back to why in the morning, if it's Tuesday, it's entrepreneurship Tuesday at Y254 Channel is where you can find us across all our social media handles at Michelle Ashira. Is where you can find me across all my social. In this particular session, we dive into an interview that looks at nutrition consulting, the whole, the professional aspect of it, the business aspect of it. This is a conversation you wanna stick around for. So, all right. So there's a quote, I want to quote Dr. Nancy Moldica.  All right. So sticking for this conversation, cause oh my, you wanna know way much more when it comes to nutrition. And in studio, I am joined by Jessica Wenjiko. She is the co-founder of Malkia Nutrition. And listen, she's a licensed nutritionist. Thank you very much, Jessica, for connecting with us. Thank you. I wish you would have just had high five but Corona is real. Yeah. So how are you doing? I'm fine. Happy new month. You too. All right. It's been great months. For someone who is watching us for, and they have had me throw in the way, you know, your title as a licensed nutritionist. So what does it entail being a nutritionist?  We also learn how it's produced, a little bit of food science, yeah, and all that. So for most of us, we want to live healthy, okay? We want to live healthy. We want to do everything the right way. Because we care about our bodies. Now the problem is what we are actually implementing is what we have studied in school, which is proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins. And at times it doesn't just follow that meal plan. So what is the proper meal plan looking like? Okay, a balanced diet, of course we'll have all those potions you mentioned to add proteins and carbohydrates and vitamins. Those are the vegetables, but it depends for a healthy person, you have like half of your plate will be carbohydrates, quarter will be proteins and the rest should be like vegetables or fruits. Then you need to have all through the day, like for those 24 hours, have different servings of fruits. You can have a fruit in the morning or at four or at 10 or at four, such that at the end of the day you will have seven to eight servings of fruit and vegetables. Oh, yes. In this, when it comes to the nutrition journey on a personal level, I tell you, because there's a difference between wellness and nutrition, how important is it to combine both of them and yes, how important is it to combine both of them if I move to the mental space? All right. So wellness is, it encompasses food and nutrition. It also looks into mental health wellness, but it also looks at exercising and how you carry yourself. So wellness is more of a, like a basket of different aspects, but nutrition is more about food, what you eat, how do you eat it? What time do you eat it? How often do you eat? What is it composed of? What is the food composed of? So nutrition is more specific. Well, as wellness is, it encompasses a lot more. Right. Yeah. When you speak about the mental awareness, because when it comes to this whole aspect, the wellness journey, it all starts from the mindset. And we have people who actually, when they are going through something, maybe depression, they're just being stressed, they had a long day, how can you shape the mentality aspect? Because there are people who over-endage when they are stressed. They just wanna get in and have your all. Then we have the guys who actually deprive themselves from eating. So when we come to malcare, so how do you change that sort of mentality of help? So mental wellness is actually one of the aspects we also deal with. We have a psychologist on board whom we work with, because we realize problems with food stem from, like your psychological aspect, like did you have a problem with food when you were young?  Now you don't wanna eat it when you're grown, or you are deprived of a particular food item when you are young. Now you're over-endowed when you're old. There's also the aspect of stress and depression. So we have to solve that problem fast. And then now we can deal with the food that you're eating, because I can cancel someone who is depressed and just look at their meal plan and give them a meal plan, but they won't follow it if they have an aligned mental illness at the back of, like they have something else that is leading up to the problems with their food. For example, if you have someone who doesn't eat, someone who's anorexic, they don't eat because they have an issue that they are dealing with. So we have to solve that issue fast. Then now we can address the problem in the food. So it goes back to your childhood days. True, true, yeah. And that brings me back to this particular question that we have seen most of us back from our home. So in an African home set whereby our parents tell you, no, sit down, malize chakula. You are not going anywhere. So is that from a parent perspective, just speaking to parents, how wrong is that? It's wrong, because if the child is done, let them be done.  And I don't necessarily subconsciously react. Yeah, subconsciously, because you have been trained like that.   So for parents, probably, if serve the right portion for your child and if they are full, let them be. Because I know one thing, a child would starve themself. They will always eat, yeah. So take us through, Jessica. Where did the passion start or all began for you when it comes to the nutrition market and how did you get into this industry? I think subconsciously it was because of my mom. She was very strict on what we ate at home. And also she made like hard dishes really well. So that was subconsciously, but I joined, when I joined university and I chose nutrition. And then I found it interesting, you know, to understand food, to understand how it's grown, where it's from, how it's processed and why you love a particular food over another. So that's from my background, from my mom. It is part of the aspect of wanting to understand food and nutrition. Then the reason why I went into consultancy, I think it was more because of my family, like my uncles and my aunties, most of them are having lateral diseases from obesity, kidney problems, hypertension. So I wanted to have an impact. If only I can start with my family, then reach out to more people in the community. I felt like I could have an impact. And how for how long has Malkia nutrition been running? We've been running since May 2019. So we were active, more active physically up to the lockdown. And then now we've been more online but we still operate at our offices in Westlands. And how was the reception into the market when you guys started? Initially it was a bit tough because some people, the target market that we had, they didn't realize that you should pay for nutrition consultancy, we know that. We can just talk and I'll pick tips and that's it. But nutrition... They don't realize it's a business, the name will be there. Yes, the business aspect where you tell someone, we'll consult for one hour and you have to pay, it was a bit hard to pass across. But now when you come to someone who is already having an issue, like a lifestyle problem, they are more willing to listen to you. They understand the value of what you're saying and how you're helping them to change their dietary habits, work with them to lifestyle coaching and transforming their habits. So those are more receptive. But for young people, to whom we want them to learn about prevention, it's a bit hard to get the message across. Okay, because they feel like we got all the time.  40. Yeah, 40 is when you have kids and you're already struggling with your own lifestyle diseases. Yes, and speak to us about, because, okay, I read somewhere and they speak about the fact that you have so much control of your body before the age of 40. And how true is that?  You can be, you know, like your metabolism is higher, but with age it dips. Metabolism means like the rate at which food is being processed and used in the body. So when your metabolism dips changes or slows down and now you're more physically inactive, it means more of the food you consume is stored in your body. So now those underlying problems or conditions will start coming up. You might find your blood pressure has gone up, your blood sugar is a little bit on the high side, and you start developing those problems now at the age of 40. That's why you find most lifestyle diseases are discovered towards that age, but they could have been prevented from adolescence and like, I am addict. Yeah, so as Malkia, I mean, we're in that space where we want people to know about prevention before we start managing lifestyle diseases that are, most of them are preventable actually, most of them are preventable. Okay, so briefly, Jessica, take us through what the services that Malkia Nutrition offers. Okay. So Malkia Nutrition offers a nutrition assessment. This is where we'll come, our client will come and we'll take their weight and height and try to, you know, get their BMI body mass index, try to address any issues that they might have, like assessment, and then you also have screening campaigns. This is where we go out to the community and give people the services for free or for a small fee. We screen them for diabetes, high blood pressure, of course, their weight and height, that is their, if they are obese. You also have mental wellness, as I mentioned, lifestyle coaching where you work with a psychologist to help you now to deal with your issues and probably like, if mental wellness is what is causing your food problems, we get to address that. So yeah, that's... Do you feel like there can never be change when it comes to someone who is embarking on a journey of nutrition when their mental space is not changed? Yeah, it's hard, it's hard, because you'll come and talk and you'll pay for the one hour, but then when you go back home and you're facing the same issues, you will go to the fridge, get what is there, binge eat, and then next week when you come I assess you and I find we haven't moved. We are still at the same point and if you're honest with me and you tell me, but I didn't follow the meal plan, so we realize we want to make progress until we sort out your mental health issues. Being there, we're still in the face of the new year. I would just welcome February here. So people have their goals, body goals and everything, they're back to the gym, just trying to get the summer of