Live from New York, it's Ask an engineer everybody. It's time for your one hour of Ada. Goodness. It's me lady Ada with me and mr. Lady Ada I'm the engineer and mr. Lady is on camera control helping out with the chats taking care of stuff coming up with code discount code words We're broadcasting from downtown Manhattan in the Ada fruit headquarters where we do over kidding shipping manufacturing testing coding videoing and More right now. The factory is sound asleep We're the only two here because it's late and it's time for Ask an engineer But normally this place is a buzz with activity as we manufacture as much as we can with the part shortage at hand But for the next hour like I mentioned, we're going to be talking about all the news and more in the maker hacker engineering community Mr. Lady Ada, why don't you tell them what is on tonight's show jam-packed show on tonight? Each other code is micro adapter 10% off in the Adafruit store all the way up to 1159 p.m Or so when I turn the code off it gets you 10% off anything in stock in the Adafruit store Talk about our Adafruit live series of shows including show and tell is hosted tonight a lot of time travel this week We've got ship shortage and this week. It's microchip We've got from the mail bag Jobs from the Adafruit jobs board It's an advanced manufacturing made in New York City factory footage some 3d printing We've got Ion MPI this week is CUI devices. We got some new products We got some top-secret we answer your questions over on discord adafruit.it Discord where you can join all 34,000 of us all that and more on you guessed it Ask an engineer. Hey, okay, so let's just pay some bills real quick Micro-adopters the code as you add things to your cart you can see that you get free things free things $99 or more. We're gonna give you a free perma-proto half-size breadboard. It's our favorite freebie For the $99 range a $149 or more you get a KB 2040 Even though there's a silicon shortage. We can still get you a RP 2040 board. That's pink It's pro micro pinout. It's got cast-alated pads It's got the KB because a lot of people use it for keyboards But it's also a great mic controller that can run Arduino micro python or circuit python It's a wonderful little micro controller and it's free when you order from us $150 or more and $199 or more you get free UPS ground shipping in the continental United States and hopefully we'll bring back the circuit playground express freebie when we can get more circuit playground Expressive but for now that's what we got. There's a free stuff and don't forget the code throughout the show tonight. Okay, and Don't forget if you're looking for something like a raspberry pi or pretty much anything in the future You'll probably want to make an account on adafruit.com Verify your account you just click an email once you receive it from us and then put two-factor authentication Not only on adafruit site, but any site you have the chance to do that because that is the world we live in But that allows us to manage the raspberry pi orders specifically because there's a shortage And we've successfully cut down on the ebay sellers that we're selling them for like three or four hundred dollars People that were buying multiple ones And other people couldn't get them. So thank you for your understanding patients and also securing your account We do a bunch of live shows Um This week so we did uh show until for like three weeks in a row some of the folks uh on the team On vacation doing other stuff. So it is their turn to host many a back. So this week. Liz hosted the show Thank you so much. Liz. I think next week is jp. And then after that knowing Pedro We do show until every single week 7 30 p.m Eastern time You can check youtube or discord. That's where you get the link you join in you show and share your projects It's super chill if you don't get a chance to stop by This week or you didn't get a chance to stop by This week come by next week or the week after or the week after or the week after the week after the week after We're going to be doing this pretty much For a very long time. So show and share your projects, especially if it's stuff from a fruit, but not a requirement at all On sundays we do from the desk of lady aida. It's in two parts Part one and we're going to show some of this in a bit is some of the uh top secret stuff But what did you have on? Okay, what did I have? Um, I think I was talking about um Oh, goodness. Oh, I was looking for an alternative for the lsm. Sorry. I slid all the way to the side I was looking for an alternative for the lsm 60s 33 It's a six-dough sensor that we use in a lot of our boards including the feather sense and the clue This chip is no longer available. It's end of line and it's completely like missing from planet earth So I found a good alternative The lsm 60s 3 trc and I even got it working in arduino. So it's good I will be also designing a feather tft with an nrf 52 840 chip that uses that I also showed off some samples including These adorable led filaments which I have a longer video later to show so we showed those off And also, um, I showed off some clicky switches with leds built in Yeah, at the end of the show when we do the top secret, we're going to enlist your help to name these filaments Um Also on desk of leda, we do the great search and that's where leda uses her power of engineering to find the part You need on digikey.com. Thanks digikey make that segment possible leda. What did you try to find this week? Okay, man this week. Oh, that's right. I was looking for a good beginner scope We have a lot of people email us and they're like I wanted to get in a oscilloscope I'm in school or I'm just starting engineering and I have a budget of about a $500 $500 for an oscilloscope So I kind of went through digikey and I showed um, some good scope options. I talked about the trade-offs of bandwidth memory depth number of channels And there were some other things And basically, you know, you're going to pay more the more you want So what are the important trade-offs and what are the trade-offs? I think are worth making as a beginner and I found one or two good desktop oscilloscopes with nice big displays Good memory depth good bandwidth Two or four channels for about, you know, 400 or 650 dollars for the four channel version. Okay JP was back this week. We did JP's product pick of the week That's where we do a live broadcast from the product page discounts automatically applied. This is this week's highlight from jp The neopixel 332 silicone bead LED strip it is a half meter. So there's 166. I believe LEDs in there and it is gorgeous. So this is individually addressable neopixel leds I've plugged it into a qt pi rp 2040 with a little battery bff and a little lipo battery And as you can see here You get a really nice Nearly solid display. You can see as they dim there They will start to reveal the trick but at more moderate brightness levels And this is only at I think 0.35 on brightness It almost looks like a continuous neon strip except it's got this individually addressable rgb effect to it Which is really cool. That is my product pick of the week. It is the neopixel 332 silicone bead half meter led strip And um Tom park's workshop is back this week. So check it out tomorrow You'll also be able to check out circuit python parsec on Friday if we do deep dive We do that with tim 2 p.m pacific check that out for the innards of circuit python and more Dive deep in circuit python with tim also known as omegai So we have some time travel and this week we got a bunch of stuff A little bit different because it's summer and there's activities and events and more And when we go to an event or something We like to go there and imagine all of you with us and share it So i'm going to get to that in a second, but we did have a couple Just odds and ends some of these we do each week This one is new So get out your phones if you use tiktok. We're up to 60 000 fans followers friends on tiktok We put Kind of random stuff there some of the videos we do so if you have your phone This is a tiktok cure code looking thing I'll leave this up just for another second if you have tiktok just hold the phone With the camera up to the screen and you'll be able to add aid fruit And you know sometimes just the short form nature of it We'll put some really fast and funny things on there and uh, you know There's a lot of things that you can do at social media And i'll just say this straight up We try to use it for Positive things and by positive things is is this something that's going to make someone happy delighted Inspired to share Build something and so I know that there's a lot of different accounts that are out there and A lot of the things that happen on social medias people dunking on each other or being mean But whatever we do on our social media accounts. Um, we like to think like well, this is the definition of wholesome could be Uh, a lot of different things But I think that's kind of the way you could view it So if you're if you're looking for something like if you're gonna have if you're gonna do social media stuff There are some accounts that are probably interesting for folks who like to do electronics. So anyways, thank you everybody over there 60 000 folks and uh, you know, we we don't we don't fit in the in the algorithms Box often like with youtube and stuff like that. So every subscriber is a real Person it's a real follower. Um, we don't get the artificial followers and views because we just do stuff a little different Eight bucks you can go to eight of bucks.com. We update any new information Every single week we wanted to ship our winner edition, but of course that did not happen So now we're talking about well, it's spring. It might even be spring summer We're getting closer to being able to ship. It's just a lot of parts are out of stock And if we can't get the parts we can't ship data box So, um, we're deciding eventually if we're going to send an email update We don't like to do that because blasting out thousands of emails generally doesn't it doesn't work So thank you everyone who gets the word out for us on all the platforms out there Also here and we have our videos. Um, but when we have a definitive like, okay, things are in hand It's about to ship we really happening We'll send something out But you don't have to worry if you have an eight of box subscription because we only charge The cards when we ship it. That's right. So yeah, okay next up On friday, I went to nyc resistor. Yay And this was the curse technology shop. It's the 12th annual interactive show curse technology And uh, becky stern was a curator becky used to work here at ater fruit and also I worked with becky at make Did an excellent job dj smokey was there all the artists was great And so what I thought I would do and when I was there it was just like, you know what folks who watch Ask an injured in year will probably like this. So I just started a quick video It's like two and a half minutes and it's just some of the sights and sounds Of nyc resistor through this lens here Okay, so that was nyc resistor you can check out the artists on the nyc resistor blog They have a pretty cool. Yeah, that's cool and weird. I like I like weird cool electronic art. Yeah Delivers we went to the mystery of life. This is by rebeck Wayne chuck and this is a gallery not too far here from aid fruit called here now And it's a combination of kind of