Europe. 80,000 years ago. For countless generations, the kingdom of a remarkable and mysterious creature. Hey there friends! How's it going? My name is Kevin and today we're playing Ancestors, the Human Kind Odyssey. Yes, we wanted to find out exactly how life led to this. In fact, no actually, I think, I think I'm one step behind you guys. I think I might be the missing link actually. Oh, missing link like pain. All right, let's get started with a new lineage. Lineage name failure. Species question mark. Yeah, that seems about right. I just approved my point. Like I've got this new little light down here to kind of illuminate here a bit more. It's not the best. I need to mess around with it, but I blinded myself with it for 10 minutes. I'm still seeing spots. Oh my god. Evolution is hardcore. How big is that bird? Jesus Christ. I thought he was just close to the camera. I didn't realize he was that big. Is that me? Did they drop me on my head? Makes a lot of sense. All right, intelligence. Let's try that. What do you know? Nothing. Because this is terrifying. I don't know if I'm having hallucinations or what, but I can see predators everywhere. I don't even know what I'm doing. All I know is I'm climbing up away from the scary noises. Oh my god. I don't know if this is a good idea. I think at the highest point of the jungle, I can't even see anything. Okay, there's a current clan over there. I don't know how the hell he can see it, but I guess we'll head towards that. And I know a quick way down, luckily. Oh, sweet Jesus. Oh, this is really cool. Oh, not as cool and a little bit terrifying. Okay, he's stopped freaking out now. I don't know. Is it just scary down there or what? But he's much more relaxed. Oh, family. Okay, maybe that's why he's happy. Is this my old family? I guess I'm the great. It's like mama is dead.  Oh god, I should never mention big birds. They're freaking out. Oh, they're all celebrating. I discovered rock. No, don't eat the rock. Rename. I can rename them. Oh, I can't pick their name. All right, I'm renaming it to Mock.  Come on, Mock, follow me. Mock is wondering what I'm doing. I'm drinking from the edge of the waterfall, Mock. If you want to be lame, you can stay back there. That's fine. But the rest of the clan is going to think you're a wuss. Oh god, I'm falling. Mock, Mock, please. Mock, forget about what I said earlier. Please. I can't get up. Mock. Okay, I've gotten up. Oh, Jesus Christ.  You didn't even attempt to help me. Dopamine is needed to avoid hysteria. I wouldn't fear it. How are we going to get a dopamine head up here? Mock, let's please some tic-tac-toe. Oh, they're all calling for me to come back. All right, Mock, catch me. Please catch me. Oh god, I don't know how deep this is. I landed on a rock. The whole river either side of me and I landed on a fecking rock. Luckily, I'm fine somehow. Or wait, I can switch to the big one. All right, you are going exploring the unknown. You will be brave.  Here we go. Oh my god, Mock, are you following me? Oh my god, you're both following me. Guys, this is a bad idea. Hold on, there's something here. I need to intimidate a snake. Where? I don't know where the hell that snake is. He's a slippery snake. You'll give him that. I found a snail. Oh, he's amazed by it. Oh, I know he's eating it. All right, the circle of life. I came all the way down into the valley just to find a snail to eat. Wait, what? There's a big snake. Hold A to what? Hold A to what? Hold A, move toward attack or release. Okay, holding A. Release? Oh, oh my god. What a move. Oh, it hurts him psychologically though. He didn't like that. The kids must be fecking terrified. I want to eat it, but I don't think I can. I could feed the whole clan with that. I don't think I want to be in this area. There are lots of snakes.  Follow pop, pop. You come with me. Mock, you have to follow along. I think one of them got injured by a snake. Oh no, even this one's afraid of the unknown here. Wait, what was that? Hold on. A giant warthog. I got this. Okay, all right. Where are you? Hold on.  Where'd you go? I can't see in his fecking vision. I'm climbing away. Good luck, Mock. I'm sure you can take him. There you go, Mock. Good job. Run from your problems just like your papa. I've got a broken bone or something it says. I found a stinky mushroom. This should heal me up. Oh, I'm becoming omnivorous. Fantastic. I think. I don't know. I mean, it doesn't look like I'm a fighter so kind of war might not suit me unless I just want to go on an all snail diet. Ah, so this is where the French came from. You ever get the feeling that like someone is watching you?  You know, I think it might be fair if I die. I think natural selection should actually ensure that I die. Wait, what is that following me? Oh, it's Mock. Oh, it's even worse than I thought. I thought you were just a predator trying to kill me. Trying to attract predators. Oh, sweet Jesus. It's poor Ragnarok. Oh, I dodged poor Ragnarok. Go, go, go. We need to climb. Mock can be the distraction. This is sad. My character's dying. Making noises that I can relate to. Sounds like me every time I get up out of my chair. All my bones are breaking. I decided we're going to evolve to not have bones, everyone. But I'm almost home. Maybe I can get the baby home. You know, the loved one, not Mock. In fact, I haven't seen Mock in a while now that I mentioned him. Hang in there, Champ, we're almost home. Oh, okay. I was just going to say, almost didn't make that. And then I, well, I didn't make that. I need dopamine stat. But I don't think dopamine's going to help this situation. I think we may be beyond needing dopamine. Okay, I think I can hear them calling me. Something's calling me back. Uh-oh. Getting sleepy. Let's just go for a sleep and hope I don't wake up dead. No, none for you. Stop reaching for the food. All mine. Wait, is that my tribe? I found my tribe. I'm home. Hello, everyone. I went on an adventure. I've decided we are explorers now. Oh, that person just disappeared into the void rather than dealing with me. I think I've done burning damage to this character. Like, they do not seem well. Crasping at their throes. Oh, Jesus. And it's health. Like, that circle down the bottom was huge earlier. It's not very good anymore. Uh-oh. I don't know what is happening. Maybe this stuff shouldn't be eating. Things are going black. I'm going to start grooming you in the hopes of building a relationship. I don't really like the noises you're making while I'm grooming you, if I'm honest. Can't wait to tell our kids how I met your mothers. All right, is that enough grooming? Do you love me yet? Oh my god, the bonding still isn't full. Please love me. I'm going to have to start planting bugs on them to pick them back off again. Okay, it's going down now.  Let me groom. Oh god, they're all freaking out now. I'm showing preferential treatment, I guess. We're just grooming one for hours and hours. Okay, now that we've crossed the river and had a bit of a break from grooming, let's do some more grooming. No, he's just getting pissed off now. Evolution. Are we ready to evolve? I feel like we've taken a few steps backwards. Are we ready to devolve? The ability to switch hands with an item is a quality. I haven't even learned that myself. God, they're one step ahead, aren't they? Now I can gather all my clan and get them to follow me. I don't know how I inspire them to do that when I came back a very different person. I went out there healthy. I came back a few hours later battered and bruised on the verge of death.  You know what? I'm swapping character, I think. You just fend for yourself. There we go, healthy and happy. That's more like, oh my god, I'm so sorry for what I did to you. Look, everyone, I picked up two rocks now. Are you amazed? I don't know what hitting this grass with this rock will do for you to be honest. Well, I learned something.  Yes, stripping. All right, everyone, get your dollars out and make it rain. All right, would you look at that. Wow. What do I do with this? Is this a weapon? Oh, bees.  Me want honey. There we go. Honey.  This one's way smarter than the last one. That's like almost dead. Oh, yummy honey. They're all just stinging me. Is this gonna hurt me? I just keep eating the honey. The rest of them are just looking up at me like, hey, why are we eating grass when he's eating honey? I mean, not that we know what it is. Oh, it was you that I was flirting when it wasn't out here. What is wrong with you? Jesus Christ, he's a bit paranoid. It's a bit early in evolution to have social anxiety, isn't it? Give this. All right, you eat your honey, honey, and I'll look for bugs again. You're just getting agitated. What's wrong with you? We used to be so close. Oh, he's having dreams. Say, oh, remember that time I held that stick? Oh, he's dreaming, but using the stick on those bastards that hurt the other one. I don't know what I'm doing. Trying to make a weapon. Look at your work. Your fine, handy work. Oh, he's smelling it and shocked for some reason. Oh, he's grinding the rocks together. But for what? Okay, now he's evolved beyond me. I don't know what he's doing. Okay, if anyone needs this grinder, it'll be here. All right, let's strip the branch and try and make a tool or something. I think I'm getting a headache. Or I'm choking on something. Did you eat one of those rocks? Right, no one touched this branch. It's mine. I'm building something. Oh, different type of rock. Okay, is this a harder rock? Maybe I can make a spear out of it or something? Obsidian. Perfect.  Okay, I was stronger than I thought. Oh, my God. Why is evolution so freaking hard? Screw this.  All right, I've ate some grass and calmed down. I'm going to take my stick, and I'm going to fight with that. I want to get revenge on that bore Ragnarok that I met out in the forest. Everyone, come on, rally the troops. We're all going out. Yes, come on, my army. Let's go. Come on, everyone, trust me. We're going to be fine. Oh, okay, I'm fine. Can I'm even making the noises that my ancestors are making now? There we go. Come on, death from above. Let's go, guys. I'm the only one with a weapon, and I'm hiding. Wait, what? Oh, jeez. Oh, wait, this is just a Pokemon battle. The snake is on our side, I guess.  Fight me, you bore. I'm coming for you. I don't know how to attack, by the way. I'm interested. No, come here. Don't run from me. I brought a weapon. Come back. I want to fight you. Guys, please do something. It's just knocked over. Guys, come on, help me. We've strengthened numbers, apparently. Even when I jumped on them from above, I still lose, and I lost my stick, too. Oh, my God. I don't think we should evolve. I'm going to be honest with you here. The whole clan is dying. Low dopamine, huh? Oh, damn. I'm afraid that's the least of my worries right now. Oh, God, there goes another one. We're all just falling all over the place. Oh, my God. I'm in panic and losing control. Dopamine is too low. Okay, well, bad news. It's looking like the boar escaped. You better run.   Otherwise, boy, would you have been in trouble? I would have said, hand over that dopamine, buddy. That dopamine is mine. Yeah, I'm just going to take a rest. My guy's fading out. All right, well, I guess we'll leave it there. I hope you enjoyed learning about evolution. This is exactly how it happened. Appreciate you watching, as always. If you want to see more of me, I post every day, so go ahead and subscribe if you'd like. My Twitch is also in the description if you want to check that out. But yeah, that's about it. So appreciate you watching, and I hope to see you next time. Bye for now.


