Okay, so I'm glad that all of you are hanging in there just a few hours to go but see your enthusiasm is high as ever, so it's a good sign. So last time so we introduced these Mellon amplitudes and in particular illustrated it for the four-point function and I listed a set of properties, the nice properties. So nice things about Mellon, I'll just sort of very telegraphically list them again and we'll see. So firstly was the fact that they are metamorphic so and then the poles corresponded to the dimensions of operators actually something that's called twist which I'll define, mention the residues are factorized lower point functions so the metamorphic behavior so this in fact there were no branch cuts as I was saying. Then there's channel duality so this is the statement about for instance S and T interchange that you can factorize things in different channels. Then the other nice thing was that for large N CFTs double trace or multi-trace operators automatically included in the extra additional sort of gamma functions that were in the definition, the gamma functions of the definition and finally the flat space limit more uniform in terms of these variables. So these were the various nice features so this in particular these Sij literally went to actual PI.pj so real moment are not the real moment that you label flat space scattering amplitudes by not just fictitious moment that we introduced but of course it's sort of the fact that we were writing Sij in this form is inspired by this fact. Okay so any questions about things we had seen so far? So now let me try to motivate some of these I just listed these as I stated them but actually these follow from the OPE so all these nice features essentially follow from the OPE and let me try to motivate that and the mode I'll motivate it mostly so what I say here is sort of true for general Mellon amplitude for an endpoint function but I'll mostly focus on the four-point function as I said. So if you are looking at let's say the original four-point function and so we let's say take the S channel OPE which means basically you are sort of bringing together things one and two together three and four so this is there's not a Feynman diagram this is just a mnemonic for the order in which you are taking the OPE you're bringing the points one and two together you're bringing the points three and four together it's just to sort of show that so this is what you call an S channel OPE because that's the order in which you are taking things so you could have of course taken one and three together and two and four together that would be that would correspond to the T channel OPE and similarly there's a U channel OPE but let's focus on one channel so so O delta one of X1 O delta two of X2 the OPE so the OPE is of course an expansion an operator identity that holds in any correlator and the nice thing about CFT's is that this expansion is a convergent expansion and so we can expand it in set of operators and so the coefficients so the expansion you would have in general some spin L operator can enter into into the expansion basically even if the external operators are scalars because they are not sort of coincident even you expand it you can have all kinds of spin orbital momentum angular momentum if you wish so so you can have operators with spin L so that's what these indices are so you're bringing X1 close to X2 so so of course if you have some spin L operator you need to have since our left hand side is a scalar you need to have the tensorial contraction can only be with powers of X1 2 with factors of X1 2 carrying these tensor indices so so if we if so the operator O itself can have any dimension so let's say let me actually denote it slightly differently so you can have a primary operator O dimension delta but you can also have descendants which involve scalar del square to the n acting on those primaries sorry slightly bigger so you can have C1 2 is a so called OP coefficient it's labeled by the dimension and this the number of derivatives which is a measure of the descendants remember the momentum acts on a primary and generates descendant operators so you can have del square to the n and then you can the operator can carry some spin and and these are the these are just the positions at the separations X1 X1 2 which you need L factors of these to soak up those indices and then by purely by dimensional analysis we need to have so we need to have some number of powers of X1 2 square and you can see what so C1 2 are dimensionless coefficients they just measure the sort of effectively from the 3-point function of of this operate these three operators as I as you've seen the 3-point function is characterized by a number in a CFT so this is that number and so so the X1 2 square by dimensional analysis comes with a power so the left-hand side has a scaling dimension of delta 1 plus delta 2 under the overall scaling transformation so the right-hand side must have the same as well this operator has dimension delta and then there are additional factors of 2n and finally the X1 2 so so if you just match the the scaling behavior what you find is that you have delta 1 plus delta 2 plus minus delta plus minus 2n plus L so you see this has dimension delta so when I when we say scaling it means so this has this goes like lambda to the power minus delta 1 plus delta 2 so or if you wish the mass dimension is delta 1 plus delta 2 so here you this factor takes into account that but then there are you need X1 2 to the L to compensate for this you need to the 2n to compensate for this and the delta for this so that's where these powers come so so that's the that's the sort of the general form of the expansion and and remember what we discuss the right at the beginning when we introduce the melon transform the melon the nice thing about the melon transform is that it picks out the powers and the powers that in a power law expansion it's precisely the poles of the melon amplitude pick out the different scaling powers so so if you compare with the definition that I gave for M of ST so M of ST remember there was it was something like dt ds u to the s over 2 v to the minus s plus t over 2 and then various gamma functions that was the thing where u was essentially x12 square x34 square divided by some denominator but you see u is the thing that's going to zero in this s channel expansion when x1 is going to x2 so we'll so we see that the powers of u are essentially the powers of x12 square that you so in the the s variable will have poles so you'll get a sum of contributions so when you do the sort of M of ST was was here and this was the the position space amplitude so to to get the the power law behavior of that there was all also this additional factors of x12 square and all other there was some these delta ij factors I'm not going to write them all out but I know so a of uv was after we stripped off all that that's that's the part after the that's the one that depends purely on the cross ratio so that there's no such factor but if you compare this with the with the pole behavior or with the power law behavior over here that would be reproduced if M of ST would would have poles in s which are at these values and so the delta one plus delta two if you go back to your notes from yesterday you'll see that this piece was just a trivial overall piece which was which was there in the amplitude the overall definition of the amplitude so the non-trivial piece which depends on delta and n the particular pieces is this so you so you get pole at each of these values corresponding to operators that are present in the OPE of delta one and delta two and the and the and the residue will be of course I will say something about the residue later but right now it will be some function of t which will generally depend on n so you can sort of write the behavior of M of ST in this way so so each of these terms in the OPE so this is a discrete sum so that's why you get sort of a discrete sum of poles so that's why it's meromorphic so and some of simple poles and in fact you they are all simple poles there you can't have double poles because if you had double poles if in this expansion you would get log terms in so you you can see that if I had a piece which was one over s minus some constant square and then you were to do this u integral I mean the s integral then at the double pole you will pick up terms which involve u to some power times a log piece just from the the usual thing about the double pole when you evaluate the sort of the Cauchy integral so so you get some of simple poles so that's sort of the first thing there are no branch cuts because no branch cuts because the spectrum is discrete operators delta n one second is discrete so in the OPE you don't have a continuum of operators appearing you get a discrete set of operators so so there's no branch cut you would get a branch cut only if there were a continuum in the sum yeah only if the poles are sort of accumulating but here they're always discrete so at least okay I don't know if there's any proof of the statement but I think in any quantum field theory you don't have accumulation point of dimensions of operators no I think in a general so you get of course infinite cities I mean there's of course these which are discreetly spaced by one unit but even these the delta in a CFT in dimension greater than two in two dimensions of course you have continuous dimension spectrum of dimensions but in higher than two dimensions there's typically there's no accumulation point I think of the spectrum is always sort of the sum is infinite there are infinite number of delta but there's no branch cut that's all I'm saying you can have an infinite set of sequence of poles but okay well then maybe meromorphic is not the right word like a gamma function would you call it meromorphic or not I think it's sort of like a gamma function it has a set of poles of course gamma function has some exponential singularities which this doesn't have but yeah it's in the same sense so maybe a holomorphic with infinite sequence of poles it's also true that if you want to I said over here the flat space limit is more uniform in flat space when you take the limit you get branch cuts so flat space asymmetries of course have branch cuts and that you can see when you go to very you have to take a certain scaling limit and then the poles start sort of coalescing and then you form you get branch cuts so in a if you try to take the flat space limit that's a somewhat singular limit in which in which many of these poles can coalesce to form a branch cut but away from that it's sort of just a set of simple poles okay so so it's meromorphic there are no branch cuts because the spectrum is discrete and then okay so the poles so the location of the poles poles at not quite what I wrote dimension that's why I wanted to qualify it by this thing called twist so in the dual theory yeah in a ADS when in a large n large coupling theory which has an ADS gravity limit and you take the flat space limit then yeah that's what I mean flat space limit is more uniform as what I said in this in these variables meaning the this melon amplitude goes over to the flat space S matrix in the by taking an appropriate scaling limit it's more uniform there's a simple transform between the two so so the location of the poles by this argument by just this scaling behavior are at at these values and this delta minus L which is the dimension minus the spin the dimension of the primary minus its spin this is sometimes called the twist this is a old notation I think going back to gross and Tremon but someone some young student asked me today is it anything to do with twist topological twisting so I think it's a matter of how far our field has gone that when you think of twist you think of topological twisting or I don't know twisted boundary conditions or something like that but this twist has nothing to do with that it's just I don't know exactly then the distinct of the origin of the term but I think it was gross and Tremon who first introduced this in the context of deep and elastic scattering in QCD and so and so the light cone if you consider the light cone OPE in a general quantum field theory it's organized in terms of operators of twist higher and higher twist so sorry the gamma functions will have poles so those are the less interesting poles at least for larger and CFTs that's what I was saying over here that those I'll come to that when I come to point number five and the multi-trace operators those will just correspond to multi-trace operators so those poles will