's not just Denu alone. It's every player who plays for the 7s team. It's also everyone. In fact I even feel that the 7s players are lucky because they have a monthly salary. If you go to the 15s team, most of the teams, local teams are not paying good salaries and in this scenario I'll cite my team that I support. I don't want to blame any other team. Kenya Hale Queens at some point had very good structures, had everything that was working for them. Right now you go there, you go to Queens today, you find these players literally begging each other for fare. These are the same players that are playing for the national team and when they are playing for the national team they still don't get their allowances on time. The money that they are getting paid is way too low. In fact I cannot compare it to even what football players are getting and football players have always complained in this country. So it's about time Gangay and his team just sat back, re-looked the whole structure and they stopped giving these excuses about where the monies are going. Because at the end of the day you're given money or you have money knowing very well that you have a series that you're supposed to honour or a tournament that you're supposed to honour. You're supposed to literally plan for everything. I saw Willie yesterday saying it's really sad for you to take players from Kenya, put them up in five star hotels and when this guy comes back home his house is closed. Ombachi was actually saying the landlord is actually seeing you knocking these players out there, he's seeing you on TV. He believes you're earning money and it's because that's what is in people's minds, that is the perception that as long as you're there, you're playing for the national team, you're earning some money. So these guys are really struggling and right now I'm actually very sorry to say I speak to some of the players who are in London at the moment and I know what they're earning. It's too little, it's even now two or three times less than what second tier players were earning a year ago and it's a sad affair and most of these players, the only reason why they're actually playing is like a majority of them play for homeboys rugby team and I'm sorry to actually raise that as an issue here. So the coach threatens you because he's still the coach of homeboys rugby team. So he tells you if you don't play for the national team then you won't play for your local side.  It's such an irony because rugby players, most of them are serious and top-notch professionals, of course being an expert in various fields but when it comes to their remuneration, how comes it's awful? Problem is the relation, simple. First, we need to understand one thing and I hate this argument of in our days. It's an argument you hear a lot with the older generation in our days. First of all, and I'm sorry, and it's been sound very crass on what they are going to say. We really don't care about your days. Your days are done. Number one. Number two, in your days, the people you are playing against, one of the professionals. They are not full professionals.  It's a sort of part time. It's a part time. Look, now you're asking Denison but you're asking William Baku, you're asking Colin Zinjera to measure up against full professionals. Yet you don't want to pay them. Yet you want them to come for training. This case, during the innocence many days, you're training for six hours a day. You want these guys to come for training but you don't want to remunerate them. Yet you want them to compete at the same level as New Zealand, as South Africa, as England. It cannot happen. Granted, I like what you say. Red Bee has always hired professionals and you can do it. It can still happen. People like Khaafrika Yange. Khaafrika Yange, you know, he went to Bristol to be his master as he came back and still participated in the national team. But remember actually just to correct you, when Virgin Atlantic took over from EABL, EABL or the Shots Sponsors for Canada 7s, EABL used to give five million shillings a year. That was the sponsorship. Virgin Atlantic came in and bought 72,000 pounds. I think it was about 15 million shillings. There were eight for about three, four years. So they called in Zinjera Khaafrika Yange years. So you're able to double up. You're able to go to school and you're able to earn a decent living from playing rugby. Then Kenya AOS came in with 120 million shillings. And that deal was good enough to give these guys proper salaries per month. It's very easy to balance it too. I was having a chat with Biko Adema sometime this year or last year and he was telling me and it's true until Biko finished his undergraduate degree. Biko Adema never played in the Dubai and South Africa 7s because he was always doing exams. So it's very possible to do it. It's very possible to do it and rugby has been doing it over the years. All we are asking is remunerate these guys because the money, the reason we do not have sponsors is because the sponsors do not trust Kenya rugby union. Find Kenya AOS pulled out because they had issues. Kenya AOS had issues in themselves. But you remember back then in 2015, a director in the vice chairman then went ahead and abused a sponsor. I can tell you something and this is me, I'm talking, it's not Kwancha Cha, it's not USA. It's something I've actually had during the last election. I started somebody like EBL representative who was there at the election. And after the election he came and told me, look, you guys will get about our money because you can't touch you guys the way you are right now. You guys are in problems. That is EBL. Sportpesa were there, Sportpesa left. We keep on saying that they left because of tax issues. They didn't leave because of tax issues. They left because the union could not account for the money. So that is an issue. Let us not... When the campaign was hot, current chairman, I have nothing against him. I have a problem with his style of leadership. I have nothing against the person. That's Udoor Gangla. He said that there is a narrative that is being pushed out there that the union is corrupt. Jeff Gangla, I want to tell you today, it is not us who are pushing the narrative. It is the corporate organizations that you have dealt with who are pushing this narrative. They are the ones who are saying that the Kenya Rugby Union is corrupt. And as such, we cannot touch it with a ten foot pole. Not because of anything else. Last year at the Kenya Open, the president, who by the way is the patron of the Kenya Rugby Union. Who played rugby? Who played rugby. And you can see clearly his distance himself from rugby because of the shenanigans that are happening in the game. A game that he was very proud to be associated with. A game that you remember just after he was elected, he went to Impala Club to watch Kenya take on England in the 7s World Cup semifinals. So the president during last year's Kenya Open, he sat down and he said, the reason why you guys are not getting the attention that golf is getting is because you're not running in federation as well. It is not because of anything else. And look, golf are running in their staff. Well, so what happens? All the corporate come and then government comes with even bigger money. That is the problem of the Kenya Rugby Union. It's not because guys are trying to paint a narrative. No. The issue is that this lack of credibility of the union granted Odorogangla was not chairman before, but he was in that board. And he was in the executive committee of that board. And there's nothing to show for that.  