Hello, this is Carl Ackermann, host of Journeys of the Mind for Think Tech Hawaii. And we are so enthusiastic because we have Kevin McCaffrey, who is our wonderful guest today. And Kevin is quite a remarkable man. We're going to talk about his journeys of the mind, first in terms of broadcasting, then as a distinguished historian who actually went to the AP European reading on an annual basis. That's where we met. And third and most important first day's discussion is his newly established Papa Max Roastery. So Kevin, am I missing anything? You should tell me if I'm missing anything about your wonderful introduction and things like this. Carl, you've done a good job so far. I'll help you as we go along. The story is long. As you did in the reading. I remember, I remember. I think I should point out also about Kevin is that although we in Hawaii have Ren's aloha shirts, which both myself and the men's J. Fidel wear all the time when we're interviewing, but Kevin has one of the largest collections of aloha shirts of anyone in the world. And so that's an additional part of it. And of course, what he's wearing today is the symbol of his new roastery. OK, so Kevin, you did a lot of broadcasting early in your career. And from what you've told me, it's not only, I thought it was baseball, but it's really more. The majority of your broadcasting was swimming. And of course, and covering swim meets and big swim meets of professional college, et cetera. So my question to you is, and I've always wondered this about broadcasters, how do you keep all the information in your head to be a successful broadcaster?  Well, the higher the level, the more likely that the names are familiar to virtually everybody in the audience, and including me, the announcer. So that's a plus. But I do spend time before every meet, going over all the names, talking to coaches, or if they're not available, talking to other media people about what I need to do to make sure I get that name right. So there's a lot of preparation to go into that. And I think I mentioned to you earlier that one of the reasons I did it is that all my children were swimmers. And when they started as little kids, you were expected as an adult, as a parent, to volunteer in some way. So early on, this is back in the late 80s, early 90s, I volunteered as an official.  And it was fun, but it also was incredibly time consuming. So when the oldest child, Sean, got to high school and started swimming for the high school team, I'd go to a meet. But meets are kind of boring.  So I got kind of antsy after the first couple of meets and I asked the swim coach, if there was ever a need for somebody to come down and do the announcing for the meet, I'd love to do it. And so that was 1998. And I said, yes, they liked what I did. And then after that, things began to just explode because the high school I taught at, from my student where my children went to school and where I actually went to school back before dinosaurs roamed the earth, was a nationally known swim program and had been a national champion several times in the middle of the 20th century, a lot of success. So it was a great program and it was fun to be able to contribute to that as an announcer. So that's how it got started. Well, when does not think of Evanston or any place in the Chicago area as being sort of home of swimmers? Because having grown up in West LA, there's always great swimmers and water polo teams and of course Hawaii, of all ways. But can you talk a little bit about that? I mean, why swimming? Obviously we have the Great Lakes, but why swimming in Evanston? It seems, you know. You know, there's probably a couple of things going on there. Well, Evanston was one of the largest public high schools east of the Mississippi, maybe east of the Rockies. Just the way the city is organized, it only had one school for a city of 80,000. At one point there were about 5,400 kids in the building. This is not when my son got there, but it's a big school that had a big academic and athletic success track record. So there was kind of this built-in history. That's probably the best way to say it about the program. And actually several of the 1950 Olympians came from Evanston High School and several more came from our school's biggest rival, two suburbs to the north. So this area has kind of been pretty big for swimming in general, not water polo until recently. We've begun to produce some more water polo players, but yeah, California had the water polo thing locked up pretty early on. Well, and don't mind me, Carl, because there's never a bad time to drink a good cup of coffee. Can I just say that? Oh, you know what? I will join you then, okay? Here's, and this is from Starbucks, not from your Rosetree, but we'll talk about that. Cheers. Indeed. So I do have to talk to you because of course the World Series is coming up and we have four teams remaining, well at least until today maybe, we'll see. Well, we'll see. Yeah, we'll see.  Well, both Harry Kerry, Jack Brickhouse did broadcasting for the Cubs at one point. Actually, Harry Kerry then he did some time with the socks. He did actually the way that I first was introduced to him, again, back a long, long time ago. My dad taught at the University of Illinois Champaign, which is in the middle of the state, you know, Chicago's North, St. Louis's South and Champaign's right in the middle. It was difficult to pick up the Cubs games back in those days when you listened to AM Radio at night. We could get the St. Louis games. So my mom, who was never much of a sports fan, loved listening to Harry because he was always way more exciting than most of the other broadcasters that she ever heard. So she kind of got excited. I was a baseball fan probably anyway from the get-go but listening to her get excited and then my dad telling me about Harry Kerry. And then when we moved here back in 1970, he wasn't here until the mid-80s, I think it was. But Jack Brickhouse was here who was kind of a legend of his own. So yeah, a lot of chances for me to hear and try to model even the smallest things based on some of these great announcers. Yeah, I have to point out because you mentioned your dad that for all our audience that Kevin's father was one of the foremost historians of Ireland from what I understand. But let's get back to you because I want to find out what was it like broadcasting baseball because we just mentioned some great broadcasters but it must have been just a joy. So yeah, because that was the sport that I grew up with. And even though I lived in the Midwest all but one year of my life so far, I mean, one year I lived on the East Coast but baseball was the sport. That's what I played, that's what I watched. And while I did watch other things, I was one of those kids who had statistics just floating through my head. I had them all memorized. So being able to watch baseball, we lived in Milwaukee when the Braves played there until 1968. Then we moved to East and came back here in 1970 and there's the Cubs and the Socks. It was fantastic to be growing up in a baseball household and it was the sport that you could count on to be either televised or for sure produced on radio.  Well, so when you were broadcasting yourself, you just mentioned that you had to have statistics in your brain.  No, Carl, I think what you really, you might be a very mathematical kind of person, but I think you have to do is to understand how numbers and statistics both reflect and distort the picture on the field. So yeah, if a pitcher is able to throw 80% first pitch strikes, that's likely gonna mean something somewhere down the line. It's not an irrelevant statistic. Being able to calculate all sorts of things quickly in your head, that's nice. It's not necessary because if you're broadcasting a game, the chances are really good that you're gonna be given a media package or some sort of information sheet that preps you on some of these things. You could not, I don't think, unless you had some crazy computer system. You could not track all of these things, enter all this information and update yourself in real time. So announcing, it helps to have a good voice. It helps to, it really helps to enunciate well to show honest excitement, but it also helps to know what information you have and how to use that in the broadcast or in the transmission. Because information's great, but it's no good if you don't use it well. That's a very important point. So you also, I've talked now about your broadcasting and you mentioned swimming and baseball, but you come from a history family. Is that what grew you to teaching history? And I have to point out to all our viewers that Kevin and I both attended the AP European History Reading and Kevin always had a table and his table was not far from mine often. And he would bring such good snacks for all of his readers who were all jealous. But okay, but what was your attraction to history? Why European history of all subjects? And maybe you taught more at US history, I don't know, but what track did you do to history? Well, part of my life story that you probably don't know is when I graduated college, I had no plan and backed my way into a 15 year career in insurance. And when I got to my mid to late 30s and that was petering out and I didn't like it and I didn't, even though the money was good, I didn't like the lifestyle, I became a teacher in my late 30s and it was easy. My dad was a teacher. My mom had trained to be a teacher before we kids started coming along. My wife's side of the family, lots of teachers, some of my friends, teachers. So when I made the decision in my late 30s to become a high school teacher, it was not a hard decision to make. I mean, I had the facts. I had a pretty good idea what to expect and boom, because of my dad, because of his background, his friends, his work both in Ireland, Northern Ireland and here in the States. It was pretty easy to decide to be a history teacher. I do also have the capability in Illinois and most States to teach English literature too, but history was the big thing because I heard it, I lived it, I was very much a part of it. Side note, I don't know how well you know folk music groups, but one of the most famous of the folk music renaissance or craze in the late 50s and 60s was the Clancy Brothers. And the Clancy Brothers were friends of my dad. And so I met them, I was pretty young when I met them, but I also met indirectly at the age of four years old, Roger Ebert, one of the most famous movie critics of all time when we crashed a party at our house. So history was in the blood. And I got to the high school where I went to school, where my kids had just started going to school and I was fortunate enough to land a position as a high school history teacher. And it was the best thing for me. I mean, it was who I was and what I wanted to do.  