Thank you, guys. This theater is incredible. I mean, we're so lucky to have a conference in a venue like this. Thank you, Ash Khan and the float on boys. This is an unbelievable undertaking, organizationally speaking. And they pull it off every year. It's just fantastic. But today we're going to talk about something that's very near and dear to my heart. You know, I think we all see this in our float centers. But anxiety is, it's so ubiquitous. And people need a break from it. They need a respite. And floating provides that. I think it's very clear it does. It just hasn't been well documented. And that's what we're going to be doing. So let's talk about this journey. It actually started three years ago. That's the old stage for the float conference. I don't know if people remember when you had a pyramid of salt stacked a mile high. Those were the days. Now you get all these fancy float tanks. So back then I was actually at Caltech. This idea was a dream. And as Colin said, we had no idea how the hell we were going to accomplish this. And it was through a series of serendipitous events that I ended up just shortly after that float conference moving my life from California to Oklahoma. Laureate Institute for Brain Research. And they gave me the opportunity to build this dream. And Colin is really the visionary that saw it through. So thank you, Colin. There he is, one month later. It's freezing in Tulsa. And actually there's Jim too. You could see Jim and Colin's wife, Ginny. But we're just saying, how do we do this? There's no map to follow. There's no precedent to follow. And it started there in January. That summer we just started construction. Put it all together. And then really September of that year is where it came true. We installed our first float tank. It was the open pool. And those are my collaborators at Liber. So this is Dr. Martin Paulus. He's the guy who brought me over. He was my original mentor in neuroscience. He ended up becoming the scientific director at Liber and brought me into the fold. Right here is Saib Kalsa. You're going to see a presentation later today by Dr. Kalsa unveiling the first clinical research we're doing with floating. And this so happens to be the first day that Saib floated in our open pool. And he was the first floater in the open pool. And it was after that float that I think I convinced him to leave UCLA and join forces at Liber. So now Saib is working at Liber and helping critically with all the float research. And then last year you heard from Dr. Kyle Simmons. He couldn't be here this year, but he gave a great talk that I think has a lot of relevance to what I'm about to tell you today. So took about six months. Colin and Ginny essentially lived with me. And we figured out how to measure everything we wanted to measure during the float itself. And then finally, May of 2015, we launched our first float fMRI study and we're going to be discussing that today. And here we are. Three years later, the dream to study how floating works in the body and the brain, it's finally here. And I can't wait to share some of the first results with you guys. Now having worked at a lot of different institutions, I could tell you three years is actually not a lot of time in science. And the reason it was able to happen at this rapid speed is because of this place. Laureate Institute for Brain Research. It's a clinical neuroscience research institute, a non-profit. And we have a pretty bold mission. We're trying to reduce suffering in those with mental illness. And we're trying to think outside the box, or I guess in this case, inside the tank, to come up with new ways of combating mental illness and really improving mental health. And because it's a small institute, because it has some incredible facilities and resources, we could do this at a pace that was unprecedented. And it really happened quite quickly. And we're very fortunate to have LIBER. So let's just start. What is anxiety? I think the first thing we have to recognize, this is part of our existence. You can't dissociate anxiety from life. Everyone has it to some degree. I mean, does anybody here know somebody that's never been anxious? If you do, I want to meet these people.  And even people who are missing the circuitry that we have all thought to be involved in fear and anxiety still showed manifestations of anxiety. They're missing their brain regions that are supposed to be involved in it, and they still were anxious. I don't know if you could be alive and not have anxiety. That's the truth. But it might be healthy to some level. It might help inspire behavior. It might help you get through stressful times by encouraging you to do something. But the problem is our society is being morphed. It's overtaking us. You know, I'm going to talk about this later, but technology is rapidly transforming our culture. And I think it's actually heightening our anxiety. And this is what's so bizarre to me. We're living in a time where all of our basic needs are taken care of. This should be the least anxious time in the history of human civilization. Yet, I think we're ridden with anxiety. And this is where floating, I think, really provides a solution. So a lot of people don't know this. It's the most common psychiatric condition about twice as common as depression, although they often go hand in hand together. About 40 million people have a full blown anxiety disorder. What does that mean to have a disorder? It's not just, oh, I feel a little bit anxious all the time. It's when it really impairs your life. You can't have relationships. You can't have jobs.  It becomes so debilitating that some of the patients I used to work with had a condition called agoraphobia. Essentially means they couldn't leave their bedroom. That's how debilitating anxiety could become. So this is what we're hoping to work with. We're hoping to help these 40 million people. A lot of different types of anxiety manifests itself in very different ways. Generalized anxiety, social anxiety, post-traumatic stress, OCD, phobias, panic disorder. There's a whole variety of anxiety. But at its root, only a third of these patients are actually getting treatment. That really struck me as a clinician. We are not doing a good job of treating these patients. If only a third are getting treatment, that tells you something about the current state of affairs in our treatment system, right? And so think about this number for a while. Only a third of 40 million people are actually getting help. And we have treatments out there. I think floating has the potential to be a treatment. But the reason no one's getting treated is because this is what anxiety is. It's avoidance. When you're anxious, when things inspire anxiety, you avoid them. And all these opportunities in life shut down.  Your relationship shuts down. So this is important. We have to figure out a way as an industry to overcome this hurdle. And this went into the design of my float tanks. I think you really have to make an environment that's inviting for people who suffer from anxiety. And claustrophobia is one of the big things you're going to hear again and again from these patients. So let's take a quick look at some past research on floating and anxiety. I should point out most of this was done in healthy people. There hasn't been a lot of clinical research. This is probably one of the most well-replicated effects of floating. When you measure stress and anxiety, it goes down from pre-to-post float. In fact, there was a meta-analysis about 10 years ago showing a large overall effect size. So it's not a subtle effect, and I think all of you know that. But it's been documented in research. It's not just subjective anxiety that goes down though. Physiological forms of stress and anxiety also go down. Some of the seminal work by Dr. Fine showed decreases in cortisol and heart rate and in blood pressure during the float experience. Now, when it comes to clinical populations, we know a far lot less. This is where we really have to do a lot of work. There's a study done in 1990 just showing that people who had generalized anxiety, generalized anxiety means you're kind of like the Woody Allen type.  You're totally neurotic. You can't sleep at night. You're always thinking about what you have to do. So people with generalized anxiety went to this hospital. I think it was in Wisconsin. They just said, hey, we have a float tank. You could try it. Some people tried it two times. Some people tried it 10 times. On average, about seven times. And then they sent them a questionnaire six, seven months later and said, how are you doing? And the people who were anxious did show a reduction in symptoms. But a very poorly controlled study. It's hard to really understand cause and effect with that design. The Swedish group back in 2006 took people who aren't necessarily full-blown anxiety disorder. These are what you might call burnout. People who are workaholics and the stress of work kind of overtook their life and they had to just stop. And they put them into float about a dozen times. And you see about a 30% reduction in stress and anxiety, as well as improvement in sleep, which I think is a very interesting thing that hasn't been well studied. And then finally, a lot of you might not be aware of this, but this year, the Swedish group, Christopher Johnson and Annette Kilgren, published the first, I think, real legitimate study in people with full-blown anxiety disorders. They took another sample of generalized anxiety patients. They had 50 patients. Half were randomized to a weightless control. The other half actually floated a dozen times over the course of about a month and a half. And what they found is not only did it reduce anxiety in the short term during the actual float sessions, which is good, what you'd expect. They followed them up six months after the treatment stopped and their anxiety was still reduced much more so than the weightless control group. That's a big finding. And it suggests that we are tapping into the very mechanism that I've been predicting since 2013. We have on our hands a treatment, it's really a physiological treatment that is reducing all of the anxious states within our body and within our mind. And I'm going to present some data today to sort of highlight where we think this is happening in the brain itself. So that's in each of our heads, I guarantee you. This is the cortex, the outer layer of the brain. And we really don't know how floating affects it. There hasn't been neuroscience research done on floating. So we're just beginning, we're scratching the surface. But just knowing how the organization of the brain works, we could make some predictions. The first thing is, this is what happens to all the sensory cortices when you float. A ton of environmental input that normally is coming into these areas of the brain is significantly reduced by this environment. Vision, hearing, proprioception, tactile sensation, not on here, thermal sensation. It's a deeper brain region. Movement and speech. All of these sensations, all of these cortical areas have a significant reduction in stimulation. We know that, because that's the nature of our float environment. So what's left? Well, there's a couple of things that's left. One is the mind shatter. And you're going to hear a talk right after me about the areas of the brain that we think are involved in mind shatter. But then the other big thing is your body, your internal body. A concept that's referred to as interception. All the signals that are coming from your internal body, but especially the heart and the breath are heightened. So rather than being form of sensory deprivation, it's actually form of sensory enhancement, but for the internal body. And the question really becomes, how does this happen? How do you go into a float tank with a lot of stress and anxiety, put your brain into the sensory