An appeal court in the Emo State Capitol has upheld the withdrawal of a degree certificate issued to the Chief Whip of the Senate, or Jerusalem Callow by the Abbey State University, Utoro, the Applet Court, nullified the earlier judgment of a High Court in East Equator in Abbey State which restored the degree to Callow just as the default bear, or Code J, wrote that the East Equator High Court had no jurisdiction to preside over the certificate issue. And the lower court is the Water High Court to be precise. Judgment was given in its favor, but upon appeal, and the appeal being heard today, the Court of Appeal agreed with us totally and entirely on the issues with submitted, that in the first place the lower court lacked the tradition to entertain the matter. And secondly, that the respondent, that Governor, or Jerusalem Callow, or to have exhausted all the remedies available to him before approaching the Court. These principles of law are so crescent and you cannot truncate them. And the judgment of the lower court was being set aside. As we speak now, the implication of the judgment is that the Governor has no certificate. The certificate has been cancelled and has been withdrawn. The withdrawal and the cancellation of the certificate by Abbey State University is valid.


Ukraine warns of significant weapons shortage. Ukraine's military campaign is being held back by a lack of weaponry and allies need to provide additional supplies to effectively counter Russia. Mikhail Podoliak, the top aide to Ukraine's president, has claimed. From the point of view of battlefield parity, there is indeed a significant shortage. Mikhail Podoliak said Kiev needs more artillery shells and long-range missiles and is experiencing a certain shortage of demining equipment, he added. The military is also having difficulties repairing damaged armor. Podoliak said the key items Ukraine still lacks are anti-aircraft systems and sophisticated fighter jets, specifically the US-made F-16. Kiev has been asking its Western backers to provide F-16s for months, insisting that the fighters would help win the war against Russia. Washington and its allies, however, have so far proven reluctant to provide the jets, with US National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan suggesting the aircraft would have only a limited impact on the battlefield due to the extensive use of air defense systems in Ukraine. Since the start of the conflict, Ukraine has been demanding increasingly sophisticated weaponry from its backers. The Western supplied hardware has been extensively used by Kiev in the current counter-offensive launched in early June. Moscow has repeatedly urged the West to stop pumping Ukraine with assorted weaponry, warning that continued military aid will only prolong the conflict and inflict more destruction on Ukraine rather than change the ultimate outcome.


Here is our problem. The Excel file sales data provides data on a sample of customers. An industry trade publication stated that the average profit per customer for this industry was at least $4,500. Let's pause there and the next sentence is our first question. Using a test of hypothesis, do the data support this claim or not? Okay, let's highlight something. The critical phraseology here is that the industry claims that the average profit was at least, and here they're talking about the profit for the entire population of the customers in this industry. The Excel data that we have is on a sample of the customers, so that is something we need to think about, and they tell us to use a test of hypothesis, do the data support this claim or not? Okay, let's look at our data. This is the Excel Evans file sales data, and we've got a lot of information here. We've got the percentage gross profit, the gross sales gross profit, industry code, and competitive rating. What we want, because the question has to do with profit in terms of dollars, not percentages, is this column for gross profit. And by inspecting the data, we can see, if we scroll down here, we have 60 values in our sample. So we've got an N of 60. To use pH stat, we click on add ends, and then we look over here for pH stat. Click the little triangle to open up the expanded menu, and we're doing a one sample hypothesis test because we just have this one sample of the sales in that industry. And then we have to make a decision. What type of hypothesis test are we going to run? Do we do the Z test for the mean? Well, we're interested in the mean, but we don't know sigma, do we? We have a sample, and we can calculate the standard deviation for the sample, but we don't know the population standard deviation, so we can't use the Z test. We're not talking about the variance, and we're not interested in a proportion. Again, we're interested in the mean, so that leaves the T test for the mean sigma unknown, which is our situation. Click on that, and we bring up the secondary dialogue box. Our no hypothesis was that the mean equaled 4500, and the level of significance was not given, but it's safe to assume that alpha is .05. Now, the next decision. Do we know the sample statistics? We know the sample size, 60, but we haven't calculated the mean or standard deviation, and we can do that using PhStat and Excel, but in PhStat we don't have to do that. We can click on sample statistics unknown, and then we want to enter the sample range. Note that the default is selected that the first cell contains a label until when we select our sample cell range, we will include that label. To select the sample cell range, click on this little box over here, and it opens up another dialogue box, and all we have to do is click on that first cell, the title of the column, Gross Profit, and drag down to the bottom. We've got our range selected. We click on the little icon again, and that puts that range inside the PhStat dialogue box. The next decision is what type of test are we running, a two-tail, upper-tail, or lower-tail? Well, let's go back for a minute and look at our apothesis. Our null has a greater than or equal. The null always has some form of equality. Our alternative is the complement of the null, and the complement of greater than or equal is less than. So we're talking about a left-tail, and you can remember that by looking at the direction that the less than operator points. It points to the left, our lower-tail. So we can go back, and we can click on lower-tail. Now, we can go ahead and I'm going to label this P-A-R Part A, so this is the first part of our question, and I'm going to click OK. And we get this tab open up that summarizes our hypothesis test. The null hypothesis was mu equal to 45. Now that confuses a lot of people because the default there is the mean equal. This just is an artifact of the math behind the hypothesis test. If we conduct the test for the equality of 4500 as opposed to the less than lower-tail, and if that test is significant, then everything greater than 4500 would also be significant, if that difference. So just keep that in mind. We get the level of significance alpha, sample size of 60 as we said. It calculated the sample mean of $4239 and a sample standard deviation S bar of $5,812 roughly. Calculate some intermediate values, gives us the degrees of freedom for the t-test, which is n minus 1 of 59, and calculates our test statistics of minus 3.476. That's less than the mean is to the left, but is it far enough to the left? Well, the critical value for this test, this t-test, is again on the left-hand or lower side, and it's negative 1.67. We can tell that the test statistics, negative 0.3, is not greater than the lower critical value. Therefore, it's not in the rejection region, and that tells us we do not reject the null hypothesis. But we're also given the p-value, the probability associated with this hypothesis, and it's 0.365. That is also greater than the alpha 0.05. It's not less than the alpha. Therefore, it also tells us to do not reject the null hypothesis. So, if we go back, what does that tell us? Okay, let's summarize. Here's what we got from PHTAT. The test statistic was not in the rejection area, and the p-value was not less than the alpha value of 0.05. Thus, we do not reject the null hypothesis. What can we conclude? Our conclusion is we do not have sufficient evidence to reject the claim. Remember that the null hypothesis was the claim, and since we cannot reject the null hypothesis, we cannot reject the claim. That the mean profit was at least $4,500. Let's look at the second part of the problem, and I'm going to let you do the PHTAT part yourself. But let's define what the problem says. The company believes the average profit exceeds $4,500, and we're asked to test a hypothesis to determine if there's evidence to support this. Okay, the critical phrasing again is that the company believes the average profit exceeds. So I'm going to highlight that. This time in a green. Exceeds. Exceeds implies a greater-than operator. So if we go down and set up the hypothesis, the claim is that the mean profit is greater than $4,500. Again, that exceeds. And because it includes a greater-than operator as a form of inequality, it has to be the alternative. The claim is the alternative. The null has to be the complement of the claim, or the complement of the alternative in this case. So it has to be everything except greater than $4,500, which is a form of equality less than or equal $4,500. Okay, with that information, you should be able to go to PHTAT and set this up and run the T test for the single sample mean with Sigma unknown again on your own. Good luck.


