This video is brought to you in part by TrueTechTools. Quality tools, essential support. All right, so we've got a beauty salon here. It's not working right. So come back here to check out the furnace. And we've got to move half the chair so we can get into it. So we need to see what's going on. They said it just came on. Everything's working now. But it hadn't been working up till just recently. Let's see if I can get this comfort junker to work on. I'm not sure why thermostat showed warmer than the room temperature like they turned it down. I don't know if they cranked it up and it stopped or what. Just looking at it real quickly here. It looks like the thermostat, the flame sensor dirty. Probably hasn't had anything cleaned in it for quite a long time. So before I get changed anything, I want to see this thing run. See whether it ears out. Or what it's going to do. Before I get changed things, sometimes you fix it and you just don't know what you did. So you're better off to watch it run for a while first and before you change things. Go ahead and check this flame sensor rectification. See if it's very good. So I'd love to be able to catch it doing whatever. That's awesome. You got to love it when your whole back flips upside down like that. That's just awesome. Ain't nothing better than having that happen. Because there's no place to put anything in here. Got to love it.  I've got it held in my hand here. Got one probe on the flame sensor. I want to see what I have before and after when I clean it. Kind of telling me if I'm in the right track or not. I mean right now it's running. I don't hear any gurgling in the drain. So it's kind of hard to say what exactly caused this problem. So all you can do is go off what you know has been the multiple problems over and over again. And just try to eliminate those one by one. And that way you've gotten it. So as soon as this thing powers down again, we'll be able to check and see what we get. Got 1.8, 0.7. So we are really, really, really low.  It should be usually 3, 2.3, 3 somewhere in a ballpark. And that's super low. Let's go ahead and clean that thing up. I think we're going to know for certain that something weird has gone on here. So the flame sensor is right here. Some people like to replace these, which unless they're cracked or warped, there's never a reason to replace them. Somebody just wanted to sell you something. But you can see it's a little bit corroded looking. Now, Ted, old anti-HDIY, he likes to use a $100 bill on these. I don't know. Maybe you should grab a few $100 bills and clean it. But honestly, I've always had the best luck with my wire brush, which I use a stainless steel. That doesn't hurt your fingers. It ain't going to hurt the flame sensor. It doesn't leave grooves. So let's go ahead and get this thing cleaned up. Now let's recheck that and see if it looks a little better than what it was before. This is a way of knowing if you're on the right track. So we've got it plugged back in exactly the same way we did before. Let's see if our microamp reading is a little bit better than what we had before. Ready? That's quite a difference. I didn't look that dirty. It was. You can see that right there. So that's what was wrong with it. No, I'm going to go ahead and clean the condensate trap anyway because they're always getting plugged up. And they said they just replaced the air filter. So anyhow, let's go ahead and get the trap out of there. And then between this and the wall.  Yeah, it's got some milk. Milk-a-mole mylanto on there. That looks really nice. Looks a lot better. Now we can get the whole bottom very good. I went ahead and turned the power off so it's going to run the blower now for one minute. Which gives us time to get this back together before it kicks back on. Great be able to see what I'm doing. If it's to the air. That came off too. See that? That right there caused a problem. So that looks like that popped right off the other side too. But it wasn't on there with a squat. Okay, let's see if we can get that a little bit better on there. Get that on that collector box. That connects to the pressure switch. And then we've got to put a screw in there which you've got to be really careful when you're over tightening it. Crack it. Not again, just like that. Now it should kick on and run just Jim Dandy. All the hoses are well attached. That pressure switch though, at least as that was, could have been possibly just barely touching. Could have been falling off. But that flame sense was the majority of it. If it wasn't one thing, it was definitely another potential. It's burning pretty clean. Everything looks really good and smooth.  It's definitely an improved furnace over what the old ones were. I'll see how that indicator there gets so red. It's always a bad sign because that's why those get dirty so quickly. They must have used a cheaper metal. That tends to absorb any contaminants that are floating in the air. They tend to get blocked up and it bakes right into them. That's what I've noticed. Train used to have a bunch of igniters like that that got, or flame sensors like that, that used to get glowing red. Linux never did. They didn't do much of anything right towards the end there, but generally their flame sensors were pretty reliable. Maybe not. I never mind scrapped that. So you see how that was the majority of the problems was they were always dirty. They lasted forever, they just needed leaned. I just looked down below. I didn't see anything down there, so I think I got everything. Check temperature rise. Let's see what we got. Looks like about 130. If you got 72 coming back. That's right about 60. It's kind of close, but you got to remember we're getting radiant heat right off this coil. Even though it's blocking some of it, you're still getting radiant heat. 130 is not out of line, so I'm not too worried about it. We're looking pretty good there on that. It looks like somebody's already checked it once before because they had this all here. That's probably why it was tripped out before. The filter caused it to... Which is a cheap one inch filter. Caused it to tri-trip limit. So all this equipment up here has been pretty well beat up by the hail. That's why they need to have hail guards on it. You can't even push that over anymore than what it already is. I thought, yeah, this one has a bad ignition module and that one back here does too. We've got filters here to bring up.  This thing makes it so easy to pull up.     This thing makes it so much simpler. Even though it sounds like a kind of dumb thing, what I'll do is I'll literally put the filters on top of the units. That way I know I've gotten to them and got them done. Kind of just makes it a little easier. This unit here, like I said, needs a new control module. And a pressure switch. The L Series, I haven't got a lot of these around here. Which they're getting old now. Not even all that fancy anymore. But originally, the belt was loose and this pressure switch had done taking a poo poo. So that pressure switch was shutting her down. And I had plenty of pull on the blower to verify that there was an actual blower running. So the control module has been updated. Because those little blue modules there were totally garbage. We had those very similar to that in the residential market. And then this is just the replacement pressure switch. Which is one of those Costa Rica's had several of these go bad. So we'll get that changed real quick. We're not going to leave it too much. Because you leave it too much. And I've had times where that pockets water. Especially when it gets colder. Really should be higher than. But since this really is a humongous deal. Far as any heat or anything like that. And it's not such a problem. If it's on a draft motor. I'm like saying 80% or that was more of an issue back in the day. So I'll just put it in a month. In a year. There we go. Alright, so we got that done. Not real high tech here. This is a direct spark ignition control. Basically we've got ground flame sense power. And main valve. That's it. We literally got four or five wires. Five wires. Go ahead and get that updated. Which, like I said, this thing just had issues. Okay, so. Now some of these actually will say don't mount them this direction. Yeah, it doesn't have that. You gotta sometimes watch and make sure that this one doesn't have it written on there. So I'm not going to worry too much about it. So here we go. Got ground. Which is a little tight. Let me turn that up. We're loosening that up a touch. Those look like aftermarket wire ties. Probably changed once before. I remember having a lot of those go bad. I think it's just had a bad run of about everything. Pressure switches. Ignite ignition modules. You name it. It seemed to go bad. Common and ground is the same terminals there. So.  Basically this thing works. It just powered. Boom. It starts sparking after a delayed trial there. Powers down here. That really gave you a lot of room to get to it. Flame sense. There's that. Main valve is blue. Heck even they had issues with their ignition wires. They decided to go with this carbon wire. And then end up burning off. So. Yeah, they just had so many problems. I don't really miss working on their stuff. I really don't. I really don't. So we could mount it like that so you could actually probe it for voltages in case you ever need to check it to see if it's getting powered or running. And get that self-tapper in behind it. Maybe. This thing had a hold novar system originally on it. And they had to put a board in there to convert it over. They had a wire taking some of those wiring harnesses there. Out of the circuitry. Coming up to this. And then I forget which board it was. It was one of these boards. But basically it converted it over so it could go normal. I forget exactly. So I wrote down the things they had there. It's schematic from Linux. Even to this day I still have issues with them. They are some of the worst schematics ever. There's spark. High voltage. Flame. No color. They've got to love their thought process behind this. There we go. Alright so we've got that one done. It cycles fine. Got all the filters cleaned up. They're all off the roof. And we got this wired up. Just to make sure it cycles heat. And then we can get out of here. See if we can get on there without shorting this out. There to there. There we go. One cool thing is they do got LEDs. Can't really make them out but you can see that it is the yellows on. Alright it just came on. Not sure if my recording got the last bit. So it just came on. Draft motors on. Blowers on. Make sure we unhook. This is definitely something that happens every now and again when you jump them. You forget to take them off. Which is never a good thing. So that should tidy this one up. On to the next call. Not sure where we're going. But I'm sure we'll be there eventually.