reduced state, and you come out feeling a lot better? We need to discover how that's working. And today we're going to get a few clues. So here's our research center. It all started with our open pool. An 8 foot circular open pool. When you see it, it looks like a giant jacuzzi. I'll bring a patient into the room and I say, you know, if you get into your own bathtub, why wouldn't you get into something like this? The idea is to remove the barriers. And I think these open rooms are great for people with anxiety. Very important. We also have the same exact size pool, but with an 8 foot tall circular enclosure. And one of the nice things about the enclosure is you could calibrate things with a lot more precision. You could calibrate humidity, for example. So those are our two pools, but we also have a control condition. It's an active control condition. It's called the zero gravity chair. Or what we tell our subjects, it's the float chair. It's a chair with memory phone backing, so it kind of supports your body. It's ergonomically designed to sort of take the pressure off the spinal cord. And essentially what we're using this to control for is the effects of simple relaxation. Okay? What you want to be able to say is that floating is systematically different than what you could do in your own bedroom or on your couch or in a comfortable lazy boy. The effects you get from resting in a float tank physiologically need to be shown as something separate from what could happen outside of a float tank. So this is our control condition. And in fact, what we tell people is, listen, we're trying to understand the effects of reduced environmental stimulation on the brain. We want to see what happens when you're in an environment with reduced light, reduced sound, reduced pressure on the spinal cord. And you could either float in our pool or you float in our chair. But in both cases, you have those basic ingredients. So it's an active comparison condition. We really want to see what is different between floating in the pool versus the chair. And here's how we set up our first float fMRI study. We had 40 people, all healthy. And all of them received a brain scan at the beginning of the study. 90 minute brain scan. And they got randomized to either float in the pool or float in the chair. Each float session was 90 minutes. And then over the course of several weeks, they had three float sessions. Okay, the reason we didn't want to scan their brain right away after the first or the second one is we didn't want to pick up on the novelty effects. The first few experiences are so novel. So this was our way of trying to acclimate them to the environment. And then on the third float, immediately afterwards, they got their brain scanned again. And so what we're really looking at is what is the difference between that baseline brain scan and that one immediately after the third float? And what is the difference between the brains of the people in the pool versus the chair? So this is our subject demographics. These are healthy, older adults between basically 18 to mid 50s. Pretty well matched sample size. They were all very thoroughly screened. People always ask, how do you participate in our studies? Well, it takes about five hours just to get through this process. We make sure they have no psychiatric history, make sure they're not taking any drugs. And once they pass the screening process, everyone goes through an informed consent process. We use what's called the Western Institutional Review Board to approve all of our research. And this is critical. I think a lot of you are interested in research and how could I do research? The first step to doing real research is you have to get IRB approval. Don't forget that because unfortunately, if you don't have IRB approval, you'll never be able to get your studies published. And ultimately, that's what we need as an industry. We need more publications. We need doctors who read these journals to be able to understand what's happening with our intervention. So a couple of things to keep in mind. Important things. What we're measuring in this study is not this. We're measuring this. Remember, this is happening about 20, 30 minutes after the float is over. I would love to measure this. Colin keeps telling me he's going to build a float tank that's compatible with an MRI scanner. And you know what? He probably will. And then actually, we had once again, another serendipitous encounter through an old colleague of Kyle Simmons who figured out a way to actually study the brain during the float. And you're going to hear about this tomorrow. A wireless waterproof EEG system. It is so cool. So we're going to start tapping into the during part. But in today's talk, keep in mind, we're talking about the post.  This is the same brain scanner that they use at National Institute for Mental Health. It's a very high tech scanner, high resolution images. And then lucky for us, it's less than 100 meters away from our float tanks. That's pretty cool. All it is is you go in, you put your head here, you could see a little mirror. And then on the screen, we project things and you're doing different types of tasks. I'll tell you about one of them today, called resting state fMRI. But I think the point to remember about MRI machines is they're very cool technology. You could get very detailed images of the brain. But it's a proxy of brain activation. It's not measuring directly the brain activation. It's measuring blood oxygenation. And it turns out when the hemoglobin is oxygenated or deoxygenated, it has different magnetic properties. And that's what it's picking up on. So we're using fMRI as our tool. And we're getting ready to launch the experiment. And whenever you launch an experiment, it's important to think about what is the cultural context under which that experiment is being launched. And I think this is important because the cultural context goes against the very nature of what we're trying to do. This study, I think epitomizes everything that we're working against in this industry. This came out in a very prominent journal, Science, a couple years ago. Think I showed it last year. But it's worth reading again. Just think the challenges of the disengaged mind. In 11 studies, we found that participants typically did not enjoy spending six to 15 minutes in a room by themselves with nothing to do but think that they enjoyed doing mundane external activities much more, and that many preferred to administer electric shocks to themselves instead of being left alone with their thoughts. Most people seem to prefer to be doing something rather than nothing, even if that something is negative.  What am I going to do? So I met Tim Wilson at a conference actually a year ago. And I said, What was really going on here? And he said, Well, you know, we were in Virginia. It was kind of the basement of the old psychology building and, you know, uncomfortable chairs and vacant rooms. There's nothing conducive about relaxation in these rooms.   People are so scared to detach from them that they think 10 minutes away from them, the whole world's going to erupt. And so that's part of what you're seeing here. They'd rather be spending those six to 15 minutes on their phone. So I'm going to show you data that challenges this. This is our first float study 40 people. We asked all of them the same question totally unbiased. Overall, how was your float experience? You could answer anywhere from extremely unpleasant all the way to extremely pleasant. The choice is yours. Each of them floated three times. So this is 120 data points. Okay. This is their average response on this questionnaire. We only had a single person in the chair who found it mildly unpleasant. But across every single subject in the study other than that person all 39, they found it anywhere from mildly pleasurable all the way to extremely pleasurable. What we're doing guys is we're actually helping people overcome the cultural zeitgeist of our time. This is important to recognize and you guys are challenging it in the midst of this technological revolution. Keep that in mind. This is no small challenge. You will be fighting technology every day of your life because it's overtaken us as a culture for the better but also sometimes for the worse. Not only were we improving people's pleasantness. The big effect that we found probably the single biggest effect is people were coming out of the float pool saying they felt more serene. I always think of the Seinfeld episode of serenity now. But it really actually does change this quite a bit more than it's changing in the chair condition. So it's actually a very strong effect and you're seeing a huge jump from pre to post float in serenity. When you look at anxiety remember these are healthy people. So at baseline before they even begin they're already starting at a pretty low level of anxiety. If we were working with patients you would expect them to be somewhere up in this vicinity at baseline. But nevertheless we still found a significant drop in anxiety specific to the pool condition. So let's talk about the brain. Where is this being registered in the brain? In order to talk about the brain you got to know about this network. It's called the salience network. It was only discovered back in 2007. So it's less than a decade old. And essentially it comprises two brain regions that I'm going to repeat again and again. So you're going to learn these very well. The first is the right interior insula highlighted in green. The second is the dorsal interior singulate. And here's another view of that. And this is the salience network. Think about this.  How do we know which parts or aspects of that information are important? Which parts are salient? It turns out that the concerted activity between these regions in the anterior insula and the dorsal interior singulate are sort of deciphering all of this information that's being given to our brain and selecting that part which is important for us. This is called the salience network. And a part of the study that doesn't always get talked about even though the study's been cited over 2000 times is this. If you look at the connectivity between the interior insula and the interior singulate, it correlates with how anxious they were during the brain scan. So now we're starting to get into this idea of anxiety and what are the brain regions driving it? Well, the interior singulate's not just involved in anxiety. There was a meta-analysis done, about 192 fMRI experiments, over 3,000 participants. And what you see is the interior singulate's activating for all types of negative emotion, for pain, physical pain, for a concept called cognitive control. Whenever there's some sort of error or conflict in your environment, it's trying to regulate that and figure out ways to resolve it. So it's the same area in all of these cases. And we wanted to know what happened to the salience network after the float. So it begins with this brain scan. Imagine sitting in that donut-shaped magnet for eight minutes, looking at that across, and given the instructions, try to clear your mind and don't think about anything in particular. That's it. Resting state fMRI, an eight-minute brain scan where you're not thinking about anything in particular. And you could do a lot with this. In fact, the next presenter is going to tell you all about a different network of the brain called the default mode. Today we're going to focus on the salience network. So we did the same thing as they did back in 07. We put a seed in the right interior insulator. You could see here the green circle. And we wanted to see how the connectivity with this seed changed from pre-to-post float and pool versus chair. And we found a significant group-by-time interaction right in the dorsal interior singulate. Okay? So we know that there's an effect. The question is, what is the