booty. So take us through the process of losing weight, right? We have guys who are embarking on keto fasting, intermittent fasting, how effective are these fasting programs? Okay, for someone who's embarking on a weight loss journey, they should be keen on what they're eating. Don't just jump onto a diet program without, like, researching on it, knowing what you will eat and what you will not eat, because if you go, like, on a keto diet and you're just having lots of proteins, and maybe you still need energy, even if this protein at some point will be digested to release energy in the body, you still need some carbs. But if you go on a diet that you haven't researched well on and which you're not disciplined enough to be consistent on, you drop it at some point and then, of course, it won't work. And the problem, what happens is now, people come into a nutritionist and they say, these things don't work. And why is that? Because they don't, they're not consistent. You have made a goal in January, two weeks in, you have dropped it, you have picked another diet plan, like, two weeks in, you have dropped it. So those, if it's not consistent, if it's not guided, it might not work. So that's where our service is coming. You have, even if you want a keto diet, but if I'll guide you to know which foods to eat, when to eat them, and why you're doing it. Because if you just go into something without the knowledge, you're probably gonna drop it at some point. Yeah, so the why is important. Yeah, always begin with the why. Oh, okay. So what if I decide to go all the way fasting? I give myself like, as you mentioned earlier, before you started this conversation on the air, you said about 21 days. Is water fasting effective? If I choose 21 days, I don't know, 40 days, is it effective? If you're consistent for 21 days, it will be effective. Because at that point, the body will have adjusted, and the metabolism will have, the patterns will have adjusted. So that when you fast, your body breaks down what is already stored in your body. And then now when you eat, it is like, nothing might feel bestowed. But if you do it for two, you fast for eight hours, like during the day, then when you're going back home, you're like, I've seen a samosa there, I've seen an egg there, I need to grab a knife. That is the moment where you see all these things. Sure, sure, and it's so appealing, because you're hungry, but your body needs to form a pattern, which begins at probably 14 days, 21 days, and then now you're consistent. At 40 days, now that probably becomes like a lifestyle. Let's talk about discipline. Because if there's no discipline, you're not achieving anything in this journey. So how does any of your program at Malkia Nutrition deal with just ensuring that your clients follow up on a particular program, just discipline and follow through? So what we do is follow up. If someone is on a meal plan that, of course I have the copy, so if I give them the meal plan, I will either have them send me photos of what they are eating to see that they are, to keep you up on your toes. If we don't do that, I'll call you like after two days and see how you're doing. Is it tough? Did you feel pain during the day? Because maybe reduce the portion of carbohydrates you are having. So we do that follow up to ensure someone is consistent. Then you also have the in-person meetings probably like after two weeks, if you're on a meal plan. Yeah, so we meet up after two weeks. We observe the changes, the metrics. If they have changed your weight, you take measurements maybe of your waste circumference so that you can have those metrics to track the progress. What if I cheat? You can't cheat with like numbers. If you know it, you can cheat. You can tell me, but then in a quarter, I'm following this consistently. But when you come to the office and you take some measurements, and I can tell you probably haven't been doing it. Yeah, so that there's no way you can, you can't cheat yourself, but you can cheat the numbers. Yeah, and also you're doing zero work. Yeah, you're doing zero work. You'll be paying for something that you're not implementing. All right, so for the people who love coffee, how much caffeine is too much caffeine? I've had friends who take like four to eight cups of coffee a day, that's basically too much. Maybe two cups of coffee, that's like they recommended all their ranges for every nutrient that you consume. So that could be the recommended daily intake for coffee. But if you do four, six, 10, those are too much. When it comes to just breaking into the market space, whereby we have so many other nutrition companies, so the competition is there, what is your niche in the market space? We're targeting, okay, our niche is like the people we're targeting, we're targeting working class people. So these are people who are still, they're able to pay for our services, but they also need the knowledge because they have just, they are like maybe from 25 to 35 or 40. So they need the knowledge to know what meals do I prepare for myself, what meals do I prepare for my family if they're already having like a young family. So that's our targets. And when it comes to the marketing strategy, as per when you started and right now, so how does it look like when it comes to marketing strategy? So when you started, as I mentioned, I started with my family. I realized the immediate need, but we realized we need to go beyond. So we went on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and tried to create awareness of who we are. Yes, social media to create awareness of who we are. For example, for the event we did last year, we had to create a lot of posts and a lot of awareness so that people come for the screening, which was a free screening, but if people don't know about it, they won't come. So the free screening had to be like broadcasted on social media platforms. And also now platforms like this also helped us to get the one out. Okay, yeah. What is the conversation you're not having about sugar and sugar intake? Sugar, okay, people think of sugar like what you put in your cup or yeah, basically like the sugar that you find on your table, but every food type has sugar. You find sugar in cake, you find sugar in bread, you find sugar even in arrow roots. They still have carbohydrates that can be processed to a form of sugar. So sugar intake should be limited. That's not just what you put in your cup, but overall, like all the carbohydrates you're having, if you want to limit sugar intake, you have to limit all the carbs that you're having. So people should know that it's not just that teaspoon you're adding to your cup of tea, but it's the overall intake of carbohydrates that you're having in a day. Yeah, so when I say reduce sugar intake, which I can use because it's more of what people know, I mean reduce your carbohydrates intake overall. Okay, so these two, the carbs actually play a role when it comes to adding extra weight. Yeah, yeah, they play a big role. Okay, so another question that we have here from one of our viewers, but she's called non-save from Karatina, she's asking, what is wrong with drinking water while eating? Am I supposed to drink water while eating? How should I drink water first or after? Like at the same time? Yeah. Okay, water should be drunk like 30 minutes before or 30 minutes after. The reason being, you might find that as you eat the food, some of the vitamins, most of them are, some of them, not most of them, are water soluble.  So when you're taking your food with water, you're like, can I say watering down? Like you're diluting some of the nutrients in the food and then the digestion processing in your stomach will be a bit disrupted. So maybe 30 minutes before, take some water or 30 minutes after, that the food can be, you give space between water intake and food intake. Yeah. No, that's the reason I say now you know. Okay, let's look at fruits. What is the right time to have your fruits? Is it after, is it before? Well, the Kenyan way is like you see at events, people have them all together. You have your mcele, watermelon there, pineapple, but basically you should also separate them. You know, like, have them probably at 10 and then you're lunching two hours time, such that these fruits, the vitamins and minerals in them will be, will have been absorbed before the food comes. Why, so it's before? Yes. So how, okay, I see it in events and you can't tell everyone, but you know this should be served probably before the people are coming in, serve the fruits, then have the food afterwards. All right, let's go back to the business aspect of malcian nutrition and take us through your, how do you, the monetary value aspect of it also on how you actually monetize? Oh, so when you have a consultation, you pay for it. Okay. And you know, we have some products that we sell alongside the consultancy services. So those ones also bring in income to our business and we're moving also to the food production space but we'll have products like chia seeds and ground nuts on sale, but that's still in the near future. For now, we make money through the consultancy because you pay for every section and also the products that we sell alongside. Fantastic. And also let's look at the aspect, the financial aspect of it. So far since you guys started in 2018 till now, do you guys regret it and how has the financial books been looking like? Is there a space whereby you can actually make money? Yeah, it's a space where you can make money because you realize many people now are realized especially after the COVID pandemic. Oh yeah, that's very true. People are a bit more health conscious. They wanna know, hey, I've been like this, I've had like COVID is affecting more people who have like pre-existing conditions are affected more than those who are healthy. So there's something I need to calibrate. So right now people are more perceptive to pay for nutritional services, which it was like a blessing in disguise during the COVID period, because you find now people are picking up nutrition consultancy services more. So no, we don't regret it. And we're gonna continue with the services because we're passionate about it and also we are making money as we do it. All right, you're in a business space, you have by interacts quite so much with your clients and communication skills is quite very important. So how do you guys ensure that