These people are playing a sport called Ultimate Frisbee in Denver, Colorado. When you mention that you play Ultimate Frisbee, they either ask if it's disc golf, or if it's the sport where you throw a Frisbee to your dog. No, it's neither of those, unfortunately. Scores like football, runs a lot like basketball, but kind of has positions and plays like soccer. Ultimate Frisbee is basically kind of like soccer with a disc. There are no referees or judges in Ultimate Frisbee. Good game! With Ultimate, there's something called the spirit of the game. The self-officiated sport, so everybody's responsible for settling their own disputes on the field. You can cheer each other on. Even the other team congratulates you on good play, and that's the way it should be. Awesome. So I bring my little girls, and they love it, because I think it teaches them that girls can do anything. They can compete with men. They can beat men even better. On this day, each team has both men and women. This is a co-ed sport. Every team has to have three of each gender on the field at all times. Age does not keep people from playing. I'm a 50-year-old guy, and I can come out here and play, and still be competitive against younger people, and I get a workout that I can't make myself do other ways. I'm Rilagro Sardin.


I once asked my philosophy professor why on earth we were learning about Aristotle's infinite regress argument. He just looked at me and said, IN TUITION. Regardless of what country you're from, I hope that you had a happy American Independence Day, and that you have exactly as many fingers as you had on July 3rd. If you happened to pass the day reflecting on the origins of the United States, you might have happened to read the Declaration of Independence, which, after a very dramatic preamble, states, we hold these truths to be self-evident. It's a good line, one of the only additions Benjamin Franklin made to Jefferson's text, which originally asserted, we hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable. Franklin was sensitive to the prevailing attitudes of the European Enlightenment, which had swung away from religious or spiritual justifications for ideas, and more towards things like science and reason, where supposed divine endorsement was less convincing than someone's personal verification. That's really what we're talking about here, justification, the support used to defend some assertion or belief from skepticism. The Declaration claims that its assertions of unalienable rights and the equality of all men are self-evident, that everyone should have a compelling intuition that these ideas are true, and that the assertions made by the authors are therefore justified. That's a pretty bold claim, as the obvious counterclaim seems equally valid. If you don't feel like these starting assumptions are true, then I guess those uppity colonists should really pay for all that tea they threw out. For philosophers, self-evident intuitions can be informative, but they're usually not treated as sufficient justification on their own for belief or disbelief. You probably agree with that attitude in most cases. If someone told you that you were in grave danger and when you asked how they knew they said it was just a hunch, you'd be right to be dubious. Intuitions are notoriously suspect as justification for all sorts of good reasons. They're often inconsistent between different people, or even for the same person. They can be manipulated easily by influencing someone's environment or mood. And, unlike other means of justification, like evidence or perception, there's no way to objectively verify someone's gut. It's not hard to see why many philosophers don't hold intuition in the same sort of esteem as other modes of justifying ideas. In fact, one of the most common criticisms of the practice of philosophy is that it frequently questions attitudes and assumptions that most people find blazingly obvious, or self-evident, and that philosophers sometimes have a tendency to reject those assumptions. There are consians who firmly believe that you should not lie to a murderer about where his victim is hiding. There are Platonists who actually believe that eternal, causally inert, abstract objects exist outside time and space. If you learn the reasons why they believe such things, that might sound a little less crazy, but even the most ardent defenders of these positions will admit that they're not really aligned with how most humans think. Strangely enough, despite the caution with which philosophers tend to approach claims supported solely by intuition, one of the founding figures of philosophy claimed that it wasn't ever really possible to escape its role in reasoning. Aristotle, in his Massive Treatise Metaphysics, wrote, it is impossible that there should be a demonstration of absolutely everything. For then, there would be an infinite regress, so there would still be no demonstration. Let's unpack that. For anything you might want to explain, any proposition you might want to put forward, you must appeal to something else to explain or justify it, maybe some bit of evidence, maybe some logical principle. That's fine, but now you have a new proposition that you must also explain somehow. That explanation will require a third thing, which requires a fourth, and so on, unto infinity. As we can never actually supply an infinite number of explanations, at some point we have to stop, leaving the entire chain of justifications dangling from a single proposition that we justify only by saying that it seems to be true. That's kind of a big deal, because an explanatory chain is only as strong as its weakest link. If someone were to say, I believe you should jump out of the car immediately, because I believe it is in danger of exploding, because I believe there's a fire that will light the gas tank, because I might have smelled something burning. The strength of the other justifications is moot compared to the weakness of the last one. This is an interesting challenge to epistemology, the philosophy of knowledge and justification. In some ways, it seems to point towards universal or academic skepticism, the flat-out denial that knowledge is even possible. Take the law of non-contradiction. No statement can be simultaneously true and false. How do we know that's accurate? Well, it seems ludicrous to suggest that it could be otherwise, right? It's one of the most fundamental and tautological ideas that we can imagine. How can it possibly be wrong? All that is to say, it seems very intuitive. And if our friend feels the same way about us being in danger, he has the same sort of justification to believe that. If all reasoning, if logic itself ultimately rests on an intuition that the law of non-contradiction is true, and intuition is insufficient justification for belief, that invalidates the entire enterprise of reasoning and knowledge to begin with. The argument is self-refuting if you give it a little thought, but it might well be cause for concern. If we can't find any justification for believing the law, we're really up the philosophical creek without a paddle. Some thinkers, including Aristotle, solve this problem by suggesting that it's possible for an idea, like the law of non-contradiction, to be so intuitive or so infallible that it no longer requires outside justification to be true. Ideas that fall into this category could then be used to justify other beliefs, to build an entire belief structure from some first principles. This position is called foundationalism. The most famous foundationalist construction is probably Descartes Cogito, the whole I think therefore I am thing. He took the existence of a thinker as one of these irrefutable foundations, asserting that his existence was inarguably justified by the subjective awareness that he was thinking, and in turn, using that underlying fact to draw conclusions about other likely aspects of the universe. However, foundationalism has some potential difficulties. Some people find it hard to believe that there exist some special class of assertions that are exempt from the normal requirements for justification. Others have pointed out a sort of recursive, Gordellian objection to the idea. If you say that some assertion has some special quality that makes it foundational, you're actually making a new and different assertion, one that doesn't have that quality and isn't exempt from justification. Now you have to prove that your foundations are foundational. Great. Another more recent approach to solving Aristotle's regress focuses more on mutual coherence rather than some hierarchy of justification. We've discussed coin's analogy of a web of belief, the idea that all of our beliefs are interlinked and interdependent, and while some more central concepts might be connected to many others, making them much more essential for the overall structure, there's nothing that you can really point to and say, this is the origin for everything else, the way a foundationalist might. A coherentist cares more about the whole system's internal consistency, how each belief works with every other belief in the web. The idea of a chain of justification still makes some sense, but rather than a straight line, coherentism allows that chain to be attached at multiple points. In many ways, that makes sense. We rarely have just one reason we believe anything. Generally speaking, using A to justify B to justify C to justify A is not okay. Critics of the coherentist approach say that allowing circular justifications like this is tantamount to the logical fallacy of begging the question, asserting that something is true because it is. Also, just because a set of beliefs is internally consistent doesn't necessarily mean that it's correct, so there's that. As with most things in philosophy, those options aren't comprehensive. They're useful umbrella terms for hundreds of distinct, interesting, and complex positions that have cropped up since Aristotle's time. The field of epistemology is one of philosophy's most dense and nuanced areas, mostly because philosophers understand the value of being able to justify the things they believe without just shrugging and saying, I don't know, it just seemed like it's true to me. But hey, maybe that's good enough for you. It was certainly good enough for the folks who wrote the Declaration of Independence, and as we all know, King George III found their justifications totally convincing, and nothing bad happened. What are your intuitions about Aristotle's infinite regress argument and the coherentist and foundationalist responses to it? Please leave a comment below and let me know what you think. Thank you very much for watching. Don't forget to blah, blah, subscribe, blah, share, and don't stop thunking.