The surface tension, okay, so we will discuss surface tension for some time and then we'll take a break. Okay, write down surface tension Okay, have you ever seen? insect Walking on the surface of the water. Yes Is it because the buoyant force is it because the buoyant force buoyancy is a legs of the insect inside the water on the surface only It is on the surface on the surface Okay, so It is it has nothing to do with the buoyant force The gravitation force of the insect is balanced by some other force It is not even viscous force for viscosity viscous force you need to have Velocity or movement inside the liquid Movement inside the liquid is required then only viscous force is there So it is neither viscosity that balance gravity nor the This thing Viscosity nor the buoyant force fine. It is something else And it has to be based on the surface because the leg of the insect doesn't go inside the Surface, okay, so we are going to discuss about a surface property of the fluid All right, so what happens is that every fluid every fluid surface behave Like a stretched Stretched membrane. It's like when you blow air inside the balloon the balloon surface Exactly like that. Okay. This is how every fluid surface behaves like, okay So what is so special about the surface and this property of every fluid surface is different Like for example, the surface of water will have a different type of surface tension the surface of the What is that honey honey surface will be different type so every surface of the fluid is different different types Okay, so what is so special about it? Let us see that first So let's say you have a beaker which has Fluid inside it has a fluid. Okay. Now we know that the You know in case of solid Let's let's go down to the basics, you know in case of solid the the atoms close Very close. They form a lattice kind of thing Okay, in case of solid in case of liquid the atoms and molecules are Slightly away and in case of gas Ideal gas atoms don't interact They're very very far from each other one atom has nothing to do with what the other atom does Okay, so in case of solid the vendor all fours between the molecules of the atoms Is very large Very very large. So they are very close to each other in case of liquid again There is a vendor all fours between the molecules or the atoms That is why they are close to each other But not as strong as it was in case of solids in case of gas the vendor of force is absent Okay. Now The molecule let's say take example of water. Okay So not only vendor all fours, but hydrogen bonding is also there. Okay, so take for example Molecule on the surface over here and a molecule inside a Molecule inside feels the attraction at Different directions in fact multiple directions it get attracted Okay and The point on the surface Will experience the force only in? Half of the directions getting it now my question to you is who's who sorry which molecule is More stable Molecule one which is inside or molecule two which is outside which one is more stable when attraction is more then It is more stable or when the repulsion is more than it is more stable Okay, if you are a little confused, I'll give you a scenario Okay, all of you look at this scenario It's like this guys if you have let's say one spring only one mass like that or You have spring on both sides Okay, which one do you think more stable if I displace it this side and this also that side Which mass which scenario the mass will make more effort to go back more effort to go back This one right so more This is more stable. This one it tries to retain its position more. Okay, so same thing over here also Okay, so basically more attraction. You see the thing is that I can't get down to the Atomic level discussion with you I have to take the analogy to make you explain why it is more stable, right? Otherwise, I'll just have to tell you that as you meet is more stable fine. So more attraction means more attraction implies more stability More stability means higher energy or lesser energy More stability means higher potential energy or lesser potential energy. All of you more stability lesser Potential energy lesser potential energy Okay, so what is a natural tendency of any substance in the universe? To have as less potential energy as possible. This is a natural tendency Right, that is a natural tendency. So basically liquid Acha, sorry, I'll write one more thing here Lesser potential energy. So the molecules at the surface have higher potential energy, right? molecules at the surface has higher Potential energy Okay, so the natural tendency of every substance in the universe is to decrease its energy Fine. So basically the liquid every liquid will try Try to decrease its energy by having lesser lesser number of molecules at the surface How can it be done? Lesser number of molecules at the surface. How will you achieve it? How it is actually done? How it is done? How will you have lesser molecules on the surface? How can we have lesser molecules on the surface? Yes, Hariran got it Adwik got it Correct, correct Lose out by evaporation No, surface area will not change Okay So basically having lesser surface area Okay, if the surface area is less The number of molecules on the surface will be automatically less. Okay So the natural tendency of any liquid is what? liquid will try to reduce its surface area Okay, this is what liquid will try to do Fine. Now for a given volume Do you know which geometry has least surface area? If volume is fixed least surface area is what? Do you all know sphere? Right? It is a sphere Okay, so for For a given volume sphere has least surface area Fine So if if you do not have gravity If you don't have gravity The liquid will try to take a shape of a sphere Okay, that is the reason why if in a space if let's say water body is there It will try to create a sphere spherical shape Okay, so if effects of gravity ignored the shape of shape of the fluid body will be spherical due to surface tension Okay All right, so we'll take a break guys right now. We'll We'll continue after the break, right? So we all will meet at six fifteen now All of you take this break and come back in time. All right Right, so let us continue So we have discussed about The surface tension philosophically The idea of surface tension we have discussed. We haven't yet discussed Mathematically what it is how will you put a number that this is the surface tension Or how can you say surface tension is five or ten? Right, so now we'll talk about how to put a number Okay, what should I define surface tension as to be equal to fine, so write down surface tension surface tension is defined as surface energy surface energy per unit area I'll just tell you how does it makes sense You will claim that no let us define surface energy as surface tension not surface energy per unit area The problem with defining surface energy as surface tension is that if you take same liquid if you take lesser area and more area the energy of Substance which has more surface area will be more automatically because number of molecules are more at the surface Okay, so the property Doesn't become only of the liquid it is not that Same liquid will have same surface tension then same liquid depending on the surface area will have different surface tension Because you have defined surface tension as total surface energy Okay, but if you define surface tension as energy per unit area Then it doesn't matter how much Area of the surface you take density of the energy or surface energy per unit area will remain same It becomes independent of The amount of area you take on the surface then That surface energy per unit area depends only on which liquid you are talking about Not only that actually it depends on between which two mediums the interfaces Suppose interface is between water and air Okay, there will be one surface tension Between water and air there will be another surface tension between water and solid Okay, so basically this surface energy Or sorry. I mean here surface tension surface tension is defined as So surface tension is A surface property Okay, and surface Belongs to both the mediums. It doesn't belong to only one medium because it is an interface Okay, it belongs to Two mediums Okay, and that's the reason why surface tension Only depend upon which two mediums The surface Or the interface is Getting it it only depends on that and Of course, it depends on temperature also which we sometimes ignore But it is good to remember that if temperature increases Both, you know viscosity As well as surface tension They both go down Okay Surface tension is surface energy per unit area Its representation is s Okay, so it will be joule per meter square that is a unit for the surface tension Getting it. So if you multiply surface tension with surface area, what you get If you multiply surface tension with surface area You'll get what everyone Correct total energy of the surface due to surface tension Okay, very simple fine energy you get energy Anyone has any doubts till now? Please type in yes or no Why i'm spending more time over here because i know this This topic is ignored That's why i'm spending more time over here Anyone has any doubt quickly type in yes or no akash nishant No doubts No doubts Okay fine Now there is another way of defining surface tension There's another way of defining surface tension We have learned the way with respect to energy because that makes more sense the way we have discussed about this surface tension Okay, we also know that work done Is basically change in potential energy Right, you remember that work done is negative of change in potential energy Right, what is the work done? f dr This is equal to negative of change in potential energy Right, so force is du by dr All right, so wherever there is potential energy there will be force also Okay, so you can define the potential you can define the surface tension With respect to force as well Okay, so write down surface tension can also be visualized as surface tension Is also visualized as force Per unit length Okay, force per unit length is also surface tension Okay Getting it the direction of the force direction of the force Is always perpendicular to the to the line To actually to any imaginary line to any line You can imagine I mean it is a very weird way of telling but then this is true If there is on the surface if you draw a line like this This line Will experience a force both sides like this Because it is like a stretched membrane There is a force in both directions like that you can draw any line the force will be perpendicular to it Getting it all of you See this this definition is little bit more Let's say counterintuitive you'll have to solve few questions to appreciate this Okay, so let's discuss this all of you We'll conduct just a small you can say a Small demonstration of Of surface tension as being Force per unit length Okay All of you pay attention here imagine you have a Imagine you have this rail Okay, this is a you can say made out of thin wires. You have this u-shaped thing and You have a movable This blue stick can move sideways like that Okay In between over here You have a soap film There's a film over here Do you understand the scenario? This is a film You just dip it in this soap air soap and water solution You just take it out. There will be a film in between Okay, now what is seen is that If I apply force like this If I apply force a very small amount of force Which displaces it a bit Okay, let's say this Slides by a distance of d Okay, and this length is l This length is l Okay If surface tension surface tension is s Now i'm going to ask you simple