We continue today with Chapter 17, Shadows of the Past. To forgive is merely to remember only the loving thoughts you gave in the past and those that were given you. All the rest must be forgotten. Forgiveness is a selective remembering based not on your selection. For the shadow figures you would make immortal are, quote, enemies of reality. Be willing to forgive the Son of God for what He did not do. The shadow figures are witnesses you bring with you to demonstrate He did what He did not. Because you bring them, you will hear them. And you who keep them by your own selection do not understand how they came into your mind and what their purpose is. They represent the evil that you think was done to you. You bring them with you only that you may return evil for evil, hoping that their witness will enable you to think guiltily of another and not harm yourself. They speak so clearly for the separation that no one not obsessed with keeping separation could hear them. They offer you the, quote, reasons why you should enter into unholy alliances to support the ego's goals and make your relationships the witness to its power. It is these shadow figures that would make the ego holy in your sight and teach you what you do to keep it safe is really love. The shadow figures always speak for vengeance and all relationships into which they enter are totally insane. Without exception these relationships have as their purpose the exclusion of the truth about the other and of yourself. This is why you see in both what is not there and make of both the slaves of vengeance and why whatever reminds you of your past grievances attracts you and seems to go by the name of love no matter how distorted the associations by which you arrive at the connection may be. And finally, why all such relationships become attempts at union through the body for only bodies can be seen as means for vengeance. That bodies are central to all unholy relationships is evident. Your own experience has taught you this, but what you may not realize are all the reasons that go to make the relationship unholy. For unholiness seeks to reinforce itself as holiness does by gathering to itself what it perceives as like itself. In the unholy relationship it is not the body of the other with which union is attempted, but the bodies of those who are not there. For even the body of the other, already a severely limited perception of him, is not the central focus as it is or in entirety. What can be used for fantasies of vengeance and what can be most readily associated with those on whom vengeance is really sought is centered on and separated off as being the only parts of value. Every step taken in the making, the maintaining and the breaking off of the unholy relationship is a move toward further fragmentation and unreality. The shadow figures enter more and more and the one in whom they seem to be decreases in importance. Time is indeed unkind to the unholy relationship, for time is cruel in the ego's hands as it is kind when used for gentleness. The attraction of the unholy relationship begins to fade and to be questioned almost at once. Once it is formed, doubt must enter in because its purpose is impossible. The, quote, ideal of the unholy relationship thus becomes one in which the reality of the other does not enter at all to, quote, spoil the dream. And the less the other really brings to the relationship, the, quote, better it becomes. Thus the attempt at union becomes a way of excluding even the one with whom the union was sought, for it was formed to get him out of it and join with fantasies and uninterrupted, quote, bliss. How can the Holy Spirit bring his interpretation of the body as a means of communication into relationships whose only purpose is separation from reality? What forgiveness is enables him to do so? If all but the loving thoughts have been forgotten, what remains is eternal, and the transformed past is made like the present. No longer does the past conflict with now, this continuity extends the present by increasing its reality and its value in your perception of it. In these loving thoughts is the spark of beauty hidden in the ugliness of the unholy relationship where hatred is remembered, yet there to come alive as the relationship is given to him, who gives it life and beauty. That is why atonement centers on the past, which is the source of separation and where it must be undone, for separation must be corrected where it was made. The ego seeks to, quote, resolve its problems, not at their source, but where they were not made, and thus it seeks to guarantee there will be no solution. The Holy Spirit wants only to make his resolutions complete and perfect, and so he seeks and finds the source of problems where it is, and there undoes it. And with each step in his undoing is the separation more and more undone, and union brought closer. He is not at all confused by any, quote, reasons for separation. All he perceives in separation is that it must be undone. Let him uncover the hidden spark of beauty in your relationships and show it to you. Its loveliness will so attract you that you will be unwilling ever to lose the sight of it again, and you will let this spark transform the relationship so you can see it more and more, for you will want it more and more and become increasingly unwilling to let it be hidden from you, and you will learn to seek for and establish the conditions in which this beauty can be seen. All this you will do gladly if you but let him hold the spark before you to light your way and make it clear to you. God's Son is one whom God has joined as one the ego cannot put us under. The spark of holiness must be safe, however hidden it may be, in every relationship, for the creator of the one relationship has left no part of it without himself. This is the only part of the relationship the Holy Spirit sees, because he knows that only this is true. You have made the relationship unreal and therefore unholy by seeing it where it is not and as it is not. Give the past to him who can change your mind about it for you, but first be sure you fully realize what you have made the past to represent and why. The past becomes the justification for entering into a continuing unholy alliance with the ego against the present, for the present is forgiveness. Therefore the relationships the unholy alliance dictates are not perceived nor felt as now, yet the frame of reference to which the present is referred for meaning is an illusion of the past. In which those elements that fit the purpose of the unholy alliance are retained and all the rest let go. And what is thus let go is all the truth the past could ever offer to the present as witness for its reality. What is kept but witnesses to the reality of dreams. It is still up to you to choose to join with truth or with illusion. But remember that to choose one is to let the other go.  The spark of beauty or the veil of ugliness, the real world or the world of guilt and fear, truth or illusion, freedom or slavery. It is all the same for you can never choose except between God and the ego. Thought systems are but true or false and all their attributes come simply from what they are. Only the thoughts of God are true and all that follows from them comes from what they are and is as true as is the holy source from which they come. My holy brother, I would enter into all your relationships and step between you and your fantasies.  They were not created to enable you to hurt yourself through them. They were created to create with you. This is the truth that I would interpose between you and your goal of madness. Be not separate from me and let not the holy purpose of atonement be lost to you in dreams of vengeance. Relationships in such dreams are cherished, have excluded me. Let me enter in the name of God and bring you peace that you may offer peace to me from the workbook. Lesson 135. If I defend myself, I am attacked. Who would defend himself unless he thought he were attacked, that the attack were real and that his own defense could save himself? And herein lies the folly of defense. It gives illusions full reality and then attempts to handle them as real. It adds illusions to illusions, thus making correction doubly difficult. And it is this you do when you attempt to plan the future, activate the past, or organize the present as you wish. You operate from the belief you must protect yourself from what is happening because it must contain what threatens you. A sense of threat is an acknowledgement of an inherent weakness, a belief that there is danger which has power to call on you to make appropriate defense. The world is based on this insane belief. And all its structures, all its thoughts and doubts, its penalties and heavy armaments, its legal definitions and its codes, its ethics and its leaders and its gods all serve but to preserve its sense of threat. For no one walks the world in armature but must have terror striking at his heart. Defense is frightening. It stems from fear, increasing fear as each defense is made. You think it offers safety, yet it speaks of fear made real and terror