How's it going boys and welcome back to another unboxing and review for the security breach merchandise This box right here. I've got the mystery minis. I only managed to get five so this video might not be all too long I have been waiting for these for a while now Just saying they were originally supposed to ship out on like the 15th Then they moved to like the 25th then they moved to the 28th And so here we are today September 1st with them finally So honestly, I don't want to waste any more time. Of course. You already know I've got my knife back and ready to get cut in let's all smash the like at the same time Three two one go go go go. So let's get cutting boys. I'm new slice right here. Hopefully I don't break any of them very sweet Probably I probably shouldn't cut towards me. It's probably not a good idea. Anyways, it's basically open Look at that They give me more of these things and my green screen is not on this time. Let's go Honestly boys, I'm kind of digging this box. Look at this. It's got the logo there. It got glam rock Freddy I'm getting their names right this time. I know in the McFarland video I called the rock stars clay rock my mistake. You got these dudes on the side You have the rareities will go over shortly and then you have the third I mean the fourth and final side top looks cool bottom a lot of copyright and stuff Whatever so the rarity is now. Let's go over that. So it looks like glam rock Freddy is a 1 in 6 This isn't really focusing all that well black light Freddy is a 1 in 24 glam up chica 1 in 6 black light chica 1 in 12 rock sand 1 in 12 black light rock sand 1 in 24 Montgomery 1 in 6 Vanny 1 in 6 glow-in-the-dark Monty is 1 36 flocked Vanny is 1 in 36 Blow-in-the-dark glam rock Freddy is a 1 in 72 and then golden Freddy right golden glam rock Freddy is a 1 in 72 so hopefully I don't have Too many repeated guys because again I only have five and the odds of me getting duplicates are pretty high with just five So let's not waste any more time. Let's open the first box just like the action figures I really do want to keep this box. So I'm gonna try and open it Relatively so it doesn't break, you know relatively calm and peacefully whatever So we have whoever this is right now. I'm trying to feel I am it's probably doesn't sound the best I think it's a Freddy. Yeah, it's definitely a Freddy. I can feel the ears. I think yeah, it's gotta be a Freddy All right, let's open it not gonna look I'm gonna try and pull them out I can get them out. All right. Let's see who it is. Oh, it's no. It's Roxanne. It's black light Roxanne Damn, look at that. That actually looks pretty sick. So that's a 1 in 24 So right off the bat our odds are pretty good. Look at black light Roxanne. She looks pretty cool. Actually, I Love the hair the keytor looks great as well All the colors are just really nice if they could focus on the figure and not me that'd be nice though She can just barely move So that's a little nice little mobility there. Yeah overall. I actually really love the colors for this one I think it looks really nice.  Oh, that's so great All right, let's move on to the second box. All right second box Who could this be? I feel a point. It might be Vanny. I don't know Maybe I should feel around a bit more before I make assumptions, but I feel like it is Vanny. Oh, no It's Monty. It's actually Monty because I can feel his Mohawk. Yeah, it's definitely gonna be Monty What type of Monty though? Let's have a look. Oh, it's just normal Monty to be fair He looks real nice. Oh, he's got he's got purple eyes. I don't think his eyes are purple actually No, his eyes are red and his glasses are supposed to be purple tinted, but this is the figure really detailed I love the little tail at the back. That's cute I think turning Monty into a mystery mini was probably pretty difficult because his head and his snout is just so big So turning it into a tiny figure was probably difficult, but I think they did a really good job Look at that. I know the camera is not focusing Which is very annoying because I'm trying to show off these figures But the camera's like no we want to see your face. You don't want to see the space camera. Yeah overall Monty very nice figure I'm glad my hope is that I can get the five main characters Freddie, Chica, Roxanne, Monty and Vanny I don't think that's gonna be the case though. I have a feeling I'm probably gonna get a duplicate of one character at least But anyways, let's move on to the third box. All right, we've got it here. Who is this? It might be I definitely feel ears. You know what? It's a Freddy. I can feel the ears. It's got a top hat It's definitely Freddy. I'm glad we haven't gotten any duplicates so far. I feel like we're gonna get one soon though So what type of Freddy is this? Oh Shoot boys. Oh shoot. That is one of the rails.  That's a one in seventy Frickin two. Let's go Monty was a one in six. I didn't mention it because he's he's pretty um Pretty common, but glow-in-the-dark claymark Freddy though, dude. Alright, we're definitely gonna test this guy out This guy looks so cool. I love the glitter originally on the images I think he was green but that was when he was in the dark So this is what he looks like and again, he looks so cool. I love the glitter I love the I love the yellowness of it. I want to see what he looks like in the dark though Oh, there's a good focus. Thank you camera. Alright, I'm gonna put a flashlight on this guy And then we'll come back to him later. Alright fourth box no duplicates so far. So we're aiming for um No duplicates honestly, but we're aiming for all the characters again. Alright. I've got the package. Who is this? Who is this? I feel a point. I don't think it's Vanny then again, it might be I Think it is Vanny cuz I can feel oh no, it's it's Monty. I think yeah, it's definitely Monty Hopefully at the very least it's not the same original Monty, but then again, he has a one in six Damn it Whatever I knew this was gonna happen at least one duplicate. It was it was bound to happen look at him though He's still very nice as usual. We've already taken a look at him. So I'll I won't spend too much time on him final box Let's hope that it's not a duplicate. Come on. I will probably get more mystery minis It's just I didn't want to Completely waste a hundred dollars on these things. So I just bought five for now. Alright final box What is this? I feel ears. I think it might be Roxanne Yeah, it's definitely Roxanne. Oh Please don't be a duplicate. Yeah, it's Roxanne. I think because black light Roxanne is what a 1 in 24 Hopefully that means we either got Actually, there's only one other Roxanne. So hopefully it's just the og Roxanne. Let's have a look. Hey Let's go Technically we did get a duplicate of Roxanne, but at least it's different You know, this is the original one as opposed to the black light one again I love this figure as well. Oh, that's a good focus camera. There you go, buddy. Yeah, I love the mystery minis I love their attention to detail. I love the paint It's all very nice and even though it is technically a Roxanne duplicate at least it's not the same one All right, so glow-in-the-dark Freddy has had a flashlight pointing at it for quite a bit So let's check to see how much he glows in the door. Oh boys. Look Look at this. That's so cool Look, it's better further away.  That's so cool Nice. Yeah, so those are all of the mystery minis I have so far again to recap. We got og Monty Looking real nice. Look at that tiny detail on his guitar. That's so good to Monty again Because of course, it's a one-in-six. Of course, we'd get a duplicate og Roxanne right here the original one Very nice very epic black light Roxanne Right there. She's all yellow with what appears to be blue and green Come on focus camera accent colors, which is nice and then of course the one-in-72 character glow-in-the-dark Glamrock Freddy. This is amazing dude. I can't believe we got a one-in-72 out of five Packages dude. So yeah, that is that again. I'll probably get more I don't know if I'll do a second video on them if I get enough maybe I will if not I'll probably just post it to my Instagram and Twitter Linked down below. So yeah, that's it for me for now. Thank you again so much for watching another unboxing and review of Security Breach merchandise, and I'll see you all on the flip side. Goodbye


Hello, my name is Tahira Afga from Hortzentrum Oldenburg, Germany. I would like to invite you to our talk, Development of a Novel Self-Assessment Hearing Loss and Communication Disability Tool, HEAL Command Tool based on the ICF standard. HEAL Command Tool is a new broad questionnaire designed for self-assessment of hearing loss, functioning communication and conversation ability. This is a new patient reported outcome tool and is applicable for before-after treatment. This is also usable for quality assurance of rehabilitation and audiological services. The model that we use to design this questionnaire is ICF. ICF is the World Health Organization's international classification of functioning, disability and health framework. By using ICF and using the ICF domains, which are body functions and a structure, activities and participation, and environmental and personal factors, we are able to evaluate the patient's health status or health condition and disorder using a biopsychosocial model. The HEAL Command Tool now is available in English, German and Arabic. It's already filled by 280 subjects and the data collection is ongoing. The questionnaire includes 120 questions, 90 of them are based on the ICF standard and 30 of them are regarding personal factors and ear and hearing status.  Thank you.


