Good morning to WISIS stakeholders from the ITU headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. We welcome you all to the WISIS Forum 2017 and hope you are participating on site or following us remotely today. I'm here with all the WISIS Action Line facilitators. These are the UN agencies that are facilitating the WISIS Action Lines. The topic of this interview is promoting prosperity and eradicating poverty. This is also the topic of the HLPF this year. We have also produced a publication that highlights on the key messages and links the different WISIS Action Lines with this topic. I have here with me today Ms. Sophie from the International Telecommunication Union. She is the Action Line facilitator for Enabling Environment Action Line C6. Hello Sophie. What role do enabling environments play in eradicating poverty and promoting prosperity? Well good morning Gitanjali. Thank you for inviting me to this session. So eradicating poverty and the enabling environment. Today we see ICTs really being recognized as an enabler for economic and social development. We see how ICTs provide opportunities for all individuals around the world but for that we need the enabling environment. We need to ensure that these ICTs can develop in a way that there is solid reliable infrastructure to many people around the world but that also that users know how to use the ICTs and that there is trust in the network services applications and the content and that is what the enabling environment does. We create that framework so that there can be the connectivity the use and the trust so more than ever especially since it's cutting across the sectors it's important today. Thank you Sophie. We are now moving to Deniz who is the Action Line facilitator for C1, C11E government and C11. These action lines are facilitated by UN DESA. Deniz how crucial is it to include this linkage and to highlight this linkage between ICTs and SDGs in the national development plans? Thank you Gitanjali. So as you mentioned ICTs are cross cutting enablers for all the development plans and also you mentioned that high-level political problem is taking place in July in New York so what we are trying to do is integrating these strategies in national development plans and international development plans. Last year 22 countries presented their development plans in high-level political forum. Unfortunately we haven't seen much of ICTs in their development plans so what we are trying to do here this week is raise awareness about linkages between e-strategies and national development plans. Thank you very much Deniz and I am sure digital skills are a key component of e-strategies and definitely they should be a component of the national development plans. I have here with me with Miss Susan Shaw from the International Telecommunication Union. She is the facilitator for WISIS Action Line E-Employment. This is co-facilitated by ILO and ITU. Susan how can digital skills be used to further the employment skills of the EU? Thank you very much Gitanjali. So yesterday during the WISIS opening ceremony we heard from the ILO Deputy Director General who launched a new campaign called Digital Skills for Decent Jobs for Youth and this campaign seeks to mobilize investments in digital skills development to train five million youth worldwide with job-ready digital skills. This is necessary because what we see from the employer side is there will be at least 10 million jobs that will go unfilled between now and 2030 unless employers can find people with digital skills. So if we can equip youth with digital skills we can help eradicate their poverty and promote prosperity. Thank you very much. Thank you Susan. We have here with us Scarlett from Unktad. Unktad is co-facilitating the Action Line E-Business with UPU and ITC and this year digital trade has emerged as a very important topic and Scarlett may I pose you this question that how does digital trade actually have an impact on promoting prosperity and eradicating poverty. Thank you Gitanjali. Yes digital trade has emerged as a main topic for this WISIS forum but I would like to point out that it's also in other international fora. There is a momentum in discussing digital trade at the World Trade Organization among the G20 countries and digital trade can certainly contribute to very specific goals and targets to empower women entrepreneurs by giving equal access to ICTs, by helping build up ICT infrastructure and services that support innovation and also inside of Call 17 there is a target to expand the exports of these developed countries and considering all the obstacles that they face or particular circumstances they face definitely electronic commerce and digital trade has the potential to help them reach global markets and global value chains. Thank you Scarlett and to enable this building capacities in ICTs is extremely crucial. We have here with us today Ms Susan Telsher and she is representing the Action Line on capacity building Action Line C4. Susan what role does capacity building or building capacities of people and nations in ICTs have in promoting prosperity and eradicating poverty? Thank you Gitanjali and building capacities on ICT is preconditioned to have any impact of the use and access of ICTs. If people are not skilled and knowledgeable to use the ICTs effectively and efficiently there will be no impact in terms of development and growth. For example if you ask people in low income countries and low income households of why they are not using ICTs and internet it is often not because they are not available or they cannot afford it because it's often because they don't know how to use them best for their own benefits and that's very very important especially if we want to achieve the SDGs of reaching everybody and leaving no one behind and in addition to create prosperity and reduce poverty ICTs are very important for economic growth which leads to poverty reduction but if you have a business sector that is not able to use ICTs in their business processes or to create innovation it is very difficult to achieve growth and all that requires a skilled workforce and enabling environment so we also have to build capacities of the policymakers in order to allow this to happen and to lead to prosperity and growth in the countries. Thank you Susan it is also very crucial to educate people on the importance of EE waste, of EE environment and of being conscious of the carbon footprints that ICTs can leave. I'm here today with WMO, UNEP and ITU who are the action line facilitators for the action line on EE environment. Omar is from WMO and I'd like to ask him Omar what role does education in climate change play in reducing in generating awareness to reduce poverty and to promote prosperity? Thank you Jitan Jali as you know climate change is one of the biggest threats that human are facing today and rising awareness among people decision makers as well as experts is very important about climate change. For example monitoring extreme events and climate hazards is important and those extreme events and hazards are actually responsible for more than 70% of people casualties. So from education to expert level we need education and we need tools such as ICT tools and in this regard actually we promote the use of ICT to reach out the most of the people in the world. Thank you Omar being conscious of EE waste is very very important and it's an important contribution for all of us to our planet. I have here with me Ms. Francesca from UNEP who focuses on the EE waste component of EE environment. Francesca what role does EE waste play in this entire process of EE environment? Thank you the sound management of EE waste is very important and it is important because it avoids the exposure of children and women to toxic chemicals and it avoids pollution which can stay in the environment for a long time and to to reach environmentally sound management and to arrive to establishment of green jobs and jobs we can which can create opportunities in developing countries it is important that all the stakeholders take responsibility on it so the ministries the private sector the civil society they all have to play a role and for example the ministries can set policies to have a level playing field for example private sector ICT producers or retailers can set up take back systems and civil society can raise awareness of EE waste and support take back systems and all this can lead the country to prosperity because of the new jobs that can be created in the recycling sector jobs which will contribute because this will be in the recycling sector also to reducing GHG emissions to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. Thank you Francesca you highlighted on the important point of collaboration and partnership and we can see the dedication from three UN agencies on this topic and we wish you the very best. Hello Orhan. Orhan is the facilitator of Action Line EE environment from the international telecommunication union and Orhan what role is the ITU playing in the area of EE environment to eradicate poverty and to promote prosperity. So basically I would like to say that ITU does quite a lot of echoing what our colleagues in WMO and UNEP do but as well on top of that we we do initiatives like we are trying to promote the presence of of environmental issues in the ICT policies. So basically we want our stakeholders to be aware that we can use ICTs but we have to be prudent in using it we have to be careful and also it's it's important what we do at our level that ICTs can bring the message to the individuals. So once you have the message on environment to individuals then policy stakeholders are those individuals who can basically make those right decisions and so on. Thank you. Thank you Orhan. It is my great pleasure to have Ms. Hu from UNESCO. She is the Action Line facilitator of C9 media. Ms. Hu what role does media play? Of course media should have a very important role in promoting awareness as all of them said promotion of awareness is extremely crucial for all the different action lines. What role does media play in this? Thank you. Thank you for this very interesting question. Actually media I mean all forms on all platforms whether traditional whether it's digital they really play a such an important role in engaging citizens in raising awareness as you said and also to help with the access to information and the knowledge which are so important to help every society to eradicate poverty and solve the issues in the development and that's why we are really promoting this media's role and enhancing the role to contribute to the SDGs but we have also recognized I mean the digital environment is changing so fast it also pose so many challenges to do this for example the issues of privacy which didn't exist so much in the before 2015 but now it became one of major challenges to deal with the new media internet government that's why this year Action Line C9 we are really focusing on this new challenge of privacy how we can protect the media freedom in terms of also protecting a source protecting a privacy of the citizens I mean these two rights they are so important and interdependent in digital environment if there are no privacy and no free expression no media freedom so that's why we are trying to protect the both rights which also correctly highlighted in the outcome document of WSS review I mean in the post 2015 to advance all human rights online offline is a priority area to support the media's role to contribute to the SDGs thank you miss Hu without in fact without proper ICT infrastructure none of the Action Lines can be implemented properly