Groups are key and they provide a venue for students to really try out their ideas and test them with each other and critique them and see if they're consistent with evidence or not. So any learning environment that can facilitate this group interaction is going to help. I think all of us do a version of this but on the very first day because we will be asking students to share their thinking even if they're not sure that their thinking is correct. We do group norms. So I teach both the physics and the geology. I let them play around a little bit with the curriculum, maybe the first activity and they're asked to get up and share their thinking and so after they do that once I say okay so thinking about how that felt where you had to share your ideas, how do you want this classroom to be? How do you want your colleagues to behave? How do you want to behave during the quarter? And so we record everybody's ideas about needing to have a safe space to present their ideas that there should be mutual respect, whatever. So all of that is written down on a big piece of paper and hung in the room. So there'll be Science Education 201 norms or Science Education 202 norms, whatever. And it's a list of requests for how everybody should behave. And so if this doesn't happen very often but if it does where people are starting to feel uncomfortable, like they're feeling made fun of or something or they're feeling like they don't want to talk because they're uncomfortable, we revisit the norms and say okay so it's something not working here and so we have a class discussion about how to make it a safe space to share thinking. So that has to set the stage for all of this collaborative work. A lot of the collaborative work takes place around whiteboarding. So students will do some kind of activity and then they'll be asked to develop their understanding what that means conceptually. And so students will be working in their small groups, groups of three, and they'll be asked eventually to share their thinking with the rest of the class and so they'll have to write their ideas on a whiteboard. And then each group is doing the same thing and so there'll be a particular prompt where multiple groups will stand up with their whiteboard and share their thoughts. In my classroom I ask that everybody speaks if their group is presenting a whiteboard and it's a group of three that each person has to say something, has to add something. So often while they're preparing their whiteboard someone will say okay you talk about this part, you talk about this part, you talk about this so that when they stand up everybody has something to say so nobody can shrink back into the background. And periodically I think many of us do a version of this where I think that we all change up our groups several times through the quarter and before changing up those groups I will give a self and peer evaluation form and part of that is asking the student to look at those norms and to say okay what have we done well in this class and then what can we work on and they commit to writing, they commit to that in writing. And then they're asked to set a goal for themselves about how they will work with their next group, how they'll improve and it's all related back to those norms. So it's a way to keep coming back to the norms on a regular basis throughout the quarter instead of waiting for a problem to happen and for students to really think about how they're interacting in their groups. Yeah working in groups presents challenges, I think it has many strengths, I think many people are able to blossom in groups but there are also challenges and they include making sure that the students are all on task and don't get distracted and a lot of times it just boils down to showing up there and asking pointed questions about the task at hand. Not necessarily what you're doing but more positive with what are your opinions on this matter, and sometimes just showing up nearby it's enough to kind of keep them on task. Sometimes there's personality dynamics and usually those are minor when it becomes a real issue, really some matter of talking to the students individually and away from everybody and just talking with them sincerely and candidly about what needs to happen. What I find really helps and I think is the most important part is you want to motivate them, you want to praise them for the good work and I think we all like to be told that we're doing a good job, particularly when it's sincere and particularly when it's specific about what we're doing well. So every day for example I like to tell the students what I like or what they did great and I'm specific about what it was. And I also mention when things are not going well what needs to happen. So they know that when I tell them you're doing great for this and this reason I'm being sincere about it. So I think it really helps a lot.


Hey, how's it going? In this video, I want to answer one of you guys' questions. You asked me how to drop your CPA in a cold market while scaling for an e-commerce product. Okay, so like literally anything else in marketing, people buy things because they want to buy out of their problems. Okay, so they buy things out of a solution. They need to solve a problem in some way. I buy a watch because I want to know the time and it's very annoying and waste a lot of time opening up my phone to check the time. Make sense? Okay, so in the same way for you, if you want to drop the CPA, so you want to drop your cost back position because it's too expensive to acquire the customer now. Okay, it's actually very, very simple. Okay, if you see data on Facebook business manager and you understand that your cost per purchase is too high, it just means your copy is not resonating with the market enough. That is really, that's really simple. It's really just fundamentals of marketing. It's you need to go back and find out why customers are not buying. Okay, and these things, you cannot fix it by ads. You need to actually like go to your email list, go and literally ask people on your email list or messenger or whatever is your past customers. Why aren't you buying? And then they'll literally just tell you. People don't think about this because they just look at ads all the time. But really, people just ask them, they will tell you. Everyone loves to talk if, yeah. Okay, so if you're just willing to listen, you actually can hear a lot of things.  Your CPA will drop immediately. I'll tell you that. Okay, another thing, after you do that, also understand what they are buying it for. Okay, so my pain about this watch right here is because I hate looking at my phone because it wastes time. I want to just check my wrist. I want to check my wrist on the watch. So in that sense, that pain point should be resonated and should be put inside the product page as well. Okay, when someone reads something and it feels like they are talking, it's exactly what their brain is saying. It resonates 100%. And the cost of acquisition goes down as a result of that because they resonate with the market so much. Okay, so always go back to the first principles and look at make the offer irresistible.  Okay, apart from that, think about these things as well. Okay, so imagine your business. Okay, you know, understand how to change the copy and the messaging as well. Second thing you need to do, you can try out these things. Okay, think about, can I offer someone a bonus? Okay, what I mean by a bonus is like, for example, this watch right here, right? Can I offer them, for example, a free strap when they buy two of these? So I basically increase my average order value plus I'm giving them a bonus so they think it's a good deal. Make sense? Okay, can I offer them free shipping maybe? Buy one, get one free. Can I offer them a digital product? Okay, I have no idea what you would like for a digital product for this, but maybe a PDF of the top 10 luxurious watches or something like that, you know what I mean? For like watch fanatics, right? For example, you're selling a kitchen product, right? Top 10 recipes that you cook in your backyard, right? It'll give you for free if you buy this right now, right? Or especially festivals and holidays as well. You can use the angles for that, right? I mean, for example, for fathers there or whatever, right? Those are things that make the offer sexier in a sense, okay? And I obviously, to drop the CPS, I'll always look at the numbers on cold traffic. Okay, so I don't even care about warm traffic most of the time, because I know as long as I can be profitable on cold, I can scale, okay? So I always try to just try to be more than two times row as on cold traffic and yeah, okay? So hopefully that's answer your question. Yep, let me know if that's okay. If you have any other questions as well, please put them down in the comment section below. I'll create videos around there and I'll try to answer you guys questions to help you guys, okay? So yep, that's pretty much it. Yep, see you in the next one.


All right, ladies and gentlemen it is the 2023 offseason for your Buffalo Sabres And we have the eighth overall pick going into this draft now quickly. We saw this last episode We're gonna quickly look into our draft board our projected picks for the first round is Braden Jager Zachary Benson It's gonna be one of these two out of the two men Honestly, I kind of want to go with Benson. Maybe Jager's a better play. He's a center. He's six one one sixty nine And then Benson's five ten five ten one fifty eight So if Jager doesn't go seventh, maybe we go ahead and get Zachary Benson so with that being said this episode we're gonna go through the Entry draft and then we are gonna go through the reassigned stage and free agency and the next video will be the start of the 2024 season So that being said we're starting the initial entry draft New Jersey has the first overall pick and I'm the second so we're all the way here at Number nine, so we don't have the number eight pick. We have a number nine pick actually Is it we're trading up? I don't think so like obviously it would be get Connor Bedard, right? But like realistically like what would he what would we have to give up for our first overall pick from New Jersey, right? So obviously we'd be sending our first overall pick back the other way, okay? We're gonna have to give up someone on our roster for sure So who are they looking at from our team that has some sort of trade value that we're willing to give up? Maybe like an Alex Tuck, but at the same time, I'm not really willing to give them up Do I what I rather give up Victor Olives and maybe maybe a victory all of some we can give away But like okay, let's say we throw Victor Olives and that's not going through right away, right? Can we get away with giving away a first overall pick and maybe let's say One of our seconds. Do we need two seconds? Not necessarily. I don't think this still goes through And I don't think this is a fair trade at the same time Maybe we do a first and a second and maybe like someone that's matching the block with not too much trade value that we're willing to Give up that is maybe up there in age Maybe like a plague we can give up 25 years old. He's a depth defense man They're interested in a maybe a plague a second and a first for their first overall pick I still don't see this going through. We'll try it out And it's rejected. So I don't want to give up too much even a first and a second like okay Obviously our first is we're getting back the first overall pick at the same time We're giving away a second. Clegg is fine Like who else are they interested in that maybe we're willing to give up that is up there in age No, no one really that we're willing to give up goalies. They're interested in this kid Me do you do we willingly give up a prospect? I still don't think this goes through So, you know what? We're gonna stick with our pick. Do we want to trade for the second overall pick?  