justified. Is it not strange you do not pause to ask as you elaborate your plans and make your armor thicker and your locks more tight? What you defend and how and against what? Let us consider first what you defend. It must be something that is very weak and easily assaulted. It must be something made easy prey, unable to protect itself and needing your defense. What but the body has such frailty that constant care and watchful, deep concern are needful to protect its little life. What but the body falters and must fail to serve the Son of God as worthy host. Yet it is not the body that can fear or be a thing of fear. It has no needs but those which you assign to it. It needs no complicated health structures of defense, no health inducing medicine, no care and no concern at all. Defend this life or give it gifts to make it beautiful or walls to make it safe. And you but say your home is open to the thief of time, corruptible and crumbling. So unsafe it must be guarded with your very life. Is not this picture fearful? Can you be at peace with such a concept of your home? Yet what endowed the body with the right to serve you thus except your own belief? It is your mind which gave the body all the functions that you see in it and set its value far beyond a little pile of dust and water. Who would make defense of something that he recognized as this? The body is in need of no defense. This cannot be too often emphasized. It will be strong and healthy if the mind does not abuse it by assigning it to roles it cannot fill, to purposes beyond its scope and to exalted aims which it cannot accomplish. Such attempts, ridiculous yet deeply cherished, are the sources for the many mad attacks you make upon it. For it seems to fail your hopes, your needs, your values and your dreams. The quote self that needs protection is not real. The body, valueless and hardly worth the least defense need merely be perceived as quite apart from you and it becomes a healthy serviceable instrument through which the mind can operate until its usefulness is over. Who would want to keep it when its usefulness is done? Defend the body and you have attacked your mind. For you have seen in it the faults, the weaknesses, the limits and the lacks from which you think the body must be saved. You will not see the mind as separate from bodily conditions. You will impose upon the body all the pain that comes from the conception of the mind as limited and fragile and apart from other minds and separate from its source. These are the thoughts in need of healing and the body will respond with health when they have been corrected and replaced with truth. This is the body's only real defense. Is this where you look for its defense? You offer a protection of a kind from which it gains no benefit at all but merely adds to your distress of mind. You do not heal but merely take away the hope of healing for you fail to see where hope must lie if it be meaningful. A healed mind does not plan. It carries out the plans that it receives through listening to wisdom that is not its own. It waits until it has been taught what should be done and then proceeds to do it. It does not depend upon itself or anything except its adequacy to fulfill the plans assigned to it. It is secure in certainty that obstacles cannot impede its progress to accomplishment of any goal that serves the greater plan established for the good of everyone. A healed mind is relieved of the belief that it must plan, although it cannot know the outcome which is best, the means by which it is achieved, nor how to recognize the problem that the plan is made to solve. It must misuse the body and its plans until it recognizes this is so. But when it has accepted that this is true, then is it healed and lets the body go? Enslavement of the body to the plans the unhealed mind sets up to save itself must make the body sick. It is not free to be the means of helping in a plan which far exceeds its own protection and which needs its service for a little while. In this capacity is health assured, for everything the mind employs for this will function flawlessly and with the strength that has been given it and cannot fail. It is perhaps not easy to perceive that self-initiated plans are but defenses with the purpose all of them were made to realize. They are the means by which a frightened mind would undertake its own protection at the cost of truth. This is not difficult to realize in some forms which these self-deceptions take, where the denial of reality is very obvious. Yet planning is not often recognized as a defense. The mind engaged in planning for itself is occupied in setting up control of future happenings. It does not think that it will be provided for unless it makes its own provisions. Time becomes a future emphasis to be controlled by learning and experience obtained from past events and previous beliefs. It overlooks the present, for at rest on the idea the past has taught enough to let the mind direct its future course. The mind that plans is thus refusing to allow for change. What it has learned before becomes the basis for its future goals. Its past experience directs its choice of what will happen. And it does not see that here and now is everything it needs to guarantee a future quite unlike the past without a continuity of any old ideas and sick beliefs. Anticipation plays no part at all for present confidence directs the way. Defenses are the plans you undertake to make against the truth. Their aim is to select what you approve and disregard what you consider incompatible with your beliefs of your reality. Yet what remains is meaningless indeed, for it is your reality that is the quote threat which your defenses would attack, obscure and take apart and crucify. What could you not accept if you but knew that everything that happens, all events past, present and to come are gently planned by one whose only purpose is your good? Perhaps you have misunderstood his plan, for he would never offer pain to you, but your defenses does not let you see his loving blessings shine in every step you ever took. While you made plans for death, he led you gently to eternal life. Your present trust in him is the defense that promises a future undisturbed, without a trace of sorrow and with joy that constantly increases as this life becomes a holy instant set in time but heeding only immortality. Let no defenses but your present trust direct the future and this life becomes a meaningful encounter with the truth that only your defenses would conceal. Without defenses you become a light which heaven gratefully acknowledges to be its own and it will lead you on in ways appointed for your happiness according to the ancient plan begun when time was born. Your followers will join their light with yours and it will be increased until the world is lighted up with joy and gladly will our brothers lay aside their cumbersome defenses which availed them nothing and could only terrify. We will anticipate that time today with present confidence for this is part of what was planned for us. We will be sure that everything we need is given us for our accomplishment of this today. We make no plans for how it will be done but realize that our defenselessness is all that is required for the truth to dawn upon our minds with certainty. For fifteen minutes twice today we rest from senseless planning and from every thought that blocks the truth from entering our minds. Today we will receive instead of plan that we may give instead of organize. And we are given truly as we say if I defend myself I am attacked but in defenselessness I will be strong and I will learn what my defenses hide. Nothing but that. If there are plans to make you will be told of them. They may not be the plans you thought were needed nor indeed the answers to the problems which you thought confronted you. But they are answers to another kind of question which remains unanswered yet in need of answering until the answer comes to you at last. All your defenses have been aimed at not receiving what you will receive today. And in the light and joy of simple trust you will but wonder why you ever thought that you must be defended from release. Heaven asks nothing.   He has remembered you. Today we will remember him. For this is Easter time in your salvation and you rise again from what was seeing, seeming death and hopelessness. Now is the light of hope reborn in you. For now you come without defense to learn the part for you within the plan of God. What little magical plans or magical beliefs can still have value when you have received your function from the voice for God himself. Try not to shape this day as you believe would benefit you most. For you cannot conceive of all the happiness that comes to you without your planning. Learn today and all the world will take this giant stride and celebrate your Easter time with you. Throughout the day, as foolish little things appear to raise defensiveness in you and tempt you to engage in weaving plans, remind yourself this is a special day for learning and acknowledge it with this. This is my Easter time and I would keep it holy.  Amen.