Now, as you can see by the look on my face, I am completely and utterly shocked by this revelation. You know, it's surprising that the people who are the most vocally homophobic are actually more insecure about themselves than anything, which is why maybe they focus a little bit too heavily on things that don't ostensibly affect them, like homosexuality and gender identity. I'm looking at you, Steven Crowder. But this is a story about a man named McCray Gayme, and he didn't just found one of many gay conversion clinics. He founded the most prominent one. Now, I'm still shocked by this because looking at this photograph of him, I mean everything about him just screams heterosexuality to me, so I'm sure that this is really difficult for many people to believe that he would be gay, but he did write in a Facebook post, 20 years in ex-gay ministry, I was wrong. Please forgive me. Now, I do want to share a brief clip from his interview with the Post and Courier because it really does show how involved he was with this gay conversion industry in actuality, and he was in deep, which I'm realizing is probably not the best choice of words, but nonetheless, this is his story. I started Truth Ministry, but I believed the gay community was and the world was lying about homosexuality and this whole subject, I just felt like it was a big ruse and there was a lot of deceit, and I was trying to, you know, tell the truth. But now, I think it's the complete opposite. I believe ex-gay ministry is a lie. Conversion therapy is not just a lie, but it's very harmful. But when it takes it to the point of you need to change, and here's a curriculum, here's how you do it, and you know, you haven't changed yet, keep at it, it will happen. I told my wife, I'm like, you know, my attractions are worse than they ever were. I struggled more so trying to deny them than being able to accept my attractions and just say, you know, I'm a gay man. That's just me being honest. I was a hot mess for 26 years and I have more peace now than I ever did. I never felt like what we were doing was conversion therapy, but we were absolutely offering conversion therapy. Early in my years, I used to get a lot of death threats. I used to get a lot of hate mail just on a constant, continual basis. At the time, I took a level of satisfaction that I was getting all this hate mail. It was kind of like, you know, proving that I was doing the right thing.  Maybe you're going in the wrong direction.   Okay, so this really, it has me torn.  Because on one hand, you know, I can empathize with someone who is struggling personally to accept themselves, but to take it a step further and actually create a company, an organization where you take that insecurity that you have and you pass it on to others, there's something especially egregious about this, where, you know, you have done damage to the community. You taught people that their natural feelings, their natural attractions, wasn't just wrong, but they would be punished for it. And sure, you're a product of that, you know, religious environment that led you to that as well. But to take it that far, you know, it's just something that is difficult to forgive and forget after, you know, you caused all this damage.  So maybe you can make up for the lives that you ruin in some roundabout way, but I mean, I'm torn, right?  I'm just sick of it. I'm just absolutely sick of it.  Because nine times out of ten, they turn out to be gay themselves. Like, when I see Steven Crowder, for example, talk about homosexuality all the time, it tells me that there's something deep going on.  Because, I mean, if you focus on something again that doesn't technically affect you at an individual level, then it tells me that you're thinking a lot about this. It tells me that there's a battle going on. And maybe you're not necessarily trying to convince us so much as you're trying to convince yourself. So this is one of the many reasons why I absolutely hate religion. Because if individuals did not use the Bible as a moral guide, then you would just expect that most things that are natural, that we do as human beings or we don't hurt anyone else, that should be morally acceptable. Why does it even make sense to say that, you know, being attracted to someone of the same gender is immoral and it's comparable to murder? Isn't that nonsensical? Like, isn't that something that at face value we can just dismiss and say, okay, if that holy book says that, if that holy book says that thou shall not kill, but the God in that same book commits mass murder constantly. Maybe we shouldn't take that seriously. I mean, it's just, we need to start thinking for ourselves and move away from religion. And if it personally makes you happy and you're not using your religion as a weapon to hurt other people, especially marginalized communities, cool. That's fine. But still, we need to try to be more egalitarian and most of all secular as a society because if we were secular, if we were more egalitarian, gay rights and trans rights and non-binary rights would not be an issue right now. It's only an issue because we are violating norms and societal values that have been instilled on us largely due to religion. I mean, patriarchy is also part of the problem, but that is reinforced by the Bible and religious holy books. So it's frustrating to see these people now after homosexuality has largely been accepted by most of society come out and say, hey guys, I was wrong and what I did was wrong. Because now it's easy. What would have really made a difference is if you were brave enough at the time when we were having this battle and, you know, come out then.   So, you know, now that there isn't social acceptance for transgender people, speak out for them. Speak out for non-binary people. Speak out for individuals who are currently marginalized. Right the wrong. And it seems like he wants to do that. So that's, you know, that's the best that I can hope for. He said he was wrong. He apologized. But I mean, it's just, it's tiring, right? How many of these homophobes, former homophobes will come out and say, guys, I'm gay. I was wrong. I mean, at some point, maybe just don't do the wrong thing, you know, from the beginning.  Understand that something is probably immoral if it causes pain. If I'm inflicting pain on someone, maybe that's immoral. And something that the Bible says as a moral shouldn't be the best indicator because the Bible itself is incredibly immoral with a God that is just a mass murderer. So that's all I'll say about this.  I'm so tired of these people.