There's a minute on the board here Not much really interests them and it's all the rookies that we do want to keep that are probably gonna be playing for us Sometime do we want to do a first and a second per se? Probably not. I do see this going through But is it worth it at first and a second? We're trading up for the second overall pick We can try it trade rejected. So, you know, well, we're gonna stick with our pick So with that being said, let's just sim to our pick sim to pick nine Let's see who went where oh Benson and Jaeger are gone So the two players that we were looking at are gone. Absolutely gone. Obviously, but our goes first We got Valisi going to Anaheim lots going to the Habs Christian sin going to the flames So We're gonna call the time out here Give us seven minutes on the board to see what is up here and what what we're looking at So we're looking at this kid. He's an elite medium 55 games played right-wing sniper six three two hundred pounds 14 goals nine assistant 55 games played a minus BB BCC Would mesh well in any locker room has very well-rounded personality similar style to Eric stall NHL ETA is two years and oh my god. Look at those x-factor snipe Seeing I close quarter shock and on big rig. This might be our pick. He's projected to go 14th overall So do we maybe trade down? Maybe trade down to the 12th or 13th pick or the 14th pick Or do we just take the shot and get him now? So I'm not too sure. I am interested in this kid. I think he's one that I want to go to go for this guy It's supposed to go 10th overall. I'm I'm very interested in this kid right here. Do like His rank is 14th overall. I Don't know if it's worth trying to trade down like what realistically let's say we wanted to trade for the 12th overall pick Right, we're gonna get rid of our pick What else can we what else can we realistically get from these guys? No one really so you know what? We're just gonna take him at 9th overall I don't see trading down a smart move. So this kid here halting in halting in. Hopefully I'm saying that right Looks pretty good NHL ETA is two years. I think that's a good pick from the Buffalo Sabres. So we will take Casper Halton welcome to the Buffalo Sabres organization. Let's send to our 40th overall pick here So we got we got a couple picks coming up here. Let's see what's available Do we have any gems? We do he's supposed to go 48th overall. That's a pick that we have right now 36 games play two goals three assists 32 penalty minutes 511 178 We already drafted a right winger. Do we think he's the guy? I'm not too sure to be honest Look in here These guys can all wait. We're looking at this guy, but 98th overall can definitely wait He looks actually pretty decent not too bad. Okay, so let's see Obviously I didn't do drafting enough because there's not much known here, which is unfortunate So maybe we just do it like this. We had a left-wing 511 Nikolai Malkov Um shock and all spin around the ankle breaker send it ETA is two years Had a decent not not the greatest here actually to be honest. He might drop Is there anyone that could maybe like make this team it like damn? Okay? Not a lot of these guys are good. We are looking at at these guys these guys that are start over here He's interesting Theo Jonas didn't really do too much, but has some very good x-factor So maybe we can turn him into something there He's 50. He's projected to go 55th. We could probably take him with our next pick Other than that top six forward I don't know what to do here Let's call another time out give us some more time to kind of decide what we're gonna do with our next couple of picks Because I really don't know what the play is here. We're looking at Malkov too We yeah, we looked at this guy already, right? So like he could definitely be one of the picks and then maybe we go with This kid over here who has a lot of good x-facters ETA is three years We take a chance on Theo Jonas maybe other than that. I don't really see anyone that Really pops out to me. I'll be real honest with you So with that being said we got elite medium Brigley. He had a pretty good year No synergies left wing, you know what doesn't look bad. Let's pin home We're gonna keep looking at him H. I'll top two elite medium Center. Oh, he's another good kid there. Let's pin him as well and Yeah, so I think the play with the this pick over here.  I Like the synergies that he had are the yeah the x-facters that he has and Then is there a way to look at our pin players? Where do you see the pin players? I pin players and they're not here, but I think we're gonna go. He's supposed to go 55th right When's our next pick So we get it we could probably wait for one of the players that we pin. So with that being said I Think the play is to go with Malikov first Take a little shot on him. His NHL ETA is two years as well. So let's go Malikov That's one of our picks there We're gonna go to our 42nd overall pick We're gonna decline that and we are gonna go with I think it was Theo Jonas that we were looking at Looks pretty decent left wing 6-1 Decent little stats third eye No similar style seems incredibly loyal in his very okay So you know what we'll go with Theo Jonas there and those are two pretty good picks So we two left wingers and in the first round we took a center I believe our right winger. So If we can go for a defense may may be a different little pick there, we could definitely do that So we're similar to pick 59 we're getting some trade offers for picks. We're gonna just say no to whatever's there The guys that we pinned are they still available? So Brigley is still available. He's another winger But this guy just really does intrigue me 58 games played 14 goals 36 assists. He was a plus six His ETA is three years keeps the emotions in check very low But can lack the drive to win. That's that's a little That's a that's a little Kind of wants wants to hold back there Petrie looks pretty good Peter Petrie. I don't know 57 games play 15 goals 16 assists.  I'm kind of interested in him 81st overall pick When do we want our next pick? Do we have a third rounder? Like can we wait till the third round? We don't even have a third rounder. So, you know what? I'm gonna take him in the in the second round. I Know we're like he's projected to go pretty late But I don't want to risk losing him So I think we're gonna go with with him for sure Petrie. I think his name was Peter Petrie I don't know you guys. Let me know in the comment section below. What how to pronounce his name I feel so bad. Okay, so pick 104 Ooh Travis Haminick. It's got a year left for trading our fourth for Ottawa's fourth it next year I'm probably just gonna decline. I'm not interested in Travis Haminick. So that's all right there. I saw a trade there Hold on the Clayburg has been dealt to the Minnesota wild The Bruins, okay have acquired Jonas Brodeen Interesting, okay, so some moves are being made here. So that's interesting Look in here top nine medium like who do we want to look at is there anyone just on the board that looks Kind of promising to us. I'm not too sure. Elite medium. We got a gold tenor which wouldn't be bad To get it didn't have a great year 71 games played 39 wins an 897 say percentage B minus B minus B four years NHL ETA Tyler O'Neill 64 games played 18 goals 22 assists 5 9. He's a center Got some decent x-factor. So maybe he's someone that we want to look at we'll pin him Are there any good defenseman like I haven't seen anyone really like that really that stands out Which is honestly crazy to me. There's not nothing that really stands out. We were looking at Ernie before for some reason Don't know why he's pinned Baker Doesn't look too promising. Oh, we can get Crosby That's interesting So really not any good defenseman. I think what we are gonna do is gonna go for that kid that we did pin This guy's top nine medium didn't have a great year So let's go with the guy that we pinned. I already forget his name, unfortunately, but he is somewhere down here Was it why are these guys start? Okay, wait, these guys aren't pinned. No But these guys we have looked at for some reason and they don't really intrigue me I think we're gonna go with O'Neill another center He had a good year great synergies ankle breaker spin around a wheels elite edges So Tyler O'Neill welcome to the Buffalo Savers organization seem to pick 136 got another trade coming Piz chick For a fifth now. We're good. We're gonna go with a defenseman here I don't know. He didn't have that great of a year, but maybe he's something that can turn into something He's one of the better defensemen that I saw in the draft. We're gonna seem to pick 168 We have a lot of draft picks, which is good. It's just we're running out of Players that we're looking at are there any gems left on the board? There are not Any decent little players that might just catch our eye that could be a little bit decent It doesn't really look like it to be honest. Ahl top two Doesn't look the greatest four years. We were looking at him while scouting him Maybe we just go For him since we've been looking at him give him a little shot there Sent to pick 200 we are in round seven Like I said, anyone that's really good. Let's see who we scouted If there's anyone decent then maybe Might make the team I Can't look into them for some reason interesting. Okay, I don't know if that's a glitch or what? Let's go to players. Maybe it isn't No, it's glitched. All right, cool. So we can't really tell let's just go. We need defensemen We're gonna take defensemen as we can You guys are probably hating the way I'm drafting right now. I apologize But I really can't look into what these players are looking like to be honest, which actually sucks So let's go with a gold tender maybe sure and we should be Done our picks so sim the entire draft that is done. So we made a bunch of selections We made we made two four six eight nine selections in the 2023 NHL entry draft So let's sim to the resign phase Resign stage. We're gonna look at coaches. I think we want a better coach No offense at the Karski just not a fan of him So we're gonna probably fire him and look for a better coach and when the time comes That's what we'll go do it. We have scouts with assigning or with That need contracts. So we'll sort out the coaching staff and everything Let's go to the resign stage see who needs to be resigned who we're gonna be bringing back for this year So looking at our RF a's we have a bunch UFA's. We have a bunch as well. So Top priority here. We want Dylan Cousins back. He's gonna be a guy that's gonna be here for a long time So if I can lock him up to an eight-year deal, he wants nine point one, okay, maybe not an eight year Let's hit a little bit of a five-year deal. Let's see if he'll take six one And hopefully he'll stay with the team. We have twenty seven million caps base So let's see if you'll do that asplend. I'm good with a like a two-year kind of deal for you 25 We'll give him two to five see if you'll take that Cleague 25, how much are you looking for? Do I think you're worth that much? Probably not So I'll come back to you Bork Fine with giving you something like that Roosa line in again fine with these guys just getting like little deals here and there Are you worth a mill? Absolutely not What's your potential? Top nine forward. I'll give you a year at 800 K And we'll go from there. We'll talk about next year Davies Not all Fonzo sign him up Fitzgerald sign him up Okay, now UFA's anyone big that we want to bring back. So we got Kyle octopus octopus. Oh, I'm fine We're bringing him back for a year at 1.6 Our captain Vinnie and Astroza one year at that two way. Yeah, a hundred percent Ryan Reeves You know what? We need some some grid on this team.  