So there we go. I did have, I think a pretty good rapport with most of my students. And over the 20 years that I was a teacher at that high school, I had probably 21, 2200 students in total. I think I could count on one hand and probably only on a couple of fingers, students with whom I had a very difficult relationship. And so I think I did pretty well. And starting as a midlife person, starting in my late thirties, I found talking to parents way easier than 22 and 23 year olds. So I had a lot of advantage of just going into the job. And I felt I took advantage of my willingness to be honest and open and funny. Sometimes sarcastic, you know, you can't be too sarcastic with third graders, but high schoolers, you can sometimes get away with sarcasm. This is true. This is true and sarcasm, I think it's part of our field. And so is, you know, telling corny jokes. I think that this is all part of the process. But I now want to focus on your new career. And you know, I've, you have a new Roastery and you may want to talk about it. And if we have any graphics for that Roastery, if someone could put it up, there we go. Papa Max Roastery. And with you and that Aloha shirt and with that hat on. So that's absolutely wonderful. So why don't you just tell us about this transition? So this is the third of your life journeys. And I'm very interested in it. And I drank your coffee and it's really good. So the shortest version of this long story is I've been drinking coffee since freshman year in college when I thought that this would, drinking coffee would help me stay up all night to do all the nighters to prepare for final exams. So for a long time, I drank bad coffee or I made good coffee poorly. It was about three or four years ago when I decided, when I knew that I went, once I had retired, I've been retired since 18, I decided that I wanted to take my interest in coffee to another level. And it took me about a year or so after retirement to start kind of figuring out what I might think about doing in about two and a half years ago, probably late 2020. As we were building this new space by garage which is more than just a garage. It's an amazing space. I began to think about what I wanted to do post teaching retirement. And I started thinking, well, I like coffee. I like good coffee.  And even in the pandemic, while many didn't make it, many stayed. And so within five, six miles of my house, I can probably lay claim to saying that there are well over 300, maybe 400 small coffee shops, not Starbucks and not the disparage Starbucks. But if you take Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts and Caribou out, there are still 400 places that are either little cafes, bakery cafes, small little restaurants that's focused on coffee. So I took my interest, took my desire to do something different but not in some ways, not all that much different. Cause I'm actually teaching some things I will be teaching some things pretty soon with the people who've helped me learn about coffee. I took all that interest, that passion and by the way, Carl and for listeners who may or may not know much about coffee, there's a tremendous amount of history, some of it pretty ugly history tied up with coffee, especially in Central America. And I don't know how much we'll have time to get into but one of my products is a coffee produced by a totally women's owned women produced women worked co-op and it's amazing coffee from Guatemala. So I took the history, the passion for coffee, the interest of doing something and decided, okay, how can I make a business of it? And about two years ago, I discovered a firm in a suburb a little ways away. The husband and wife who run the firm are big names in the coffee industry like people in Hawaii probably know these people. I contacted them, they were not only interested in helping me but they actually teach classes and they advise small companies and they do safety checks and they do OSHA things. So I have gone down a gazillion rabbit holes in coffee in the last couple of years and I've decided I really like doing this whether or not I can make something bigger than what I have, I'm not sure but I'm loving it, many of my neighbors love it.  So explain the process, Kevin. Do you like then import the beans to your house like in big bags like you'd see in some of the coffee shops I attend and they put them up as sort of displays and just explain the process. Yeah, so I buy green unroasted beans from one of several, actually there are probably two dozen large coffee importers. The one I use is mostly in New York although it has a West Coast presence. I take the beans, they come here, you're correct. The normal look is to have these 130 pound bags of green beans. I don't buy them in that size, I buy them in half size, 65 pound boxes, that's still a lot. And since we're not showing places, I've got probably on both sides of me 800, 900 pounds of unroasted coffee and probably 200 pounds of roasted coffee. I take it, I put it into my roaster which is, again, you've not seen it but it's a small, small by comparison I think, small machine I'm gonna get in trouble for this probably but go off a blur just for a second and let's see if we can see some of those machines. Will we be able to see them? I think we can. Oh, there we go. Yeah. Yeah. Right, yeah, you can, if you can see the silvery things to the, I guess it would be your right of that blue Lama Raina bag. Right. So, what's going on? And if you go back on blurb whenever you're here. I'm going right now. Great that we got to see it. Yep. So, Carl, what that is, it's called a fluid bed.  And depending on what I want to do with that bean, I might roast them in that machine for 10 minutes, 12 minutes, maybe as long as 14 or 15 minutes and they'll come out medium dark, like sort of medium brown or come out very dark brown and almost black and oily. And depending on where the beans from, I might apply the heat intensely early on and then back off or I might start slowly and ramp it up near the end. There are a lot of different ways. I am learning. Oh my gosh, am I learning? All the intricacies of how to best roast some of these amazing beans. Because I get my beans from, well, there are probably 42 or 43 countries that grow coffee. They're mostly all equatorially located countries. I'm probably getting coffee routinely from 20 or 22 of them and a coffee bean is not the same as a coffee bean, it's not the same as a coffee bean. It looks the same. It may smell many ways the same when it's unroasted, but I need to do a lot of work to get it to where I wanna be. And so you can't see it and that's no problem. I've got three or four plastic bags of Ugandan coffee that I've roasted in different levels to see which one comes out with the most memorable taste. I mean, they all gonna taste good but some of them are gonna be more memorable with others. So I get the beans, I roast them and then it's my job to get them to my individual customers or more and more looking for wholesale customers. So let's say I wanna buy your beans. How does one go about doing that? Well, if you know me, then of course you're familiar with where I live or with my website, but if you go on the website and you can, I don't know if you're allowed to show too much. No, no, that's good. We should show it again, the website. And maybe go, yeah. It's just papamexroastery.org. There it is. It's got a full site. Right now I'm offering 15 coffees. Five or six of them are single origin. That is there just one kind of bean. Five or six of them are blended coffees that I have made through mixing and matching. Then there's some espresso and a decaf that gets me to 14 or 15. So you can go there, you can do the order. As you'll notice, some of the coffees have funny names. I have two very naughty golden retrievers. They have been the inspiration for one of my blends. It's called Naughty Dogs.  I can ship. If you're in the area, I can deliver for prettier people pick up. Obviously, Carl, I'm gonna be shipping to you because driving to your location would be a bit impractical. Well, I have one last question for you, Kevin. This is, so explain, why are you're heating the beans, but that doesn't produce the jump. What produces the jump in the beans when they're up in the air? I mean, do you have a blower in there? Well, almost all roasters, you have to move the bean around, because if you leave it in one place under heat, it will scorch and burn, and you'll either get a fire, which is bad, or you'll just ruin the bean. So in my case, I have essentially a big blower underneath that blows the beans up about six inches off the bottom. The heat stays constant. And as the beans go up and cool, they come back down the heat up and cool. They stay pretty warm once you get about halfway through the cycle, but you don't want the bean to sit on the heat. It will start a fire, I've had that before, or it will ruin the bean. So it's basically floating through hot air. So I'm gonna ask you a difficult question, and if you don't know the answer to this, I certainly don't. But so is it the more of where the bean comes from, or is it the process of roasting that will most determine the flavor of the coffee?  For instance, I have some beans from Ethiopia that the best way to roast those beans is to what's called the light medium or no more than a medium roast. And when you do that, you're going to get a fruit flavor taste in your coffee, which startles people if you're not used to it. Myugandan coffee, there's a hint of fruit, but it's much more earthy. There's a dark chocolate flavor. So I can do the same, I can take five beans, do them exactly the same way, everything the same, and they're gonna come out significantly differently, or if they're from different parts of the world. So the answer is both. Okay, and probably the most difficult question I'm gonna ask you is, is there a thread through your journeys in life? Is there a thread that connects your coffee roasting to your history teaching, to your broadcasting? And if there's a thread, it may be that all produced from strict nuns when you were going to elementary school or something. No, I don't know. Is there a thread? You know, actually, Carl, that's a really great question. I mean, your questions are all been great, but that one's really great because that one didn't occur to me until I got to this part of my journey. All my employment that I considered to be a part of my career has been about being in big industries that serve lots of people that are really important to lots of people. The insurance industry, big and important. Not always love, but big and important. Teaching, big, not always love, but big and important. Well, coffee is not necessarily the same service oriented, but if you think about coffee now, it's still a humongous part of the world. And you know, it's the second most valuable traded commodity behind oil in world markets. So in a sense, my journey has been big industries that deal with lots of people that if done right, impact people very positively. This one just happens to be maybe less socially organized, but considering the history around world coffee, you know, maybe I can have a hand into being part of a positive thing. Well, that's a perfect way to end. Thank you, Kevin McCaffrey, for your three journeys of the mind. And we shall both say together on the count of three, aloha. One, two, three, aloha.


There's a ton of coaches out there that send DMs, emails, text messages when they try to close high ticket sales. And here's the thing, parents aren't going to give you $1,000 or $2,000 or $5,000 if you just send them a text about how much your program is. High ticket sales requires a phone call or a Zoom call. This way you can actually talk to the person one-on-one, you can understand what their child need help with, and you can frame your program at that point to where it's a larger commitment, because they're going to take you more serious when they talk to you over the phone versus just getting some text message from you about how expensive your program is. A lot of coaches don't do this because they think that they're too busy. And here's the thing, if you want to start charging more for your program, you need to take your program more serious, and when you do that, the parents that speak to you are going to take you more serious, they're going to pay you a lot more money.