historical traditional Tibetan buddhist looking art, but there's a really neat take on it and you could tell why we went because you know cyborg uh stuff circuit boards inside of some of the Illustrations and art that you normally associate with Buddhism and more and uh, you know about modern take once in a while you'll see mickey mouse in there melting iPhones and really beautiful stuff and uh Free to the public. We went on another little gallery thing If you're in new york city check it out It's just time to go out to galleries and that's what new york's about in the spring and summer And then if you have your phone you want to learn more about this you can hold it up right now You can go back to the video later and you can look at all the artworks more of the descriptions And more they opened up a little store on the website and you can get a pretty cool Tote bag or a notebook or I think they had a couple other things, but really neat stuff and Quickly becoming one of my favorite artists. Okay, uh next up we're gonna do The now most popular segment I know I feel bad last week we didn't get to we had such a gem packed show There's so many chip shortages to do we ran out of time to do chip shortage. So Let's do this week's chip shortage This week the chips that we can't get are from microchip and uh It's uh, it's kind of uh devastating for a lot of us out here because y'all know Lots of chips are from microchips. So lady, what's the chips that we really can't get that we really really need Okay, this week's chip shortage is like a very popular chip one of the first chips that we used in kits Everyone knows this is the at mega 328 Uh, sometimes called the 328p, which is a lower power version We use, you know, two versions the Tqfn and tqfp version Honestly, I always take the qfn because I can always put a qfn where qfp was I can't always do the other way around but we both have both on orders What I thought was interesting is actually this is not recommended for new designs, which I you know, I've noticed I think I mentioned um on the Descalady eight at the lsm 90s one from from st Which is a sensor that people really loved also is nrnd Uh, I'm a little scary because this is a uh very popular chip and that's I don't think they're going to discontinue it I think they're just saying hey like this chip is like over 10 years old 15 years old now Yeah, and we're seeing like you know 2023 and they have a preferred partner program We're a part of that we paid for the the stuff in advance and the days just keep changing. So what um What products do we do we we use this in the feather 328p that we can't make right now the metro 328, you know, we ordered these Back in 2021 a year and a half ago almost Um when it was like, you know 52 week lead time and we like I don't know maybe I was Optimistic I was like, well, you know, I believe you 52 weekly time. I'll order now and I need this many in a year um, it's over a year now and All of our orders have been pushed out another year. So we might not get it for Two years. So this is affecting a lot of schools. Yeah, it's affecting educators. It's a lot of people making kits Yeah, a lot of people making projects and the stuff that we make and sell is usually for people to help others Make and sell and become engineers boards people want to you know, it's ironic You can actually get a dev board for cheaper than individual chip now Yeah, but we don't sell the individual chips. We always put them on dev boards for people to learn with to write code with it's it's you know It's a platform for this chip and we've supported this chip and written a ton of code for it over the last 15 years So i'm not asking for anything other than please ship the chips that we ordered over a year ago in the timeline That was originally promised to us. Yeah, it's not like a special favor It's just like we just want the stuff we ordered and paid for it from over a year ago So, um, you know, and if and if there is Things that the companies want to start bundling like oh, we don't have enough chips Well, how about you allocate some to the companies that are doing the most open source code for that chip? Yeah, all we're doing is making more developers. Um, so and getting it to students request and kids So it's on the digikey site. You can see zero in stock And uh, forever. Yeah, this is what our this is what everything looks like always in forever. Okay, you're in stock And uh, please please please. So how many how many do we need? We need, you know, 2000 just to tide us over. We did order 15 000 a year ago With the expectation that we would get them. We have money more than that on order It's just that that was like the order that we booked back in march 2021 Um, but yeah, I think even you know a reel of a 2000 or 4000 would Tide us over if we really aren't getting it for another year We need about eight eight to ten thousand at least and uh, sona chet says the 328p qfn a company that quoted them 40 dollars per chip, which is ridiculous You should be a good dollar and then for the qfp ones Some companies are starting to use the clones because they're you have no choice It's actually a problem because you know the clones are not There's actually code that we've seen that does not run well on the clones or they don't They you know, it's like they act weird. Um, so those clones are not I wouldn't use them because I I think that there would be problems with some libraries, especially when you're really using all the interrupts and you're You're using the timers. Um, I don't think those clones do a very They don't do a hundred percent job and that's this week's chip shortage. We'll see you next week because this ain't ending Okay, every week you send us letters and we read them. Here we go Letters, letters, letters this week. It's short one. This one comes from vc. I'm a software developer never thought I would ever touch electronics Raspberry Pi then finding Adafruit created a new hobby. How awesome. Yes. It's our new Board of the day. I feel like if we're gonna have to go through all this, we might as well have some catchy tunes. That's right um jobs.adafruit.com this is where you can post your skills and Connect up with folks that are looking to hire folks like you or if you're a company and you're looking for Makers, hackers, artists, engineers, programmers, folks that are familiar with Adafruit stuff are really anything We review each job and we moderate them to make sure they're not scammy or sketchy So this is a programmer usb usb 32 from bit bang gaming llc It's a contract position and then firmware programming for an rp 2040 pcb from octa keys This is perfect for people who've done arduino code with teeny usb, man You're if you if you know it you love it. We have great example codes You can base we had some company concept today and they were like can we use Your code for our product. That's a very very big company and we're like as long as you obey the license You're good to go. All right. Let's do some Python on hardware Okay, big news. Um circuit python 8 alpha 1 is released Um, this is the start of the next version of circuit python. Please test it. Please give us feedback It's you know pretty stable, but there's some fixes and there's going to be a bunch of stuff for the final revisions Um, you could check out the entire list of things But uh, and I'm going to get to the the big news. I'm going to skip this part Do you want me to talk about the what's the big changes?  Yeah Um, so when we go to a major revision change, uh, which is the first letter the first number from like 5 to 6 6 to 7 7 to 8 It means that we've introduced breaking changes. That means that code will have to be updated Um, you know, if it's a if it's a medium or a minor Number change or a bug fix number change Usually code doesn't break usually us fixing things. This is actually where we're changing stuff. So for example gamepad shift which was um, uh Deshi poos library to manage You know gamepads that use the shift register We're now using our more generic and powerful keypad library that has It has more support for different configurations Um, the functionality is there, but the code needs to change and also one wire has moved From bus IO or bit bang IO into one wire IO. That's because it is kind of like bit bang It's not really it doesn't really fit in either and also we had some space considerations um, and also we're starting to add um dot end which is Environmental setting support and this is in prep for The wi-fi workflow that we're going to be adding in eight. Okay, and I'm going to skip this other news here Um, I leave it's now available in the app store This is the easiest most fun way that you can get code from your isos ios device to A bluetooth device like the blue fruit Or the clue uh, check it out. It makes it really fun And uh super easy kind of like circuit python if you think about how easy circuit python is even easier This is even easier and we know not everyone uses computers. Some only use phones. So this is our First attempt of many to help people who are Using their phones for their primary computing device Okay, pie ohio talks were announced um, the board election dates for 2022 for the python software foundation You can do nominations. You can um help out. You can vote There's a lot of things coming up. Uh, if this is important to you, we have it all in one spot There's some new updates to python that might make it faster. Some people are really into that Wow, it's almost twice as fast. Yeah, um, and was on the circuit python show You could tune into that ten next things had Uh, some streaming with circuit python and then just look at this rgb ball an ending projects With python on hardware if you jellyfish. Yeah Yeah, there's there's a lot going on. There's also, um another ti calculator that uses python In france, it's pretty much. Well, it is the national programming language This seems to be what's happening in the rest of the country in the world, too but the big news That I want to talk about uh this week is, uh, is just the grand release This is the yeah, this is the big deal. So circuit python eight has a new poster We have a poster for every version of circuit python, uh starting with version three And uh special thanks to expressive we reached out to them. We said, hey, this this version of circuit python Is going to have a bunch of stuff in it that works well with your chips and more and we're big fans So they sent us over the branding Logo user guide guidelines. We put together a couple different ideas that we thought that would, uh be an homage to expressive and You know They let us go with this one. They let us do it. It's pretty cool. They let us do it So I wanted to zoom in on some of the features and some of the things on this So this is going to be a poster in our store and on our show later. We'll talk about this as a coming soon product But what I wanted to do is just give me an idea of Just the history of some of the the posters just so you could see What um And I'm just gonna search for poster. Yeah, I started for poster. So let me go back to our Thing here and you can just see the thumbnail. So this is uh circuit python eight We have um, oh speaking of uh, there's eight left of circuit python poster. These are these are all limited We only do a small run I think my favorite one is circuit python seven because it's the the great merge with micro python and circuit python Hot air balloon This is This