A eventful West Coast swing for you guys. What's the feeling as you leave here? Having taken two out of three and win four out of six on the trip? Yeah, I mean, look, it's obviously tough.  And then and then obviously the Dodgers to come in here and and get to after after a tough first inning the first day. Man, the guys did so many things well tonight. Just really, really good all around that for a lot of winning things happening in that game. Domingo Herman really seemed to be on his game very sharp one run, six and two thirds innings. What allowed him to be so effective today? That's Domingo.  I mean, it was just fill in the zone unpredictable. I thought he did a good job. You know, his change up in curveball were outstanding, but I thought he did a good job staying unpredictable. He worked the top of the strike zone. Occasionally with with the four seam and and then had the sinker going, but it's just, I mean, that's what command looks like. That's that's big time command right there. And that's what you got to have when you go up against a lineup like the Dodgers. And then we asked you earlier this week about Anthony Volpe and you said, look, he's a winning player is today an example of exactly what you're talking about. Yeah, I mean, big, big time, maybe right there to give us some breathing room there. Good at bats today. I thought his bats were better today. Good to see him. You know, smoke a base hit earlier in the game and then and then really lean on one there to finish it off. So, yeah, good to see him do that. When you guys checked on her mom, what happened there exactly? I think he just caught his bike in the hole a little bit and rolled his kind of rolled a little bit. So he tapes his ankles though anyway, and they kind of kept him stable. So he was fine. I just wanted to make sure of it because I saw him react kind of funny. You guys have been able to win at this level without several key guys really all year. What do you feel like that says about this team? Yeah, you know what? Just credit to a lot of different people, you know, obviously, you know, judge and Rizzo and Glaber just been constant force and their consistency. But we've gotten contributions all over the place from guys that aren't even still here. Some winning things are happening, which is good. Look, it doesn't mean everyone's hot or everyone's doing great. Some guys are struggling. But when you do things that help you win games, that's what it's about. And I feel like a lot of those things are happening. And it's just a credit to them.  And rinse and repeat. And they are doing that at a really high level, like win or lose. Like we're hooked up on that bench and ready to go. You've used judge today? No, as the game unfolded. No, physically, had you needed him in a spot? Would you have gone to him? Is that a different question? What was that say that one again? Well, I'm saying like an emergency situation. Do you feel I don't know? He could have gone out there in any way. I didn't even get to that point with it. You know, he's just getting treatment. And I knew it was probably as the game was unfolding unless someone was going to come to me and say, you know, he's in play. But no, as it unfolded, no. Burned by that contact play a few times. Just like both those ground balls were kind of perfectly hit weak enough to be able to get both counts across. Yeah, I don't know if let's review and see if we were burned. Like just because you're out doesn't mean you're burned. There's going to be an out somewhere. Yeah, I mean, not hit well helps. And when the fielder's got to move a little, that's what you're selling out for. And good job by the base runners there. And good job of not hitting it too hard by Oswaldo and Higgy. With Volpe, even through his struggles, does he seem like to have an act to come up big in certain spots when the game is on the line or a chance to do something? Yeah, that's what's been impressive about him is through all this, through times where he's struggled at a plate, times where he's made some. He always just bounces right back. And he's helped us win a lot of games. Another big homer, he's got nine homers. He's made a lot of big, important plays in the field. Obviously, the stuff he does on the bases, he's finding his way. And it's fun to watch him do it. You guys aren't the only ones that have had a battle against Bobby Miller. He's a pretty good young arm. Wow, yeah, he was firing today. Was obviously tough on us. Yeah, I mean, that's a big time arm. I've heard about him now for a little while, and that arm came as advertised.


The National Broadcasting Company presents the Adventures of Sam Spade, Detective. Hey, sweetheart. Sam, would you mind telling me where you are? Not at all, Effie. Not at all. Let's see. I'm at the ill rigged and the rabbi tile-seed grog. I don't understand it, Sam, but I think I caught the word grog. Oh, you're shrewd, Effie. You see, I'm on the inside and the lettering is printed on the outside. Now, if you'll wait, I'll go outside and read it the right way and then come inside and tell... Never mind. I've already guessed.  Trat.  I am. Me? I promised? Me? You did, Sam. You promised faithfully to stay away from bars. You know how hard television is on your eyes? Have you got your glasses? One in each hand. Fill them up, George. Oh, Sam, I heard that. What will people think? Another name. Just a little of the hair of the dog that bit me, Effie, but don't worry about me. Although it's true I have been dogging it and have been hounded from tree to tree, I am frisky as ever and will be in to unleash my canine chronicle, namely, the dog bedcaper. Or, he who lies down with dogs gets up with murder. Or, condensed for easy reading... NBC, William Speer, radio's outstanding producer, director of mystery and crime drama, brings you the greatest private detective of them all, in the adventures of Sam Spade. Here I am, Sam. Effie, did you ever write poetry in school? Well, well I was known as Emily Dickinson of Central High. I thought you had a touch of internal rhyme scheme there. I doodled a little poem about you today. Really? Well, re-doodled. There was a detective named Spade with oodles of brains in his head. Clever, clever. But when he took up drinking, he forgot about thinking. Now give me the punchline. And Effie has stayed quite unpaid. Well, a little rough but cute. Did you get the idea, Sam? Never could make any sense out of poetry. Ready? He's getting close to Christmas, Sam, and I just... Pencil points? I use my life pencil and I don't really have enough money to buy any. Hey, Effie, I have no head for figures. From Samuel Spade, license number 137596. Subject, the dog bed caper. Oh, Sam, I hope this is going to be all about dogs. I belong to the tail waggers, you know. Yeah, yeah. And I've read all the books by Jacqueline... Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. I just think... Go on, Effie. Strangely enough, you will not meet a single dog in this story. Actually, this narrative has little indeed to do with our four-footed friends or their beds. I've changed the title now except that it's already gone out for publicity. Dear Dundee, it all started with a phone call to my secretary, Miss Effie Perine, a doll, requesting my inimitable services at the investment counseling firm of Cameron Incorporated. Clearing everything off my desk, two shoes with feet in them, my own, I went over. The firm of Cameron Incorporated was obviously not for the push cart, Sam. Plush, ankle-deep rugs, imported drapes, and the receptionist. She had a plushness all of her own. I said hello in my plushiest voice, and she liked it. She said so. Oh, I like the way you said that. Say it again. Life is too short to go back even for a moment. The past is a dead thing, the present dying, only the future alive and vibrant. However, hello. Is there something? There is. Could I ask a question? Why not? I will rephrase the question. What time do you stop working this evening? Around six. Care to have... Why not? There's a little bar around the corner, okay? Why not? Why not indeed? Bring your own money? Well, come anyway. Your name? The list. Mine, Sam Spade. Who's Mr. Briggs? He called me. Major Briggs? Why, he's our chief accountant. I just happened to have my door opened. Did I hear someone inquiring about me? This is Mr. Spade, Major Briggs. How do you do, Major? It's a pleasure to meet you in person, Mr. Spade.  I'm grateful, sir. Now, what is it I can do for you and Mr. Cameron? Oh, it's not for me that I called. I happened to worry in the world, and it's Miss Cameron. Oh. Old Cameron's been dead for many years now. I see. Whatever she wants, Mr. Spade, do a good job. We are all counting on you. Will you please announce Mr. Spade, Miss Roberts? Certainly, Major. If you'd excuse me. Nice to have met you, Major. Miss Cameron? Yes? Miss Spade's here. Send him in, please. Your own, Sam. Have fun. Think I might? Why not? That girl had the most beautiful double entendre in town. Well, to get on, Adela Cameron was a career woman, around 29, although the tailored suit made fine detective work difficult. No makeup, severe hairdo, and in spite of all this, chic. In fact, as we shook hands in a most business-like manner, I had the feeling that something warm might well spring up between us. Something like a warm mutual dislike, maybe. But something. Most men simply cannot be told anything in confidence. They gossip. That's a switch. I don't appreciate your humor, Mr. Spade. I accept your apology. I will tolerate you because of your reputation. All right. I'm going to give you a very difficult job to do. Hey, Miss Cameron. What is it, Major? I'm sorry to interrupt you, but Courtney Pierce is on the phone. Mr. Spade, this is Major Briggs, our chief accountant. We've already met, Mr. Spade.  