They talk about the Kenya Chiv No. 1 status of the 1 Singapore, the Singapore 7s in their time. That work didn't start with their time. You know, it's something that had been happening way before. They talk about the 15th team attaining position 22. Odorogangla, it's not your board that appointed Jerome Powhat as the coach. It is Jerome Powhat as work. It is not your board that put in the relationship with the Western province because Kenya was able to gain from that. Now, as we speak today, Samin and Max, this year we only have one test in Kenya, one international 15th test. And I'm sorry, I doubt a bit. I hate it when we focus on 7s because 7s is not an income honor. It's 15th that's an income honor. World Rugby gives us money based on how we perform in 15th. Now, this year we only have one test. And the reason we have one test is because of one simple thing. We're not performing like we are. The reason why Hong Kong was coming, the reason why Germany was coming, the reason why all those international Spain is because we had risen in the rankings at some point when we were 22. So they sit down and say, hey, for us kids to rise in our rankings we have to go beat these kids to their place. Right? In a year we have 6, 7, 10 tests. We've come back to one. One test. That is the end. It's against Uganda. No disrespect to Uganda. I think they are the most entertaining player in this town. We feel like we walk on a chair. But no disrespect to Uganda. We are playing against Uganda now. We've gone back to where we were. Meanwhile, our competitors, Zim, are now participating in the Spospot Rugby Challenge. Something one of the candidates had actually promised to bring back. They are now participating in the Spospot Rugby Challenge. These guys have a former Springbok coach impeter the various coaching them. These guys last year alone they pumped in a million dollars for the 15th team alone. So Maxwell was thinking, I can bet a mortgage I don't have yet. That in the next one year we are going to be the whooping boys of rugby in Africa. Let's bet on that. Of course, away from politics of Kenya right in the union and the federation in general. Let's speak about what is happening in London 7s. Great start though. Of course, ending in a lose for Kenya Genest Fiji 24-17. What do you make of the performance from Kenyan boys? Of course, fenomenal show from Jeff Rolochu is the captain alongside his friend Bush Mwale. Both of course, featuring for local club Bombu is rugby football club. What do you make of the stats as far as London 7s is concerned? Well, I would say it was a good start because if you look at Fiji. Fiji is a team that has wept us proper in the past. So 24-17, just losing by a try and knowing that the final minutes of the game we played are manless and we played with six men. Definitely, that's something that we need to build up on. And it also goes to show that we can be able to fight relegation. So, I'm sorry to just throw a spana in the works. Yes. I still think the best thing that will happen to Kenyan rugby at the moment is for us to get relegated for people to get their hands. So that the stakeholders can go to the drawing board. The stakeholders, even the union. We just need these directors. Excuse my French to just get their heads out of their asses because that's what is happening at the moment. So relegation for us would work. And you know, getting back to mainstream series rugby will be a very tough task because if you look at the promotion at the moment, the teams that are down there that try to get in, it's never an easy thing. If you look at especially what happened in Hong Kong this year, it wasn't easy. So you're not even sure who's going to qualify and who's not. Zim has tried for the last three or four years and they are still unsuccessful. And I know this year they've beaten us in one of those matches that they've appeared, series that they've appeared as an invited guest team. So for me that would work perfectly. However, South Africa has just done as a favor in beating Japan by 49-0. So our loss, the margin in which we lost to Fiji also helps us. And what that means is we can be able to build on that. We can actually now be able to beat Samoa and France today. And if we make it to the main cup quarters, then definitely we can say we are safe. We don't even need to wait for pari. Dennis, okay, of course I have seen your tweet, you are watching the program. You can also submit your thoughts and feedback with regards to way forward as far as rugby is concerned. Of course a repeatable sports writer for the standard watching the program. Ngarwa Kamuya, the long-term solution and of course you and Sami seem to be reading from the same script on the way forward as far as Kenya Sevens is concerned. You want the team relegated so that the stakeholders and rugby lovers in general can go to the drawing board to restore the lost glory of the national team. But getting relegated also means that they will miss out on Olympic qualification. Double tragedy. You see, sometimes it's good for the house to burn so that you can build it from scratch. Rugby was, and just maybe to explain why we are in these problems. When, take it ten years back, the people who were serving rugby were serving rugby to serve rugby. They were not there for their own selfish interests.  And that is when they brought money into the game, that's when everything went south. Everyone started focusing on making money. And that's where the problem is, the Sevens team became popular. The Sevens team was making it to the water finals, to the semi-finals, to the finals of this tournament. This meant that, you know, increased number of tickets to travel. So these directors are just thinking about France, just thinking about Paris, just thinking about London. Samia will shock you, and this thing shocked me a lot. During the union elections, somebody I liked to actually current Kairu president. Without any shame, after the election just told me, ah, no, it's about impunity. In fact, let me start planning my trip to Paris and London. Already. I hope already. Yes, the election was fresh, and now I've not even ended. And somebody said that. So, I feel that the best way to save this situation, though drastic, is let's get relegated. Let the house burn, then we start from scratch. Therefore, we see the guys who are actually in this game because of the love of the game. Because I feel that very many people who are involved in the game right now are just there because they see it's Akashkao. Or it was Akashkao then. Now the fans have tried out, let us get relegated, and then let's build. Sami, your opinion with regards to the overall run for, they just getting conclude the HSBC World 7 series.  