also your employees are well equipped in ensuring that there's a rapport between the clients and now the profession, the profession that is that nutritionist. Okay, so there's a way you can tell someone, something is not good for them in a polite way. You can just tell someone, hey, you're dying. You tell them, if you don't watch this, it might lead to this outcome. So knowing how to word the message that you're passing across to a client is important for us. Because we don't wanna scare away people, but we also don't wanna lie because some of these conditions are life-threatening. So if you don't tell a client that they need to change, they will not change. So what we teach, or what we embrace as an organization is like communicating, can I say kindly, to their clients, but making sure you pass the message across. Don't be too nice such that they don't take it seriously but make sure you pass the message in a way that they understand, but they also feel like comforted in knowing I have a problem but I can solve it, or we can solve it together. All right, as we look at, before you look at a couple of achievements, since you guys started, let's talk about challenges that you faced in the business. Okay, I think the major challenge we faced like last year was transitioning because consultancy is one-on-one. It's face-to-face. But now clients are a bit afraid to travel to come out, okay, especially with the lockdown. There was limited people outside and traveling and all that. So we had to do it virtually. But there is an aspect you can't achieve when it's on a screen, because someone can lie to me on a screen and tell me, because we take like history of your diet maybe for two days, for the last two days. They can tell me, you know, you can tell me the good things. I had ugali and some veggies, whereas you had maybe a few pieces of cake and ice cream and whatnot. So it was not easy to have that human connection virtually. So that was the main challenge. Also, the working clients reduced, of course, because we weren't at the office for a few months. So those were, it affected also our finances. And at points, but we are recovering. And what are the measures that you guys are taking to scale up your business in this new year? All right, for this new year we want to do, of course, we are still strong on social media. We also want to plan another screening campaign. Probably maybe people in the community so that they can know that we are here for them to help them with this, creating awareness, knowledge dissemination. We are planning on that, because we find it's a free event. You find clients now come for a second session or a first consultancy session after the screening. So we are doing that and also being strong on social media. Okay, let's look at major achievement that you made since you guys started off. And looking back, you'll be like, yeah, don't regret it. Don't regret it going all private practice. Yeah, private practice is, it's interesting. But one of the major achievements was holding the public screening campaign at the University of Nairobi, Kibete campus last year in March. So that we attracted almost 1,000 people. It set us on the trajectory for having many clients. We've also had several online webinars, which we also take pride in that. So the flow of customers has been kind of steady since then. All right, as we wind up, give us three tips. Three nutritional tips that are going to help us when it comes to our meal plan. Okay, why? As we leave healthy. Always have veggies on your plate. Don't just have Ugalinyama and that's it. What about the flavors we can put to, you know, the spices, if you can have natural spices, that's good. Like if you can get the ginger itself and grate it for your flavor or the garlic. Add those natural spices to your food. Avoid processed foods. Something about processed food that we want people to get off processed foods. So one, yeah, have veggies, avoid processed foods. In a day, take a fruit here and there, you know. Take a fruit maybe at break time instead of going for a cake, go for a banana, go for an orange. So yeah, those are the three tips I can say. Veggies, natural spices. Natural spices and food. Take a fruit, yeah. Take a fruit. Okay, before.  This is at snack time. So in a day, you can have two or three snacks that you mean at the end of the day. I'll be a happy person if you tell me, I had three bananas today. Oh, why? Okay. So thank you very much, Jessica. And how can you guys find you on social media? All social media platforms, yeah, at Malkia Nutrition on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and even LinkedIn and also our website at Malkia Nutrition. Malkia Nutrition. As simple as that. As simple as that. Thank you very much, Jessica, for creating time today. Thank you for having me on the show. That's having this conversation around nutrition. I'm glad to be here. It's been a good time. Okay, we'll see you to choose the next time round and discuss way more when it comes to matters pertaining nutrition. Thank you so much, Michelle. All right, that is Jessica Wangeru, the co-founder of Malkia Nutrition and she's also a licensed nutritionist. Make sure you follow them across all the social media handles that is Malkia Nutrition to get much more when it comes to matters pertaining nutrition. So make sure you don't touch that dial. We'll be right back with so much more right here on why in the morning I try to find as you can find us across all our social media handles at Michelle as she raised her hand for me across all my socials. So make sure that that dial will be right back.


From VOA Learning English, this is the Economics Report. The United States is considering the future of an American law called the African Growth and Opportunity Act, or AGOA. This law allows countries in sub-Saharan Africa to export some goods and natural resources to the United States without duties. AGOA is set to end in 2015. It was signed into law in 2000 and has been extended once already. Earlier this month, American Trade Representative Michael Froman met with African ministers in Ethiopia for talks on the possible renewal of AGOA. He said the United States is interested in African trade talks with the European Union. He said American officials want to know about the results of those talks before they decide what to do about extending the law. Mr. Froman said African partner countries need to think about how they want to work with the United States on renewing it. He said the countries need to understand how the issue relates to their negotiations with the European Union. EU-economic partnership agreements with African countries would be different from AGOA. Not only would African products be duty-free in Europe, European goods sent to African markets would not be subject to import taxes either. Mr. Froman said the wording of AGOA might need to be changed so the law is more like the EU partnership agreements. He said the United States is unlikely to support calls for giving African partners one-way access to the American market while limiting trade for American companies. In the end, the United States Congress will decide whether or not to approve an extension of the law and for how long. For VOA Learning English, I'm Alex Villarreal.


This is CursePike. My friends call me Bigsy. Back in action today, we're talking Elden Ring. That's right guys, we're talking the AAA game of the year and we're still continuing our discussion about MGM.  It's the real deal, but why are we talking about Elden Ring? Simple. This is a AAA game. We have 23 articles and, you know, tips, tricks, strategies, lore, et cetera, et cetera, published on the game. We've got over 40,000 views on it already. The game's only a few months old. And here's the best part. We're getting front-page Google results and search engine results for our AAA game coverage. What am I talking about? Let me show you.  Prisoner class is, yeah, Spellblade is in the Prisoner class in Elden Ring. I haven't played it yet, but yeah. Here it is, guys. You type that in and you just look down. You got a couple videos up at the top, as you can expect, and then there's segment next.  That's us, guys. We're on the front page of Google for this Prisoner class guy. And this is just an example. We have all sorts of other guides, too. But this is a very successful one. That should be you. Like, let's be honest here. I mean, if you play the indie games like we've covered in the past, great. We'll cover your reviews, your tips, your tricks, your strategies, and we'll help you get ranked and get all those more views. If you play AAA games, also great. We can help you with that, too. I mean, Elden Ring has sold, I don't know, how many millions of copies. So you've probably played it or you're going to play it and you want to write about it and make videos about it. It makes perfect sense. It's the biggest game of the year. Well, getting on the front page of Google certainly helps. So there is just an example. And I'll just load up another one here in this example. I'm in an incognito browser, as you can see up here. And then I typed in Elden Ring Prisoner Spellblade guide. So a little bit more descriptive. But again, another really cool search term. Let's go ahead and see what happens. We've got some videos up at the top here, as to be expected. And then Bingo, we're right there. We're the third spot on Google. So when you type in these types of things, we're coming back. We want that to be you. Let's be blunt here. This is what we do. This is our website is built for gamers like you to promote you, to help you get more views, to help you make more money, to give you another revenue stream. And the best part about it, it works, guys. It really does work. We're here to help. Hit me up on Discord. Big Space C, number 4725. I'll put the description and all that. I'll put my information in the description below. Add me. Let's go, guys. We're having a ton of success. And we're just getting started. We're going to get front-page reviews for all of you guys. Let's just get this going. Hit me up. Info in the description below. Let's go. Thanks for watching. Be back soon.


Ex-Deputy Senate President Mr. Ibrahim Mantu has died in the early hours of Tuesday. He was buried at the Guddu cemetery in accordance with COVID-19 protocols. He said he had been sick for days and died in isolation at a private hospital in the FCT.