and none of the ICT projects would be as successful we have here with us Mr Desiree who is the Action Line facilitator for C2 ICT infrastructure and I'd like to ask him you know infrastructure has such a crucial role to play so what is your most important message to ensure that ICT infrastructure plays this important role in eradicating poverty and promoting prosperity thank you for this question yes indeed infrastructure is crucial in order to reduce poverty the key message for ITU to our member states particularly regarding the developing countries is to build on the infrastructure first of all the broadband infrastructure as the rest can continue for instance building broadband infrastructure using wireless technologies where we are focusing on connecting schools and hospitals so that in rural areas so that people can really enjoy the usage of the ICTs in particular I would mention that ITU in particular we are we have developed new standards on optical cables that are really changing the lives and connecting people using this kind of broadband networks at a very cheap very cheap price it's very interesting and we can continue working on that and it will allow people to have for instance mobile payment facilitating trade in rural areas and this really will lead to poverty reduction thank you thank you Desiree and the topics you touched upon in fact are also crucial for gender empowerment and gender mainstreaming I'm very happy to note that so many of our action line facilitators are women and we have the opportunity to introduce you to miss Verona from UN women gender mainstreaming is a cross-cutting action action in all the different action lines and I'd like to ask you Verona what role does gender mainstreaming in ICTs play and how can this help achieve the sustainable development goals thank you Jitanjali and I'm really very pleased that gender mainstreaming has been mandated by the WISIS review outcome document and I think it's appropriate because the sustainable development goals also emphasize the critical or indispensability of gender equality and women's empowerment in the achievement of all the sustainable development goals so in fact besides having a sustainable development goal on gender equality and women's empowerment gender equality indicators are also cut across the different SDGs including a target on enhancing technologies and including informations and communications technology to empower women and girls gender mainstreaming in digital in in ICTs is very important because we know that the that girls are still that women and girls are still very much behind in terms of access to ICTs usage knowledge of ICT technologies and we've heard in the opening high level opening yesterday that the jobs 90 percent of the new jobs will be in in this area and so it's really important for all of us here on the action line facilitators and we appreciate it very much to take ownership of bringing in gender equality and women's empowerment into the areas of work relating to ICT developments and I'm very pleased that I'm here today and that I I hope that we will continue to collaborate we're here in partnership with all of you thank you thank you very much Verona my last panelist is Mr Yaroslav Ponder he represents the ITU WISIS team who is coordinating the WISIS process we are making several efforts Yaroslav we have the ITU and SDG WISIS matrix we have the yearly publications which highlight the focus of SDGs and ICTs what is our vision and what are we planning to do in the coming years to ensure this crucial linkage between WISIS and SDG processes? Good morning Guitangeli I think today already this interview is the demonstration how the UN family is working together united to strengthen the one UN delivery and our objective now through the WISIS action line framework is to ensure that we are applying the WISIS action line framework as the foundation for the advancing achievement of the SDGs this is the reason why the WISIS SDG matrix became so crucial and in the central point of any discussions in the field of the ICTs for SDGs because this provides for us the clarity what we should do and how we should build also the partnerships leading towards the implementations the one point very important development since 2015 is also the action at the regional level and this is something what we are experiencing since 2015 observing that we are connecting the dots at the regional level with the one aim to strengthen the implementation at the national level and the regional level making sure that all relevant stakeholders including private sector and civil society technical community and the other stakeholders are working together to make the world better by 2030. Thank you Yaroslav indeed this collaboration the one UN framework and the regional connecting the dots at the regional level this interview was a live display of how we as the UN are working together with all the different multi stakeholders all across the world at the national regional and international level to ensure that we contribute to our best in enabling ICTs to play a huge role in advancing the sustainable development goals we thank you very much for following us and we hope that you will enjoy the rest of the Vices forum 2017 thank you very much


All right, so we have a partition function now for what we've called the Van der Waals model for gas, which we hope is going to be more realistic than the ideal gas model because it accounts for finite molecular volumes as well as intermolecular attraction between the molecules of the gas. But just having the partition function is only halfway there. What we'd like to do with that partition function is use that to calculate some thermodynamic properties and two that we know how to calculate so far are the energy and the pressure. So that's what we'll do next. So we need to remember that we can calculate the internal energy directly from the partition function by taking kt squared times d log q dt for that partition function. So in this case for the Van der Waals model it's kt squared times the temperature derivative of the log of this partition function. So if I break down the log of this large product into the sum of several different log terms, I've got log of 1 over n factorial is minus log of n factorial log of this term in parentheses is going to be 3n over 2 the power times the log of 2 pi mk h squared. And once again rather than take the log of the entire term in parentheses, I'll look ahead and notice that I'm going to be taking the temperature derivative. So I'll split that up. Log of 2 pi mk t over h squared I'll write as log of 2 pi mk over h squared and log of t each of which gets multiplied by 3 halves. I've also got n log of v minus nb. Most of these terms are very similar or exactly like they were for the ideal gas. This one's a little different because now I have the term representing the molecular volume. This term is new. Luckily the log of an exponential is pretty easy to write down. Log of e to the an squared over vk t is just an squared over vk t. So if I simplify that expression, that's what will tell me the internal energy of this Van der Waals gas. So the derivatives I have to take here, most of them, if I take the temperature derivative of most of these terms, they don't contribute anything. There's no t's in a log of n factorial. So the temperature derivative goes away. There's no t's in this term. I am left with a temperature derivative of log t. So I've got altogether kt squared. Temperature derivative of this term looks like the 3n over 2 out front. And then derivative of log t is 1 over t. There's no temperatures in the volume term. And then the last term does have a t in it. So the temperature derivative is going to look like an squared over vk. And then the derivative of 1 over t is minus 1 over t squared. So that is simplified quite a bit. And if we clean it up further, kt squared, multiplying each of these terms in brackets, 3n over 2 times kt squared divided by t is just one factor of t. And in this last term, I have a kt squared out front, which is going to cancel the k and the t squared both in the denominator. And all I have left is the minus sign a n squared over v. So we see that the internal energy for a Van der Waals gas is 3 1⁄2 nkt. That's exactly what it would have been for an ideal gas. Minus a n squared over v. And that's the change in the internal energy that comes from the intermolecular attraction that we have included in the Van der Waals model. So the internal energy is lower than it would be for an ideal gas because we've allowed the molecules to attract each other, which lowers their energy. So we can do the same thing for the pressure. If we remember the thermodynamic connection formula for the pressure, pressure is kt dLnqdv taking the derivative of log q with respect to v. So I need to write down the volume derivative of log q. So the volume derivative of the same term in brackets, log q. So I've got n log v minus nb and then a n squared over vkt. So we're taking the volume derivative. We can see there's only two places that volume shows up in this expression once in this n log v term and once in this fraction that has a v in the denominator. So when I take the derivative, the first terms don't contribute anything. This third term, volume derivative of log v minus nb is 1 over v minus nb. Volume derivative of 1 over v is negative 1 over v squared. And I have these coefficients a, n squared, and kt to include. And now I can just simplify by distributing this kt across both of these terms. And we find that the pressure of the Van der Waals gas is nkt over v minus nb from the first term. And then minus kt cancels the kt in the denominator. And I have just a n squared over v squared. So that's the pressure of the Van der Waals gas. Notice again that that's different than the pressure of an ideal gas. This much of it looks like the pressure of an ideal gas, pv equals nrt or p equals nrt over v and kt over v. So the correction, this correction, accounts for the fact that the molecules themselves have some non-zero volume, some finite volume. And notice the effect that this has on the pressure. If I'm dividing not by the total volume, but the smaller volume after subtracting the size of the molecules, dividing by that smaller quantity makes the pressure go up. So the effect of the finite molecular volume is to increase the pressure of the Van der Waals gas when compared to the ideal gas. And then this last term, the one with the A in it, describes the effect of the intermolecular interactions, which we've assumed are generally attractions. So since the molecules are attracting themselves, the forces are mostly directed toward other molecules toward the inside of the box, and therefore the molecules collide with the outsides of the box a little less strongly. So that has the effect of decreasing the total pressure of the gas in the box. So molecules attract each other and that decreases the pressure. They take up some room and that increases the pressure for this Van der Waals model as compared to the ideal gas model. So that's showed us how to calculate two of these thermodynamic properties from the partition function for the Van der Waals model. And what we can do now, because mostly when we use the Van der Waals model, mostly what we're interested in is this relationship between the pressure of the gas, its volume, and its temperature. So we can actually spend a fair amount more time discussing this relationship, which we call the Van der Waals gas equation of state, that describes how P, V, and T are related to each other for this Van der Waals gas. And that's what we'll do next.