questions here Okay, first of all, tell me if i'm stretching it and the film remains intact Film remains intact is surface area of the film increasing Surface area of the film increasing or not quickly type in No, okay Sir when i'm stretching it surface area of the film increases or not Everyone it increases right will it Why you said no What is the reason someone said no It increases right the area increases so the surface area increases Okay, now when surface area increases the energy The energy of the surface increases or not Type in does the energy of the surface increases when I stretch it It increases Simple right so energy has increased From where that energy is coming from How that energy is coming Energy can't be created right neither it can be destroyed. So from where this extra energy is coming What do you think? Work done by the force Do you all understand the work done by the force Increases the potential energy you can write like this. This is the work energy theorem Right, this is the work energy theorem w is equal to u2 minus u1 plus k2 minus k1 Kinding energy is almost zero. I'm moving very very slowly Whatever work I do will be equal to the change in potential energy fine So my force is equal to whatever force the film applies on me So that the blue rod moves very very slowly Okay, so the work done is f into d Right force f into displacement d So what is the change in potential energy in terms of surface tension? Can you write down that quickly? What is the change in potential energy? Okay, mother got something others Aditya got something Quickly type in guys, whatever you think All right hurry her and See surface tension is surface energy per unit area So if I multiply surface tension with Change in area, I'll get Increase in the potential energy Right. So is this correct? Sld is this correct? Something is wrong What is it? What it is What's wrong here? Surface tension remains same surface see for surface tension. It doesn't matter whether the film is thin or thick because Entire film won't contribute to the surface energy Only the molecules at the top Will contribute at the top whatever number of molecules are there. It doesn't matter but Here you have Two interfaces. Yes or no One at the top one at the bottom Everybody understand that So two times All of you understand this One at the top of the film one at the below the film There are one set of molecules at top of the film So liquid and air interface one set of molecules at the bottom of the film They will also Be at the surface only right All of you understand So this D and D get cancelled away Fine So surface tension Surface tension is F by 2L Okay, just that you know here. They have two interfaces That is why a factor of two is coming in else If only one interface if only one interface Surface tension would have been simply force per unit length Right, so that is the reason why you can see length is perpendicular Sorry, the force is perpendicular to the length You can see that My length is this blue line Okay, so surface tension can be visualized in terms of force also force per unit length Is also surface tension Okay And it is good, you know, it is It is good that surface tension can be visualized in terms of force as well as in terms of energy You can solve every question of surface tension By either of these two methods Okay anyways Now whenever we talk about the surface tension A discussion on The bubble and the drops becomes very important because The reason why bubble and the drop takes spherical shape is because of the surface tension Okay, so write down Drops and bubbles So can you tell me what is the difference between drop and a bubble? First tell me that Drop and a bubble you have heard it enough right drop and a bubble. What is a technical difference? Completely filled with liquid is drop and bubble is only thin film. Okay bubble has more molecule less molecule air inside bubble has air Okay position of air and water Okay, tell me one thing If if the air is trapped inside the liquid inside the water is trapped Is that a drop or a bubble?  We have assumed that if it is a drop it has to be liquid. It cannot be gas Okay That is what we have assumed and that is not true It is a drop of air But loosely we say a bubble is a inside the liquid a bubble of air is trapped But that's not true. It is a drop Okay, so first and foremost we need to understand what is the difference between drop and a bubble Okay, so Technical difference is very straightforward Drop has one interface drop has One interface Whereas a bubble has two interface bubble has two interfaces So let me draw A drop and a bubble over here. Then I'll tell you This is a drop And let's say I create a bubble over here This is a bubble. Let's say both are spherical of course So this is liquid This is air One interface only one interface Okay over here. This is air Blue is liquid and this is air So here there are two interfaces right air liquid and then liquid air In case of a drop you have only one interface. So this is drop And this is bubble So now can you tell me if the air is trapped inside the liquid? How many interfaces are there? Air inside the liquid Only one Okay, so technically it is a drop Technically it is a drop But loosely we say That it is a bubble because in our head we already assumed that you know the bubble should have air inside Based on our day-to-day life experiences second Okay, fine. So, you know The thing is that There is some relation between the pressure inside the bubble surface tension And the size of the bubble So let us try to find out that Okay, so the heading is write down relation between pressure and surface tension Like have you guys played with that thing wherein you blow air from your mouth and bubbles will come out Have you played with that? It looks something like this You blow air from it and the bubbles will come out Have you played with that? Have you seen that? Yes Okay Tell me the size of the Size of the this thing Bubble will be more or less if you if you blow very fast If you blow very very fast The size of the bubble will increase or decrease If the bubble will decrease it will be lesser Okay, try that Those who are saying that it will increase Please try this And if you have to blow out a big bubble Out of it Then you blow the air very slowly So it expands slowly and slowly it takes a big shape and then come out Okay, nothing mother don't worry It's not related to a cat's Okay So basically this is what we are trying to Find out as in what is the relation between pressure and the surface tension when we blow air very fast The pressure inside the bubble is Higher or when we blow air very slowly then pressure inside the bubble is higher when it will be When we blow the air very fast then the pressure inside the bubble will be higher Okay, so in a way now based on your experience you get a sense That if pressure inside the bubble has to be more The radius has to be less Size should be less if pressure inside the bubble is Lesser the size of the bubble should be more Bigger bubble should be there. Okay. So this is what we are trying to Find out. Okay. So first we will do for the drop Write down case number one is for the drop Very simple derivation all of this if you pay attention It is very very simple. Okay Take a drop of radius r Okay, and then this drop You need to consider that it expands a little bit So the initial radius Of this Is or this drop is r Okay, the thickness By which it has increased This thickness is Okay, I'll take delta This is delta r delta r is very small. Okay a very small Delta r is there so that When it expands pressure inside remains fixed Okay, if I make it expand more than Small amount the pressure inside changes. Okay, I don't want that to happen. Okay So if let's say inside pressure is p in And outside pressure is p o Inside is p in outside is p o I want to use work energy theorem here that is work done is equal to change in potential energy Changing activity is not there. It's a slow process and anyway the bubble sorry the drop remains stationary throughout So work done is change in potential energy. So write down work done In terms of force potential energy in terms of surface tension s Surface tension is s write down Try it yourself. It is there in your school curriculum. It's a very uh, it's a favorite question By school To be asked in your school exam Done all of you Okay, work done will be what first tell me that It expands so Which force is doing work? Pressure force is there. All of you appreciate that pressure force is there Pressure force from inside will be like this And from outside it is like that Up and you go to the surface Okay, so the work done is inside pressure Into 4 pi r square that is a total force Into delta r this work done by the inner pressure. Is it positive or negative? Everyone The work done by inner Is positive or negative All of you type it quickly positive The displacement is in the direction of the force. It is along the radial direction. Okay Work done by the outer pressure positive or negative Outer pressure negative so minus p0 4 pi r square delta r This is equal to change in the potential energy. How do you find change in potential energy in terms of surface tension? Surface tension into change in the surface area Right, how much it is? What is the change in surface area? You all appreciate 4 pi r plus delta r whole square minus 4 pi r square Increase in the surface area. All of you understand this quickly type in whatever I have written here Work done on the left hand side change in potential energy on the right hand side Everybody understood Two times will it be two times? Someone is saying two times Should I multiply it two here? Yes or no? How many interfaces in a drop? In a drop how many interfaces are there? Only one Only one interface is there.  Can I do that delta r is very small if I keep delta r large inner pressure changes Right, so delta r square I can ignore Ignore if I ignore that delta r get cancelled from here one of the r's will get cancelled So you will get p inner minus p outer to be equal to 2 s by radius Everybody understood this derivation type in quick Namrata is it clear? Amanchu Charan Charan is not there doesn't outer surface drop and air interact Yes Yeah, it interact that is our surface tension is there That's our surface tension is there. What do you mean to say? Only one interface Air and water that's it. What else? What else? Two surface is interface Surface is interface interface between water and air like that In case of bubble it is air and water The outer interface then inner interface water and air Yes in pairs You take one pair is one interface air water one interface water air another interface Okay. Now write down bubble Here is bubble I want you to derive the bubble one in exact same way Exact same way you have to follow and derive the expression for it Everyone Inner pressure is PI Outer pressure is P naught Expansion is delta r which is very less Surface tension is s Find out use work energy theorem. It is accurate stress.  