People are people they're fallible always keep central to your belief that these people are fallible Not just enough not just okay. The wise saying only the prophets are infallible But in your actual belief system that you act on so if you ever catch yourself saying for example How could this person do it? He's the Imam and you understand the Behaviors were carried out those actions you witnessed you saying but he's an Imam is An indication that you actually believe being an Imam means he can't do these things therefore meaning he's felt infallible So really internalize that people are fallible


Welcome to lecture series on advanced geotechnical engineering course, we are into module number 6 which is on buried structures or buried conduits this is lecture 1. So the contents of buried structures or buried pipes in this advanced geotechnical engineering course are load on pipes, martens load theory for rigid and flexible pipes and trench and projection conditions and minimum cover requirement and pipe flotation and liquefaction issues. So we will try to look into the trench and projection conditions first and thereafter we will introduce ourselves to martens load theory. So these buried conduits or the buried pipes are very important from the infrastructure point of view like many underground utilities which are required nowadays to be embedded below the ground level and these are on offshore as well as on onshore. So these buried pipelines are divided into two main categories and these are called as ditch conduits that is conduits which are embedded in a ditch or a trench and as not all conduits can be put below the ground level so that some of the conduits will be projecting out or above the ground surface they are called embankment conduits or projecting conduits. So based on the method of installation according to Spangler and Handy 1973 they have been divided principally into two categories first ditch conduits and projecting conduits. So in this particular slide what we are seeing is a trench and with a pipe of certain diameter D and H is the height above the pipe from the central line height above the pipe. So you can see that this is the natural ground the side walls and this is the backfill so the trench is excavated the pipe is placed and it is again backfilled and then brought to the natural ground surface. So this type of conduits are called ditch conduit and also called trench conduit condition. So the pipe is installed in an arrow trench generally the trench width will be less than or equal to 2 times the diameter in undisturbed soil then backfill to the natural ground surface. So pipe is installed in a narrow trench and the width of this trench which is BD or BE is nominally is less than or equal to 2 times the diameter of the pipe then the backfill to the natural ground surface. So the examples of this type of conduits are sewers, drains, water mines, gas mains and buried oil pipelines. So various classes of conduits in installation we are actually trying to look into it and first category we have discussed is the ditch conduit or trench conduit where the pipe is installed in a narrow trench generally the trench width is less than or equal to 2 times the diameter and is installed in undisturbed soil then it is backfilled to the natural ground surface. So examples of this type of conduits are sewers, drains, water mines, gas mains and buried oil pipelines. There is also another type which is called projecting conduits. The projecting conduits are further divided into 2 classes positive projecting conduit and negative projecting conduit. So in the case of a positive projecting conduit it is a conduit or pipe installed in shallow bedding with the top of the pipe cross section projecting above the natural ground surface. So if this is the top of the embankment surface that is the fill above the ground then the pipe is actually placed on the ground surface and h is the height above the center of the pipeline. So a positive projecting conduit is a conduit or a pipe installed in a shallow bedding with the top of the pipe cross, top of the pipe cross section projecting above the natural ground surface. So this is actually projecting above the natural ground. So basically highway and railroad culverts are often installed in this way. Highway and railroad culverts are often installed in this way. So highway and railroad culverts they are basically called as you know the positive projecting conduits. So a positive projecting conduit is a conduit or a pipe installed in a shallow bedding with the top of the pipe cross section projecting above the natural ground surface. There is also another class of projecting conduit is called negative projecting conduit.  So this is you know negative projecting conduit is a relatively is installed in a narratively shallow trench and the trench is and which is below the top of the pipe is below the natural ground and the ditch is then back filled with loose soil and embankment is constructed. So this is basically effective in reducing the load on the conduit especially if the back filled above the conduit is, back filled above the conduit is loose soil. So this is effective in reducing the load on the conduit especially if the backfill above the conduit is a loose soil.  Then there is also another class of you know in category of conduits which is called imperfect ditch conduit. This is a special case similar to negative embankment condition but more favorable from standpoint of load reduction on pipe used in very deep installations and difficult to achieve for large diameter pipes and this type of construction is called imperfect ditch conduit or induced trench conduits. So this is a special case similar to negative embankment condition but more favorable from standpoint of load reduction on pipe used in very deep installations and difficult to achieve for large diameter pipes and this type of construction is called imperfect ditch conduit or induced trench conduit. So here these you know here the natural ground is there and the pipe is you know above the natural ground surface the top of the pipe is above the natural ground surface and it is this portion of the soil above the right above the pipe is excavated and refilled with loose soil and then embankment is constructed. So although effective in reducing the load on the conduits this type of construction with loose backfill encourages channels of seepage flow through the embankment and not recommended for wet areas. So for example this particularly use of this loose fill encourages basically in reducing the load on the conduit but this type of construction with loose backfill encourages the channeling of seepage flow through the embankment hence it is not recommended for wet areas. So this type of you know the projecting condition of the installation condition of the conduit is called as a imperfect ditch condition or induced trench condition, induced trench conduit. This is induced trench conduit is that the top of the pipe is above the natural ground and it is you know used in very deep installations and here this portion is excavated and refilled with a loose soil but because of this loose soil there can be encouragement of the formation of channel of seepage flow through the embankment hence it is not recommended for wet areas. So in this particular slide typically types of buried pipes or conduits are shown once again and this is the ditch conduit where this is the you know the side walls and where this backfill with you know certain soil and this is the ground surface. So this is BD is the breadth of the trench and D0 is the external diameter of the pipe and this is the backfill. In case of a positive projecting conduit where you have the diameter D0 and the embankment top is here. So the top of the pipe projects above the ground surface. So here in the positive projecting conduit top of the pipe is projects above the ground surface and above that the embankment construction will happen. And negative projecting conduit pipe is placed in a shallow trench and top lies below the ground surface the top of the pipe lies below the ground surface. So this is the negative projecting conduit and this imperfect ditch conduit is again shown here schematically where you have got top of the pipe above the natural ground surface and a portion which is actually you know filled with loose soil basically to reduce the load on the conduit and then embankment is constructed on the top. So this type of construction of conduit is called installation of conduit is called imperfect ditch conduit. So we have seen different types of you know the conduit installations and accordingly the Marston has actually proposed in a load theory in 1913. So in 1913 Anson Marston developed a theory to explain the characteristics of soil columns above a buried conduit. So because of the shear resistance provided by the walls of the trench known as the soil arching. So we need to understand what is this soil arching? Soil arching is a phenomenon in which yielding mass transfers the forces or stresses to the non-yielding zones. So a significant fraction of the weight of the soil above the conduit is transferred to the walls of the ditch thus reducing the load on the conduit. So because of the shear resistance provided by the walls of the trench known as the soil arching action a significant fraction of the weight of the soil above the conduit is transferred to walls of the ditch and the reducing the load on the conduit. So we have this soil arching phenomenon is actually is visible in number of you know applications in geotechnical engineering namely in retaining walls or in tunnels and in buried conduits. So with reference to from buried conduits point of view we will try to see what is the soil arching and there are two types of arching one is called active arching and passive arching. So the Marston's load theory we will introduce ourselves and then see that how the you know load transferred on to the pipe is a can be computed for a given condition. So the let us now try to understand about the soil arching, soil arching can be you know the best described as a transfer of forces between a yielding mass of geomaterial and adjoining stationary members. So arching can be best described as a transfer of forces between a yielding mass of geomaterial and adjoining stationary members. So stationary members are nothing but non yielding zones in case of buried conduits it is you know the side walls. So a redistribution of stresses in the soil body takes place. So the shear resistance tends to keep the yielding mass in its original position resulting in change of pressure and both the yielding parts you know support and then adjoining part of the soil. So a redistribution of stresses in soil body takes place because of this participation of this arching and the shear resistance tends to keep the yielding mass in its original position resulting in a change of pressure on both the yielding parts support and the adjoining part of the soil. So this topic of soil arching we have actually also discussed in you know when we are discussing about slope stabilization using piles that is piles slope stabilization and we said that when piles are placed very close to each other with centre to centre distance within the slope at an optimum location within the slope then we said that the participation of arching is visible and when the piles are spaced apart like s is equal to 8d then d is the diameter of the you know pile then we said that the piles will behave like individual piles and then visibility of or participation of arching is marginal or negligible. So similarly we have the phenomenon here that when the trench is narrow and when the fill is actually is trying to settle and the redistribution of the stresses takes place and the shear resistance tends to keep the yielding mass in its original portion resulting in a change of pressure on both the yielding parts support and the adjoining part of the soil. If the yielding part moves downward that means that the soil above the conduit the shear resistance will act upward and reduce the stress at the base of the yielding mass. So what will happen is that if the yielding part moves downward the shear resistance will act upward and reduce the stress at the base of the yielding mass. If the yielding part moves upward suppose if the yielding part