Hello viewers, it's K.E. Felix here and I welcome you to my YouTube channel K.E. Felix Inspire. I'd like to say a very big thank you to all of you for the support and the contribution you are giving to this channel. If you are new to this channel, please do not forget to subscribe and hit the bell icon so that you get notified whenever I post new videos. Stay tuned for more details in this report. If you ask me why I have a police coming like this at my house to pick me without any documentation for what, just because I am expressing myself, just because I am talking about their bad governance and their dictatorship. That's all. It's all about me talking about their bad governance and dictatorship and this is the dictatorship that we talk about. I mean, I'm a citizen who cannot go anywhere. They can send someone to me, I can go to the police, but they come on a Sunday this time around to pick me and wanting to force themselves into my yard, wanting to break the gate. We need change anything. We need change the fact that what this government has done to give a private company, auditing company to go and audit the defense. We need change it that it's wrong. It is very wrong. No country gives a private company to go and audit. No company gives a private company to go and audit the defense. Because you expose yourself. These people will have a profile over our defense system through their auditing. They will know where we buy our weapons. They will know what security systems we have purchased and from where. They will know. You don't do that. You don't do that. That is treason. That is selling away your sovereignty and you know, coupled with that, we have that African. This is connected to the African because the same thing. They have brought African in this country and now we have private companies. Companies that are actually international companies auditing our defense and they don't want us to talk about that. They are minister. We have been saying this woman is incompetent. I was saying this minister, for example, the minister of health, Silvia Massevo. I mean that woman, she is very incompetent and the president is in each name. If he was really a president that is serious, who is not incompetent, he would have actually relieved Silvia Massevo over position as we are talking people are dying in hospitals. People are dying in hospitals. There are no medicines. There are no reagents in hospitals and the president is saying no, no, no. It's okay. This person she's very good. I'm happy with her. Shouldn't we talk about that? Shouldn't we talk about people dying in hospitals? Shouldn't we talk about that? We have to talk about that. We have to talk about that. Other people are saying no, the speech that she was reading, it was okay and blah, blah, blah. She's intelligent. Come on, who goes to read a speech without going through? And clearly Silvia Massevo did not read through that speech because if she had read through that speech, she would have realized that that speech was she read it some time back before. She would have seen that. That is all incompetence.  President Akainda Ichilema is a failure. President Akainda Ichilema is a dictator and the dictatorship here is the evidence of a dictatorship. Here is the evidence of a dictatorship where police officers would just, here is the dictatorship of President Akainda Ichilema. Even in my Edgarungu, this never used to happen. We didn't have this during the time of Edgarungu. We didn't have this during the time of Edgarungu. Lawyers have caught them. We are going to bring them tomorrow they don't want. They just want to pick me. Nonetheless, as they are trying to open, as they are trying to fidget around to see if they can break that gate, my lawyers are coming. I'm not scared to go with them. I'm not scared to be arrested. No, not at all. But you know, at least it should be done properly. It should be done properly. I'm ready to go with them, but it should be done properly. Not just giving away myself to dictatorship like this. Just because police officers have knocked on my door and I should go with them. No, there must be ways that these things are supposed to be done. No, if give me the charge, it's there. There must be ways that these things are done properly. Not like this. This is very bad. And Zambians, you can support this kind of government, but like I always tell you, no shalimo akabamo. It is just a matter of time. One day you find yourself in this situation. Dictatorship has no frames. Dictatorship, unless you are a praise singer, I mean you are not safe. And that is just not right. That is just not right. Talking I will never stop. Talking I will just never stop. That we won't stop talking. I will never stop. But I will not stop talking. I will not stop talking. When something is wrong, it is wrong. Hiring grand-tonton and price-water coupas to audit the defense is very, very wrong. It is wrong. No two are about it. It is very wrong. They are pointing. What do they want? They are pointing at the cameras. They are pointing at the cameras. I put those cameras for a purpose. This is the change that you voted for. But like in the Ichilema says, rule of law. We are going to live this country by the rule of law. Is this the rule of law? Is this the rule of law that you voted for? Zamda is reading by the rule of law. Is this the rule of law? Where is the rule of law here? If not dictatorship. When I say dictatorship but no, you are insulting Haka in the Ichilema. How? When I say Haka in the Ichilema is incompetent that no, you are insulting the president. If a president is not running a country properly, I mean he is incompetent. If you are going to allow a minister or a ministeria sensitive as a minister of health to run down the medicine and to be in a situation in which it is. I mean that is incompetence together with your minister. If you are going to hire private firms to go and audit the defense force. That is incompetence. That is incompetence. Is this reinforcement? Yes indeed. Yes indeed. I'm not a criminal. That's one thing. I'm not a criminal. I'm just a person that speaks out on bad things that happen in the country. That's all I do. That's all I do. I just speak about the bad things that are happening in the country. And I certainly don't deserve police officers coming to my house like this. I don't. I don't deserve this. For what? For speaking, for telling president Haka in the Ichilema that you are a dictator. For telling Haka in the Ichilema that you are not running the country properly. For telling them for the wrong things that they are doing. This is just not acceptable. It's not acceptable. This is not the way we are going to live. Zambia is an independent country. That's why our forefathers fought for this country. That's why we got independence. We got independence. He has removed the number plate. He has removed the number plate. He has removed the number plate. He has removed the number plate. I don't know why he has removed the number plate. I mean these police officers, I mean you wonder really. Is this professionalism sure? They are even removing a number plate. Makipi Zulu is here. Since Makipi is here, I can go out and record them from there. My wife? My wife, I'm out. This is the government of president Haka in the Ichilema. This is proper dictatorship. Nothing but dictatorship. I've committed no crime. I've just spoken about how bad they are running this government and what I've said is the truth. They may not agree with me, but what I've said is the truth. And I'm entitled to my opinion.


Hello everyone, I'm Delphine and today I'm gonna guide you through the Using Data Set Collections tutorial to explore what we can do in Galaxy with collections. So the big advantage of using data sets collection instead of single data sets by themself is instead of manipulating 10 data sets every time you're gonna use manipulate only one object all along your analysis. So to get started, we're gonna download a set of files that are issued from sequencing and we're gonna copy the URL that are in the training tutorial and we're gonna go into your favorite Galaxy instance, create a new history, name it however you want. Here, collection tutorial, save. And we're gonna upload data, use the Passage Data button and here you're gonna pass the URLs that you copied from the training material. In order to be sure that we're using that Galaxy is detecting the right format, we're gonna specify which type of file we are using. Here we're using fastqsangr.gz, you're gonna start the imports and close the window. We're gonna wait a couple seconds for it to load. Now that the data sets are downloading, we're gonna organize them into a collection. So we want to organize them into what's called a list of data set pairs. Why pairs? Because we notice that we have underscore one and underscore two which in sequencing experiments signify forward read and reverse read and both files are generated for each sample. So the way the file is named correspond to the name of the experiment, the name of the sample and finally reverse of forward read. So in order to organize these data sets into a collection, we're gonna select them using the Select button and Select All. And then for all eight selected, we're gonna build a list of data set pairs. So Galaxy detect automatically the syntax of the name file, but in order for you to learn how it's done, we're gonna pretend it didn't detect it. So we're gonna unpair everything, clear the filters and fill it manually. So the first one, we want to have eight unpaired forward file and we're gonna specify that the extension for the forward reads is underscore one. Same way for the reverse read, we have eight unpaired reversed file and we're gonna specify that underscore two means that we have the reverse reads. And you can see that filling this fields, Galaxy detect automatically that with the same name and different extension, these two files are supposed to be paired together. So we're gonna pair all four pairs of data sets and we're gonna name our collection M117 dash collection for the name of the experiment. We're gonna hide the original element because we're not gonna use them individually in the rest of the analysis. But if you need to use them for other purposes, you can decide to keep them in history. We're gonna create collection and we see here that instead of eight data sets, we end up with only one object to manipulate. You can see that when you click on the collection, you're gonna find your four sample and for a sample, you're gonna have your two file for forward and reverse reads. Here in fastqsangle.gz file format. You can either come back one step into the collection or directly to the main history with these shortcuts. And now that we have a pair of sequence collection, we're gonna upload a reference genome to align them to. So you can find the real for the reference genome in the tutorial 20 material. Here chromosome m.fastqsangle.gz. So we're gonna copy the URL and as we did previously, upload data, past page data, copy the URL. And this time we're gonna specify that we're using a fastqsangle.gz file format. Start, close, and we're gonna wait a couple minutes for it to upload. Now that we have our paired read collection and our reference genome, we're gonna use the tool BWA-Mem to align our reads to our reference. Now to find that tool in the toolbar, we're gonna use the search field and tap BWA. And we're gonna use map with BW-Mem. So you can see here the tool form and the first parameter that we're gonna change is instead of using a bit in genome index, we're gonna use a genome from history, a bit the index on the go. So we're gonna select the file that we just uploaded, chromosome m.fastqsangle.gz as fastqs, we're gonna change, we're not gonna change the algorithm used by BWA. And for the paired read, we're gonna specify that we're using a paired collection and enter the M117 collection that we prepared earlier. We are not changing any other parameters for this tool and we can click on run tool. We're gonna wait a couple minutes for the aligner to run and then we're gonna look what the output look like. Now that our alignment is done running, we can take a look at what the output collection looks like. So we notice that we have a collection with full data set this time. And the reason why is because BWA-Mem take as an input one set of forward read and one set of reverse reads and output one alignment for these two inputs. Since we had four sets of paired reads, we have then four alignments organized in one collection. So each of these four alignments is a binary BAM file. And we're gonna use these alignments to detect variation between the reference and our samples. In order to do that, we're gonna use the tool call variance with low frack. So we're gonna type call variance in the research bar and select call variance with low frack. So you can see here that it doesn't find one data set and that's because we need to specify that we're gonna use a data set collection and we're gonna use the collection outputted by BWA-Mem. As previously, we're gonna use a genome from the history and select the faster file that we have uploaded. And we're gonna call genome across the whole reference and we're gonna select both SNVs and Indels. We're not gonna change any other parameters and we're gonna run low frack with this set of parameters. Run tools and we come back in a couple of minutes once the variant call is done running. So this variant call tool output file called VCF and we can take a look and we see a number of information on what is the quality of the run as well as a list of variance detected, the opposition and different information for each variance. So what we wanna do now is organize them in a tabulated file which is easier for manipulation and for subsequent analysis. And to do that, we're gonna use SNP SIFT tool and we're gonna use SNP SIFT extract feed from a VCF. So as we did earlier, we're gonna specify that we wanna use a data set collection and we're gonna use the covariance on collection 11 that has been produced by the previous step and we're gonna select the field to extract using the line specified in the training material. So you can select the line, copy it and copy it in the field to extract. We're gonna select one effect per line. So once we have changed all these parameters we can run the tool and we're gonna extract the variance from a VCF into a tabulated file. Okay, now that we extracted the files into tabulated files we can take a look and see that we have indeed one line per effect in addition to one header line specifying what each column correspond to. So we have one file per sample but in order to run a further analysis most of the tool we only used one file with different sample for each line. So in order to do that we're gonna use a tool called collapse collection into a single file. You can go to the search bar and look for collapse and here we're gonna select collapse collection into a single data set in order of the collection. So we're gonna select a data set collection which is the SNP SIFT extract field output. We're gonna keep one header line to keep the information on what each column correspond to and we're gonna prepend the file name so that for each line we have which sample the variance belongs to. So we're gonna use prepend the file name on each line and in the same line than the rest of the data. So once we've done that we're gonna run the tool and we can see that instead of a collection it output only one single data set. So we're gonna wait a couple of seconds for it to run. Now that it's done running let's take a look at the resulting file. We click on the I and we can see that we have all the variance from our four sample collapsed into one single file and for each line we have the sample the variance has been identified in. So in this short tutorial we've seen how to create a collection, how to use it in different tool form and how to manipulate this collection to collapse into a single file. A lot more operation are available. You can look at the collection operation to have an idea of all the different way you can use collection and manipulate them to fit your needs. They are described in more detail in the rest of the tutorial. It's a great, collections are a great tool to facilitate your work and to declutter your histories. And if you have any question on how to use collection and how to optimize your work we are available on the Galaxy Project Training Channel for any question you have. And I hope you have a great experience for the rest of your training event. Thank you and have a good day.