is when we worked with nordic They were kind enough to give us permission to use their logo too. It feels like it was just yesterday Yeah, and then the circuit python three poster That's the first one. I think yeah, and then this is a poster that I did a long time ago make robot friend not robot enemy That was from the sony engineer who said toron son very important. Don't make robot Enemy make robot friends Um, and then we had a lot of robots faster. So these are just you know limited runs of things We must see to this for our staff But if you wanted to pick one up now would be the time or at least Get ready for when we have those in stock and that is this week's python hardware news We deliver this to your inbox every single week. Please sign up over on a to fruit daily.com It's a completely separate site because we don't want to ever have anyone think that we spam them So we made a separate site just for the newsletters and we never do anything with your content Your information or anything. We just send you the email you sign up for and that's that We're not the server company. It's true. Um We're actually like I think it's more like a a force of good That that does art and science and electronics and we just happen to also be an electronics Company that does open source hardware. So we have two thousand six hundred and eighty eight guides What's on the big board this week? Okay, um Let's see. I think we updated the new key trinky guide. We now have the factory reset Um, we've also got a guide from matt s drak Um on how to run um bad. Sorry. Can you can you just make it? I think it's box 86 But I can't read the text. Okay. Thank you. Uh, yeah, what's in box a six? So box a six is interesting. It's like a um, like an emulator that that runs on arm core that lets you run x86 linux projects or linux executables Um, and then you can also run wine So then you on top of that you can also run windows emulation because the windows emulator requires x86 Um, so you showed some examples of like you could run uh starcraft on your raspberry pi 4 Stuff something that wasn't ported to the arm core But you could run it through emulation mode. Um, so check out the guide It's it's great if you have a pi 4 or pi 400 It's a it's a wonderful way to get some of the most popular games That are pre-compiled. They might only come as executable binaries for or maybe you still want to recompile them for x86 running on An arm core such as that on the raspberry pi or other single board linux computers tend to be arm cores Uh, next up. We've got some updated and new guides jp updated the video nub jank To add an ntsc bar Um demo Uh example, um, I actually requested this because I need to test ntsc displays all the time And i'm always like pulling out a raspberry pi and like just like loading the firmware on it and stuff And uh, I was like, can I just have a thing that just gives me ntsc color bars? I can tell if if i'm getting good Um data from into this ntsc port and you did that so you added a page Of a new project from known pager. They were on break for a couple weeks. They are back now How to CNC wouldn't building bricks. They are these are beautiful Lego compatible bricks that they made from Some scrap wood that they had left over some cutoff pieces using their 3d mail and they also showed a neat trick on how to do the double-sided design So watch that video Liz wrote up a guide for the qt pi esp32 s3 with arduino and circuit python code We'll add whipper snapper to that guide as well And then an worked with uh brenden and the community to Have a little guide on installing iron os on the mini hot plate that we stock in the shop It's cool that you can now hack your tools to uh run tetris on them or code either way Yeah, check it out if you have one of our mini hot place And you maybe want to upgrade the firmware cool open source project. You can also support their efforts They have a github sponsor thing on there. I believe I'm gonna go check that out and because they How does Work with them with a guide. I think we'll try to say thank you and there's lots of ways One of them is uh, we'll probably donate a little bit of money to the effort to keep this going It's a nice way to say thank you There's a lot of open source efforts that a couple bucks We'll send that signal. It's not the money for a lot of this folks. It's just hey, thank you Feeling of being appreciated. I'm working on something and someone notices besides Yelling at me about pull requests or features. Okay, so let's do some factory footage We are advanced manufacturing company made here in New York City. Take it away factory And it wouldn't be advanced manufacturing made in New York City unless there was a disney headquarters being built across the street from you That's what's going on here more windows All right 3d printing Are back and we've got a couple videos. We've got the Bricks building brick not the l Ego thing And uh, also a speed up In this project we'll show you how we turn scraps of wood into wooden building bricks We wanted to try milling our own building bricks using scraps of wood and cut off pieces from our recent cnc milling projects We wanted our bricks to be lego compatible so we can use them in our builds and create unique objects that showcase wood grain For most of our cnc projects. We use the desktop cnc milling machine from bantam tools We started off by surfacing our stock to a desired thickness and cut out a set of two by four bricks We used an eighth inch flat and mill to do a contour of each brick with a millimeter step down We made 15 bricks with a piece of cherry wood that was about three and a half inches by four inches Next up we used a 1 16th inch flat and mill to do the bottom side using a pocket operation This is creating the bottom side of the bricks and milling out the tubes that press fit in between the studs After milling there are noticeable burrs. So a bit of light sanding is needed to smooth out those edges I did a test fit on a lego base plate to verify the taller inches are snug enough for milling the top side I thought it'd be cool to use a lego base plate as the jig holder for milling the top side of the bricks This allows for milling batches of bricks. So we don't have to do one at a time I used the pcb alignment bracket so that I could precisely position the base plate onto the spoil board The bantam tool software uses the conductive spoil board in the tool bit to probe the alignment bracket So the origin is locked in place I used a wide piece of double-sided nitro tape to adhere the lego base plate to the spoil board Once secured to the corner origin I could just snap fit the bottom side of the bricks onto the top side of the studs They're actually nice and tight so they won't come off during the milling process In the software I just had to offset the z-height to accommodate for the thickness of the lego base plate The top side milling operation took a bit longer because the diameter of the tool is smaller But necessary for making those studs The top side didn't require any additional sanding and they're ready to go straight off the jig Once finished I removed them by pulling them off of the base plate with a fair amount of force I was quite surprised they snap fit together perfectly and squared up nicely when stacking Be sure to check out the learn guide for the recipe and a full breakdown of all the steps to CNC your own I had a lot of fun milling these lego compatible bricks And glad I found a project that can utilize all those scraps of wood I chose to make basic 2x4 bricks, but you could easily adapt this process to create unique shapes And maybe even those rare bricks that are hard to come by Thanks so much for watching and be sure to subscribe for more projects from Adafruit Learn how to make all this stuff and more on 3d hangouts with no page or every single Wednesday to 11 a.m Eastern the longest running live 3d printing show in the known universe It's true. Okay, lady. It is time for iNMPI. Okay iNMPI brought to you by Digikey and Adafruit this week. It's cui devices lady. What is this week's new product introduction? This week's iNMPI is one of my favorite things. It's a usb pd power brick from cui Um, I think you know the next sorry next image Um, so what it looks like it's basically like you're kind of standard desktop power brick This is a 30 watt power supply. It's got a usb c cable on it And it's a multi voltage usb pd power supply that you can You can see you can change the power plug to be You know us or uk or or eu and um, what I like about this series is the sdi 30 cu t series is um, basically this allows you to have a very high quality low quiescent current very efficient Power supply that you can use for your products. It matches a lot of safety standards. It's ul. It's fcc. It's ce all the safety and compliance you want And um, the best part is because it's usb pd. Sorry usb type c pd power delivery You can use this one power plug for a vast number of projects and products that you may sell um, so if you see um down here Uh, sorry in this is the date the data sheet. So can you uh expand? Yeah, yeah So you can see at the bottom there it says the output voltages For example, five volts. You can get three amps nine volts three amps 15 volts 12 amps and 20 volts 1.5 amps So basically, you know 30 watts maximum to get the maximum voltage, of course you have to go to 15 or 20 volts you can't get that at five volts because usb c doesn't really like to give you more than three amps no matter what the voltage But the power supply will automatically select the correct voltage Based on the usb c device that it's plugged into And I think that this is a handy because this is a nice upgrade to What we've been using for the last like 20 30 50 years Which is 5.5 millimeter slash 2.1 millimeter dc jacks You have these, you know, I'm sure you have tons of these types of power adapters At home they look like this if they're called wall warts because they're a little bit warty You plug them in and you get that 2.1 slash 5.5 millimeter jack on the end But the thing that's really annoying is every power adapter is slightly different So like this one for example is 9.1 amp, but you have to look on the label Some are going to be 5 volts 2 amps some are going to be 20 volts half an amp I mean they can be any voltage, you know almost any current limiting amount And some are you know ac only some are dc output some are positive tips some are negative tip You know, there's one connector, but it's used for like, you know a variety of different voltages and current capabilities So, you know one solution is well, you can have one of these adjustable adapters where you can dial in Voltages this is like I think a 3 to 12 volt adapter and you can see it's got that standard 5.5 2.1 millimeter end Here's one from another company where you you can select different voltages and different tips Almost everybody has one of these and then you immediately lose the tips and You're really annoyed because it's the one you wanted So basically everybody has a gigantic pile of power supplies For all of the things in your house and you can never throw anything away because that's the one power supply you need You know because you need like some weird voltage like 3 volts at 5 amps for your battery charger or something So, you know a couple years ago, maybe 10 15 years ago a lot of companies, especially companies making small Gadgets and electronic devices where