be so these are if you wish the poles of the single trace so we'll in this expansion there are these plus multi-trace okay let me make a distinction so these are these are single trace operators and then there can be multi-trace operators multi-trace I mean in the OPE of O delta 1 O delta 2 I will have things like O delta 1 many derivatives O delta 2 that is also going to be present in the OPE because it just has the same quantum numbers and everything so I so this operator it's a it's built out of two of these single trace operators single trace primaries but it's what is called the double trace operators so so let's say in this particular case for a four point function essentially double trace operators like this can also appear but I will come as I said those will be taken into account at least for large and CFTs by by by the additional gamma functions that are there over here so that's why that's the nice thing about this melon amplitude that this piece captures the single trace the contribution of the single trace operators which for a string theory are that correspond to the single particle states so the you don't have to worry about the contamination between single and multi-particle states at least in the perturbative string theory or a large end CFT not I don't think in a general abstract CFT you have a flat space limit it's firstly it has to be a large end CFT but let's suppose that those conditions are met that there's some factorization and so on but I had the flat space limit basically exists if the dual ADS has a radius which is adjustable parameter so that you can consider particles which are much more energetic than the ADS scales so that they are they are insensitive to the ADS curvature so effectively you need a toft coupling which is large so you need a parameter one parameter family of CFTs in which you can take a strong coupling limit I think only for so these are so all so if you wish the properties listed here are sort of more general but here you need large N here you need large N plus large toft coupling in the cases where you have these then you can take in these cases you can take a flat space limit and and then what I said there is true yes the poles of course yeah the value of the poles depend on the on the coupling because the delta in an interacting theory depends on the coupling so we are to go be near flat space you're taking that coupling very large and so yeah there will be a dependence on the coupling and so the location of the poles will will be sensitive to that and that's why as I was answering earlier you can have the phenomenon in the strong coupling limit that many of the poles start coming together and that's when you can form a branch cut because the dimensions are sensitive and in the strong coupling limit you can sort of have a coalescence but that's in a sort of a singular limit or an extreme limit that happens for finite coupling typically discrete okay so so the poles are at these values so it depends on the twist and this is the descendants contribution of the descendants and so there's an infinite sequence of poles for each delta there's a infinite sequence it may of course happen that the residue vanishes or something and in some of the DS computations that happens but typically that requires delta to be an integer or something like that any case so so infinite number of poles so so there are descendant poles and labeled by n and for each primary delta a single trace primary that's what so you have a and in fact the residues I'll say something about the residues soon but so this is about the poles I told you about these two so let me say something about the residues so so I took over here 0102 and I wrote down this expansion if I take 03 and 04 I'll have a similar expansion and then so you can imagine another sequence of operators but then it reduce then this four-point function reduces to a two-point function of the two sets of operators and now you normally choose the basis of your primary such that and the two-point function is diagonal and so so there'll be a non-zero contribution only when you get when the same operators appear on from from the two OPs so so they there will be so the the factor is it so the OPE will sort of OPE factorizes into something like C12 delta n so you get so that I should say the four-point function factorizes factorizes into something like this and then some contribution from the and then roughly speaking it's the O delta n two-point function and so this is just a schematic thing and then there'll be the corresponding x12 square to some power x34 square to some power which is the piece that gives you the cross ratio so so the so the full four-point function will factorize because of the OPE into something like this so that will translate into the statement about so in addition to the poles and we can talk about so the poles come from this power law behavior that's what it picks out but this numerator piece is what will go into the residue and from this we can say something about the that residue which I just state but before that there was a question yeah it's a matter of choice what you call it yeah I've there can be descendants which are just purely derivatives but I've sort of included them here and so you can have del mu 1 del mu 2 of O mu 1 mu 2 mu L minus 2 things like that but I've sort of included them over here but yeah you could consider descendants having spin but but it doesn't affect anything that I've said over here yeah so so then of course you it will depend on what you call us delta so so in this difference they cancel off okay so so because of this OPE so yeah by the way yeah since you people I've had a course in in in the bootstrap let me write it in a way which is probably more familiar to you you've seen this conformal block decomposition so this is another way to to write this so here so this is the these are the conformal blocks which include the sum so here there's a sum only over delta this includes all the sum over n piece so you can split up this delta n sum into a sum over delta the sum over n and essentially because the contribution of the descendants is determined by that of the primary you can sort of pull out the primary contribution and the three point function out and then there is this kinematic piece so this remember is kinematic it just depends on the conformal symmetry so that's another way to to say this so the main point is that you can factorize the OP a four point function using the OPE into sort of three point functions two sets of three point functions and and this translates so this factorization in melons space this translates in melons space to the fact that the M of ST we can write as there will be these numbers c12 delta for for all these and I'll write it particular way so by the way this twist is sometimes denoted by tau so so you can write it in so this part is just the familiar part that is coming from here but these these conformal blocks the G delta L of UV has an expansion in in in terms of in powers of u something like u to the delta by 2 or more generally u to the tau delta by 2 times a power series which comes from the descendants and so so basically this so I talked about the U piece the U piece the picking up the scaling then you gave you these poles but then there's the t integral and that's essentially coming from the functional dependence on B which translates into a certain set and so these these are no remember this is a kinematical thing this is what Slava Ritchkov probably told you about these are known polynomials known functions and you can make an expansion in in terms of a known set of functions like this and this this GN of V if you look at its corresponding melons transform there are a set of polynomials so these are actually some set of orthogonal polynomials which start with t to the j plus lower order terms so it's a polynomial of degree j but of course it's there's a family of them labeled by n so for different n there so when n is equal to 0 the simplest case of the primary they they are what are called Han polynomials any case there are things that mathematicians have studied a bit and so there are a fairly explicit set of polynomials and the nice thing is that they sort of start with t to the spin oh this j is basically the L yeah so it's j is the L of the so this is t to the L so it's the spin of the of the particle of the operator that is being exchanged so this is why so you have a delta and L being exchanged in the 1 2 3 4 in this channel and so you get so this OPE in this S channel in this S channel can be written as a sum like this this is very much like what you would do in momentum space so if you had a momentum space amplitude and like you heard from Nima in the morning when you go sort of near a pole of an intermediate state so the S channel momentum which is p1 plus p2 square approaches some physical value then you get a pole and the residue of the pole factorizes exactly in like in momentum space you see here the factorization and in fact the this polynomial is the analog of the Legendre polynomials pl of t in flat space scattering of flat space scattering amplitudes so there if you had an intermediate particle of spin L you would again get a polynomial in the residue now of degree L in the t variable and in that particular case again it's kinematic and it is just a Legendre polynomial but here it's a more it's a different set of polynomials which again in a appropriate flat space limit go over to the Legendre polynomials and so and so it's a sort of a deformation away from the flat space case but this is to show that the structure is very parallel to what you have in the flat space except that it's in terms of not actual momentum or momentum space but in terms of this S and T variables which are playing the same role okay so any questions yeah you will so this will be at say x2 this will be at x3 is that what you mean no no sorry what no so you you for the the two-point function has to be diagonal in the the two-point function has to be diagonal in the in the operator so it's sort of a basis that you have chosen so such that it is it's it's purely diagonal so that is something the conformal invariance that requires so so any case coming to coming to so this is the statement about the residues factorizing into lower point correlators in this particular case it is just the three-point so these are the three-point functions of course so so it factorizes into three-point functions so this side this side and then there's a sort of a propagator from here which is which is this piece so that's as I said very much like in momentum space more generally if I considered a melon endpoint amplitude just like in momentum space also you have a similar factorization into sort of n minus k or n minus k plus one points and k plus one points like Neemar again drew the same sort of diagram you you have many things that sort of factorizes into the sort of diagram that he was drawing so so you you will have this general factorization for general melon endpoint function okay so so that's about factorization and then channel duality in a sense is quite trivial because it's it's just the S and T exchange when you and so here I did the OPE in this way but the OPE is associative and so whether I expand it in the S channel like this I could have instead done OPE in this channel so that would just correspond to exchanging another set of operators here so the statement about the associativity of the OPE meaning that you can do it in either order and the final answer is the same is the statement that this M of sd you can expand it alternatively you can expand it in terms of poles in the T channel so there'll be again a set of poles those will correspond to the operators that exist in the OPE of Delta 1 with Delta 3 and so that so here you have one three two four and there'll be some other set of maybe Delta prime or an L exchanged over there but the whole amplitude especially when you have supposing the external particle external operators were the same then there will have to be a symmetry under the exchange of T and S and more generally S, T and U so so that is the statement of channel duality which is quite simple okay so so then the additional points which are to do with large NCFTs and I'll just say just a couple of words if you remember if you go back to the expression I wrote down involve so these gamma functions let me just write down some of them in terms of this S and T variable we had Delta 1 plus Delta 2 minus S by 2 we had gamma of Delta 3 plus Delta 4 minus S by 2 and similar ones with T and so in