Okay, we're back. We're live and having a wonderful Friday, and we have with us Will Sparrow, State Senator from Ewa Beach. We are so happy to have him here. Will, thank you for coming down. Hello, Haji. And we have Ken Rogers, retired Canadian businessman, our color commentator this week, who's my house guest and visiting Hawaii, and we've known each other since 1962, but who's the county? Someone has to pick on American regulations. It's a role. So Will, you had an interesting experience this afternoon. Before we get to the principal topic, which is marijuana, how are we doing right now? I would like to discuss the hearing that you had this afternoon on the question of suicide in Hawaii. Yes, yes. We passed the House Concurrent Resolution 66 in 2016, and this resolution calls for a working group, a task force, to look at suicide prevention and to work on a strategy to reduce suicides in Hawaii by 25% by 2025. And this is a working group that had stakeholders across the board, government, nonprofit, business, just stakeholders that have a strong interest in reducing suicide and those who help with families and even victims who have tried to commit suicide and have failed. And this is an area, as you know, nationally it's a problem, more so than locally. I mean, there used to be numbers where military personnel were, I believe it was 20, 22 a day nationally committing suicide. And I believe in Hawaii, the numbers around one every two or three days. So it's certainly a problem that we need to address. And there are many avenues to deal with it, including prevention. One thing we certainly need to do is put more resources into it. And this task force will be releasing its findings and recommendations to the legislature, hopefully by the end of the year or early part of January. Very interesting. And you know, I would add, I think that suicide affects us all. It affects our economy. It affects us so disruptive to the families involved. We'd all be better off if there were fewer suicides for sure. Oh, definitely. And there's, people need to just understand, don't give up. Never give up. There's always someone who's out there to help you. There's a suicide hotline. There's even a text line 741 741. I just found that out today. And just for those people who might be contemplating this, please don't because there's always hope and there's always a better future that you can work on. And there's many people that are more than happy to hold your hand and to help you and guide you and be your partner.  So what happens now? What's the next thought? I mean, you talked about a report that's coming out. And my guess is that at least some people, including you, are considering legislation to try to deal with this. Yes, yes. And even maybe taking this group and making it a permanent group that's no funding involved, but a group of stakeholders that would meet on a regular basis and talk about what's happening and what needs to be done and making certain that we are on that right path, whatever that path may be. And I know between, they mentioned hope, help, healing, and then evaluation as part of the strategy to look at how we can do better. Well, that good about it is that the wedge is looking at an issue which is really central in the, what do you want to call it, the family and social life of our society. And ultimately the likelihood is there'll be action and some improvement about it. So that's great. Yes, yes. Thank you for being involved in that. Perhaps a little bridge to the next subject, because in Canada we have a severe problem with suicides in our very young native people. And it's very closely related to drug problems and these very remote communities. There's a lot of native villages or towns, whatever you want to call them of, you know, from 500 people to 1500 people in which the suicide rates are absolutely alarming. It makes it a national problem in Canada. But the drugs are a big connection. Is there a fine line between taking drugs like such as, for example, opioids and taking drugs in order to kill yourself? Or as a result of taking drugs you wind up affirmatively killing yourself?  In other words, it's sort of a vague line between an intentional and an erroneous, you know, judgment and taking the drugs. Well, our drug deaths basically relate more to fentanyl or people who are taking, whether it's prescribed opioids or their opioids that they bought after they've used marijuana as a gateway drug and they've met all the underworld people. And, you know, when the dealer is out of some good BC bud or whatever they were looking for in marijuana, the dealer will say, oh, well, I've got a deal for you. I've got this really neat and wonderful stuff that'll, you know, give you as good a high as THC component of marijuana. So it's an unintentional death that way?  Well, you know, it's a good segue to get from this issue to the issue of marijuana. And I was not really aware, but there are places on the mainland, states on the mainland. Alaska, for example, my wife and I found last summer, that have marijuana and are going further actually than Hawaii has. And I wonder, just to set the stage here, what's the legal condition of marijuana in Canada? Well, we have medical marijuana nationally, and that's existed for quite a while. And it's fairly liberal in the methodology of dealing with it, but a little bit like the United States, where you have states with certain rights in the feds, with certain other rights in Canada, our provinces deal with the methodology of distribution. That is, would a dispensary be only from a government-controlled, let's say that many provinces have provincial liquor boards? And the only place you could buy liquor for many, many years was from a government-controlled liquor store. The biggest province in Canada, by far, population-wise, Ontario has decided that the method they're going to allow, the dispensing of recreational marijuana, like recreational marijuana, will become legal throughout Canada next July 1st. But subject to adoption by each province? Well, each province gets to decide the method by which it will be distributed. And a lot of that is political thinking that this is going to be a financial windfall from a tax point of view. But also, there's the health factor of trying to control it and keep it from minoring, et cetera. I'm going to ask you one question. One of the issues, and I'm sure Senator Sparrow can talk about this, is we're in a position right now at a time of watching, of seeing how it works as a medical marijuana kind of permission. And I'm really curious to know whether there have been problems in the medical marijuana state of things in Canada, problems involving, you know, who knows what, accidents, crime, gateway, examples of gateway problems, or has it been relatively benign during this period? No, the experience is almost the opposite, is by liberalizing the use of marijuana, and in some areas of Canada, they do not do any enforcing of recreational marijuana, even though it's illegal, technically illegal. But it really has reduced the use of other drugs and the reduction of the use of things like fentanyl, because if you can access the marijuana for medical purposes, the people that are desperate to have marijuana because it will do magical things for some ailments, you know, for some people if they get the right mixture of compounds, well then they're no longer in the underworld market, the underworld's financing is less. You haven't seen anything in the newspapers where problems have taken place, you know, any reports of difficulties? No, no, no. So this has been, in that sense, it's been a successful, successful development. It's almost like saying how could we have been so dumb not to have done this sooner? You must have some comments about this, Will. Interesting you're talking about Canada, and I am not at all an expert on Canadian medical marijuana arts program. However, I was at a conference this past weekend on Kauai, it was the International Cannabis Business Conference, and it goes around the world. This weekend it was on Kauai, they also have it in San Francisco, Vancouver, and Toronto, and Germany. But I met this gentleman named Sean Dang, he's the CFO and the chairman of MMJ Canada, which is the largest retail establishment with $45 million in sales, and he mentioned there in Toronto, as you mentioned, Ontario as well as in Vancouver, British Columbia. And he was explaining to me that I mean there, the business is growing with the new prime minister and him wanting to legalize that