like we can't take it anymore First off the dc jack is a huge connector second You never know what you're going to get and the risk is very high that people are going to plug in the wrong kind of adapter So let's go with usb because usb is 5 volts 5 watts 1 amp maybe 2 amps so you can get 10 watts if you if you don't mind having a thick cable So here's a ceo i devices power adapter It's nice and svelte. It's got this like oval shape very Nifty looking you plug usb in and then you can use this to charge I mean this is really popularized by mobile phones, you know, everybody has this mobile phone or You know mobile music player or gps or watch or whatever electronic device That you charge over usb or micro usb So you can get these with you know, this is a version of the adapter that has the micro usb plug in it You have a raspberry pi computer. You're well aware that this is how you power your raspberry pi Basically, you know arduino, whatever very very common and this works wonderfully as long as what you're powering is 5 volts and no more than 10 watts So stuff that's powered off of a lithium ion battery is great because lithium ion batteries Are 3.7 volts, you know 4.2 volts you can power them and charge them from 5 You're good to go But the thing is is that this doesn't solve the problem for larger devices in the house And that's where uh, you know people basically said look we cannot You know if you have a tablet your 10 watts is actually not really enough to charge or run a tablet or a laptop So the usb implementation forum came up with the idea of power delivery, which you're you're starting to see in a bunch of devices Basically, um, you can get up to 100 or even 200 watts of power different voltages and it's one plug but the client device not the power supply but the power sink Negotiates it tells the supply what how much power how much current how much voltage it needs And then the power delivery device does its best So you can see here, for example, it's like, you know usb 2 really was supposed to be 2 and a half watts But really people used it at like, you know 5 watts And then usb type c, you know, you can get up to 5 volts 3 amps, you know with 1.2 And then pd which is very common now almost everything is usb pd 100 watts is easy and multiple different voltages Which is great if you have devices that have 8.4 volts battery packs So you need 9 or 12 volts to charge them Or it's a laptop or it's a monitor something like really needs a you know huge backlight or a lot of power It needs or it's a pump or something. It needs, uh, you know up to 100 watts of power You can get that over usb c Um, one thing to note. This is from the ci blog, by the way Check out the blog. They have a great in the text version of this There's a great blog post about usb pd Um, you cannot This is kind of obvious, but I didn't realize it depending on the wattage you need you're going to have to Go with a voltage that will provide up to that much current because You're really best off not trying to draw more than 3 amps over a usb type c cable There are fancy cables. You can do 5 amps, but people don't always have the fancy cable So really do 3 amps, which means that you know as you reach 30 watts you can't use 5 volts anymore. You have to use like 15 or maybe the higher end of 9 So like just be aware right like the you know, if you can't get more than 3 amps If you need 60 watts, you need 20 volts to do that And if you get into the higher voltages, you need these thick cables for usb c that can carry 5 amps, but that said you can in this power adapter doesn't do more than 30 watts anyways But if you get one of those 100 watt power supplies One thing I recommend and I'll that I'm going to show the demo with is we we stock in digikey stocks this little like usb like Power throwing star. It's really great because it'll tell you whether the voltage was what voltage was negotiated over usb pd It's great for testing Because not every you know every device has some you know As you design your device and you have the usb pd Sink you want to make sure that it works Properly based on what power supply is plugged into because now You know if you're going to be using a power supply like this people might plug it into their computer that cannot provide 12 volts or 20 volts. It can only provide 5 your device just has to let people know. Hey, I'm not in charge mode I'm you know in low power mode because I'm not getting the full amount or basically somehow communicate But to debug it I recommend one of these little adapters. I use them every day Um, and we also have an excellent guide that one of our staff creative Engineer rnd people wrote up all about usb c this graphic as also by a graphic designer Check it out. It's on the learning system learn to a4.com just search for usb type c And then let me show off the overhead This demo So Okay, here is the ceo i devices. So the thing to note with usb pd is what you want to look at is the output So, you know again with uh usb non usb pd power supplies is going to say like 5 volt 3 amps or 9 volt 1 amp with this it actually shows multiple voltages And compare this to earlier power supplies where you'd actually have like you sometimes get weirdo connectors with like 4 pins Because you'd get like 5 volts and 12 volts This one provides only one voltage, but it can provide any of these So you don't get like 20 volts at one and a half amps plus 5 volts at 3 amps. You have to choose one or the other Um, and the way you choose is again, there's this usb c cable on the end So i'm going to do a little bit of a uh, I did a little bit of a hack because it's like I wanted to plug in different things. Um, so for example Let's say I plug in You know, and this is my my usb throwing star. So this is the into the adapter and this is going to Um, just visualize what the voltage is that it's getting Uh, so this is plugging into a cutie pie Which requires only 5 volts so you can see the voltage the v plus here is 5.05 so it negotiated 5 volts Uh, that's great And then what I wanted to do is I wanted to plug in from last week. I showed off these Funky cables that can give you that they have a pd sync chip inside of them That will Uh request 20 volts from it. And so I have a little like usb jack-to-jack adapter So that's why I like got that. I just like wanted a quick adapter to convert the two So you can plug in this cable And then I have to Re plug it in And this time You'll see down here on the voltage it says 19.8. So it got 20 volts So basically this cable or you know the device you plug in this ui adapter has to negotiate and say Hey, I want More than 5 volts Um, use a special chip for that. There's a lot of companies that make them. They're only like a dollar or two But this way, you know, no matter what gets plugged in it can request the right voltage Um, and if it doesn't get it, it will know that didn't get the right voltage. So I recommend if you're going to get this power supply to integrate it Debug with this and of course also get a proper usb pd sync chip to go along available on digike In stock there's two versions one version has a power cable. That's a usa You know three prong and one does not so if you're like, why is one 25 bucks and one's 20 bucks the 25 dollar one has the usb cable or the power cable That's line up All right, it's time for you guessed it Yeah, okay, so first up coming soon. It's that circuit python 8 poster it talked about thank you so much expressive for uh going on this journey with us Letting us get this art approved and more it'll be in the store shortly Have a limited number that is the poster. Okay next up. Okay. Next up. It says the update is a Two times Double a battery holder, but here's the thing. I really like it's got this like built-in mechanical switch Which I think is wonderful for educational projects But we had people who wanted to use these in breadboards or they want to use them in play dough Or whatever they wanted like the premium ends that um, you know, you didn't like we had like bare ends before So we just got these updated They now have premium ends on them wonderful for a breadboard project Or you can stick them in any kind of material And they'll just do a better job at staying in place because they've got nice tips. Okay next up Um Next up this clear tag which we originally had in my fair classic. We now also have an n tag 203 This is the new, you know, my fair fancy version Classic is less supported these days Um, I recommend you go to n tag 203 only the oldest stuff will not support n tag It requires my fair classic Honestly, every phone that's made in the last like five ten years Once n tag more than my fair. So Pick these up. They physically look the same, but they have a different chip inside Next up and this is the code was based on micron up here.  It's a little micro. It's it's actually meant to be embedded in a product Which is why it's kind of like a little like Robotic looking. Yeah, this is you know, you want it as small as you could possibly get It's a little skeletal, but it does work quite well And then you know, you have a reversible usb connection instead of uh usb-a. So it's a little port adapter next up um Next up we have from expressive, which uh, you know, again, they've been rocking out with us This is the s3 box Light just does not come with a dock. It's basically the same as the s3 box before But there's just a little less expensive. There's no dock that comes with it It's a little box with I think like a two inch screen three buttons You know, you've got you know, we're just showing here a little animation Of scrolling through some of the capabilities Um, I can show real fast maybe Maybe I'll plug this into my usb-cui adapter Uh, so you go to the overhead and I'll I'll demo this. Yeah, I figured show some of the photos. Yes. You ready? Yeah, go for it Okay, so it's got uh usb-c. It's got this screen I plug this in It's just a little animation Just curious. This is the built-in demo. Of course you can program it.  Oh weird. Oh, is it okay? Yeah, it's slowed down Um, so you have a little like a control surface. Yeah, I think I think that's interfering with something. Whoops. Yeah. Oh boy. I broke everything We're back. That's exciting Did we mention this is live? Okay, um, and then uh help and there's just a little documentation basically it's a little um All-in-one box that has sensors speaker little mounting holes um Slots you can plug in stuff with an esp32 s3. So if you just want to get a project up and running really fast uh from expressive Um, this is a uh a quick way to uh to get started with your esp32 s3 project There's iesp espidf support and I think we actually added circuit python support for this board as well except Okay, this is interesting. Um, you know, we didn't stock a lot of these these are um hall effect Like a dimmer, um knobs So they look like potentiometers, but they're they're faders Often you've seen these in av control panels and they're like kind of fancy and nice Or like aeronautic stuff So this is like a very smooth motion That goes back and forth. It's not a potentiometer inside is a hall effect sensor Which will send and that's a little bit of circuitry. They'll send out a linear voltage On the yellow wire.  It's got mounting holes. And there's a diagram. It's just like Really really nice. Um, and it's meant to last for like decades. So, uh, you know Again often used in av equipment where it cannot fail because you're you're fading between Live and recorded and you can't mess that up.  