Welcome to my new video. This week I'm going to address the opportunities and challenges of embracing equity in open education. But first I'll define what equity means. Today equity is often perceived as a counterpoint to equality. Equality aims to treat everyone the same regardless of their individual strengths or weaknesses. Equity on the other hand aims to support and empower those who are in need. So how exactly does this apply to open education? Many students in K-12 education in the US today are attending classes with vastly outdated materials and their educators are having to use personal funds to supplement class budgets. Open education offers a possible solution to this problem, or part of the problem at least. Open educational resources, or OER, are openly licensed and freely available to access online. Because of this, instructors are able to offer students in low income areas different more current learning materials by utilizing OER in the classroom. But that's not the only benefit that OER offers. Another way that open education supports students is by encouraging engagement with course resources. Whether it's interactive simulations like those offered by FETSIMS or openly licensed lesson plans, teachers have many options for adopting OER. For colleges and high schools, many open textbooks offer interactive quizzes and annotation features so students can engage with their materials in new ways and improve their learning. Having diverse resources to use in the classroom in content, language, and format can be incredibly powerful for enhancing the learning experiences of students. Suzanne Wachim, OER coordinator for Butte College, has stated that providing students with options for learning the material engages them in the learning process. By providing these resources as self-study materials, educators don't have to compromise when it comes to accommodating their students' unique learning needs. That's one of many ways we can work toward equity in education, giving students all the tools they need to succeed, curated, and provided for them to use as they need. But there are challenges to pursuing equity through open education as well. Often, it's harder to implement these resources well in school districts that need them the most, and some have argued that using OER only enhances the lack of equity in U.S. schools by showing that educators in better funded schools are given the resources they need to implement OER well. So let's explore some of these issues. First, let's address the most obvious problem. Although not completely, OER are largely online resources, and not every student in the U.S. has access to the internet or even a personal computer at home. The FCC's 2016 Broadband Progress Report states that 39% of rural residents lack a high-speed fixed broadband service. From personal experience, I'd say the problem is more widespread than that, if you count households with no personal computers in the home, whether they could technically get broadband or not. Another issue arises when you consider the low availability of technology in many K-12 schools and the lack of available rental laptops for students in poorer colleges. You might say, but students have technology all the time now, we're always seeing those articles about students with iPads in the classroom, right? But not every classroom has a computer for every student or a keyboard with all its keys, and because of this, these classrooms can't take full advantage of the available resources regardless of their cost. And technical limitations aren't the only issue here. There are many cases where OER has made a big difference for student learning, but these cases can only happen where educators are given the time and money to make the materials work for them, or when educators put in the time themselves whether they can afford to or not. Open education can be transformative, but it is not a quick, patch-and-you're-done type of job. It takes work to integrate open practices into the classroom, and that work needs to be understood and accounted for by administrators and advocates alike. Before I end this video, I need to make a quick point. Some of these challenges can be overcome. There are challenges to implementing OER well, but what's important is that we recognize the opportunities as well as the challenges that come with each of our teaching environments and actively work to support educators who are doing the best they can for their students. Thanks for watching my video. Please share the video if you'd like to spread the word about the opportunities and challenges of supporting open education for student equity, and leave a comment if you'd like to join in the conversation.


Ladies and gentlemen, let's give a huge New Jersey welcome to the architect of 59 months of economic expansion, the President of the United States, Ronald Reagan. Thank you. Thank you very much. Oh, please. Thank you. Thank you very much. Governor Cain and Chairman Bob Van Fossen, President Fred Westfall, and Tom, I know I wasn't a little big horn, but I was in the horse cavalry. Well, it's good to be in New Jersey in the summer set, and this is especially an appropriate time to come here. Two hundred years ago, this past summer, when the framers of our Constitution met in Philadelphia, it was William Patterson and his colleagues from New Jersey who fought for the principle of equal representation for each state in the new national legislature. Their New Jersey plan set the stage for the great compromise that is at the heart of our constitutional system. Without them, the United States Senate would be entirely different than it is today. So you're the ones responsible. In the months before the Constitutional Convention, James Madison described New Jersey as like a cask tapped at both ends because of tariffs in both New York and Pennsylvania. Things sure have changed. Today, New Jersey is a powerhouse of technological innovation and entrepreneurial energy, as you've been told already here today. Yes, you are a generator of the economic dynamism that has swept America in these last six and a half years. You've been in the forefront of the economic expansion that has led leaders of the other major industrial powers to shake their heads in wonder when they've spoken to me about what they call the American miracle. I'm going to say a few words about the national expansion, but I know everyone here would agree that New Jersey has had a special place in that expansion. And let me say here, that's thanks to the leadership of people of courage, of vision, of determination, people like Speaker Chuck Hardwick and Governor Tom Cain. This is shaping up to be a year of celebrations, the bicentennial of the Constitution, maybe even the end of the football strike. And in fewer than 30 days, America will have another celebration. Our economic expansion will go on the record books as America's all-time peace time champion. 59 months of peace and economic growth. This land of opportunity has never recorded a run like that before. And talk about world-class performances. To tell from the leading indicators, the champ's not even breathing hard. And I've always been partial to underdogs myself, and this expansion sure started out as one. Remember what so many of the experts who were allied with our critics said about our policies? Our tax cuts would set off inflation, interest rates would soar, oil prices would again shoot through the roof. In the crash that was certain to come, the poor would be hurt most and the middle class would vanish. All of those were things that were spoken over and over again. Well, these days when those same critics talk about the last six and a half years, they remind me of a joke among dissidents in the Soviet Union. This one begins with a question, what is a Soviet historian? And the answer, someone who can accurately predict the past. Today, I've seen firsthand what the expansion has meant here in New Jersey. This morning I was a guest at Somerset Technologies.  It had all left the units that now make up this company that I visited on the ropes and out of wind, and then came the steadily dropping inflation and interest rates and the cut in tax rates. Today, the company is stronger than ever. It's expanding production, developing new products, and finding new markets, not just in the United States, but all around the world. Over these five years, the Somerset story has been repeated in hundreds of thousands of companies and communities all over America, and you know the results. After years of riding a plunging roller coaster, the American family has seen its income go on the rise again. Middle-income Americans whose real income stagnated in the 70s can once again look to the future with hope and confidence. These are dreaming great dreams again. And entrepreneurs, young and old, male and female, black and white, have been popping up like daisies all over the landscape to chase those dreams. And with them have come new companies, new technologies, and new opportunities for everyone. Yes, a new spirit of adventure, a new excitement, is in the American air. And with that in mind, I thought I'd have a little adventure of my own here and make a prediction. In December 1982, just as our tax cuts were about to take full effect, our country saw the biggest jump in new business incorporations on file. When our second round of tax cuts took full effect next year, I predict that we'll see the start of a new surge of economic growth. Now, you may have heard talk about our expansion being uneven, leaving out some sectors, particularly manufacturing and some groups. For example, poor blacks, the facts are just the opposite. American manufacturing has remained just under a quarter of gross national product throughout the expansion. For a year now, our manufacturing output has been rising steadily, and this growth is export-led. As the dollar has dropped on the world markets, America's total manufacturing output has come roaring back more efficient than ever, and reflecting a new passion for quality. With just one area, remember how American companies couldn't compete in steel anymore? Well, just two weeks ago, Business Week reported that the steel industry is coming back strong, and that U.S. steel makers are now among the world's most