So inner pressure is not same During expansion and even got the answer here in case of bubble I'll appreciate that Here we have two interfaces So work done is inner pressure 4 pi r square Delta r minus outer pressure 4 pi r square delta r This is equal to Change in potential energy Okay surface tension is s So two times because two interfaces are there two s 4 pi r plus Delta r whole square minus 4 pi r square Okay So you when you simplify it like the way we have done you can see factor of two is there everything else is same So PI minus P naught will come out to be 4 s by radius of the Now look at this if You know outer pressure is atmospheric pressure most of the time Outer pressure is atmospheric pressure Which is fixed Which is fixed. So if you blow air very quickly PI will be higher if air blow Is quick If inner pressure is higher To PI minus P naught will be higher PI minus P naught will be higher value Surface tension is fixed. So radius has to be lesser. So that's why small bubbles will come out Okay, so this is the thing here fine all right sometimes Sometimes we have to treat interface as if It's a part of a bigger drop What does it mean? let us Discuss that in this scenario See i am talking about But shouldn't pressure decrease when increase in velocity? no, no, no, no Velocity has become zero you have blown air It went inside the bubble velocity becomes zero your kinetic energy converted into pressure energy That is a different thing when air is flowing continuously it is not stopped Their pressure will be lower but here You're confusing between two scenarios. It is not continuously flowing. It is stopped Okay, kinetic energy got converted into pressure energy okay so What I was talking about here is this scenario Himanshu understood Manju What is it out?  It doesn't let air to go from here. So air will hit the surface and stop Getting it. So velocity is not there over here velocity is zero. So entire half rho v square Is converted into pressure Are you getting what I'm trying to say Himanshu?  So what I was talking about sometimes This is what I wanted to discuss sometimes we have to treat the interface As if it is a part of a drop as if Okay, for example sometimes The Surface is curved like that It is curved. It is not flat Okay, so if if the interface If the interface is curved then pressure Just inside liquid is different From pressure just outside Okay, see what I'm trying to say here till now we have assumed that Liquid interface will be flat So atmospheric pressure here just inside also atmospheric pressure So outside and inside same pressure just inside just outside Over here pressure just outside and pressure just inside will be different And you have to treat as if it is a part of a bigger drop This interface Are you getting it? As if it is a part of a bigger drop and if radius of this drop is r This is of course, atmospheric pressure This is pressure you can say p1 Then pa minus p1 is equal to 2s by radius So pressure just inside the liquid is slightly lesser than the atmospheric pressure Lesser by 2s by r Everybody understood this? Everyone understand this whatever I've just done Type in quickly whatever doubts you have Is it clear type it This is the most important thing if a question comes most probably on it will come on Capillary rise which is based on this Type it everyone I'm waiting Okay, I'll repeat it again everyone. I'll repeat it again First of all, tell me one thing If the surface is flat radius is what radius of this surface is If the surface is flat radius tends to Infinity put r is infinity over here inner pressure and outer pressure become equal Okay Fine. So now let me explain whatever I had explained just now Is this If the interface is not flat If it is curved if it is curved We need to assume the interface as if it is a part of a bigger drop Then only we can use this formula To find out pressure inside the liquid Why I have to find pressure inside the liquid because when I use this p2 is equal to p1 plus rho gh Both the point should be inside the liquid But when surface is curved pressure inside and pressure outside are not equal So we can't say p1 is atmospheric pressure if Surface is curved. So I have to use this formula In order to use this formula, which I have derived only for the drop I have to consider as if the interface is a part of a bigger drop Everyone understood that now Everyone clear What who was asking it Those who are asking it to explain again, is it clear? Okay, see it'll be more clear when we take the numericals of course Class 10th physics and 11th physics Hell lot of difference. You might have experienced it by now So only way is to solve numericals to understand So we are going to solve a numerical on capillary rise What is it? How does capillary look like? Have you seen it? Have you seen capillary? No one What is the difference between capillary and a test tube? Capillary and a test tube. What is the difference? Capillary is very thin. Okay What is the basic difference basic? Of course it is thin But there is one fundamental difference what it is Capillary is open on both sides Okay, capillary is open on both sides test tube open on one side closed on the other side That is that you should take care Okay So we are going to learn about the capillary rise So all of you draw the diagram with me This is probably the most important derivation of entire chapter Okay, and most probably This will come in your school exam So we have a capillary over here I am drawing capillary Little thicker than usual so that the drawing is better But otherwise capillary as you said, yes, it is very thin So the level of water I'm taking blue color here If you give a large surface Because of the gravity the surface automatically becomes flat But in a capillary It can create a curvature Because the surface area is lesser. So you can assume these are the flat surfaces Okay But when you put a capillary A rise in the level of water is seen inside the capillary And a curve at the top is seen like that like this Okay Now there is something called the angle of contact Angle of contact is the angle between the tangent at the point of contact And the capillary This is angle of contact Okay This one is Angle of contact theta Fine This height is edge This is the capillary rise Ideally there should not be any capillary rise.  Because it is open to the atmosphere Ideally The water should not rise up But it is seen that it rises up Outside pressure is atmospheric pressure Okay If the density of the water is rho Surface tension is s I want you to find out what is h Okay in terms of everything else What is h? Try this Huh, sorry the radius radius of the capillary is given Sorry The radius of the capillary is given which is a small a Okay, this is small a good that you asked Small a is the radius of the capillary you have to write Huh now you can do it What is the first thing you have to find? What is the first thing you have to find type in Reduce the bubble all of you agree that I have to find radius of the bubble first Is it a bubble or a drop part of a bubble or a drop? It's a drop, right? So do you all agree that if I drop a perpendicular to the angle of contact like this And put a line like this symmetrical to it They intersect at the center Everybody understand this this will be the center Okay, we have to find this r Now can you tell me what is r? Find out what is r in terms of a and theta what is r? Okay aditya got it others It's always good to find out the right angle triangles Drop like this Those who got it correct This angle will be what this angle is what? All of you is this theta That is theta, right? So theta is given hypotenuse is r base is a this is a Okay, so a by r is equal to cos theta So r is equal to a c theta Right if angle of contact is given The radius of the Imaginary drop is a c theta Okay, now which side pressure is higher this side or that side Pressure inside the drop is more or outside Inside it is more but here there is no inside outside Right because it is not a complete this thing So basically you should know that the pressure Is always higher concave side Concave side so please remember this Concave side pressure is higher. How to identify concave concave looks like a cave Okay, it'll be like this like entrance of a cave All right Anyways, so pa is more than pressure just inside. Let's say pressure just inside is p1 So pa minus p1 is equal to 2s by radius which is a c theta Right so p1 is equal to pa minus 2s cos theta by a Right now what to do next after this? What should I do? What is the pressure over here at this level? What is the pressure at this level? What should be the pressure? Should it be atmospheric pressure? Over here pressure is atmospheric pressure Right, so I can say p1 Which is pa minus 2s by a cos theta Plus rho gh This is equal to what? pa everybody understood till now Everybody understood so h is 2s by a rho g cos theta This is the capillary rise it happens because of surface tension if surface tension is zero Capillary rise is zero understood if If it is uh if the curved surface Is hemisphere Yeah, I'll do that. Wait hemisphere then what is theta? If it is hemisphere at the top Theta will be what? What is theta? Theta will be zero degrees angle of contact is zero the capillary itself become tangent Fine Last step is what I have see this is p1 p1 is pressure just inside over here Uh, this red dot you see here pressure inside I got on this point This p1 p1 plus rho gh is pressure over here Which you use right you use p1 plus rho gh is equal to p2 Point number one and two both should be inside the liquid you should not take a point outside Okay, but till now pressure outside which is atmospheric pressure is equal to the pressure just inside the liquid That is why we used to casually write pa plus rho gh Because pa is just outside and just inside but now since there's a curvature Pressure just inside and pressure just outside. They are not equal Understood Okay, now tell me I have just two things left One is this other one is a numerical then we are done for today. Okay Let's say you put a capillary over here This is a capillary It need not be that upper surface be like this Upper surface can be like that also Do you understand? Look at the previous thing The upper surface is like this the upward opening curve. What if it is downward opening curves? Okay, what if it is downward opening curve then which diagram is correct This is the liquid it is capillary open from both sides This one This one That one where the interface will be one two three Of course, it it won't be two unnecessarily. I made two. Tell me one or three One or three Okay, let's assume it is Or three right now. Let's assume it is three Tell me pressure Pressure Inside will be more or pressure outside will be more if it is three Where pressure will be more inside or outside Inside will be more so inside pressure is more than atmospheric pressure already Over here p1 is More than atmospheric pressure So now that more than atmospheric pressure plus rho gh Will it be equal to atmospheric pressure? Do you get what i'm trying to say? p1 plus rho gh is atmospheric pressure, right?  