We will definitely bring back for the AHL who at a mill would definitely not been Bishop We're gonna release. We'll probably release you as well Malcolm Subin. No offense Any RFAs and gold tending? No. So gold tending is all sorted out. Let's sim a day See who says yes says no Octozo's back Aspen's back Vinnie and Astroza wants more money Okay, Dylan Cousins is coming back with the team Bjork's coming back with the team Ryan Reeves wants more money Ploot wants more money Fitzgerald is back Murray is back Davies is back Russelinan is back. Okay, so there you go We still have players that do want contracts. We got a Simon Dahl Lee next year as well So we will do that So look in here our first overall pick. Where is he? Where is our first overall pick? Halton and this was our first overall pick Do we think he's ready? You know what? We're gonna sign him up play him in the AHL three years sent him to and sign him to an entry-level deal Ploot wanted some more money One year Do I want to give you a mill and not really so I'm definitely fine with releasing you my friend Vinnie and Astroza wants more money. You know what? I'm good with that. We'll give you maybe a two-year deal He wants more than nine seven five, which means 950 let's I don't know if we offered him that I honestly can't remember Malone will bring back We'll bring you back. These are just guys that you know, we need contracts on the team We're bringing them back for a year or whatever. So Ryan Reeves says he wants more money.  So these guys aren't really anything to really worry about I'm just gonna quickly offer all these guys contracts and I'll get back to you guys when that is done We're gonna give Clegg a three-year deal at 1.6 See if he accepts a that dollar amount other than that I don't think there's anyone that's really like wanting money. That's a key part of this team right now So again, I'll give back to you guys once I'm done offering all these contracts, which I'm actually done doing. Wow All right, let's advance the day. So he says yes, Vinnie hint of stores. I want more money. Okay, buddy Ryan Reeves is staying Clegg is staying all these guys are staying for the most part and our first overall pick has been signed So who is left that said no We had 19 mil left. So there are some players that we can maybe sign Do we want to sign like these kids in 19 years old a lead potential like Interesting. Okay, I kind of do want to sign him see what he's all about But maybe we'll give these kids a couple more years and talk to them when they're 19 Vinnie hint of stores I want more money. So he's gonna want a one-year deal. We'll give you a one-year deal Hopefully, you'll take a mil if not like you're gonna walk my friend, right? And then Prisky, maybe I didn't offer you a contract. Maybe I did I'll give you a little bit more money there And then everything should be good in terms of that So those guys are signed up now looking at the coaching staff Are we able to start hiring coaches? It does not look like it Just resign coach. Okay, so we'll resend the associate coaches not a problem These coaches need contracts so they're gonna get the contracts We could probably get a better goalie and assistant coach actually so I'm gonna fire the assistant coach here I'm gonna fire the goalie coach and Ahl's whatever we're gonna have to sign some more scouts as well. Okay, so that's that We just got to figure out our front office. They are kind of thing Okay, so you these giving me some attitude, I don't know what that's about you're definitely not getting a head coaching gig So I don't know who the hell you're talking to We'll hire back Brendel or you know what is there anyone better? We'll bring in lad Andrew lad Let's give him some money here Six years Andrew lad come to the Buffalo Organization and that means that we should be good to hire some coaches So let's go hire coaches before we look into any free agency hiring. Okay, so hire coach What is available and there's some good coaches available. So Dupont is looking pretty good a plus a plus a minus a plus a a plus the team 57 overall fair 45 63 was he 57 63 64 67 so we're looking at Lang Lang Lang loss a plus a minus a plus b a minus b plus b minus So we'll take him. We'll sign him to maybe a four-year kind of deal We'll give him three four offer contract Okay Now we're looking for an associate coach and this guy it was 57% this guy's 68% Oh, he's a head coach though, right? Or is this guy? No, okay? So Jude and Cohen is gonna come in as an associate coach We'll do four years as well. We'll bring them both in for the same amount of term and that's that okay So that's coach is done. We'll have an associate coach. We'll have a head coach. We need an assistant coach So let's go and do that Higher coach we need an assistant coach and grow roll Let's see. All right, so someone associate associate like maybe we can hire one of these head coaches That have decent little team fit so 67% Leclerc maybe Could be someone we'll give him an associate coach role We'll do a four-year contract as well and we'll give him 3.5. Let's see if he's gonna take that dollar amount We actually don't know okay, so coaching staff Offers have been sent out. Okay, so now look at a free agency who is available with the 19 million dollars we have in hand Okay, so we got a rope a hints we got Vladimir Teresenko, Ryan O'Reilly, Pavelsky, Klingberg Orlov, Jordan Stahl, okay, so realistically we have 19 mil We want to bring in a free agent that is probably young someone like a rope a hints Do we want to spend 10.1? This is the issue now is who do we have to sign next year? We're gonna have to sign Rasmus Dallin who I kind of just want to see if we're able to Sign him now. I don't know if we'll be able to but we are gonna have to sign Rasmus Dallin Okay, so let's see what we need to sign. It's gonna be Olsen. It's gonna be we're probably gonna let these guys walk It's gonna be Dallin. It's gonna be Owen power. It's gonna be Yoki Haru It's gonna be a middle stack Krebs like these young players are gonna need contracts now Dallin offer contract extension He's not looking for too much man. Okay, so I want to lock him up to an eight-year deal I will gladly give him seven five if he accepts seven five that'd be great Let's just get some of these contracts out of the way. All right, we'll do seven five five for Rasmus Dallin Owen power. What is he looking at right now? He wants money dog.  Maybe we let the season go on for him Owen power Man, all right, we're gonna wait for Owen power dude, but he wants upwards of 10 So that means Rope hints is probably not a viable option to sign in free agency Even though he's one of the top young players to be signed at the moment. Okay, so Who's available? Dave Severson. We don't really need the fence man I get Rope hints would be just a great little contract to bring in but at 10-1 I don't think we can afford that bull whore about a 28 still up there 27 for barbyshev Nick Bonino 23 years old He's definitely someone we could take a shot on Is he an RFA? I hope not. We'll give him we'll give him a two-year deal at 1.2 and see what he does with that So no see again. So we got a look at UFA is here Ethan bear is interesting, but again, we don't need defenseman 26. Pavel Zaka is interesting He had a pretty decent season I think Pavel Zaka would be a good contract to bring in for a couple years. So let's do three six Again, UFA we need RFAs here, man. All right, let's just do this easy way. Let's do RFAs And let's see who is the youngest RFA players here or no Yeah, RFAs no RFAs you got a Yeah, we need UFAs here. Okay, so UFAs and Let's go to overalls and see who's available here. That's that's young, okay So again, we're looking to bring in some young guys here barbyshev 27 like still a little too up there 26 Ross Colton wouldn't be a bad show Three years at 2.3. I wouldn't mind or we could do two years at 1.8 So let's do two years at 1.8 or 1.775 for Ross Colton I think that's a good little contract to come and bring in Michael Bunting is someone that's interesting Do we want five years at that dollar amount? Probably not The Nato could be someone you bring in for a year, maybe we just got a nice and decent players up there Ryan De Nato, maybe we pass on that 26 Gamble top six mediums the fourth liner Andre Kasha 27 No, we're really young out here. We'll take a shot of Valmaki. Maybe Top four defensemen Yeah, you know what we could take a shot of Valmaki. We'll give him a three. Let's give him a Two-year contract at 1.9. See if he accepts that Souter 27 we could probably wait on that 25 for Tyson Joss Maybe kind of try to revive his career. We'll give him a one-year deal at one mill Other than that, there's no one really goaltender. We probably do need a backup goaltender So if we can do that, that'd be great. Do we want to bring back Craig Anderson? Maybe he's someone that we do bring back Let's bring in you know what let's bring in Jonathan quick Give a little veteran presence to mill for Jonathan quick there. Are there any young goaltenders in here that we could probably pick up? Mackenzie Blackwood had an okay year last year when you joys II Decent little guy. I kind of want to see what you PL can do for this team and maybe we'll talk about goaltending next year So other than that, I think I'm pretty content with that Maybe this is someone we want to bring up. We don't know.  It's looking okay. Dostal Doesn't look like anything too special there again to bring in someone like rope a hints man I I don't think it's something that we can do with a dollar amount that he wants as much as I would love to bring in a rope a Hints, it's just not gonna be possible. Okay, so I think those are good contracts to bring in Let's see what happens here I've any hint of strolls that we want to keep on and hold on to him. We'll advance another day. Oh Lecler is the head coach For the abs. Okay, so is that who we offered? Is that who we offered to be the head coach for this team? That's what I am a little worried about. Okay, so He was he was the head coach that we wanted and he's going elsewhere. Unfortunately. Okay, so Let's go back here. Who's a coach that can potentially fit in 45 63 67 for Lang for Lang loss So we'll give him a contract. I want to give him a four-year. Let's give him the money that he need Oh, we only have 3.9 to spend on him. Hey, is that all we have really? Let me see I think 3.9 is the max we can go for this guy. Oh, no, what am I talking about? I don't know. That was weird. Okay, so let's go to 4.2.  Let's see what he could do. He fits the team pretty well So we're hoping that he could be a guy that comes in and helps this team just kind of Progress well not that we want to like necessarily do good and win we want to progress well So Andrew Ladd is coming in as a scout. So that's pretty cool. He's welcome into the Buffalo organization Lang loss. I'm going to reject you have not offered me as many years. I'm looking for okay So we're gonna have to go back to Lang law. I was going to accept your contract, but it's already full Cowan, okay, give me a second here. Jonathan quick is coming to the Sabres Tyson Joss is declining Your roster is full with no more room. Oh, okay. We do not have a lot of room Ross Colton's coming in. That's good Pro Stov's coming in. Okay, so that's good a couple guys. We didn't get because our roster is full which is interesting Let's go look at our coaching staff Um Who was it that said that the roles already filled it was Lang loss, right? We want him to be that this was the guy that we wanted to be the head coach. Am I correct?  