the T variable it was something like Delta 1 plus Delta 3 minus T by 2 gamma of Delta 2 plus Delta 4 minus T by 2 and then there was there were two more gamma functions involving effectively S plus T but what I want to point out is that as someone said that there are poles here as well so these the additional the extra gamma functions have poles at for instance Delta 1 plus Delta 2 minus S by 2 equal to n which is a positive non this equal to minus n with n greater than equal to 0 so in other words S is equal to Delta 1 plus Delta 2 plus 2n with n greater than equal to 0 and so there are poles at this value then the other gamma function are also at S equal to Delta 3 plus Delta 4 plus 2n and then in the T channel you'll get T channel you get T equal to Delta 1 plus Delta 3 plus 2n etc so there are all these additional poles in these extra gamma function factors which were sort of introduced as part of the definition but we see that these are very useful to sort of pull out these these additional poles because firstly they they they they are exactly in sort of agreement with the kind of poles you would expect for these double trace operators because by the same sort of argument they in the OPE they are definitely there and they will have dimensions Delta 1 plus Delta 2 plus 2n you can have again derivatives over here and and the nice thing is so this will be their dimensions in a large n cn in a large n CFT or Delta 1 let's say del square n or Delta 2 have dimensions Delta 1 plus Delta 2 plus 2n plus 1 over n corrections so the so the so that's the statement about the large n theory that these operators the anomalous dimensions are suppressed so they so so we see that this are the right candidates and in fact their OPE coefficients are also determined in terms of they're sort of they are fixed so their OPE coefficients again at large n are also determined in a way kinematically I should say because it's sort of the and we are considering O1 O2 and then this sort of O1 delta the 2n O2 and and and they are just basically determined by so the three point function of this is basically set of two point function so so the OPE so that's what is reflected in the gamma functions in the gamma functions the poles all have the same residue that's one of the things you learn about the gamma function right and the gamma function gamma of x is basically something like 1 over x plus n and greater than or equal to 0 plus maybe whatever so there's a the the poles all have the same residue and that's consistent in the large n with the fact that that basically you will get the same they're all all the residues are simply proportional to each other and so so this gamma functions play a very nice role as I said you can sort of forget about by including them in this definition when you look at MFST you need to only focus on the single trace operators which is very nice when you're trying to make a connection with the dual string theory because then you can try to connect it with the single string scattering amplitudes so okay so I think I'm quite sort of behind my this thing so what I want to do so these were about the flat space limit well it's probably I'll refer you to the paper of Benidonis in 2008 and where he sort of talked about the flat space limit I won't I won't say more about that now but it's I think one of the nice features also of the Mellon amplitude so what I want to do next is to just show you a contrast couple of sample computations in in perturbative CFTs and in ADS and that's sort of similar different in some ways but so I'll do that probably I'll start on that next time but we just make some so so all these were sort of general facts that I told you it would be nice to see how these amplitudes actually look in specific cases so so there are two specific cases I will say I won't be able to describe in detail but I'll in the last lecture I'll just show you some of the explicit results and so the other one is in ADS gravity so these are if you wish the weak coupling and this is sort of the strong coupling CFTs and so so the the amplitudes will look they of course the weak coupling one you would try to analyze by sort of Feynman diagram like techniques and this one the strong coupling you would look at the Feynman diagrams in ADS which are what are called these Witten diagrams and so so both of these limits you can try to explicitly look at a set of diagrams involving the four-point function so in a perturbative CFT we'll look at some tree diagrams like this and so in this particular case and and this one we look at very similar diagrams but in ADS so so this is the difference between Witten diagrams and Feynman diagrams you just draw a circle around one of them that's the basic difference though this is so this is an ADS this is the boundary of ADS and so that's so we look at this sample sort of four point functions and and just see how you compute them and how they illustrate some of the general features that we have seen so far okay so let me just stop


There is still a lot of series left to be played. And I'm fascinated at the line compression now. We're seeing seven and a half in the marketplace after what we saw nines and tens before game three. And I'm assuming, Rob, I'm assuming that they are assuming that we're going to get Drogic and or Atabio back. And that's the tipping point here. So let's live under the impression that Atabio and Drogic are both back in this game for the heat. How does that change the strategy getting both of them back? They've played more games without them in this series than with them. So how does that change the strategy heading into game four for Miami? OK. So I will give you the benefit and the doubt in this case. And let's talk through the scenario that they both come back. Because it's just my personal opinion. I think they get one of the two back. But let's say both come back. They're not playing 45 minutes like Jimmy Butler just did in game two. 45 minutes he put up. So we're making the means about him being in the gym at 3 AM, washing down his workout with a glass of thumbtacks. That's when it actually pays off, is when he's putting up 45 minutes. So with Bam and Gore and come back, we have to assume they're going to be limited to 25, 30 minutes because they're normal human beings unlike Jimmy Butler. And in that case, you're only getting 25 to 30 minutes. Now the good news is the Miami Heat have proved not only during the regular season, not only in the bubble and not only in the playoffs, but in the finals now as well, is that they are so deep that they have 11 to 12 guys that they can just plug and play and not really lose anything. But they're going up against the Los Angeles Lakers here and Anthony Davis and LeBron James are two top five players. So you're kidding yourself if you don't think at least 25 minutes of drag and ban that a bio is necessary at some point to get back this series at least tied or to take advantage and win it. So like from an X's and O's standpoint here, how does it help if they come back? Yes, they're good at offense and they'll give Jimmy Butler some much needed relief. But it's more so on Eric Spolstra than it is just bam and drag it's being there. Cause this is an NBA 2K where you just have like a roster player who's 93 overall, all of a sudden is back in your lineup and it changes everything.  Now Volga is going to make adjustments as well. But by Eric Spolstra taking his forwards and from the top of the zone to the bottom so that they couldn't run the baseline and throw all of those alley-oops, changed the game last night. And by getting Bayheim out of bio back, that adds another body which they can put down there with a Kelly Olenek and a Myers Leonard to prevent Anthony Davis and Dwight Howard from destroying them and shredding them on the glass and catching alley-oops. That has changed the game. So for me personally getting those guys back adds important depth and firepower, not ore. Would that?


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All right, so we've got a question from Candice and she says Does this technique work if I have a baby and if I need to constantly get up in the middle of the night to feed my baby? Or stop the baby crying or whatever now I've never had a child so I can't really say exactly whether that will work or not and I can't really offer much experience regarding that But what I can say is that any interruption of your sleep whether it's a baby You know noise outside an intentional interruption like you setting an alarm on your phone or a cat or you know Whatever it is any interruption that is random and out of your control.  I don't know whether having a having a child Or you know the interruptions associated with having a child will give you more lucid dreams What I can say though is that by interrupting your sleep, you know Whether that's with a baby or with an alarm you can learn to turn that into a lucid dream But you've got to actually know how to do it. It's not just a case of you know Getting some sort of interruption whether that's a pet or you know leaving your window open so that the noise can come into your room You know, you have to know how to turn that interruption into lucid dreams and the way you do that Is again by doing reality checks through the day and making sure that every time you hear a strange noise in waking life You treat that as a prospective trigger when you hear something strange in waking life Whether that's a car horn noise or like a weird sound effect or music that you hear when you're out and about The second you hear that noise Do a reality check and make sure you ask yourself if you're dreaming and then what will happen is subconsciously you'll link Noises or you know auditory interruptions of your day. You will link that to Am I dreaming you know into the whole the whole critical question of you know Are you dreaming doing a reality check looking around you and over time? You know whether that's a few days or a few weeks that is going to bleed into How you react to noises that your baby your cat, you know the dustbin men outside or you know Whatever the noise is the car the traffic outside You will be able to turn that Interruption into a trigger to do a reality check now This is obviously a bit of a strange one because at the same time if your baby's crying You should probably go and check it out and make sure it's okay So I can't really comment on whether it's a good a good method or not All I can say is that as a side effect, you know as like a symptom of the interruption from the baby You'll probably have more lucid dreams and a lot of you know New mothers report that as well on online on forums and in person. They they say that that is the case Pregnancy and babies have always been linked to You know more vivid dreams even nightmares on your pregnant That's an entire a new topic for a video, but there is a link there But hopefully you can learn to turn that interruption into Something that will help you lose a dream that so that that's sort of the element of the question I thought would apply to everybody now the actual specific question was regarding the wakeback to bed technique and she's asked essentially would the wakeback to bed technique work if I had these interruptions in my sleep and You know having to tend to the baby several times during the night now the answer to that is yes But it's a double-edged sword. Okay, so what I mean is The wakeback to bed technique for those of you who know about it It's a very effective way of inducing lucid dream by interrupting the sleep in the early hours of the morning And then going back to bed with the intention of lucid dream It works right the trouble is and the reason I don't recommend it these days that much is because it interrupts your sleep Meaning it makes you sleep worse It decreases your sleep quality makes you feel more tired the next morning And ultimately it just decreases your energy and the mental clarity you're gonna have not only you know during the night But also during the day the following day, so the wakeback to bed technique is bad in that sense anyway So if you combine and add that to the interruption of a baby Yes, you're gonna have more vivid dreams. Maybe even nightmares You're gonna be more lucid more often because of the interruption. It's just a numbers game You know the more times you go back to sleep after being woken up the more chances you have of having any dream Whether it's lucid or not The downside is that you will feel awful as I'm sure most new mothers can attest to you know The first few months at least you feel terrible because you're constantly being woken up interrupted You know going back to sleep working up again interrupted by noises nightmares thoughts worries It's all a sort of a big mess and it obviously does get easier over time You know It's just really the first few months of a newborn are very interrupted in terms of your sleep quality Your sleep duration and pretty much anything relating to your mental well well-being and sleep health It's gonna suffer What you can do is if you already know your sleep is gonna be interrupted And you already know you're gonna be waking up several times during the night You may as well just do a wake-up to bed every time because it's free lucid dreams You know you just you may as well use the situation to your advantage. Say if you wake up to feed the baby, right? You're gonna have to go back to sleep anyway, so why not try and do a lucid dream? Why not come but just turn that into a wake-up to bed use the baby's noise and interruption or you know Waking up to feed the baby use that as an alarm clock in a way and just have a lucid dream Or at least try to because it's gonna be very likely that you will Thanks for watching guys this video and this channel was supported by my patreon followers Please consider giving just a dollar a month to support this channel or just click the links in the description You'll find links to various lucid dream products articles techniques and tutorials if you did enjoy this video Please click the notification bell and subscribe and I'll see you next time Why are you still watching that you should have clicked one of my related videos by now, right? Or subscribed or gone on to my website or something like that