It means it is below the level Okay, so if the curvature is downward opening and this is the correct one Okay, it will go down below This is h If the curvature is like that fine so pressure Over here Is atmospheric pressure and pressure over there Is atmospheric pressure Plus rho gh This is p1 Okay, so this is p1 minus P a is equal to 2 s by Radius of curvature Radius of curvature can be written as a c theta where theta is a contact angle. So you understand, right? It all depends on see the thing is that what i'm trying to convey here Do not memorize The final results do not memorize the Derivations Derivation you use to understand Because I can tweak the scenario little bit like for example this one You have learned capillary rise you think that every time capillary will rise up It need not Okay, it depends on the interface is upward opening or downward opening So keep your mind open about it And you should learn how things are derived then only you'll be able to solve those tricky kind of numerical Okay, so the last thing for today is a numerical from your textbook only. So let me quickly take it It will take around 10 minutes And do it your own, okay It's very easy to copy things and you know, that's all useless at the end Don't give surprises to your parents to yourself Be very very honest to yourself. Whatever you do Nobody will lose Do this everyone first First you get the value in terms of Expressions like diameter is d height dip depth It is dipped at a height of h surface tension is s Atmosphere pressure is pa density is rho and g in terms of these you get first Do in terms of these And then put the values, okay, don't Understand right get the expression of the answer mother with which exam you're writing Sunday You don't want Sunday Anyone close to the answer anyone See entire tube is filled with air. So you consider entire Tube to be having the same pressure Don't assume that uh with height pressure changes inside the tube, okay Because air is there you can ignore the density is very less So ignore the variation of the pressure with the height I'm assuming all of you are drawing the diagram Okay Anyone close to the answer No one Anyways all of you focus here When you blow air from here It should create a hemispherical shape over there This is what the scenario is Okay So let's say The height over here Final answer. I'm not interested expression expression This is h Fine This is h Atmosphere pressure is pa. So pressure just outside it Let's say p1 Is pa plus Rho gh This is p1 And I want to find out p2 Tell me which pressure is higher p1 or p2 everyone p2 because it is on the concave side, right? So p2 minus pa minus Rho gh p2 minus p1 Is equal to 2s by r r is what diameter divided by 2 Right diameter is given So because it is hemisphere the radius of the capillary is equal to the radius of the Hemisphere also So there's 4s by d p2 is atmospheric pressure plus Rho gh 4s by d Type in quickly all of you understood this everyone Okay. All right. So, uh, you know, we have two three minutes the last part of the chapter theoretical one. No numerical nothing So I'm talking about surface tension in day to day life Because I have seen in your school exam. They ask these things Surface tension in day to day life So have you seen when you throw water drops on the banana leaves? It dances around in a spherical as if it is a spherical droplets are dancing around have you seen it? And when you put water on a cotton surface the cotton will absorb it Right cotton will absorb it. So it seems as if sometimes water Doesn't spread on a surface and sometimes water spreads on the surface Okay, and that happens because of the surface tension. Okay, so basically if water spreads it increases its Surface area No, we are not talking about a phase change water when it becomes vapor the complete You know properties changes. So change of state should not happen. Okay Fine, so when water let's just spread on the surface The interface between water let's say with water spreads on the banana banana leaf So there is a surface tension between banana leaf and water Okay, if surface tension between banana leaf and water is very large Compared to surface tension between water and air Then it will not form an interface between banana and water Because energy will increase if it spreads Surface tension is higher between water and banana. So why it should spread? getting it so same logic holds When you put antiseptic on your skin It spreads evenly very nicely. It spreads antiseptic or any Moisturizer cream or anything like that spreads very nicely because surface tension between Cream and your skin is very less Compared to surface tension between cream and air So when you when the cream spreads on the skin It decreases its energy Which is favorable Fine. So that is the reason why it spreads Fine and same logic holds good. For example when you have to You know wash the clothes If you don't put the detergent if you don't put the detergent just use the water Then the surface tension between dust Between dust and water is very high. So it doesn't come out. It doesn't mix with water. Otherwise Interface between water and dust will increase. So energy has increased because surface tension is higher So you put detergent So one part of detergent It's surface tension between one part of detergent and the Dust is very less. So dust will get mixed with one part of the detergent Another part of the detergent Its surface tension with water is very less So one part of the detergent mixes with the water other part mixes with the dust because their respective surface tensions are very less So when it mixes up it decreases its energy and that's why you use detergent So, you know, these are the few examples of day to day life examples of surface tension Fine. So, uh, we are done guys with this chapter Fluids is over. So I hope you appreciate that the today's topic what we have done Is as important as Entire fluid statics or entire fluid dynamics where fluid is flowing. So that is the reason why I have taken Exact same amount of time teaching these things When you compare it with I teaching fluid statics or fluid flowing so that you don't take it lightly Fine. So I guess that's it from my side


Yes, sir. Yes, sir. Yes, sir. Johnson Sacaja, the Excellency, the Deputy Governor, my colleagues from National Government, the Honorable the Attorney General, my peers, Corey, the Chair, Adria to see. We have the Chair of Public Service Commission, and all of you who are gathered here this morning. May I say I'm very happy to be here today to see these functions that had been transferred to the national government, returned to the rightful owner, the county government over the city of Nairobi, led by Johnson Sakata. And I'm saying I'm very, very happy because I'm the one who signed that document that transferred the four key functions together with Governor Funko. And it was not an easy thing because it was a very political process. And I remember at some point, I was accused with my former boss that we influenced some gentlemen by giving them something other than tea. And they were not sure where they had signed. May I thank our gracious host, the governor, that today he gave us nothing but a cup of tea. And I believe what we have signed today, we are signing consciously knowing why and how we must give these functions back to the new government of the city of Nairobi. And I have no doubt the people of Nairobi have a very able governor now, a very able deputy governor and a team that is going to serve them. I also want to say that it was not true that probably the national government came to usurp these powers. We came in to assist the county government. At the time, there was complete paralysis in the functions of the county government of Nairobi. And those who are suffering were not, they were dosy in the county government or the national government. Those who are suffering were Nairobians because what the people of Nairobi want is service. It doesn't matter if that service is coming from the national government or the county government, but we have to ensure the people of Nairobi and the people of Kenya get services that they require from both levels of government. That's why we're here today as national government to willingly and happily hand over these functions back to the new governor and also assure him and his administration that we will be there to continue supporting and ensuring that we continue facilitating the work of this county government. So that is something I want to assure and also thank you for giving me the opportunity to discharge what I would say one of my final functions as the minister for devolution. Because as you know in the new structure, we don't have a ministry of devolution. So I might be addressing you as the last minister for devolution of the Republic of Kenya. But I also want to assure Kenyans, let not your hearts be troubled because devolution will still be there and it will be served under the deputy, the office of the deputy president. So we'll continue working closely with the counties. The only issue that I would urge is to see how we can strengthen COG. And these are ones to task governor Sakaja. We must and we have already done the groundwork of ensuring the legal and the policy framework to strengthen COG, to strengthen and anchor in law the COG secretariat. Please follow it up so that in the absence of a minister for devolution, COG should actually be strengthened so that they are able, particularly the secretariat, to do their work properly. The second issue is IGRTC. Because good intergovernmental relations is really the heart and soul of devolution. So we must also strengthen IGRTC. And with Honorable Anthony General Amasse, we have already put framework in place before parliament and we want to urge our parliamentarians to prioritize the key devolution reforms that we have before the House so that we can have IGRTC transformed into a full commission so that they are more effective in discharging their work. With those amendments done, even if we do not have a minister for devolution, we will be able to ensure the devolution agenda is progressed to the next level. And these I want to urge the newer demonstration because it is a bottom-up administration and to tell them that the real bottom-up is devolution. When we take resources down to the bottom, when we strengthen these counties, we can turn them into engines of socioeconomic transformation of our country. We can do it. And let us see how we can strengthen devolution, give more support, more resources to the counties so that they can transform our country. And Kenyans might not know this, but devolution has transformed in a very fundamental way our counties and our country. Another 10 years of devolution, with good leaders like Sarkaja, I believe Kenyans are going to see what we have done. But I cannot end without saluting General Badi. The DG has done a wonderful job. Thank you very much. Because in like 20 months, he's been able to deliver 20 hospitals, new hospitals in Nairobi. This is something that had not been achieved in 10 years. It's been done in 20 months. He's been able to do over 500 kilometers of roads. Opened up areas where there were no roads, Mukuru Kuanjenda, Mukuru Koruben, Danyuku. He's done a wonderful job. We didn't have water in most of these informal settlements. We have over 200 boreholes where we have free water for Nairobians. Governor Sarkaja wants to urge you because we have the framework in place for transfer of functions. We are serving the same people. We have our Kenyan county government, our Kenyan national government, water in our Kenyan wet room. Don't feel shy whenever you need. Probably people like General Badi to come and assist you in any way. Do not hesitate. This man can deliver. And he is a general, I'll take him on by a siyasa. You give him a job, it will be done. And not just General Badi, even our military, they've done a wonderful job.  The hospitals they have put up in a record. One year, we have a hospital up and running. If you need the military to work with you, governor, please do not hesitate to engage our military. They will deliver for you. We have a stadium called the Lindsey Stadium on Langhater Road. This stadium was put up in a record nine months at a budget that you will not believe it. I know the county government of Nairobi has been building a stadium. Was it in Nandora or where? I think that is a story for another day. But if you want that stadium done by the military and you want General Badi back to finish that stadium for you, please do not hesitate. He will deliver and that will live to you and we want to wish you well. Asante Sana da Mubaba. Thank you, my talk is working. Asante Sana. Asante Sana, see you.