Spice and ingredients that are required? Marks. Marks. Yes. I don't know whether you're being ironical or sarcastic. No, I'm being realistic, but I'm not. We all know that this time in the series we've not played well, we've had issues. I remember in Dubai we had our court team, like in Dubai and in Cape Town. But then after that problems started, the rain started hitting us, and where did it start hitting us? We had our court team players being told, you know what you guys, we cannot be able to afford to pay you, so can you guys take a pay cut?  These are people whose salaries have not been paid for more than five months. These are people who are now being told, come renegotiate your contract, and it's contracts that have not been honored in the past. And the contracts that they had, as much as they do them on a rolling basis, like sign contracts every year, are the end of the day. I've never seen anywhere or in any spot where when you're renegotiating your contract, you take a pay cut. Even in employing it. Even in employing it, it's never like that. So it's supposed to improve, not you being told to take a pay cut. Then two, I do not know why we fired Namco's for Pa'u, and I'm really sorry. Namco's a past 100 point mark for the 7th national last season. The only coach who's ever done so. We've had Mike Friday, we've had Benji, we have Paul True, and I think the best before that was 99. So hitting 101 in itself was a very big thing. And I remember, there were people who were complaining about Namco's initially, he did not have the experience, he did not think he was the best coach for Kenyan rugby, 7th. But then he came in, he proved himself, then what do we do? We fire him for no reason at all. Then the person we appoint is somebody who can be able to be, is literally a marionet. Let me just put it that way. And then 5th and 8th abuse by the way. Exactly. In fact I was going to talk about those controversy about even how he was hired in the first place, because he was 5th. So you go back to the whole narrative of who was pulling these strings, why did they want this person here? This is somebody who had a very big controversy, and I'm sorry to bring it back. The Rio Olympics. And that's why even the president now stopped backing rugby, because the only time that the rugby team went to state house, a lot of money was pumped in, every player was like, the second tier players were supposed to get 700,000 Kenyan shillings, first tier players were getting 1.2 million. Some people ate that money and they started asking for kickbacks, yes the money was transferred to players accounts. And I can tell you some of the ladies even pulled out of rugby, they just said I'd rather pull out of rugby, because I don't think I'll ever get such a pay ever again in my rugby career playing for Kenya.  And you can imagine how greedy people can be. This is somebody who's been given, and it's the government who's decided to give it as a gift, because if qualified for the Olympics as two rugby teams, they've decided to thank you, then somebody comes and tells you, we are the ones who negotiated for you, so instead of the men were the ones who were supposed to get the money. So you're telling the ladies, instead of taking the whole 700, you take 300, give me 400. How greedy can you be? But then there are several members of the fourth estate, members of the press locally are watching, so you guys, if you get quoted in the mainstream and in the publications, especially after your scatting attacks directed at the federation, don't get surprised. It's conversation that's out there. We are quoting things that we have actually had or we have seen happen. And it's the truth, unfortunately. It's not pretty, it is not good. Things are not positive in the rugby society. And it's from top bottom, even if you go to these clubs, they are serious problems. I actually support the same club as Sami does and we also have problems at our club level. It's a very big problem in rugby, in terms of the leadership, in terms of the guys who are there. And just to echo the words of Nondis Chairman Aukakeshia, he actually said, maybe it is good we get relegated so that we get rid of all these people who got into the game just because of money. Because there are very many people who got into this game just because they thought that was money. So Rojas, my brother from the people you can go ahead and quote either one of them, both Murayan and Garwa Goot to be quoted. And finally, your submissions to the Guards to the Enterprise Cup finally is coming up next in a few hours from now to speak. Cabras, would they bounce back from their beating last weekend in Katamega, in the hands of KCB and beating Palasara since? I think the only team that was able to beat Cabras this season is KCB. I think the reason why KCB were able to do that is because of their mental framework. KCB have invested a lot in their players. They took their players to South Africa at the beginning of the season for 10-day camp and a lot of their training was based on the mental strength and the mental capacity to handle knockout rugby. We have seen that. Now Cabras, in terms of talent, they are up there. I look at their back line, you look at their backs. Granted, what's his name? Brian Tanga is injured but you have a very evil deputy in Barry Robinson. You have Jonah Cooper at number 10. You have Kevin Kagan. We keep on sobbing at Queens because he went to Cabras at 11. Then you have an explosive center pair in the number 12th starting of Nick Baraza and Mario Wilson. Then you have Felix Ayangi who we keep on mourning also as Queens that he went to Cabras at 14. Why didn't you talk about Nick as well? I said Nick. Nick was also at Queens. And then you have the explosive, of course, but in my books, the best player in East Africa, Philip Walker at 15. So it's going to be very tough for Impala. It's going to be extremely tough for Impala to be in Cabras. But it's finals rugby and I've seen the team that Impala have chosen and one name really strikes me at number 10. That's Nate O'Simiu coming at number 10. Oh, he's back from his injury? He's back at number 10. So if somebody who might be able to destabilize Cabras, it might be Nate O'Simiu but I just think Cabras are too strong for Impala and I think Cabras are going to have it on the day. You and I, actually all of us were at the Rwamaka Sports Club during the same time on the screen between KCB and Queens and of course, Paditz had tipped KCB to be the favourites to be the win of that particular tie-and-tip. So it happened. The same situation with Cabras