Hello Fringold, how are you doing? So yeah, the thing with the Sky Bridges was throughout that part of the gameplay I was like, there must be some obvious explanation or note or character line that I missed where they explain the fundamentally foundational part of how do you disconnect the arm of the crane and land it on two skyscrapers. I'm just curious about that logistic. Without anyone hearing the immense amount of noise that would make or seeing it moving or anything. They almost imply it's like, oh you know, post-sparkle lips, an accident happened and we're just making use of it. And I'm like, what accident? What did this? I mean, how far is something like that really going to get you? Like all the way across town, like the way they portray it? Or is it just going to like link between two buildings? Well, so that's the interesting part.  It's like, if you guys had just gone to the hospital, it's been way quicker. Yeah, actually not.  Well, they say like, you've got to avoid the WLF. It's like, you can do that. You can avoid anybody really. Besides... I feel like there's more than one way to get there. He surrendered himself to them anyway. She's like, hey, I'm Abby, WLF. And it's just like, so if you finally WLF, just be like, yeah, take me to the hospital and need supplies. Because for some reason at that point, she believes that she can just walk into the WLF, take supplies and leave. Remember, she's like, um, Isaac wants me to do it. And they're like, we just talked to Isaac.  Why did she think of something better than that? Yeah, it's like, with Owen or something, I need to get some supplies to help him. That's all you need. Because he wanted to do that point. Melt her and she's pregnant. Yeah. Great, great strategy, sending a heavily pregnant lady out on patrol. Hey, that was her decision. Her body, her choice. You know why they did that. Oh, yes. They wanted their plot point. Well, yeah, that's the interesting thing. That's probably a combo, I would say. Like they need Ellie to kill a pregnant lady, but they also wanted to have like the pregnant lady is a medic. He is about people's safety more than her own. He's on the front lines fighting and battling zombies. She's just so respectable and so wonderful and so strong. While I think most of us would be like, what the fuck? Why are we all letting her do this? Like, she needs to be at home. She needs to be looked after.  It's a really bad state of affairs when the walking dead has done the same thing, but like in a way that makes more sense. It's just, if it was like the game doesn't, because most people would look at that and be like, wow, that's pretty irresponsible, like downright. But the game doesn't seem to even recognize that. No, no one says anything about it. Like this is a normal thing. I was like, oh yeah. If you have a person inside of you, that doesn't mean that you should like be stopped from doing what you want to do really. Yeah, I mean, I'm sure you can totally like leap from gantry to gantry and like pull yourself up over walls and stuff. It's not going to be physically difficult for you in the slightest. It's not like, you know, we're trying to rebuild the human race and it's going to be very important to keep pregnant women safe, you know.  He doesn't get a say, okay?  Who cares what Owen has to say? If he was just like, this is the equivalent of you taking like a newborn and strapping them to your belly and walking out into to fight people with guns and zombies. And she's like, no, my body, my choice. Oh, I thought you were talking about the Mandalorian there for a second. Oh, yeah, IG11 does that. I'm programmed to do only one thing, protect this child.  And he doesn't like trying to protect baby Yoda until it's too late. Like, you know, he's already being shot at.   People think that's good. People like it ended so well, a perfect ending to a great season. When you have a bad dough just blasting away at this crew of stormtroopers. They're just like, boom, we come across Ted at the end. It's like, I must self destruct.   You're like, you're really eager to self destruct these days. But they killed all the Mandalorians. Like, here's the thing.  What if like, what if they all backed up? What, what IG level walks out there, birth payers self destruct. They're like, it's an IG unit.  Yeah, we know what these things do. Also, this is the one who killed like 30 hundred thousand dudes effortlessly. We should, we should, I just don't know why they didn't immediately open fire. I was like, what are y'all doing? Are you trying to take it prisoner? I just hope season two is good. All right. That's what I hope. Even though we got so many concerns because they comfortable now that we're going to bring in so many OT references. Make your head spin. This is what happens when your expectations are suitably managed.  You're like, wow, it's amazing. I think so. It's not as a, how do I put this? It's not as like offensive. Oh yeah. Yeah. A lot of my intro is here's why people probably like this. And I go into the sequels and the prequels and. It's like a fan movie that's been made by someone who's. Yeah. Semi-talented. I think that's the best I can say. So anyway, we're here to talk about the last two. Yay. There's a certain video that I was told the title of and I was like, really though. And it's funny because the title, the top comment he's pinned is you should change the title. And he's just said, nah. I was like, okay, not the wisest way to start your argument with you guys are dumb. It's like, okay, this is going to put everybody on a, you know, wonky thing. But either way, this is EFAP 98. We're getting very close to that number 100. No new blood this time around, but a mix of all kinds of blood.  All different colors. It's wonderful. Drunk people. Doggos. Which doctor? No. What's it called again? Plague doctors. Plague doctors. Oh, we even got a replicant. Like, how cool is that? And then a meme. A chungus punching. Oh, that part of the game was so good. Maybe the greatest take down ever.   Thank you. Mike Tyson checks his closet and under his bed every night to make sure that fat Geralt isn't hiding under there. Everybody wants DLC of Fat Geralt. Everyone wants it.  What was Fat Geralt doing the day before Ellie rocked up? Dude, I need to see him in a hospital room crying over his dad having been killed by Abby. After his dad saved an elephant. It's really, you know, and it's just, I think it comments on the cycles of violence. What do you think, Fringy? I feel like that's what it's doing, you know? I want the cycle. And you know what? That alone is reason to say this game is a 10 out of 10 masterpiece. Best game ever. It took a little risk. Let's not talk about whether or not the risk actually paid off. They took a risk. So it's good. You watch the new Star Wars films. The guy shitting in a room for 10 hours.  And it's like, well, it's not very well executed. It's like, I don't know. I think so. Somebody in a chat said crash for hype. I agree. I just watched the new trailer. That game looks really good. I'm actually really surprised and happy. Gonna have good things, hopefully.  Play games like Lost of Us 2. What are you doing? Narrative focused, interesting games. Not your kiddie game. We've talked about this, right? We've watched a lot of reviews for the last of us two. It's been painful. Yeah, it's been tough to get through. And one of the things you've noticed is a lot of people who say that they're Naughty Dog fans, by what they say, it's pretty clear that they're only talking about post-Uncharted 2. I think they would be like... They don't even know they make anything outside of Uncharted Lost of Us. They're like, those are their games.  It's like, dude, Jack 2 and 3 are open world games. Like, what are you talking about? It's funny though, because most people don't even know what you're talking about. Like, Jack what? Well, yeah, because they'd be like, what's Jack? And they probably don't even know they made Crash as well. And it feels like Naughty Dog, I don't really want Naughty Dog to make Jack 4 anymore. I don't really want them to make Jack 4. What's that? Could you imagine Jack 4 under Neil Druckmann? Well, I'd be a subversive. It'll come in on the cycles of peace, you know? Of the cycles of Dark Jack, you know? Dark Jack, maybe a little too dark, you know? It just opens with, like, a domestic abuse situation. He's at home and he's just throwing bottles of alcohol at his wife. Well, maybe it'll be about, like, maybe Daxter will be abducted by, like, super hardcore, like, I don't know, omnivore supremacists. They're like, you know... Hate-hating Christian cult. Well, I feel, what, an arts-all-hating cult, you know? Jack's going to go in front of the same Jack.  Well, no, because this is the thing, right? Jack is, like, a cool franchise that actually has a pretty good writing and they've already addressed the whole thing of Jack killing a lot of people and they just kind of, like, hand wave it away.  You get used to it. It's pretty good. It's a pretty good series. Like, it's actually well-written, but it feels like... it feels like I don't think Naughty Dog are going to make those types of games anymore. Like, it seems like, well... Fun, late-hearty games. Yeah, pretty much. It's the packaging though, I think, with a lot of things. People don't even, you know, like, we talk about a lot of classic Simpsons, how well-written it is. They're like... Well, I think that's absolutely right, because I've said this a lot of times, but those PlayStation 2 platformers, Jack, Ratchet, and Sly Cooper, they're all really well-written games. Like, surprisingly well-written. I think if people replayed them, they'd be like, wow, this is pretty sharp. And it feels like... They wouldn't be looked that way because they're not a narrative focus. No, because... It's funny, right? There are games that actually have pretty big narrative components, but there are also gamey games where once you play the game, like, it lets you play the game completely, you know, until the next cutscene, basically, as opposed to interrupting it constantly and forcing you to play it one way. You mean you don't like walking simulators? Well, it's not even... Well, I mean, I don't. But, like, imagine watching a movie in the... Like, end game, he goes, I am, I am, and he pauses, and it has a square on screen.  Just do it. Why am I here?  Like, you don't even want to be here. It's supposed to make you feel as though I'm sitting there like, it's not... I don't need to, like, want to do a different action and then be forced to do another action to experience, like, this brand new, modern look at how video games may... I'm just like, you're just using that as an excuse for a shitty, railroaded game. We all know this.  I get it. Yes, I'm playing to... look at me. Yeah, I'm here, it's a game, I understand. This is a video game, what we're doing.  