there's going to be a lot of opportunities. But there's still a lot of unknown, it's almost like the Wild West, as Ken said, each jurisdiction, each city, each province, it's going to be able to dictate some of the rules and legislation. So it's going to be interesting to see where Canada goes with this, and that's even sort of like California, because even in California, what they do in San Francisco might be different what they do in LA or in San Diego. So they're allowing the jurisdictions to have a certain amount of control, which is a little different than our medical marijuana program here, which was passed by state law. And basically, you know, all the dispensaries on all the neighbor islands follow the same rules, the same legislation. They do have to go to the counties for their zoning and permitting for their facilities. But outside of that, the counties cannot stop it or be an obstacle in terms of these opportunities and for the dispensaries and the patient's use. You know, a week ago, I almost forgot that this is something we should talk about. A week ago, HPD said that if you have a gun registered to you under the gun registration law, that meant, or rather, if you had a medical license for a cannabis, you could not have a gun. You had to turn in your gun. And then you reversed that a few days later under pressure from people who had guns and wanted to have medical cannabis licenses. So what's your thought about that? Well, for starters, I believe the chief is relooking at that policy and seeing how they will be implementing it or even enforcing it or not. Because one issue is a person can have a medical marijuana card, but not possess medical marijuana, medical cannabis. So just because you have a card doesn't mean you are using, you may use. So with that said, I do feel that there should not be a nexus between guns and medical cannabis that medical cannabis patient can be a law-abiding citizen and can own a gun and their Second Amendment rights should not be traveled. Now, what the attorney general has done, and he did this just recently on the gun permit application, he put a question, are you a medical marijuana patient or user? So with that, he might be looking at a way to screen these individuals so they cannot purchase a gun. But again, that's a discussion that's actually going on right now. And it's possible there could be legislation on this. I don't know. We'll see. I don't know enough on the federal side, but it did get a lot of people riled up when this hit the news. Because nobody was aware that this was happening. And this was, look, these letters were going out as far back as 2016. Interesting. That sounds like an odd. Because nobody says, are you a drinker? Do you drink wine? Do you drink scotch, rum, rye, vodka? Well, the whole issue is the notion that maybe marijuana makes you unqualified or a danger to have a gun. And right after this break, I'd like to ask you, Ken, you've been looking at the cannabinoid issue and the biochemical issue. And I wonder if we could address that. Is marijuana something that makes you irresponsible to the point where a license for marijuana should affect the license for a gun? On a sort of the effect of the marijuana kind of basis. Let's take a short break. We'll come back. And I'd like to hear your thoughts on that. All right. Okay, we're back live. We left you with a cliffhanger question. Is exactly what does the literature say about the cannabinoid issue and how does cannabis affect the natural, you know, natural, the organic process of your body and your brain and what it does to you and whether we should be concerned about that going forward. So what did you find, Ken? Well, when I researched it, one of the compounds in marijuana or cannabis is called THC. And THC is the component that gives you a high like having a couple of glasses of scotch. And the interesting thing about medical marijuana, though, is that each condition that you're trying to treat is different. So that over time, the cultivation of marijuana has has created a whole bunch of strains. So you'll have one strain of marijuana where the ratio of THC is say four to one, where the other key chemical component called CBD. But CBD is the one that provides the majority of the health benefits. However, the experience with the medical marijuana was there's what they call an entourage effect that is the combination of the chemicals together helps do the magical things that marijuana can do, particularly in killing cancer cells. However, that, you know, every person is different and every plant is different. So it's really important to have the labs and what we're really missing is the clinical trials. Yes, well, let's talk about that because that's on the road to recreational. So we've permitted the opening of a lab here in Honolulu and one in Maui recently. And we're pretty scientific about this to determine the contaminants in the marijuana that's being sold at the dispensaries. It's all impressive how careful the labs are and what their testing equipment is like. How's it going? Well, the medical marijuana program is slowly making progress. We allowed up to 16 dispensaries and retailers to open. We only have three. So obviously, we have a long ways to go. But I'm hoping that by next year, most of them, if not all of them will be up and running. And there's eight licensees. So they each have two. And even the labs, we've got two now. And there might be another one coming. But that remains to be seen. Hopefully, it's going to go well for everyone. We haven't heard any. You have no incidents to report. Yeah. I haven't seen anything in the newspaper that's negative. Right. You've read or heard once or twice that they ran out of product. That's not a problem. But that's because they just opened. It's in its infancy. We allowed originally up to 2,000 plants. And we recently passed an additional 3,000. So each dispensary can grow 5,000 plants. I don't think anyone's even close to that. But yeah, we'll see how it goes next year. I think next year will be the indicator where we'll be able to look at some data. But I think there was a report out recently that they said about 1.3 million in sales to date. That's all in about 90 days. Right. So that shows that there's a demand. And I've heard some comments about the quality. But I expect that the quality will go up. I think the price will go down. And the price will go down too. Yeah, that was another comment that the price per ounce right now is a little high. But again, supply and demand and competition will force it down, I believe. Because if it doesn't, then the black market will continue and flourish. Even with quality, lesser quality marijuana. Right. So you're not going to get rid of the black market, but you could make a major dent in it if you have a good dispensary product at a decent price. And hopefully that's where we'll be going. Yeah, just like Ken was saying. But one of the things you guys have been talking about, or you did a minute ago, Ken, is clinical trials. Because if you're looking for a long-term understanding, if you're looking for a sort of scientific look at this, you test like crazy during the recreational periods to see what we got in terms of the quality, what we got in terms of the medical effect. And the doctors can be more confident that way. So the question is, do we have clinical trials going? Will there be? Are there plans for that? No. Will it help? Well, clinical trial may be a bit futile because if I have one variety of marijuana and half the people in the trial are using my variety and the other half are using Will's variety and the compounds in mine are very different than his. And what I found peculiar, especially in California, because they've got more scale there, is that if you go into a dispensary and you pick up a small bottle of oil, let's say, which you want to use for medical purposes, you have trouble on the labeling, you know, what is in it. And if you went back to the same dispensary a month later to get a refill, because what you had worked really well for your arthritis or, you know, as a pain reliever or whatever particular purpose you picked it for, and you bought the same thing again, it won't be the same. Now this suggests it all suggests that maybe the most important thing is labeling and the most important thing is standardization of the product and the way it's built and sold so everybody knows the score and the doctors know the score. Well, it's almost like the labs you have should produce what's being sold in the