Aloha and welcome to Kondo Insider, Hawaii's show about association living. We've been doing this for over a year now and had tremendous response by owners and board members alike as they liked the education we're providing. A couple weeks ago we started a review of Hawaii Revive Statues, the Kondo Law, 514 B went about halfway through it and we said it was a four-part series but it looks like it's going to be a five or six-part series before we're done with it. I'll bet you it's eight. But anyway, I have to my left, the guy, my expert on this, Scott Shroy, Director of Training for Associate, and we're going to be continuing on with the records with regard to that. Welcome back Scott. Well, thank you for having me and unlocking me so I could come and do the show. Well, my nightmare has returned, all I can say. But anyway, let me say this, we have an exciting thing today before we begin the 514 B, we have a call-in question. I think that's exciting because people are starting to watch and have questions. I think that's very exciting. And so I've got this question I'm going to share with you and me. We're going to talk about it briefly before we get back to 514 B but I do want to tell all of our viewers that if you have a question we encourage you to contact us and join our conversation at<PHONE_NUMBER> and we'll do our best to answer your questions. It doesn't have to be on our topic, it can be about any association issue. But let's go right to our viewers' question and it is as follows. I was verbally assaulted and threatened by the site manager and board director of my condo over my dog being too aggressive. They threatened to kick my dog out of our home. After being verbally threatened, we were sending a citation as well as a letter of compliance that stipulation in terms we needed to comply with if we wanted to keep our dog. When we attempted to explain ourselves at the board meeting, the president of the board cut us off, didn't allow us to explain ourselves. My question basically is as follows, did the board of directors properly operate within the judicial powers and what are our rights from an anonymous viewer? So the issue is really clear, but let me begin saying this is kind of a topic I've been talking about previously, that first of all, number one, boards and employees of associations like the resident manager, site manager should always treat the owners with respect. Absolutely. They have to learn how to talk to people and discuss issues in a professional tone and never should be threatening, although we're taking this question kind of verbatim and what one people might find insulting or threatening may be in the eyes of the other person, not so insulting and threatening, but I think it's incumbent upon the association to do everything within their ability to number one, treat that owner with respect and try to communicate with them in a professional manner. That being said with regard to House rules, and certainly they have to have rules for pets and an association from sanitation to other reasons, for House will really be enforceable, you know, there has to be a right of appeal to the board of directors, so when that owner goes to the board of directors, that board should be respectful to them, give them a chance for a fair hearing to explain themselves and more times than not this is done by invitation to an executive session, so we don't have to drag the neighbors in and everybody else and they can have a conversation in private about what the issues are, hearing both sides before coming across hopefully a resolution. Finally though, based on what this question was, let's just assume that the board didn't give them a hearing and let's just assume that the site manager wasn't as professional as we would like, what are your options? My answer is what I've been saying all along, we have a law called Act 187 that for a very nominal amount of money an owner can request that the matter be mediated with a retired judge by going to a company like Dispute Prevention Resolution or DPR and if the viewer wants more information he can call the hotline and after the show we'll give him how to contact them, but if he really feels it's been unfair and unreasonable and he can't get the board to meet with them, he should then fall for an Act 187 mediation to have it properly resolved and the current laws before the legislature make it mandatory to the extent that the boards don't have a choice about whether they want to go to mediation or not and maybe just that filing will cause a catalyst for them to invite them back and talk about it. What do you think of my thoughts? Well I think your thoughts are right in line, I also realize that whenever you're dealing with pets or children that is a very emotional issue so handling it in executive session is probably a good idea so that you can calmly discuss the issue at hand instead of having a room full of emotions and again like you said we're seeing one side of the story and we're just assuming that this is actually what happened but I think when one of the things you pointed out is the board and any employee of the board like the resident manager should treat all owners with respect but I think that goes both ways too that the owners at a board meeting have to realize that this is a voluntary position they're not getting paid to be up there having these board meetings so the mutual respect should go both ways as well. Yeah I guess this summary I'd recommend for this viewer now is again write the board a letter or email and say look we didn't get a chance to discuss this thoroughly at the last meeting I'd like to attend the next board meeting in executive session and discuss this further if they can't get any opportunity to be heard then consider filing an act 180 set of mediation if they really feel the demands in the letter are unfair based on the circumstances. And I'll point out that just as an example for me if my wife had to choose between me or the dog in a scenario like this well there's no choice I'll be knocking on your door. Yeah I'm afraid of that so please be nice to your wife that's the last thing I need in my life you know. Anyway back to the real purpose of the day show now let me again thank the viewer for contacting us if you have more questions and want to talk after the show we can do that or are you certainly welcome to call the hotline at any time this is the purpose of the show to discuss these things and to all the boards out there treat your owners with respect discuss things with them have open minds and try to find resolutions and at last resort go to act 187 mediation. So let's go back to the intended purpose of the show which is 514b the hawaii condominium law. I would tell all the viewers that there's bills before the legislature today to abolish or repeal 514a so and that's moving along quite steadily so it's probable that come July 1 or some early date of an enactment that the 514a will go away we'll only be dealing with 514b. So finally discuss government structure declaration bylaws house rules. Yes we've discussed meetings annual meetings board meetings executive sessions those types of things and and what I want to talk about now is just briefly let's just review the difference between an annual and board meeting that's you that's me oh okay well the annual meeting is we call it an annual meeting but I like to refer to it as the owner's meeting because that's really where the owners participate happens once a year owners have a lot more discussion going on of what's happening at the condo they can make motions from the floor and things like that they can also have somebody other than themselves representing them at the annual meeting by way of a proxy. The board meetings on the other hand again owners do have a right to participate but that is only open to owners of record and it's basically the day-to-day business that is being discussed and it can happen monthly quarterly I'd hate to have an association that are having them weekly because that's just too much but I've seen that after like a hurricane or something like that when you've had a major event but oh yeah but the important thing I want to emphasize everybody is when you're in a board meeting it's a regular meeting sometimes it's a special meeting for a limited purpose but if it's a regular meeting you can only go into an executive session from a regular meeting you have to have a regular meeting and adjourn to an executive session and under the statute you have to announce what you're going in for and then at the end of the meeting you have to come back out and within reasonable description of what you did in the executive session you certainly wouldn't want to disclose any contract negotiations or litigation settlements something that might impair your right to it's not a final decision it's a discussion yes exactly you wouldn't want to impair your right with regard to what you disclose but you still have to tell the owners what you're going in for absolutely and have that meeting and I think it's also important to point out that the legislature actually had to go back into 514b and clarify executive session because it was being abused right um some boards would call a board meeting to order and then immediately go into executive session and basically have the entire board meeting in executive session so they had to clarify and 514b what you could go into executive session for and your opinion should they take minutes in executive session it's a good question um I always have and I believe you have as well and the recommendation is yeah take minutes uh for the executive session now can an owner request those minutes no of course no but those minutes in let's say litigation can be subpoena I've actually heard from some attorneys that say don't take minutes in the executive session then there's nothing you can subpoena well then there is they subpoena you right and then you have to testify so it's better to have the minutes it's interesting before the legislature this year there's a bill with respect to this that basically um puts some breach of fiduciary duty obligations on a board if they don't do certain things and the safe harbor is if the minutes reflect they voted against whatever this particular issue was so again that would be a reason why an executive session you'd want to uh take minutes so you can make sure your position is protected in case there is a problem down a road but um there's a lot of opposition to this breach of fiduciary duty language uh in the statute so I don't know if that'll come out of the of that particular bill but it's telling you that the legislature is looking at it anyway and it's certainly telling you that your vote whether it be in regular or executive session should be clear so you have that safe harbor if something goes wrong down the road well not only that I've actually seen bylaws that says that mandate that in the minutes each board member's vote must be indicated in the minutes because I had an owner accuse me of not doing it by the board bylaws and I said well yeah the bylaws say board member what their vote was board member what their vote was but when the vote's unanimous that's basically saying all the board members voted unanimous so it wasn't necessary to put their name down each time that they voted if the minute header lists all the people and you'll say unanimous that's adequate you know but the state law requires you to record when it's not a unanimous vote like that the individual vote of each of each director and again it's a safe harbor for you if you voted against something and the board did something that comes back to pose some liability on you or the association that you have a safe harbor that you didn't support the decision so now that we've been through almost half our show we haven't even got the record yet I hope we're not doing this in December you know maybe November yeah thanks giving your records yes one of the largest RICO complaints today is where boards or management companies refuse to give records to owners it's one of that yes it is highest number of complaints and the law is very clear in my opinion almost clear is that any clear with the law but get lawyers I don't