Oh, no, I could see Abby die. Oh, no. Oh, no, it's just the worst thing ever. Can't believe you've done this. I did not take advantage of that. I think I've seen every single possible death animation for her. It was great. When Ellie shoots her in the face after knocking her down in the theater, it's just like, yep, I'm involved with that one. It's just the end of the game there. It's just the end of the game. It's just the end of the game. Oh, man.  One of the first things I did when I played it was to see if I could kill myself off the cliff, and I realized by watching other stuff that some people have been doing because they hate it. I was like, oh, I was just testing mechanics. I was just curious if they'd let me go off the edge. Because a lot of games, especially games like that, will be like, nope, you're not allowed to kill yourself. That's naughty. Yeah, it's like we couldn't be bothered animating that. Well, it's interesting because I think the most telling example of the game forcing you to one direction is if you don't beat up Nora, the game will automatically do it anyway. It doesn't matter. Which is totally at odds with the idea that it's forcing you to, you know, come to terms with actions you don't want to commit. It's like, if I just let the controller stay down, I still win. Game play. Win, you know, progress. When Abby's getting attacked by a runner just before Joel saves her, right? I actually was not pressing square at all and she still survived. So what's the point? Like, if you think these aren't interactive, it feels that way, doesn't it? Like, it feels like you don't want me here along for this experience doing anything. So just play it for me, you know? Yeah, I actually do think it would have been able to function better without these arbitrary moments where it's like, hey, hey, hey, press the button. Well, the interesting thing is a lot of reviews say that it takes, like, as though it is a good example of what you're meant to do as a video game in terms of trying to tell a story and that really frustrates me a lot. Well, you're like, no, don't advocate for this. No, stop. Don't advocate for things being more like movies where I have no agency. It's more like the idea of, what is it about the last of us two that it benefits from being a video game? Because the game doesn't make me feel bad about what's happening. So I don't see how it's... It disregards your input. It doesn't make me feel connected to any of the quote-unquote choices being made. The fundamental of interaction, like choice, being able to choose to... even choose to not act, just all these different elements. And it's just like, are you really taking advantage of that? It's like, not really. Yeah, the example that I've used before is like the Walking Dead game, the Telltale one, where you've got the option at one point, you've got a group starving and you happen across like an abandoned car with some supplies in the back. You can choose to take them and help some of your group or not. And if you don't take them, like your group is less likely to survive, they're all going to hate you for it. You do take them. You can find out later on that the person you took them from lost one of his family members because of that, because they didn't have enough supplies to survive. It was a choice that you made. You didn't have to do it, but it recontextualizes it because you get to see the repercussions of it. The interesting one with that is if you do choose not to take it, the group takes it anyway. But I don't actually have a problem with that because I think video game choices that don't necessarily directly impact the plot will still say a lot about you, you know, to where it's even...  I guess what I mean is the whole idea of like, I think the reason why I like choice in video games is not because of the consequences necessarily, but because it can make you think and it can make you wonder if like, huh, I wonder why I thought that that was the right thing to do. You know, that kind of thing. Yeah, why did I make that decision?  Isn't this meaningful? I feel bad. I feel bad about the choice that you didn't make. Okay. I'll try. There's no need to defend the spec ops, the line that has, that game has decisions and it doesn't tell you what your options are a lot of the time. So it does actually say a lot about what kind of person you are. I mean, what keeps getting repeated by different reviews that we've seen is the whole like, if you finish the game wanting Abby to die, you like failed the game's test. I know, not really. No, this is a failure of the game. The game failed to tell an adequate story. I've been, it's been interesting because I've actually been replaying through infamous to recently. Oh, yes. Great game. Love it. And while the, the karmic choices are, it's not like super complex. It's nice because at least when I'm playing like Spider-Man PS4, I don't have like the option to hurt civilians, but an infamous I actually do. I have to be a lot more conscious about not hurting anyone when I'm in the middle of like a, like a firefight with the militia. Yeah, yeah. I think the morality systems tend to be wonky, but like even morality systems can be cool in that they at least give you a reason to replay the game twice and play it in a different way. But the last of us, who doesn't really beg to be replayed. Unfortunately, when you look back on that era, because I think Bioshock can jump in there as well.  I think the criticism would be like, Oh, it's a pretty simple system. It's not, you know, like the criticism was like, maybe we can move on from here. Maybe we can make it more complex. And it's like as time goes on, we just have more things against the way. We decided to abandon it entirely. Like the problem with the system was that, there was too much incentive to play one way because of all the things that you get going for one way or the other. Yeah, that was my, it's always been an issue with Mass Effect. As good as that game was the morality system and that was really kind of shitty. Yeah, it just needs to be power gone or renegade. The Bioshock one, you get, the returns are better with saving the little sisters about a third of the way through the game.  And I don't know, I think it's more potentially more interesting to have it be that you get better rewards for being, you know, for doing devious shit, like killing. Well, that's what they tell you. That's what they say to you at the beginning.  Which is why I would say it still functions, especially for a first playthrough, for a player to think about. Like it still works and not end. But once you know the game, you'll be like, no, I'll save them.  Yeah, I think I personally prefer if, if an infamous, the powers weren't locked to which karma you were on. So you were allowed to be more morally gray and still unlock like the good powers, I guess. Yeah. Like, you know, unlock a mixture of good powers and bad powers. That would be cool. Actually, I was about to like, yeah, that would be cool entirely. I think I'd be up for that. I think games like the Witcher 3 maybe do it the best where there's no karma system, no world system at all. It's just, here's the story. Here's the characters. Here's the scenario. There, go make your decision. Yeah. It's like a, Witcher 3, just general RPG. Here are your decisions. We're not going to tell you what is good or bad. Yeah. You get to choose. There is going to be consequences either way. Go for it. Witcher 3 was really good at that. Like there was quite often like not a strong indication of which was the morally correct choice and which was the more devious one. Like you just were presented often with difficult situations. That's what I was thinking. Last of us could quick way better if like the game presented all of the repercussions and benefits of pursuing revenge slash justice and then the game ends with a choice. Yeah. The game should have ended with a choice and it's funny because Ghost of Tsushima ends with a choice and it's a really good choice. It's like basically tethered to exactly what the plot of the game is about. Pretty good. Well technically the first game ends with a choice that's similar to Spec Ops The Line. He shoots the doctor in the foot. He goes unconscious and it doesn't count as a kill. So it's just he can't eyes. He can't eyes in the second game.  The pain is just so much. He just falls unconscious. Oh no. He's played dead. He killed me but he didn't. What a good person. In his head.  Right. I'll play dead. He got me. Just leave the other two doctors alive. It's like Jerry you okay. We'll patch you up buddy. You'll be saving zebras again. I like how in the first game the doctor looks pretty disheveled and you know like he's got really dark bags under his eyes but in the new one he's like he's a nice good man.  In the new game they're like it's a pristine hospital. There's such a look at this nice man who's trying to We care about medical procedure and sterilization and stuff like that.  It's narrative bias. It's like an unreliable narrative. In the first game it was Joel. In the second game it's the truth or at least the other side of it.  Don't lie to me. Doesn't it wreck on the entire race of the doctor that's performing the operation? I'm pretty sure he's black in the first game. He's very dark skinned but his facial features aren't exactly similar to a black person's. I can try to find the photo. He looks like he's like tired and old and has been through a lot more so than like he looks darker but I'm pretty sure he's a white guy. Yeah it's tough to get the type of answer on that. But he looks like a really old man. Like that's kind of the thing or at least if not old really weathered. The debate is still raging on that one as to whether he's black. The fact of the matter is that we're trying to discover what they have and haven't retconned from the first game just to be sure. Well I can give you an example of a retcon which I think South Baldwin and I have talked about this one but in the first game you find the recording that Marlene says that she's grappling with the decision as to whether or not to kill Ellie and she's like I think I'm gonna do it. The recording ends with her basically committing. The cutscene we see where she finds out this is the case she approves of it instantly. Yeah. So that recording is now like... Well that instantly but she approves of it by... I just mean within that conversation. Like that same conversation it gets approved so it's like when did you hit that recording and that doesn't even make sense anymore.   Well I mean this is why the debate's raging on. Raise debate on E fat. I like how they've gotten smiling in their revised version. Well I think it's clear that we all understand that The Last of Us 2 wasn't in mind whatsoever when they completed The Last of Us 1. One of the reviews we watched said oh this is a part 2. It is a part 2 not a sequel. It needs to exist you know. It was clearly not even conceived when they made the first game. This game as a whole doesn't need to exist. It doesn't add anything valuable to the story and it undermines so much. Oh if anything it undermines it and detracts from it. By the way people say that he only looks this way because of the lighting in the room. You can see a dude in the background who's clearly white. I'm pretty sure if he was intended to be white he would make his skin look lighter than this. It is really weird because I think I showed a screenshot. I don't know if it was rags or any of you guys but where I shot my gun in the room and you screenshot him at that point and he looks pretty white but I don't know if it's from the glare of the gun fire or if it's because he's this model is white I don't actually know. It's like the black and blue or white and gold dress again. They look totally different. Oh of course these two aren't the same person we know that much. The thing is right if someone had been asked to come up with the concept of a sequel to this game this feels like the kind of efforts of like a fan fiction writer who's like 16 years old. It's like oh how can we tie it together? The daughter of like the doctor from the first one she wants to kill the person who killed him.  Yeah this is a really tenuous link in the first place.  No they say their names when they die. It feels like the game is driving through a whole city of people while being like driving people. Driving into people is so wrong and you're like oh yeah I guess you shouldn't do it right and it's like you shouldn't do it. Boom boom boom boom boom boom boom boom boom. No this seems awkward to me.