dispensary. The labs only test though, that's all they do. Yes, but you're going to test to tell what's in it. Well, I think that who's running that? Is this Department of Health? Who's running that? Running the labs or the... Running the standards. Well, as far as the state is concerned, it's run by the Department of Health. But going back to your question on, you know, medical data and clinics and all that, we still have the issue of it marijuana cannabis being schedule one. And because it's schedule one, a lot of people are concerned that the federal government, you know, could crack down or do bad things for people involved in that. So you don't see a lot of research, you know, you get anecdotal information, you hear and read about people who are patients who are using and have great results. One thing I'm going to do this year is introduce the bill for recreational. Well, no, this has to do with research. But start having, if we can get this bill passed, the University of Hawaii collect data from patients. And this would be a voluntary research that they're getting information from the patient. See, the University does not do testing and doesn't want to do any research because they're not going to touch any flower, they're not going to touch any plant because of the schedule one. But if they can at the very least begin a database of patients out there who are willing to tell the University of Hawaii Medical School the dosage they're using, the ailments and the results, at least we can get some preliminary information before we eventually get to full blown institutions, universities, healthcare facilities doing full scale research and development. But because of the federal law and the schedule one, which is really asinine and really ridiculous, it says that you don't have medicinal use when we all know that there is medicinal use. But because this is a political issue and Congress and or the president needs to act and lack of that action and leadership, we're in this funk right now and states are taking the lead. It sounds to me like the federal government is important in the road to recreational because if the federal government continues with the schedule one thing and trying to enforce it in specific oddball circumstances, then stopping for example the payment and the banking arrangements all that, it's slow growing. But if one day the federal government should say, okay, okay, let's take it off schedule one, all these states are passing laws, Canada has passed laws. The whole thing is easing up. There's no point in, as you mentioned, the federal government has a patent. So at least some people in the federal government have believed that this was medicinal. So I'm just wondering. It's the Department of Health, the federal U.S. Department of Health that has a patent that says cannabis is wonderful for certain medical purposes. And they had to make that argument in applying for the patent. So what happened? Anyway, do you have a sense, Will, about where the federal government is going? And I mean to refer to this administration with all of their foibles. No, I don't. But I can speculate that we have eight states today that have legalized and that they're moving forward. The federal government and the president, they've got, they're into their eyeballs on other issues. I noticed. And I wonder, does the federal government want to tackle and get into a fight with the states over cannabis or medical cannabis? Because medical cannabis, we have 29 states in the D.C., so 30. So the majority of the states have medical cannabis. And now eight states and other states are looking at adult use and recreational. So that train is moving. And does the federal government, with California likely leading the way, want to get into a big fight and a major lawsuit and years and years of talking about an issue that both red and blue states are involved in? I don't think this is a partisan issue. When you look at it, really, you get down to the roots of it. This is big business. This is an economic driver. This is an opportunity to raise taxes and to help with many of the issues and concerns that we are dealing with. Right. So I'm hoping that Hawaii might look at it seriously in four or five years. But we need to get our medical cannabis program up and running and make sure that's operating smoothly, I think. If anything, we might look at decriminalization. And that's something that's something the Senate has supported, but the House hasn't. But it's possible that we could look at criminalization first, which is what many of the states did on the mainland. They decriminalized it, and then they legalized it. And that's an option for us down the road. Very exciting times. This issue is alive. This issue is under consideration by many people. We talked to somebody this morning who was here for another show from the state of Tennessee. They said, a lot of people in Tennessee would like to see this happen. So I think we have a sweeping movement around the country. Maybe the world, you mentioned Germany, to go this direction. So after a while, we're going to go there. I was interested in your answer what the federal government in the United States would do. One of the big differences between Canada and the U.S. is health. And so Canadians always think anything to do with health in the U.S. has a cynical touch. You'll never get met in marijuana for recreational purposes, because the big drug law people win out. I mean, certainly if you allow recreational marijuana, and you have people growing 5,000 plants in Hawaii, that's going to take away a lot of their drug business. Like you, the most obvious use of marijuana was for pain. That's the opiates and all of the stuff that they're supporting on drug companies. So I just want to say, when they used to say, plusa change, plusa mem, now they say plusa change, plusa change. It's all changing. This is changing. Good for us. Good for you that we recognize the change that we participated. Thank you so much, Willis Barrow. Appreciate it. Thank you, Jake. Ken Rogers. Thank you very much. Thanks, Senator. Thank you, sir. Aloha.


Hello there, this is Adam Bowles. So quick question, have you ever heard this sound before? Or this sound? And if you stay late enough around nine o'clock, you'll hear this. And I'm a new civilian, and I found out about 75% of the entire base's direct workforce is civilian. So that's why I went out to see what these traditions actually are, why they're so important, and what we should do when we hear them. We just assume that new hires know the military comes, they know the ranks or they know why the music's playing. But that's a big assumption that we need to break that barrier and that not assume that everybody knows. While there it was fairly annoying, right? I was like, what are we stopping for all the time? But I've chosen just take it in and every time I hear it, remember what it is that it stands for. So I always get kind of annoyed when people just are in a rush and then speed on by because we're all in a rush. But I think it's important to remember why we stopped for that, what, 120 seconds in the morning, 190 seconds in the evening. So it's just something to think about for the civilians like, hey, you know, stop, take a moment, reflect why we do what we do. So to tie in why we render those courtesies, you're actually rendering the courtesies to the flag. One protocol that mandates that, you know, when we're driving in a vehicle and we hear the Reveille, we stop our cars and wait for Reveille to complete. But it's also respect and honor for the flag and what it symbolizes, that sacrifice, especially for the military. We know of people who've died either in combat, out of combat. So you're also paying respects for those sacrifices that people honor. The history of TAPS.  However, if you're at a military funeral, TAPS is also played. And it's the final respects being paid to that sacrifice as well. I just tell civilians, don't feel out of sorts, ask questions, and then you'll know, oh, wow, when the music's playing in the evening, stop your car. You know, someone needs to share that with you, because you may not know. Think about what those traditions mean. Think about what those sacrifices mean and why we're doing what we're doing, why we're here on this base, why we're running tests to support the down-range mission. And now understand, we're working shoulder to shoulder with the men and women in uniform. We're forced to be reckoned with, helping the Air Force be ready for action and ready for anything.