now that it's been tipped by several of you? Well, can I first say I'm actually surprised that Impala are able to make it to the final because if you look at the way they've been playing this season, especially in the Kenya Cup, they've not been playing very well. So what we are going to see is a proper farabiting of Impala. I'm sorry, I have so many Impala pals I know who might even be watching me right now but I'm sorry guys. It's not absent. No. I think you said that comment, more as a queen. No, no, imagine it's not more of a queen because I remember especially when you played them at Impala, I was shocked. As in, if you look at that game, it was not competitive at all. It was not competitive. And for once, when we were even talking with the Impala guys, I was like, what is happening to your team? The week before that, I'd watched them play Muamba. Again, they got a farabiting. So there's a lot of disorganization in that team and there are a lot of things that were going wrong. So it's not just talking, of course there is a queen perspective. There is that, but to be very, very honest, I don't see an upset. We also need to accept that Granted that was Impala during the season. The Impala we so played Haliquins at the quarterfinals. Against KCB? No, the Impala we played Haliquins at the quarterfinals was a much improved side. But like he's saying, it's going to be very tough to beat Cabras for Impala. It's been very shaky. Granted then the final, but again, on the other side it's finals rugby. So you never know what's been planned out. But my mind is on KCB. Quality conversation. It's been with the two gentlemen, Mimuraya alongside Ngaruakamuia, joining us to give their perspective with regards to what is happening at the London 7. Second last leg of the HSBC World 7 series where Kenya is also in participation having lost their first class 24-17 against Fiji, looking forward to bounce back and meet the opponents Samoa and France respectively so that they can improve their chances of not getting relecated contrary to how they want it done.  Thank you for coming. It's been a pleasure to see you at the RAF.  So I wonder what you have to do. Pleasure doing this touchline. It's the show Y25Face the channel. Maxwell Vaseke is my name. Don't go away. Stay tuned. We still on.


With progressive web apps, we can create user experiences that are fast, reliable, and engaging. They can be added to the home screen, send push notifications, and implement sophisticated casting strategies. These capabilities give us a lot of power. You can do things we were not able to do before, but it also means that if they're used improperly, bad things can happen to both the site owners and the site users. Because of that, these technologies can be used only on top of communication platform that offers some fundamental security guarantees for both our sites and our users. Essential component of the secure underlying platform is the HTTPS protocol, which allow us to send and receive data in a secure way. Let's take a look at what it really means and some of the factors to consider when implementing it yourself. Hypertext Transfer Protocol, or HTTP, is a protocol used to exchange between the browser and the website you connect to. HTTPS is a secure version of that protocol, where the S at the end stands for secure. It indicates that all communications between your browser and the given web server are encrypted using cryptographic protocol called Transport Layer Security, or TLS. By showing this green lock and the word secure in the URL bar, the browser indicates to the user that the connection between the site and the user is using TLS and therefore it's safe. Having a secure connection really means three things. Identity. When you type HTTPS colon slash slash Google.com into your browser, your browser receives a cryptographic proof of identity from the server called Certificate. The browser used that certificate to prove that it's talking to the real Google.com, not some other server that's pretending to be Google.com. So when you type a URL into your address bar, the browser gets proof that it's the real domain that you are talking to. Confidentiality. Once the browser knows that you are talking to the real Google.com, both those parties, the browser and the server, have a guarantee that only they can read the data that's being processed between them, not any attacker spying on the network. And finally, integrity. The browser and the server have a guarantee under HTTPS that when they send data from one to the other, the data they send is what the other party receives. So an intermediary on the network can modify or tamper with the data that's being sent. Only the browser and the server can. But you might also have some other association in your mind with HTTPS. When you see this green lock, you might think that it represents a performance cost or financial burden or maintenance problem. Many of these associations were true 5 or 10 years ago, but many of them are no longer true today. And that's because people all over the world have been interested in promoting a safe feature for the web where HTTPS is everywhere. My website doesn't ask the user for any personal information, so you might think I don't really need HTTPS. But by having our site delivered over HTTPS, we get protections against things like a man in the middle attack. A man in the middle attack is an attack where the attacker secretly relays and possibly alters the communication between two parties who believe they are directly communicating with each other. These attacks can have a very negative impact on our apps because it can be attacks on the revenue and the reputation of your site. And the worst part of it is that we may not even realize that attacks are taking place. On insecure connections, an attacker could essentially take over the control of the communications between your site and your users. Users would think they are communicating with your site, but they are not. Also, an attacker could infect your user's computer with malware, and malware is really dangerous for users and can cause immediate reputation damage to your brand. On insecure connections, we are vulnerable to third parties looking at the data being exchanged. An attacker could glove cookies with that user's credential or see other data that's crossing the network. And there's one more very important reason we must consider. Chrome and other browsers are starting to limit access to important APIs when they are not served from secure source. This is a list of features that have already been removed when accessed over non-secure HTTP. And a few more of that are coming down the pipeline. AppCache specifically is coming up next. And longer term, encrypted media extensions. We'll be sure to be responsible with announcing Timeline and adding a notification in Chrome Dev Console. But if you are relying on AppCache or EME, we encourage you to start thinking about HTTPS now. If you want to