direction? And this is what the data shows. So just to help you get through this graph, the pool group is in blue, chair group's in red. On the y-axis is the functional connectivity. How closely connected functionally are these areas? In other words, when the activity in one area goes up, does the other one follow? When the activity in one area drops, does the other one follow? And as the connectivity goes up, you're going to get up over here and as it goes down, it will be in this region. And you see that you have a huge drop after floating in the pool between these two regions. A huge drop in functional connectivity. The chair group, on the other hand, basically goes up a little bit, but not much. Now what I wanted to do is see, you know, how reliable is this effect? If I take each subject in the study and calculate the difference in connectivity from their baseline to their post-float brain skin, what does that look like? And this is that data. Once again, in blue are the floaters in the pool condition, and red the chair. And you see pretty much across the board, everyone in the pool condition has a reduction in connectivity, with the exception of maybe these two people. And then most of the chair people show the exact opposite pattern, a slight increase. So this was really fascinating to me, because it wasn't a subtle effect. You're really teasing apart these two conditions. You have it linked to a brain network that's been very well understood. And now the question I had, the million dollar question for me is, how does this relate to the subjective experience? In other words, how does this relate to anxiety? And this is what we found. If I take the degree of connectivity change for each person, and look at the degree of anxiety dropping post-float, this is the relationship. You see a significant relationship, such that the more your anxiety drops after floating, the greater the reduction in connectivity between these two regions. In some ways, this is the most exciting part of the data, because what it suggests is, this signal right here is giving us some information about a person's subjective state. And it could tell us how successful the float was on a patient by patient basis. So this was very exciting. Let me tell you some more reasons why I'm excited about this finding. Anti-anxiety medication. Study in 2007, looking at, it was basically an experiment that had people undergo pain. And essentially what they found is when you take a anti-anxiety drug, it was a benzodiazepine, and administer it in a placebo controlled way, you get a significant reduction in these two regions. Guess which ones? The dorsal interior cingulate and the right interior insula. We did a study back in 2006, giving the drug lorazepam, another benzodiazepine anti-anxiety drug. And once again, in a dose dependent manner, you see a drop in activity in the dorsal interior cingulate. So we're hitting the same brain regions that anti-anxiety drugs are modulating. Kyle Simmons gave a talk last year. And if you if you don't remember it, I encourage you to watch the YouTube video. It was a great talk. But a big chunk of the talk was trying to discuss what are these regions doing? What is the anterior insula doing? What is the dorsal interior cingulate doing? And what Kyle actually did is he created a theory called the epic model. And what he showed is that these regions are constantly communicating with each other. And the nature of their communication is about predicting your future body state. Not how you're feeling right now, but how you're going to feel a moment from now. And these are the regions that seem to be dysfunctional in people who suffer from anxiety. They're in a perpetual future state in their mind that is totally disjointed from how their body is actually feeling. And this is really the kicker, you guys. Last year, this study was released in JAMA psychiatry. Identification of a common neurobiological substrate for mental illness. They took 16,000 individuals across 193 different studies using a technology known as voxel based morphometry. It's looking at the structure of the brain.  What are the regions that are most heavily implicated across mental illness? Take a guess, the dorsal anterior cingulate and anterior insula. So this is this is very promising, you guys.  It's going down after you float. Okay. But this is the most important part. We're hitting the very circuit that we think is vitally important for mental health. In the in the field of pharmaceuticals, they call this target engagement. And this is very preliminary. But we think we're engaging this target in a very active way. And then the degree of reduced post float connectivity was correlated with the degree of post float anxiety reduction. And this could be a potent biomarker for actually studying the anti anxiety effects of floating. So to wrap things up. This is where we're headed. There's a lot of studies going on. I'm pleased to announce libraries finally started clinical research. You have to get our feet wet, so to speak, with healthy brains, learn a lot about how to do this research. But we've begun some pilot trials. PTSD, panic disorder and anorexia nervosa are some of the populations we're working with now. And actually, later today, you're going to hear about the first data coming from the anorexia nervosa study. We're looking at combination treatments as well. We're starting with just floating, but we're also interested in combining things. One of the things I'm particularly interested in is meditation and teaching patients how to breathe in a very particular way while they're floating. And one of the things this requires is actually very precise sound. So if there's any audio gurus in the audience, please come see me because we're trying to get the sound perfect in our flow pools. And then, you know, this is the exciting part. Typically, in the field of mental illness research, you study how to get people from, you know, minus three back to zero, how to get rid of their symptoms, right? Floating does a lot more than that. Floating enhances mental wellness. And this is something I think we have the opportunity to do above and beyond just saying we're getting rid of symptoms. We're actually giving people greater happiness and well being in their life. And we're interested in trying to understand how this works, how long it lasts for. Beyond just clinical research, we want to know the basic science. How could we characterize this relaxation response? I think a lot of you are going to be excited about the study we're going to present next year at the conference. We're measuring magnesium levels before and after floating longitudinally. And Shoshana Leibner was critical in helping us get funding from the Epsom Salt Council to pursue this. But next year, we're going to be able to actually unveil how much magnesium the body may be absorbing during the float experience. We're also very interested in the physiology, what's happening in the heart, what's happening in the lungs. Later today, you're going to hear a talk about how we're measuring all of these different variables. And we have many fMRI and EG projects still to come. In fact, we're going to be submitting the results I just showed you today for publication in the next few months. And if any of you are interested in keeping up, we just added this to our website. It's an email list. You sign up and when the study comes out, I'll email you a copy of the study. So please feel free to sign up on our website for the email list. So you know, when I look at this on the horizon slide, it's daunting.  But the truth is, as you guys know, it's about creating a community. This is this is what floating is about. And research is no different. And over the past few years, I've been so lucky to have a community of people supporting our lab and the research in our lab. This is just a few of them. You have Saib and Martin and Kyle. Those are the researchers I work with on a day to day basis. But then you have people like Ricardo Gildecosta, who's going to come give a talk tomorrow on EEG and floating, who came out of the woodworks and now is an integral part of our lab. And you have people like Jim Hefner, who you heard from this morning, that are helping us conceptualize how this could actually help the industry. How could the research we're doing actually benefit what you guys are doing? And you have a whole slew of people, too numerous to name that have come through and really provided the community we needed to do the research and answer the big questions. And the truth is, none of it could have been done without the lab. The people who come in every day and do the research, you have Kaylee, you have Obada, Pon, Will, Colleen, Ayesha. And I could tell you the Float Clinic and Research Center is an international endeavor. We have representation from every corner of the planet up there. And our most recent addition is Pon Lin. He arrived here three weeks ago from China. In fact, this is Pon getting off the airplane. All he had was a suitcase in his hand and a backpack. He left his home, his family in China to pursue this research, because he believed in it. It was a two year process to get pan over here. But I'm so excited that the next talk is going to be Dr. Pon Lin. So thank you guys. I'm so excited to present these findings. You're the first people to see them, haven't presented this data anywhere else because we only discovered it about two weeks ago. But without further ado, please welcome Dr. Pon Lin.


Oh, yeah, how's it going everyone? It's so good. We're back And today we are here to celebrate Jisoo's birthday from BLACKPINK guys. Happy birthday Jisoo. It's your birthday today. Did you know that? So I thought hmm. Why don't we just celebrate idols birthdays this year? You know, why don't we actually be nice? Let's be nice this year But yeah, I thought why don't we just watch some Jisoo moments and then be like oh, yeah. Oh, yeah. Oh, yeah. Oh, yeah. Oh, yeah Yeah, I don't know that's like the girl Let's just celebrate her birthday with her even though we're not with her So, yeah, let's do this Enjoy the video.   I hate it No, that's a What people do that people would run bro No, no, I would know No, no, that's not that yo, I know if I even read that I would need a cheerleader too because that is scary What? Be why it looks like a fun She really is so precious I can eat everything. No, no, no Man, I love my job.  I'm not falling in love.  She's so random Super professional. I like What I Okay, I'm subscribing to this channel so I could do more videos cuz Yeah, I like the full tool Well, happy birthday Jisoo. Hopefully you've had a great birthday today. You probably will never see this But I hope you do have a Hope for you've had a great birthday the only language I can speak fluently and I can't speak it singing to your hair Yeah No, but for realsies happy birthday, Jisoo. Hope you had a great day and also blanks if there are any other Blackpink videos you want me to react to them link them down below comment them down below and follow me on Twitter And send me some blackpink memes so one day I can do a blackpink memes video on Twitter Oh, that was some fun. That is fun. That will be fun And yeah, other than that, hopefully you all have a great day.  Nah, yeah, other than that day Yeah


China's not our enemy, the climate crisis hits. Since you're forgetting this, we have the largest military in the world. We spend over $1 trillion every year. And the state, your state of Missouri is over half the people are in poverty. China's not our enemy, the climate crisis hits. We need to be serious about the climate crisis. That is the biggest piece that we need diplomacy in Ukraine, and it's China. We are continuing to have more aggression with China, and we are spending more in our military than 100 countries combined. The climate crisis is our common threat.