Council to the Respondents objected to the calling of two ad hoc staff of the Independent National Electoral Commission, INEC, to testify against Governor Dapua Biodun before the Ogun State Governorship Election Petitions Tribunal. It was reported that the two ad hoc staff, a presiding officer and an assistant presiding officer, were summoned with a subpoena to come and give evidence in the petition filed by Adladi Adebotu of the People's Democratic Party PDP. As one of the subpoenaed staff stepped into the witness box, Council to the Respondents raised objections, saying they were not served the notice of the witness, not until Tuesday morning. Gaudi Wichee told the tribunal that the notice was filed on Monday, saying he believed it was served yesterday. Today has made it a total of 71 witnesses who have called so far. Father Numbai is unprecedented, I must tell you. So we are bringing more witnesses and when we came back on the break period today, you know that we brought a subpoenaed witness who is all functioned as an ad hoc staff. In fact, he was a presiding officer. We wanted him to speak with respect to the polling unit where he functioned. But the objections here and there and the court has listened to those objections would deliver the ruling along with the final judgment. But we are still coming back tomorrow to still put the evidence of that witness. So the subpoenaed ad hoc witness will still testify tomorrow. So the witness will speak but at the end of the judgment, the judges can rule whether that is evidence is proper or not. But all we have done today is to make our submissions and the court has recorded that and has adjourned the ruling to the final judgment. The ruling will form part of the final judgment of the tribunal. So the tribunal will look at the evidence on the merit and then he will look at also the preliminary objection against the competence of the witness and then the fresh statement on oath that has just been filed and then to be incorporated in the judgment on the merits. So that whoever loses would have the opportunity of appealing not only against the final judgment on the merit but also on the decision on the interlocutary point that we took today. Don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


This is stock number HA352A. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used Jeep headquarters. Today we are checking out this like new 2018 Jeep Grand Cherokee Limited. This vehicle has the 3.6 liter Pentastar V6 award-winning motor. From this HD video you will be able to tell that this Jeep Grand Cherokee is very clean all the way around. Diamond black pearl is the color. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p so if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone device, turn them on right now because it's definitely your best way to check out the vehicle before actually getting here. So you can make a smart buying decision from the comfort of your own home. It has the painted and polished aluminum rims Michelin 26560R18 tires with probably about 80 to 90% of the tread left on those tires. No denser dings on that front fender. Comes with the projector lamp headlamps, the projector lamp, premium fog lamps, the chrome trimmed grill. 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I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today hopefully from this HD video. You'll have been able to tell just how clean this Jeep is all the way around inside and out so you can make a smart buying decision. Under the hood we have the 3.6-liter award-winning Pentastar V6 motor. Engine bay is very clean, runs very smooth. This engine's been on Ward's top 10 engine list several times now. And this one has been fully safety inspected, has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. Vehicle's been gone through mechanically and 100% and is 100% ready to go to see more pictures of this Jeep or one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, you name it we got to go to our website www.summitauto.com Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle on our lot. Videos of every single used vehicle that we have all at summitauto.com. 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Leadership writer and speaker John Maxwell says you are the way you are because that's the way you want to be and There's truth in his statement. The reverse is also true. If you want to be different, you can be if you want to be We can settle into a comfortable place and stay there because that's the way we want to be or We can challenge ourselves to grow and become more because that's the way we want to be Lead well this week


Questions. And we have a roving mic. Yes, we have runners on each side. OK. So Peter Martin, please. A library. It's working. A Library of Congress question, David, or observation. The Library of Congress wanted a few places where I thought that I could find a full set of official law reports of the states that still produce them. An inspection a couple of years ago indicated that there was a strong correlation between those it had in its collection and those it copyrighted it. That in fact, the Library of Congress was not expending public funds to acquire reports, but was simply relying on the law publications of the states, which in fact were copyright registrations or deposits for their registration. I wonder if that's still the case. I'm not sure of the particulars for the reports itself, but it is true that the law library does rely a lot on the copyright deposits for adding to its collection. And that's simply because of funding. But I don't know, is there a specific state that you were interested in? I expected to find a complete collection and it was not there. And then I said, well, what's your and what's not here? And what was here were the states? Were the states that were copywriting, registering, and depositing. Right. And to the extent that we have availability of copyright deposits, we try to go that route. And to the extent that copyright no longer is asserted in law materials by states or other public bodies, then your collection will be impoverished. Or we may need to. Or you may need to see other ways to address it. Exactly. Hi, Paul Verkyle from the Administrative Conference. Professor Tribe, it made me think of something. And we've talked already. But the connection between openness and access, which is your point of view, it struck me that Carl's example of the juice purveyor, the person who wants to enter the market, right, and can't get all these rules together, is a perfect opportunity to inject another federal agency who's not at the table. And that is the Small Business Administration. And I'm just wondering whether we shouldn't make this effort to include, I mean, these are barriers to entry. These are small businesses that can't start up. There must be thousands of examples, not just the juice example, that we could collect. And we could intrigue an agency whose mission is to reduce these barriers. And access to judicial or non-judicial sources, your middle class focus, really, is access for people to have new jobs in a time when there was a hard to find. I think, Paul, you make a very good point. That is, we have in mind access not only to sort of static resources or to outcomes in cases where someone is being prosecuted or persecuted, being pursued in one way or another civilly or criminally, but access to entrepreneurial opportunity, access to things that have an affirmative thrust. And there's no reason at all why the Small Business Administration wouldn't be part of that and subject only to the resource limitation of having a small office and trying to figure out whose portfolio covers which kinds of outreach. We are, in fact, reaching out to HUD, to the Veterans Administration, certainly to commerce. We plan to reach out to the SBA at some point. Hi. I'm Daniel Schumann with the Sunlight Foundation. The question I have has to do a little bit with the recursive nature of the information itself. Thomas makes available a tremendous amount of information to the public about all sorts of legislative materials. What is less visible, of course, is how well it is providing those services itself. For example, if a bill was introduced, does it take one day for it to become publicly available or does it take five? The same sort of question can arise in the court context. What are the cases that people are looking at the most? What are the orders that folks are looking at the most? And this, of course, works with the executive branch as well when you're talking about access to OLC materials and things along those lines. So the question that I have for the panel is, to what extent, within the context of what we're talking about with law.gov, is the information about the information something that the public should have access to as well? Let me just make one comment about sort of the meta information issue. There are two dimensions, at least. I mean, one is to what extent people should have access to the information about the information. And I would say, in principle, that should be unlimited. But the other dimension is, how good are we at figuring out what information about the information to gather? And one of the emphases of my initiative is to work with the Office of Justice Programs on increasingly enriching the evidence, sort of the evidentiary base for various practices, figuring out what works, what doesn't work. To that extent, it's important that the pilot projects we encourage and follow are ones where the data is carefully gathered, but then one has to figure out what data. It's not just enough to know how many hits there are on a given site, but one wants to know