use the video or audio capabilities of your devices, your site needs to be served over HTTPS. Most importantly, service workers are amazing as you've already heard. They are the secret superheroes behind PWAs that enable performance in the face of sketchy network conditions. Service workers sit between the browser and the network, so they actually manage every request that comes through. And you can imagine it's critically important that the site owners own their service workers. This is why service workers require HTTPS. The bottom line is that HTTPS is a critical part of delivering a good user experience everywhere. So how about the performance issue? Will all the encryption and negotiation of secure connections slow down my site? This is a valid concern, but with modern hardware and a few simple optimizations, we can eliminate the performance issues. To understand what's going on and how we can ensure fast experience, let's take a look at how an HTTPS request is made. When the user requests a page, unless they specifically want the secure version, the browser will request the page over HTTP. If your site is only provided over secure connection, which it should be, it responds with a redirect, telling the browser to request a secure page. Next comes the TLS handshake, which takes two more long trips to establish the connection and exchange keys. Finally, the browser is able to securely request a page. There are two places that can slow down the user's experience. First, there is a computational cost of generating the cryptographic keys and encrypting data. Thankfully, modern hardware has made great improvements to help minimize these costs, and what once may have required additional hardware can now be done well by the CPU. The second issue is that additional long trips require for the initial redirect and the TLS handshake. We can easily get rid of that first redirect using web security feature called HTTP strict transport security. HSTS lets a website tell browsers that it wants to communicate only using HTTPS and therefore avoids the redirect. If a browser and a server have spoken TLS before, the browser can remember a session ID. And the next time it goes to make TLS connection, it's in the session ID, which allows the browser to shave off part of the TLS handshake. This is called TLS session resumption, and it also allows you to shave off a long trip. TLS full start is an optional protocol extension that allows the client to send application data when the handshake is only partially complete. During the TLS handshake, as soon as the client received the first response from the server, it has all the information it needs to start encrypting and sending data. Combining this optimization with TLS session resumption, we can cut one long trip from the TLS handshake for both first-time visitors and returning visitors. This will also reduce the overhead of public key cryptography for returning users. Finally, HTTP2. The next version of HTTP, which is supported in many browsers, including Chrome, Firefox, Edge and more. HTTP2 unlocks some pretty dramatic performance improvements for HTTPS. Using HTTP2, you can do things like multiplexing and solver pushing, which majorly optimize the performance of HTTP requests. While it is true that HTTPS is now free by applying optimization like the ones I've shown, your site can actually get performance boost from switching to HTTP2. For example, whether.com saw a small performance impact from moving to HTTPS. When they moved to HTTP2, they saw a significant performance increase with an overall drop of 250 milliseconds per page view. With the proper planning and optimization, it is possible to have high-performance HTTPS implementations. To obtain a certificate, you needed to prove your identity to certificate authority who then provides you with the certificate. In the past, buying that certificate could be expensive, especially if you needed to handle multiple domains or wanted to get an enhanced certificate. But this is not the case anymore. So what's the cost? A project called SSL-MADE has for many years been offering certificate for $16. So even if you need multiple certificates or one of the fancier options, it shouldn't break the bank. A newer project called Let's Enclipped offers free certificates. Both SSL-MADE and Let's Enclipped also offers command line tool that help you buy and manage your certificate so that you can renew or set up configurations automatically. So certificates should not be the reason not to employ HTTPS. Some of you are worried about search linking. You can imagine that if you move your site to HTTPS, search engine might get confused and you might lose search linking because traditional nugget of wisdom is that having two different versions of your site can have negative impact on search linking. Google in particular have a few best practices that you should follow when moving your site to HTTPS. The first thing you want to do is serve 301 redirects to show search engines that the site is at the HTTPS version and once the search crawler gets to the HTTPS site it's important to serve canonical link elements reinforcing the idea that this HTTPS version is the canonical version of your site. There are several other best practices that you should follow to keep your site in good shape but we're not going to get into that. There are plenty of resources available to you. The final thing I want to look at is the third-party dependencies. I'm sure many of you have lots of third-party dependencies on your site. As you move to HTTPS all your content including third-party content also has to be served over HTTPS. When you move to HTTPS you also have to think about whether all your third-party content is available over HTTPS. Serving ads over HTTPS should not be a blocker nowadays. For example, Google's AdSense and AdExchange requests are always served over HTTPS. And this isn't just a Google thing. This is an industry-wide trend. In 2013, IAB published a blog post in which they indicated that 80% of their member ad systems are supporting HTTPS and they underscored their commitment to getting all the way to 100%. If you depend on the deferred header to get paid for traffic referrals the browser will strip that header when the user follows the link from your secure site to their non-secure site. Fortunately, there is a web platform feature called Referral Policy which can be used to set Referral Policy HTTP header to allow our partners learning an insecure HTTP to know that our site is sending traffic to them without showing the full URL that the user was visiting. So user privacy is still somewhat protected. For understanding the details of security the Clom DevTool security panel can help you. In conclusion, HTTPS will protect your users is required to use some APIs but moving to HTTPS needs some planning in order to make the move smooth. If you want to know more we have lots of resources to help you on the way. Thank you for watching.