Hey, welcome everybody. So, I'm gonna talk a little bit about IWD for the next 20 minutes. Um, and I've been doing this a while now, so you've been spent on redoing Wi-Fi for a little bit.  It's still not really where we want it to be. We have, if you're still wanting WP-supplicant, I feel sorry for you, but even with IWD, we have not really fully achieved where we wanted to set out. So, around five years ago, we set out to just redo it. Um, and same as Guybrush back in the days then asked what he has to do, the answer was you have to do X, Y, Z and X, not what you keep running around and trying to fiddle with things. Um, everybody else who actually worked on Wi-Fi with the Linux system had to do the same thing. Um, this is from about a year ago. It's still better than it was around five or ten years ago. It was even worse.  So it has to talk to W-supplicant. It has to talk to the Netlink interface directly because W-supplicant doesn't give you all information. Uh, why? Nobody really knows. It chooses not to. Um, then you have to store your neural network somewhere. Then you have to figure them out what they were. Then you have to pick them back together. Um, then you have to talk to RTNL to do the configuration. Um, interesting enough, uh, around two or three years ago it was still simpler because you basically only fill it with W-supplicant and the Netlink interface. Um, but then people wanted more stuff. They wanted roaming. They wanted to hotspot set ups. They wanted something else. So the UI got involved and actually tried to even circumvent a network manager. I think the state right now is that a lot of things in the UI, especially in the UI, has been gone a lot better. They have removed some of these hacks, but if you look at the Chrome OS system, um, the UI, uh, pretty much the Chrome browser still fills us around your back and does certain things, um, which is bad. Um, interesting enough what we found about, uh, months ago is the DHCP CD, which network manager still used. I hope they're going to drop this. Now at least I saw an announcement. They're going to drop this and use the DHCP library properly. It's still at some point decides to dump your Wi-Fi interfaces. I mean, what's going to do with it? Nobody knows. Um, we have a tool IWM on that actually monitors everybody who's doing something. So you see that a certain request come in. So if every process in your system at some point starts to dump certain information of your Wi-Fi networks, you really don't ever get anywhere. Even mind that actually might actually fiddle behind your back behind it to start to scan, for example.  Bad things happen if you mess these things up and don't have the self-contained. So you feel like talking to Stan and he tries to sell you everything and God knows what. It's all the great things you're going to have, um, which is great, um, unless you end up with a boat and nobody's doing anything. Um, and that's where we were stuck around five years ago. Um, we have made a lot of progress and right now the system actually looks like this. Um, you can run IWD. Our network manager has an IWD backend. You can just switch it on with a configuration file. I think it even lands in most distros. Um, and then IWD takes care of your Wi-Fi. So network manager, all the support in network manager for Wi-Fi stays pretty much dormant. It doesn't do anything because we do everything for you. We remember the networks. We automatically roam for you. We know when to roam. We know when to scan. We know actually how to talk to the access point when your signal goes weak and say, look, don't you have a better access point in your vicinity that we can use? Um, even if the access point would ask us to do something for it like scan on, on his behalf, we could do this as well. So a lot of things have gotten a lot easier and a lot simpler. So at the end of the day, you can trust IWD to do everything. It's pretty much, I give you the passphrase. You remember it and you reconnect. So pretty much up and running. Um, and then we hand the information back out. So network manager becomes readjusted shim with everything else. Um, oopsie. This is kind of nice. So what do we get? We have a really centralized database. So I really know about every network you're connected to. It knows what frequency you're connected to. It knows what passphrase is used. It knows what security credentials used. It knows really everything. We store this and we can reuse next time. Um, that means if you actually want to reconnect the network you've been before, you know you've last time you saw it on channel nine and 2.4 gigahertz, it takes you roughly around 100 milliseconds to actually find it again. Not like three or four seconds. So you can't open that laptop you're fast and it will be back on the network. Um, it supports WPA personal and enterprise. So all the known enterprise provisioning networks are supported. Some edo rooms configurations are still kind of weird. People sending us requests for we can't make this university network work. We trying to fix them. I think we pretty much down to a few of them where it didn't work. I heard some rumors that edo room wants to actually use a more streamlined approach to this one. Hopefully they get to this one and then this becomes all a problem of the past. Since IWD is the only entity that actually scans, all our scans are completely optimized and when possible anonymous. That means we don't leak your MAC address when we don't need to. So they're all passive scannings if you can. By the way, hidden network is the problem. You can't do passive scanning so don't use hidden networks. Um, and, uh, we only scan what we really have to. So unless you actually have a UI that tells you I need the full spectrum because you have to find a new access point you will never see it trying to scan the full spectrum unless you close your laptop, go to another country, open it up there and actually don't know it finds everything and doesn't find anything it used to have before. Otherwise it's really optimized. If you roam or if you do any operation where you have to scan it really only scans that particular channel, um, that you ask for. So we do roaming. We do roaming internally so you don't have to, uh, from the UI or network and tell it to roam. If the signal goes down, we ask the access point where is your next access point. If you know if you have a mesh, a mesh, a set of access points that are meshed or you have multiple access points together or corporate network, they mostly will tell you where the next access point is. And we know this then and we can scan for this one. So our transitions, you can pre-authenticate them so meaning all the transitions go really, really fast. So you don't really have to waste time. Uh, we do the resource management as well so we even could scan on the behalf of the access point if they need to fight, okay, is the access point closer than the other one, etc. and so forth. Um, WPA3, um, is on by default. You don't have to do anything. If your access point supports WP3 you will get authenticated with a WP3. With your existing credentials if you have them, if you have to update your credentials because you only stored the uh, the passphrases, uh, you didn't store the passphrases. We will ask you again to provide the passphrases otherwise it's completely automatic. Um, which is kind of nice and it doesn't have the fact that you, oh, you don't understand WP3 and all of a sudden your network is considered open or some weird situations. Um, you don't have to update the UI code or anything else. It's all the same operations. Um, OWE, uh, Openistic Wireless Encryption means you can get, you can get an open network, but you get it encrypted. Um, you don't have any man-of-the-mill protection if you connect to a, like a coffee shop hotspot. But if a coffee shop hotspot will support encryption you at least your link will be encrypted. You can still be spoofed but at least nobody can actually just, uh, pass away sniff your traffic there. Um, the app engine is integrated into IWD. So we ship our own eApp engine, uh, with most support for everything. Um, recently we added hotspot 2.0 support. So if you have any kind of hotspot networks, uh, where you can use your SIM card or any other credentials to authenticate, uh, they will work as well with all the things that come with it. I don't think anybody has managed to set this up with WSupplicant. It's all manual handling and manual testing. This is the first time I think it's a fully integrated system where this, uh, just works on a Linux site. Um, and we do heavily address randomization for privacy reasons. I already mentioned that we don't, uh, we always scan passively. We don't scan actively if we don't have to accept hidden networks. But we also can do address organization on a per access point basis. So if you connect to the next access point, we're going to make up a new address, uh, and use that one. And we store the used address and so on and so forth. So next time you connect to that point you will be, uh, other with use the same identity so you can reuse your DHCP information and don't get a randomly new one. Um, that's all handled internally. So network manager when it uses IWD doesn't have to do anything of this for you. It will just be done. And it can be on by default. Um, so this is all there as of today. It works really well and you can just use it. Um, we didn't really quite stop there because we needed to go a little bit further. And a little bit further is where people might go to scratch their heads now. So IWD contains network configuration set up. So you can run IWD and bring it all to have your route set up and tell the system to resolve what the DNS servers are. Um, this needs to be done for really embedded systems where you don't actually have the luxury of running network manager or anything else and where you really only have Wi-Fi. So why bring another three or four systems that are trying to manage this one. So it can do this everything internally and actually set up all your network configuration as well. So it moves the code and it's down. Right now it's a configuration option. You choose one side or the other. It does automatic configuration and hence everything off or it doesn't. Uh, it's off by default.  