Um, it's got a very smooth feel I feel like if you want something like this You know motion or action, there's really nothing other than one of these fader knobs to do it. So Um, you know, if you're creating an interface and you want to be really nice I know these are a little expensive, but I think they're worth it Um, and they definitely have a really good build quality to them. All right I'm gonna start this show tonight besides you, Lidia, our team, our staff, our employees Our friends The community our customers all y'all is A breadboard, but it's a premium breadboard People have asked for these so we had the large breadboard In premium style and now this one. So basically we've had breadboards for a while and they were okay They were good, but this is like a really really nice breadboard.   They plug in very easily without difficulty, but they're also in place I also wanted to change the marking from blue to black because I kind of Like black ground red power. I don't know and another thing that is fancy about these is Um, they come with a metal plate. So if you would like to not have the Sticky back that could possibly rip and be annoying Uh, you basically put the plate on the back the back. This can also help with EMI Or at least I learned that in school. I don't know if it's actually true Um, but also make for a very nice, uh solid Backing you can connect them together. Of course if you want to like stick Yeah, they they have little nubs on the side so you can stick them side to side Um, but basically if you're ever really annoyed of like breadboards are like, uh, it's really hard To put stuff in and remove it. Um, these are buttery smooth. So buttery smooth breadboards Are here. All right, that's new products Okay, you did it. Um, you did adapter is the code We are going to go over to discord in just a few moments and answer your questions join all 34 000 of us, you know the You know the deal over there. Um, we're going to just stop top secret And then we're going to check out your questions. So top secret this week is exciting We're going to show two videos Back to back and then on the other side You're going to help us name this product All right, lady. What is this? This is spaghetti. No, this is actually really cool. This is led filament You can see if you look carefully, there's this like long line ladder line of leds In this, uh, Weber silicone coating and it makes for this like beautiful extremely soft Pure light tube. Um, this is pink. I've also got a couple other colors Like this one is green The only thing is it's always not always clear which side is positive and which side is negative. So 50 50 chance to get it, right? But they all went off of three volts Um, and there's like blue and green and yellow and warm white Um, and they have this kind of look of like perfect el wire and extremely flexible and soft and they're not too expensive either Only a couple bucks. So, um testing out these samples to get them into the adafruit shop and they look good so far Related to what is this? Well in addition to these cool flexible led filaments. I also got um a stiff filament So these are used in led light bulbs. It looks just like an incandescent filament. It's extremely bright when you power it with three volts Um, but it's got this pure white warm white light that goes all the way around Uh, I think this could be cool for like DIY light bulbs or wearables Um, it also, you know has this look of a pure white light that could be cool for uh cosplay It's very skinny and all you need is three, uh, 3.3 volts to light it up So I thought we'd stock some of these and people can, um make interesting illuminated, uh costumes and props wearables displays etc Okay, and into discord chat i'm gonna post, uh, the names that came in so far the current winner is, uh Or in the lead at least A does love laces. I mean come on that's like That's pretty good And so we have uh the longer ones different colors and then we have the ones that you look like, you know Fill them inside of of a light bulb. So that's this week's top secret. Uh You can't ask about it, but you can Potentially name it. Yes. So let's uh head over to discord and uh, we'll um We'll ask away Okay, so some folks. They said glow noodles aida fill Uh, they want to do the straight. Well, they mentioned the straight ones are good for small model building stormtrooper blaster bolts lightsabers Um people like spag led. Spag is spag. Spagletty spagletty glow worms It's patented if you're not a child of the 90s. Aida love laces is really good too neo pasta Yes jp jp. I already put in. Yeah neo filaments Okay, so, uh, I got a question lined up here for you lady Aidaford has been cranking out a lot of boards during these challenging times just a friendly inquiry. Will there be an esp 32 s2 FTF feather for arduino or is it meant to use regular esp 32 s2? Uh, there will be I have to do a poor quest to the expressive Board sport package and I just have not gone to it yet Just give me a give me a couple more days and I will uh submit that and then you will have a board definition Okay, so neo putt neo pasta. That's from jp people like neo pasta. The only thing is it's not neopixel It's not like rgb aluminum noodles. Ooh, aluminum noodles. That's a good one. Aluminum noodles aluminum noodles Yeah, aluminum noodles Aluminum noodles, let's see Aluminum noodles, aida fill, I know uh, led gweenie Led gweenie All right. I think everyone's got like food based Yeah, I could tell I could tell people are hungry. I'm hungry too. Yeah All right, they are very it really does even feel like spaghetti, you know Yeah, this these are really neat and um, we have a bunch of cool projects. We're gonna deal with them. So Let's see aluminum noodles I'll keep them coming. Let's see if there's any other questions Uh, it looks like everyone's interested in naming the sweet people like aluminum noodles. Yeah, um, I can happy wiggles aida wiggles So the question about the the raspberry pi Possibility of getting one so gotta just say it. Let's go back sign up for an account On a deferred com verify your account set up to effect or authentication. We usually do Raspberry pies availability on Wednesdays around Wednesdays and Thursdays around 11 11 30 and Thursdays And so that's your best bet and uh, we're doing a good job keeping the Folks that are buying them and selling them for like two or three hundred dollars. They're starting to move on But um, we should mention We only are allowing one raspberry pie per customer And that includes all the different kinds of raspberry pies. So you cannot get a pie four Gig and then a pie eight gig and then a pie two gig pick pick your pie get your pie Hold onto your pie because we don't have enough to go around for people that have multiple pies Just it's not possible right now Believe me if I could I would but we just can't there just are not enough raspberry pies And we there's a lot of people who really just need one And we want to make it fair you want to make sure that people who just need one can get one So I know that there's people out there who are like I need four. I need eight I want to build my Beowulf cluster because I'm back in 1996 and I'm reading slash dot Now's not the time pick other projects, um or recycle some other work Look, you've probably got like 25 unfinished projects. So why don't you go work on those? Yeah When you get through all of your back logs of projects, then maybe we can build a Beowulf cluster other ones that came in um dragon veins grave cord led Lady g alfredo. I think jp is just He's just stretching you could tell you could tell jp. He's stretching the pasta. He hasn't eaten dinner yet Um, yeah Okay, pretty good stuff. Okay. Well, I'll put these up in our our internal list of names and everything and if we pick one of y'all Um, we'll send you out. We'll send you out some led chino alfredo.  We don't see that but advertising and marketing we're We're terrorized by it every second. So all of us see catchy names and signs and logos It's one of the few things that we all get to have opinions about. Yeah, because it saturates us so, you know every other profession they they have their time and their place and It's it's knowledge that's learned over time and to craft and everything But everyone could be good at naming everyone could be good at Marketing things because we all kind of know what we like. We usually say, oh, that's pretty good. And so I feel like sometimes um names and things can be you know Something we can all participate in okay Well looks like folks are going to continue to put some cool names in that is our show for this week I'm going to uh go over to the code. It's micro adapter Use it Or lose it. Uh, I'll probably turn it off in a couple hours. So uh go for it made for dot com we very much appreciate you supporting us A woman owned electronics company here in Manhattan one of the few the only And we're doing open source and we're going to keep doing open source in case you're wondering In case you're wondering what we're all up to that's what we're doing. Um, so we will uh, we'll keep doing this if Okay, go everybody have spaghetti. Okay, y'all want I can tell y'all want spaghetti and meatballs tonight Oh One question just snuck in um, what do you know the amp draw the volt requirements for the uh They're they're definitely for the aluminum noodles or aluminum noodles Guess it's aluminum noodles. They're three volts. I think they're about 50 milliamps. Um, but I actually I'll be honest I didn't actually check, um, but I think they're like 50 to 100 milliamps. Uh, they're all three volts Yeah, that's pretty good. And you can PWM them because I already and I think uh Jesse may is our team member here at Adafruit behind the scenes in our slack Pushing up codes doing some things helping out customers blogging some stuff It never stops here. It's all day alone. We got a lot of stuff going on. Um, jp's going off to boil some water Don't forget to salt the noodle water. Yeah So we'll see everybody next week. This is been an Adafruit production here is your moment of zener Have a fantastic week everybody and thank you so much