productive. The headline said it all, cancel the funeral it read. Steel is on the mend. Well, change in currency values have obscured our new vitality. But look beyond those changes to what's really happening, and you'll see that once again, many of the world's most competitive products wear with pride the label that reads, Made in the USA. Now let me touch on that other charge, that the recovery has passed blacks and the poor by. This one kind of touches my temperature control because it's so off the wall. In the last five years, black employment has shot forward twice as fast as white employment. Since 1982, the real income of black families, the real income, has grown almost 40 percent faster than white income, and the share of black families in the highest brackets is up by over 70 percent. This August, the percentage of blacks employed was the highest on record, as was the percentage of whites. One authority on economic terms is written of this record. On every front, jobs, income, even household wealth. This 1981 through 1986 has been the best five years in black history. Granted, they've had further to go, but now they're making up for it, and blacks are by no means the only group. Hispanics, for example, have found two million jobs. Overall, we've reversed the rise in the poverty rate that began under my predecessor. As opportunity has risen, poverty has fallen. We still have a distance to go, but we're on the right track. This, there can be no doubt. The way to lick poverty in America is with a hand up, not a hand out. While I'm talking about poverty, let me say how pleased I am with the cooperation between our folks in Washington and yours in Trenton to implement the governor's welfare reform initiatives. On October 1st, we granted the waivers, and now you are going forward. The New Jersey reforms could prove among the most far-reaching and significant ever in helping those on welfare get off and become productive citizens, and that's what your governor has done. I've proposed legislation to allow states even more room to experiment, and I hope Congress will pass it. In the meantime, let me say to Governor King, we stand behind the imaginative and innovative reach program. As I was saying, our record expansion has been for all Americans. Since it began, we've created more than 13 and a half million new jobs, a half a million as he told you right here in New Jersey. This is more jobs than Europe and Japan together have created in the last 10 years. In September, unemployment fell to the lowest level in this decade, and a greater proportion of Americans have been at work this year than ever before in the history of the United States. I think great many people don't understand how some of these figures are what they're based on. The potential employment pool in America is everyone, male and female, from age 16 up. It includes all the retired people, includes, as I say, kids in school and so forth, but that is supposed to be the potential pool against which we match our employment record. Well, more than 62% of that age group is presently employed. That has never before happened in our country. But this isn't the time to sit back. I remember as a young man the good years of the 20s and then the crash of 29 and the depression. It could happen again. If Congress passes protectionist legislation, if Congress doesn't put a break, a real break on its runaway spending and raise taxes, this extraordinary expansion could be brought to a tragic collapse. With more than 10 million American jobs, many of them here in New Jersey tied to imports, exports, or both, protectionism is economic suicide. It's just this simple. Since George Washington was first sworn into the present in periods when our international trade has grown, the number of jobs have grown. When international trade has dropped, the number of jobs has dropped. This region has seen firsthand the costs of protection. In January, a certain state across the Hudson put an end to some domestic trade barriers. They let in milk from New Jersey. And the average price of a gallon of milk on the lower east side of New York City dropped by 40 cents. That was just one product traded, not between two nations, but two states.  It's just this simple. America needs more trade, not less. The framework for a free trade agreement concluded just recently with Canada points the way to the future and the world's future. By the year 2000, the barriers to trade between the globe's two largest trading partners will, for the most part, vanish. If passed as prologue, we know what the results will be. Almost 200 years ago, trade barriers vanished in the United States part of this continent after the new constitution took effect. Almost immediately, a stagnant national economy began to boom. The U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement is a new economic constitution for North America. It will, I believe, inaugurate a similar continent-wide economic expansion. This is our policy not only to Canada, but to the world. We're ready to go as far as our trading partners are on one condition. We want trade that is free and trade that is fair. But all the trade in the world won't help us if we don't first get our own house in order. Congress is trying to force me to pick between more taxes or less defense. Well, it ain't going to work. I have a duty to the Constitution to protect our nation from foreign adversaries. I have a duty to America's families to protect this expansion. Our opponents say they're against deficits, but they want to end the deficit by raising your taxes. I want to end it by cutting their spending. That's not going to be easy. Few Americans realize it, but a little more than a decade ago, our government had a major shift in the checks and balances of budget-making power. The president's relative role was diminished and the Congress enhanced. Before that, federal debt with inflation taken out had been steady or declining for a quarter of a century. Since then, it's been in a climb. And this is why I've said it's time for the president to have the same tool that Tom Cain has had to help bring taxes down and growth up, a line item veto. And it's why I've said we need for the United States the same requirement to balance the budget that the people of New Jersey have put on their state government. Now an amendment enters the Constitution when three-fourths of the states approve it, but first someone has to draft common language to consider. Under the Constitution, Congress can do that, or the states themselves can convene a meeting. It takes 34 states to do that. 32 have already asked for one to draw up a balanced budget amendment. Now, of course, I'd prefer Congress to do the drafting. It would be quicker. It would be easier. But one way or another, we owe it to our children to see that before the decade is out, the Constitution of the United States of America includes a balanced budget amendment. The first man to ask for that was Thomas Jefferson, who at the time of ratification of the Constitution said it has one glaring omission. It does not have a clause prohibiting the federal government from borrowing. Well, over the last several years, we've traveled a long way together. There hasn't always been an easy journey. There have been some trouble spots, but together we've moved ahead. The economic gains that have been made are a sign of our determination to stay with a consistent plan of progress. But as I said in July, as we unveil the Economic Bill of Rights, America is at a crossroads. The choices are between those who would return for the days of government knows best or continue on our path of sustained economic growth and opportunity. These decisions will be made over the next few weeks and months. The results will chart the course this nation will follow into the 21st century. There's another crossroads in this country and that is the debate underway in the United States Senate on the confirmation of judges to our nation's highest courts. Washington Post columnist David Broder recently wrote of all this. Now quote, I have seen enough politics in my time to have lost my squeamishness, but watching these tactics applied to judges is scary. He concludes it would send shivers down the spine of anyone who understands the role of the judiciary in this society. Well, I agree, and so does Judge Bork. When I nominated Judge Robert Bork to the United States Supreme Court last July, I thought the confirmation process would go forward in a statesmanlike manner with a calm and sensible exchange of views. That hasn't been the case. These hearings have been marred by distortions and innuendos. Judge Bork and I agree that there are no illusions about the outcome of the vote in the Senate, but we also agree a crucial principle is at stake. The principle is the process that is used to determine the fitness of those men and women selected to serve on our courts, and the ultimate decision will impact on each of us and each of our children if we don't undo what has already been done and see that that kind of performance is never repeated. Well, I've come to the end of my time here. Last people I spoke to here in your state, a little while ago I couldn't help but concluding with revealing that I have a new hobby, and it is collecting stories that I can prove and establish are told by the citizens of the Soviet Union among themselves, which reveal their great sense of humor, but also their cynicism about some elements of that system. I told one there and I'll tell another one here. Thing is, the question is asked in school, how do you tell a communist? Well, it's someone who reads Marx and Lenin. And how do you tell an anti-communist? It's someone who understands Marx and Lenin. Thank you all. God bless you all. Mr. President, on behalf of the New Jersey State Chamber of Commerce, I'd like to thank you for joining us here today. We think that after 59 months of economic recovery, New Jersey can indeed look forward to a very bright future. And to show you just how bright we think it's going to be around this garden state, we've brought along one of New Jersey's most famous native inventions for you. New Jersey in America have a bright future ahead. Again, thank you, Mr. President, for being with us. Thank you. Just what I needed, a night light.