Uh, it's currently still limited. Uh, we only have DTPV4 support. The V6 support is coming in. The network configuration is rather limited. Uh, and we only support system resolve D and resolve conf callouts for the Debin users that actually don't have resolve D running. Um, we don't want to mess around with ETC resolve conf writing directly or anything else. Then I mean at that point it's like, whatever, hack this together by yourself because you're running on a really dedicated system anyway. Um, this is experimental. Uh, it actually works really well but used with caution because you might actually screw things up if you have something else running on the system. Um, I pretty much see everybody screaming right now, um, because we actually took things away from everybody else. Um, we had to do this for the simple reason because the goal is really we want to connect in 100 milliseconds or less. And if you want to get to the internet connection fully completed at 100 milliseconds or less, you have to do things differently. You just can't go and oh I spent another second here, I spent another second there. So right now, uh, we have a tool, um, IW lock which isn't public yet but will be in a couple of weeks that actually you can even use with WSYPLICN or system in network D or network manager or anybody else to actually check what time spent at what step of the configuration process and it tells you, okay, this took like a X amount of milliseconds on a force. So in a, in a good setup at home, you have around 100 millisecond that you just need for scanning and it's not really an optimized piece of hardware if you might need to use a newer one where you actually have a better transceiver and you might get a little bit faster but the scanning is really when you know you can only scan one channel on 2.4 gigahertz to see if the access point is there and get the information element back from it. That's what you need right now. The only way to make that faster is by have a better firmware or have a better transceiver in your hardware. There's nothing IWD can do about it. Um, the connection time by doing the association with the 4-way handshake is another around 100 millisecond. That's also what it takes. You have to get the data over the year. You have collisions over the year and that's around 100 millisecond you need as well. DHCP has been really fast since the early days of call man with system D network D having this also. So there was really no surprise that we got this down to 50 year between 50 and 100 milliseconds. You still have a 300 millisecond that you need to actually get from, I have the card up and running and actually connect to the network. We are not there at the 100 millisecond time. Interesting enough IWD runs PAE over a netlink A2 to 11. I don't know if anybody knows the difference but normally WSIP opens the AF packet socket to run the PAE packets for the 4-way handshake. We put a patch into the kernel that you can run these as part of the netlink protocol so it gets you get a frame in the netlink protocol. We did this mainly so they get coming order with the netlink messages because the kernel schedules the AF packet queue differently than the netlink queue which means you could might get your connect association response earlier or later than the PAE packets and then you have this out of order problem that you have to re-sort them back together and you really don't know what it's doing. So this one actually makes sure that it comes in order because over the air it's in order as well. The interesting artifact of this one is it's 4 times faster than doing this on AF packet socket. So if you want to do this set of AF packet socket you end up instead of 300 milliseconds you end up with 1.2 seconds. That's a massive difference by just how AF packet works and how much overhead it actually consumes by installing the BPF filter and so on and so forth. So there's a big speed up already there. The problem is on these 300 seconds if you want to do address randomization you have to add another 300 milliseconds as well because the only way to do address randomization is you power down the interface and you power it back up with a new address. It's the only way to do this right now. The problem is most hardware unloads the firmware and have to reload the firmware so wasting a lot of time to just get you back up. So if you have 1.2 seconds by doing W-supplicant with PAE over AF packet socket you're doing address randomization by power down over RTNL at another 300 milliseconds you have 1.5 seconds. 1.5 seconds is really far away on the 100 millisecond goal. The Android people on Chats and bug reports reported that the address randomization can add a penalty of 3 seconds. If you don't want it that's fine. I've seen comments on the web as well that's like why are you going to do this but for privacy reasons you really want to do address randomization for every point you're going to have these days. So we have achieved a lot but we are still drowning with the last bits and pieces to get them right to make this really constantly have privacy enabled, have the full security working and have this really, really fast. We're at the level where we can't work any more magic. IWDU has really worked all its magic it can do but we have been using the existing interfaces with the existing kernel patches that we put in there with the existing things we actually took out and put somewhere else. That's pretty much as fast as we can go right now. So we need Netlink 802 optimizations. We need to change the kernel APAs in a massive way where you say look every millisecond counts. I mean if you send me a full Wi-Fi dump of the network and then I have to dump it again because you're missing some important information because I need that flag to decide how I'm going to operate. Something is wrong and that's how it works sometimes because of some legacy reasons and some bug fixes that are problems but they're not really problems because all user space has moved on and we have to do a lot of round trips to the kernel. People think that the round trips through kernel don't matter because system calls are really cheap but if you have a tight goal of 100 milliseconds these round trips matter. So bunch of patches on the mailing list to actually change things. Bunch of patches to actually do address randomization based on the connect so we can give you the address on the connect to use and some cards do live address changes. They support this actually. We end the situations. We're trying to give them something and so far we have not got taken them. I have currently no idea how we're going to reach the 100 millisecond goal but we need to go there at some point so we have to see how this goes. We'll try to make this better but currently it's a fight to get the things into the kernel that we actually can make things differently. WSupplicant is going to continue as it is. IWD is currently better and faster but what are you going to do about this? So IWD 021 is the latest. We haven't got to 1.0 release. I think I promised this for Christmas last year. I ended up doing, it's just a number at the end of the day but we haven't sat down to actually say look this API is totally fine. Now someone is working on P2P support so they're putting P2P support in there so we get this as well. Someone can toy with this one. The API looks really easy and simple so if anybody wants to go back and work on wireless display they can. Yesterday I talked to Leonard and he said his measuring point for how big system D is is still WSupplicant and I was a little confused by that statement. It's like okay I was pretty sure system D is actually larger in source code lines than WSupplicant. So today I did a count. So WSupplicant with everything in it counts around 400,000 lines of code. I was like okay what? Okay they have a lot of stuff in there and a lot of things that duplicate and they're on every OS on the planet and so on and so forth but even if you just look at the supplicant pieces they end up still with plus 300,000 lines of code. I mean then I said okay let's take IWD. The pure demon is 140,000 lines of code. With tools and unit tests and everything around we had 70,000 lines of code. That's still a portion of what WSupplicant actually provides. I said okay that's not too bad. So we did 2,500 commits roughly in the last five years and we ended up with 27 contributors. So I feel pretty happy that at least from a maintainability and code review point of view I think we have done the right thing there. So anybody wants to actually go out and test this. There's an easy switch in Fedora and probably most other distros where you can just install it. Please tell us what isn't working. I mean we have covered most cases. We have outer tests and unit tests for all the heavy things but there's slight and slight variations especially AdoROM networks etc. where things actually don't work. Enterprise network setups if you use them please tell us if they don't work because we're really trying to make this rock solid and workable. And with that one I'm even this time under my 20 minutes. Thank you so much. Questions? I think you go first. It's so much more wonderful than WPA's applicant. What are the current regressions for a normal laptop use case? Since it's so much good I wonder why everybody's not using it yet. So I think why it isn't actually on every distro by default is why we haven't pushed for it. So I think every distro packages it now. Then making the switch takes a while. Nobody's thinking oh we're going to ship something different by default then we have to do with these kind of bugs again if we have some. We have to start pushing for that when it actually gets changed as default in the major distros. But I think everybody has packaged it right now so you can pretty much do an up-get install, yum install or DNF install and then switch the one-liner network manager to make it use. But there will be other bugs coming. We try. That's the next step. Or was there something more to your question? I think there was another one over there. Thanks for the great software. I've been using it for a couple of months now and it actually works very well. For my use cases at least I just have a slight regression or bug or problem in a system D network D context basically where there's this race condition about naming it. It's a bit annoying and do you have any idea how to fix that? The stuff he's talking about is that IWD is too fast. Normally you have system D and system network D introduce the concept of persistent naming. So the interface names are named at a different pattern or something. Actually UDef is too slow and I'm bringing this up so once we already started up and running we will have that interface active and we own it. IWD on some cards actually gets one step further. We actually take all the interfaces away and re-create them. The existence of a network interface with Wi-Fi is a legacy artifact from back in the days that doesn't need to be there. You can do all the Wi-Fi operations for the control path without having the network interface present. The network interface is just the control path. In some situations we actually just remove them all and put them back together. Any kind of naming that you set up is pointless anyway because we keep redoing it. For people that want to have the proper naming for us the only way is to wait until UDef actually finished. It's time wasted. I don't have a good answer for this one. I think I looked at actually because system D network D can do it but it's for UDef to finish. We actually don't look at UDef at all because we don't care because we're told that the interface is there from the Wi-Fi side. I don't have a good answer for this one. Is it that important? It was just kind of a weird annoyance by first using it. All of a sudden your network naming is different again than a lot of configuration breaks. So my personal viewpoint on this one in two or three years is actually IWD do all the