Hello, I'm Masato Endo from Toyota Motor Corporation. I'm engaged in planning and development of biosense service. At the same time, I'm focused on developing OSS compliance structure in Toyota. Furthermore, I'm also engaged in Openchain project. Openchain is a Linux foundation project to develop open source compliance standard. I'm a leader of Openchain, a Japanese promotion subgroup, and automotive chair of Openchain project. Today, we have a joint presentation about Openchain, titled, The Way Forward to Obtain the Openchain Certification. Toyota and Fujitsu are already for Openchain certification. So today, Osaki-san from Fujitsu and Tanaka-san from Toyota will introduce the experience for Openchain certification. Osaki-san, please introduce you. Thank you, Endo-san. Hi, my name is Tomo Osaki and I'm working for Fujitsu. I'm working in OSS compliance in Japan and foreign countries in Fujitsu Group, and also working for the Openchain working group in Japan, and also Openchain project in the Linux foundation. And I'm just some member of the Openchain board attending. Thank you very much. Thank you, Osaki-san. Next, Tanaka-san. Tanaka-san is my car worker and had great effort for Openchain certification. Please, Tanaka-san. Thank you, Endo-san. Hello everyone. I'm Miyu Tanaka from Toyota IP Division. I'm in gas name process development and in-house education for using and contributing to the open source software at Toyota Motor Corporation. Thank you. Back to you, Endo-san. Yeah, thank you so much. So, I'd like to start at first. I'd like to share what is Openchain and what is Openchain standard. Please for a moment. Can she? No problem? Okay, yeah. Yes. So, at first, I'd like to explain about the copyright management open source software. Every open source software had licenses. And we have to respect each license because I think open source license is an intention of each developer. So, at the same time, if the company is not satisfied with each condition of open source license, they will involve some legal risk and another risk such as litigation risk or security risk and so on. So, we have to manage open source license appropriately. And recently, the scale of the software development become larger and larger. So, for example, even if many companies in supply chain can handle open source software appropriately, but even if only one company can't handle open source software, the risk of the license spread whole supply chain. So, it is very important each company has a good open source governance structure system inside the company. But it is very difficult to develop such type of structure in itself. So, I think process standard was needed for all companies to develop software. So, Linux Foundation people and the community people decided to make the OpenGen project. OpenGen project is a Linux Foundation's official project to develop standard of OSS license compliance. And a Platinum member in this list. So, many companies supported this project. For example, platformers such as Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Uber supported this project. And many industries such as semiconductor, automotive and media companies also supported it. So, of course, many Japanese companies, six Japanese companies, Platinum members of OpenGen project. Fujitsu, Hitachi, Panasonic, Sony, Toshiba and Toyota. Of course, OpenGen project is an open source project. So, everyone can join this project freely and everyone can contribute and everyone can use output of OpenGen project freely. And purpose of OpenGen is very simple because to make the standard for the open source process of each company. If each company can get the open gen component, each company's level of the open source compliance are stable and become very high. So, whole supply chains level is also become bottom up. And so, I think to improve and to... Everyone can handle the open source program appropriately and the final product becomes very safety for the open source license. And three major output of OpenGen is specification, curriculum and conformance. Specification is an OpenGen standard itself. And if the companies get the... No, if the company satisfy with each condition of the specification, companies can get conformance. And I think education is very important to get conformance. So, each member of the OpenGen community developed educational materials. This is a content of the OpenGen spec 2.0. This is overall image of the OpenGen spec. For example, OpenGen spec called for the open source policy. And the company have to making the policy and inform engineers by the internet and so on. And education and the responsibility and the liaison structure have to define. And each company have to make process to make the build materials and review the license and how to release copyright or source code. This is also have to making the process. So, if each company can get the conformance of the OpenGen, I already say the level of the open supply chain will improved. At the same time, some company, for example, can appeal. We already got the OpenGen conformance. So, we are safety, please use our software. So, the company can use OpenGen conformance for sales point. So, already many, many companies got the conformance. And at the same time, another company also seek for the open source conformance right now. And in this fall, great news was coming because OpenGen specification will become the ISO standard. This process started in this May and already approved is finished. So, waiting for the publication of the ISO. So, if ISO publication is happened, I think OpenGen specification becomes more popular and many people want to get the OpenGen certification. So, today's presentation from the Toyota and Fujitsu is very useful for them. So, I'm looking forward to Tanaka-san and Osaka-san's presentation. So, at first, I'd like to start Toyota's presentation. Please, for a moment. Can you hear me? Okay. Okay. Tanaka-san, please. Thank you, Endo-san. I'm Miya Tanaka from Toyota IP Division. Today, I'd like to talk about our process of OpenGen certification. And there's a pattern of efforts for OpenGen certification. Some people may not be familiar with OpenGen certification frameworks. Also, others may not be sure how to start with for the purpose of OpenGen certification. That's why we'll talk about what is OpenGen certification at first. And then, we'll focus on what kind of process is required to get certification and how did Toyota do. First, I'd like to introduce two reasons why Toyota focused on OpenGen certification. The first reason we will show and explain in this slide. And the other one will be on the next page. As many of you may know, Toyota has set the goal of making a formal change from a company. That makes cars to a mobility company. Therefore, software development is very active in Toyota, and software development using OSS is accelerating in our company. For example, the activities of Automated Gray Linux, which is a project under the Linux Foundation, are performed. Please next page. The second reason for obtaining OpenGen certification is related to issues unique to the automotive industry. As the scale of software development has been expanding over the years, it is difficult for OEM company to complete the software development by only OEM. So Toyota is developing software with a large number of suppliers. As many suppliers are involved in the software development, following the supply chain like Tier 2, Tier 1, OEM. It was important to understand what OSS is used of chain basis. However, the awareness and the governance as to OSS was different in each supply chain, or different with each supplier. That's why we focused on OpenGen certification for the establishment of OSS compliance at supply chain overload. To build a relationship with mutual trust and real first, try to obtain certification as a leverage entity of supply chain. Now I'd like to introduce our five challenges for OpenGen certification. The first challenge is related to the question. We understand the requirements for certification, but we don't know how to start with. In order to answer for the question, we defined the necessary documents for each certification condition supported by Fujitsu. These documents are called TOCP, Toyota OpenGen packages in short. The policies and processes are described in TOCP and it is on the internal website so that each organization can easily find when necessary. The next challenge is related to the question corresponding to 3.2 management program. The only more process and corresponding documents is not sufficient in our company, as many kinds of development are in our company. Therefore, we have prepared four processes, one in-house development, two supplier development, three L&D in-house tools, and four contribution. Basically, we focused on in-house development process at first and we considered the last three types of process based on the in-house development process. For example, regarding to supplier development, we designed a process that allows OSS information to be exchanged properly and allows OSS license to be reviewed internally. Regarding three L&D in-house tools, the process is relaxed as compared to the in-house development process. Regarding four contribution, the process was focused on how quickly can Toyota contribute to the community because we wanted to encourage engineers to contribute to the community. The third challenge is related to the question corresponding to 3.1 bond process. We don't know how to manage OSS information. Therefore, we have prepared a template for the OSS information management. The template is named OSS evidence format. In this template, three kinds of check process by the person in charge, approval and creator is described for the successful OSS information exchange. The template is based on the SBDX rights format defined by the Open Change Japan working group. The fourth challenge is related to the question corresponding to 1.3 review process. It takes time to understand the license. As you know, the license text is all written in English. It takes time to check its license condition in detail. Therefore, we are using the simple OSS license viewer. This tool allows employees to easily understand the obligations and the discrimers. So it is on the internal website and widely used by the engineers. The fifth challenge is related to the question corresponding to education in 1.2. How can we notify the necessity of OSS compliance to the employee who are not familiar with software development such as purchasing department and sales department? Therefore, we have prepared