something about what uses people are making of them, which searches are productive, which are not. And we're working, to some extent, with the National Institute of Justice and with others, probably also with some outside groups like the American Bar Foundation, on designing studies to figure out what uses are being made of the information and what kinds of access are particularly productive. If I can add a comment to that. I think I have two comments going in slightly different directions, which I think can nevertheless be reconciled. First, getting the information about the information is critically important because it helps you to do not only to find individual materials, but to do much more meaningful, large-scale analysis and that sort of thing. And so if, for example, you want to understand the general disposition of a particular judge towards the civil rights cases over time, it's important to have the metadata to understand that. On the other hand, and I'm sure I'm stealing a little bit of Harlan's thunder and he'll talk more about this in his panel, it's important not to let your pursuit of good metadata get in the way of getting the information. So if you can get the information before you can get the information about the information, that can often be useful. And in fact, if third parties are good at extracting the metadata from that core information, you may end up where you want to be, which is good information and good metadata. More quickly, if you, as an initial matter, make the core materials available and then work on the back-end processes for the metadata. So it's important, but it shouldn't be a blower. Let me just add to that very quickly. I just came back from meetings with mathematicians at Imperial College in London, who have developed a new mathematical technique that will come out shortly in the proceedings of the National Academies that I have read and I'm completely unable to understand. But I think what it says is something to the effect of what they're able to do is to extract that metadata. In other words, to see the patterns, to find the communities, to find the groupings in data sets without having to know those correlations in advance, without having to have the metadata effectively. And it represents, as I have been told, an important mathematical advance in the analysis in graph theory of large-scale data sets, which has a tremendous application for things like and has been tested on citation networks in particular, which has potentially very important applications for analysis of legal information and extracting that metadata. So we'll be interested in trying to find people who can read the math better than I can to confirm it. But I'm confident that the National Academies knew what they were doing when they decided to publish this most recent paper. So maybe we'll be seeing some interesting advances in this area of knowing what we know before we know it. I think we had one more question comment down there. Yes. So the Alex Howard O'Reilly media, so the Supreme Court recently redesigned its website and they're now posting decisions more or less in the same day when they come out often within the hour as PDFs. Often, though, different government entities take their nods from what's happened at the top of the federal government. So in terms of what's happened with different.gov sites. What expectation, this might be a question for you, CTO Novak, since you handled the technical innovation aside. What can we expect in terms of hyperlinking those decisions? Right now, they're in PDFs. Do you think there's an expectation that it will be available in XML? And we'll have a lot of the code built into it that was described earlier. I think you're our official representative of the judicial branch here, the... Well, I have no personal knowledge of the technical implementation in that regard. What I will say, I'm piggybacking on my last response, I suppose, is for example, what we're doing with district court documents is we're able to pull out of the, I wouldn't call it a proprietary PACER system, but the sometimes difficult to parse PACER system, metadata in such a way that we can then represent that in a variety of ways. And so it may not require, as an initial matter, I think we'll see good reasons why it is a good idea as an initial matter if it's possible to make it available in those formats, but it may not require that as an initial matter to get that working. I don't, that's not a great direct answer. I did want to comment on your initial note, which was that folks often take direction from what's happening at the top. And that's why I think, for example, that although PACER and what's in the district bankruptcy and circuit courts at that level is a fraction of the legal materials we're talking about, and it's not only that, it's the type of legal material that your average citizen, your average citizen does not deal with federal litigation very often. It's nevertheless, first of all, very important, precedentially, but it's also very important as an example of what can be done. And I think that if the federal government were to take some strong, clear steps, if the judiciary were to take some strong, clear steps, it would serve as an example further down the line. So I think it's a win when it comes to PACER, it goes far beyond PACER in that regard. Let me say, Alex, that I think in part what you're gonna hear more about this afternoon about the federal register, I think to the point about modeling out what's possible with regard to things like hyperlinking, I think we'll have a very important demonstration value. Let me just ask Mike Walsh if I can put him on the spot. Is there anything you know in response to this question specifically through your work with the judicial branch, since the GPO does some of the backend work for the judiciary? We've done the hosting of the Supreme Court website up until they launched their own site. We're still in negotiations with the Supreme Court about what content they wanna provide to us. We have been getting their feeds of data and we don't know what their intent is, longer term. It may be that they wanna provide us with the bound opinions to go into our collections but that hasn't been determined yet. Do you have any sense that the sort of, since you are also working with NARA on the federal register that there will be some opportunity to again sort of show look what's possible on here and we could do this over here, is there some positive externalities to the work that you're doing with the executive branch? Not yet from the Supreme Court side but I think that there's great opportunity to the earlier comments about references and linkages and hyperlinks. When you start to tie things in Supreme Court opinions to even the constitution annotated and having those linked together and the work within the rules and regulations, there's just a wonderful opportunity if we can really get the linkages coordinated and do that up front. So I'm very hopeful we can do that. That's a matter of getting the opportunity to do that. I had a question for, I guess, Professor Tribe and it's not really a question about access to justice. It's accessed by justice. Justice Department spends $4 million a year accessing the PACER system and it's my understanding that there's been occasions where Department of Justice lawyers might get memos saying we're over budget, stop doing so much research. My question is we know that access by the poor to justice is an issue. Is access by lawyers for the poor to legal materials an issue? Lawyers that work for legal services corporation or for nonprofits or public interest firms? I think the short answer is yes, but the longer answer is it's not something I've looked at in any detail. We're having for the first time discussions with LSC apparently for 35 years, there was a kind of separation of church and state between the legal services corporation and the Department of Justice. We have to still be careful about how we interact with them, but we're learning a good bit more about what LSC offices are finding obstructions to their attempt to be of service to their clients and my sense is that access to legal materials is part of the problem, but not in their perception a central part. I am curious about the point made about the Supreme Court. I mean, is John Roberts as Chief Justice and head of the federal judiciary centrally involved in this or is it something that's left to others? Because I was struck in one recent oral argument by his observation and sure many of you have seen it in which he sort of he asked whether when someone is getting a text message, you get a busy signal when someone else is trying to text you and I was thinking that perhaps if the decisions about these issues were being made by someone sort of with a contemporary sensibility about these matters that might make a difference. And I don't know, simple answer. I'm not sure what's driving the decision process there. We work primarily with the IT organization within the courts. I see. One of the aims of law.gov is to establish enough of an open record that we can in fact approach the judicial conference and the administrative office of the courts and discuss these technical issues and to date at least my experience has been that there's been very little outside input certainly at the judicial conference level and definitely at the administrative office of the US courts level. They're not working with the outside world. They're not working with the Princeton team for example. They're not like the office of the federal register working with the folks up at Cornell on ways to make their system better. At least that's my impression.