moves upward the shear resistance will act downward to impute this movement and cause of increase of stress at the support of the yielding part. So if the yielding part moves upward the shear resistance will act downward to impute this movement and the cause of increase of stress at the support of the yielding. So this causes to the stress increases this causes to the stress increase at the support of the yielding part. So if the yielding part moves downward the shear resistance will act upward and reduce the stress at the base of the yielding mass. So this will actually happen in the narrow trench conduit or ditch conduit condition. If the yielding part moves upward the shear resistance will act downward and to input this movement and also causes increase of the stress at the support of the yielding part. So consider let as we said that there are two types of archings one is called active arching the other one is called passive arching. So here if the structure is compressible so the displacement under pressure PS when the structure is more compressible than the surrounding soil. So this is a typical structure which is considered and this is the surrounding soil. So the pattern of displacement at plane AA and BB will be like this and displacement under pressure PS when the structure is more compressible than the surrounding soil. You can see that the soil in this portion will undergo in a settlement and so this is the displacement patterns under the pressure when structure is more compressible than the surrounding soil. So in this case what will happen is that active arching occurs when the structure is more compressible than the surrounding soil. So in active arching occurs when the structure is more compressible than the surrounding soil. So if the structure deforms uniformly on plane AA and plane BB the stresses on it tend to be lower toward the edges due to mobilized shear stresses in the soil. So if the structure deforms like this and the structure is more compressible than the surrounding soil then at plane AA or BB the stresses on it tend to be on the lower toward the edges due to the mobilized shear stresses in the soil. So because of the mobilized shear stresses the stresses will be lower and then you can see that the surrounding areas that is the non-yielding portions are actually receiving the higher stresses. So this is a terminology of what we are defining is the active arching. Active arching occurs when the structure is more compressible than the surrounding soil that we need to note down active arching occurs when the structure is more compressible than the surrounding soil. Now we as we said the other type of arching is passive arching and the pattern of displacements will be like this in case of passive arching where the structure is less compressible than the surrounding soil. When the structure is less compressible than the surrounding soil so that means that here these settlements in this zone will be less and the surrounding soil actually yields more. This is that there will be differential settlements here, there will be differential settlements here and there will be you know the there will not be any settlements here. So this is the displacement pattern under pressure PS when the structure is less compressible than the surrounding soil. The structure is less compressible than the surrounding soil. So in case of passive arching the soil is more compressible than the structure. So passive arching occurs when the soil is actually more compressible than the structure. So as a result the soil undergoes large displacements and mobilization of shear stresses which increase the total pressure on the structure while decreasing the pressure on the adjacent ground. So as a result what you can see is that the soil undergoes large displacements and because of the reduction in the occurrence of settlements you can see that mobilizing the shear stresses which increase the total pressure on the structure while decreasing the pressure on the adjacent ground. So this is the typical stress distribution across plane A or B where you can see that and at the edges you will see that the stresses are highest and the lowest in the centerline. So this is because as the assuming that the structural deformations are uniform being in the sense that rigid compared to the surrounding soil the stresses are highest at the edges and lowest at the centerline. So you can see that this distribution is because the structural deformations are uniform being rigid compared to, inherently rigid compared to surrounding soil the stresses are highest at the edges and lowest at the center. So in the passive arching the soil is actually more compressible than the structure and assuming that the structural deformations are uniform the stresses are highest at the edges and lowest at the centerline. So as a result what you can see that the soil undergoes large displacements mobilizing shear stresses which increase the total pressure on the structure while decreasing the pressure on the adjacent ground. So after having seen active arching and passive arching we said that active arching occurs when structure is more flexible, more structure is in case of passive arching the soil is more compressible than the structure. In case of active arching soil is, structure is more compressible than the surrounding soil. So when the rigid in the case of rigid pipe now very you can see that there are 2 types we will come across that is called rigid pipes and flexible pipes. And rigid pipes when the side columns of soil are the external pressures are more compressible than the pipe due to inherent rigidity and this caused the pipe to assume the load generated across the width of trench. So when the side columns of soil areuis external pressures are more compressible than the pipe due to its inherent rigidity and this cause the pipe to assume the load generated across the width of the trench. So just now we have seen in passive arching you know the soil is more compressible than the structure. So similarly here when the side columns of the soil or the external presence are more compressible than the pipe due to inner end rigidity this causes the pipe to assume the load generated across the width of the trench. And the shearing stresses or the friction forces that develop due to differential settlement of the external presence and the central presence of soil are additive to the load of the central presence alone. So this is defined as rigid pipe. So rigid pipes show the signs of distress before being vertically deflected at 2% of the diameter. That is rigid pipes show the signs of distress before being vertically deflected by 2% of the diameter. So in the rigid pipe when the sides of columns of soil or the external presence are more compressible than the pipe due to its inner end rigidity and this causes the pipe to assume the load generated across the width of the trench. And the shearing stresses are the frictional forces that develop due to differential settlement of the external presence and the central presence are additive to the load on the central presence alone. So in this condition this type of pipe is called rigid pipes and rigid pipes are show the signs of distress before being vertically deflected at 2% of the diameter. The typical rigid pipes include reinforced concrete cylinder, pre-stress concrete pipes and vetrified clay and polymer concrete and cast iron, asbestos cement and cast concrete. So what we can see is that in effect of the soil settlement will be being the structure is rigid here. So this is a type of passive arching condition, this is a type of passive arching condition what we discussed. The surrounding soil undergoes the differential settlements and where here because of the inherent rigidity the structure will not undergo any different movements but because of this as the settlements are uniform the stresses will be higher at this point and at this point and the stress at the center will be lower. So this type of situation is very close to rigid pipe embedded in a certain depth in a soil is very similar to this passive arching phenomenon. So typical rigid pipes include reinforced concrete ones are made of pre-stress concrete or vetrified clay or polymer concrete, cast iron, asbestos cement and castings with two pipes these are all the rigid pipes but effect of the soil settlement on rigid pipes is actually shown here. The surrounding soil actually settles undergoes settlement here and because of the inherent rigidity this portion is actually not and does not undergo any movement. So you can see that both sides it undergoes surrounding soil prism undergoes movements and this particular portion will not actually undergo any settlement because of the rigidity of the pipe. Now consider the flexible pipe if the pipe is more compressible than external soil columns as a result of vertical deflection allowing the central prism to settle more in relation to the external prisms then the actual load on the pipe is less than the load at load of the central prism due to the direction in which the shearing stresses are acting. So this type of pipes are called flexible pipes. So you can see that the settlement D at this portion the soil undergoes in this portion undergoes differential settlement and the surrounding soil does not undergo any movements are relatively less compared to in the zone which is actually above the pipe. So this condition is very close to active arching condition what we have seen active arching condition where the surrounding soil is actually more compressible the structure is actually more compressible than the surrounding soil. So if the pipe is more compressible than external soils as a result of vertical deflection allowing its vertical direction allowing the central prism to settle more in relation to the external prisms. The actual load on the pipe is less than the load of the central prism due to the direction in which the shearing stresses are acting. So hence this is a condition is called flexible pipes. So a flexible pipe has been defined as the one that will deflect at least 2% without structural distress. So generally there is also another definition for the flexible pipes is flexible pipe has been defined as one that will deflect at least 2% without structural distress. And the deflection is limited for less than 2% with rigid lining and coating and if you are having rigid lining and flexible coating then it is 3% the deflection is to be limited less than 3% of the diameter with rigid lining and flexible coating and if you are having rigid lining and coating then it is should be affected only due to the deflection is limited only to less than 2%. So the flexible pipe condition is active arching condition and rigid pipe condition is the passive arching condition. In case of flexible pipe the active arching condition this pipe the soil portion above the pipe undergoes differential settlements compared to the adjacent soil prisms and because of this what will happen is that load acting on the pile load acting on the buried pipe will be less depending upon the because of the you know the shear resistance offered by the side walls on the both sides of the both sides of the pile that is this portion because of this what will happen the shear resistance will act in this direction and the load is actually a portion that is the load which is actually imposed on the conduit will be less. So if the pipe is more compressible than the external soil columns as a result of vertical deflection allowing the central prism to settle more in relation to the external soil that soil in the external prisms the actual load on the pipe is less than the load of the central prism due to the direction in which the shearing stresses are acting. So the flexible pipe for examples include steel pipes and ductile iron pipes and thermoplastic such as polyvinyl chloride and HDPE pipes, high density polyethylene pipes and thermo setting plastics such as fiberglass reinforced polymer FRP pipes and bar-wrapped concrete cylinder pipes. So the for examples for flexible pipes the materials which are actually used for making these flexible pipes include steel, ductile iron, thermoplastic such as PVC and high density polyethylene pipes and thermo setting plastics such as fiberglass and reinforced fiberglass reinforced polymer that is FRP pipes and bar-wrapped concrete