This video will be our last video for lecture one about our introduction to sets. Now, in terms of Judson's textbook, we're gonna be in section 1.2 for a while, because we're gonna wanna talk about functions and equivalence relationships in much more detail as these are important objects for the study of abstract algebra. But in this concluding video for lecture one, I wanted to list and prove some important properties about sets. These, in the previous video, we learned about some set operations, unions, intersections, compliments, set differences. And so I wanna prove some properties associated to those operations with names so that you can refer to them in the future, right? So the first property is referred to as the idempotency property. Idempotency, that is to say, we say an element as idempotence. When you operate it on an element itself, you get back that original element. So for example, zero plus zero is zero. So zero is an idempotent element with respect to addition. If you take one times one, this is equal to one, or also zero times zero is equal to zero. In terms of multiplication, one and zero are both idempotent elements. When you operate an element with itself, you get back itself. Well, when it comes to unions and intersections, this is also true for sets. A union A is equal to A and A intersect A is equal to A. And this is the idempotency property. In fact, interesting enough, I had a student once who got really interested in this idea of idempotency and actually wrote a poem about it. If you're interested, you can see a link to that in the description. This was something that he wanted to do to kind of express himself and make the world a better place through poetry and abstract algebra. It was kind of fun. He presented it at a coffee shop, open mic night, I think. He actually published it in a literary journal. It was pretty cool. Again, take it out if you're into that type of stuff. Property two, we're gonna call the identity property. That is, there's identities with our operations. Like again, with integers, if I take x plus zero, this always equals to x. And if I take one times x, this always equals to x as well. We have these identity elements for the operations of addition and multiplication. It turns out unions and intersections also have these identities. If you take A union, the empty set, you always get back A. It doesn't change the set by adding the empty set to it. And then if you take A intersect, you use our universe here. You'll always get back A. Because if you want everything that's in A and in the universe, well, everything in A is inside the universe. So the intersection is unaffected when you put the union in there. So again, these are properties we see mimicked by the usual number systems that we're used to. This next one's a little bit different. The absorption property. If we take A union, the universe, that always gives back the universe. Or if we take A intersect, the empty set, we always get back the empty set. Or written in a slightly different way. If you take A intersect, the empty set, you always get back A. So the empty set's kind of like an identity for set differences on the right hand side. Not on the left hand side because it's not a commutative operation. Absorption, right? So if you operate by this dominant element union, the universe with respect to unions or the empty set with respect to intersections, you always get back that dominant element. And it turns out we actually do see things like this with number systems as well. For example, if you take zero times X, this always gives you back zero. It doesn't matter what that element X is. Or on the other hand, if you take like X plus infinity, the infinity in terms of addition has this absorption property. It's this dominant element that something plus infinity equals infinity. So it turns out even with number systems we'd see kind of this absorption property. In terms of complements, this one we mentioned in the previous video, but we'll just mention it again. A union, A complement is always equal to the universe and A intersect A complements equal to the empty set. And sort of a similar relationship. If you take A minus A, that's always gonna give you the empty set. So you get this complementary property. Commutivity, we have things like this. All you guys should mention with complements. This is kind of like additive inverses a little bit like X plus a negative X, right? This always equals zero. It's not exactly the same thing because in this with respect to unions, the universe is actually not an identity. It's the dominant element. So this is not the inverse property, but the complement property is similar to that, that given any element A, there exists some related element that gives you the dominant, not the identity. Again, that's a little bit different about set algebra. Set algebra is commutative, right? A union B is equal to B union A and A intersect B is equal to B intersect A. We're used to the commutivity property with addition and multiplication. Associativity, this has to do with redoing parentheses. A union B union C is the same thing as A union B, union C, right? You can redo the parentheses. And the same is also true for intersection. If you redo the parentheses, that is always gonna be true. So the associative property holds for set operations. You get the distributive properties. These are also some things we're kind of used to. So we see that unions intersect or they distribute over intersections. A union B intersect C is the same thing as A union B intersect A union C. So this is kind of like saying if you take like A times B plus C, this is the same thing as A B plus A C. Now, because of all our operations, we often don't write the parenthesis, but it should be something like this. If you take A times B plus C, this will equal A times B plus A times C. So you get that distributive property. So for numbers, like the real numbers, multiplication distributes over addition. Well, for sets, unions distribute over intersections, but it's also true that intersections distribute over unions. So this is kind of weird when you think of, to like the real numbers, addition does not distribute over multiplication, but for sets, intersections distribute over unions and unions distribute over intersections. It's quite phenomenal there. And then the last property, these are known as the De Morgan laws. This tells you that if you take the complement of A intersect B, this is actually the union of A complement and B complement. And if you take the complement of A union B, this gives you the intersection of A complement and B complement right there. So the De Morgan laws tell you how the complement interacts with these operations of intersections and unions. It'll toggle between them. The complement of a union is an intersection and the complement of intersection is a union. And we're gonna see why this happens for some of these properties here. We're not gonna prove all of them because many of them are left as exercises for you, the student in your homework here. But if you wanted to prove any of these identities, right, how do you prove that A union A is equal to A? That one's a little bit more elementary, but if you wanna see something a little more complicated, how do you prove it to Morgan law like this one? The complement of A intersect B is equal to the complement of A union complement B. What you wanna do is you would show that, you know, to show that two sets are actually equal, what you're gonna do is you're going to prove that A is a subset of B and that B is a subset of A. So that's how most of these proofs are gonna work. And many of them are elementary and quite straightforward. I'm gonna do a few of them. Like let's prove the associative property, one of the associative properties here. So not the associative property. I'm, excuse me, let's do one of the distributive laws. So we'll do the first distributive law together. A union B intersect C is A union B intersect A union C. So how would we prove that? So what we're gonna do is we're gonna start off by trying to prove that the first one is a subset of the other one. So we're gonna show that, so what we wanna do is we're gonna show that A union B intersect C is a subset of A union B intersect A union C, like so. So how do we show the two things are subsets? Well, we're gonna say, well, okay, let X belong to the first set, A union B intersect C, like so. And so if C belongs to this, because of the union symbol, one of two things happens, then we get that X belongs to A or X belongs to B intersect C, like so. So let's then consider the two possibilities that are happening here. So in the first case, I'm gonna color code these things here. So if X belongs to A, then we're gonna get that X belongs to A union B, because if I make the set bigger, it's still gonna be inside of there. And we're gonna get that X belongs to A union C, because again, if you make the set bigger, X will still be in there. And so thus we can see that X belongs to A union B and it belongs to A union C. This is the set on the right hand side we're trying to show here. So okay, in the first possibility, if X belongs to A, we get inside of that set, great. Well, what's the other possibility? We'll color that one blue here. If X belongs to B intersect C, then what that tells us is that X belongs to B and it belongs to C here. So we're just unraveling the definition of these two things here. If you belong to the intersection, you belong to B and you belong to C. Well, then if X belongs to B, that means X belongs to A union B, because if we make the set bigger, then it's gonna be inside there. And if X belongs to C, that means X belongs to A union C, because again, if we make the set bigger, it'll still be inside of there. And so therefore we can then say that X belongs to A union B intersect A union C. And so what we've now shown here is therefore we get that A, which direction we're going again, A union B intersect C, it belongs, it's a subset of A union B intersect A union C. So we've now shown the first direction. So that's what's summarized in this paragraph right here. We expounded it a little bit. Let's go now the other direction, right? So we wanna go the other direction. So now what we wanna show, we wanna show that A union B intersect A union C. This is a subset of A union B intersect C, like so. So let's break this thing apart here. So we're gonna let X be an arbitrary element of this set this time. So we have to go the other direction. A union B intersect A union C, like so. And so in this situation, because we have intersection, this means that then A belongs to A union, sorry, not A, our element was X. X belongs to A union B and we get that X belongs to A union C, like so. And so again, there's some situations to consider. It's in both situations. So if X belongs to A, right? Because when you look at the first one, let's rewrite that. So like note that X belongs to A or X belongs to B. So that's what we get by unraveling this one right here. So if X is in A and A is a subset of A union B intersect C here, in that situation, then we're done, right? So if X is in A, then we're done. So we're gonna assume, and that's okay, right? So assume X is in B. And so by similar reasoning, by similar reasoning, because we have the other situation going on here, right? Because we also have that X belongs to A union C. So if X was for an A, we'd be done again. So by similar reasoning, what we're gonna do is we're gonna assume that X belongs to C. Now, if that's the case, if X belongs to C, then that means that X belongs to B intersect C, which of course is a subset of A union B intersect C, which then got us the direction we wanted to go. And so therefore, right? Therefore, we conclude that A union B intersect A union C is a subset of A union B intersect C, like so. And so by showing that the subset goes in both directions, we then conclude, therefore, that the two sets are actually equal to each other. A union B intersect A union C is equal to A union B intersect C. And so this proves the first of the two distributive laws, but this is how the basic proof would work. We would show that the two sets are subsets of one another, and therefore they're equal. All the other properties can be proven in a similar manner, and those will be left up to you to prove on your own there. Best of luck everyone, and I'll see you next time.  Feel free to subscribe if you wanna see more mathematical videos like this one in the future. And if there's any questions, feel free to post them in the comments below. I'm happy to answer any questions you might have. Do so, and I'll answer them as soon as I can. See you next time, everyone, bye.