Who's going to VidCon 2015 in Anaheim this July 23rd to 25th? It is like a YouTube convention where everyone in YouTube comes to VidCon to meet all the stars, to speak to all the big shots that come visit. Should I come to VidCon? If I do, would you come visit me? Would you want to speak to me and meet me in person? I would want to speak to you. I'd love to meet all of our partners. How many of you want to go to VidCon? Tell me in the comments below. How many of you are coming to VidCon if I'm coming to VidCon? Let's go together. Tell me that in the comments below. Let's motivate each other to go. I really want to go. I plan to go and I plan to go with a surprise guest. Can you guess who I'm going to go with to VidCon if I go? No, it's not my wife. Well, most likely I'll come with my wife, but someone else, an additional person that's very important to the freedom family. Hint it has to do with an exclusive deal? That should help you figure out who that mystery guest would be. VidCon is all about sharing and celebrating our YouTube careers. Our hobbies, our idols. I've been there once. It's right next to Disneyland. So after VidCon, we can all go to Disneyland. Wouldn't that be cool? How many of you have been to Disneyland lately? How many of you want to go to Disneyland? Tell me in the comments below. This is Freedom and who am I? I am George, CEO and founder of Freedom and I need a haircut. Yes, I know I need a haircut and I will get a haircut, but I haven't made the time to get one yet. So, haircut coming. My name is George and you've been watching and we will grow together as a family because this is the freedom family. You are part of it. We are all part of it and we're all growing together. So grow with us and partner with Freedom. That play now button right there on the video bar is all you need to click to get started. Your secrets. If you really look at yourself, you will be speechless. What happened to being doctors and teachers? What happened to being your


Fungun Dar ntxu mo wyut sayo matati hivйurifumu kuw behimikilu Tagut musahishifu yу enxanjéd Paysez priwatur dance Kwan Nini sroka mkwa ina bi plug ins folder. Guzm風a nisa, Taikipres, Zunumumolo na owan maweza ina worda. Nao umarwa ina lewa. Kwao taikipres zunumolo ... Nao kusha wad kwa kwa gona kwa konwio ng معa ninafetik wa thaikipres nremi neza inad maweza tu kikasofu na wakam na ekstra fii fo datikula payment get ways na wa the first thing that I'm going to do is add an action and we are going to type into a wukamas hook wukamas wukamas kart calculate We are going to tap into the hook of wukamas, which is wukamas cut calculate fees. And here we shall add on our own method, which is a take-a-press, cut, fees, gateway. Not very descriptive, but it will help us with whatever we need to do. So I'll copy this and then I'm going to start writing our function. And with this hook, we actually get back an object that we can use and that is called the cut object. So with this cut object, if I was to use it, I can get the cut and then go to the add fee. There is a method that's chained to the add fee. And inside this add fee, you can actually add your fee. So we're going to choose a fee which we're going to call handling. And we're going to say for now it's maybe $5 and we're going to say this is true. So I'm going to save this and then come to my checkout page. And you're going to see when I reload, we have a handling fee of $5 here. But this is on every kind of payment gateway that I choose. I need to change this so that it can only work on one particular gateway. All the different gateways can have their own particular fees. So let's jump into the code again. So the first thing that I'm going to do here is say if we are in the admin area, if is admin and if the doing Ajax is not defined, because we want people to be able to see real time changes in the pricing, we're going to use things like Ajax to allow an auto update. So if that's not defined, then we are going to return. We're going to say you know what, stop whatever is happening and let us return. So let me properly format my code before we proceed. The next thing that we're going to do is we're going to look for the ID. So we're going to say the preferred payment gateway ID. That's what we're going to look for. And the way we are going to get this is by tapping inside WooCommerce. We check the session and we're going to get the chosen payment method. And that's what we are looking for. So we're going to go for chosen payment method. And what we're going to do to see this, we're going to just get this ID. And I'm going to chain it onto our title so that I can see it at the end of the day. So let me save this, come back here and reload. And you'll see that because we chose PayPal, it's showing PayPal. Let me reload. You'll see that we still have PayPal. And if I try to change to the other methods, we don't see this changing because we've not actually kicked our Ajax to actually run. So we need to have our Ajax running. And I'm going to show you how to do that in the code. So we'll say Ajax update on gateway change. So we'll add some comments here. And what we're going to do next is add action. And in this action, we're going to tap the WP footer hook, which will allow us to write our JavaScript or jQuery down below. So I'll add techie press Ajax runner. Make this an underscore and then get this and write out the function. So come here, write function, techie press Ajax runner and pass this in. At this point, we're going to check whether we are actually working with the REST API of WooCamas or we're working with the checkout page. And once this test is done, then we can run if statement. And inside here we're going to