Good afternoon, everybody, welcome to the press conference. Thank you very much, Fredrik, and it's good to see some of you again. And welcome to those I haven't seen during the weekend. We just had the opening session of the border governors. Of course, during the weekend, I've been working hard on the Ukrainian issue. And I could provide you with some updates about that if you're interested. And otherwise, on Iran, what I said to the board is that we have agreed on the way forward. I think this has been met with a general satisfaction. So I mean, your hands ask two particular issues that you would like to focus for today's meeting. Thank you very much. Any questions? Yes. Please identify. Hanna Kavianil, radio fighter. I have two questions, if I may. First, on Iran, since I know IAA is not a party to the JCPOA, but in the event of a deal, I want to know how are you collaborating with the parties, negotiating parties, and if the IAA is expecting, for example, additional resources for the verification work that it has to conduct. On Ukraine, I assume you have met Russian ambassador Mikhail Lianov today, as I saw a picture of it on Twitter. He, referring to the Putin-Macron call yesterday, seems to suggest that Kremlin rejected your proposal for a meeting at the Chernobyl facilities. I want to know this third country location or virtual meeting. Why did you want to meet in Chernobyl? And now, how is that going to go forward? OK. Well, many elements in your question. The first thing on JCPOA, of course, as you rightly point out, we are not a party to the negotiation, but we are, I would say, very present, accompanying the process, advising in the process on many technical matters. And of course, we will be implementing it. So we are very, very close to it. It is quite clear that once there is a deal, and if there is a deal, the work for the IAA will be huge, simply huge, because we will have to reconcile lots of elements, technical elements, and information that have not been subject to the stringent verification system mechanism that we used to have with the full JCPOA when Iran decided to stop applying this and to cease their permission for our inspectors to access and the implementation of the additional protocol. All of these resulted in a situation where our capabilities were reduced. I used to say we are flying blind. This is why we had to have a temporary technical understanding with Iran a year ago, more or less a year ago, whereby we were able to restore some of those capacities. But everything was very fragile. Everything was depending on the voluntary acceptance of Iran. And there were now and then problems in the implementation, even of these temporary agreements. So we hope to move if there is an agreement, to move into solid ground. But there is the gap. And this is what we have to do. Sometimes you hear at the London Tube, mind the gap. So there is a gap. And we have to look at what has been happening. We have to reconcile. We have to reconcile the information. We have to make sure that whatever has been happening and we were not being able to verify in the right way is perfectly accounted for to the ground. So it's a huge work. And yes, of course, we are going to be needing additional resources. The IAA does not escape the fate of international organization and the religion of zero growth budget. So we are requested to do more, more, more, more. With the same amount of people, with the same amount of material. We are very happy that our member states, when it comes to this, are always ready to come to our support by giving us extra budgetary contribution. So I don't have any doubt that that will happen. Regarding my initiative to come, there are two things. One is the substance of the initiative. And the substance of the initiative is, at the end of the day, what matters most. What are we going to be having in this agreed framework? Then there is the issue of the place and the logistics, which are not easy at a time of war. So initially, we proposed to come to Chernobyl. Chernobyl was the first facility in Ukraine being seized by the military forces of the Russian Federation. So it was obvious that my first intent was to go there, because it was the first place where we're having arrangements, ad hoc arrangements, to try to maintain the contact with the site and to maintain the necessary surveillance, safeguards-wise and safety and security-wise. My offer still stands. We heard from the Russian Federation that they would rather do it somewhere else. But this is going to be part of a process of consultation where we are going to be listening to the Russian side and to the Ukrainian side and see what is possible in terms of a place and other modalities, which, as I said, are going to be extremely difficult. But we have to do it. There is no way I said it today. We should not be losing time. Almost every day there is a new episode. The episode last Friday on the Zaporose nuclear power plant was extreme, perhaps. But there are some other episodes which indicate that we need to have an agreed, clear framework of what is supposed to be done. So I hope that my consultations in the next few hours are going to be successful. Thank you. Yes. Thank you. Hello. Hello. I'm sorry again for the voice of Narek. Yes. I basically have... Oh, I'm sorry. Very similar question as my colleague. Yes. I was wondering, regarding Iran, I was wondering if should there be an agreement? Have you already begun speaking with the Iranians about those additional co-operations that they would need to have with you? And also, and if there is no agreement, would that at all affect your recent agreement with Iran over the three undeclared sites? Thank you. No. Yes and no. Yes, in the sense that we are talking to the Iranians all the time, as you can imagine. We have a constant dialogue which includes, in an informal way, because in the absence of an agreement, we cannot be agreeing on things on a very concrete basis. But we are exchanging some indications of what is going to be needed. But at the end of the day, my team, my safeguards team, will have to look at the end at what is actually signed. And when we see that, as you know, this is a very complex agreement, and it has a number of steps, a sequence, as it has been described by the negotiators.  So within all of these, you know, segments, you will have different activities among themselves for Iran to comply and for us to verify. So this is a huge work ahead of us, and the team has been preparing for that for quite a while. And the second part was? And if there is no agreement, would that affect? No, my recent understanding, as you may have seen, by reading it, does not have any direct relationship. As I've always been saying, this is like parallels. You know, we look at each other, but we do not touch. Safeguard's issues and the correctness and the completeness of Iran's declarations are something that Iran has to comply with or without JCPOA or any other agreement with any other countries. So this is their obligation. This is why, quite clearly, it will not be the same. The atmosphere will be different, and things are going to be more complex perhaps. But we are going to, you know, we've been there, we have been working, you know, come rain, come shine in Iran, and we will continue in this way. Hi, D.G. Grossi, Jonathan Tyrone with Bloomberg. Two questions. Yes. A number of countries worldwide have used highly enriched uranium to produce molybdenum over the years. You are aware of that. Iran declared that they were using its HAU stockpile to create multi-99 targets. I'd like your reaction to that. What's the safeguard's risk, your risk assessment on the Ukraine-Russia issue? Can you clarify whether there's been any other multilateral initiatives, keyword things like observers? You are going there. My understanding is more in a mediation role to mediate between Ukraine and Russia to de-escalate the situation on the ground there. However, are there any roles? Are there any potential for other multilateral initiatives that could, say, implement observers around critical infrastructure? Thank you, Jonathan. Not that I know what we do, and I think the chances of success, frankly, of what we are trying to attempt, are predicated on the technical mandate of the IAEA. I think our counterparts, Russians and Ukrainians, are ready to entertain this because of the unique nature of our mandate. We have a mandate which is specific, and it has to do with the safety and the security of all of these facilities. What we will be trying to do is to agree on a framework based around the seven pillars that I outlined at the extraordinary session of the board last Friday, physical integrity, external power. In fact, these seven pillars are nothing but the distillation of what we have in the safety standards and, I would say, the broad consensus in the safety community all over the world. Nobody would challenge that. So what we are trying to do is to have a clear understanding that these things are necessary, and there are certain things which are not permissible. And if possible, we want to have some concrete measures in order to facilitate the transit, transportation, access for equipment, parts that may be necessary. So bear with me. If I just give you the general outline, it's something now that I need to sit down with our Russian colleagues. With Ukraine, this is in Ukraine, so the Ukrainians have to decide and tell me what they want in terms of these practical aspects. So this is, I would say, the idea. More than an idea, we have some elements that we are exchanging already with them, and we will try to build on those. We don't have much time, so I hope to be able to move as fast as possible before another episode takes place. You didn't answer the HAU molybdenum question. More specifically, yes, you affirmed that this. I want your assessment of Iran's declaration that it's using its HAU to produce moly targets. I don't have a comment on that. They can do that. What we are trying to ascertain is that what they declare is in conformity with what happens. I don't think there's a problem with that, or is it?  So now they're using it for a very common place, medical isotope production. I understand your point. It goes into the judgment of intentions. And so for us, it would be a bit difficult to say these intentions are justified or not. What we need to be is very alert, and we are going to be verifying that. Thank you very much. Thank you, Mr. Grossi. My question to you in French, please. I'm here. You're here. Thank you. I'm here. You made a plan with the Iranians this weekend, which starts on March 20th and until June 22nd. It's an exchange of information between the two parties. Is this plan a pre-settled condition to reach the end, so to get an agreement with the Vienna talks? Or can we reach an agreement during the negotiations between the parties and work simultaneously with the plan between the agency and the Iranians? A second question. Can you assure us today that there is no risk concerning the nuclear power plants in Zapparodia? Thank you. Well, the first part refers to what we have agreed on this weekend and the relationship with the negotiation and the possible agreement around JCPOE. I would say there are no direct links. We know that Iran has to answer some questions that we have been asking for a long time. So the problem with that is that we didn't get to talk about the way in which sequence and what delay it would be necessary to advance in this clarification process. So, as you said, we said, here we go. We're going to do that. We're going to start answering with delays that go more or less to June. But as you know, there are no fixed dates or obligations for me to do it. I said in this agreement and we agreed with our Iranian colleagues to say, we're trying, we're working in the spirit with the intention, with a name as we say in English, to get to the end of this process at least in June. I would say that for what concerns the possibility that our process, if I understood correctly, that our process fails because of a lack of JCPOE agreement, that's really a bit of a political question. I couldn't tell you. What I would tell you is that we're going to work, we're going to start and we'll see as we advance. Are you okay? Ah, yes, excuse me. For the central one, as you know, the last Friday episode, it was a serious episode, very serious, and we were able to control it. The situation on site is still very tense, very tense. And there was, I would say, even a degradation in the sense that now we have been informed that the technical operators must accept certain activities, functions and decisions taken by the military authorities in place, which goes against all measures of security, of existing nuclear security. An operator must be let to work in peace and do his technical work. He shouldn't go looking for the permission of a military to do what he has to do. So we have, I am personally concerned, I told him, I told him at the council, earlier, I put him in my report from yesterday