He wanted the six will give him the six not a problem All right, so 4.258 is what I offered him the first time around we'll do the same thing there We do need a an assistant coach, I believe So let's go do that Assistant coach who's someone that would fit into this team pretty well 57 57 52 64 Okay We'll do assistant coach. We'll do four years and we will give you the money that you want my friend There you go. All right, so that's all good now quickly looking at our team I just want to see what the team is gonna be looking like that we ice those players that declined couldn't come in because we have Full contract spots. All right, so centers here We have Tage Thompson Dylan Cousins Ross Colton and Middle Statter, right a couple that can play the wing left wingers One two three four right wingers one two three four Yeah, one two three four defenseman one two three four five six, okay, so we don't have to go out and get anyone else It's good. We're chilling. All right, so let's just sim see if the coach just say yes laying loss is going to another team So that hurts Rasmus Dallin is renewing his contract with us. So that is huge I feel like we got him at a pretty good dollar amount there now back to the coaching staff we need a head coach guys and The people that we wanted have said no. All right, so 57% 57 64 so let's go 57 He wants four years Give him the money man. Give him the money will give him a million dollars more than he actually wants We'll give him four four. We just need a coach to land here in Buffalo like plain and simple we'll give him four two four two four and Hopefully he will come to Buffalo as we do need a head coach pretty badly here. Okay, so advanced today Lang loss has said no He's decided to go somewhere else Cowan is coming to the team as an assistant coach. So that is nice to see And we're waiting on one more coach Kessler has decided to go with another team at this time So we are struggling to bring in to bring in a head coach, which is actually crazy to me I can't believe that like how are we struggling to bring in a head coach right now? I'm not too sure but we need one badly and Kessler might be the guy and hopefully he will Accept this contract offer. All right, so Kessler We don't have much budget left remaining here, but we need it. We need a head coach here, man We need a head coach. Let's give him four two Or let's give him four four. I don't even know if we could all right I don't know if we have the the monies for it, but we will see when the time comes for four We need a head coach Badly here in Buffalo that can help these young guys progress. Well, all right, so we're getting some trade offers waiting for a coach and He's going to Tampa. So we're struggling to bring in a coach. No one wants to head coach these Buffalo Sabres for some reason Which isn't good man, we need a head coach and all the good head coaches are actually gone now We're probably gonna have to go with someone like him 58% Parrot He's an associate coach. This guy's an actual head coach Maybe we go with him. We'll give him a two-year deal head coach. We'll give him 2.2 mil They're not 2.2. We'll give him maybe 1 9 I can't believe that we're struggling this hard to find a head coach for this team This guy's not gonna be here for long So we're gonna give him a two-year deal and then we do need a goalie coach as well apparently So we will do that as well. Let me go hire a goalie coach quick Defenseman defenseman goalies 54% this guy's 57 so let's go with you. We'll do a three-year deal and 900k and That should be all our staff ready to go if they both accept and hopefully they will both accept man All right advance the day advance another one Okay, so we got a head coach Alexander Lebel is coming in for two years at 1.9 mil to Coach this Buffalo Sabres team. So that's cool. We're just waiting on the goalie coach now And it's already filled apparently so we're good on goalies then we're good on goalie coach We're good. We are going to sim it to next season and Next video will be the start of the 2023 2024 NHL season. All right boys, so we're getting some trade offers here Nothing that's really intriguing to me Tyler Myers at six mil. Absolutely not Nick Letty No, we don't need defensemen. We need forwards if that's what you guys are gonna offer me Sergei Bobrovsky at that dollar amount is not something we're looking for and Astroza for picks not something We're looking for Ok pozo for a second and a seventh. We'd be giving up a third in ok pozo We get a second for this year though. We'd lose a third for next year National's a good team though. Like the second isn't gonna be a high overall second We're probably just gonna decline but it's good to see that ok pozo is getting High enough picks like that. So that is promising for trade deadline Wrist the line and not looking like someone we want to go after And we were heading into the season all about wants to give up their second penestrosal A lot of people in here in Astroza knock pozo, which is interesting So let's quickly we're gonna set up all the lines and then we're gonna quickly end the video and head into the next one Where we will start the season. All right, so first line a taged Thompson skinner and tuck Looks good to me reuse this line is getting a minus one paid in crabs over here on that fourth line I kind of want them on that third Ross Colton is Dedicated center cousins.  Maybe And that kind of works out maybe throw a middle stat at the center and do that Maybe a splint playing fourth line minutes is not ideal, but it's something that we're gonna look at there Defensively Darlene we got power on the second line Darlene Okay, yeah, I mean this is what the team is gonna be looking like guys It's not gonna be great. I want you PL to be getting majority of the starts But that is what the team is looking like captain wise if no one's okay So I'll pose will still the captain which is cool But he might get dealt at the law at the deadline. Okay, so everything's good there start of the season is here We're gonna end the video here and hope that the Sabres will Not only tank, but that our younger players do get upgraded where they need to be So now halting in this is our first overall pick. I want them on that first line for sure So everything is set up good for next episode and that is where we will catch you guys next video. I'll see you guys later. Peace


Democracy is a standard and repetitive human cycle. It all starts off totally ideal as it emerges from bondage. Entrenched with faith and growing unity, the people courageously rise against those who oppress them, searching for freedom. Upon reaching liberty, democracy is brought in to structure the governance of a nation, hence allowing for abundance to be achieved, while at the same time, liberty, equality, and representation for all is guaranteed. But then, something goes wrong and selfishness and complacency take over the state of being. Freedoms become restricted and independence controlled, leading to a point of no return, when dependence is achieved by the government taking full control. And then, it starts all over again. In today's modern era, many nations lay claim to the title the most successful democracy in the world. The United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan would be a few of these. But all these nations can come close to one nation that sits between a trio of nations so far removed from the democratic process. And it's not Israel in case that's who you're thinking of. This nation can state that its democracy is the most successful and effective democracy in the world. And that's Kuwait. But let's get the immediate barriers that disagree with my chain of thought out of the way. Is Kuwait a democracy? Yes, it is a form of a democratic nation that affords citizen participation, equality, transparency, regular and fair elections, economic freedom, and a bill of rights within a simple yet advanced constitution. But Kuwait has an emir, you'd say, an executive monarch with significant power. Yes, but so did the United Kingdom late into the 19th century. They had a powerful king. Did that make their democracy defunct? Or in the United States, when democracy didn't afford equality to all, neither women nor minorities could vote. Was the USA not a democracy until all could vote? I believe you would agree that regardless of these opposing conditions, these nations were still pretty much democracies. Kuwait, unbeknownst to the world, has a democracy that does what no other highly respected democracy does. It efficiently and expeditiously, from both a time and action perspective, relays the will of the people onto those in power like no other nation. If the people's will is to have no taxes, then there will be no taxes. If the people want to retire early while also being paid a life-changing grant, then so be it. It can be done. If the people want to have more vacation time or travel accompanying a sick relative at the nation's expense, then it is done. The mechanism for this is the same as in any other democratic nation. Constituents have demands and priorities, and they relay them to those seeking office or are currently a member of parliament. The members of parliament, MPs, will push for this agenda in any way, shape or form, so that their constituents are both happy and content when elections come round again. Two things can happen if the needs of the constituents are not realized. The first is that the politician who had not delivered on his promises to his constituents will fail at the upcoming elections. But the more applicable reality is when the MP makes sure that the requests and demands of his constituency are met favorably by the various executive arms of government. If they aren't gained, then their respected minister will face interrogation, pressure to either succumb to the demands of the MP and the expectations of his constituency or else face a no-confidence vote. Over the last 10 years, holding government ministers accountable for their lack of submission to MP's demands is reflected in the huge number of ministerial politicized interrogations that have taken place, 65 in total, meaning that each year, six to seven ministers were questioned aggressively to answer for their performance or lack thereof. How many nations can claim that their democratic system is as efficient when it comes to the will of their people? Do constituencies around the democratic world even come close to the power that Kuwaitis yield through their democratic rights? Kuwait, in fact, is so democratic that it votes more often than any nation around the world. Over the last 20 years, Kuwait has had 11 parliamentary elections, meaning that every 20 months, Kuwaiti citizens celebrate their so-called democratic wedding by voting for new members who are to represent them. Woe unto those who did not deliver on their promises and duties. The reality is that Kuwait's voters are so powerful that they can will and have stopped the development of a nation in order for them to benefit from tapping into the nation's wealth and fiscal planning, regardless of the substantial welfare conditions that they actually enjoy and have enjoyed throughout its short history. For them, priorities are all about the here and now, and democracy is there to serve this purpose. Who cares about the country or the future? So how can Kuwait that is labeled a monarchy truly be one if parliament, i.e. the people, can cripple any progress mandated by the monarch or his appointees? Standards over the years have dropped so low in terms of infrastructure and services, yet any decisions or measures taken by the executive branch to improve conditions are met with resistance unless a certain Kuwait pro quo conditions are met. And although Kuwait has pride in the fact that it has a strong and successful democracy in terms of its ability to voice the will of the people, many look around the Arabian Gulf wondering what if neighboring nations that don't even want to apply democratic systems have flourished far beyond Kuwait and now enjoy a higher standard of living prosperity and nationalism. For Kuwait, was having a democracy a good thing? The jury is still out on this question, but one thing is for certain, democracies evolve and such change shifts democracies from being good to being bad and back towards good again. And if we look at what are considered the major democracies of today, the situation is not good. The power is not with the people. It is reserved for the very few.