Think Tech Hawaii. Civil engagement lives here. Hello, have Friday and welcome to Perspectives on Global Justice, Think Tech Hawaii. This is your host, Beatrice Cantelmo. We have been dealing with a lot of ickness in the world. So today's show is about promoting wellness. We need to replenish ourselves with good vibrations and amazing people. So every person, every social movement and every community needs artists who inspire us and invite us to reconnect with love. Creative selves, healing and dreams. Lucy Lynch's assets, creativity, voice and musical arrangements are like sugar for our hearts and ears. And I'm so glad that she's here with us today. Welcome darling. What an intro. Aloha, welcome. Thank you. Well, happy Aloha Friday, sir Lucy. Give our viewers a little blurb about yourself. What do you come from? Where were you raised? Exactly. Sometimes that's really a good question. I ask myself that question like, where did I come from, right? To feel like you're from Venus, Mars, you know. So I actually recently, I have the feeling it's a mix between out and the stars but I have the feeling I actually come from the whales. But that is a different story. I would really say, you know, I am a singer and songwriter. I am a magic maker and I'm a life lover. So I think that's kind of like, you know, three keywords in my life. And I'm originally from Hamburg, Germany, as you can maybe hear in my accent. Hardly, you know.  Born and raised there and I lived there a long time. I mean, until I was 28. So, okay, so 28, you were in Hamburg, Germany, probably travelled a lot. So what brought you to Hawaii? So it was, it started with a dream or it started actually with a book I read about fairies and nature spirits. And that really got me in touch with really connecting with my soul spirit. And I just loved it so much. And then I had this dream where I flew around the head of the Statue of Liberty and it said to me, come home. And I was very confused because I didn't really have a relationship with the United States. Right. But I followed the dream. So I took my fairy costume with me and I flew to New York City and I danced down Broadway in my fairy costume. And I'm so sad because the social media world was not, you know, that big. No inventors. So I don't have any Instagram or anything.  There must be still some footage of that. But so how marvelous. How my love with America really started. America started. And how long ago was that? So that was probably nine, ten years ago. Ten years ago. Yeah. Even longer. It was 2005. 2005. That was my first time. Yeah. Okay. So yeah, we got a few years there. And so from Statue of Liberty in New York to Hawaii, how did that stretch happen for you and how long you've been in Hawaii now? So it's, you know, it's always the story behind it would be a wonderful movie or a book. I just, I'm so alive right now that I just, I always say, I don't have the time right now to write that book because I'm still living it. So how it all, how it started was the New York experience. And then I was so carried by something in New York, like some love and higher power and intuition and gut feeling that I decided, you know what, all these books that I've been reading about, fairies, nature spirits, Paul O'Quel, you'll follow your heart, follow the path.  I said, I have to, for myself, put it to practice. I have to almost prove to myself that that's really true. And so I booked another flight to New York City and with a very low, teeny, tiny budget, I decided to travel through the United States with bus, train and hitchhiking and then ending up in Hawaii. That was my goal. Wow. And did you, did you have this plan to come straight to Oahu? No, I actually landed in the Big Island. Big Island. Yeah. So it was, I traveled all the way with all the adventures that you can imagine with a snowstorm in Pittsburgh and a broken down train and sleeping on a train for three days, being then in San Francisco, LA, San Diego and, you know, Yosemite, all the good stuff, the redwood trees. And it was just beautiful. And then I took a plane to the Big Island and I had no idea on the plane where I was going to stay. And that's why I made nothing. You totally had this faith. I just had faith. I met a beautiful gentleman on the plane who was there with his knees. They, they took me in, you know, into their beautiful house on the Big Island. Just like that. Just like that. It's like Aloha Spirit. I can care of you in welcoming you. So it's Ben Woods. Seven years. I'm here now, but back then, I wish I could have just stayed, but you know, the whole visa immigration. So I, I had to go back to Europe, keep working. I came back for half a year and then I met my now beautiful husband, Matthew Lynch. So there was love stories within the love story. Do you have a song for that love story? Oh, I actually have several probably, but play one for us. So this is actually really sweet. I haven't played it in a while, but it's, it's very sweet. And this is a song I couch served on his couch. I found him on the internet on couchsurfing.org and I booked a night on his couch and I arrived at his house and he had this guitar with only four strings and I sat down and I sang, I sang. That's a marvelous, you don't need to write this story. And the lyrics kind of freaked him out. He's always like, man, when you sang those lyrics, I was like, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, so here we go. What if I am a princess and you're the frog I kiss? What if I am just the one? What if I'm already close to you, but you still feel the distance? You, you can sing, but I could see it was a little intimidated by the whole idea. Well, you know, so it just kind of came to you like spontaneously. And it just, yeah, it was this thing that it was a song that has been coming through a few days before on the, on the big island. And I was like, OK, I just got to share it with, you know, I got to share it with him. So that was that. So wow. So OK. So when we started the program, we talked about your inquiry about wanting to find out if it was true, this world of love, yes, and, and, you know, all beings being worthy. Yes. And of, you know, magic, which I think we're so kind of loose touch with that. What are your findings? So from that search to where you're at now. So it's very interesting. Back then, obviously, I was very much in touch with that, you know, like every breath and every step that journey I life journaled it. So the book is kind of there. I just have to probably transcript that. But I was all these different people that I met, different connections that I made. It was literally as if somebody was there with me, OK, now go that way, now go this way. How about you go that way? And the things were just unfolding so beautifully. And then at some point, the world that we as a society have created came back in, which was, oh, you cannot just stay here. You need a visa. So that was already how the first roadblock arrived. It's like, oh, yeah, the practical aspect of reality, of that kind of reality. Yes. So I was like, OK, OK. And I because I got so I fell so in love with Hawaii and what Hawaii kind of tickled in me and got out of me that I was I got I got attached pretty quickly. And so that's when I think I got in my own way was like really trying to force it. And then what happens is in my own experience, these are only my findings. Obviously, when I start forcing it and trying to put it in a box and make something happen, like because I needed I wanted and get so forceful, this kind of magic, I don't want to say disappears, but it kind of moves into the background, you know, if magic would be that fairy, it would be like, OK, you do that for a while. I'm not gone. I'm still here. I'm watching you. I'm still here if you need me, but you need to let go, sweetheart. And so I got very immersed in that kind of panic mode of how can I stay here? How can I be here? And but that seed was there. This year, you just had to figure out, OK, it's not going to happen the way that I'm trying to make it happen. So once you realize that I have to take a step back, breathe, maybe this process has to happen more organically, how then did it go back to that place of that seed of say, OK, from conceptualization to reality, water, you know. It was really an active, I would say an inspired action step of letting go. So what happened was that Matthew and I met and we really deeply connected, you know, not only through that song, but just in our hearts. But he had already made a choice to leave the islands of Hawaii and move to Australia. So he left and there was no other way for me than going back to Europe at that point. And back in Europe, I really I was living on an island over there and I was pretty secluded and I was working a lot. So that I was working as a tour guide. I was a singing tour guide over there. And the time that I had off, I would go into nature and really go inward and really connect with that feeling, with that what I discovered in Hawaii. And then what came, the first thing that came was if I cannot be happy where I am, if I cannot be content here, I will not be happy in Hawaii either. And I remember that very clearly and it was the same thing with, if I cannot be in that love without Matt, if I cannot be in love without that man, without having the feeling to need him, I cannot, it will not be that true love. And so I really had to let him go. And I mean, you know, looking back now, especially because the whole story has a happy ending, it's a wonderful story to share. Still unfolding, yes. Except it's still unfolding. But, you know, that, that it was very painful and I cried a lot and the letting go aspect. But I'm very grateful I did. It's really amazing what you just said about this fantasy and projection that I think the whole world makes about Hawaii. Yeah. That if you're here, you're going to be amazingly happy every day. And every day, you're going to be seeing rainbows and rain and ocean and mountains and that it's that epiphany of paradise. But I think it's very true that we experienced a lot of what we already have as a foundation.  