evening. So I hope we can correct that. We are developing discreet consultations in order to address this situation. A little clarification concerning the first question. The way of exchange of information between you and the Iranians, could you help to improve the chances of reaching an agreement between the Viennese? I think that, why not? I think that when we see from both sides that there is an atmosphere that improves, that there is an atmosphere of work that goes better, that we separate the better, that we can have access to information that we didn't have before. Finally, it's about the same country, isn't it? So I believe in the positive effects, in the externalities, if you like, in good work with Iran at these times. Hi, Digi. Francois Murphy from Royches. Always. Just trying to get a clearer sense of what you're up to in Ukraine. You sort of have two things going on at the same time. On the one hand, you're trying to bring both sides together and agree some kind of commitment to protect the security and safety of nuclear installations. On the other, something you've talked a bit less about recently, you have this plan for assistance to Ukraine that you mentioned before. And you've said you can't go into too many specifics for now, but one thing I was curious about is that you, at one of your many previous press conferences in the past week, you didn't rule out actually sending people to Ukraine. I'm just wondering if you can give us some sense of sort of the scale of that sort of what kind of, just what rough order of resources are we talking about here? Yes, we would need to, thank you for the question. We would need to, first of all, as I said, on Friday, we have, first of all, to have a framework. So what are the basic principles? Because, and the principles are not, I would say, a good to have. They are necessary because these principles, or basic points, if you want, indicate to you which are the areas where we are going to be concentrating. External power, communications, and they may have and will have a strong influence into what is in concrete terms what might be needed. We know, for example, that there are some pieces of equipment that the plants need or will be needing as part of the normal operation, not necessarily because of an attack or a malfunction now. In the normal course of events, had there not been a war, you would have that. And in the moment, now, you have that supply chain is interrupted. So we are already in contact with several countries with Energuatom in this case, because it's more the side of the operator than the regulator. And we know, more or less, what they are needing. So we also need to establish some understanding on how to do that. Shall we need to have observers or technical support personnel from the agency to be there, maybe, but that is something that we would not be able to define now at this point. The same could apply to safeguards, mind you. So at the moment, we are okay. We have remote monitoring, we have remote monitoring for the material there, but there may come a point where we might need to perform a function or not. So there are a number of things and the physical presence is not excluded. But we need first to have a more or less, user's guide to see. Hello, DG, Albert Otti, DPA, Chairman Press Agency. About the Saporizhia nuclear power plant, you described some of the problems that they're there with communications. So would you say that this power plant is still a safe power plant, safely operating power plant or not anymore, or how fast is the time approaching in your view that it's no longer safe? And the second question is about your planned talks with Ukraine and Russia on a safety framework, a safety security framework. Are you still talking, is the talk now about the logistics or are you also still trying to figure out is there still discussion on the content of the talks? Yeah, thank you. On the first part, I would say, I will not say it's not been operated unsafely. We are getting the reports and the assessments from the Ukrainian regulator and for the time being, this is the situation. That being said, the conditions are absolutely extraordinary, as I have been saying as well. This normal operation is a technical term, but there is nothing normal about what is going on. So there is safe operation, but there are many, many questions on the ability to sustain this for much longer if we don't support this in some way. And this is a good segue for the second part or your second question, because we are discussing both things. In a situation like this, modalities are also substance and substance has to do a lot with modalities. So the two things are really very, very intertwined. Hi, this is your welcome back. Hello, thank you very much. But my question goes to actually to Ukraine, Setsuko Inaki from Nippon TV. The Elysée Palette, the France announced that you had met President Macron before you went to Tehran and French suggested that the day would suggest IAEA, some measures to assist you in a negotiation to establish this framework. And actually that the day announced it, that this suggestion would come within hours. So my question number one is, have you received such suggestions? And then the question number two is, is your current sort of negotiation that you, I suppose that you're talking to separately on both side. So that is your sort of, is there an element in this discussion that is such concrete suggestions coming from some of the major nuclear states? Yes, yes, thank you very much, that's very clear. The, this initiative is the IAEA's initiative. I must underscore. It's an IAEA initiative and the main elements being discussed there are the elements that we as an international independent organization believe are those that are necessary. That being said, President Macron, and this is no secret, and it has been announced publicly also by the French government, so I don't have a problem in commenting on that, has been extremely generous in manifesting his support to this idea and not only that, as you know, he has been in conversation with President Zelensky and with President Putin and the IAEA initiative for the preservation of the safety and security of the nuclear facilities has been, if not at the center, one of the main points that they were discussing. French government has been generous enough to share with me their assessment and ideas. Of course, we are in contact and we receive suggestions as you are mentioning. Thank you very much, BBC Persian television. Two things, one on Ukraine, if I'm not mistaken, you spoke about several episodes, as you put it, that are concerning you. I just wondered whether you can give us a list of those very concerns and how concerned you are on each of these. On the Iranian front, I suppose if there is an agreement to return to the JCPOA, the first thing for that to be implemented would be for you to approve or to oversee what's going on on the ground in Iran, to be satisfied that everything is fine and peaceful. And if that's the case, do I take it that you would press for the implementation of the additional protocol as one of the very first steps of this possible agreement? Thank you. Well, the first thing you are asking for a list that I already gave you, because if you look at the 13 updates that we are producing every day, and this is a lot of work behind them because we are checking every information, there's a lot of fake and false information out there. So in order to give you and the international community good information, we have them there. But there have been issues in Kharkiv, there is an issue in Mariupol. There are many places where there is no accident, there is no release of radiation, there is nothing of the sort, but many problems that appear here and there. This is why I believe that all of these are indications, more than indications, confirmations, that we cannot go on like this. There has to be clear understandings, clear commitments not to go anywhere near a nuclear facility when it comes to military operations. And the second part regarding the JCPOA, well yes, the AP is part of the JCPOA. It would be very difficult to have an agreement of the width and the depth of the JCPOA only with a comprehensive safeguards agreement of the traditional sort. You have to have the ability to ask for accesses and to work in a more efficient way. So to the best of my knowledge, the application of the additional protocol was and is and will be part of the JCPOA reloaded if it comes to life. Thanks a lot, TG, good to see you again. Yes, hello. I want to pick up a couple of things that you said in your statement today, one on Ukraine and one on Iran. You talked about, you said I reiterate my call, that it be heard loud and clear when we must divert a nuclear accident, that it's not hide behind all or nothing at all solutions, and I wonder why you said this. And I guess under that question is whether Russia is setting conditions for you to go to Ukraine. And if so, what those conditions are, because clearly if they weren't, and they were saying yes, you would probably be there. And my second question is you talked again about the agreement on Iran of last February and talked about the difficulty of maintaining continuity of knowledge over such a large period of time. Now we know about courage and we know about the absence of cameras there. Is there any other reason why it's difficult to maintain continuity of knowledge? Do you have any other concerns that you may not get everything that you need from Iran? And just finally, very, very briefly, I guess we're coming up to another of the three-month periods where you need to get in there and update the cameras. I think the last was towards the end of December. Have the Iranians given you any assurance that you will get access to all the facilities? Thanks. Thank you very much. On the first thing, no one is putting any conditions on us. We are in the beginning of what I expect will be a very short consultation for the reasons I was mentioning, but no one is putting any questions. What I have in mind when I said that we should avoid all or nothing at all kind of approaches is that, of course, it is very, and perhaps logically, understandably conceivable that the sides will want to season this agreement with other elements, with elements that have to do with their basic positions on things that are perhaps not necessarily related to nuclear safety. And without that, they would not agree, or they would perhaps agree if we add this or that. And what I'm reminding everybody is I said it to the Security Council on Friday. I said it here. I'm not the Secretary General of the United Nations. I'm not the Security Council. I'm not a self-appointed mediator or negotiator. I'm looking for after nuclear safety and security in Ukraine. So I'm trying to, and it's not easy, and I have an understanding for the positions in Ukraine, for example, that has foreign military forces in their territory. So there is, of course, a drive to try to have elements which are not specifically related to nuclear safety. And this is my big effort. On the other part, yeah, you know, the gap is a gap that is chronological, which is very important and is also substantive because what has been happening over the past few months is that you had not only quantitative increases, you had qualitative progress in many areas, having to do with research and development, having to do with areas that the JCPOA explicitly forbade or forbids if it comes back. So our inspectors will have to really go through a very thorough process of consultation and checking with our Iranian counterparts in order to give a sound basis. It's going to be a lot of work, very hard work. Sorry. Sorry, DJ, the third question. Yeah, we are coming to that. I don't expect any problems with that. And may I remind you that Caraj was the issue and now these cameras have been, or we have installed new sets of cameras in Islam where the new facility for the production of parts for centrifuges is operative. So I don't foresee any problems there. Just a brief follow-up, you mentioned the Karakov physics institute. Can you clarify whether you verified that the neutron generator that's under safeguards is safe and secure? Well, apparently it's destroyed. So the neutron generator is destroyed? There's no radiation release. We haven't been there, of course. There's no radiation release. The whole place has been impact. So what we can say is that there is no, you know, this place has a very small inventory of material, very small. It is a subcritical facility. It's basically a place that produces neutrons for scientific experiments. It's a relatively new one. It was actually a part of a cooperation between the United States and Ukraine, as you know, Obama administration. So it's a scientific institution. So it's really very regrettable. What happened? But just to be clear, that site was under safeguards, correct? Or not? There is, yes, when there is nuclear material. Okay, thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you.