network configuration and network D and system D network and I will just follow it. These systems the connection has become unresponsible for setting the right route and the route metrics while the IP configuration of the interface itself it's something that's so fundamentally Wi-Fi specific especially with the new specifications that are coming in where you actually get your IP address already based on the association. So we don't actually need to run DHCP to actually set the interface information. So what we would have to do, we have to pass that back up to the stack so the stack gets then to get it passed back down. It's like why? We already knew what it's supposed to be because the access points give you the IP address within the information elements or some of the action frames. I think that's going to change really quickly. Just a closing question because you didn't really cover this in your talk but do you have any, sorry if I hog the mic but can you tell something about the access point usage with IWD because that you didn't really cover and how that's compared to host APD for instance? So we have the basic access point support so you can switch IWD in a way that it becomes an access point. It's a really rudimentary setup, same as network manager uses, same as everybody else uses. The work on actually having a host APD replacement is ongoing but there's nothing substantial there. That's actually another completely different branch, different ballgame somewhere. We are working on that one as well. So right now you can just set up an access point and then you have to attach it to a bridge and then run your usual stuff. So that works, same as what network manager expect. I think it's even integrated network manager. If you click on the UI there say create an exploit, it actually does work as well. Maybe now you have a question but why does MAC address ram demization causes so much penalty? Can't you just like regenerate them and use one out of the pocket and it should be the same as the native one. So the way you currently have to do it, you have to if down the interface. You have to power down the PHY, this unloads the firmware, then you have to reload the firmware and boot up all your transceivers etc. That's where the big penalty is coming from. We have patches where you can do live address changes. We have a huge discussion, they're not getting accepted and they say I'll just put down the firmware. It's not whatever, who cares. Yes, please. Okay, so apart from that bit, my question is a bit of a follow up on that. You said some cards can do it, as in the card and firmware can do live address changes. Can Intel cards do that? Yes they can. Excellent. So it's pretty much everything that's run on a lot of things that are run on Android 11 based, so soft Mac cards can do it. There might be some slide variations, some of them can't. Full Max card is always the thing is like do they do it or don't they do it. You can always have a new firmware that can do it. It's really no problem. On your website is there a site where all your kernel patches and so on is linked or how can one find them? No. It's on Linux wireless mailing list. Our goal is to get the patches actually into the kernel. But is there like a tag in the patch line also one can look for? Because I guess Linux wireless this is quite high traffic, so it's hard to find those. It's not high traffic, but it is traffic. Okay, my definition of high traffic is kernel mailing list. Never mind. No, I don't think so. We can make this happen. If someone wants to toy with this one, we can see if we get this on the Wiki of the IW Wiki and say look, these are the patches you can test out. And the second thing I want to note that from the core boot perspective or booting Linux fast, I think there's the same problem that there's a lot of parts in the Linux kernel where there's a lot of sleeps and so on which are much too long especially in graphics cards which really hurt performance. So if you have an idea how to force developers to not do this like in review that's for example to justify everything which takes longer than 10 milliseconds or so, I'm open to suggestions but I hit these problems a lot in storage and in graphics especially. So the way with any connectivity technology is that if you don't program it asynchronously, you're going to get screwed anyway. IWD is fully asynchronous compared to WSimplican which is a lot of synchronous operation and that gets to bite you. That's why we sometimes get the speed, that's why we faster than UDF actually to grab the interface and just own it. So the most you can make asynchronous, the better you can make any decisions and get this going. So that's my only recommendation. It doesn't work always. With file systems and storage you have blocking operations that need to be blocking because they need to be synchronous. With wireless technologies it's a little bit different because they are by its nature. Awesome synchronous. I think my time is up now if I've got this right. So thanks everybody have a good day.


Oh! Hello! Hello everyone, welcome back to another video! So if you remember, not too long ago, I took an adventure to a wadgy island and subdued Godzilla. Or at least, I went in its mouth. I don't know if I really subdued it. I can certainly see that this is indeed Godzilla! And today's video also has something to do with the big man himself. Say hello Godzilla! Why are we still here? Just to suffer. Because we are going to be taking a look at Godzilla's burgers! That's right! Godzilla has three burgers premiering now at... Makudanarudo! I don't think they just call it maku, right? Yeah. And it's a good job! I'm really hungry, because otherwise, I might die. So without further ado, how about we just go and get some McDonald's? Bye! Bye! Bye! Look at me going to McDonald's! Clicking all the burger-y things and then getting my wife's snuggies! I shouldn't have filmed this after eating it all. Well, there we have it! I mean, hello! Okay, so let's see what we got. I'm assuming this is going to be yours, wouldn't you? There you go! They all fit in here, Jesus! Okay. Oh, the wrapping! Oh, that's kind of cool. Look at that! When I was watching Godzilla minus one, I kept on thinking of the remix of the Godzilla sound. I was waiting for it to go... The whole time. Okay, that's one of the burgers. We've got another burger there, and we've got the third burger! In order of appearance, probably this time, the smoky pepper chicken! Then we have the double teriyaki cheese thing, and here we have the... Thick, sorry, spicy thick beef and potato! I don't really know which one to start with. Let's go with the one that I'm least looking forward to, and that is the cheese double teriyaki, because they love to do teriyaki burgers here, but they are a horrible mess, so let's look at that! What? Too strong? It's my opinion! I'm not being paid by McDonald's! Yeah, chicken nuggets are in there, wouldn't you? Teriyaki burger. Oh, yeah. Oh, this is definitely... Oh, God, yes. You know what I said that they're horrendous messes? Yeah. Yeah, no, that's definitely teriyaki sauce. Hold on. There you go. Get a lovely shot of that, Winnie. The m-m-money shot! So, hopefully, this'll be still warm. It feels warm. Oh! It's not like teriyaki chicken. Is that an egg in there? I can easily eat all of that. There you go. Have a look at the inside. Inside of the burger. I mean, comparison to the pictures that they put out, yeah, it's kind of okay. I wouldn't say that's completely untrue. That looks quite nice. It is quite nice. Here you go. There's the burger bun on the top. With two sesame types. Cheese, mayo, lettuce, and I think two beef patties. It's a solid seven, I would say. It's a good burger. I didn't know that's what a Godzilla tasted like, but hey, hope. Anyway, on to this one, which is the... Oh, what was it again? And so this one is the smoky pepper chicken. All right, there you go. Does it look as good as the image? This one a little bit more bland than the first one, I'd say.  But let's see what's under the bun. Uh, one bit of bacon. It actually does kind of look like bacon. Japan doesn't really do bacon that well. Look at it there. Lovely. Oh, this is so much nicer than eating a million kinder eggs. Oh, there's stuff under the thing as well. Oh, there's like a giant thing of cheese under it. Okay, I didn't get any of the bacon there. Let's see if we can get some more mayo and bacon. Okay.  It's way better than the chicken fillet burger that they normally do. I would give this because I'm a fan of chicken burgers. An eight out of 10. Eight out of 10 zillars. Hey, this is the spicy thick beef and potato. Oh yeah, that's a beef burger. Okay. There you go. You can quite clearly see the potato croque or whatever you want to call it, hash brown. That's right. Hash brown, probably a hash brown, let's be honest. Let's see what just underneath the bun. Just some spicy mayo, it looks like. Time for the taste test. I'm not normally a fan of beef burgers, I'll be honest. I prefer chickens, which I've probably said a million times. Well, I don't know if it's because I'm hungry, but the beef burger actually tastes a bit like beef. Hi, praise going from fast food. And actually, you know, they only do hash browns for breakfast. This is a great way to just have hash browns anyway. Oh, as far as spice goes, it's like a three out of 10. Not that spicy, but I'm not really a fan of spice, so I don't really mind that. The burger is actually really flavourful. More so than I would have thought from a burger. She's got me questioning. What's in it? I'm going to give this one. I think this is also a day. The teriyaki one, out of all of them, is probably the weakest for me personally. But as a standard, they're all really nice. We're in Japan. Why not make the most out of it? Eating Godzilla burgers. Hey! Okay, so now time for the forbidden burger. Yes, look at it. Get a lovely close-up of it, Whitney. One, two, three, yum, yum. What kind of dish is blended to one after a while? I'm not going to lie. That's kind of naughty. That is actually really nice.  You got a Godzilla-sized sandwich, and you've also got Godzilla-sized taste. Hold on, Godzilla. I need napkin. Thank you. You're saying I want you? What? You're Taiwan. Are you sure? What about my new one? The black one. You know, Japan has a lot of these weird little things that they do, the pop-up shops. I think the Fallen Kingdom even did a Jurassic burger. They had the Indorapda. It was like a black bun and stuff like that. It was really cool. And when Dominion came out, I was kind of expecting something similar. And nothing happened. You're awesome. I get it. I'm numb. They're good for you.  If I have to choose between the chicken and the beef, I've probably just picked the chicken, because I'll have that. And if I was to have McDonald's, I would probably have that. I wish I could do more of this, but I know you guys want to see me die with Kinder Eggs. Why'd you hate me? I don't know. Probably another five years till we have another Godzilla burger or Jurassic. Who knows? Anyway, until next time, I'll see you later. Bye.