Also be miserable. Exactly. And also there is the part of duality in life. And you're like, I think we always seek only the good and we don't make spaces for also the hardships that is about life, too. The letting go, you know, you have one dream and then you have to, you know, adapt to that dream or you find a new dream as you're chasing, you know, your dream and that is really cool. We're going to take a quick break and be right back. Dave Stevens, host of the Cyber Underground. This is where we discuss everything that relates to computers that's just going to scare you out of your mind. So come join us every week here on thinktecawaii.com, one PM on Friday afternoons. And then you can go see all our episodes on YouTube. Just look up the Cyber Underground on YouTube. All our shows will show up and please follow us. We're always giving you current, relevant information to protect you. Keepin' you safe. Aloha. I'm Jay Fidel, Think Tech. Think Tech loves energy. I'm the host of Mina, Marco and Me, which is Mina Morita, former chair of the PUC, former legislator and Energy Dynamics, a consulting organization in energy. Marco Mangelsdorf is the CEO of Provision Solar in Hilo. Every two weeks, we talk about energy, everything about energy. Come around and watch us. We're on at noon on Mondays every two weeks on Think Tech. Aloha. Welcome back to Perspectives on Global Justice. Think Tech, hafaii. This is your host, Beatrice Cantelmo. And I'm here with Lucy Litch. And so here we are. I was thinking on how do we re-engage in this amazing conversation. That you just wanna take a break, go to the beach and just, you know, reflect. I mean, there was a lot of things there to explore from our first segment of this episode. So do you mind playing a song for us about where you're at right now? Oh, okay. 2018 Lucy in Hawaii as a woman, as a creator, as a inspire, as a sister, as a wife. Okay. The question, and then I was just like, like this. See, I'm letting go of the sadness and the joy and the hope, you know, it's all. That everything has a space for me. It's always like, you know, without, like, there is sadness. Why do we only chase the happiness? Because without sadness, happiness would be, would not even be there. Because then we, it's just judgments that we make, right? And it would be so blah, because, you know, there is a lot to be said about that place of grief. We all have losses and disappointments and, you know, kind of fall on our faces. But it's part of learning. That's part of growing. That's proper attachment. And that's how you face so far. It's because of your life. It's because of your life.  How wonderful. And yeah, so this is really amazing. So I want to talk to you about a amazing play I've seen you in earlier this year called... Money Talks.  So let our viewers know about how that play came to fruition. And if you have any plans to have it back in the community. We will. And what Marcia and I, Marcia is in a major, my co-writer and co-performer and sweetheart, soul sister, what we recently have, we have taken on a whole new journey because we've really realized this play is about self-worth. It is about, you know, viewing success and failure and money all in a new light. And specifically, motivating people and women to look at their finances, to no longer be afraid to step into their financial power. And what we created now is actually we partnered with the Arts at Marx Garage and we are just so excited about it with the nonprofit organization here locally. We partnered with them for a weekend which we call What's My Worth? celebrating our inherent value. And it's gonna be a weekend where we have two performances of our two woman musical show, but also on the Sunday, we're gonna add a free community panel workshop event which is gonna be interactive. We will have four women leaders with their own money and success stories and then some surprises, some exercises that we throw in to really have people experience some of that, you know, to look at their own self-worth, at their own self-love and their own value. Well, it's very nice, you're touching this and that because a lot of people who live the dream and to think about the dream, they don't recognize money as a big tool in part to open many doors. And also the lack thereof that can shed so many opportunities, especially for women because we're always underpaid. No matter where you are in the world, unless Iceland, I think Iceland is the only place that women, you know, kind of like get equal power there with finances, but then who wants to live in Iceland for six months? Maybe not, no.  But you know, so the part of money, and I wanted to tap in, why was that a core, one of the core aspects of display? And how is that manifested also in terms of worth? Because we live in a society of haves and have notes. And how do we bridge that? And people also treat it like very much on how much money you have. I should have to be this way, but so I want to tap in into your artistic and your woman-powered creator to get that sense for me. It really came out of, you know, it was very simple that Marcia and I met and we realized we are both underpaid and kind of broke artists and excused my language, but we were really screwed up about money, you know? Each one of us in our own way. And so we... What will you say? Did you mind sharing? Like, what was it? So for me, I was kind of always in that magic world, I was always magically taken care of, but I never really was eager to learn about money, how do I invest money, how do I... And I was always living on the edge, you know, it was just always enough. Just enough. And for Marcia, her and her husband, they never really planned for their retirement or for the future. They were also people of the moment, you know, always living with what they had. And we decided to look at that because we realized this whole starving artist, the myth of the starving artist, maybe we can do something about it. And then we pretended to have a million-dollar budget and we wrote a Broadway musical about money and humanity. And then we wrote this two-woman play. And while in the process, we realized, oh, my God, we are all thinking that, you know, that the amount of money in our bank account is connected to our worth, to our value. And so many people feel very bad about themselves or feel small because they don't have that and a lot of that is in women. And then we thought, but look, how can we reclaim that, right? Is there a way? How can we step in the feminine way into that financial power and excitement?  We can move mountains with money in the world that we have created right now. So can we own it? Can we say, hey, I don't have to be poor. I don't have to, you know, walk barefoot through the streets to spread love. Like, I can also invite money into my life to help me to do even more of that, right? Right. And you know, there's so much value and that is immeasurable that's beyond what money can pay for artists, for people who do like, you know, profit world, you know, work, the movers and shakers, you know, we needed to really support those who also supported this, you know, foundation that we have that's so cracked. Yes.  And then will that be, when will the weekend play in the workshops? So this will be on the 19th, 19th, 20th and 21st of October, Friday and Saturday night. We have the show and then Sunday, the free event. And then I have some other really exciting news to share. So Marcia and I have now our first booking on the mainland in Colorado. So next June, we're gonna bring money talks to Colorado, to the mainland. We're gonna travel through the States, stop in different cities and we are planning on having our mini run on Broadway and then we're also gonna bring it to Hamburg, Germany. So we are looking at a very big year, very big time ahead. We're very excited. We're in the process of searching, looking for sponsorship. And the feedback we've been getting has been just so amazing of people who are really excited. They wanna support us. This is also a very beautiful investment for some people, you know, to jump on board and to get on this. We call it the money talks train. And it's a train, man. That train is going. And we don't know where the destination is, but we're on it. So we have less than a minute left. Okay, oh my God. Would you like to give to our viewers with one song from this amazing Broadway of money talks? Okay, very good. Quickly, quickly. Oh my goodness. And go support Lucy and Marcia and check them out. What's my worth? What's my worth? Am I blood the same without the fence? What's my worth? What's my worth? What's my worth? How can I click ending? Until next week or until next time. We hope with a lot of work.


I mean, first of all, we know from the National Defense Strategy that, yes, great power strategic competition is a huge threat to us from China and Russia, but also identified in that strategy which we all know in this room, and Governor Kane knows all too well, it describes terrorism and extremism as a persistent condition. And unfortunately, it is a persistent condition. As the Director of National Intelligence, Coates, said, we're seeing a new phase in terrorism and these areas that we are focusing on, on this commission, the Sahel, the Near East, the Horn of Africa, unfortunately, these are very fragile areas and there are other fragile areas around the world where we see the continual breeding of extremism and terrorism that leads to a persistent threat to not only our homeland, but to our allies and of course, really what they tried to hit us on 9-11, which was our way of life. What we've also seen is this strategic competition. We've seen countries like Russia and China, in particular, exploiting fragile states and exploiting this fragility actually to the harm of our security and the harm of the international order. Well, we see that in Syria, with Russia, we've seen that often with some of the investments in the way that China handles Africa and what they're doing there. And so these two very important national security issues are intertwined. They impact our security.