The Appalachian Wireless, 30th anniversary holiday sale is going on now from now until the end of the year. Visit us in store or reserve online for an unbelievable sale and give away. We know what you want for the holidays because we are you. We are Appalachian Wireless. Fire safety is always very important, but especially so during the holiday season. With lots of food, decorations and distractions at every corner, it can be difficult to keep an eye on what's really important when you're in the middle of all that action. To that end, we caught up with Pikeville City Fire Department's Public Information Officer Nick Fleming for some tips and strategies on how to keep yourself and your family safe this holiday season. Yeah, so we're here today to talk a little bit about fire safety in the home, particularly around Thanksgiving. Just a little fun fact, during Thanksgiving there's three times as many kitchen incidences or fires, so we want to prevent that as best we can. So just some hints and tips on that is try not to leave any food unattended at any time, so try to keep an eye on it. I know things take a little bit longer during the holidays to cook, turkeys, hams, things like that, so try to make sure to keep an eye on it, set timers to remind yourself when to check on it particularly. Along with these general tips, Fleming also had some more specific advice regarding one notoriously risky way that some may choose to prepare their Thanksgiving centerpiece. So let's talk a little bit about deep fryer safety, particularly when we're talking about deep frying our turkeys. So we want to thoroughly make sure that our turkeys are thawed out and are at room temperature because if you put a frozen turkey in there, it's going to cause a big flash fire. We do not want that. Make sure you don't use too much oil, make sure you use the correct amount of oil and we want to slowly lower our turkeys into the fryer. So use a utensil. A lot of times we have like a long spatula or a hook that comes with the fryer. We can use that to lower the turkey in there slowly and again just like anything else, keep an eye on it. With any of our cooking, we want to have a Class A, B, C extinguisher available, it's like a dry chemical extinguisher nearby just in case a fire was to erupt spatially with our deep fryers. And if you have any questions about any of your extinguishers that you may need or what type to get to come by the fire station, we'll be more than happy to help you. When asked if their station receives more calls regarding house fire incidents during the holidays, Fleming said they do, but noted an increase in medical emergencies that also occur as a result of these incidents. We do and like I said, it's three times more likely to have fire in the kitchen due to the fact that people don't take these precautions and they'll not only start a fire, but they'll get burned or injured, so you know, we'll have to respond in a medical emergency as well. So we want to try to prevent that and hopefully these tips will help you out with that. For Mountain Top News, I'm Joshua Slung.


Hey, this is Chad Bonder for High University Libraries. If you're researching a company, you'll want to compare your company against peers in that industry. This video is going to show you how to use standard and poor as an advantage to find CompuStat Excel Analytics Excel files to compare your company against others in the same industry. If you're trying to compare companies in that advantage, you'll first want to find the company that you want to compare the companies to first. And then you'll scroll down the left-hand side. Now, what you may actually click on to begin with is this competitors all or the S&P covered. The competitors all basically gives you some basic information, but nothing really to compare much about. The S&P covered competitors gives you links to the stock reports that are covered and things like that. What you really want to be looking for is the CompuStat Excel Analytics. And clicking on the CompuStat Excel Analytics link is going to first want to launch you into this download of an Excel file for the quarterly end-come statement. That's pretty good if you just want to look at one company, but I actually want to compare multiple companies. I'm going to go to the annual comparative report. It's going to prompt me to download a file again, click OK to open up in Microsoft Excel. And then once that loads, we have a nice Excel spreadsheet comparing all the peer companies according to S&P with our company Amazon.com. So here we have, you know, there's a ratio, key items, a ratio report, all kinds of balance sheet, income statement, key items, all kinds of really, really nice stuff to look at there. So a great way to compare your company to others in the peers according to standard imports. Hopefully this video gives you a better understanding of your topic and shows you how to research your topic. If you need more help, look for the contact link on the business blog, and I'll be glad to help you any way you can. Take care and have a great day.