He's divvied in crazy. Amcat's declaring one in January, and he wants it. Well, let him do it. Well, I just want to protect your interests. You know what will happen to Amcat after February? They'll drop 10 points, and he'll blame us. I went through this with your father when you and Greg were... That's right, Major. Well, tell him we advise against it. But if he persists, ask him for a release and writing. That's what I thought you'd do. That's the way your father would have handled it. I just want to protect your interests, my dear. That's all. I know, Major. I know. I just want to protect your interests. But don't worry about us. You know, we're not children anymore. All right, my dear. Where were we? Oh, you were giving me a difficult job. Oh, here. Here is the business address of Mr. I. J. Barco. He's a wealthy manufacturer, a client of ours. I want you to find out everything about him, especially anything unsabery. Sorry, I don't do divorce or blackmail cases. Mr. Spade, this is not a divorce investigation. All right, what is it, then? Why do we want a client shadowed? I believe is the expression. That's it. Because we believe he is investing money through us for some racketeers. If that were true, we would, of course, have to drop him. But we don't want to lose his business just on suspicion. I see. Find out anything you can about him. I'll give you $50 a day in expenses one week guaranteed. Will you consider the job? I have considered and taken the job. By the time I'd reached the door, she had already forgotten me and was hard at work on some papers. Outside, I planned to dally a few moments an idle chit chat with Celeste. But before I had the chance, I was accosted by a husky young chap whom I'm afraid was a Princeton man. What were you talking about in their spade? Oh, you had the advantage, sir. Who are you? Gregory Cameron. Now, come on. What was Adela telling you? Well, if you step to one side, you can walk around me and ask her. Look, don't pull that cagey private detective routine on me. I pack a little weight myself. Well, pack it somewhere else, sonny. I asked you a question. I expect an answer. There's your answer. Any more questions? He didn't feel much like talking, Ben. And I was so irritated, I walked out without saying goodbye to Celeste. When I reached the street, the white-haired old gentleman Major Briggs hurried out behind me. Mr. Spade, please don't think too badly of that boy. I've known him from the cradle. He's in a difficult emotional state at the moment. Yeah, sure, sure, sure. As far as I'm concerned, Major, it never happened.  I could tell that when I first saw you. You're just the sort of man Miss Cameron needs. Well, I hadn't looked at it that way. If you require anything, don't hesitate to ask me. I've been with this company 40 years before those two children in there were born. And I know how difficult life can be at times. I just want things to go well for them. I'll do my little part, Major. Bless you, son. Bless you. I started to work. The card Adela Cameron had given me revealed that my quarry, Mr. I. J. Barko, was of all things a manufacturer of dog beds. I sat down on a hydrant to think this over and then followed the scent of horse meat on over to his factory on South Dolores. It was built in the shape of a large dog house and outside stood a billboard with a message, a survey of independent dog tracks, kennels, and canine core proves that dogs choose Barko beds two to one. I had to get a look at Barko himself and so ruffling up the hair in the back of my neck, I trotted into the building, sniffing and wagging my tail in a very friendly manner. It was very easy to see, Mr. Barko, after I lied a little about my connections. What was that name again? Señor Don Jose Martinez Sada Morales, but you may call me Sam. And you represent a group of retail outlets in South America. Oh, I do indeed. We have our eye on your dog beds, Mr. Barko. Well, now, let's take a look at our catalog here. Now, say you had a great day and you'd want something regal like this Louis XIV. Have you seen a more beautiful bed? Well, not lately, but Mr. Barko. Down, boy, down. Now, here's a number that's very big this season with English bulldogs, a chariot and natural wood finish. Lovely, huh? Pariva. And, of course, if it's an Irish chariot, here's a purely gagged present for his sense of humor. A Murphy bed. A Murphy bed. Get it, Sam? Irish chariot. See, see. Well, of course, we wouldn't ask a dog to sleep in a Murphy bed. Mr. Barko, I'm afraid I don't see anything here I like. What's this? Do I understand you, sir? You are refusing this small speck of comfort to the one unselfish friend that man could have in this selfish world? Well, I'm not refusing anything. The unselfish friend who, if fortune drives you forth and outcast into the world, homeless will ask no higher privilege than to be at your side to guard against danger. Mr. Barko. Faithful unto death, thereby your graveside will be found the noble dog. My graveside? His head between his paws, his eyes sad, but watchful, faithful. We shook paws, and I felt his nose to be sure it was cold. It was, and I left. I took a car and took up a station outside the Barko factory. About four o'clock, he hurried out, jumped into a long, low vehicle shaped like a dachshund and mushed off. I followed. An hour later, I was phoning my first report to Adela Cameron's secretary, Celeste. You went to the city hall. What'd you do there, Mr. Spade? License bureau, marriage, not dog. Really? Where'd he go then? Grocery store, where he bought one bottle of olives, one bottle of vermouth, and one bottle gin. I wonder what he's going to make. What recipe is that? Now he's in an apartment house on Postry, just across from the drugstore I'm in, and judging from the groceries, intends to stay a while. He has laid in provision. Uh-huh. Well, I guess that's all we wanted to know. What?  You'll still get your guarantee, though. Major Briggs will send you check. Well, that doesn't make sense. Damn orders is orders. All right, all right. What about tonight? I'm afraid not. Some other time. You mean... you mean it's all over? The half-daring, half-shy kisses on the Oakland ferry? The warm, passionate spring nights at Fisherman's Wharf, eating abalone? The... Hello? Well, puzzled as who wouldn't be, I walked slowly back to my car. But before I had a chance to get in, I saw I.J. Barco hurry out of his apartment house. But he didn't enter his car. He came right for me. Spade! Spade! Just a minute, Spade. So sorry, my name is Don Jose Martinez, out of Morales yet. Don't kid me, Spade.  Look, I know why Adele Cameron is following me, and you don't. And you'll never find out. Any more than the other four detectives did. I was the fifth choice? I shall speak with my agent about this. I'm going to tell her in person that this foolishness has to stop. If it doesn't, she'll live to regret it. One more thing. I presume you're going to follow me. Well, I'm turning right on market and heading out to 1217 Ridgewood Place. You shouldn't have any trouble. And with that, he spun on one heel and trotted to his car. He took off, but when I went to my car, it wouldn't turn over. And when I lifted the hood, I found out why. All my spark plugs were gone. I picked up a new set at a service station, looked up Adele Cameron's address in the phone book. It was 1217 Ridgewood Place. And a good half hour later, I got there. Barco's car was out in front. No one answered the door, but it was open. Adele Cameron was a crumpled heap on the living room sofa. Oh, Sam, it's... All right, all right, Miss Cameron, let me look at you. Are you hurt? No. No, I'm all right. It's him. Where? The bar. I hurried into the bar and was met with a strong odor of scotch. A bottle of it had been broken. And holding the neck of the bottle in one hand was I. J. Barco. He was on the floor. His hands slowly opened. His hands rolled out, and he died. You are listening to the weekly adventure of radio's most famous detective, Sam Spade. Two of tonight's Sam Spade in just a moment. Meanwhile, here's news of other goings-on on NBC. There's no doubt about it. It's The Big Show. Not just any big show, but THE big show. Brought to you every Sunday night over most of these NBC stations. An hour and a half of the very best in comedy, music, and drama. The stars this Sunday on The Big Show include Fred Allen, Margaret Truman, Douglas Fairbanks, Danny Thomas, Mindy Carson, and many more. All presided over by the glamorous Tallulah. No wonder it's The Big Show. Saturday night on NBC means mystery with the man called X, a man without a name who travels the world over on missions of intrigue and peril. Herbert Marshall stars as the man called X, tomorrow and every Saturday evening on NBC. Welcome back to The Dog Bed Caper, tonight's adventure with Sam Spade. It took three bullets in the chest to finish off I.J. Varko. He'd apparently been standing there pouring a drink. Varko broke the bottle as he fell. I couldn't find any other signs of violence or any guns. I went back to Adela Cameron. She was beginning to calm down. I don't know who did it. I just don't know. Well, it couldn't have happened more than a minute ago. And you were in the house, weren't you? No. No, after I left my office, I... went to the store for some things, then came home. When I was driving down Ridgewood, I heard some sound.  How did you know? I've heard this script before.  