unemployment and let's make it let's make it black and white I'll leave a couple spaces in case I don't know what maybe we got a couple of them for spouses or whatever so this will just be just the first one unemployment unemployment and I said it was 10,000 so this will be total unemployment let's check the spelling of this thing did you spell it right I did of course I did spelling master if I went back to like grade school I could probably skip in like the 50 percent percentile of the first graders so I'm gonna say let's delete the let's pull this in I'm gonna sum this up boom let's bring it on over to page the formula 110 and there's the 12 950 get this to the 97 50 97 50 page 2 17 134 so let's put that here 17 134 and the calculation of the 15,000 withholdings gets us to the 2 1 3 4 but they probably calculated some penalties of $17 put the penalties for 17 2 1 5 1 2 1 5 1 so the general idea of course is in most cases the unemployment is going to be includeable in income now remember if there was a situation where the unemployment was wrong for whatever reason and there was a lot of fraud cases that it seemed that the iris was was checking on before meaning you got a 1099 G but you didn't actually get the $10,000 in this case you want to go to the issuer of the 1099 and try to get them to give the IRS a corrected 1099 otherwise you're gonna have a problem if you had to repay some of the $10,000 because they overpaid you then you're gonna say okay they gave me a 1099 for the 10,000 but I paid back like 1000 let's say so then if I go back on over we've got the difference of 9,000 and it's noting here the 1000 that was paid that's important because the IRS of course is gonna have a 1099 that says $10,000 on it so you want to be able to tell them yes there was $10,000 maybe on it but I repaid part of it the refund part of it and therefore it's down to 9,000 so that then they can still tie in the 1099 to your tax form if you just put 9,000 net without this information then that you would expect the government would probably come back at you and and and say that that that you didn't include the proper amount on the form 1099 so that kind of detail is important now if you had income from a prior year that basically you had to refund then you might need to look at some instructions with regards to should you amend the prior year or something like that but if the prior year if like in the prior year like 2021 they didn't include unemployment compensation in income then you may not have you know you might not have an issue in that in that instance because because it wouldn't have been included in income anyways but in any case that's the general idea it's usually included in income be careful with the withholding situation if you're if you're in a tax preparation situation people are calling you and saying hey look I'm getting unemployment because I'm I'm gonna be laid off or whatever then the question is should you have withholdings or not and you might need to do a projection to figure that out accurate accurately and and so that's something just to keep in mind as well going forward obviously when you actually do the tax preparation it is what it is by that time you're gonna have to do what's been dictated generally by the 1099 which is generally to include it in income


A hidden culprit behind diabetes could unlock a new wave of treatments.  No, this is not old news. This is based from a recent study. Let's go. Researchers have identified an enzyme that sabotages insulin, offering a potential target to control this widespread disease. Nitric oxide, a molecule known for its many benefits, holds a dark secret. This study, led by Dr. Jonathan Stamler, a distinguished professor at Case Western Reserve and president of Harrington Discovery Institute that was published in Cell, reveals how an enzyme called scan attaches nitric oxide to the insulin receptor, disrupting its vital role in managing blood sugar. Mice lacking the scan enzyme showed remarkable resistance to diabetes, highlighting its causal role. Stamler suggests this breakthrough extends beyond diabetes, pointing to potential treatments for Alzheimer's, cancer, and heart failure, where excessive nitric oxide binding also plays a role. By identifying a specific enzyme responsible for disrupting insulin, this research sheds light on a previously unclear mechanism in diabetes development. With an enzyme target identified, the stage is set for designing medications to block scan and restore insulin's effectiveness. This promising discovery paves the way for a new era of diabetes management and potentially offers therapeutic hope for a range of other diseases linked to excessive nitric oxide activity. Consider PEMF therapy as part of your wellness journey, with our advanced key coils setting the standard in the market. Our potent audio frequencies embody mathematical representations of consciousness states, emotions, and physical well-being for a healthier new you. DM us to explore the world of frequency healing with guidance from a certified frequency expert.


I like to be snagged out in the middle of the quad because I kind of like to see it all going on.  I'm going to see different people in different tents. I just love the quad because there's so much going on. You can kind of bounce around from all kinds of different areas. There's some kind of something going on somewhere. The quad is the go-to answer for that. I mean, it's just a really cool environment. I can't even just begin to describe it. The million dollar band will play on the steps of the Gorgas Library. So if you're in the quad area, you'll be able to hear them and walk through the form. It's actually amazing walking down university, just seeing all the tents set up, seeing everyone happy running around, hearing all the music going on, everyone just getting pumped for that type football game. Definitely great. The quad, there's tents everywhere, crimson and white, so many people, just big roll tide fans. Definitely an awesome community right there on campus.


الهولي بروفتسادي مرابة وعليين في يوم الخندق أفضل من عباد الثفولين مرابة وعلي on the day of khandak السكرية ومساعدة بكل جن وكل مجموعة كمالتفلي هل كان أمير المؤمنين أعلم سجود there هل كان يرسيطون القرآن there ما كان أمير المؤمنين يفعلونه فقط عباد الثفولين حقا كان هذا 100% صحيحة only and only for Allah سبحانه وتعالى ما حدث في ذلك اليوم نعرف جميعا ولكنه جيد للتذكر جيد للتحدث عن أهل البيت فكروا وعليين عباده when we talk about the أمير المؤمنين it is worship why? because here reminds us of الله سبحانه وتعالى there was this battle the battle of trenches khandak and there was a very strong man non-believer عمر بن عمي وود and he came out right and all the companions were scared of him the Ameer المؤمنين went to fight him and he was about to behead him and he spat on the face the Ameer المؤمنين could have beheaded him right then and there and asked oh Ali why did you do that the Ameer المؤمنين said I wanted to behead him only and only for الله سبحانه وتعالى when he spat on my face I feared that my personal emotions might also mix with that intention the Ameer المؤمنين the Ameer المؤمنين who is infallible who is talking Quran even then he is so careful so careful this is infallibility those who have perfect intellect it is not like they are not capable of doing things that are wrong they have the capacity but since their intellect is so perfect they do not do those things pure intention that became superior to all the worship all the gins and all the humans all together


Welcome everyone. It's great to have you all here. You may notice there are two speakers on the slides up front and there's only one of me. Unfortunately Lee-Win could not join us in person today. Don't worry, she was able to pre-record all her slides. She's got a great portion of the presentation today and we have some of her colleagues here who can help answer questions at the end. So thank you everyone for putting up with this hybrid presentation. But I'll get started first. I'm Rob Scott and I'll hand it right over to Lee-Win to introduce herself. Hello, my name is Lee-Win Wu. I am a software engineer at AWS focusing on AWS VPC networking for Kubernetes. My first major Kubernetes contribution was design and the development of AWS VPC CNI plugin for Kubernetes networking over AWS VPC. I am an active member of Gateway API community. Here I'm going to show you how we implemented Gateway API on top of AWS VPC lattice. I'm sorry I couldn't meet you in person. Hopefully I will see you in person in future. Cool. I'm so sad that Lee-Win couldn't be here but we'll have a great presentation. She's got some great content throughout this presentation today. My name is Rob Scott. I'm a software engineer at Google. You can find me all over the place. Definitely happy to connect and talk about any of these topics at any point. Let's get right into it. Let's talk about the APIs here. I may have skipped over it at the beginning but we're talking about two APIs here. We're talking about multi-cluster services and Gateway API. Before we go any further, how many people have used multi-cluster services? Okay, handful. That's impressive actually. How many people have used Gateway API? Okay, a few more. That's great. I'm very biased. I'm one of the maintainers of Gateway API along with Nick, Shane, and some great people over there. We're very interested in both Gateway API and how it could interact with multi-cluster service because these are both brand new Kubernetes APIs that have kind of evolved together. We're talking about how they can work in parallel. First, there's Gateway API. There's a lot of talks at KubeCon about Gateway API. I'm not going to go into lots of details here but understand that a Gateway in this case, when we're talking about cloud providers, which we are today, largely represents a cloud load balancer, then routing would be your routing configuration. We have HP route and a bunch of other protocols represented with different route types. Then the service is really, in this case, just the group of end points that you want to route to. In this case, we have a route for Acme Store and that's doing some traffic splitting between Store V1 and Store V2. This is a pretty straightforward Gateway API example. Now, multi-cluster services are maybe a little bit more complicated to explain. To understand multi-cluster services, you have to understand the concept of a cluster set. A cluster set is a group of connected services. In this case, we're going to say we have an East, West, and Central cluster. We're going to say that we have a service in one of those clusters and we want to share it, export it to the other cluster so they can also access this service. What we do is we create a service export and that service export is going to say to your multi-cluster service implementation, this service right here should be made available to all the other clusters in this cluster set. What happens is you get service imports in those other clusters automatically, all throughout the cluster set. That means you have a DNS name and IP address, just like a service in all those other clusters that you can use to access these end points, even if they're not in your cluster. Now, that's kind of the basic example of multi-cluster services, but kind of the next level is that you might have end points in more than one cluster that you want to kind of merge together into one large kind of global multi-cluster service. In that case, there's a concept of namespace, name sameness. In the multi-cluster world, that means that two services that are in the same namespace and have the same name are going to be considered the same service. So if you export both of them, they're going to get merged together and a service import is going to reference end points from either cluster. That's an important concept as we keep on going and start to layer Gateway API on top of this. So we made it this far, you may be wondering, well, how do you combine these two APIs? We've got multi-cluster service. We've got Gateway API. Well, we spent a lot of time