The second case study related to science has to do not with collaborations among scientists, but in lay reactions to scientific research. How should ordinary people think about science reporting or about the actual articles that are published by scientists? Should their motto also take no one's word for it? Should they be citizen scientists and build their own Large Hadron Collider? Or do they just sometimes have to take things on faith, or at least on trust? How can they respond in an epistemically virtuous way to the reports of scientists? This is a really important topic that relates not only to conspiracy theories about, for instance, the safety and effectiveness of vaccines, but various other kinds of lay reactions to scientific research, including denial of the evidence for anthropocentric climate change, denial of evidence for neo-darwinism, acceptance of homeopathy, denial of the connection of citizens, gun ownership with deadly violence, and so on. We need to have some way for scientists to communicate effectively with lay people without just turning scientists into priests whose word has to be taken as gospel. One problem, then, is that, on the one hand, lay people do need to be skeptical about scientific research, but on the other hand, they need to be not so skeptical that they can just believe whatever they want, no matter what the evidence suggests. A recent paper by Dan Cahan and colleagues on the topic of motivated numeracy shows what we have in mind here. Cahan defines numeracy as the ability to understand graphs and figures and the results of scientific research. He has the worry that people only apply their numeracy when the results support what they already believe. And that would suggest that people are suffering from what's known as confirmation bias in the psychological literature, that they trust the evidence when it tells them what they want to hear, and that they distrust it or that they refuse to process it effectively when it tells them something they didn't want to hear. Cahan presented participants the results of a hypothetical drug study, a study on the effectiveness of a new skin cream for healing rashes. You can see one example of what he showed participants here on the slide. This is a contingency table, which means that the numbers represent the number of people in each cell. So for instance, 223 people did use the new skin cream and got better, whereas 75 people used the skin cream and got worse, 107 people did not use the skin cream and got better, whereas 21 did not use the skin cream and got worse. What Cahan asked people to do was to study this table and decide whether the results indicate that the skin cream makes people get better or makes people get worse. Is it effective or not? It's actually kind of a tricky question. What you need to do is calculate the probability of getting better or worse in each row. So that means you look first only at patients who did use the skin cream. There are 298 of them, 223 of them got better, 75% in other words. Then we look at the second row and we see that there are 128 people and 107 of them got better, meaning 84%. So which row would you prefer to be in? Well, you should prefer to be in the second row unless you like having rashes because you have a better chance of having a rash get better if you don't use the skin cream than if you do. Most people who don't look at this carefully though have a lot of difficulty in picking out the correct answer and that means they really need to exercise their numeracy in order to get the correct answer on this question. Now whether a hypothetical cream is effective at relieving rashes doesn't have to do with people's prior beliefs or at least not much. So Kahan then showed people the same contingency table and instead of rashes getting better and worse based on application of a skin cream, the question had to do with gun control. This is a very controversial issue in the United States where people on the political right, conservatives and republicans, tend to think that gun control leads to more violence whereas people on the political left and democrats tend to think that gun control leads to a decrease in crime. What you can see here are the four conditions that participants could have seen when they took Kahan's study. The one at the top right, condition B, is the one that we just discussed and the other three are very minor modifications. So at the top left, condition A, all we do is switch whether the rash gets worse or better. We switch the columns but the numbers remain the same and then in conditions C and D instead of the rash and cream, we're looking at crime and gun control. So this means that if you're just reading the numbers and not paying attention to the political issue, you should be able to get the answer right just as easily in condition B, as in conditions A, C and D. But if what's happening is that people are only exercising their numeracy when it will give them the conclusion that they already agree with, we should see a difference between these conditions. And in fact, this is what Kahan found. So start with the top right graph. These are people who are high in numeracy as measured by an independent test and they're the ones who took the version of the study that had to do with the skin treatment. As you can see, liberals represented by the blue lines and conservatives represented by the red lines are pretty much indistinguishable. The x-axis here represents how frequently they got the right answer and the y-axis represents how many of them got the answer correct at that level. And as you can see, where the conservatives might be just slightly less effective at getting the right answer, it's more or less indistinguishable. The low numeracy condition at top left shows that, yes, as we would expect, people who are lower in numeracy get the answer correct less often. And once again, conservatives and liberals are pretty much indistinguishable here. However, if we go to the bottom left where we're talking about the gun ban, we find that low numeracy conservatives have a huge divergence from the previous conditions. So if the evidence suggested that crime increased, then they got it right most of the time. But if the evidence suggested that crime decreased, they got it wrong almost the entire time, about 15% of them got it right. By contrast, low numeracy liberals basically couldn't tell what the right answer was, and they were more or less guessing. They got the correct answer about 40% of the time. Then we can look at the most depressing graph here, the one for high numeracy individuals who are reasoning about the gun ban. And we can see that high numeracy conservatives get the correct answer almost every single time when crime increases. But they look like low numeracy people when crime decreases. You can see there that the peak is around 15%. By contrast, high numeracy liberals get the correct answer when crime decreases, almost every time, about 80%. But they get the answer wrong when crime increases. What this suggests is that people only exercise their numeracy, their intellectual abilities and epistemic virtues when it suits them, when the results of doing so will support what they already think. And this suggests that trust and distrust in science by lay people is going to be a very large problem unless the lay population can be led to exercise their own capacities more effectively. So to summarize these two case studies, scientists need various source, receiver, conduit and echo virtues. And lay people need various receiver and echo virtues as well. Moreover, scientists need lay people to have various receiver and echo virtues. So that means that there's a second order requirement for scientists. Similarly, lay people need scientists to be trustworthy. Otherwise, they really should be skeptical of everything that scientists had to say. And that means that there's a kind of interdependency among scientists and lay people and that no one particular group can be held responsible for failures of scientific communication.


Okay, we're going to continue talking about SIP protocol where you'll be talking about making phone calls from computer to computer or to mobile device and today we're going to be looking at on a mobile device, on an Android device. Now there's a lot more details on all of this, we're going to look at the basics of just setting up again like we did in the last video, communicating from one device directly to another without a server and I'm going to bring up some issues that I came across while trying to do that on Android device. In fact the first time I did it on Android device it just kind of worked. But when I went to do this video, I started having issues, I couldn't call the phone from my computer even though I had done it before. Well I figured out what was wrong, I figured out I changed those settings and I don't remember doing that the first time around but I want to show you those here and also other issues you might come across. So let's go ahead and have a look at the phone, look at the application, again this is LinFone the application, LinFone also has a service that you can sign up to for free where you can then use their servers to communicate with all your devices. We're not looking at the service today, we're going to be looking at again LinFone on an Android device communicating directly to another LinFone device or desktop PC. You are greeted with a welcome screen, the assistant that's supposed to help you get everything set up. You can agree to their terms and conditions. You have create an account, that's for LinFone, creating an account through their servers. If you already have an account you can use a LinFone account. If you have a server set up you can use your account, let me focus that there. And you can also I guess fetch remote configuration if you already have configuration steps somewhere. I don't want to do any of these things, I just want to start the application like I did on my desktop and connect to another device. And it took me a little while to figure this out but there's an arrow right here whoop up here at the top. You click that and it brings you into the application. So yeah pretty simple once you realize that arrow is there it would be nice if there was an option in the menu that said continue to application. But yeah that back arrow just brings you into the application if you're not going to set up a configuration with a server of some sort just hit that back arrow and you're all set to go. So one of the first things you might want to set up so that you can call your phone is a username. Now if we hit our little hamburger menu here and we go to settings you can see by default it says LinFone Android. Let's go ahead and give this device a name. This is my old Nexus phone so I'll just give it the username of Nexus. Okay I changed the display name and the username. I clicked the little check box but at this point on my desktop if I try to call the phone it still won't go through. And it took me a little while to figure this out because again I've done this before and I had no issues before. But if we come down to the network options under settings you'll see here that by default it has use random ports. Now Android might restrict you from using the default port of 5060 but you need to know what port it is. If you're not using a server you have to know what port LinFone is running on. So let's go ahead and uncheck use random. You can try using it leaving as 5060 but that didn't work for me so I'm just going to change it to 5065 and I click the check mark here and I'm going to back out. And throughout this it's also going to be asking you for permissions because it's an Android and it's got a bunch of stupid permissions that's going to ask you for all these different things that of course you want it to do. So let's go ahead and click allow on this but like all applications what we probably want to do just to be sure is go into our settings and we'll go to applications, LinFone and I will go to permissions and look over them and check all the ones I wanted to have. Up to you on what permissions you wanted to have see if there's any advanced permissions it has picture in picture that's already allowed so I think we're good now we can go back into LinFone and let's try calling our device from our desktop now. So in LinFone on my desktop I go ahead and write the username at the IP address in this case we're going to give it a port with colon in this case 5065 and it rings just like any other phone call and of course I can hit hang up or answer and now I'm in a conversation with my desktop. Now let's make a phone call from our phone to our desktop. So just like I did on my desktop I'm going to type in the username of my desktop which I use middle x1000 on there at the IP address colon and the port number. I shouldn't have to put the port number because I'm using the default 5060 but it doesn't hurt to put that in there. So let's go ahead and make this phone call and you can see I'm getting the notification and there's sound playing what's playing through my headphones so you don't hear it so it's ringing there it's ringing on my phone hello and we'll go ahead and hang up. Now you don't have to type that stuff every time just like any other phone call you can add them to the contacts and there's also a history option so I can click on history there and it shows the calls that I've made and I can click on that and now it's calling my desktop again. So I just wanted to share that with you pretty easy setup once you know some of the issues again when you get to that welcome screen if you're not going to use a server just hit that back arrow you can always go into that setup again later on under the menus there's an assistant option that we'll look at in a future video when we're setting up servers but the big thing was setting up a port and changing your username so you know what to connect to and again once you save those to your contacts you can dial it by going to contacts or your history also again Android you're gonna have all those permissions you got to give it you can wait for it to ask or you can just go and give it all the permissions that it needs whether you want to be able to access your camera if you're gonna do video you're gonna share files you're gonna want to be able to access your your files all that sort of stuff that if you don't trust this application don't install it on your device in the first place so again the whole concept of those app specific permissions I personally think is completely useless and every time I say that I get comments in the description or comments in the video below below the video so yeah if you think that app specific permissions are a good thing go ahead and tell me below and I'll know that you think that because it's just ridiculous if you don't trust an application don't install it on your device that's what it comes down to now I thank you for watching again we will go more into setting up and using Lin phone either saying of account with Lin phone so you can communicate through their servers and then we will look at a very very basic setup of setting up your own server which can do so many different things but we're gonna look at the very basic gracefully creating accounts with passwords and using that server so you can dial extensions on that server so thanks for watching filmsbychrist.com that's Chris the K thanks for watching and I hope that you have a great day