educational material suitable for each level. For example, what is OSS? What kind of risk will there be in the case of distribution? Our return due to the important matters. We created online documents for our employees as well. And 60,000 employees are currently educated. For engineers who are familiar with OSS, we have created a manual that explains the condition of typical OSS licenses in detail. In addition, we are providing online courses and corresponding confirmation checkpoints for better understanding as to OSS licenses. As you may know, this OpenChain spec was approved as an ISO standard in November. And Toyota will release the acquisition of OpenChain certification at the same time. As I mentioned earlier, there were various challenges for the certification, but we were able to successfully obtain the certification supported by Fujitsu. Thank you so much, Aokisan and Osexan and all members of this project. We hope that more companies will use this framework in the future. Finally, I'd like to talk about the next step. We'll promote the acquisition of OpenChain certification to the automobile industry because the certification by only OEMs are acquired for the moment. More suppliers in the automotive industry, including companies in our supply chain, we were able to establish or improve OSS compliance using OpenChain framework. Through this kind of activity, we would like to create an environment where all engineers in OEMs and suppliers can make the best use of open source. The photos in this slide is taken at the exhibition at this year's CES. We will continue to actively participate in OpenChain community activities and continue to inform everybody on the information related to OpenChain certification with the community. Furthermore, as a member of the Japan Working Group, Automated Working Group in OpenChain, we would like to work on solving any OSS compliance issues in Japan companies and automobile companies. Thank you. That's all for my part. End of summary, please continue to the presentation. Thank you so much. I think I also proceeded to get the performance in Toyota. We have many issues inside my company. Community people such as Fujitsu-san, Hitachi-san and Sonisa can give know-how or knowledge of the open source compliance. At the same time, for example, the partners of the following companies such as Facebook, Google, Qualcomm, IBM can also give us know-how about the open source license compliance. So if you also join OpenChain project, you can get many knowledge or many know-how of the open source license compliance. So please join the project. Yes, this is a Toyota presentation. I think Toyota is a hardware-oriented company. So this is many headaches about the change hardware to software. But the next case is Fujitsu-san is a very long history IT company. So they are more advanced from Toyota. So I think I remember about one year ago Fujitsu-san already got the OpenChain performance. And half a year ago, they expand the employees of open source compliance. So please, Osaki-san, introduce your presentation. Okay. Thank you, Endo-san, and let me explain my part. Hi, I'm Tomo Osaki, and I'm working for Fujitsu and working for the OpenChain Conformance project. As Endo-san said, last year we first got an OpenChain Conformance for the software unit. That's November. And following that this March, we got a second Conformance for the platform software unit. And it exceeded 3,000 people related to the OpenChain Conformance. And we are now expanding the OpenChain Conformance to the subsidiary companies or network-related divisions and also foreign companies. And before saying this, the way for the OSS involvement differs from the organization to organization. So my presentation is focusing on that OpenChain international standards can be yet another path for the OSS involvement. And first, the simple question, how to involve non-development related people or organization into OSS in your company? It's a very simple question. And the reasoning matters. That means the Open OSS is just impressive for the development people and OSS advantages like a code base or just in a security or quality, many kind of things are very impressive to the development people. However, the OSS advantages that move developers are sometimes not impressive to non-development related to people or organizations. This kind of thing is something like a quality control people or sales people or procurement people. Many people are not motivated by the OSS advantages by the developers. And also the subsidiary companies or foreign companies have a different motivation for the OSS. And so it's not simple to just do the way to proceed in getting a conformance that we get in last November or this March. And the message of this presentation is that now OpenChain international standards can be yet another path for OSS involvement. That means OSS compliance is just a breach of the non-development related people and organization to OSS. And first, the OpenChain is about compliance. This is the first part. For the non-development people or organization, the OSS is just not conforming with their everyday work at the glance. But OpenChain focuses on OSS compliance governance and just checking the internal procedures or rules and the OSS OpenChain description. And so for them, the OSS is not related to the code or just itself. But they can just know that the influence for the OSS compliance governance to their everyday procedure work. So the thing that OpenChain is about compliance is the best way to just involve the non-development related people. And the second thing is that now OpenChain becomes an international standard. As Anderson said, OpenChain is now getting ready for the publishing of the international standard ISO IEC 5230. And after OpenChain becomes an international standard, the OSS compliance governance request from the OSS related organization is not from the inner rule or rather inner rule. It's an outer rule and maybe some other companies like your customers or upstream or downstream companies will ask you. It's another rule. And so no politics related to the issue occurs. And also the international standard related to the environment or other restrictions that the non-development organization are just complying. And so this is the second reason that OpenChain becomes an international standard. And then the non-development people organization has just, it's a way to get involved in the OSS compliance. And third is that Fujitsu is an expanding conformance. That's a sign that we are just actually showing that now OpenChain international standard is just a good way to involve non-development people into the OSS. As I said, first, last November Fujitsu gotten our first OpenChain 2.0 conformance and following that second OpenChain conformance for this March and exceeding 3,000 people. And so the first two organizations are very enthusiastic about the OSS and just made many contributions to the OSS community. But if you want to expand the OSS conformance to the subsidiary companies or foreign companies, the situation differs. And in the left bottom is a worldwide number of people in the Fujitsu group. It's in the EMEA or Asia, Australia and America and a lot of people are working outside Japan. And the business procedures and also internal rules are totally different from the Fujitsu's OpenChain conformed organizations. And we are now trying to just adjust such kind of differences. And the thinking of the OpenChain is now the international standard. And so it's not time to adjust the outer loop change. So this thing is that the way that we show that now OpenChain's international standardization is just a good way to become an involvement. That's all for my presentation. Thank you. Thank you, Osaki-san. I'd like, I think this is a very impressive presentation for us because we also have to expand Open Source conformance to inside the Toyota Motor Corporation. And at the same time, we also, our overseas subsidiaries also have to get the conformance. So very impressive and we'd like to exchange information. And I think Osaki-san mentioned the importance of the community. I think community is very important because we can exchange information and the knowledge of the Open Source license compliance. So just a moment. Okay. Yes. Sorry. So we provide the opportunity to exchange inside the community by Japanese language. Of course, OpenChain has not only Japan's work group, but also China, India, Taiwan, and Korea, and UK and Germany also. So you can exchange information and you can discuss about Open Source license compliance by your mother languages. And in Japanese work group case, this work group is very active because over 200 people joined and held all members meeting every two or three months. And seven sub-work groups are also very active and making the output for Open Source license compliance. So everyone can join this work group very freely and everyone can get the output of this sub-work group is also freely. So if interesting in Japanese sub-work group, please access this GitHub site. You can search OpenChain JWG. And if you are interested in joining the OpenChain, please join them at first. Please join the OpenChain mailing list. And if you want to read the article of the OpenChain and the OpenChain specification, please access the Keith Advent calendar. We upload a blog every day in this month. So you can search by Google, OpenChain, and the Advent calendar for Keith. Thank you so much. Osaki-san, they have some additional comments. Yes, thank you Endo-san. Now OpenChain and Japan work group is a very good community. And it's not because we are focusing on the OpenChain specification, but also we are sharing the Open Source compliance itself. And for the characteristic of the OSS compliance, it's related to the internal procedure or politics or some minor rules and not published in the document. So, exchanging the information or impression about the OSS compliance itself is very fruitful to your company's open source licensing governance. And it's also fruitful to all of the other companies because we are connected to the supply chain. So if every company just fulfills an OpenChain conformance, getting an OpenChain conformance, we all have a fruit of an OpenChain conformance and OSS related troubles of real diminution. And we will have just a good result from the OSS development. Yeah, that's my comment. Thank you. Thank you, Osaki-san. That's all presentation. So thank you so much for giving this precious opportunity. Yeah, that's all. Thank you, Osaki-san, and thank you Tanaka-san. Bye-bye.