Hi guys, welcome back to my YouTube channel. This is Daniel Rosal here. So a few days ago I picked up the wonderful Femi Pam 2. So for those who don't know this is basically a Gimbal, they're called pocket Gimbal. So this is looks very very much like the DJI pocket Osmo or the Osmo pocket 2 It does have a longer battery life as far as I'm aware. It's cheaper I've been using it for a few days now and My initial impressions are that the daytime shooting is a lot better than I expected I'm actually really happy with the image quality and the stabilization. The nighttime shooting quality is actually worse than I expected Now I did read that the low light performance of this particular camera was not that great But I'm actually kind of surprised by how big the difficulty is. The the settings are not that Not that intuitive, but they're fine at the app doesn't work A lot of people are complaining about this on the Google Play Store You try to connect with the app with the official Femi app. Femi is like Jomi's parent company as far as I know And it just does not connect. So these are really basic things that Femi should have sorted out So if I were operating with a bit of a larger budget, I would have gone for the DJI Osmo pocket But for kind of an entry-level tool into this world of pocket gimbals And that's what I bought this for not having to look around DJI Ronin SC in camcorder. This thing is going to be invaluable and I think it was a great investment. So What I want to do in today's video is show Rigging options in other words getting some accessories onto this nice speaking of accessories This does support an external microphone. It has a 3.5 mil jack at the back and the internal microphone performance isn't that amazing you can watch the last few videos on this YouTube channel in the the shopping center D city and Eric's brave sheet both of these were actually shot with this and just the internal microphone but I I am about to go to the north of Israel for a few days and I thought this would be a chance to just that prepare a few accessories so In terms of rigging, I've just picked out here my two most my two kind of smallest accessories This is a very very basic small shotgun microphone And this is a very very small light from Yulanzi. So what I'm going to do is I'm going to just record this in one cut I've just got in front of me here Some of my gripping tools I tried to keep my camera stuff organized and it's just gonna be showing a few ideas now one thing I don't have and therefore I can't show there is for Ali express for on Ali express for about five bucks There's a little kind of case for the palm to and that gives you that'll just kind of latch on and we'll actually give you a GoPro at the back because if you're doing some monopod work or some selfie stick work with this camera Then you probably don't always want to just be going in at this angle to the to the device that kind of straight-up angle You want to be getting some horizontal now for instance? I was recording yesterday on Friday. Yeah, just yesterday I was basically in a desert in Israel and I was thinking if we had more time Doing some stabilized shots going up a sand dune would have been incredible now if I wanted to do that I ideally want to connect to the femi at this angle here not at this angle so that I could just bring it along the ground So I'm just going to show you a couple of ideas based on the gear I have starting with the the easiest now I promise firstly this isn't a secretly sponsored by Yulanzi video. I just have a ton of their stuff So let's start with the easiest thing. So this is just one of these hand grips Just make it a bit easier to grip a camcorder and this would be the most basic thing I can think of it's got a quarter inch so it'll go into the femi palm to and The benefits of just using this wouldn't be that big to be honest But it makes it a little bit more comfortable to hold this You don't get in the way of the controls and you've got another six inches So whether you're doing vlogging like this while other way around let's say or doing shots like this That might make it a bit more comfortable about the benefits as I said are not so great Now let me show you the most important thing I think for this which is going to be Monopod work or selfie stick work trying to get the femi palm to up in the air higher than you can reach with your hand. So First piece of kit I'm going to show and recommend is the Yulanzi MT 34 now I talked about this guy before I was looking for a device that would have a Tripod base or you know something like a tripod and that would be a selfie stick And this is the only thing I could find on Ali express That had both that met both of these criteria and I found this to be the most incredibly Useful thing in my camera gearbox. I've literally bought four of them The webcam I'm recording this on is on one of these the light just off to the side is also on one of these So like my day-to-day setup. I use it. I use this setup when I'm doing zoo meetings I use it for my these video blogs. I think it's a really really great piece of kit now This can also be useful for working with the femi. So firstly, it's got a quarter inch head and That was also one of the things I was looking for.  So I'm just going to go ahead and Screw in the femi Make sure it's nice and secure All right, so my femi is now on my Ulanzi MT 34 now firstly if I just telescope this guy out It's about a meter long selfie stick. So you can see this is if I wanted to get up in the air This is kind of something like I do I'd have my go through a crowded people or something I'd have my femi like this and the beauty of course is that it's going to be this is a gimbal after all So it's going to be stabilized. So that's option number one But the real advantage of this over just a regular selfie stick now Some selfie sticks do have this feature not all of them do is that it has a ball bearing here And it's got a little lock for the ball bearing So as I was saying there are instances in which a 90 degree offset would be so much more useful so but watch this you can just loosen up here and Move this around to 90 degrees. That's as far as the ball bearing will go now I have my femi 90 degrees off from my monopod. I'm just going to actually turn it on So you can see what it would really be like one two three Sorry, I've got it. I've got it the wrong way on this. So let me just quickly reverse and secure And there we go. So now I have my femi like this like you can see the camera is facing this camera here So this would be great again if I was doing some kind of a shot like this going up a sand dune or just going Horizontally, this would be terrific. Of course what I can also do with this particular tool the Yilanzey MT-34 is I could use those Tripod legs if I wanted to do a vlog or something much as I'm using my webcam here I could just prop this guy up onto my screen and now I have a vlogging setup Or I could record like this way and I have kind of a setup here that I can actually I'm literally just holding the Base of the tripod and just sort of attempting to do a tripod movement So this the Yilanzey MT-34 actually opens up a lot of doors I believe for the femi PAM 2 and I going to be taking this on my trip in the north of Israel If you don't have the Yilanzey MT-34 What you can do? Let's say you just have a selfie stick like this Now I'm just going to take off the heads.  It's a ball bearing on top of a quarter inch This one got a little bit damaged and shipped just ignore that You can set this guy down set the ball at 90 degrees and then lock the ball and Then put the ball onto the top of your monopod or a selfie stick and lock it in securely So I'm just going to do this again That's about as secure as it's going to get and now I've got my 90 degree turn maze And now I can just put my femi on this. So that's one option is to use something like this another option is to Use something like this a tiny bit more elaborate This is I think either by small rig or UU rig, which I think is a Yilanzey company This guy basically does the same thing It's got a quarter inch here at the base and it's got a ball bearing here and it's got a little locking mechanism here So you could again put this Onto your monopod screw this in and now you've got your 90 degree turn But this guy you can go you can also do of course 45 degrees or 20 degrees Which gives you even more flexibility So that's basically the monopod just if I cover it as far as I can sort of think I can't think of anything I wouldn't want to do of course you can daisy change so you could if you're really really trust your gear and What it would say is in my experience as a very very rookie so far has been the longer you extend if you put a gimbal on top of a Monopod or a selfie stick or anything like that the longer you go the shaker it's going to be so You know you could try to daisy change these but you might end up losing the stability from the feme and If it falls off the higher the higher up the fall the worse the potential consequences needless to say Okay, so final thing I want to talk about is I Want to talk about I want to show its options to get those accessories on so a couple more you lancy pieces This is a two. I don't know the product name for these. You'll find these very easily on Ali express probably on eBay I think they're also selling on Amazon now as well. So this guy has a quarter inch here and it's got a Cold shoe fitting here. So let's do an example. So what I can do I'm gonna actually put the I'm gonna use the Microphone so I'm just gonna slot the microphone if you can see I'm gonna slot the microphone into this cold shoe slot Unlock it down. So I've done that now. So now the microphone is on this now. I can put the feme on This side of it I'm just gonna lock it. Now the feme is secure. I'm holding it horizontal. It's pretty much. Okay, so now I've got my Microphone next to my feme an external microphone and what I can do here is I just have to literally connect Into the back of the feme like so and it's secure and there we go So now I'm using a external microphone. I'm just trying to tidy up the wire of it I could also have used this much bigger microphone the Saramonic cam mic plus a really good microphone I've just started to play around with is the comic a track shot. That's actually got two microphones So at two little Two little turnable shock and microphones you can have one facing back towards you and one facing out Let's say you're just happy to use this one So again, I've put this the wrong way around. So let me just have fixed that quickly Okay, so now we're the right way around the screen is facing me So kind of a monitor and the microphone is facing out. So that's saying I record I'm interviewing somebody so I'm recording them this way. So this is a directional microphone Pointing towards the talent and this camera here. So what he could do is just to finish off this rig Rig is that to come in here at the quarter-inch with this thing I showed on the initial video and Lock there. I'm just gonna get this locked and we're good So now I have my rig. It's the feme is the feme is here to state the obvious Shock and microphones here and this actually is not this is not bad at all. So I'm gonna actually turn it on What why simulate when you can do do for real? So now it's turned on and there we go So we're good shooting like this