check is underscore checkout. And if it is not, is wc endpoint underscore URL. Then we're going to run the code. We shall escape the PHP and open the PHP down here. But in between here we're going to run our script tags. So duplicate this and close off the script tags. Now inside here we're going to do some JavaScript which I'm going to paste there and then explain what's happening. So what's happening here is I'm using jQuery and then saying when jQuery is loaded, we're going to check for a form with a class of checkout. And that is our checkout form that's on the end on the checkout page of WooCamas. And we say on change, if there is any change on this form, let's check for the input field that has the payment method. And once we get that, we're going to trigger an update checkout Ajax on the body of the code. So what we're going to do is save this and then let's come back and see what happens. So I'm going to reload this. When I click on this, you will see that we have COD coming up. When I click on this, you will see check. When I click on this, you will see BSC, PayPal and then we have Paleo showing up. So you can see the different methods that are available for us. So I'm actually just going to comment those out. And so we can know what we are working with. So we have COD, we have check, we have PayPal, we have BSCS and then we have Paleo. So these are the five different methods we have available for us to use. So the next thing that I'm going to do is say if the chosen method that we want, let's say we want to use cash on delivery. So we're going to say if we want to have cash on delivery, so I'll get this checkout ID, put it here and say if it is equal to COD, if that ID is equal to COD, then we shall pass in this figure. So I'm going to save this, come back here, reload. When I click on cash on delivery, you will see the five dollars. When I click on check payments, you will see that the handling fee actually goes away. So that's how you add this right here in our code. Now, I don't want to stop here. I want to extend this and say what if I had different prices for the different methods. Let's see that working out inside our code. Now, before I continue to that, I just want to add an if statement here to help us reduce errors that are going to happen. So I want to say let us return or let us do nothing if the checkout ID that we are looking for in the session is actually empty. So we're going to wrap this with the empty function and say if the checkout ID, if the method ID is empty, then we do nothing. But if it is something, then we pass in the handling fee. Now, if we want to have so many pieces, we're going to use it for each loop. We're going to just loop over each one of those IDs. And the first thing that we're going to do is that we're going to set an array of the different payment IDs. So in here, we'll say this is our chosen IDs, chosen methods IDs. And we're going to say it's going to equal to an array. And inside this array, we're going to have the different methods. So we'll say COD, or we'll just get what we have here and say the COD will be taking $3. Let me add the check now and add a check, PayPal, BSC and Paleo and give them different values. So with each one of these, I'm going to append a different value. Maybe for check it's cheaper to process it, so $1. PayPal takes a lot of money, so we'll say $4. BSC will take maybe $2. And then Paleo, which is mobile, is going to take a lot of money. So we'll say maybe $6. So these values that I'm putting here they will take in the currency value of your wukama setting. So with this array, instead of just having this if statement, I now need to change it to a 4-ish loop so that we loop through each one of these methods and then get the value. So we're going to say for each chosen method IDs and we're going to say as chosen method ID and we're going to get the value of each. So we're going to say amount. We'll then push our if statement through here and say if the chosen ID which I'm going to get here and replace this to make it dynamic, we shall say if the preferred ID, gateway ID we have here is equal to the chosen method ID here, then we are going to get the amount and put it here. Of course I'll remove this. This is what we put to debug. I'm going to change this 5 and then make it dynamic. So I'm going to put our amount here and save this. So let's come back to our front end and then reload this. So when I go to direct transfer, you will see we have two check payments. You'll see we have one cash-on delivery. We have three PayPal. We have four mobile payments. We have six. So you can actually make this into a fully fledged plugin even sell to other people. All you need to do is make sure that it has wukama setting so that these can be dynamically added so that anyone who wants to do this is able to do it. So if you want to see how that is done, I have a video that is already in the link below that you can use to help you make this dynamic and these are fields that you can always get from your wukama site in the admin area and just put them inside your IDs right here. So if you really enjoyed this, please give it a thumbs up, share it with your friends. Let me know in the comments what you think about all of this and don't forget to subscribe if you haven't yet considered.


This study found that interferon gamma release assays, IGRAs, have low diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing intestinal tuberculosis, ITB, from Crohn's disease, CD, in a tuberculosis endemic region. The study also found that the tuberculin skin test, TST, had better diagnostic accuracy than IGRA. This article was authored by Karen Suchdeva, Piyush Kumar, Bhaskar Kanti, and others.