It's no different than the week before, like you go out and we understand how we want to attack and you get the first play and you get the DPI so now you're down in that fringe area. You get the next series and you get going and then you keep getting overcome penalties and what happens is you get way behind the sticks and so then it gets you your adjustments there. And so we picked it up and it was unfortunate we had overcome the penalties and the, obviously the turnovers which led us behind and then in the last series you're in two minutes and so it was not, I mean as you guys know and obviously the evidence by how many times Derek touches the ball and has for this year, you go back and you get into what you want to do start the second half.  So and that's what happens in the in the game plan that way and then obviously you adapt after that. Your offense says in second in the NFL when it drives at 85 yards and more touchdown-wise how can you get that to happen more like what is the key to having that happen really often? Well there's a lot of things that go into it we've got to be better fighting against the self-inflicted wounds and I know every team I mean things happen in the heat of a play penalties it's the pre-snap penalties you really you've got to eliminate we got to eliminate the ones that happen and don't get me wrong those are the ones that you can control more than anything it's the pre-snap not putting ourselves in a hole and so there's like and there's just sitting there it's why you're four and five you've got things going here that are good and you got things here that are not so good that we got to correct and you got to be objective and we look at it and try to get those things correct. What's got to do to win this game on Sunday? We got to play more consistent from the from the start and then get out of these ebbs and flows just to be more consistent we know it's a it's a great opportunity on Sunday it's it's they're a great team the Chiefs and Mike and the team in the NFL they're going to present their challenges but we feel good about it and we need to be more consistent and then starting from the jump. Any extra pressure or to stay on the field score points when you're facing such an explosive offense on the other side? Well that's every week you go into all three phases and we obviously as a team they've done a great job and we know what they have on the other side but yeah sure you want to make sure that's every week if we can control the ball for a long period of time you're usually you're going to win in different ways to do it doesn't mean it's got to be 90 runs but we got to stay on the ball be efficient stay and make explosives when they're there and keep it and try to control the game. Arthur you mentioned the challenges week to week going back to Derek Henry in the running game this Chiefs run front has really clamped in the last two or three weeks have you seen that on the film in preparation? Sure you know and that's the thing that gets taken sometimes you look at things on the surface where these guys ranked and who they're playing and how that game went what their matchups were and that sometimes surely like you're looking for matchups and where you think you have an advantage and as the games go on or they get guys healthy and they move guys around that's the one thing that you'll see with Jones 95 is a great player he's playing inside and all of a sudden he comes out last week you know the injuries they've had it in and they move him out to the tight end and they've hunkered down and and it's been different obviously too because they got some games or they had big leads and so that kind of skews the stats there right you're playing somebody and then they're in a bunch of two minutes and they're passed at me skew but they got a great challenge up front. Do you like watching Andy Reed and his offense and maybe taking a couple things from what he does? And the thing is I hate to speak because I don't know Andy Reed I've just watched him before when I was a quality control coach with the Redskins obviously he was with the Eagles and broke down a ton of his film and he's done a great job with with multiple quarterbacks and he's obviously evolved and adapted the way his teams of how they're built and how his approach has been. But I'm a huge Andy Reed fan I think he's been a great coach in the NFL for a long time. You guys seem to be a better offense coming out of half time than coming out of the preparation week. What leads to that? Well I think that again that can be skewed we got to eliminate the negative plays so a lot of times you get into and this is where the biggest issue we got to fix when talking about consistency is you get into your preparation but like last week you get in the second drive and all of a sudden you're overcoming now it's first and 25 well you get a positive play now it's second and 23 and that's the stuff so then you get into different situations of it and it kind of throws you back and then when you get back on track you're able to get into your plan. And then the biggest thing and I think this is a huge part of the NFL you got to be able to adapt. You go into half time obviously you don't want to be stubborn like this didn't work that worked. Now let's make some of it adapt on the sideline and that happened multiple times and that's the stuff I believe in you got to be able to adapt but to answer your first question we got to be better to start and not shoot ourselves in the foot. Why do you think the penalties and the stuff that gets you in second and long third and long tends to happen early in the first half and then goes away more in the second half? You know that's the biggest thing you look at it like how they happen you know they're all not the same and so it's been week to week whether we get called for holding or you get called for procedure penalty you know that's another one that goes into the first half that doesn't get talked to. There's two right you get the explosive run by Derek it's called back. You get into the one you call run form now you got a false start after an explosive play and that's the stuff we have to eliminate and so we're working very diligent to make sure it's not just one person and that's the biggest thing I would be accountable for. We've got to be more consistent there from the jump. How often have you had to adapt I mean is that every game? Sure you get into it. You get in the third quarter last week you get into it it's just the way it goes we put ourselves in a hole so you're in 17-7 and all of a sudden now you're getting into the third quarter and you're down 17. Same thing happened to us in Jacksonville so you're going to have to adapt and shift to what you're doing all right how many possessions you're going to have left do we need to go up tempo here's what we're going to do okay now how are they playing let's throw this wrinkle in there and that's the constant chest battle you're going to have in between series. For a team that wants to be physical and hold off the run game how difficult has that been when you are having to chase a game like that? Yeah because now you're getting into a lot of obvious past situations and the thing is that I think you can't lose sight of you still can be physical in the protection game as well obviously different you know conventional wisdom is that it's three yards in a cloud of dust and you're into 22 personnel and you're pounding away and there's different ways you can be in your spread out run game you can be in there in protection to be physical we try to emphasize that but you're certainly right that you get behind too much you're going to get in yourself in too many obvious passing situations. I've seen some coaches where they're putting in the game plan that Saturday night before the game that's the final time they figure out which plays are in this week and not how do you go about weeding through that I mean do you have a group that you can speak to or like how do you figure out what plays are the best ones and at what point in the last time? Yeah I think as you go you get to the end of the obviously you put the plan in and then you're going through it and as you're as you're preparing during the week and you see something you may really like and it's just not clicking somewhere so it's a fine line of being stubborn to put that put it in if you don't feel like it's there's a belief in there or whatever you know you may say ah okay I'm not going to be stubborn here or you may say something you see at the end of the week okay now take a step back here's the plan you go back try to clear your head watch certain games alright play the game in your head and that goes all the way up to Saturday night and I know everybody's different that way but sure you take a look at it and there's a lot of thought that goes into it