and I can come around in well so for selfie mode, it's gonna be a little bit trickier because the The way you're supposed to use selfie mode on the feme is there's actually a selfie mode that will rotate the camera So what you could do there is just take off the microphone And I'm just taking it off its mount and I'm just securing it again into the coach you and now we have a Now this is in selfie mode. The microphone is now pointing towards me I can click the selfie mode button on the feme and you can see the camera coming around and I can just hold it like this I do my video blog, but I'm getting better audio because I'm using this external microphone So that is a another rig finally. I want to show a rig rig that is going to be using both lighting and Microphone so I use rig with hesitation because you know proper rigs I've seen are like really really quite elaborate and here. That's really goes well together nicely. This is more Along the kind of DIY lines, but it should work Final piece of gearing I just use here is this is another lansy piece. It's a kind of three bar You could also there are also much wider ones. You can use so what I'm going to do is this one is let's say I wanted to have the Femi So what I've got here is a cold shoe to quarter in so basically you just lock this in So these are three cold shoe heads on this guy So I'm going to just put this little adapter back in if I can If I can is it going to work for me? Is it going to work for me? It's going to work for me There we go, and I just need to lock this guy in done So now we can put the Femi on to this Now this is just very rough, but I'm just kind of trying to demo possibilities here So that's not going in nicely. Let me just try again Now this is going a bit better All right, so just ignore the fact that it's kind of not really out of beautiful I could play around with the bolts here a little bit what you could do here remember. There's two more Guys on this so I could do the microphone on the center one I'm going to put the microphone here now. This isn't a very wide piece of gear So you couldn't really have a very beefy microphone, but let's just use the microphone I'm using in all these demos and Because we have three I can put on the light as well so I'm just going to use this really really small Ulanzi light and I'm just going to have to unjam this these these little kind of cold shoe Fixtures tend to get stuck.  So this is my light Femi light and microphone and again just for the purpose of simplicity Let's say I'm going to use this guy Now as you can see the Femi is not very well attached to to say that to say the least so the ideal kit you'd want for this would be one quarter inch and Two quote two cold shoes, and I think you probably would find those fairly easily But this is just a demo rig again. I've got my light here I've got my microphone here, and I've got my Femi here So that is a very very non exhaustive look at the options that are out there for getting your Femi attached Of course, you could use these in conjunction. So let's say I wanted to take that to set up I could put it on top of the Hole and get up in the air while getting while throwing down some light from above Onto talent below and throwing down some a sign capture from up in the air so there's a lot of possibilities and You just have to I guess be be tiny bit creative. Thank you guys for watching and more videos coming soon


It's day two of the Silver Fern. Beautiful day here in Blenheim and a very long stage. It's a marathon event as you know, but today six stages, 160 Ks of specials and we will end up tonight in Westport on the West Coast. The car's going very well. We managed to break a brake caliper off yesterday at the end of the second stage. We did all yesterday with no rear brakes. We've got a new caliper ready to go on this morning and hopefully we can get back into it then.   Well, I don't know what happened. I've been rolling for 30 years and I've never broken a brake caliper, but I managed to do it on the second stage of my first Silver Fern. So if that's the worst day I have, I'm going to be pretty happy. Good on you, mate. And we do have our first winner for the Spot Silver, the Kiwi competition, K.R. Walker. You are our first winner. You correctly identified the video. There's another opportunity today and you will win a $100 Your Choice E-Pay voucher. But I'll give you a tip. It's not this video clip.


Hey guys, it's Tilly and today I am doing my top 10 bookish pet peeves video. I have a lot of pet peeves when it comes to books and there are so many that I can think of right now but I am only going to narrow it down to 10 and to make it even harder I'm going to narrow this down to two categories. So the first five will be physical peeves about books that I hate and the other one will be peeves that are involved in the book and characters and everything like that. So I'm going to get started because otherwise I'm going to ramble on and get so angry.  But, but, but even worse than stickers on books. Even worse. It's fake stickers on books because they make it look like a sticker but can you get it off? Nope, it's stuck on there forever. So quick note to all publishers if you're thinking of putting fake stickers on books don't do it. We don't like it. Okay this could have been a perfect cover that has been marred for life. It's just come on guys. No one likes fake stickers. No one even likes stickers. If you guys know me on my blog um you will know that I dislike uneven books. Like I don't really dislike them too much. I kind of, I can work with uneven books but I have one theory that is so uneven that every time I look at it I feel like dying a little bit. That is my selection series. Roughly you guys can see that these books are uneven and why do they have to be so many different editions? I just, just stick to one please.  Now I'm not looking at my shelves right now and I can see them. You got the Fallen series where like you know the first few books are small but then the other ones are bigger and it's the same with like the model instrument series and I'm pretty sure you can buy them all even but you know I couldn't. If I bookstore they only had the uneven size ones and it just breaks me. Just make them all the same size. I think that a lot of us can also agree on this next one and that is cover changes because there is nothing worse than when you're midway through a series and all of a sudden you see the cover reveal for the next book and it is not the same as the others. Oh no no it cannot be that easy to just continue on with the same style. No that doesn't make sense so they create a new style for the series and you just don't like it and it just ruins the aesthetic of the series. Straight away the one that's coming to my mind is the Bone Season. Like the first two books I kind of like the editions they have released okay so why why why why have they changed the third one? Like I'm very grateful for those publishers that do change the covers but also leave the opportunity to buy the old ones. For example The Winner's Kiss. They had new ideas for covers before the third book was released and so everyone was freaking out including me because I did not like the new editions and then the publishers said we will still be releasing the old editions and I just cried a happiness but why did you change the covers midway through a series? I just you know it makes me not want to buy them. Stop changing them. And lastly for the physical book problems that I'm having, my peeves, everything that I dislike is the blurbs disappearing on the backs of books and being replaced with quotes or reviews that just you know I don't really care about. Like for example like you have the Loneliness of Distance Things which was just released and I bought it because it's so damn beautiful and I read about it and it sounds great but when I looked at the blurb it's literally like this small quote and it does a good quote. It is that quick, that strong, that beautiful and it is also totally impossible but it's like what the damn hell is this book about from reading that? It could literally mean anything so why is that supposed to convince me to want to pick up the book? It doesn't. I got it because I just luckily knew about it beforehand but still when I see other people's reviews on books I'm kind of like yeah that's great but they never put the full review on they just kind of quote it and then in my head it's like that little voice that's just like did they take that out of context? Could that just be one good sentence about the book? What about the bad stuff about the book? Is there bad parts in that review?  And now for inside the book which in my opinion is much worse than any of the ones from beforehand because with physical things you don't have to look at a book you know? You can still enjoy the story inside. You can hide that behind all your other shelves, throw it in the bin, donate it to a library if you don't like the looks of it or the size of it or whatever but it's the inside that really matters. So when the inside the authors they they so when the authors do these things these peeves I just cry a lot. I have to have tissues on hand just for when these peeves appear in books. So starting off we have amnesia in books. So I feel like as a reader when I read amnesia in a book that it is kind of like a cop-out especially in fantasy and dystopia novels because it's kind of like the author has dug this pit this complicated storyline with this character and they've gone how am I supposed to get out of this situation with everything being okay? I have an idea let's give them amnesia that way they can forget all the earlier problems and I get out of this situation great. Nope it does not work for me and especially when it's like not resolved amnesia like nobody like they never get their memories back and it just does my head in because one of my favorite trilogies did it in one of their last books and it actually wounds me that they did it because to me it felt like it was the easiest way out of the situation that they had put their character in and I just hate amnesia. I understand that sometimes you want to say like that this person would make the same decisions even if they did not know who they were or that this person became someone completely new because they lost their memories but just stop giving people amnesia. I don't like it but then again some other people might like amnesia but for me it's like one of my pet peeves just no. I feel like this is one that not many people would have as a pet peeve but I myself have it and every time it occurs I just like grit my teeth and boil my hands into fists because I am so sick of seeing these male characters who are described as the bad boys who do bad things and get away with it because they're sexy but when it comes to a girl who does it they're apparently the bad character and people judge them and I don't think it is fair at all.  