know if I'm clear but either way records have to be provided but the law identifies the records let's start out with financial records yeah do they have to provide financial records up to a point it depends on what financial records are being requested and also just a little bit of clarification the statute actually says these are the records you're entitled to request but if you're doing a resale and working with a realtor who is requesting records the records that those realtors want in a resale is basically disclosure what's the maintenance fee what's coming up so their request for certain documents is not nearly as long as what an owner is entitled to right because basically they just want to give you the a synopsis of what's going on at the association so the buyer can make an educated decision and let me just summarize that we're going to take a break after I summarize okay so for the financial statements it's very clear the statute spells it out they've been able to financial statements check registers they're entitled to other delinquencies over 90 days you know they're entitled to contracts they're entitled to journals receivable accounts receivable accounts payable journals the statute specifically tells you what financial records you're entitled to have and so there shouldn't be any question about providing those to owners and in that note we're going to take a quick break hi everyone Ted Rawlsson here host of our think tech show where the drone leads and a lot of you of course have been setting your clocks at four o'clock on friday so that you can make sure you see our show it's not changed it's not going to be at noon on thursdays noon on thursdays new standard time for where the drone leads and where the drone leads is to systems like this capabilities that we're using here in Hawaii these days and we need you to pay attention to this be part of it so see you at noon on thursdays thanks for watching think tech Hawaii and look forward to seeing you at education matters on tuesdays with me carol monley hey everybody it's me and davidson host of a new show here at think tech called on the go what are you going to get during that show i can't tell you i can only tell you that it's going to be fun it's going to be sometimes and i'm going to have a good time and i hope that you do too uh there's a bunch of stuff here think tech this is just another one take a chance on it see how you like it thanks for watching well we're back at condo inside they're talking about 514b and what records need to be produced by law to an owner who requests it and we started with financial records and basically that includes the financial statement that's going to include the general ledger council civil journal counts payable journal a check register those types of financial records but the statute clearly spells them out with respect to that and one of the things is on delinquencies it's always been those delinquencies over 90 days so the ones in a less than nine days you don't have to provide so i'm an owner and i want to see your ledger not my own personal ledger but i'm an owner there and i want to see another owner's ledger can i ask for that no my ledger is my ledger and you know what purpose would you have if it's over 90 days then you have a right to see it but if i'm not over 90 days my question was can you ask for it yes you could ask for it but you're never going to get it because it's personal privacy information you know knowing you the way i should have expected that i know i'm not gonna get you back anymore if you don't get my questions right you know but anyway no they can't get other people's ledgers i even had an owner request once for me they wanted to see bank statements and they wanted to see like the signature card for opening up the association's trust account well you know in the privacy world signatures can be stolen in a world of electronic banking there's privacy numbers in there bank statements and signature cards are not listed as documents you can get copies of and certainly a board could voluntarily do it by redacting blacking out the privacy information to protect themselves but uh the statute is pretty clearly thought through to give information to owners under financial status without taking away people's rights to privacy well and and another respect to you know you're living in a condominium it's a business it's a miniature government and you're the taxpayer so you have a right to see certain documents but that right only goes so far and also a lot of times if it's controversial information that you may be entitled to the statute even says you may have to have to sign an affidavit in order to receive that material so that's the financial record side of it how about annual meetings proxies and validating and voting and things like that can they see that they absolutely do and since you threw one out at me i'm gonna throw one out at you a lot of times especially in a resale uh they request minutes of the last three board meetings and minutes of the last annual meeting and the annual meeting happened 60 or 90 days ago commonly sometimes the response is well we can't give you those minutes because they haven't been approved and that's the wrong response that's darn i didn't trip you first of all the more common practice today is that in the script of the annual meeting they give the board the right to approve the minutes and so the next board meeting they're approving the annual meeting minutes so they are approved minutes which doesn't prohibit the assembly or the owners at the next meeting from amending or correcting those minutes at the next end if there's an error but also because they're draft minutes if they don't have a meeting within 60 days of their annual meeting by law they have to provide the draft minutes so that's the answer yeah you you are correct that's right see you failed to fool me this time but anyway so it but i think it's a critical thing to know that on proxies and voting they can see of them after the meeting is adjourned and they have to make the request within 30 days within 30 days and they might be wanting to double check to make sure the proxies were in the right form or double checking ballots on on votes and the common problem made in that area is that you know people you know sometimes in the political world we live in they're fighting for proxies they want to say how many proxies are there who's got what only the managing agent the secretary's supposed to have that information and they're not supposed to disclose it to anybody except if 10 people gave you their proxy they could tell you you have 10 proxies from these 10 people you couldn't find out what other people have what the board has whatever and the only way you get that is after the meeting is adjourned then the others have the right to request within 30 days to inspect not only the proxies but the tally sheets the voting the ballots those types of and i think both you and i have experienced that where somebody was told over the phone or whatever email you have my proxy but they didn't give that person the proxy and then at the annual meeting they're very upset because they told me i can have that proxy a lot of things can happen between the time they tell you and the time the proxy is sent yeah absolutely it can be manipulated and the law is very clear for a proxy valid it's got to be turned in 432 days before the meeting and and i've had lots of circumstances they say they sent it and but they really sent it or not it's told the owner they sent it and you just don't know but the law doesn't give you any wiggle room it's 432 days before and you either have it or you don't have it and it's the end of the story you know and so that's where it's got to go now how about contracts can owners get copies of contracts they can and i believe the legislature is looking at that a lot more closely as well this year because let's say that the very common one is i want to see the resident managers contract but are there privacy issues by releasing that resident managers contract and i know for years you've been saying there's a lot of gray area that needs to be cleaned up in that well that's interesting because the federal laws on some prior old court cases some attorneys take the position i have a hard time with this saying that the resident manager contracts really an employment agreement so the statute requiring you to give contracts doesn't mean the resident managers employment agreement and then they go on to say because of certain privacy laws what is it bill before the legislature i think two bills today that have language in there that clarifies that owners are entitled to the right of the resident manager in this case contract and they can redact the social security number as private cell phone medical information certain true privacy information but they can't redact compensation and job descriptions now i want to caution everybody who's listening to the show that that law has not been passed yet no it has not yet so we still have that controversy in the industry a little bit although i personally say it's very much we know what the president of the bank of y makes that you know you as a an owner have to pay maintenance fees by your agreement and the contract you have with the association when you bought your unit i think that owners should be entitled to transparency and be able to know what the senior person makes and yeah there's some risk if he can be used against you or in a social media campaign but uh so i've been told by some senators in our state that comes with the territory comes with the job you want this kind of job get get used to it i guess we all know what the senators make so i guess it's fair so anyway um how about bids you know you're working on a bid and so you're going to get a contract for spalling you got five bids do owners get the bids absolutely not because they're still bids as a matter of fact sometimes bids are things that are discussed even in executive session because you don't want that information to be generally out there and the same would happen with a bid you know if an owner got the bid and his friend works for another company that's part of the bidding they can pass on the information and that's why bids themselves are not part of that that's correct and i've actually had owners who are upset saying i'm going to call everybody have been on this and tell them i'm going to sue them if they take this job they didn't want the association to spend the money and so they had to pay for the cost right so i mean so but the truth of the matter is owners need to know that they're not entitled to bids however after the contract has been let and there's no apparent legal reason or some other reason i see no harm letting the bids go at the after you've gotten through the analysis negotiations etc i see no harm in it but the statute doesn't require you to provide it so how about the common one owner's list i don't want the owner's list i want their email their birth date where they live all these things this is actually one of my favorites because i think our statute is very clear in this that an owner is entitled to the owner's name and mailing address this has been challenged actually a couple times where owners are trying to say well the term address also includes email addresses and when you look through the statute you do see references to electronic communication emails etc except there where it says an owner is entitled to name an address and every year frankly an issue didn't happen there's a bill before the legislature to require the management company or the board or the site to provide the email address of owner and and the legislature to date as well as the industry has said look people want to live in their home and quiet enjoyment they don't want to be badgered and of course even though there's a requirement you can't issue that list to anybody else does the amway salesman and i think it's the amway but you know they get it and they get used for unintended consequences and purposes so owners and listeners need to know that the board has no obligation or the management company has no obligation to give you more than the names of the owners and