Hi, we are at Hiroshima from Entity and Yan Du Boa from Suze. In this session, we'll talk about how to run container D and KSOS or macOS machines. So, why do we need to run containers on macOS? 2022 is the year of the Linux desktop, so we could just run containers on Linux as well as on Linux servers. But some ordinary developers still need macOS or Windows laptops mostly for running some proprietary software. So, it's useful to run containers on macOS or Windows. Windows already has WSL2, so you can just run containers there. But so far, macOS didn't have a similar functionality, and it was hard to use a Mac for running containers. The motivation to run containers on macOS is just for the deep environments and the test environments. I don't think macOS is the best fit for running production servers. So far, the most popular solution to run containers on macOS was Docker desktop. It's capable of exposing the host file system to the containers running in Linux VM, and it's also capable of exposing the local host ports of the containers to the local host of the macOS host. But Docker desktop is proprietary, so we could just install Docker and Kubernetes inside plain old Linux VM, perhaps bare mini-cube. But this isn't really straightforward. Some of VMs such as VMware and Parallels are proprietary. VirtualBox is free and open-source, but VirtualBox is specific to the Intel architecture, and VirtualBox will not support Apple's M1 chip, which is based on ARM architecture. QMU is free, open-source, and supports M1, but still not easy to expose the host file system to the guest, which would run Docker and Kubernetes. And it's not easy to access the container ports from the host, so we made a new solution. It's called LIMA. LIMA is similar to Windows WSL2, but LIMA is made for macOS hosts, especially made for running container D or macOS, but other applications can be used as well. As in WSL2, LIMA is capable of exposing the host file system to the guest and running the ports automatically. And LIMA comes with built-in integration for container D and nano-CTL, which is CLI for container D. LIMA is an acronym of Linux machine, but we originally designed LIMA as a container D machine to mimic experience of former Docker machine for container D. But we exchanged the scope immediately to cover other use cases as well, so we chose the current name. But LIMA still focuses on container D and K3S. Let's take a look at what is container D and how to run container D with LIMA. Container D is a default standard container runtime that is used by most of distributions and managing services of Kubernetes. So far, Docker was more popular runtime, but Kubernetes 1.24 dropped support for Docker, so adoption of container D is growing significantly. Some people think that container D was solely made for Kubernetes, but it's not to be used. Container D even provides Docker-compatible CLI. It's called nano-CTL, container-CTL. The usage of nano-CTL is just same as Docker. You can use nano-CTL build to build an image and nano-CTL run to run a container. You can also use nano-CTL compose app to run containers from docker-compose.dml. And it comes with lots of calling edge features that are not yet available in other container engines, such as on-demand image distribution technique called Resifling, which enables running a container a head of completion of Pring's image. It also supports PTOB image distribution using IPFS and encryption of images using OCI-Crypto. Nano-CTL also provides optimized networking stack for root-less containers. You can't run container D and nano-CTL directly on macOS, but Lima provides built-in support for running container D and nano-CTL on macOS using a Linux VM. You can just use Lima nano-CTL build to build an image from Docker file that is located on the macOS's home directory. And you can use Lima nano-CTL run to run a container. And you can access container port just as HTTP colon slash slash localhost from a web browser running on macOS. I'll show the demo. So this is macOS. And inside the home directory, I have Docker file. And I can build an image using Lima nano-CTL build like this. And I can run container using Lima nano-CTL run like this. And I can access port using HTTP colon slash slash localhost from macOS like this. And you can even run AMD64 container on an ARM64 machine such as M1 with Lima nano-CTL run dash dash platform equal AMD64. And vice versa, you can even run an ARM64 container on an AMD64 machine. And you can also build a dual platform image that works for both AMD and ARM with Lima nano-CTL build dash dash platform. So next topic is K3S. K3S is a lightweight keyboardless distribution hosted at CNCF as a sandbox project. K3S adopts container D as the CRR runtime. And of course, K3S works with Lima 2 with these commands shown in the slide. So Lima CTL starts template colon slash slash K3S to create Lima instance for K3S. And Lima CTL shell K3S cat etc launcher K3S K3S dot yaml to create cube config. And you can just use cube CTL to connect to the K3S cluster running inside the Lima. Lima was originally designed only to support container D but now we expanded the scope so you can even run Docker inside Lima too. By Docker, I mean the open source version of Docker engine. It lacks proprietary GUI but the fire system mounting and port flooding are supplied by Lima. So basically it's very similar to Docker desktop except that it lacks GUI and even Portman like this. Let's take a look at how it actually works. The hypervisor part is just a vanilla QMU. We chose QMU because it's free open source, covers both Intel and ARM and has a lot of features. We avoided to use up both virtualization framework because it's proprietary and lacks some of functionalities such as UEFI and real estate bios. This is not a huge deal when you already have VM linux kernel and init rd but we wanted to just use UEFI and grub so up both virtualization framework didn't satisfy our requirement. For fire system sharing, we have reverse SSHFS and BrutIO9PE PCI. Lima B4 1.0 uses reverse SSHFS. Reverse means that macOS works as an SSH client but it also works as an SFTP server using the reverse SSH connection but Lima 1.0 uses BrutIO9PE PCI which is also known as BrutFS to replace the weird reverse SSHFS. Let's also answer BrutIO5 system technology called BrutIOFS. BrutIOFS uses BrutIO2 but BrutFS is different from BrutIOFS. We actually wanted to use BrutIOFS because it's faster than BrutFS but BrutIOFS is still not available for the macOS version of QDMU. We could use upload implementation instead but it's proprietary and lacks other functionalities so we still stick to QDMU. The next topic is port forwarding. Lima transparently makes the guest ports accessible as a local host. This is accomplished by watching events in the guest and running SSH-L to write SSH for the ports. For regular TCP ports we just watch slash proc slash net slash TCP in the guest but for CNI ports we also have to watch the IP tables rules because the CNI ports do not appear in the slash proc slash net slash TCP. That's all of my part. In the next part Jan Dubowa will talk about further details of networking stack and the community. Thank you. QDMU provides DNS to the virtual machine by randomly choosing a single nameserver from resolve.conf on the host. This works well as long as it picks a working nameserver. I was surprised to learn how many Lima users actually had a broken nameserver configured along their working ones resulting in random DNS failures in their virtual machines. This approach is also insufficient in many enterprise environments where you have to configure one or more virtual private network connections which in turn may provide additional name servers that resolve names for internal domains. QDMU DNS also cannot support MDNS because it does not listen on an external interface. MDNS is very useful for ad hoc collaboration between machines on the local network. And finally QDMU DNS does not provide the names from Etsy hosts on the host so those aliases are also unavailable. We have addressed these limitations by creating a host resolver inside the Lima host agent. This is compiled with C bindings so it has access to the macOS resolver running on the host itself. So it gets access to the default nameservers, it has access to the VPN nameservers, it uses the mdns responder and it uses the aliases defined in Etsy host just like any other application running on the host as well. This host