talking about that. As you'd expect in Kubernetes, it takes a while to nail down these standards and there's a lot of nuance here. So if you're interested, we wrote a whole gap. That's a Gateway enhancement proposal about how these two APIs interact. And there's a lot of detail here. I'm going to try and give you the very high-level summary, which is that anywhere you can use a service in Gateway API, you can use a service import. So anywhere you can use a service, you can replace that with a multi-cluster service. And that's what we're going to be covering in today's talk. So let's go back to that example we showed at the beginning where Gateway API was doing some traffic splitting between Store V1 and Store V2. Let's say that our app developers got a little creative and said, well, actually, my Store V2 service, it's going to span multiple clusters now, or maybe it's going to be in a different cluster. What you would do is instead of just referencing a service, you just replace that one detail and it becomes a service import. You're referencing a multi-cluster service and a multi-cluster set of endpoints. And one other detail you might have noticed there is that's what we call a multi-cluster gateway. There's not much to it. A multi-cluster gateway is just a gateway that supports referencing multi-cluster services. So part of the reason you might be here is there's a lot of APIs here and you might be curious how cloud providers are translating these APIs into cloud resources. And that's what this next section is going to talk about. First, I'll hand it over to Lee-Wen and she's going to talk about how they're doing it for AWS VPC Lattice. Let's talk about EKS implementation of the Gateway API through AWS Gateway API controller. First, we introduce a new gateway class, Amazon VPC Lattice. And AWS Gateway API controller will reconcile gateways and HTTP routes on the Amazon VPC Lattice Gateway class. And create corresponding VPC Lattice resources accordingly. TRDR in Kubernetes Gateway APIs is a control plane, where VPC Lattice is a data plane. We have open sourced our Gateway API controller. Here's the GitHub link and the QR code. Here is a high level overview how we maps Kubernetes Gateway API objects to AWS VPC resources. Kubernetes Gateway API object is mapped to VPC Lattice service network. In another word, it is a gateway into a VPC Lattice service network. Kubernetes HTTP route object is mapped to VPC Lattice service object. Kubernetes service object is mapped to VPC Lattice target group object. And the Kubernetes paths or endpoints are mapped to VPC Lattice targets. So what is AWS VPC Lattice service? VPC Lattice service is a unit of application running on instances, serverless and the Kubernetes paths. It consists of listeners, rules, and target group. As you see here, Kubernetes HTTP route is mapped to Lattice service. And HTTP routes routing rules are mapped to VPC Lattice rules. And the HTTP route back in rough of Kubernetes services are mapped into VPC Lattice target group and the Kubernetes endpoints are mapped to VPC Lattice targets. So what is AWS VPC Lattice service network? A VPC Lattice service network is a logical boundary that is used to automatically implement service discovery and connectivity and apply common access and observability policies to a collection of services. As you see here, Kubernetes Gateway is mapped to a service network and HTTP routes which have same gateway are mapped to the Lattice services of that corresponding Lattice service network. So for multi-clusters and multiple VPCs, AWS VPC Lattice is designed to simplify and automate service connectivity and securely connect services across VPCs and their account. As you see here, there are four different EKS clusters are all connecting to a single AWS VPC Lattice service network called My Network. In another world, all of them will have a gateway object My Network pointing to Lattice service network called My Network. So as a service provider for s1.com VPC1 or EKS cluster one have a HTTP route defined for s1.com which has a parent RAV pointing to gateway My Network. Similarly, the service provider for s2.com in VPC2 or EKS cluster two, it will have a HTTP route called s2.com which has a parent RAV pointing to gateway My Network. Similarly logic applies to VPC3, EKS cluster three and the VPC four and the EKS cluster four. As a service consumers, as you see here, you have VPC one, EKS cluster one, all the way to VPC four cluster four can consume all Lattice services s1.com, s2.com, s3.com, s4.com. Thanks for gateway My Network. Cool. That's very cool to see VPC Lattice's implementation on EKS, how that works. And just to compare, we'll show how this works on GKE and our interpretation of multicluster gateways. So at a high level, there's an idea that gateway listeners in gateway API roughly map to cloud concepts, Google cloud concepts of a forwarding rule and a target proxy. Then again, roughly, HTTP routes and other kinds of routes roughly map to a concept of a URL map in GCP load balancing. Then finally, every Kubernetes service, each port maps to a back end service. Then we have this concept of a health check, custom health check configuration. So an extension mechanism of gateway API is that you have a health check policy, and you can use that to apply health check, custom health check configuration. And then finally, maybe one of the most important details is individual endpoints are mapped to network endpoint groups that similar to EKS allows us to load balance directly to pods instead of making that kind of second hop from a node and then to a pod. So all of this roughly maps together and you can already say, well, this looks a little complicated. Well, keep in mind that's just one layer of translation. You kind of have to map everything together. So both the routes, gateways, you have to connect everything on that side. And then on the other side on GCP side, everything has to be connected to you. So this is just a lot of stuff that you don't really need to worry about. But that's what that's what's happening behind the scenes in our GKE gateway controller. Now, an important concept to understand will be coming back to this over and over through the demos and later on in this talk is that of a config cluster and a config cluster in GKE means that within our cluster set or in GKE the term is a fleet but a cluster set in this case, we have one cluster that's designated as the config cluster. And that means all your gateways, HTTP routes and etc. are read from that single cluster. So the GKE gateway controller lives, oh, got out of sync with what I have here. Well, that's cool. The GKE gateway controller lives outside of your clusters. And that's well and good. And inside of your clusters, you have gateway configuration. And in this case, we have a single config cluster where your gateway controller is pointed. Now it caught up. We'll get there eventually. Hopefully we're in sync now. So we have some other clusters, but they don't matter to the GKE gateway controller. It's just looking at a single cluster. And we'll come back to that in just a little bit. Now our GKE gateway implementation supports two kinds of cloud load balancers, high level generalization at least. One is a regional ILB and the other is a global external load balancer. That's what we'll be focusing on today. That's, as you'd expect, resilient to a zonal or regional outage and can forward traffic to any backend network or region. An important concept is we're understanding that the demos further on is that all traffic by default is going to be routed to the closest region where there's capacity. So if you have capacity in a cluster that's close to you, you're going to be routed there. When that cluster fills up, you'll spill over to the next closest region or cluster. Now you may be asking, well, this is all well and good, but wow, this is really out of sync. I'm sorry. You may be asking what if a cluster or region fails? That's especially problematic, right? We'll be covering lots of different failure scenarios in the demo ahead. And I'll just leave it at that and I'll hand it back to Lee Nguyen to cover how this works on VPC Lattice. Now let me show you how a VPC Lattice Gateway API looks like. So here's the Gateway class, Amazon VPC Lattice. You see we have a new controller called Gateway API controller. And I have created a Gateway object called KubeCon demo. It is using Gateway Amazon VPC Lattice Gateway class. And I have also created a HTTP route called KubeCon-parking. In this KubeCon demo parking HTTP object, you see here, basically, I have for PASC, go to slash rate, we'll go to Kubernetes services rates. And for PASC slash review, we'll go to Kubernetes services review. And they're all using their parent graph all points to KubeCon demo. Now let me show you the traffic. So here are all the paths in this cluster. And this is HTTP route with the host name parking Lee Nguyen KubeCon demo.com. Now let me exacting to Kubernetes part. And as you see here, when I curl parking Lee Nguyen KubeCon demo.com slash reviews, I go to one of the review parts. So and these parts basically is a simple echo server just reply is who I am, the pod name, and give a name of the hamster. And so now when I curl slash rates, it goes to one of the rate part that you see it matches the name of the part. Now let me show you the blue green deployment across multiple cluster. In this case, in cluster one, I have a HTTP route inventory. The service owner of inventory wants to deploy a new version in class two. Here are a few reasons. One reason is the inventory service owner want to upgrade to use new version of Kubernetes. For example, I want to use new feature in Kubernetes 1.24. But other services in cluster one, say example, at one up to, they're not ready to upgrade to new Kubernetes version yet. That's one of the reason the inventory service owner I'm going to try some of my part workload in new Kubernetes service, new Kubernetes clusters. Another reason is the H the inventory service owner want to double the workload. And, and as you know, the cluster one is already at its full capacity. For example, it has reached the maximum number of parts in the cluster one. So instead of scale up and try out your scalability during the production, we want to scale out. So inventory service owner want to move the workload to double the workload to cluster two. So here I want to show you how it happens. So now I'm creating a new cluster, a yellow cluster. In the yellow cluster, as you see here, I have created inventory version two. And as you see here, the parts, they have the address of 192.168, the private address. I just want to show you the same how we solve the overlapping IP address in the first cluster. Same thing, I have, you know, inventory version one, I have all these parts, they'll use the same private address 192.168. Okay, now let's go back to the second cluster. Here I create a service export. And call inventory version two. What the service export does here is, as you see here, the key thing here, I have a multi cluster federation, Amazon VPC lattice. So our controller will look at the service export and create a target group accordingly. Now let's go back to the first cluster. I have an HTTP route, HTTP route inventory. As you see here, in the inventory here, just want to show you to right now as I'm start deploying awaited, so 90% of traffic will go to local version one. And 10% will go to service import version two in second cluster. Now let's me show you the traffic. Okay, it's back to, okay, let's go see the parts in this cluster. Let's go to one of the part. Let's go back, go into the review part. Let's just curl the inventory service. You'll see here, because 90% will go to version one. And now let's run a continuously traffic loop here. As you see here, 90% will go to version one. And let's wait until we see. Okay, now we see, you know, some, you know, 10% go to version two. All right. Now, I'm pretty inventory service owner, pretty confident about the second version. Let's just change