they're mailing and they're mailing that that's it and that's the end of it now of course we realize in this day and age there's probably other ways to get that information without even going through the board or through the managing agent but they can spend their time on google looking for it and one of the other common questions you know because you can request anything from the board that it may not be enumerated in that long list of what you're entitled to but can you get the email between board members but that's now you threw me again you're going to fire me eventually but you know a lot of times the board members do make their email or an alternate email available for conversation it's not just the email the board the answer is no to that but if you and i going back and forth on a discussion on painting the roof blue or whatever it may be can i demand as a record all the email we sent to each other well that sort of creates a problem now doesn't it so we're both board members and there are three other board members who are not privy to that conversation you and i were doing via email that could create a dangerous situation it's a sticky wicket because the reality of it is that certainly if you had a lawsuit going they could subpoena you'd have to provide it yes but as far as a general record keeping under the statute that is not listed as one of the items owners can get and that is the email among the board as a whole or board members individually or whatever that is not a document but what is important to note is that owners can request any document they want the board doesn't have to give it to them if it's not enumerated in ls yep but the board does have to reply in writing within 30 days that's right they're either going to give it to them or not give it to them or why you can't the board can't say okay we've got this request but none of the documents on here are the required one so we're not even going to respond that would be the wrong thing to do right and believe it or not we're down to one minute we haven't finished records yet but we could probably finish records in the next three or four minutes of the of next week's show and and so at that point in time i'm going to thank you again for being here to put me up with all my abuse you know and i give you lots of abuse because i have great respect for you and we've been doing this a long time together and thank you everybody for watching condo insider and we begin to invite you to send us questions send us email contact us so we can help answer your questions and we will see you again hopefully next week and aloha


What's up guys my is Michael and welcome to my YouTube channel today. You know what? before I start this another lead code grind and Just doing a bunch of lead code problems. I just want to explain something first After doing at least almost close to like what almost a hundred elite code problems Most of them easy ranging from some of the medium. I realize something is that once you keep doing these problems What happens is that you get to a point where? You're just not Improving at all. Okay, when you hit a Reaching point where you just keep doing the same problems over and over again You're not really improving anything at all and that's something kind of like the idea of plateauing pretty much it's when the difficulty doesn't increase at all and you're just doing the same thing over and over again and After doing almost a hundred of these problems I really feel like I have not actually been improving much So in my terms of my algorithm knowledge or any of my algorithm skills, honestly, so There's this is the thing that I'm gonna talk about is that you have to Have a plan as in that instead of just going through doing a bunch of a bunch of easy problems I think it's best if you start going through and doing Targeting specifically targeting certain skill sets that you just don't have Skill sets that you're just bad at or the skill sets that you just you don't have so for instance like I'm pretty bad at Let's see. What is one of my pretty bad? I'm pretty bad at bit manipulation So rather than just doing a bunch of the code problems for easy that and barely ever hitting bit manipulation Until like what at the six hundredth problem It's better to just go to a topic that you're really unfamiliar with and then click on bit manipulation And then do the problems here In fact, it's much easier because there's only 35 of these bit manipulation problems And once if you figure out how to do most of these you'll be If you all these actually you'll be pretty set on bit manipulation And if you if you need to find more questions you could Google search And I'm pretty sure there's some websites that I have even more bit manipulation questions. So instead of just doing a bunch of Mindlessly doing a bunch of these lead code eases I think it's best to just actually focus on targeting specific areas that you don't You have issues with that you have troubles with instead of just doing a bunch of these and then just praying that One of these easy questions would be on one of your interviews And if it's not then while you're screwed either way Also, like if you're gonna interview at one of these top companies, it's better to actually just specifically target whatever Top company you're having an interview with so if you're gonna interview at Google I think it's best if you actually buy Lee code premium because then you could actually click on top Google questions And then pretty much get started with Doing a bunch of these lead code Google questions So then if we see a Google question when you actually have your interview You'll be way more prepared on how to answer these type of questions Instead of just mindlessly doing a bunch of all these lead code questions and praying that one of them would be hit by Google and Praying one of them will be something that will ask So that's just why what I want to give you guys just want to talk about before I go on to a video or whatever Mumbling that I'm doing I just think that it's best if you guys target specific areas instead of just doing a bunch of lead code And that's the same thing as when you do like cracking the coding interview when you're doing cracking the coding interview Don't just go through the whole book and just start reading like page by page by page because You're not gonna target specific key issues that you're gonna have during the interview So if you have like a trouble issue with like I don't know design questions might as well just jump to the design questions Chapter and then start doing those Questions instead of just being like oh, yeah, I'm gonna go through The first hundred pages, you know and just sometimes if I if I hit a design questions, and yeah I'll do well on it, but no no you actually have to actually have to go through and deep go deeply into these questions and then Target specific areas that you have trouble with but yeah, that's basically what I was gonna talk about today I hope you guys enjoy this video because it's something that I had to have an address to at all addressed addressed Yeah But yeah rate com subscribe. I'll check you guys in another video. I haven't really been uploading that much lately But now I'm gonna get back into the the grind Into doing these lead code problems because I pretty much I dropped my hardest class in college So I that opens up a lot of free time for me to do a bunch of more algorithms and data structures questions and also I might actually do some Contests live contests. All right, so when there's a contest coming up on code chef code forces or Any of these contests? I'll actually do them with you guys. I did a contest offer on lead code I was able to finish the first two questions and the third one was a hard question And I'll probably go over that later on but if you are able to do these questions If you look if you want me to do these type of interview questions not just any of your questions I mean do these type of contests live contests. Let me know down in the comment section below and as always Keep doing the lead code grind rate com subscribe and I'll check you guys later


So the restoration of wiped Inventures began yesterday, with more people affected being sorted out today. But guys, I think they made a mistake. Let's get into this. How's it going guys, my name's DPJ and if you enjoyed the video leaving a like really helps out and if you'd like to see more outriders on a daily basis, be sure to subscribe. So the restoration of people affected by the Inventure wipe has been rolling out all night and day. It started yesterday with Group A players being restored first. Group A players are basically folks who lost their entire characters and were not able to lug back into said characters as they were welcomed with a server error message. Today, they started rolling out Inventure restorations for Group B and C players, with this update into the process. Update Unseat for May 2021. Inventure restoration for Group B characters is now underway and will complete over the next day or so. As a reminder, here is what you can expect to happen. Group B restoration up to 20 legendary items that were in your inventory. Who will benefit from this restoration? Players in both Group B and C who lost a legendary item up until the 20th of April 2021. Group B are characters that lost gear but were still playable. Players may have continued on these characters since the wipe. Group C are essentially all other players in the Outriders gaming population who did not encounter an Inventure wipe. Important reminder, as we are unable to conclusively distinguish between Group B and C players, both Group B and C will benefit from the restoration, therefore even if you did not encounter any Inventure wipe, you may well receive up to 20 guard rolled legendary items that you may have previously lost to a bog or sold to a vendor. Dismantled items will not be restored as our analytics are able to conclusively prove that they were not lost to a bog. The above explains where the additional guard rolled legendary items come from that you may find in your inventory following the restoration process today. These items may be freely sold, scrapped or used. And while guys, I am definitely feeling this actual process. As I myself, I had no problem at all with the Inventure wipe and haven't seen the demo where I lost 2 amber vaults, but I lugged in not too long ago and was greeted by 20 shiny new high level legendaries. I mean, I ain't going to complain, they may have made a mistake here as like I said I lost none, but because they can't determine Group B and C players, I'm guessing I'm a Group C player, but I've definitely benefitted from this. And again, like I said, I ain't going to complain. These all seem to be top level and the fact I got weapons and armors too, I am happy. So yeah guys, if you haven't lugged in today, go check. I have checked all my alt characters, but it seems as though only my main got diluted. And this I believe is intended like they said, they can't determine between Group B and C players. So yes people, happy days and hopefully from here on in, the game is on the up. Few problems there still need to look into and sort out though, a lot of bugs, the damage migration issue, which I did post a video on earlier, which I've seen has helped many people out already, and also the connectivity issues, especially the multiplayer expeditions. That for me right now is the main problem, as well as my cyclone when I'm playing in somebody else's host, coming out of my cyclone and getting that walking bug where you can't move, that's so annoying. But yeah guys, it seems as though like I said, they may have made a mistake here, rewarding people that never had any issues. What fair game. If you like me, received any amazing legendaries, happy days. But on that note, the end of the video has arrived. If you enjoyed it, leaving a like really helps out. If you're new around here and want to see more outriders on a daily basis, be sure to subscribe. And if you never want to miss a video update, you can turn notifications on by hitting that bell button. But guys, thanks as always for stopping by and hopefully I will see you on that next one.