resolver is then exposed on random UDP and TCP ports using the DNS protocol and it's only exposed on local host. When host resolver is enabled, which is this by default, we use IP tables rules to map the default QMU DNS server through the host gateway to our host resolver. This makes sure that the QMU DNS server is completely hidden inside and we know that container D or K3S or anything else will only talk to our host resolver. The host resolver also allows us to define additional static names and aliases. For example, we define host.lima.external as an alias for the host gateway address. So this can always be used to access the host from inside containers. Any changes in the networking setup of the host is automatically reflected by the host resolver. So if you connect to an additional VPN network, that automatically becomes available inside the Lima VM without having to restart it. Proxy servers are another frequent occurrence in enterprise environments. We try to set up proxy environment variables for the VM automatically. We start by looking at the system network settings and look for the network interface with the highest priority that actually has an IPv4 address assigned. This is normally the Wi-Fi or the Ethernet adapter. So if the proxy requires a password, the password has to be included in the URL. We will not retrieve the password from the keychain and then expose it in clear text in an environment variable. This has to be decided by the user how they want to handle this. The common way to do this is to run a local proxy on local host that provides authentication internally and can be used without username and password from local applications. The system settings can be overwritten by the lima.yaml configuration file for the virtual machine, because sometimes a user wants to use different proxy settings for the VM than for the rest of the host. And finally, we use the environment variables from the process environment when the instance is being started. This results in most of the time the proxy being configured automatically without any user intervention. But if there are special considerations, we have the mechanisms to override this. So once we have the final settings here, we change any references to local host or <IP_ADDRESS> to the gateway host address, because otherwise we would not be able to access a local proxy running on the host. There's no standard of using uppercase or lowercase variants of the proxy variables. So we create matching uppercase and lowercase names if one variant does not exist, and we make sure they have matching values. Finally, we store those values in Etsy environment inside the VM. So any shell session, any SSH session, any program started from those sessions will automatically inherit these proxy settings. Port forwarding is working very well, but there are a few limitations that are worth keeping in mind. One is port forwarding relies on polling, both PROCNET TCP data as well as IP tables rules. So it may take up to three seconds from when a port is opened in a container until the same port is opened on the host. Another problem could be that the port is already in use on the host. For example, you may be running a web server on the host. So the default ingress addresses that would be used by your K3S cluster cannot be forwarded to the host and the cluster is inaccessible, at least through the default ports. Another issue is that obviously the guest IP and the host IP are different. So any load balancer or node IP services inside a Kubernetes cluster will show the guest IP as the external IP address, but that address is not routable from the host, which means any applications parsing the service configuration would not work on the host. And finally, we have not implemented UDP tunneling over SSH port forwarding. It should be possible to do this, but nobody has written the code. In case port forwarding is not enough, you can add additional interfaces to a Lima VM using VDE VMnet Demons. They must run as route to be able to use Apple's VMnet framework for virtual machines. The connection between a Lima VM and the VMnet Demon is through a virtual switch. Multiple machines can connect to the same switch. Lima will manage the lifetime of all these demons. It will start them when the first VM connects to a specific network and it will stop it when the last VM connected to that switch stops. There are three network types. There are host networks that are purely local to the host. There are shared networks that have an additional NAT gateway to the network adapter on the host. And there are bridge networks that are bridged to the external network. So are being routable from other local machines. The configuration on this slide shows Lima VM one running K3S, which is using both port forwarding as well as a shared network and a bridge network. The VM number two running container D is only connected to the shared network. So it's accessible from both the host and VM one, but not from the external network. Lima has been extremely popular. When it was announced on Hacker News, it jumped to over 2,000 GitHub stars overnight and it has continuously grown since then to about 8,000 by now. In that time we merged over 400 pull requests from 45 contributors. We did releases approximately every two weeks. It's a very active project with wide support. There are several third-party projects that extend the functionality beyond the scope of Lima itself, like providing a graphical user interface or adding additional client support for specific technologies. For example, Lima includes over 20 VM templates, both for popular operating systems like Alpine, Debian, Fedora, OpenSousa or Ubuntu, or for many projects like Docker, Function as a Service, Nomad or Portman. The Lima GUI project provides a graphical user interface to select one of these templates. It allows you to edit the template and then start an instance of it, just like an app store. CoLima is a command line utility that specializes in the container runtime aspects of Lima. And Rancher Desktop is a GUI that also focuses on container and Kubernetes management for developers. The Rancher Desktop GUI supports container management using either container D or Mobi as well as Kubernetes using K3S. It also includes the Rancher dashboard for Kubernetes, which we borrowed from the full Rancher project, but narrowed it down in scope to just the local cluster. It allows you to drill down into any aspects of your Kubernetes cluster to look at the events, inspect the logs or SSH into a container. Rancher Desktop also makes it easy to change between Kubernetes versions. For example, you can install, let's say, 1.19.6, then deploy your apps on top of it and then upgrade Kubernetes to 1.20.3 and then see how your app behaves. That allows you to simulate a production upgrade and see if you can expect any problems from the version change or not. We've also integrated image vulnerability scanning using the Trivi service. So I don't have a screenshot for it, but there's a list of all the images in your virtual machine that you can inspect. You can click on the image that you want to check and then invoke the Trivi scanner and see the scan results. Rancher Desktop works also on Linux, also using Lima and on Windows using Windows subsystem for Linux version 2. Rancher Desktop is free and open source just like all projects from Rancher Labs and SUSE. In summary, Lima makes it easy to use container D and K3S on macOS. The automatic file system sharing and port forwarding provide a seamless experience almost as if everything is running on the host itself. You see here four simple steps to install Lima, start the VM, deploy an engine X container, and then inspect the endpoint of engine X. Please let us know how you're using Lima and if you're running into any limitations. Share your thoughts with us in GitHub discussions, file your enhancement requests of bug reports and GitHub issues or contribute with a pull request if you can. We also have a Lima channel at the Rancher's user slack co-located with the Rancher Desktop channel. This is purely for convenience because there is a lot of shared interest in the same topics between both user groups. But otherwise Lima is a vendor-neutral project and not related to Rancher or SUSE, of course beyond being a major component of Rancher Desktop on Linux and macOS. Thank you very much. This is the end of the recording. We'll hopefully switch to live questions and answers now.