Real socialism has never been tried, you say.  Real anarcho-capitalism has been tried, and it was awesome. Even when anarchist socialist polities have been attempted, such as the Paris Commune, the War Catalonia and the hilariously closed borders, Seattle Autonomous Zone from 2020, they were all born out of violence, died in violence, and during their times were all godless places of disease, disorder and despotism. Not to the case for the glorious 400-year-long stateless capitalist Italian polity known as the Republic of Cospire. Hundreds of years before Parisian socialists led their two-month occupation of decadence and destruction on a slither of their city, the Republic of Cospire was peacefully established as the result of administrative oversight. For much of the medieval age, the Catholic Church owned and governed parts of Italy which had been donated to it by kingly states over the years which were known as the Papal States, and the Church would buy and sell these pieces of land as their treasury acquired. During the 17th Ecumenical Council, Pope Eugene IV was providing some territory in the province of Perugia to the Medici-led Republic of Florence. As this was the collateral on a loan the Pope had taken out from the Medici but could not pay, and due to a misunderstanding between the two parties, a small piece of land between a river and a stream was not technically officially included in the transaction. The families who lived in the small hamlet located within this land with its population of around 300 wasted no time at all in declaring themselves independent and giving themselves a dope coat of arms, reading perpetual and firm liberty and a fittingly anarchist flag. Just over 40 years later this territory's independence was officially recognized by both Florence and the Papal States as it was simply not worth trying to invade it or ratify the treaty.  And so the Stateless Republic of Cospia was born and would live happily ever after or at least for 386 years. And to put that into perspective, the United States of America is only 246 years old and already falling apart and going out with a whimper rather than a bang. And you might be wondering if this place was called the Republic of Cospia, how could it be anarchist? America is a republic, France is a republic, even Rome was a republic for most of its growth and none of them can be called anarchist at all. While that is because the word republic finds its etymological root in the Latin phrase res publica, which literally translates to public affair, but has generally been used to describe any sort of nation without a monarch. The ancient Romans used it in this specific manner as they looked back in hatred at their time of being ruled by kings and took pride in being a kingless republic. So much so that Roman emperors never called themselves emperor, they used the term princeps, meaning first citizen. And this is how the term republic is now generally used. So given that an anarchist nation certainly does not have a monarch, Cospia was indeed a republic. And it's also key to remember here that nation does not mean an area denominated by a government either, a nation is an organised group of people united under a shared identity through location, language and culture. So given that I've only scratched the surface of Cospia's history, we can already see something extremely important. The Republic of Florence, led by the Medici, those most grotesque examples of unending capitalist greed and conquest which steamrolls all their opponents in pursuit of profit above people, did not deem it worthy to take any action whatsoever against the cost by easy. And they were far from a destitute people living in mud huts as I'll show when I document their economy. They were a close knit and organically arisen covenant community situated on the border of a republic which is often used as the caricature of early capitalist greed and they were completely left alone. For the longest time when I've been continuously asked won't Ancap communities be invaded by states, I've told people to read the short book Chaos Theory by Bob Murphy to understand how markets can provide defensive services. But now I can just say the Republic of Cospia lasted nearly 400 years and refused to elaborate. You should still read Chaos Theory though. The Republic's end sadly came in the mid 19th century as nationalism changed in the wake of Napoleon's aggressive conquest of central Europe when nationalism came to be a movement obsessed with consolidating and ruling land based on language, caring little for the many cultures within and a new fictional Italian nationalism was fabricated to break up and rebuild the peninsula into a new and all encompassing state with a made up unified identity. At this time even the Papal states were trying to retain their power and offered in quotes compensation to the cost by easy to relinquish their independence to them. A fruitless attempt to retain power as the Papal states themselves would be dissolved into a unified Italy less than 50 years afterward and relegated to just the Vatican city. Cospia was sadly an early casualty of this new ideology of industrialized nationalism which took over all of Europe and showed that the so called imperialist tendencies of capitalism were no threat to covenant communities at all but that the panic induced by the growth of statist ideology will crush no enemy too small that men of money would simply leave in peace. But let's go back to the good times and see what put both the an and cap in cospias deserved and cap title. Cospia was anarchist by virtue of there simply being no government or any organization through coercive means and without any army or police force no monopoly on violence. Almost everything was left up to market decision but matters of organization were decided by the heads of the resident families who met in the local church with disassociation and exile being the means of retaliation against those who defied the decisions of these property owners whose decisions were few and light and an exiled person had unrestricted choice on where to go among any of the other republics in the Italian peninsula. Love it or leave it. There was potentially an unverified and disputed fee for membership into the council but it hasn't been proven to have existed and would not have constituted a tax as it would have been completely voluntary. There was indeed no sort of tax or economic regulation whatsoever in Cospia and this brought it peace and prosperity. Never the theoretical chaos and poverty we hear would come from our ideals spouted from terminally online political pundits with a cartoonish view of history and trade. With the discovery of tobacco in the new world around this time the Catholic Church and by extension the people of Italy were very wary of it as its recreational use exploded in popularity to the point where the pope threatened to excommunicate any tobacco smokers and in turn the republics of Italy banned its growth and use. But Cospia did what we love to see and undermined this completely by taking no such stance and took the opportunity to grab a monopoly that was left wide open by the restrictive policies of surrounding states giving it huge demand due to small supply. From 1574 to the early 8th century they were the tobacco capital of Italy but as the surrounding states expanded both in their territories and their taxes Cospia had doubled to still a small population of 600 but was now being used as a sovereign warehouse of sorts for traders to store and ship out their goods to and from central Italy and beyond without any taxes or other red tape obstacles. This was of course branded as smuggling by the states who were losing revenue from the theft of customs taxes who then sought to smear Cospia as a lawless den of smugglers technically true but there was nothing wrong with that at all. They still had no need for a police force or jails of any kind and operated entirely as a militia hamlet which chose their associations by their moral standing and trustworthiness of their clients. We have no records of any sort which indicates that Cospia was a violent place at all. It always remained a close knit village of families living together in community centred around a church and the inscription above the doorway of that church said all that needed to be said. Perpetua ed firma liberitas Yes I am currently learning Latin, how could you tell?  So what lessons can Cospia's long peaceful and prosperous time in the sun give us? For me it is the emergence that is of most interest because it shouldn't be surprising to a good thinker that it lasted so long and was so secure. Libertarians both current and former are ripping themselves apart trying to figure out a strategy that can actually get us to the place we want to go. A place of perpetual and firm liberty. Do we back the side of the establishment that is more aligned to us than the other side as the post-libertarians do? Do we try to overthrow the establishment at their own game by holding steadfast to proselytising principle as the LP Mises Corkers do? Or do we try to organise locally to secede from the establishment entirely like the New Hampshire Free State Project Rise? While I have always been most partial to the FSP approach, I don't think it can be denied that Cospia's example greatly edifies their efforts. We hear from the first category mentioned of post-libertarians that New Hampshire is a useless place to focus any efforts and would just be railroaded by the surrounding state. The classic yet well-answered retort which in all honesty they should know better than to seriously hold. But I did highlight something crucial when talking about the Republic's downfall, that post-enlightenment status nationalism became the status quo for Europe and has been the status quo for North America for exactly the same amount of time. This is the ideology which snuffed the halcyon light of Cospia and it has not gone anywhere, but I'm not convinced it will stay forever. The global liberal status quo is in the greatest danger of collapse that it's ever been in and when a status quo falls from grace it does not do so slowly, it wobbles and lists showing the first cracks in the foundation until all of a sudden it crashes down in one swift collapse, only surprising those that didn't realise the first signs. If or when this happens, how do we recover with the kind of society that we want? The answer is to have the foundations for that society already there waiting to be built on. So if by a twist of fate a small portion of New Hampshire got the opportunity to become independent just like Cospia did purely by chance, it would fare so much better off at recreating the greatness of Cospia than most of Texas, probably all of Florida and with practically no hope for anywhere else in the US, let alone the world. The people make the place and thanks to the Free State Project's work over decades, New Hampshire has a mass of people with good ideals that yes probably need cleaning around the edges and more of a consideration of morality than just politics, but no people are perfect and none are better situated in perhaps the world to reignite the fire that Cospia once held. What could have been called nationalism in the 15th century is not what nationalism can be called now, an ideology focused on the power of the state rather than the actual features of a nation. The era of tiny kingdoms, principalities and republics dotted all over Europe can these days be called localism. And as the 400 year long track record shows us, this is a fantastically well proven method of creating a moral, western, stateless and free market covenant community that can exist freely and securely for much longer than the countries which head our current global hegemony have lasted before becoming rotten to the core and dying from the inside out. And while I said before that I'd only scratched the surface of Cospia's history, I still haven't dented it. Getting quite specific details of this tiny, decentralised nation, especially economic data is sadly practically impossible, but we do know that Cospia grew at at least the same rate of all the other republics in Italy at the time.  Take it easy.