what's up guys today we're going to be opening a case of maximum gold the newest yugioh set i'm actually really excited about this set there's been a lot of craziness like there's the blue eyes which is pretty tough to pull there's all these awesome reprints the sweet new gold rare there's also been crazy misprints pulled out of here that are costing like hundreds and thousands of dollars so maybe we can pull some of those i'm extremely excited to open this so i'm going to open the first this is not a case right here this is just a box a case contains four boxes so i'm going to be opening up one of these boxes and then i'm going to open up the other three boxes but i've already opened about all the packaging because maximum gold is known for doing a lot of packaging so we're going to show you guys what the whole packaging looks like on one box the rest will be already open so we can save a little bit of time also i want to let you guys know that sassy auto is selling maximum gold he sold me two cases he is selling these these boxes right here they have five mini boxes inside the mini boxes have four packs for any box so 20 packs per box at $99.99 he's also giving you a discount if you buy more than one but the link will be in the description it's a pretty good deal because that's what i pay for my whole case i paid $400 he's giving you even less if you buy more than one box which is pretty cool so go over there and check that out also the giveaway for this video let's push this back dedication through light and darkness invasion of chaos mage power from labyrinth of nightmare and united we stand from labyrinth of nightmare all you have to do is like this video be subscribed and let me know your favorite card from maximum gold i'm actually really excited about it so let's go ahead and crack into this first we'll check out the box so you got the normal uh gold i don't have a lot of room these are actually really really big so that's why we didn't do the whole case like on screen but yeah there we go there's your dual links thing we got this box and then it's kind of a display thing so now we have the five mini boxes so you can uh you can pop this up you can set it up it's just like the uh haunted mind kind of set up all right then you get five of these mini boxes let's go ahead and get these out we're going to get the display out of the way then we have the five mini boxes right here each of these has four booster packs in it so this is the easiest way i think there's a little uh tab right there that holds it together under the plastic so i found this out once i was opening all these it took forever so the negative part of opening these is it takes a long four packs so let's go ahead and open these see what happens see if we can pull something cool the number one card in here i think is infinite impermanence so that's not even a surprise because every time infinite impermanence is in something it's worth a lot all right let's go with the first pack of maximum gold i think you get two of the gold rares every pack i'm not totally sure i'm not i'm not sure at all let's just get into it i'm pretty excited for this here we go we got white prints that's a nice reprint there can all of you want oh my goodness like i was shiny that is laundry dragon made not sure what the value is wait oh man is this a good sign that we're gonna get a misprint what are you guys going on over there is that what is that that looks super weird that might be like a very slight one they just had really weird print quality and a lot of them are really cool oh i just saw what we got ghost bell and hot and mansion the sinnering is terrible on it i'm hoping that we get some crazy misprints that would be epic like we get like a blue wise misprint guys that would be absolutely insane so first of all let's just check out this awesome rarity i'm not gonna lie this might be my favorite new rarity because i like collector's rare and i like starlight this rarity looks incredible i don't know about you guys maybe i'm maybe i'm getting a little too excited about it but i think it looks really good let me know what you guys think about the new rarity i mean i think it's awesome i think it's really cool it's definitely better than old gold rares i didn't i used to hate them and then they kind of grew on me it's where i kind of liked them but now i'm uh i'm sold on these i think these are awesome all right here we go artifact lancy it was that in the second card last time maybe it was okay i guess i'm not gonna sleep all of these sardis charge warrior okay so we're gonna get two per pack we're gonna be opening 80 packs today we're gonna put 160 gold rares hopefully we can pull something good you know well we'll definitely pull something good but hopefully we'll pull like you know all the cards that would be pretty cool ali ester ali ester ali alistar alistar i think it's how you say it look check check out up there looks like whitening oh that kind of looks bad and utopia the lightning that looks incredible okay focus please check that out that looks so good i just like how the texture there's yeah there is apparently foil shift on like potential on these so it's kind of cool we're definitely gonna have to speed up i'm going super slow this is gonna be a long video whoo this is gonna be a long video okay oh monster reborn i know it's not that expensive that is super cool zoodiac dried in i think dried isn't dried into um like pretty good now or is like i think zoodiacs are actually pretty decent now because i remember when i first got back into yugioh it was right after the zoodiacs got like banned so it was they were not good anymore yeah i definitely go out that i did this ahead of time for the other three okay here we go next pack of gold series maximum gold come on nurse dragon maid okay good madolche a chicka latte chicka chicka latte chicka latte chicka chicka latte chicka look at those chicka lattes are those not the cutest things you've ever seen oh my goodness that's the best part all spooky dogwood okay awesome this is gonna take forever to edit it absolutely forever because one we have chicka lattes two we have a million different prices three we have 80 packs oh whoa check out off center this guy is oh oh please give us some crazy crazy uh card oh my goodness look at the corner it looks terrible that's weird anti magic arrows that one's way off centered as well i think we can put this with our ferrani guardian cards and do our uh dual links farming strategy anti magic arrows gravekeepers vassal and secret paths to the treasure classic okay cyber dragon infinity oh my goodness the sintering is like even worse oh my goodness the sintering is awful on these cards foolish berry oh cool oh red eyes black dragon check out the sintering we're not grading this guy that's for sure red eyes we're definitely sleeping him up incredible i think he's only like five or six bucks but that's awesome if we got like a misprint red eyes that would be awesome foolish burial goods i think the only like go i forgot to mention that they are gold gold letter rares okay that card is bent that card is bent fantastic all right yeah so that the quality is not great on these cards that is unfortunate but uh it's so really cool yeah but gold letter rares first time they've ever done it okay look these are are these always in different spots in the pack because look these are back to back now drool drool and lockbird got another reprint that card has been reprinted into the ground okay i'm gonna open these up real quick i'm gonna open all three of these up real quick because opening these is taken forever all right we're back with all these packs here we go this is gonna be absolutely nuts here we go time to get rolling with these openings 80 packs of maximum gold you guys have asked for it harpies feather duster let's go that's good for our 2003 format oh fantasm a there we go fanta i should probably be separating these gold rares yeah until like a decent pile yeah okay here we go now we got our piles situated we were ready to go now we can pull some insane cards like blue eyes reinforcement of the army that's pretty cool poly that's also really cool to get in gold i like that we've got a massive stack can we get some misprints i'm guessing that they would probably all be together like not just like one misprint you know what i mean start us charge warrior that card's definitely dinged up on the top zudiac chaconine yeah let me know if any of those oh look our favorite card coling made it from judgment light and so did the chicolates they snuck on to the hoop cake and they snuck in here into the set wolf park no nurse dragon made nice elvish the golden lord elvish elvish yeah that's how you say it that's very weird that is the second best card in the set i think it's like 15 bucks or something somewhere on there but when i checked i checked today so the the prices had you know they'd come down to like a little bit more reasonable because usually when the set pops they're a little bit crazy guy of the dragon champion foolish burial another drill that's nice yeah the number one card is i said it already infinite and permanent so we want to get at least one of that guy we'll kind of see maybe a little bit of case ratios probably can't do it just based off one case solemn judgment awesome nabiru that's got reprinted again it got hit in ot s 14 and in gold i think it's only around seven eight bucks definitely sleeping up solemn judgment because it's awesome that card's been reprinted a lot as well all right so we've seen the red eyes um i think i think dark magicians in here but i couldn't find it on the price guide okay levion here is it like not in here or something because i know red eyes and blue eyes are okay here's totally awesome and cyber dragon infinity that's cool super cool actually all right totally awesome is was that like three bucks i don't know if we'll go down more or not here we go give us something good oh speaking of something good the blue eyes white dragon this guy might actually be hard to grade because of how crappy this printing is so maybe we'll send this one in white the sintering looks it's a little bit off the corners aren't too great yet play nine i'll look barrier statues another utopia the lightning that's cool yeah cool get that blue eyes white dragon the blue eyes white dragon consteller pletius zodiac chakonine dark lord naston man there are so many packs right here this is fun i like gold series gold series is definitely fun monster roborn madolce knights miscellaneous sores okay i don't know if i've ever seen that card before where's the original printing for that card anti magic arrows house dragon maid there are a lot of dragon maids in here house dragon maid that's a fusion all right we pulled blue eyes pulled red eyes so we will find maybe we'll find out if there's a dark magician elder entity miss and kitchen dragon mate i can't remember which of the dragon maids are good and which aren't i don't know they're probably all good you know in some way but uh i don't know what the most valuable one is here we go rank up magic the seventh one nabiru nice we still have not pulled impermanence though where's the impermanence also no like a real misprints we've had some weirdly printed ones but no misprints that's kind of like the main hope here besides just pulling the cards here a little the arc light super poly that's probably pretty good here a little the arc light was worth something so and like it's original i think a super rare printing so i that might be worth a little