It's not what I think that counts, but what the police accuse you of. Sam, I heard those sounds. I came in the house when I went into the bar. You didn't notice Varko's car out in front? Oh, I suppose I did. I don't know. I don't remember. Who are you calling? Homicide. Sam, Sam, wait a minute. Just a minute, please. Wait for what? I want to tell you some things. All right. Go on. I kind of get the feeling I was hired to put the finger on the dog's best friend. That's not the way it was. The last thing in the world I wanted was for him to be killed. Murdered, I mean. All right. What did you want? I'll tell you the truth. Why, I really had you watching Varko. I'd be curious. We handled his investment account. My brother, Gregory... We ran into each other. I heard. Well, Greg took $150,000 of Varko's money and invested it without my knowledge in the television company. I hear that medium's making money. But it turned out this company was just a front for some men who wanted to build a gambling syndicate up north. You mean your brother didn't know that? He knew, but there was supposed to be big money in it. He was going to give Varko a good profit and take the rest for himself. And Varko found out and threatened suit or something. He never would have known, but the deal fell through and the gambler said the money was gone. Then he asked about the investment. What could Gregory and I tell him? What did you? Unfortunately, the truth. We said we'd make up the money with interest, but he only gave us 90 days. We couldn't get it by then. So you didn't shoot him. Your brother did, eh? No, Sam. No, he couldn't have. I know, Greg. He'd have more sense. In my brief meeting with him, I didn't think he had any sense. Just one more thing before I call the police. Sam, Sam, don't call them. Help me get him out of here. Somewhere... No dice. Sam, Sam, don't let my whole life be over. Stop it, stop it. You set me on Varko to find some blackmailing material, yes? Yes. And then why did you suddenly call me off the job tonight? I didn't. Your secretary said you did. I didn't. I didn't tell her anything of the sort. Can I have that phone now? So I called you, Dundee. Before you arrived, I looked through Varko's pockets for something to do and came up with a picture of him and a girl. Taken outside our marriage chapel in Las Vegas. The girl was Celeste. Cameron incorporated plushie secretary. Several years younger and two shades less voluptuous. Her address 627 Finley was supplied by a now hysterical Adela Cameron. No one answered Celeste's door, but I heard a shower going inside, so I took the liberty of entering. Persona non grata. Come out and see. No false moves now. Keep that towel right where it is. Am I doing here detective work? And I must say I've already found out a great deal. I did expect some interest in you, but if you recall, I told you not tonight. It's my only night off. What a difficult scene. All right, we knock off the cute touches and get down to business. You were married to I.J. Varko. Right or wrong? Wrong. Wrong, it's right. You were married in Las Vegas at the chapel of the Flamingo Hotel on the towel. I was only married one day. My parents had it annulled. I was underage. Well, you don't have to worry about him anymore. He's dead. Shot three times at close range. In Adela Cameron's house. Not by you, of course. Although on the other hand, as you would say, why not? I didn't do it. Suppose you spilled. He wanted me to marry him again. Why? Well, I... I know all about the money that Cameron's misused. He found out Greg and I were in love. I should have known. He said he'd forget about the entire 150,000 if I'd married him for six years. 25,000 a year, that's a good price. How can you talk like that? Practice, I guess. So, Gregory had another good reason for killing him. He didn't, Sam. I know he didn't. Did you ever stand up in court? I don't think so. Suppose we say you called me off Barco's tail so Gregory could get at it. I didn't. I called you off because I was supposed to meet I.J.'s apartment tonight and give him his answer. I couldn't do it with you there. Flimsy, flimsy, but it might hold. It's the truth. I was going to see him, but I changed my mind. Any particular reason? Well, you saw him. Would he be the kind of man I'd marry? You did once. Well, it looks bad for Greg. Someone at Cameron Incorporated knew Barco was going to be at Adela's house. Pam, you do me a favor. Maybe? Give me an hour. Then I'll go wherever you want. I'll tell you anything you want to know. Why an hour? Because if I'm going to live with myself, there's something I have to do. Well?  For example? There was someone at Cameron Incorporated who knew that Barco was going to Adela's house. She must have known I was going to wait outside in Taylor, but she didn't. Because without once looking over her shoulder, she emerged from her apartment house, slithered into her car, and led me directly down to the railroad station. She met a man in the waiting room, threw her arms around him, whispered something in his ear, and they hurried out to track seven. There was a transcontinental train getting up steam. She kissed him, and he climbed quickly up into a pullman named Aurora Falls. And almost as quickly, I climbed in the other end. We met in the middle. What are you doing here? I came to take you off the train, Greg, before you made a big mistake and left town. Now, look here. Let's not go through the intercollegiate tough talk again. Are you coming off, or am I going to carry off? You're going to carry me off? And I did. Celeste was gone, and he revived when he hit the cool air. I led him out of the station as unobtrusively as possible. Then we went down a side street to where my car was parked. That's where he began to show signs of life. Spade, look, you're all wrong. Guys got a right to leave town when he wants to.   Celeste just told me about Barco. You don't think I did that, do you? As I get it, you and Celeste were leaving town together, right? Yeah, she told me to go on, and she'd come later. That was unwise of both of you.  Nobody said you did.  He gave me the address I wanted and said I was crazy. I told him why I wasn't, and he began to see the reason of it. Never have I gone to pick up a murderer with more distaste. When we knocked at the door, I had a gun in my hand, but it wasn't necessary. Come in, Mr. Spade. I knew you'd be along sooner or later. I don't like what I have to do, Major. Major, it can't be true. It just can't be. Come in, Gregory. My boy, come in. A little Madeira first before we start to talk. Madeira? How can you talk about wine when a man's accusing you of murder? Oh, I don't think it's so unreasonable, Greg. After all, I did kill the unfortunate Mr. Barco, and this might be the last Madeira I shall ever have. Mr. Spade. Thank you, sir. Greg? I don't want any wine. Spade, he's out of his mind, and so are you. I'm afraid not, Gregory. Oh, that was a vintage 1900 Madeira you wasted, Greg. Twice as old as you. Stop it. Stop it. I'm sorry about what happened, Greg. I would have spared you and your sister this unhappiness if I could have, but destiny was against us all. You knew he was going to Miss Cameron's house, didn't you? Yes. Just before I left for the bank with the weekly deposit, he called for Miss Cameron, and I took the call. I told him she was gone, and he said he was going to her house. It was to be an ultimatum. The money in 24 hours or exposure, but you didn't have to kill him, certainly not. It was a crime of passion. I take the weekly deposit to the bank every Friday, and I always carry a gun. Silly me carrying a gun. Never had to use it, but the bonding company requires I carry it. Well, I went directly from the bank to Miss Cameron's house. I wanted to help her face Barco. Was she there? Oh, no, Mr. Spade, she'd apparently stopped downtown to do some shopping. So I faced Barco alone. I asked him point blank to give these young people more time, but he just laughed at me. He said the only time they'd get would be in jail, so... It happened. Well, I hadn't intended to, but I became angry. Suddenly found the gun in my hand, and the thought crossed my mind. My life is just about over, and yours, Greg, is just beginning. It was easier to pull the trigger than I would have realized. Oh, Lord. A moment, dearer, Mr. Spade. Thank you, Major, but no. Well, allow me to present the bottle to you as a gift. I'll get my hat and coat. Greg, my boy, I'm sorry. You're sorry. Major, I wish I'd never been born. Period, end of report. I wish I hadn't either. Hadn't what? Been born. That poor, poor man. Yes, our racket. It is, it is. And poor Gregory. You'll have to go to jail for... something, too. He will, Aunt, he will. How about typing it out? I hate to, but I guess it's my duty. Three chimes mean good times on NBC. There's no cover charge at Duffy's Tavern. Just keep your dial on this NBC station this evening, as Archie, the manager, played by Ed Gardner and his remarkable friends, serve up another blue plate special of grilled English language, fresh laughs, and whimsy a la mode. Another Friday fun favorite is the delightful life of Riley, starring William Bendix as the beleaguered Chester A. Riley. Let me see. Murder is all in place. Gunshots indicated. Dundee is grammar-edited. My astuteness emphasized. And you've learned your job well, Effie. Oh, I'm glad you're pleased, Sam. Wait a minute. Wait a minute. What's this? P.S. Dundee, hands-off Celeste Robert. She's mine. Effie, what's the meaning of that? Well, well, you are going back to see her, aren't you? After the way she threw herself at you? No. Do you think she's my type of woman? Oh, Sam. I think every woman's your type. Every woman but me. Now, Effie, come here. Would I have you working in this office if you weren't my type? Yes, not. Well, then let that thought be your comfort. The world can have all the Celeste Roberts at once. As far as... Oh, I can't go through with it. You see, Sam, you can have if you want to. But in the end, I know you'll come back to me. I never doubted it once. Oh, Sam. You don't know how much you mean to me. Yes, I do, Effie. Three weeks back salary. Oh, you! Good night, Sam. Good night, sweetheart. The Adventures of Sam Spade are produced, edited, and directed by William Spear. Sam Spade was played by Stephen Dunne. The reentuttle is Effie. Script for tonight's adventure by John Michael Hayes and Dick Powell. Musical Scoring by Lud Glaskin, conducted by Robert Armbruster. Join us again next week, same time for another adventure with Sam Spade. Hear the magnificent Montague, then visit Duffy's Tavern on NBC.