the percentage. Okay, now let's change 10% and to version one 90% of version two to the second cluster. Let's just double check. We modify this correctly. Okay, now let's demo God with me. Let's apply the change. All right, we apply. Now let's just confirm it's yeah, it's 10% version one 90% version two. Now let's see the traffic shifting. Now let's see the new HTTP route gets populated VPC lattice data plane. Now you see here, it's get populated 90% will go to version two. Cool. Am I on I can't remember. Okay, I think I'm back. All right, that was a great demo. Let's move right back in because I know we have limited time left and I want to show how the same APIs can be used on GKE. So first off, we're going to start with two clusters in a cluster set or GKE fleet. One of those clusters is going to be based in the US. And the other cluster is going to be based in Europe just right over here in the Netherlands actually. And in both cases, we're going to have the same config mirrored in both clusters. So we're going to have a gateway, HP route and service import in all clusters. This may sound a little weird because remember our gateway controllers only looking at that one cluster at our config cluster, but soon this will become important. So we're starting here and let's work on actually building this out. So first up, we'll go end to end here. We'll create a couple clusters. You know, this is pretty straightforward at this point. So I'll skip over that. But then once we have the clusters up, we can go ahead and register them to our fleet, which is just our term for a cluster set. Now that they're registered, we can go ahead and get gateway class. And you can say, oh, look at that, we have some gateway classes that we can use for our gateways. And we've got a few and the ones that at end in dash MC mean they're multi cluster enabled. But you may remember, you know, we have more than one cluster here, there's two clusters. You probably want to see the config in both clusters. So for most of the rest of this talk, we'll be using a tool called kubectl MC. This makes it really easy to work with multiple clusters. It basically is just a loop that applies the same kubectl commands, whether it's get apply whatever to multiple clusters as you configure. So if you're interested, there's a link to it there. So I'm just going to run the same command again, but with kubectl MC. And now you can see our US cluster and our EU cluster both have the same gateway classes available. Alright, so we've got that set up, let's build out our store application. This is a really simple application. It's really just echo server. But we're calling it store to make it interesting, I guess. So first off, we're going to have a service in both names in both clusters, a deployment in both clusters, just with two pods. And then we're going to export that. So it joins into this kind of global multi cluster service that comprises endpoints from both clusters. So with that, first, we're going to apply that configuration. Again, in both clusters using kubectl MC, we can see it's applied first in us one. Oh, sorry. And second in EU one. Thank you. Sorry. Next up, we're going to get pods. And in that case, we're going to see that we have two pods in each cluster. These are just echo server pods, nothing fancy here, but it allows us to see when we're making a request, what pod we're actually getting into. So with that applied, we can also take a look at our service import. Remember, service imports give us an IP. They also give us a DNS name dot cluster set dot local instead of dot cluster dot local. And so that means even without gateway, you could make a request neither cluster and be routed to endpoints across clusters. And that would work. But gateway layers on a lot more, we're going to get there. Now, since we're talking about gateway layering on so much more, it might be helpful from a gateway perspective to be able to target some subset. So maybe you just want to target endpoints in us clusters or EU clusters, for example. So we're going to fan this out a little bit. It's going to look a little intimidating. But we're going to create a regional service. So just a service that's unique to our US cluster. That's just called store us. It targets the same deployment, the same pods, but it only exists in our US cluster or clusters and similar in the EU cluster. So what that means is we now have three different multi cluster services that we can reference anywhere. So we can reference our US pods, our EU pods or all pods. Alright, so we're going to apply this configuration. And first up, we're applying our US config, our US service and our US cluster and our EU service and our EU serve cluster. We've made it all this way. Let's get into our gateway configuration. We're going to use our L seven XLB multi cluster enabled gateway class. We're going to be listening on HBS. And of course, we just using a pre generated HBS cert, TLS cert. Next, we're going to go ahead and apply that configuration. And remember, we've applied this in both clusters for mirroring things in both clusters. But our gateway controller is only looking at one of those clusters. So with that said, let's take a quick look. Gateway controllers only looking at our EU cluster because that set up to be our config cluster. So when we use kubectl MC again to take a look at these gateways, you're going to see something like a little funny. One gateway is just completely ignored. There's no address. It's not programmed. It's just it's just sitting there. The other gateway has an address. It's programmed. It's ready to go. That's by design. It feels a little weird, but we'll get to why we might want to use that soon. All right, so next up, let's talk about our HP route. And in this case, we're going to send all traffic that starts with slash EU to our EU service, all traffic that starts with slash us to our US service. And then finally, anything else to our global store service. So pods regardless of where they are. So we'll go ahead and apply this configuration. And with that good to go, we can keep on moving and start making some curl requests. So I just took this up to personal domain. And in this case, you can see because my request were coming from the US, I got routed to US Central. That was the closest cluster to me. Now, if I make that same request and do slash EU, I'm going to get routed to a pod right here in the Netherlands. Now you may be asking, what happens if cluster fails? What happens when things break? That's that's why we're here. How do we recover from things breaking? So a really simple way to simulate that is let's say all the pods just disappear, they go unhealthy, any variation of that in one cluster. So in this case, I'm going to make them all disappear in my US cluster, and start making some requests. And regardless of what my request is to, I'm going to be routed to Europe, because that's the only place I have healthy pods left. So that's a nice kind of automatic failover for you. But what happens if we have an even more catastrophic failure? What if our config cluster goes away? What if our region goes away? What if something really catastrophic happens? Well, I've been setting this up for a while. But let's say that this config cluster, you can't reach it, something went awfully wrong with it. Well, we've been mirroring all our configuration along. So we just make one command and we say, actually, this this cluster is now our source of truth. Everything's the same. So we'll make one little switch. Actually, our config cluster is US one instead of EU one. That's done. And now that becomes our source of truth. So we'll keep on moving and I'm running out of time. So I'll run real quickly through this, but we're just going to say, regardless of where you're requesting, we're just going to send endpoint traffic to the pods that we know are healthy, which are in US one. So we'll go ahead, make that change. And we're making that change only in our US cluster because we're assuming that's the only one in this case that we have access to. So we make that change, go ahead and make some curl requests. And whatever we're requesting, including slash EU is going to get routed to the cluster that we know is healthy at this point in time. Now, I've got to keep running here, but there's so much more that Gateway API offers. I'm really excited. Gateway API is implemented by something like 20 different implementations. This is the set of features, a subset of features that are enabled on GKE, but there's so much more available out there. There's a link there that gives you a bit more of what's available. But this is really exciting. And we're just starting. There's so much more to come. So I encourage everyone to get involved. These this is all based on open source APIs. We showed how a couple of cloud providers are implementing these APIs. But there's tons of room for anyone here to help get involved and define the future of these APIs. So there's really three different things here. There's Gateway API. We're hoping to get that to GA this year in 2023. There's multi cluster service API. There's a lot of work going on to get that to beta this year. And then gamma is kind of the mesh initiative that bridges a lot of these concepts together. And we're hoping to formally define that get that to experimental. We've got I think every mesh vendor out there is involved in this. So really excited to see the convergence here. So there are all kinds of ways to get involved with Gateway API. We actually have two meetings every week. So we have weekly community meetings covering everything on Mondays. Gamma meetings. That's our mesh focus thing on Tuesdays. There's actually another meeting on Fridays. I forgot to add. We've got a lot of things going on. There's no shortage of ways to get involved if you're interested. And then finally SIG multi cluster they meet once every two weeks and also lots of opportunities to get involved and define the future of these APIs. Thanks so much for your time. We've got people here who can help answer questions both from the AWS side. And also if you want to reach out to Lee Nguyen, she's available on Kubernetes Slack. If you have questions, I know we're basically at time. But if you do have questions, if you can line up at the microphones, that'd be very helpful. Thanks so much.


Okay, so this molecule pictured up here is known as biox. It has since been discontinued from the market, but it wasn't and said that was popular a few years ago. But because of continuing health concerns, they've discontinued it. But for our purposes, we're just wondering some things about this structure. Okay, so can anybody help me out trying to figure out what type of functional groups there are in this molecule biox? Yeah, there's two areas. Yeah, or arrow groups or benzene rings, right? Okay, so let's cycle those. Let's find those ones. So aromatic groups. An ester, yes. Very good. So we see this cyclic ester here, right? There's a cycle there, right? So a compound that's in a ring, right? Or a piece of the compound that's in a ring. So the ester goes there. In fact, this is an alpha, beta unsaturated ester. When we learn more about different types of esters, we'll talk about alpha, beta unsaturated ones. But can anybody find another group in there? Yeah. So this thing up here, this is called the salt and the yield group. It's not one that you guys need to know for organic one, but so the salt and the yield group? Yeah. A what? An alkene. An alkene, yeah, definitely. So an alpha, beta unsaturated ester has an alkene next to it. That's what it means, alpha, beta unsaturated. So let's just write out which ones we're staying. So this is the ester. So for right now, you can write benzene group rings or aromatic ends of the molecule and then the alkene, of course. If you wanted to remember the salt and yield group. Let's see. I guess we could do some other things with this problem. Let's see. Actually, we'll do a different one. Let's kill this video and we'll do a different molecule and identify primary hydrogens.