bit super poly and nabiru both ultimate rare printings then they're in gold series that's super weird they're like yeah we're not making you we're not gonna let you be worth very much okay like the way that these cards sit is super weird beatrice lady of the eternal oh my dog is anti magic arrows and these cards are so shiny they're crazy shiny so unique parlor dragon maid ash blossom and joyous spring there we go the alternate art well that is very cool i'm i'm definitely gonna have to grab a reinforcement of the sleeves over here man there is a lot of cool cards in here ash blossom enjoy springs there are a lot of packs left there are a lot of cards to sleeve in this set you know it just seems feels like they all should be worth something eater of millions chaos dragon levion here ghost bell and haunted mansion okay that's a good pack yeah these packs so that they're averaging about five dollars each of you buy them with sassy autos link so make sure you check that out five bucks each is not too bad for gold series and usually they gold series tends to get more expensive rather than than tank and especially with all these good reprints i would think and having a blue eyes in it you know that's always a good thing to solemn judgment oh we go solemn unexpected die the phantom night of rusty bardic bardic i don't know all right give us an impermanence give us another blue eyes the infernity mirage okay totally awesome there that's good and apollosa apollosa let me say that apollosa is he got or she got hit in megaton and then got hit in this so they're just really doubling down on the reprints here apollosa apollosa it's not a lousa sounds weird somebody's gonna get mad if i call it apollosa i should probably just keep going apollosa okay all right beatrice lady of the eternal elder entity again okay what can we pull we've pulled some fire so far oh that one's jacked the edges are destroyed the centering is awful no there's a machine dupe charge warrior and man they really have reprinted a lot of good cards in here shean dupes allister allister the invoker sky striker ace kagari has a couple of good ones okay infinite imperm is it short printed i haven't heard nurse dragon made okay cyber dragon infinity another nice one see i don't really know the values on these but i know that they are formerly valuable probably gonna stop sleeping stuff up because i just have so many cards sleeved right now it's almost like the stack doesn't make any sense it's like well it's all good i don't know poly and zodiac dried hint those are cool very nice gold series maximum gold infernity mirage nice house dragon made and lady debug lady debug oh eldritch the golden lord and ghost ogre and snow rabbit talk about a pack wow now those are definitely getting sleeves man these uh these ghost sisters have been printed to oblivion they already have a set where they're literally in it every time like a starter deck it's yeah dual dual devastating man that one's killed every time can stellar tell this or whatever oh there it is so there is one dark magician now we fold them all the dark magician that is pretty awesome that is pretty awesome forbidden chalice forgot that was in here that's nice ash blossom enjoys springs very nice very nice well we're we're getting some good polls i feel like i feel like we're getting good cards almost every single time chaos dragon livi any are both arts are in here that's so cool that is super cool all right we still have a bunch of packs left and we've pulled some really good stuff we still have not impaled an imperme though pull to el glitch but no imperme cyber dragon infinity yet they have both arts of that too that's really cool another red eyes black dragon awesome so so far these don't seem too hard to pull i guess it was just a coincidence that early on nobody was pulling them that is really cool really cool laundry dragon made another drill that's like a either at least a play set it'd be nice to see what we get out of a whole case maybe we'll go over everything we got solemn judgment another winter time dragon core rank up magic lady the buck parlor dragon maiden miscellaneous sores the craziness boral sword all the alt-art boral sword man the problem with these cars man they're just the edges are just not good miscellaneous sores again okay here we go Beatrice i feel like we get that a lot ash blossom yes yes very good very good ash blossom next pack dark lord axle herald of the arc light not bad cosmo dark destroyers in here okay that's one that's from our favorite set um whatever it's called i already i just forgot what it's all dimension of chaos yeah secret rare in docks herald of the arc light cosmo town i feel like we've actually pulled good now that i'm seeing some of the other ones we could have pulled like we've actually pulled some really good cards all right just one imperm so far chaos dragon we've pulled a lot of him that guy we've pulled like five of as well there's definitely like some shorter printed ones i would say or it seems like i can't say definitely with only one case and not even having opened all of it yet beatrice is definitely does not seem to be shorted house dragon made we're getting down to the last 15 packs or so it's probably like the last box or so alistar the invoker elvish the golden lord that's a play set that's really good those are 15 bucks each so that's pretty strong fortunately they haven't been like too dinged up it seems like all right drowning mirror force anti magic arrows and cyber dragon infinity can we pull another blue eyes we've only pulled one blue eyes parlor dragon made ash blossom again i will take that we have pulled a lot of ash blossom like that's like four or five now that's super good super good even though it has been printed a lot recently here we go phantom knights and cosmo town linkeribo and i mean terraforming that's a good rare and linkeribo like there's all kinds of great stuff that have been reprinted that are like former two or three dollar cards blue eyes white dragon okay it's got dings on the top this one's in worse condition than the first one the texture on these is so cool though that's awesome and we got a martial metal okay so now we have two of every starter so that's good we've got three red eyes and two dark magician two blue eyes ghost ochre and snow rabbit infernity mirage there are a lot of good cards in here a lot of good cards here we go the phantom knights and house dragon main yeah it's so weird all the golds are just like they're just like somewhere in the pack you never know could be anywhere ash blossom another one we're pulling this car like crazy i figure it's worth like five bucks at least right it might be worth less because there's a lot of reprints but feel like it's pretty decent harpy's feather duster only our second one start us charge warrior that's pretty cool man just look at this gold stack it looks weird from the side you can barely tell okay last like 10 packs or so out of 80 what can we pull here can we pull another imperme we've only pulled one rank up magic and another cosmo town we have pulled a lot of those recently first i hadn't pulled it at all at the beginning now we pull him like crazy stratos good and cyber dragon infinity okay good cards there here we go boreal sword okay that's like a play set fantasm is that only our second one i think it might be our only our second one that's a pretty good pack though when you get boreal sword and fantasm in the same pack okay come on let's finish strong eater of millions monster reborn i'll take that unexpected die cosmo dart destroy it look at that centering wow they have really the centering is not good on some of these cards no errors though really i mean that's unfortunate ash blossom yes ash blossom that's a good one to get like eight times i will take that that's pretty crazy we keep pulling it okay last four packs so basically last mini box can we pull something crazy to end it tour got wait what tour guide we haven't seen one at all why does this look so blurry on the text does this not look weird time out is it double stamped or something look check that out somebody tell me what the deal is with this this seems like super thick for some reason that's weird i don't know what's going on with that tour guide that's super weird let me somebody let me know oh crap it is like super weird i mean who i mean what do you expect this this set but pretty cool pretty cool first one and a house dragon maid so maybe we did get some sort of mini error but three more packs that's very kind of weird looking elemental hero stratos nice play set cyber dragon infinity oh there goes a totally awesome i feel like i've missed some totally awesome let me know if i did so i can search through this massive pile of gold letter rears okay two more packs let's see here we go blue eyes yes a play set of oh and impermanence look at that pack what a way to end it blue eyes and impermanence okay not quite end it second to last blue eyes white dragon our third one and our second infinite impermanence incredible absolutely incredible that is awesome that is a great pack all right final pack that was a crazy second to last pack we got infinite impermanence and blue eyes i'm taking that all day it's like a 30 dollar pack here we go what can we get in the last pack oh my gosh here they go cyber dragon core dark rebellion xc dragon we haven't got many of that and a number 39 okay did you warrior ladies in here as well all right let's see what we got in all these packs from our whole case i'm gonna go over kind of the cards worth around a dollar or more there are a lot of them right now figure that will change but for now it's kind of insane what is it a dollar and not so the first we got two polys we got one tour guide one chaos dragon this art they have the different art that one's worth less three chalices three solemn judgment we got a chukka nines we got five of those we got three of the alternate art stratos we got three monsters reborns oh maybe the chaos dragon's worth more okay yes there's four of this art which are better we got three allister the invoker five of the four of the miscellaneous dragon two fantastical dragons fantasma one of the alternate art ghost ogre three totally awesome gold rip letter rare is the only good one pretty much super polymerization one of the alternate art ghost ogre or that the regular right i can't remember and then we got four nurse dragon made one kitchen dragon made um three borosaur dragon altar one apollosa then into the bigger hitters we've got um three red eyes we got one two three four five drill and lock bird that's pretty awesome we got three nabiris that's awesome two hoppy's feather dusters these are actually worth like seven eight bucks is the unban i guess we got two dark magicians and then an insane amount of ash awesome there's actually the alternate art in here too we pulled zero of the other art well this is the alternate art there are the regular art we put one two three four five six of the alternate art and zero of the regular art that's super weird then we got three blue eyes wide dragons third most valuable card in the set we got three l l blitz the second most valuable and two infinite impermanence overall i think we did pretty good i'll pop up how much value we got back from our four hundred dollars spent if you guys are interested in buying some gold make sure you check out sassy autos listing below you buy multiple you get a discount so pretty awesome that's for today guys hope you guys enjoyed the video see you guys later peace