Now, we will continue our discussion on the Unit 11, that is, the concept of power, authority and legitimacy. Dear learners, in this part, we will focus our discussion on the concept of authority, its meaning and definition and its feature. As we all know that legitimate power or influence is generally called authority. As we all know, the word authority is derived from the Latin word auctor or auctoritas. Its meaning is right to rule. As we all know, the word authority is derived from the Latin word auctor or auctoritas. Its meaning is right to rule. The authority is obeyed because it is legitimate and reasonable. As we all know, the word authority is obeyed because it is legitimate and reasonable. As we all know, the word authority is obeyed because it is legitimate and reasonable. As we all know, the word authority is obeyed because it is legitimate and reasonable. As we all know, the word authority is obeyed because it is legitimate and reasonable. As we all know, the word authority is obeyed because it is legitimate and reasonable. As we all know, the word authority is obeyed because it is legitimate and reasonable. As we all know, the word authority is obeyed because it is legitimate and reasonable. As we all know, the word authority is obeyed because it is legitimate and reasonable. As we all know, the word authority is obeyed because it is legitimate and reasonable. As we all know, the word authority is obeyed because it is legitimate and reasonable. As we all know, the word authority is obeyed because it is legitimate and reasonable. As we all know, the word legitimacy is the most important feature of authority. For authority, legitimacy is very essential because it determines the effectiveness of the authority. As we all know, the word authority is obeyed because it is legitimate and reasonable. As we all know, the word authority is obeyed because it is legitimate and reasonable. As we all know, the word dominance is another important feature of authority. The concept of authority has a correlation with dominance. As we all know, the word authority is obeyed because it is legitimate and reasonable. As we all know, the word authority is the command of the superior or the subordinates or inferiors. As we all know, the word authority is the command of the superior or the subordinates or inferiors. As we all know, the word authority is always informal in character because it creates a major difference between power and authority. That is why German philosopher Friedrich opined authority is not a power but something that accompanies power. That is why the word authority is always informal in character because it is the command of the subordinates or inferiors. As we all know, the word authority is obeyed because it is legitimate and reasonable. This means that if we do this, we will be able to solve this problem. Let's talk about Responsibility. Responsibility or Accountability is another important feature of authority. In a democratic form of government, the authority to the regime should always be accountable and responsible to the common citizens. The authority to the regime should always be accountable and accountable to the common citizens. The authority to the regime should always be accountable and accountable to the common citizens. The authority must be based on the regime. In other words, the regime should be the basis of authority. Without rationality, authority loses its binary basis. When the regime is over, it will be a protest against the regime. It will be a protest against the regime. The authority to the regime should always be accountable and accountable to the common citizens. The authority is always legitimate and backed by the power of law and common consent. It is a kind of power which is based on consent of the people. Without legitimacy, authority cannot survive for a long time. Let's talk about Responsibility. The authority to the regime should always be accountable and accountable to the common citizens. The authority to the regime should always be accountable and accountable to the common citizens. The authority to the regime should always be accountable and accountable to the common citizens. The authority to the regime should always be accountable and accountable to the common citizens. The authority to the regime should always be accountable and accountable to the common citizens. Thank you.


In this session, we will discuss why we need learner centric books. Many of us are familiar with learner centric in the classroom. We are used to hearing terms like active learning, group discussions, peer learning and are aware of the benefits of incorporating such techniques in the classroom. Many of us know that we need to make learners go beyond simply listening to the lectures, taking notes and executing prescribed procedures. We also know that it is necessary to make learners do immediate practice, figure things out, express their thinking and learn from peers. In order to incorporate this in a MOOC, we now need to go from thinking about content or being content oriented to thinking about learning or become learning oriented. So, our attitude needs to change from how well am I explaining the concept to how well are learners learning the concept. Consider a MOOC module on a topic that provides a set of 10 short videos. You may have taken such MOOCs yourself, you may have been learners in such MOOCs yourself. After you watch a series of videos, the learners are given some practice questions at the end of the videos. The module also provides some additional resources on the topic and a discussion forum where learners can post their queries, you know, get answers, interact with each other and so on. The question is, is such a module learner centric? You have to decide yes or no. And you also have to write down one reason for why you think it is so. After doing so, you can resume the video. Now that you have done this activity, some of you may have thought that this is a learner centric book. But then think about the MOOCs that you have taken. How many times did you post on the discussion forum? How many of those posts were pertinent to the content of the discussion and how many of them were about some other logistical aspect? How many references were provided by the MOOC instructors and how many of them did we actually go and look at? How many times we simply watch some videos and click to the next video halfway through those videos? So it is possible that many learners may not go to the discussion forum at all. Hence what is happening if we create a MOOC in which we simply make these things available? What we mean by these things are set of videos, a set of practice questions, set of resources and a place for discussion. If we just make these four components available to the learner, the initiative is left to the learner for doing the practice, for reading and assimilating the resources and for learning from peers. So to summarize, what is missing? If we simply have these four components, if we simply make these four components available, what is missing are attention to learner motivation. Some learners may want more information on a particular topic. Some learners may lack some prerequisite. Some learners may have joined our course for a variety of reasons. So the attention to learner motivation needs to be taken into account. What is missing is getting learners to express their reasoning. So when we simply make some practice problems available to learners, there is no mechanism for learners to express their reasoning nor is there any feedback being provided to those learners. If we simply have videos one after the other, there are no opportunities for learners to immediately apply their learning. So opportunities for micro application are missing, formative assessment and customized feedback are missing. Also if we just make a discussion forum available, there are no explicit activities to foster peer learning and there is no connection of the instructor to the learner. So what needs to be done? Now an instructor has to do all this in a MOOC setting where there is distance keeping the distance, the scale and the diversity in mind. The instructor has to design activities that require students to do immediate practice and mechanisms by which students can get specific feedback on their practice. The instructor has to design activities with get students to reflect their thinking, express their thinking and be able to talk to each other. The instructor has to design mechanisms which encourage students to go through resources, identify directions in which they want to further their learning and ensure that they have actually benefited from looking at those resources in a meaningful manner. And finally the instructor has to also ensure that the students learn from peers. This is one significant advantage which a MOOC setting brings over and above a classroom setting. The instructor is not the sole authority on the subject and need not be the one who needs to be listened to all the time. There may be students in a MOOC setting who have diverse experiences on the same topic and creating mechanisms by which students can learn from each other and benefit from this diversity is a key thing that a MOOC designer needs to pay attention to. Now how do we do all this? For this we have created the learner centric MOOC model which has learning dialogues, learning by doing, learning extension trajectories, learner experience interactions, all of which are connected through appropriated orchestration between the course team and the learners to ensure that the learners are not simply watching the information but are able to assimilate them in a meaningful manner. Welcome to this course on designing learner centric MOOCs.