Take care of yourselves, and above all, enjoy the career that awaits you as Queensland Police Officer. Once again, a sincere congratulations.


Hello everybody and welcome back to another video emphasizing the TI Inspire calculators with Texas Instruments, a lot of the cool software and programming stuff that they do. In the last video we actually went ahead and installed the computer link software. We found that online at education.ti.com and we were searching for all the software and kind of applications that come with TI Inspire. We had obviously the operating system itself, the computer link software, what we just installed and in this video we want to install the student software. If you bought your calculator it should have likely came with a license number or kind of a key that allows you to use the student software on your own computer and what this student software really is is it's kind of like an emulator for your for your calculator. You can kind of play with all the functions and things that your calculator would normally be able to do and you can see it on your own computer, you can type with your own keyboard and lots of really cool other stuff. So I'm gonna go ahead and click on here. I noticed and I'm sure you noticed in the last tutorial we saw a student software is available to download. We'll click on that and again I want it for Windows. I'll use the EXE and once we download this we can go in and save the file and that's gonna take quite a while to download but I'll see you when the download is complete. Okay now it looks like the file has finished downloading. I'll click on this over here. Go ahead and run the program.  This setup wizard would install the TI-inspired student software on your computer. I'm gonna go ahead and click next. It'll ask for the folder. You can really put this anywhere you want but typically TI always puts things in TI education which is a good spot for it. Now we can go ahead and install and really just wait for this to go. It should copy a few files, update the properties or whatever it needs to do with settings and drivers and then very very quickly I'm hoping you will find that your installation is complete. There we go. We can go ahead and click the finish button to exit and if we check this box we can go ahead and launch the software right ahead. You'll see the splash screen go ahead and shine up just like the computer link software did. It'll validate everything and that's really all you need to do. If you have a license number you should go ahead and type that in. If you have a trial period it'll go ahead and allow you to type that and I'll let you go ahead and do this and well once things are all done complete for you I'm gonna fire up mine. I've got the TI-inspired CAS student software. You should be obviously installing whichever one is corresponding to your calculator. The TI- inspired CAS is the one that I haven't already installed and well you'll see this program and this window kind of pop up and this is it. This is the student software. On the left hand side it gives you kind of a documents toolbox that allows you to play with the buttons on the calculator or at least a kind of a digital version of it. You can switch over to the application things that you have open and even do more with it. I'm gonna resize this so we can do a little bit more. You can see the cursor over here works just fine and if we can add a calculator I think if we go into view up at the top here you can see it in the form of the handheld. I'm gonna need a bit more space for this. Okay now you can see it.  We get 16 and we're really just working with the calculator at this point. It is just an emulator but the thing that's important to mention and I suppose I should have mentioned this beforehand. It's important that you download the thing that you need because you have the TI-inspired and there is of course the TI-inspired CAS so you should be looking for the student software that is relevant to what you're working with. The CX CAS or just a regular TI-inspired. Okay thanks for watching everybody. Hope you enjoyed this tutorial and we'll be working with the student software very very soon and in later videos. Thanks.


Let's settle down to the night before redacted It was the night before Christmas at site 88 and Robert the guard was running quite late All the skips were contained in their cells with such care that everyone hoped as did Bob They'd stay there his first order of business was to check on containment. He changed channels instead to the night's entertainment It's a wonderful life. He'd seen it before and fell asleep then for an hour or more There were those who had hoped on this night before gifts that Robert would draw the draw the short straw on the shifts and Plans were hatched over seven months previous by a group of some interest with conspirators Devious to release all the creatures contained at the site to fight the foundation on Christmas Eve night They knew that their plan wall courageous was dumb, but worth it. They thought if it releases just one Gates one two and three were as easy as pie, but they met resistance at Gates four and Gates five Bob startled to wake at the sound of alarms and shouting and death and of course firearms He switched his monitors checking all of the frequencies hit the red button for containment emergencies On screens he could see as they just made it in no one could get out, but inside they could win They planned well for that and taking their chance the first cell on the right at the placard They glanced and looking in they saw there 173 Saw Euclid and thought how bad could it be the statue Bob knew so easily beaten But these stupid folks hadn't been to that meeting So as the last of their number closed his eyes in a scent Bobby blinked once and the last one was bent He panicked then and fell to the floor Scramble had made his way outside his door the statue knew that's right where he would be and Bobby fell Blackwoods attempting to flee He fell black words attempting to fee in case you didn't catch that and Bobby fell backwards Attempting to flee it pressed on his windpipe strain vocal cords. This is it. He imagined and thought of last words Merry Christmas, he croaked as it began its attack Merry Christmas to all and to all the good and see


Okay, so let's look at the elbow. The elbow is our first synovial joint that we're going to dive into and look at in more detail. The elbow is actually, it's a hinge joint, it's a synovial joint, but it's actually a joint between three bones. What are the three bones involved?  If you remember the anatomy of the humerus, at its distal end, we had the round capitulum that articulated with the head of the radius, and we also had that kind of pulley-looking trochlea that articulated with the trochlear notch of the ulna. So we have a place on the humerus for attachments of both the radius and the ulna. Now, we already talked about movements. We talked about the fact, we talked about pronation and supination. That movement is not happening at the elbow joint. That movement is kind of protected by one of our ligaments that we have to know, but it isn't, that's not an elbow movement. The elbow joint literally is nothing more than a hinge joint. It's pretty stable because it's stable. It doesn't have a lot of diversity of movement that's possible. Just the one, you know, it can flex and extend. Okay, so as far as anatomy of the elbow joint, we're sticking pretty simple here. We have two collateral ligaments. We have the radial collateral ligament. Ligaments are kind of like tendons except they connect two bones. And we have the ulnar collateral ligament, which is on the ulnar side, which is medial. And the ulnar collateral ligament is connecting the humerus to the ulna. Radial collateral ligament is on the lateral side. It's connecting humerus to radius. The other required structure that we have here is the annular ligament. And the annular ligament is an interesting one because the annular ligament is literally a ligament that surrounds the head of the radius. Now this is the elbow structure that is enabling supination and pronation because supination and pronation happens around that rotation of the radius. So the annular ligament is like holding the radius in place and allowing that to happen in all of our synovial joints. You're going to have an articular capsule. You're going to have a joint capsule. And look, here it is. If we were to cut the joint in half, you can see this space in between the two articulating bones. You can see your fibrous capsule here. You can see your synovial membrane here. Okay, that's not the color you use. Here's my synovial membrane. If I cut it open and peeled it back, I could totally touch the synovial membrane. If I can't open it up and peel it back, I can touch the fibrous layer of the joint capsule. Here's my space. My articular cartilage, you can see it. Okay, I kind of want to erase everything now. But maybe I'll just undo it all. Sure. Now you can see the articular cartilage is kind of whitish on the ends of this bone at the places where it articulates. Hey, that's good. That's the elbow joint. That's it. Let's do the shoulder joint next. Shoulder joint, not so easy.