cylinder pipes. Now here the typical favorable arch conditions are actually shown arching effect in underground conduits can see that here this is a flexible pipe so where the direction of redo settlement will be here in this direction the resistance from the side walls actually act upwards because of this load acting in the central portion will be less. So in this case inverted arch action and this is predominant in rigid pipes where the surrounding soil actually settles more compared to the soil above the pipe. So this is inverted arch action which also there in rigid pipes and favorable arch action that will be there in the flexible pipes. So we have seen that flexible pipe and rigid pipe in the flexible pipe wherein the soil above the pipe will undergo settlement and so because of this the shear resistance participation of active arching and or we can say favorable arching there is reduction of the load coming onto the pipe. So the buried conduit will experience the less load. So there is also rigid pipe and then we also said that there is one more category it is called semi-rigid pipe. Some pipe materials exhibit characteristics of both rigid and flexible pipes primarily controlled by their diameters and they are basically referred as semi-rigid pipes. So semi-rigid pipes deflect between 0.1% to 3% without causing armful or potentially armful cracks. For example bar-wrapped concrete cylinder pipes is actually an example for the semi-rigid pipes. So some pipe materials exhibit the characteristics of both rigid and flexible pipes and primarily controlled by the diameters and basically they are referred these type of pipes are referred as semi-rigid pipes. So in going to understand about Marston load theory for narrow trenches and let us look into the assumptions which are put forward. Here the cohesion if any between the trench fill and the soil in the trench sides is ignored. So primarily the cohesion if any between the trench fill and the soil in the trench sides is ignored because of its variable and uncertain value depending upon the moisture condition. So the ignorance of this cohesion also would have lead to the conservative side basically so that we will actually calculate more load on the pipe. So as one is that the considerable time would have to be elapsed before cohesion could develop and second thing is that assumption of no cohesion would yield the maximum load on the pipe. That assumption of no cohesion will yield the maximum load on the pipe. So the cohesion if any between the trench fill and the soil in the trench sides is ignored because of its variable and uncertain value depending upon the moisture condition. And the soil density and the frictional properties are assumed to remain constant over depth and the soil friction is assumed to vary in the direction, direct proportional to the active horizontal pressure of the fill against the trench bases. So the soil density and the frictional properties are assumed to remain constant over the depth and the soil friction is assumed to vary in direct proportional to the active horizontal pressure of the fill against the trench bases. So we have when a pipe is embedded in a narrow trench we have the two side faces when you are actually taking per unit length of the pipe. So the cohesion is ignored the ignorance of the cohesion has because one is that the reason for ignoring the cohesion is that a considerable time would have to elapse before the cohesion could develop. And second thing is that it is ignorance of the cohesion leading to a conservative assumption as no cohesion would yield the pipe would be designed for that type of load which is coming from the war burden soil above the pipe. And the soil density and the frictional properties are assumed to remain constant over the depth and the soil friction is assumed to vary in direct proportional to the active horizontal pressure of the fill against the trench bases. So in this particular slide a free body diagram of the ditch conduit is actually shown here a pipe of diameter external diameter BC and or a conduit of BC and internal diameter let us say small d and the width of the trench is indicated here as bd but from the terminology we can also write b is equal to bd. And so let z is the depth from the natural ground surface so this is the ditch conduit condition. So Marston load theory is based on the concept of the presence of soil in the trench that impose a load on the pipe. So h is the height above the center of the pipe and b is equal to bd and so these are the side wall presumes and this is the portion of the soil above the soil within the prism which is above the pipe. And this is called the bedding of the pipe and then consider the per unit length. So the Marston load theory is based on the concept of a prism of soil in the trench that impose a load on the pipe. So this is basically for ditch conduit the weight of the war burdened soil transferred to the underlying soil with the due consideration to the soil arching action. So equating upward and downward forces we get cd into gamma into bd square. So the how we have got is nothing but we have taken a thin horizontal slice of having thickness small dh at a depth h below the ground surface or at a depth z below the ground surface. And when this the self weight of this the soil within the wedge is nothing but gamma that is the unit weight of the soil back filled into the trench after installing the pipe gamma into bd into dh. So bd into dh into 1 is the volume that is the per unit length into gamma is the weight of the slide weight force acting like this. Now at a given portion at a given portion say at a given depth here what you can see is that v is the vertical load acting or an area that is nothing but bd into bd into 1. So v by bd is the vertical stress into k that is nothing but the k is nothing but the coefficient of earth pressure which is ratio of lateral pressure that is horizontal pressure to vertical pressure. So k into vertical stress into dh acting over a small length that is the dh into 1 that is the force acting on the normal force acting on the side wall phase. So we can get the frictional force when this mass moves downwards k into mu dash or mu into v by bd dh is the countering shear resistance or shear force. So these are the from those two sides we actually have the shear forces and here there is a normal force acting at a given depth. So how we have got this one is nothing but this is nothing but v by bd is the vertical stress v by bd into 1 into k is the horizontal stress into dh into 1 is the horizontal force and then into multiplied by mu dash you will get the frictional force acting along the shear force acting toward this side action this side action and this direction. Now we taking the equilibrium of sigma fe is equal to 0 what we get is that we get a differential equation and then once we solve that one and for this condition then we get this v is equal to cd into gamma into bd square. So this is what actually is described here for sigma fe is equal to 0 taking upward vertical forces are equal to the downward vertical forces. So for equilibrium vertical force at the bottom plus shear force at the sides is equal to vertical force at the top plus weight of the element on the slice. So vertical force at the bottom that is the bottom of the slice and shear force at the sides is equal to vertical force at top and weight of the element. So that is vertical force at the bottom that is nothing but v plus delta v and shear forces at sides that is because the two sides are there it is multiplied by 2 into k into v by bd dh into mu dash. So two sides are there so multiplied by 2 is equal to v that is the stress acting on the top of the slice horizontal slice plus the self weight force that is gamma bd into dh by simplifying what we get is that 0 is equal to bd minus 2k mu v mu dash v by bd into dh by dv. So this is basically the solution of differential equation and the solution will actually yield to v is equal to gamma bd square by 2k mu dash into 1 minus e to the raise minus 2k mu dash by h by bd. So this expression for w v is equal to gamma cd bd square so this is given as the cd is nothing but 1 by 2k mu into 1 minus e to the raise minus 2k mu z by b where k is nothing but the coefficient of earth pressure and mu is the coefficient of friction for granular soil back filled ditch interface that is the coefficient of friction of the granular soil backfill and ditch wall interface and which can vary from 0 for a smooth wall and tan phi dash for a rough wall where phi dash is the angle of shearing resistance of the granular soil fill and gamma is nothing but the unit weight of the granular backfill and b is equal to bd is the trench width and cd is the load coefficient so this is the load coefficient. So this if you use v is equal to cd gamma cd bd square we are able to get then we can actually get the load on the pipe. So the cd it can be obtained by 1 by 2k mu into 1 minus e to the raise minus 2k mu into z by b. When z is equal to h then it will be on the top of the pipe that is the if you consider this portion when z is equal to capital h we will get the load coming at the stress coming on into this particular portion in kilo Newton per meter. Now let us look variation of cd with z by b for different values of k mu. So what we said is that this particular graph which is actually shown where the cd is plotted on the x axis from 0 to 5 that is the load coefficient and z by b which is z is equal to 0 at the top of the that is at the ground surface and for no arching no soil arching the smooth wall you can see that you know this particular curve tends to be somewhere here. But when there is k mu is equal to 0.1, k mu is equal to 0.15 and k mu is equal to 0.2 as the you know we can see that k mu is increasing there is a decrease in the cd value with an increase in k mu value there is a decrease in the k mu value there is a decrease in the cd. So in case of you know this variation of cd with z by b for different values of k mu handy and Spangler 2007 they suggested that k mu can be taken conservatively as 0.11 for saturated clays where it is a multiplication of k initially Marston proposed k0 ka that is the Rankine's active earth pressure condition for k this is originally proposed by Marston. Now it is actually you know convenient to consider k is equal to k0 where k0 is equal to you know coefficient of earth pressure at rest that is for like by using Jackie's formula it is 1 minus sin phi and where phi is the friction angle and it is also convenient to consider tan mu is equal to delta where delta is the interface friction angle between backfill soil and as well as the side wall soil in the side wall. So handy and Spangler suggested that k mu can be taken as conservatively as 0.11 for saturated clays and 0.19 for the you know the granular soils with all other soils they lie within this range that means that for most of the soils they fall within this range that is the k mu factor will actually fall in between 0.1 to 0.2 when the k mu is increasing there is a significant reduction in cd hence the load on the hence the load transferred to the conduit. So when cd you know decreases that is when k mu increases then there is a decrease in the cd value the significant reduction the cd value can be seen and that implies that the load on the conduit also reduces. So here what we have seen is that w that is v is equal to gamma cd you know vd square with that what actually we said is that when a smooth wall is there no arching is taking place then this is the situation. So when we have you know large width of the trench and when there is a no participation of arching then you know we may actually end up you know condition where no soil arching takes place. But for most of the soils where k mu falls between 0.1 to 0.2 where when k mu increases there is a significant reduction in the cd value hence the load imposed on the or applied on to the or transferred to the conduit also will be less. So in this particular slide the approximate values of ratio of lateral to vertical earth pressure k and coefficient of friction against the sides of the trench is given and here it is this is the Rankine ratio where k which is given as 0.33 for partially compacted damp topsoil and the coefficient of friction is mu then you know saturated topsoil it is 0.37 and the