Okay, thanks for the introduction. I'm going to talk about this heavy hammer that Stefano was talking about and So we've seen a bit already, but I will nevertheless introduce it in my own terminology To basic primitives in symmetric crypto are pseudo random permutations like block ciphers and pseudo random functions and historically It is a topic in symmetric crypto to relate these two Primitives this dates back to the to the loopy rack of construction the Faisal networks who use a PRF and design a PRP on top of this However, if you look at it it makes more sense to do the other way around this because people know how to build a PRP and don't know how to natively built an efficient PRF So in this work, we look at the other way around and a very famous construction in this direction Was the one that Stefano showed two slides ago was the sum of permutations or the XR of permutations So quickly go over it. We have two block ciphers calls calling it with a secret key P1 and P2 This the input goes into both and the output gets exored the scheme dates back to Balara and France in 1998 I'm various results including the one from two slides back. I didn't add it. I'm sorry Proof optimal security of the scheme. There's many applications. There is also a variant with a single key Primitives who use one block cipher evaluation and the input gets just prepended with a bit to do the main separation and At crypto last year But I call the audience around introduced encrypted Davis Meyer and encrypted Davis Meyer also uses two block cipher calls With a secret key P1 and P2 the input value goes into the first block cipher call And then it gets fed forward over the first call and then the resulting value gets encrypted again Colette answer improved security up to two to the two and over three queries and conjectured that this construction is in fact optimally secure And they actually had EDM as a side result. Namely they focused on encrypted Wakeman Carter Davis Meyer conveniently abbreviated to EWC DM and Essentially, it's a non-space Mac function it gets its input the nonce The nonce goes through EDM and in the middle you X or universal hash function called evaluated on the message And also this Mac function was proven secure up to two to the two and over three and conjectured to be optimal security to be optimally secure and in this work we prove optimal security up to some small loss and more data will prove that encrypted Davis Meyer and encrypted Davis Meyer dual are secure up to two to the end divided by and so two to the end and Divided by a small logarithm class in In addition, we look at encrypted Davis Meyer So forget about the dashed line and we thought well it makes more sense to do the feed forward over the second block Cypher call. So if you look at the dual So this is what we call encrypted Davis Meyer dual. It's the same construction But then the feed forward goes over the second block cypher call We proved that encrypted Davis Meyer dual, which is equally efficient is optimally secure and those are the main contributions of our work In an earlier version, we also had a dual of the Mac function But Marie-Doul found I pointed out that we made a very stupid mistake in the proof So we removed at the scheme Sort of foot but the main focus is encrypted Davis Meyer and encrypted Davis Meyer a dual and the backbone of the analysis is that this Heavy hammer is a mirror theory And I think the mirror theory is a very powerful approach in achieving optimal security At a high level the idea is essentially combinatorials combinatorial a problem So suppose we have in this case are equate our unknowns So this beautiful p get a graphic p denotes are Distinct unknowns so we know that they're distinct, but they are unknown and we have q equations over these are unknowns of this form So PAI plus PBI is left eye and the lab does of course know So we have our unknowns and q equations and there is some implicit surjection so and if for instance 5 a 1 as 5 a 2 and These are the same unknowns so there is an implicit Surjection here, but essentially the problem is we have q equations over our unknowns And the goal is to derive a lower bound on the number of solutions to the unknowns Such that they are all distinct. It's a very combinatorial problem, right? But it has many applications And pow pattern derived an extremely lower for extremely powerful lower bound on this number of solutions But for some reason it has remained unnoticed in the field of crypto for a long time So it was introduced back in 2003 And it has been used by some in some articles, but not many and to give you an impression How unknown it has remained since the introduction 14 years ago? I added a list of all results that use Patras mere theory So it starts of course with the original publication. It was still in suboptimal bound in 2003 Later Patrae used it in 2004 Patrae used it in 2005 optimal security Which next Patrae and Montreux proved it in 2005 Patrae proved it used it in 2008 Patrae used it in 2008 again Patrae in 2010 Patrae used it for the sum of permutations a concrete bound finally Patrae used it in 2010 for the feist of construction. I guess you see the pattern, right? Patrae used it in 2013 for the sum of permutations and improved bound Ah, yes, Coliati lamp and pattern and proved it used it to prove a sort of multiple permutations So what's next fault in a chef and Mariette used it beginning a previous year for a feist on that work So this is the first article that does not include Patrae But some people among you may recognize these names. So it's for close authors and students of Patrae So only in the end of last year we applied it and so That's who me and Damian were we are not We have we don't have any relation with Patrae And But we found out that this result actually proved security of C-ank optimal security of the C-ank encryption scheme from 2006 in fact the result from 2005 Proved that C-ank of 2006 was optimally secure and it has remained rather unknown even though it is a powerful technique And I'm gonna explain you the technique at a high Level and to think about the technique to get the intuition it makes sense to think of the system of equations as a graph So recall we have our unknowns and Q equations and We can visualize this in terms of a graph So this graph consists of our notes and Q edges in this case for instance PA1 plus PB1 is lambda 1 This means that we add this edge labeled by lambda 1 into this graph in this case also PA1 equals PA2 which Effectively means that the phi of a1 is the phi of a2 So we can transform the system of our equate a Q equations with our unknowns into a graph with our notes and Q edges and Now we're going to lower bound the number of solutions But let's first look at three silly examples three toy examples And the first one is rather simple. We have three equations and two unknowns Three unknowns and two equations. I'm sorry PA plus PB is lambda 1, PB plus PC is lambda 2 We have this nice graph associated with it and now we're going to lower bound the number of solutions to the unknowns But it's obvious that if lambda 1 is 0 for instance And the first equation reads PA equals PB and that's impossible That's a contradiction because the unknown should be distinct. So in this case, we have zero solutions And we call the scheme degenerate Also if lambda 2 is 0 it is degenerate. If lambda 1 equals lambda 2 We can sum the two equations and we see that PA should be equal to PC Which is also a contradiction and we call on either of these cases. We call the scheme degenerate Briefly looking forward degeneracy means that there is a path in this graph of which the sum of the labels is zero Now suppose it's not degenerate. So the lambda i's are non-zero and they are the same Now we're just going to fix the some solutions So we first fix 2 to the n well p the unknowns are n bit values You have 2 to the n possible choices for PA But once PA is fixed this fixes PB Because PB is lambda 1 X or PA and PB is of course different from PA because lambda 1 is non-zero This in turn fixes PC because PC is lambda 2 plus PB So in total we have 2 to the n solutions to the system a More complicated example is this more come is actually more complicated even though it looks simpler We have two equations and four unknowns so PA plus PB is lambda 1 PC plus PD is lambda 2 Again, we have degeneracy if lambda 1 or lambda 2 is 0 for the same reason as before So suppose we have different non-zero lambda 1 and lambda 2 Again just going to count the number of solutions you have 2 to the n possible choices for PA this fixes PA and it hence fixes PB And but now the question is how many choices do we have for PC and PD? Well, we require that PC is not equal to PA and PB Because unknowns are distinct PD which is defined as lambda 2 plus PC should also be unequal to PA and PB Essentially this means that we have at least 2 to the n minus 4 choices for PC And the total number of solutions is at least 2 to the n times 2 to the n minus 4 Could be more but we have at least this and this is how the lower bound technique works Third example is when we have a circle So we have three equations three unknowns and we have a beautiful circle For simplicity assume we have non-degeneracy so the lambda i's are non-zero lambda i is not equal to lambda j Suppose now that lambda 1 plus lambda 2 plus lambda 3 is not equal to 0 in this case If we sum the three equations we see that we should actually have lambda 1 plus lambda 2 plus lambda 3 is 0 So if this is the case we have zero solutions and we call that we say that the scheme contains a circle For obvious reasons because it contains a circle And if the lab does some to zero We don't have a contradiction, but essentially we have a redundant equation We can get rid of the last equation without loss of generality and we're back at example 1 And this is a little bit the technique behind the mirth theory and more generally we see two types of problems So problem one is when there is a circle of size at least two a problem two is when there is a degeneracy Meaning that there is a path of length at least one of which the labels sum to zero And but right now proves the following powerful result He proves that if the system of equations is circle-free and non-degenerate Then the number of solutions to the unknowns is at least 2 to the n falling factorial r divided by 2 to the n q So to be clear this 2 to the n with a subscript r means 2 to the n 2 to the n minus 1 2 to the n minus 2 up to 2 to the n minus r plus 1 Divided by 2 to the n q where q is the number of equations are the unknowns and that's what patreon proof provided that the maximum three size XI satisfies XI minus 1 squared times r is at most 2 to the n divided by the magical number 67 So that's a technical condition for the proof And and to see the power of this mirror theory, let's look at this sum of permutations And and I will focus on the single permutation