This next one completely killed me and I have read it in like a few books recently and it does my head in which is cheating in books and like I understand that you know it's a plot device you know this girl walks in and there's this heart attractive guy that she falls in love with and he has a girlfriend oh no that means that I must hide my feelings for him but what is this on a drunken night out he kisses me and we're happy for like 45 minutes until he goes oh no what about my girlfriend my opinion when it comes to being in a relationship is that if you start to have feelings for another person to the point where you want to kiss that person you should not be in a relationship you should dump your girlfriend you should dump your boyfriend whoever you are with if you cannot commit to them and in books these characters don't seem to think about that and I'm sorry but a little bit of self-control when you're sitting in a car soaked by the rain or under the stars um you can not kiss them like sure maybe in the heat of the moment you guys get pretty close to each other and then you go I have a girlfriend you know I have a girlfriend so let's just stop this romanticize while I go and tell my girlfriend that it's over and it'll all be great from there but if you are writing a book and you think this person who is in a relationship I'm gonna make them cheat on their partner I will literally just slam that book down and not be happy I hate it cheating it's just off the charts forever another one for me is unrealistic characters and books this one once again is directed to fantasy and dystopia books um because I understand that they need character development for those strong characters that have no emotions that does what needs to be done even if it is super inhumane um and that yeah they do need to grow feelings but they make some ridiculous choices in fantasy dystopia books to the point where I'm sitting there as I really going that character that you have written in these first 200 pages that you have described and like plotted out that we have gotten to known as readers would not act the way they do at the end and when that happens I just think this book has gone down like three stars for me and my last bookish pet peeve is one that gets me super angry and thankfully it is kind of disappearing a lot in the YA contemporary area but it is still there lingering so basically let's just picture this YA contemporary novel that is filled with white straight people and for the author to think that they can make this book diverse enough for everybody to read and enjoy they have the token sidekick friend who is either in the lgbt plus community who is a person of color or some giant nerd asian person that they have to stereotype because for some reason the most contemporaries where they only have this one diverse character fits into this stereotypical cookie cut out of this one person and I see it just regurgitated throughout so many books and it does my head in although I must say that that is not happening as often there are more novels out there now like arasadlandante and the sidekicks and unspeakable that have these diverse ranger characters that we all need but recently I read one of these contemporaries that was recently released and it was so painful and horrible to read and I hate it so much so much so there you guys have my top 10 bookish peeves as you can tell I get quite emotional and angry about so many of them because I just hate them and it just ruined the book for me for so many of those reasons but so I'm moving on I'm moving on I'm looking forward going ahead so thank you guys for watching I will be back with another video soon I will be doing the tiak unboxing probably this week and I'll be doing other stuff too I guess so I shall see you guys soon don't forget to say hi or check out my other social media which I have all linked below and until then I hope that you guys are reading some really amazing books and that you're having a great week I'll see you soon


So, we are discussing time-resolved fluorescence upconversion technique and once again let me state that the slides are all from Shobhansen of JNU. So, this is where we had stopped in the previous module and what we have here is we have a schematic of the optics that are there in upconversion. Now, we want to use this use some animation to show you how the decay is actually recorded. Now, before that let us just quickly remind ourselves what we have. You have a titanium sapphire laser right now you do not have to worry about anything else but typically we have a 100 femtosecond pulse we have 100 femtosecond pulses at 80 megahertz then this is directed into the spectrometer this is the part that we had discussed earlier the spectrometer. A lens L1 focuses the red light on to the second harmonic generation crystal and the second harmonic generation crystal that is used is typically a BBO crystal what is BBO? Beta-variant borate that is usually the non-linear optical material that is used everywhere now then what this one does is that it converts some of the red light into blue light both are collected by this lens. So, see the thing is in order to get best result you have to focus your light but then the output of that is a diverging beam you cannot work with the diverging beam you want to collimate it once again. So, this combination of two lenses one focusing lens and one collecting lens is ubiquitous in when you work with optical instruments why do we need to focus because let me write now rather let me draw what we have discussed in the previous module without drawing anything I think it is better to draw otherwise it may not be very simple to visualize is that we said let us say this is the ground state of your BBO or whatever it is. So, first you have this first photon coming and it is omega 1 in keeping with the terminology we have used later it causes a promotion and usually the promotion is not to a stationary state it is to a virtual state we have discussed that already for second harmonic generation you require the presence of another photon omega 1 which promotes the system to another virtual state and then as we said there is no memory when the system is here it does not remember whether it came there by one step or 500 steps. So, the light that comes out is like this 2 omega this is second harmonic generation would very very simply for you now for this to happen what is the requirement is that when you promote up to here another photon must be there and when I say there I might clarify a little bit saying the second photon must be there and must be there at that instant. Let us say this is the cross section of your crystal and let us say you have promoted to this virtual state at this spot it makes no sense if you have another omega 1 available here it has to be here and it makes no sense if the second omega 1 comes 2 years after the first one 2 years of course is an exaggeration it must be there at that instant that is why first of all you have to focus using the optics that we have shown earlier. So, that you have lot of photons here and when you use a pulse this is the typical shape of a pulse intensity versus time all the energy is packed in this short time. So, within this 100 femtoseconds you can expect that there will be a large number of photons that will be there to serve as a second omega 1 that is why it is convenient to get second harmonic generation if your laser is pulsed. So, this is why we need to focus as well. Now let us return to our presentation. So, this lens collects it straight this is a dichroic mirror dm means dichroic mirror blue light is sent in this side and if your alignment is perfect then it goes as a collimated beam it goes to some other optics we have discussed neutral density filter which is ND what this is will come to this in this module or the next then you have m 5 which is actually another dichroic mirror residual red goes this way blue light goes here again you have a lens which focuses the light on to the sample and one thing I forgot to say in the previous module is that if you are working with liquid sample then you want to rotate it. So that the same point does not get illuminated always and if it is a solid sample then you want to translate it and typically translation is like this is a name for this kind of a scanning what is it called it is called raster scanning right you go like this in the same spot is never hit by light twice. So, possibility of damage is minimized. So, once again we have this familiar focusing and collecting optics arrangement once again if your alignment is perfect then what comes out of this lens is a collimated beam but in this collimated beam it is nothing it is anything but monochromatic you have blue light as well as fluorescence and in fact blue light is more intense that is why you use F2 which if you remember is the long pass filter which cuts out the blue light excitation light laser light allows only fluorescence to go through and then this lens focuses it on to these some frequency generation crystal. Here what happens is on the other arm red light which is called gate light omega 1 as we have put it goes to this mirror m3 then to m4 it is a retrofactor is turned back and the retrofactor is actually mounted on a one foot long screw which is which can be moved using a what is called a step motor. Step motor means something that does not turn continually but goes in steps. So, if you step motors are quite common in day to day use they are used in printers for example and there are many other applications. So, from m6 it goes to m7 same lens is used to focus it on to the some frequency generation crystal if everything is perfect then you get omega 1 plus omega 2 some frequency and then you detect this some frequency and here when I say everything is perfect what does it mean one very important parameter two parameters one is that both the spots must have been focused both the light beams must have been focused on the same spot and you understand why the diagram we drew a little while earlier the two lights have to be specially overlapped otherwise they cannot combine if one spot is here one spot is here how will they combine. Second thing that we have not discussed so far because we are going to have a little more discussion when we talk about talk formally about non-linear optics is that the phase angle of this crystal has to be right. Basically some frequency is very strongly dependent on the angle of the crystal with respect to the incident light it typically works in a very narrow range of orientation. So, what you do is in order to get good some frequency generation or good second harmonic generation you have to angle tune the crystal turn the crystal until you get a good some frequency or good second harmonic light and you detect it. Now we come back after 10 minutes of recapitulation of what we said in the previous module we come back to the question we asked what does all this have to do with femtosecond time resolution remember we are doing this because you cannot have electronics that can do a real time femtosecond measurement all electronic components have the response time which makes them slow a microsecond is something electronics can handle quite comfortably not femtosecond. So essentially we are trying to overcome this limitation of electronics by using something that is faster than anything else if you leave out things like tachyon and human mind what is the fastest thing you know especially as is a spectroscopic course light right light since electronics is too slow we have to use the fastest thing at our disposal that is light to get the resolution and what I will do is first of all I will draw and then we are going to show you an animation. So let us go back to the drawing board let me draw omega 1 in blue sorry omega 2 in blue and omega 