To take journeys into the past when we can develop an archeological spirit and so Bible prohibits us about taking journeys into the past very clearly. God says to lot, don't go back. She became a pillar. Jesus tells people, don't look back if you're having a hand on the plow. So the only time we go back is when to glorify Jesus, when the Holy Spirit points something out. Or when somebody's past is currently not surfaced but dominating their present. Because everybody's past will surface in their present. It will flash flashbacks. That's normal. That's part of the life living on earth. But when it dominates, we're talking about like heavily dominates. Then we go in and we try to disconnect things. But otherwise, because what I see in the Bible, and this is another thing on the road, is that the scripture, I look at the Bible and I see that it were commended, instructed to seek the face of Jesus more than open doors. And I wrote the whole chapter on open doors. Okay. So like, I believe in this 100%. Opening doors became the reason why God delivered me from pornography. And God was clear of the back door and the front door. It was like a clear thing. But I did not seek open doors. When I look back at 17, I didn't know about the open doors. The only thing I knew is that I needed freedom and Jesus is the only one who has it for me. It was seven day fasting that I went after. And the Bible says to people who are hurting and suffering, always seek His face, seek His face. And in seeking His face, we find freedom. Because when we find open doors, and we will find them. Because everything looks like an open door when you're hurting. Because you want to have something to blame this on, to shift this responsibility on. And then you find the open door. And this is what I find people who find open doors. We closed it, but the problem persists. In the presence of Jesus, He shuts things down. And when He reveals things, when He brings things to life, there's a sense of encouragement. There's a sense of hope. There's a sense of victory. There's a sense of conviction. There's a sense of that's it. It's closed. I move on. You know, ever since I prayed that prayer, I've never prayed the prayer again. But I didn't seek that and stuff. So Holy Spirit revealed it. Yeah, I read it from a book, but it was in a prayer that seeking His face that the Lord helped to do that. Another thing that I drove down is that that we, by constant seeking the demons and people, pursuing that, with people especially who are going through the same thing all the time regularly, that we, within them unintentionally, we can build a mindset of a victim instead of an attitude of a conqueror. We're a mindset of a victim instead of a mindset of a conqueror. And after a while we begin to treat the person as a project instead of a person God called us to love. And we don't train them for war because we are training ourselves for deliverance ministry, not them to be a soldier. And so I just kind of drew a few of these points down and I'm praying for them myself to Holy Spirit as our deliverer. We're called to love. The goal is dominion, not deliverance, and we need to teach people to gaze at their future and only glance at their past. We build soldiers. We don't beat slaves. And we don't place joy when demons manifest, but the Bible says that the creation is expecting for the sons of God to manifest, so that we want their sonship, their identity to manifest. And so it's interesting when Jesus addressed the issue of lust. Jesus knew spiritual world more than anyone else. I mean deliverance, he did it in such a high level. Yet dealing with lust, he never told people to cast out a devil.  And so I always tell, because after usually my testimony, all the men line up and they say, cast out my demon out of me and stuff. And I said, which hand are we cutting?   Because I'm like, Jesus knew spiritual world more than anybody else. And yet he said that discipline has to be applied to the point of excruciating pain. I said, have you come ever to that? And so I asked them, you know, do you pray? Do you fast? Do you pray? I'm like, not just because you need freedom. I was a Christian duty responsibility. And usually if I now they don't, and I said, honestly, I can't, one gentleman in Minnesota, I said, I won't pray for you until we do obedience. What's the point of praying if you're not obeying?


T.E.F.L. LOS VEGAS, NEVADA Las Vegas is known throughout the world for its casinos and huge resort hotels that can be found all over the city. The famous Las Vegas Strip is home to no fewer than 15 of the top 25 largest hotels in the world, so there is no shortage of accommodation to choose from. As well as the city's huge resorts and casino hotels, you will also find a variety of more modest accommodation to suit everyone's budget. Our training center in the city is happy to recommend one particular option that is conveniently located in the vicinity of the school, where you will find comfortable rooms at a reasonable price. These apartment-style rooms have been recently renovated and include a kitchen area that contains all the equipment you could need during your stay, such as a refrigerator, stove top, microwave and coffee maker. Also included in the price is a small breakfast and access to the swimming pool and fitness center. Other services such as internet access and laundry facilities can also be found on site. We will contact you with all the information you need regarding accommodation once you have booked your place on one of our courses.


In this session we are going to discuss a very controversial topic of terrorism and firstly we have to define that what is terrorism then we will try to highlight some groups and their objectives and their strategies with this concept of terrorism. So terrorism is considered as the spread of fear among the public or masses of society. Many factors have contributed in creating this phenomena and the term has been used in various contexts and sometimes in biased manners also where the authorities try to degrade or defeat their opponents by assigning them to title of terrorism or terrorists like we all are familiar with that the Kashmiris those are struggling for their own rights, the Palestinians those are struggling for their rights, some circles claim them as the terrorists. So we can say that terrorism basically what is to create an environment of fear and this is what those people who are promoting terrorism want to gain some of their objectives and terrorism can be state sponsored for political motives and many emerge due to domestic and foreign policies of state. So sometimes due to the lack of democratic norms and systematic violations of human rights actually they want to have some cover and by using terrorist activities they actually want to have such objectives like social and political justice, they do not have proper social and political justice so they are just pressurizing the government for their pursuance of social and economic and political justice and self termination, racial superiority, foreign policies and democratized government, sometimes they want to change the government and for that purpose they pursue such type of activities. So we can say that such activities are also financed by those other who do not participate in these activities directly but they do wish them to be practiced and carried on. Sometimes it happens that there is no direct involvement in any terrorist activities but they do financial support and then there are some groups who have their specific objectives or purposes and on the basis of those objectives there are basically three types of terrorism which are domestic, nationalistic and religious terrorism. So these three types of terrorism can be initiated both at the state and global level and depending on their goals and resources to meet them. Now in this world because there are a lot of groups active who want to achieve their targets, there are a lot of strategies to achieve them. Normally what is divided is that sometimes domestic issues are more relevant, sometimes especially ethnic, nationalistic identity groups are more active and sometimes these terrorist groups they have some religious identities also. So the purpose of categorizing these groups is to evaluate what actually they want to achieve because we have just defined the basic purpose of terrorism is to create a free environment of fear and through fear pressurize people, create fear in people and pressurize government groups and such groups want to gain certain objectives and we have also seen those objectives that sometimes they have a very particular link with a specific area, sometimes their agenda is regional and sometimes their agenda is even on a global level, we can see that.