Hi, everyone, welcome to my presentation of the Vector Search Engine Weaviate. I'm Laura Ham. I am a Community Solution Engineer at Semi Technologies. And I feel honored to speak today at the Open Source Summit. I'm a big fan, first of all, of Open Source projects and communities. So I'm glad to share this with you, our project with you that we're working on. And of course, I would have liked to present this project in the physical event in Seattle. But I'm happy, at least, that we have the opportunity to do this remotely. I'm looking forward to meeting you all remotely and to hear about your projects as well and what you think about Weaviate. You can reach out to me in the online environment of this event. But also, you can find me on LinkedIn. You can send me an email or you can also join our Slack channel, the Weaviate Slack channel, by scanning this QR code. So in this presentation, I will introduce you to our Open Source Vector Search Engine Weaviate. And I will structure this as follows. So first, I will introduce you to unstructured data and the problems and opportunities that it comes with. Then secondly, I will tell you how these problems can be solved with a vector database. And a vector database is a relatively new concept. So I will explain to you in detail what this means. Then, yeah, since Weaviate is, of course, a vector database, I will tell you what Weaviate is and its features. And I will show some live demos to show the features. Then I will talk about the machine learning models that Weaviate can use. Weaviate can use, namely, any machine learning model. And you can also use Weaviate to scale your own machine learning models. After that, I will go a little bit in depth about the open source aspect of our project and how you can get involved. And finally, I will briefly also say how you can get started with Weaviate and how you can get involved in a community. OK, so yeah, first, let's look at data, and particularly about unstructured data. So unstructured data are forms of data that are not organized in a predefined manner. So take, for example, big pieces of text. That can be documents like scientific papers or news articles or, for example, product descriptions, reviews on your website, and so on. We learned that actually 93% of data is unstructured and that 80% of businesses don't even know how to leverage unstructured data. So what's actually so difficult about unstructured data then? So we know that one thing is searching through unstructured data is extremely difficult. You can usually only find, for example, text if you search with a specific keyword and it matches this keyword or you have to define tags and so on. And we found a source that says that 80% of the time that data analysts work, they spend on preparing data to answer business questions. So that means that they are organizing unstructured data or tagging these unstructured texts, for example. So for us, that's a shockingly high number. And that data analysts need to spend before they can actually start answering questions with the data. So let me give you a simple example of searching through unstructured data. If you want information from unstructured text, you will need to use exact matching keywords, as I mentioned before, to find a result. So for example, here we have now a data set with different kinds of wines. For example, if this wine has a name and has a description, and in this description, it is mentioned that it is good with fish. Now, if you have a traditional search engine and you want to find a wine that fits with your seafood dinner, for example, then this wine will not appear in the results because, yeah, the seafood is not a word than fish. So there are no exact matches. So the result is that maybe no products are found. Now, if you have a vector search engine, on the other hand, which has a model behind it that is trained on language and build a context around language, perhaps you can find this wine because it knows that seafood is close to fish, actually. And compare this with Google search. So if you ask Google a very abstract question, it might find an answer. So the question here, in the example, is what color of wine is chardonnay, is a bit abstract. And still Google extracts the exact answer from millions or billions of results, actually. So, yeah, it finds an exact node in this case, yeah, huge knowledge graph, which has the answer. So now the question is, how did Google actually find this answer? And also, how does it find it so fast? And then, yeah, the question also that comes to mind is, how can we do this on our own data? Because Google is really good at this in open data, of course, but you can't use Google's algorithm on your private data. So the main question is, so what if you could do the same thing with your data in a simple and secure way? Yeah, the answer that we came up is Weaviate. So Weaviate is a database that uses machine learning to make a context around data and find answers based on the semantics or contexts. So Weaviate is a cloud native modular and real-time vector search engine that is built to scale your machine learning models. So now let's go, yeah, a bit deeper in Weaviate and actually more in what is vector search and vector storage. So Weaviate stores data as vectors. And these vectors are placed in the space in relation to other data objects. Machine learning models can be used to factorize data objects. So it computes a vector for each individual data object and places this in context. And this is the actual database. So really, Weaviate tries to understand your data rather than just save it. So in more detail, this is how Weaviate works with a text factorization model. A pre-trained model, in this case, is a BERT natural language processing module, which you can find on, for example, the HuggingFace website, a BERT transformer model. And that can be used to compute factors from texts. So you can build an index of, for example, all the texts or all the English language, which you see on the right here. And what you can do next, then, is to add your data objects, which also contain text in this case. We can see later that it also works with images and also other types of media. But in this example, we have text. So Weaviate also uses this BERT model to places your data object, which contains text into context. So for example, if we add this Chardonnay we had before, or the model knows that it's closely related to wine and white wine and the fish or the food that it fits with. So then if you have a database in Weaviate with all your data indexed as factors, and you can perform search queries, you can perform search queries in natural language, which will also be vectorized and then placed into context. And after that, Weaviate will perform a nearest neighbor search and return the vectors, thus the objects, that are closest to your search screen. So in short, Weaviate has a pre-trained machine learning model attached, which can be anything. You can add your own data, which then will be processed by the machine learning model and placed into context. And then if you perform a search query, for example, if you want to find a wine that fits with your seafood, you can perform this in natural language. And Weaviate will return a list of results ordered by nearest neighbor. So now that you know the basics of how vectorization works in Weaviate, let's go over some features. So we already know that Weaviate is a vector database and a search engine which has full CRUD support because it uses REST APIs, but also GraphQL API to make the queries. So data is stored as vectors, which are long arrays of numbers, or also known as the coordinates in a high dimensional space, which allows for context-based search and also automatic classification. So let's go to a demo. First, just to show how this, yeah, what I just showed in the example to see this in real life. So if we go to our websites and the documentation, we have a RESTful and API references. And yeah, the GraphQL references. So yeah, we have plenty of examples of how GraphQL language works with Weaviate. And we have a running demo data set always. For example, for the website, we have a demo data set of news articles. There are a few thousand news articles of the past few months in there. And you can demo some queries with that. So over here is our interactive environments, which runs on the demo data set. And you can write GraphQL queries in there. So if we start now with a get query, and we want to see what kind of news articles we have in there. And here I'm asking for three different properties of this article that I want to see. So now here on the right, we have a list of results. And let's just check the first one. It is an article with a title, a URL, and the number of words. You can also see that there is the actual text in there. So it is a bit bigger data value. And this contains, yeah, this is the bit of unstructured text basically. So that's just very vital for now. And next to that, yeah, so this is just a very basic query. But we can show, we can see that there's actually a vector stored per data object. And here you see a list with one vector. So this is the few hundred big coordinates of this data object. So this is a very basic query. And it doesn't really show the vector database functionalities or the context-based search. So we can add a filter to find some articles with or by natural language. So let's do that. We call this filter a near text filter because we want to find articles that are near a certain text. And here I can type in my natural language. So let's find articles that are close to housing prices. And I get back a list with the results ordered by how applicable they are to the search query. For example, the first one is a history how housing prices became the world's biggest asset class. And then housing prices are going ballistic. Low mortgage rates don't help if houses are too expensive. And you can see that, for example, this third result doesn't match exactly the search query, but still expensive relates to money and prices. And houses is almost the same as housing. So you don't have to search by exact matching keywords, but it works based on semantics. And we can ask how certain the machine learning model was that this result actually is an article that fits with this search. So we can ask for the certainty. And we can see here that this first article or the machine learning model is 87% sure or certain that this article matches your search query. And you can also filter by this. So you can say, OK, I want a minimal certainty of 85%. And then you get only the results that are higher than this percentage. Yeah, you can make longer queries as well. So it's pure natural language. So if you want to go maybe a little bit more specific and maybe let's make the certainty a bit lower, then we can go to prices of houses in Greece. For example, we see, oh yeah, we have only one result here that matches the certainty. And we have a result that says, Athens housing market revival driven by foreign buyers. You can see here that VV8 kind of knows that Athens is in Greece. Otherwise, this result wouldn't be the first one to return. So yeah, this is how the vector search works within VV8. The second feature, and that's a quite unique one if we look at the landscape of vector databases around, is that VV8 combines vector search and scalar search. So what I just showed you was purely a vector search. But yeah, scalar search, that's more traditional way of searching like where queries in SQL can be combined with this vector search. And I can quickly show this to you as well if we go back to the demo. So let's say, let's see if we have a little bit more results so we can play around a bit. And then I can add another filter. For example, let's say we want the word count of an article be higher than a certain number. We can add a where filter with we are checking the word counts. Oops. We want this greater than, let's say, 1,000s. So now I have this vector search or the context-based search and a where filter, which is a scalar