coefficient of friction is 0.4 the partially compacted damp clay is 0.33 k value and the coefficient of friction is 0.4 the saturated clay is 0.37 and coefficient of friction is 0.3 and dry sand it is 0.33 Rankine ratio k and coefficient of friction is 0.5 and wet sand it is 0.33 and coefficient of friction is 0.5. So when you have seen that in the previous equation when v is equal to gamma cd into cd into gamma cd into bd square where by substituting for in cd expression when substituting h is equal to h or z is equal to h we get the total vertical pressure at the elevation of the top of the conduit. Now how much of this vertical v load v is imposed on the conduit is depend upon the relative compressibility of the pipe and soil. So that we have discussed about the different types of the pipes where flexible pipe or rigid pipe for very rigid pipe the clay are concrete or heavy walled cast iron and so forth the side fills may be very compressible in relation to the pipe for very rigid pipe that is like clay or concrete or heavy walled cast iron and so forth the side fills may be very compressible in relation to pipe and the pipe may carry practically all the load v for that means that for most of the rigid pipes the entire load is transferred to the pipes. In case of flexible pipes the imposed load will be substantially less than v since the pipe will be less rigid than the side fill soil. So in case of flexible pipes the imposed load will be substantially less than v since the pipe will be less rigid than the side of the soil. So how much vertical load is transferred on to the conduit is depend upon the relative compressibility or relative stiffness of the pipe and soil that is the pipe soil relative stiffness. So we have understood now for very rigid pipes and the side fills may be very compressible in relation to the pipe and the pipe may carry practically all the load and the type of arching also comes into picture here is that passive arching and in case of flexible pipes the imposed load will be substantially less than v since the pipe will be less rigid than the side fill soils. So that is active arching phenomenon. So if you look into this the schematic representation of soil pipe contribution in load carrying apportionality, rigid pipe carries almost 80% of the load and only soil carries 20%. In case of flexible pipe the soil bears the entire load and only 20% of the load is actually apportioned by the pipe. So because of the active arching condition what will actually happen is that the flexible pipe attracts less load and it actually transfers the load to the surrounding non-evaluating portions and the favorable arching phenomenon is actually used in case of a flexible pipes. So this particular slide shows the strength contribution percentage in y axis and rigid pipe or flexible pipe the type of this thing. So this clearly shows that this pipe and soil contribution rigid pipe is actually very high the load apportioning capability is very high compared to flexible pipe. So effect of the ditch width on the loading on the pipe so here the width of the trench and width of the, suppose if you are having less width of the trench then the pipe actually attracts less load because of the participation of the trench and if width of the trench is actually more then the load carrying the pipe increases with the width of the trench so that width of the trench should be just enough for the compaction of the soil on the sides of the pipe. So here what we have tried to understand is that the effect of the ditch width on the loading on the pipe if you look into it if we are actually having the large width of the trench there is a possibility that the pipe attracts the more load. So we have to be careful in actually selecting the width of the trench such that it is actually just possible to do the compaction and so there should be an optimum width of the trench such that the pipe will not actually attract the more load. So this analogy is actually very similar to the slope stabilization technique by using piles. When we are actually having piles which are actually spaced closer we said that the participation of arching is very, very significant. When the piles are actually sparsed or spread along the slope and which are actually further if they are actually spaced at larger spacings then we said that the participation of the arching will be very, very less. So the effect of the ditch width on the loading on the pipe if you look into it the load carried the pipe increases with the width of the trench. So the width of the trench should be just enough for the compaction of the soil on the sides of the pipe. And similarly the mode of failure of the flexible pipes if you look into it when well compacted soil provides good lateral support to the pipes but poorly compacted soil provides reduced lateral support to the pipes. So the pipe actually undergoes the changes in its shapes particularly for flexible pipes one can see that the pipe undergoes deformations like this the elliptical tapes which will actually take because of the loss of the support on the sides. So the poorly compacted soil provides reduced lateral support to the pipes. If you are having well compacted soil and provides the good lateral support and the settlements will be within the allowed the 2% of the diameter of the pipe. So if you are having a mode of failure of a flexible pipe if you look into it the poorly compacted soil produces lateral support to the pipes. And because of the loss of the support the pipe actually undergoes changes and further increase of any external loading which we will be actually discussing in the next lecture with that what will happen is that the pipe can actually undergo distress. Similarly when you are actually having rigid pipes we said that rigid pipes attract the most of the load and the structural strength and wall well compacted soil provide good lateral support to the pipe and poor structural strength for example that if the pipe is actually subjected to certain you know the cracking this poor structural strength provides reduced lateral support to the pipes and the cracking can actually can endanger the pipe integrity. So what we have seen in this particular lecture is that we introduced ourselves to the different conditions one is called the projecting conditions one is trench condition or ditch condition then we said that different types of positive projecting projective conduits and negative projecting conduits and I also discussed about the imperfect projection condition. Then we also discussed about that we did to distinguish between rigid pipes and you know flexible pipes and in a way we actually brought active arching and passive arching phenomenon and we said that active arching phenomenon is actually predominant in flexible pipes and passive arching phenomenon is actually prevalent and predominant in rigid pipes. And then we also discussed about the Marston's load theory for trench condition that is the ditch condition wherein we said that in case of a flexible pipe and depending upon the as the stress is actually portioned by the side wall friction the load transferred to the pipe will be reduced and we also said that how the load can be computed by using v is equal to cd into gamma into bd square and we said that if the breadth of the rigid trench is actually large and then pipe can actually attract the more amount of the load. And then we also have seen finally the different typical modes of failures of flexible pipes where flexible pipe failure basically undergoes large deformations and the deflections or deformations such that the shape of the flexible pipe will actually change. In case of rigid pipe they can undergo you know the stress cracking and this is because of the poor inferior strength of the pipe and which actually can reduce the cross section because of that what will happen is that the lateral support to the pipes will be lost.


Hi everybody, Dr. O. In this video we're going to talk about antibodies, their basic structure and function. We're not going to talk about the different classes of antibodies that's covered in a separate video. So here you see an antibody. This would be a single antibody like you'd see with an IgG or something. But the key thing to note here is that there are antigen binding sites so antibodies jobs are defined antigens and then we'll talk about the functions in just a moment. But specifically what we're looking at here, you'll notice on the right hand side at least in the middle, you have the constant region and the variable region. So the constant region of an antibody determines what class of antibody it is. Is it an IgG, an IgA, an IgM, an IgE, or an IgD. So that's constant. The class of antibody is not going to change. The variable region there at the top, that's going to be where antigens binds. This is what's going to determine the specificity of an antibody. This is going to be like if you have, I'm assuming like all four keys look the same. That's going to be the constant region. But the actual key they give you with the little grooves or whatnot, now they're all electronic. That's going to be the variable region. That's going to determine specifically what antigen this antibody is looking for. So the constant region with the heavy chains there, that's going to be what determines what type of antibody you are. Specifically what your target is is going to be those variable regions, the parts that change. All right. So the functions of antibodies, there are multiple functions. We'll cover them all here. You see the first one is going to be neutralization. So what some antibodies can do is they can just bind and coat the outside. Here you see a virus. You can also do the same thing with a bacteria or here you see a toxin as well.  So much that they can't use their receptors to dock to their target where they're going to work. So this is going to be how a lot of your antiviral and toxoid vaccines work. They're going to grab these viruses, grab these toxins and coat them and neutralize them before they can do any harm. The diphtheria toxin is only going to hurt you if it reaches its target. It can't do so if it's coated with those antibodies. So that's neutralization. Next you see obscenization. We've used this term before. Anything that's going to tag something so that a macrophage, a big eater can find it and engulf it is going to be obscenization. So some antibodies, their job is to actually tag pathogens that would think about like a strobe light and say here, come and eat this target. So that's going to be obscenization. Next at the bottom of this one there's a few more but we have complement activation. Remember that antibodies activate part of your complement system which is also involved in obscenization calling in more immune cells but specifically it forms what are called membrane attack complexes as you see there forming pores in this cell which are hopefully going to cause it to not be able to control osmosis and lice and rupture. So those are like three critically important functions. We also then are going to have. So here we see what's called the glutenation and you see here the IgM antibodies, they're the best at this because they have five different sites. So a glutenation is when antibodies are going to cause cells to clump together and by doing so it's going to make them easier for their phagocytes to see and easier for them to ingest. So a big phagocytic cell, a big macrophage can come along and engulf all three of these bacteria now in one bite. So that's called the glutenation. There is what's called antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity. So antibodies can also direct other cells to kill their target so that's going to be another example of what antibodies can do. So I think those are all of the key ones there. Let me go back and make sure we talked about all of those there. I guess the last thing I would say with neutralization is you can actually coat and bind some pathogens before they even get in. So that's going to be a big role of the secretory IgA or the IgA antibodies that line all mucous membranes of your body. They're going to try to capture and stop some organisms before they even cross the mucous membrane. So all right, that's the basic structure of antibodies and their myriad functions. I hope this helps. Have a wonderful day. Be blessed.