Hello and welcome to the session. Let us understand the following question today. Find the sum of the first 40 positive integers divisible by 6. Now let us write the solution. The first positive integer divisible by 6 is 6. The second positive integer divisible by 6 is equal to 12. Similarly, the third positive integer divisible by 6 is equal to 18 and so on we can find the positive integer divisible by 6. Thus the AP formed is 6, 12, 18, 24. Here we see that is equal to 6. D is equal to 12 minus 6 which is equal to 6. N is equal to 40 since we have to find the sum of first 40 positive integers divisible by 6. So, N is equal to N by 2 multiplied by 2A plus N minus 1D. Now we have to find S40 which is equal to 40 by 2 multiplied by 2 into 6 plus 40 minus 1 multiplied by 6. Now we see that this gets cancelled by 20 which is equal to 20 multiplied by 12 plus 39 into 6 which is equal to 20 multiplied by 12 plus 234 which is equal to 20 multiplied by 246 which is equal to 4920. Therefore, divisible by 6 is equal to 4 now a required answer. I hope you understood the question. Bye and have a nice day.


Good morning, everyone. I am Dr. Vazika, post-project second year student from Department of Radial Diagnosis, Dvipartil Medical College and Hospital, Palapur. My paper presentation topic is diffusion-weighted MR imaging versus CT brain, diagnostic accuracy in hyperacute stroke. Aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of non-enhanced computer tomography and diffusion-weighted MR imaging in diagnosing hyperacute stroke. Objectives of this study were to study the diagnostic accuracy of diffusion-weighted MR imaging with non-enhanced CT in a diagnosis of hyperacute stroke. And to study the role of diffusion-weighted MR imaging and non-enhanced CT in diagnosing hyperacute ischemic stroke and deciding thromboliting treatment and therapeutic protocols that are aimed at reversing the cerebral ischemic insult. The materials and methods used in this study were clinical data, non-enhanced CT and DWI MRI and conventional MR images obtained in 200 consecutive patients with suspected hyperacute stroke. And the results of this imaging were compared with each other and then correlated with the final discharge diagnosis. These are the images that have been taken during this study. This is a DWI image of a 57-year-old female with symptoms of stroke onset within 3.5 hours showing restricted diffusion in left MCA territory with corresponding low signal in ADC. And this is an MR image of the same patient showing no flow in the left MCA. And this is an axial reconstruction showing an abrupt cutoff or occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery. This is a DWI of 52-year-old male patients with symptoms of stroke onset within 4 hours showing restricted diffusion in left MCA territory. And this is the MRA of the same patient showing no flow in the left MCA and then axial reconstruction showing an abrupt cutoff of the left middle cerebral artery. This is a DWI of a 59-year-old female presenting within 5 hours of stroke symptoms shows hyperintensity in the right posterior parietal region. The MR angiography of circle of the list demonstrates small calibre of right sylvanes branches of MCA with compared to the normal. This is a chart that is showing the age distribution. In this study, the age range that was taken was between 21 to 80 years and the most of the population was between 51 to 60 years. That is around 29.5%. Sex distribution, 73% female were taken and 27% were male. Sex-wise age distribution, between 51 to 60 years, the male percentage was around 31 and the female that were 28.8%. Severeity of stroke based on non-enhanced CT and DWI MRI findings. Around 11 cases, they showed lacuna or small stroke. Around 68 cases showed moderate stroke. 63 cases showed moderate to severe and 638 cases were severe cases. Non-enhanced CT findings, 26 cases shows hyperdense MCA signs. 44 cases have shown loss of gray-white interface and insular ribbon signs. 29 number of cases showed loss of gray-white interface, obscuration of lentiform nucleus and 101 cases have a normal CT. Imaging analysis, out of 200 on MRI, the findings were seen in 180 cases. Whereas in CT, 99 cases showed some findings. Conclusion of the study, when compared with non-enhanced CT, DWI was more accurate for identifying hyperacute infarction and more sensitive for detection of ischemia. This study concludes with higher accuracy rate of diffusion-weighted MR imaging in diagnosing hyperacute stroke than MECT. We conclude that diffusion-weighted imaging is a highly reliable and superior imaging method than MECT in detecting ischemia in hyperacute stroke patients and thus aiding the clinician in deciding to treatment protocol at earliest. This study observed the non-enhanced CT that cannot adequately estimate the volume of ischemia and hyperacute stroke and showed poor inter-rater reliability. The large volume strokes have an increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation after thrombolytic therapy. The data in our study reveals the superiority of the DWI in assessing and delineating the extent of infarction in hyperacute stroke. MRI can also evaluate the age of infarct and the potential advantage of non-enhanced CT is to identify and define acute intracerebral hemorrhage, which is an absolute contraindication to thrombolytic. Thank you.