variant So we have one permutation with the main separation in front of it So the main separation in front of it and consider an asterizary a fursary that gets a transcript Consisting of q evaluations of the scheme every evaluation Kind of defines two inputs to the permutation, right? So we have XI goes to p of zero concatenated with XI and of one concatenated with XI And if you define these values as PAI and PBI Every tuple every query that the attacker mays corresponds to an equation So we have q equations of this form PAI plus PBI is YI by design We have two q unknowns because the inputs to the permutations are always different So we have two q unknowns and q equations if you draw the graph you just have a few lines So the this is essentially the graph Q queries they are disconnected It's clear that the scheme has no circle So there is no circle in the picture. It is non degenerate provided that there is no path of Which the label sum to zero essentially this means that there is this is Non degenerate as long as the y i's are not equal to zero for all i's In addition the maximum tree size is 2 and if you apply the mirror theory We see that if 2q is at most 2 to the power n divided by 67 We have at least 2 to the n falling factorial 2q divided by 2 to the nq solutions to the unknowns That's the mirror theory The question now is how to use this I will quickly go over it because of time and it's a very simple approach is using the HCO efficient technique and HCO efficient technique consists of looking at all possible transcripts So everything the attacker can see is all possible transcripts and to divide these transcripts into good ones and bad ones And then the goal is for good ones prove that the probability that you get a good transcript in the real for the real construction Divided by the probability that you get a bad transcript transcript in the ideal construction is close to one and then the security Bound is upper bounded by this epsilon plus the probability that you actually get a bad transcript in the random world So this is a very famous proof technique In our case we say that a transcript is bad if the corresponding graph is Degenerate because in that case we cannot apply the mirror theory So saying that the transcript is bad if the if the graph is degenerate means that the transcript is bad if there is a y that is zero and Recall if you go back to the construction quickly y can never be zero in this case, so it makes sense in The random world y can be zero in the real world It cannot be zero the probability that you get a bad transcript is about q over 2 to the n and Then for the analysis of good transcript what it pulls down to how quickly go over it It's a bit technical, but essentially what it means is you have to Compute the number of permutations That's fit to a certain transcript. So given the transcript Drive a lower bound on the number of compute permutations that fit this transcript And this is what mirror theory does because here we see the bound from the mirror theory This is the number of solutions the probability that you get any of these solutions is This term times the probability that you get one of these For the random one you just get 2 to the nq and if you do the math you will find epsilon is zero and you get q over 2 to the n Security and that's how the mirror theory use it works for the sum of permutations This is not my proof. So this was all from pattern And but now encrypted Divis Meyer Encrypted Divis Meyer is different because it's sequential. It's not a sum of permutations, right? Well if you look at it a bit closer It is because if the attacker gets the transcript and if you fix the transcript it boils down to a computation of the number of permutations that fit the transcript now I look at the picture. So the X goes that forward to the middle. We just put it from the top as the same screen, right? But if the transcript is fixed the arrows in the scheme don't matter that much anymore So we are just going to swap the arrows for P2 So the EMD encrypted Divis Meyer is essentially a sum of permutations in the middle and Now we can apply the the mirror theory The more detail if you have one query it corresponds to two evaluations namely P1 of Xi which I define as PAI P2 inverse of Yi which I define as PBI and then we have a system of q equations of the form PAI plus PBI is XY It is a bit different from the mirror theory from the sum of permutations because in this case the Y values can collide So the X values are always unique the Y values can collide and this means that the PBIs may collide If you're not draw the graph you don't have just edges. Well, you also have edges, but the edges can collide So here the PAIs they correspond to the input to the first permutation. Those are always distinct But we could have collisions at the Y side. So in this case, we have a various trees This is a tree with Xi one edges. So this means you have a Xi one fold collision on the Y So this is how the intuitively the graph looks like now again We're gonna apply the mirror theory but now a small relaxation because we use different permutations It is circle-free, right? It's obviously circle-free you can see it from the picture It is non-degenerate and I need to note here that we use different permutations So if for instance X one is zero it doesn't matter because we use different permutations But if you have a path of length two of which it labels some to zero then you have a problem But the X's are all distinct. So you never have a problem The maximum tree size is Xi plus one provided. There is no Xi plus one fold collision in the Y value And then you do the you apply milk and patron as mirror theory And you find that if Xi squared times Q is at most two to the n divided by 67 You have at most this number of solutions to the unknowns and I'm gonna Make a shortcut to the conclusion and we find that the security of encrypted Davis Meyer is At most the Q over two to the n which comes from the loss using the relaxation of the mirror theory Plus Q choose Xi plus one divided by two to the n Xi which is a probability that you have a multi-collation Enhanced a violation of the tree size And that's the technique used for encrypted Davis Meyer. You can do the same thing for encrypted wakeman Carter Davis Meyer And so we call that in an encrypted wakeman Carter Davis Meyer the nonce is always unique But you have a message of which the hash value goes in here And so we again swap the errors we have some permutations in the middle Two evaluations so the X I goes to PAI Y I goes to PB I we have a system of Q equations of the form PAI plus PB I is and in this case we get the new I plus the age of MI So as before the X's are you the nonsense are unique that then This should be new and this should be T the nonsense are always unique the T's could collide But in addition these values could collide So the graph now looks essentially the same, but you have a problem if you have degeneracy again We have no circle the degeneracy happens if you have two edges in the same graph With the same label so if in the same tree you have two edges with the same label you have a problem and This corresponds essentially to the remaining term because this one we saw for encrypted Davis Meyer This one we saw for encrypted Davis Meyer. This is the probability that within one tree You get To the same labels so Q choose two times epsilon where epsilon is the quality of the universal hash function divided by 2 to the end Now for encrypted Davis Meyer dual and we can also prove it using merit theory But we did it in a simpler way and the proof is essentially by picture. It's really a simple proof Because this is encrypted Davis Meyer. We can redraw it. This is same scheme So instead of feet doing the feet forward here We doing the feet forward from the beginning, but we permuted. It's the same picture. Is it was a different picture, but the same scheme But the permutations P1 and P2 are independent random permutations So why don't we just replace this by a random permutation say P3 and these are probabilistically equivalent and This is the sum of permutations, which is optimally secure So encrypted Davis Meyer dual is at least a secure as a sum of permutations And we get optimal security which is better security than encrypted Davis Meyer. I Quickly want to go to future research and one interesting question is what happens if the permutations are the same For encrypted Davis Meyer and encrypted Wakeman got the Davis Meyer The trick doesn't work anymore because the trick we used in the proof is to is is that we invert P2 so the trick is that we keep P1 as it is between invert P2 But if the permutations are the same you cannot just invert one And the trick really fails and we don't see any way to prove it For EDMD, we also don't see a way to prove it because there is a difficulty That looks like there could be some issues in some kind of sliding issues, but a bit more advanced If the permutations are the same and nevertheless, we don't see any attacks So we expect that these schemes achieve optimal security or asymptotically optimal security To conclude, I think merit theory is a very powerful technique And I don't think it's better or worse than the guys square technique. It's different both have their advantages and disadvantages It allows for approving optimal security or almost optimal security for various constructions And interesting question are the single key variants a dual of encrypted Davis And cruelted wake MacArthur Davis Meyer I think this is also interesting because what we saw for EDM versus EDMD EDM and EDMD the schemes are equally efficient But encrypted Davis Meyer dual is way more secure Or it's a bit more secure and maybe the same could happen for the Mac functions And I expect there should be plenty of further applications for the merit theory And that concludes my presentation Thank you