Are we starting? OK. Hello, everybody. I'm Eric Jolson. I work for Storage Made Easy. We're a software company that provides data management. We provide access to your data. We provide data governance, security. So what we don't do is we don't provide storage. We simply make it easy, right? So why I'm here today is to talk about, you have Ceph deployed in your infrastructure today. You're using it maybe for your virtual machines. As a back end, you could use it as object storage through Swift interface. But what we can provide is a tool to use Ceph for secure data delivery, to deliver documents securely inside your corporation, but also outside with external parties. So what Ceph provides is not why I'm here. There's plenty of good talks, both today and tomorrow, that you should attend. But in short, Ceph is an open, software-defined storage platform. It's scale-out architecture. It runs on commodity hardware. It's designed for running your cloud infrastructure. And it provides extreme availability and durability of your data. So over to what that Storage Made Easy provides. So Storage Made Easy is a collection of tools working together. One thing we provide is content indexing. So any data you write into our platform or that we pick up from back end storage, we index the content, and we provide a searchable interface through Apache Solar. We let you tag your data so you can add tags to classify your data. And even more, we let you provide key value pairs for your data so you can categorize those tags also. And we do all of this on multiple clouds. So take multiple clouds, multiple private, public, internal, external, run SME in front, and we put all your data through a single pane of glass. So in addition, we provide governance and compliance requirements. And this often means encryption. So turn on encryption for encryption in flight, regardless of storage platform. Turn on encryption at rest, regardless of storage platform. We provide auditing. So who downloaded my file where, when, from where? We can provide your compliance department with easy filter data, Excel file output they can easily consume. Of course, also external syslog servers for long term archiving and search. But more interestingly today, secure file sharing. You can password protect links. You can time expiry links. You can limit the number of downloads. So maybe a link is only good for two downloads. So three downloads. We provide the governance around this sharing. So you can set policies. Maybe as a user, I cannot share a file without putting a password on it. We can GUIP lock down these files. Unless I'm in the right network, I can't access it. Maybe certain data requires a two factor. So when you send out the email with a sharing link, the contact needs to have a phone number associated with them. And they will get a text message with a one time password. We provide file versioning, locking, trash. And once again, regardless of back end. So what would file sharing be without collaboration? And it would be email. You attach your file, you send it, and you can never control what happens to the data if anyone read the email, if it even made it to the recipient. So with SME, we can share data through project workspaces or data rooms. So any user can create a virtual room, invite other members, internal or external, and share a common view of data. We provide web office editing. So edit your Word documents inside a browser. Same thing with PDFs, do drawings, annotations. We can share whole folders, bookmark links. You can add comments on files. So once you get a file, you can add a thread of comments outside of data itself. You can even attach files as a comment to other files. So CIF, highly scalable, multi-tenant storage system. So is SME. So you have an ISP or an appliance admin that manage the companies and the tenants of the appliance itself. Every company or organization will have an admin class of users that manage the company's features and the company's users. And then you can delegate roles that lets other users in your company manage subsets of users or subsets of storage. And just like CIF, SME is highly available. So we scale upwards and outwards, add appliances sideways to increase throughput, multi-master database replication on the back end, and also multiple access methods. So you can connect through FTP protocols and native client protocols. So you can provide mount points for Linux, Windows, Mac, access to data on the iPad, and the same ACLs, the same data views, the same search features are available throughout all the clients. So maybe enough PowerPoints. I'm going to try to run you through a few of these file sharing features we have. So I'm going to leave my PowerPoint and see if we can get through this on Wi-Fi in this room today. So the first thing I want to show is a simple file sharing. And this is, can everybody see? Is it too small? Is it OK? Good. So over here, I have my CIF route as a storage system. I have two buckets managed right now. And I have some subfolders and files, just standard file stuff. So I pick up a file. It highlights, I can create a quick link to share. I copy that link, go into private window, no longer authenticated, and immediately the file will be downloaded. So pretty simple. With no restrictions, I could have been anywhere in the world to open that Word document. So the difference from a Dropbox or Google Drive account here is the data resides inside your firewall, inside your IT organization. You have security and auditing available. So a little more sensitive. So we create secure sharing links. So let's pick another document if I have it. I'll pick my sample document here. I go to sharing menu. I still want to share by URL. Maybe I will only allow, let's say, two hours worth of downloads. I will only let you download this document once. And I want a one-time password. OK, generate link. You can see a few other symbols here showing how long the link is valid. There's a password set, et cetera. I copy that link. Once again, I'm back in my private view. This time when I paste it, I will be met by a screen showing I have to enter my one-time password. So even if the link is compromised, not anyone can access this data. Same thing, file is downloaded once the password is entered. Pretty simple so far. So in addition to this, if you have a Mac, for instance, let's take this one, though. So here, I have installed a Mac client. So I now have a virtual hard drive out here, which is my storage Medici drive. Let me go find my folder. So this is a live production system. I have a folder called Eric. I have a Word document with a shell extension. I can simply right-click this file. Let's create the share link. And I have the same functionality here. I put an expiration. I can put a password. I can limit the number of downloads. So this is available for all platforms also. So you can do it from your iPad. You can do it from your Linux machine. You can do it from your Windows PC. What else am I showing today? OK, so to take this one step further, you don't want them to download the file at all. But you need to share a file. And maybe you want input from someone. So we have a feature called Share for Edit. So I'll pick a different file called cover letter in this case. I go back to my sharing menu by URL or email. I'll pick email this time. Yes, we changed it a little. I want to share it with my Gmail address. I have it right there. Please open. I'll create a link, create the link for edit. I don't have to set a password on this link now. I'll send that email. And depending on the speed, we should refresh this screen. Eric has shared a file with you. My HR cover letter. I click the link. And it takes a second. And there we go, an online editor compatible with Word documents. Can go ahead. I can edit this. There, Eric. Don't know how much else we want to do. I save my file back to the cloud. So very much like a Google Doc, Microsoft Office, online editor for your Word documents. Once again, on-premise, controlled by your internal IT organization. In addition to this, if they're internal authenticated users, we can also share documents for multiple people editing at the same time. So true multi-user editing that does not take a lock while this happens. So when you share it for a single user, we do lock the file on the back end so we don't get multiple versions. I have a close there. So the last thing I touched on it earlier, if I pick a folder, maybe I want to share this whole folder. We'll do a URL. So do I want to make it writable for the recipient? So we call that drop folder. So I'm going to create the drop folder. I have an option to hide the files if I want to use this as an FTP uploader. In this case, no. I want to share the file, but still let the recipient write files and add content to the folder. In this case, we enforce a password so that no one uploads a terabyte of data for you. So I will put in a password. I will create my link. It's generated there. Copy. We open up another browser. Enter your password. Wonder what I typed in? See if I can recreate that link. I must have mistyped something here. I pick my folder. I share. I want to make this a drop folder. Regenerate the link. Copy. So now it's an unauthenticated external user. I get a similar folder view where I can see all the files in the folder. So you have to compare. If I go into my picture folder, I can see the same objects. What I don't see, I don't see the previews. I don't see the folder tree because I don't have access. I can still, of course, open a file. I can look at the picture. And since I marked this as a drop folder, as the recipient of the link, I can pick one of my images and I can add to the collection. So I can upload and contribute to this directory. Lead that page. Still have a few minutes. So when you come back as a user, you might forget what you've done. So we also have a link where you can look at your shared links so you can bring up and see what has been shared. We show you on this icon over here. There's a little URL overlay. It might not show that this folder looks different. But here you can see it. And of course, picking any of these documents, when we look at the information about it, you can see that they're shared. So let me pick a Word file that I shared. You can see right over here, one hour and 59 minutes left, one download, and it's password protected. And if I want to cancel the link earlier, I simply remove the link and it's no longer valid. So very simple. Create your own internal sharing site, both for receiving files, sharing files, editing files, together online. And all by using your existing Ceph that you once deployed to run virtual machines on. So no additional storage infrastructure. Simply drop in the SME product. I think I've covered what I came here to talk about. I can give you a much bigger demo, show you all the other features that we provide in addition to the simple sharing. We are over in booth C7 in the opposite corner of the hall. Can do some really, really advanced stuff. I'm happy to do demos all afternoon. So please come back to booth. Is there any questions now? No? Perfect. Thank you so much.