1 in black all right. Now if I want to plot intensity versus time for omega 1 what does it look like intensity versus time plot of omega 1 something like this yeah it is a pulse to the finite bit 152 second or whatever if I want to make the same plot for omega 2 what would it look like so this is decay right it would go up and come down something like this it can come down completely it can be incomplete whatever it is. Now see if you go back to the schematic of the instrument what we have essentially is that drawing it very simply this is your omega 1 I am not drawing the bits of optics I am just drawing the path one thing I cannot avoid drawing is the some frequency generation crystal what about omega 2 omega 2 well there is some path before this and omega 2 also has some path before this and then it comes straight it would better overlap with omega 1 exactly at a subject which it does not so what I will do is I will just make the subject order in real life I cannot do it it would better fall on the same spot. Now see omega 1 has travelled some path omega 2 has travelled some path right and if you remember omega 1 retro reflector is mounted on a one foot long screw which I said is operated by a step motor which can move forward and back what does it mean that means omega 1 has a variable path length omega 2 has a fixed path length and I can move omega 1 so that the path difference between omega and omega 2 can be altered alright let us say the path difference is something like this and this is at the crystal right at the some frequency generation crystal the path length is such that this is a scenario remember black is omega 1 blue one is omega 2 I will not write that anymore now in this situation do you think there will be any some frequency generation yeah omega 1 has come too soon okay omega 2 is not even there so there will be nothing right so if I now want to plot intensity of some frequency as a function of I will write delta what is delta the path difference what will the intensity be 0 you might see where we are going because we have done a very similar discussion when we talked primary well in a very hand waving manner when we talked about pump probe spectroscopy earlier on okay same thing now suppose I change the path length of omega 1 and it comes here path difference is smaller will I get any some frequency generation here no so once again some frequency intensity is 0 now suppose it has come here now this is the best possible situation okay so what will happen to intensity of some frequency provided the angle is right it will go up it shoots up now if I change the path length of omega 1 a little more and bring it here then what will happen intensity of omega is same intensity of omega 2 has fallen off exponentially or whatever and intensity of omega 1 plus omega 2 intensity of some frequency what will it be it will be something like intensity of omega 1 multiplied by intensity of omega 2 and there can be some factor something kappa okay so what we are doing here is that always intensity of omega 1 is constant but intensity of omega 2 first of all is 0 then it rises sharply to some value and then it falls off so if you keep changing the path length what will happen is intensity of some frequency will also change accordingly so if it comes here even though intensity of omega 1 is the same intensity of omega 2 is a little less as the fluorescence has decayed a little bit will come down accordingly if you change keep on changing the path length then the intensity of some frequency will fall off and it is important to understand that the shape of this curve is exactly the same as the shape of the decay of omega 2 so what we have generated here is a map of the fluorescence decay we have generated a map of the fluorescence decay and here it is important to not get confused about one point the way it works is that the screw moves so the retroreflector moves and as long as the retroreflector moves no measurement is done then it stops at some particular position delta 1 it stays there for some time half a second one second two second five second whatever you set it to be that is when the measurement is done alright so two things first is movement of the retroreflector second is actual recording or intensity of intensity they do not take place simultaneously when one happens the other does not so when you make a measurement actually then everything else is fixed mirrors are not moving delta 1 value is fixed so we are making essentially a steady state measurement and we are integrating for one second two second five second whatever so the good thing about this is that you do not need a fast detector we are actually get off using relatively inexpensive simple detectors like a regular photomultiplier tube which you would use in a steady state fluorescence measurement because you are performing steady state measurements here and that is the beauty of the technique you are using what is at your disposal the fastest thing at your disposal that is light just by moving this retroreflector little you are giving different path difference and that is what can give you femtosecond time resolution before coming to that let us show you the animation alright this is your back to the projection once again so this is what it is and remember what we are doing now is this is the same diagram that I just drew red is omega 1 green is omega 2 what you are doing essentially is that you are changing the delay like this and therefore the path differences are changing omega 1 samples different parts of the decay and that is how the plot is generated it is important to understand that what you generate is the map of the fluorescence spectrum and this is exactly why I do not try to use my presentation are you like to use so once because it takes a lot of time to make animation like this but now now that you have seen the nice presentation it is important to go back to the chalkboard once again and see whether what I see makes and what I say makes any sense or not so let us go back and do a little bit of calculation once again right you told me light is the fastest thing that we have right what is the speed of light 3 into 10 to the power 8 meters per second what does this mean the rule of thumb that I like to use is light travels 1 foot approximately 1 foot in 1 nanosecond ok so that is what it means how much does the translation stage have to move if I want to give a if I want to change the path length a path difference by 1 point 2 second very simple let us say so this is your retro reflector right this is omega 1 I am saying that I move it to this position right and there I am going to neglect this part of course the only thing that matters is this length so suppose I move it by delta rather let us say I move it by s s is better right in class 9 10 physics also we say distance is s so I move it by a distance s what is the change in path length well what is the change in time involved if I move it by s by how much is how much more distance is light moving s while going s while coming so 2 s 30 centimeter is equivalent to 10 to the power 9 second is equal to how many femtosecond this is that 10 to the minus 9 seconds 10 to the power 6 femtosecond ok how many micrometers is centimeter 10 to the power 4 right 4 so 30 into 10 to the power 4 micrometer is equivalent to 10 to the power 6 femtosecond so if I want 1 femtosecond that will be equivalent to 3 into 10 to the power 5 divided by 10 to the power 6 micrometer and that is equal to 2 s so from here you can see what it will be something like 1 micrometer or something like that so basically you have you must have the precision of moving this retro reflector by a micron is it possible it is possible because you use a screw it is very easy to get a pitch of less than a millimeter and it is not difficult to move it by a fraction of a degree that way you can get femtosecond resolution so this is how femtosecond time resolution comes ok what do you need you need you need to have a suitable pitch of the screw and you need to have a step motor that is sufficiently accurate ok it should be able to move in milli degrees or something like that that is not very difficult to get so this is how you can get the femtosecond time resolution ok this we have already answered and I think now you have understood how we get time resolution here we get time resolution because we can move this retro reflector in very small steps so we can actually give very small differences in path length and then we make a steady state measurement now you might remember that I told you that we use lenses to focus but there is a better way of doing it the reason why I said it is that again we are going to elaborate upon this point in one of the later modules when short pulse when ultra short light pulses go through any dispersing medium they get broadened and in fact it is used to our advantage in some application later on but then if you want to make a measurement with a very good time resolution your laser pulse and everything else must be very very short so then you cannot use any optics through which the light goes you have to use all reflector optics in that case what you do is in fact even here to focus the light on second harmonic generation you want to use instead of a lens you want to use a curved mirror and then actually even this is not correct you do not want to use a lens here you replace all the lenses by parabolic mirrors like this that gives you better time resolution typically in our instrument we have a hundred femtosecond pulse coming out of the laser but when we measure instrument response function it is no longer hundred femtosecond it is close to 300 femtosecond so if you do not want that if you want that your suppose you want to use a 50 femtosecond pulse and you want your instrument response function to be no more than say 70 femtosecond then you want to use all reflective optics like this in fact initially everybody made all reflective optics they did not use lens for the fear of losing out on resolution the problem here is that to get the first signal if you build your instrument and you do it with parabolic mirror getting the first signal is a complete nightmare it is much easier to use a lens because with the lens you have only one control you have to move it forward or backward and you already know what the focal length is so you already know the approximate position it is much easier to get the first signal when you set up the instrument using a lens that is why usually people are happy sacrificing some of the time resolution by using a lens because that would give better collection efficient right now this is an example of up conversion data you can see this is the data and this is a fitting curve we talked about fitting curve in the previous module and you might be able to recognize here that the data quality here is definitely not as good as what we get in a TCSPC TCSPC gives unparalleled data quality that is why it is so popular worldwide but then if you want better time then you have to use something like up conversion you can also use something else called stick camera we will talk about it in very brief next point of discussion is why do you want to take care of polarization and what are the things that can go wrong in an up conversion measurement that is what we will take up in the next module.


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