search. And that is combined. So we see, again, a very fast answer. Now the first result that we had before is removed because it had a word count lower than 1,000. And now we see a result matching the search query that we just entered. If we make it less, then we will see the previous result again. All right. So that was the demo. Then the third feature is that you can also make graph connections between objects. So we've had is not a graph database or pure graph database, but we can still make cross references between data objects. And I want to show you this as well. So if we build upon this search query, maybe we remove some things now. We can see, for example, in which publication each article is published. Now I'm adding this property. And this property is actually a reference to this other data class with objects, namely publication. So we're asking for articles that are published in a certain publication. Now we can see that this article is published in Financial Times, the second one in CNN, et cetera. And we can also make filters with that. So if we change, for example, our web filter to publication, and I want the name, for example, equal to, let's say, the economist game, I'll make a mistake here. That's because I need string to match it. And now I see results that are only appearing in the economist. So this is how graph relations are used in Weave It. So let's move on. So we have a fourth feature that Weave It is very fast. So with the RESTful and GraphQL interface, you can make very fast queries. We are currently working on horizontal scalability, which will be released really soon, actually. So you can use Weave It on a very, very big scale with millions of objects. And then Weave It has a modular architecture. So this means you can use or choose any machine learning model to, for example, vectorize your data. So that's what I showed before. Data objects are stored as vectors. And to make vectors out of a data object or out of text or an image, you can use a machine learning model. For example, models that are trained with fast text or models that you can find on a hugging phase, like transformers, like BERT, or spacey models, or RESTnet for an image vectorization model, et cetera. You can also extend Weave It with extra capabilities with other machine learning models. Examples here are a Q&A model, or a spell checking model, or a named entity recognition model, et cetera. So all the modules that I just mentioned come out of the box. But you can also add your own model to this to use Weave It to, yeah, scale them, maybe. And it's super nice that it's fully customizable the setup. So you can mix and choose your own models. So you can choose to have a BV8 running on a BERT model and using an entity recognition model and a Q&A module, for example. You can combine it all. And it doesn't require a lot of effort. It's just a few clicks in the configuration, or you can make a .compose file to run this. So in this fourth demo, I want to show you these modules. So until now, we have only seen a vectorization model module that has this near text feature. But now let's check another module. Until now, we had only seen the vectorization model for texts. But I want to show you the named entity recognition module. A named entity recognition module. OK, so yeah, I want to show you in another demo the different modules. So first one, the question answering module. So in the documentation, you see also how you can use this. So let's go there. So we have, yeah, this is how you use the question answering module in GraphQL. And we can use this again in the demo. So we have here, again, the articles data set, of course. And you can use a new search query, search filter, sorry, which is called ask. And here we ask the question, who is the king of the Netherlands? You can also specify in which property the model needs to look. So if I then press Enter, all the results will be visible on the right again in this property, additional property answer. So now we see that the machine learning model, the Q&A module, found an answer in this article. And the result is King William Alexander. And if we check in summary, so now I'm asking the whole summary to show, we can see that it found an answer in this piece of text over here, actually. So it's really the machine learning model that finds a specific answer in a bigger piece of text. And that's really nice to connect to VV8. I also want to show the named entity recognition model. We can make a new query to show this. So let's say contents. And we can ask the named entity recognition model module in an additional filter, named tokens. And I make a filter here, which has in which property to find, yeah, to classify tokens. And I want this in content. So I do properties, and I set this to content. And let's do only one for now. And yeah, let's see the entity, the words that it was originally. And we also have start position and end position. So if I run this query, we see that let's first check the post. So it's supposed it's a piece of, yeah, unstructured text. And here it finds a lot of, yeah, named entities. And for example, the word SCOT is recognized as an organization and so on. And this is all done by a hugging face transform model as well. So let's dive a bit deeper into VV8's module system. VV8 has a modular architecture. And you can choose to run VV8 without any modules as a pure vector database. Or you can choose to enable one or more of the available or your custom models. So a module in VV8 consists of two parts. The first is the module itself in VV8. This is written in Go and it connects with VV8's internal lifecycle so you can influence the business logic and the GraphQL API for example. And yeah, we for example saw this previously in the named entity recognition module over here. So we have this new piece in GraphQL and this is written in VV8 itself. So if we go there, we are in the get up of VV8 and we have different modules running here. And then the second part is the inference service. So this is usually a containerized application which runs the machine learning model or the inference model itself. And this can be in any language. In this case, we have an example of like the BERT transformer model in Python. Yeah, and then you can write in API wrapper around it to and serve this as a appliance to use by the machine learning model in VV8. So for example, this one has the hugging phase transformer model and then the second part of the model is the inference service. And this is usually a containerized application which runs the machine learning model or inference separate from VV8. And this can be in any language as long as it serves a few API endpoints that VV8 can consume. In the named entity recognition example, we have a hugging phase transformer model below it. So yeah, I just took, for example, the first model to do the named entity recognition. And I wrote a small API script around it to make this a service. So this looks, for example, like this is a really small the API, there are four API endpoints. So to let VV8 know if the application or the container is live and ready, a meta endpoint and the actual inference service which uses the pre-trained model by, yeah, that is available on hugging phase. This is the existing module landscape by the time of recording this. As you can see, we have, yeah, two different text factorization modules available but within these modules, you can choose like any type of transformer module, for example, we have one image factorization module right now which is ResNet 50 but you can again connect other modules if you want. We have a question answering module, a named entity recognition module as I showed. We also have a spelling checker module and then you can of course choose you to make your own custom module and yeah, use VV8 to scale that. And as I said before, you can also choose to not run any module and use VV8 as a pure vector storage and search engine. Now it's possible to make your own models. Depending on what kind of module you want to make you can write only an inference service. So only the second part, for example, when you want to use your own factorizer or you can also write VV8 module itself. Then you are completely free to choose the GraphQL design and so on but it means you have to write a bit in Go and actually it's not that hard. I just wrote this myself and made a pull request earlier this month of my first code in Go and I've documented this all on the documentation on the website. So don't be discouraged by the language. And yeah, so I wrote this in the named entity recognition model. And also of course you can get plenty of help from our community or from us through our select channel, for example, I will give you the link later in the presentation again. Now there's a few things to say about open source. VV8 is completely open source and always will remain open source. We have a great community. There's a lot of people using VV8 already in production and also we see that people connect their own machine learning models, so that's really great. And we have a very active select channel which you can join to learn more about VV8 and to connect with people who already use it. You can join it by scanning your QR code. Yeah, the select channel is very active where people ask questions and help each other. And we as makers of VV8 are also always very active on Slack as well to ask your questions and also receive feedback of the piece of software. And what is really cool is that we are still very busy developing VV8 and this means that you as a community have actually a great say in how it develops. So you can give feedback. You can make issues with new IDs. You can connect your own custom modules which we of course will be glad to learn about, et cetera. And of course you're always welcome to contribute on the source code even on GitHub. And finally, I want to give you some ideas how to get started with VV8. So on the website, we have a great introduction page with a video which will help you get started. And you can use like a quick start, which is a yeah, 10 minutes tour of VV8 in which you can actually run demo model yourself. We have this installation page with a, yeah, VV8 configurator. So if you want to start using VV8, you can use this, yeah, small application to customize and generate the compose configuration file. So that's really great. We have a lot of videos on our YouTube channel, so which is a semi. We have a lot of tutorials as well on the website, but also we made Google Collapse. So this is actually a community member who made a Google Collapse with VV8. We have four client libraries in Python, JavaScript, Go and Java. And they support all the existing API endpoints and even more. So that's really, yeah, easy to get started if you're familiar in Python, for example, because you don't need anything else. And then lastly, yeah, the Slack channel. So we are active on that. We announce new versions, but you can also get help there, of course. So to recap, VV8 is a vector database and vector search engine. With VV8, you can do the following tasks. So you can search through your data. You can discover answers to specific questions. You can automatically classify new data coming from any other data source and you can predict or recommend graph relations in your data. And of course, you can extend all these capabilities with more machine learning models. And VV8 can be applied in any industry, actually, because it's, yeah, it's industry agnostic. You can choose your own machine learning model, yeah, to run it. So yeah, we know people that use VV8 in, yeah, basically all of these use cases that are meant here. Of course, it's not limited to that. Okay, this was my presentation. I hope you liked it. And I hope you learned a lot about the open source vector search engine VV8. So if you have questions, I'll be happy to answer them in the Q&A after this session or otherwise you can always send me an email or yeah, join our Slack channel for more communication. Okay, enjoy the rest of the open source site. Bye-bye.