I understand that one can still have ostentation, which is a disease of the heart where you show off. You're performing, basically, in order for it to be seen. We can have ostentation when people purposely go out of their way to not look boastful.  An example is where basically wearing a mask around men are purposely dressed with not the best attire around certain people out of fear of judgment or being seen by them. So the question, again, that I'm hearing here is, is it still real if you're trying to basically tone down your dress so as not to attract or to appear a certain way to whether it's men or other people? And so I feel like this question, I just, again, can speak to it because many, many years ago before I even knew what the term ostentation was, which is like a mouthful of a word, I had studied the diseases of the heart. I absolutely had it. I just didn't know I had it. But a big part of my focus was on the outward. And so wearing a certain clothes to not be perceived as attractive or just to look intimidating was absolutely my game. I went out of the house with the agenda to intimidate people, to look scary, to not be judged for any physicality or anything else, and to send a message, a strong message. And I thought that that was something pious. I actually believed that it was an act of piety to do that. And I've told the story before, but I don't know how many of you have heard it. So I'll just quickly tell it because I think, for me, it was a life-changing moment for me. And it just made me, it helped me to shift focus. But I've told the story, so if you've heard it, you can leave if you want. But I don't want to. Anyhow, this was many years ago. And so as I mentioned, I used to dress kind of military style in a way, head to toe black. And I would walk around with a grimace and just not be very pleasant. Because I wanted to intimidate people. So I was at the airport waiting for a ride. And I'm just sitting there, people watching waiting for my ride dressed, again, head to toe like that.  And she parked her car, and then she got out of her car. And she's wearing a tank top and shorts.  But she was dressed very scantily. And I just immediately just judged her and had a lot of negative thoughts, let's just say. Completely judged her. And this happened to me. She closed the trunk of her car. And she looked right in my direction as if she was piercing through my soul.  But she did that. And then she walked directly towards me. And so as she's walking towards me, my heart is like, because I'm like, what is this? This is kind of strange. Why is she coming towards me? And well, lucky she did that. She came and she stood in her tank top in short shorts. And I'm sitting there. And she put her head down. And she said, salamu alaykum. Last words I ever thought I would hear from someone dressed like that. And she had so much humility. I actually, she had her head low the whole time, pretty much, she was talking to me. She's like, I know I'm dressed so inappropriately. But I am Muslim. And I want to raise my son Muslim. And I saw you. And I thought it was like a sign from God that I come and talk to you. Because I want a book. She's like, I need resources for my son. So she's saying all this stuff. And I'm just sitting there completely floored at what just happened. Because I know the internal dialogue I was having in my head. And of course, Allah knows what I was thinking. And he sent this woman to me. He sent her to me to teach me a very, very serious lesson that day, which is, who do you think you are? You're walking around as though you are the personification of my faith. And you judge people. And you think you're better than people. And that's who I was for a really long time. And that day, I learned the lesson. I am nobody. Because that woman, I am sure, was far better than I was in that moment. And I had to sit with that. And it was like a, I say it was. It was like a punch to the gut. But it was a huge awakening for me. That my focus was on the wrong thing. I was focused on the outward. So riyah is a disease of the heart where in both cases where you do something to be seen or you don't do something to not be seen, it is riyah because the focus is on people. Our focus has to be on Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala. We don't act for to be seen or to not be seen, to be judged, to not be judged, to be accepted, to not be accepted. That is not the state of the believer.  Everything is from Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala. So the believer understands that and that's why if you're going to dress a certain way, do it for the sake of Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala. Don't factor in people. Do it for the sake of Allah and he will give you Tawfiq inshaAllah.


Bum instructo na yne, mkha ngejizu wakakqo wa maqumana tisha na naji? Kwa na jimku yawa pakem nidambu wa wakko awana kha paita wakui wa wakumana Afriga wa naji yu Afriga wakia wakaka omibilii, Afriga wakia wakata But what is happening is they are teaching something which would not make sense to our economies. It's like this was imposed as this education so that we keep memorizing things. They did not open a nutrition system where somebody can think on his own and do something. But rather memorize a grasshopper, head thorax, abdomen, something like that.


Income tax 2021-2022 tax software pensions and annuities. Get ready to get refunds to the max. Dive in to Income Tax 2021-2022. Here we are in our LASERT tax software. You don't need access to it or any tax software. However, you might want to have access to the Form 1040, which you can find on the IRS website, irs.gov, irs.gov. Our starting scenario, the single-filer Adam Smith living in Beverly Hills 90210 100,000 at the Income Standard deduction for the single-filer 12,550 for the 87,450 taxable income, which we can mirror in our accounting equation in Excel, 100,000 the 12,550 standard deduction. We've got the 87,450 taxable income. We then depend on the software to get us the tax calculation at, in this case, the 1515. So that's going to be our starting point. Going back then to page one of the tax return, we're focused this time on the pension and annuities line, item 5A and 5B. You will often be receiving or have some kind of form such as this, the 1099R. Similar kind of scenario we had with the IRA type of situation where we have the gross distributions and the taxable distributions. When you're thinking about the 1099R, you're typically thinking about some kind of retirement plan, the typical scenario being that during the working years you're putting money in, getting the benefit, and that's not what we're looking at at this point with this 1099R because the 1099R means that it might have to be included at income. So usually that's after retirement age when you would be receiving the money at that point in time and possibly need to record it in income. The first two boxes are going to be the primary boxes then that you would think would be applicable, the gross distributions, and 2A, the taxable amount of those distributions. We also have the taxable amount not determined or total distributions in the event that, if there's a check that it's not determined, then you might have to look and that's an indicating that you would need to look into it further in terms of the taxable amount. Capital gain, federal income tax withheld, note that if you're talking about someone that is retired no longer working, then a lot of their income that they're living off of might be coming out of a retirement accounts and therefore you might have federal withholdings coming out here as well. So just remember if you're working with someone in their working years, it's likely that their withholdings are coming out of the W-2 after the working years, then they're going to be paying in some other way possibly with the withholdings on the 1099 here. And then we've got the employee contributions, net unearned appreciation in employer securities, distributions, and then down here we've got the iris step and simple, which we would check off if those were applied or it would be checked off if those would be applied. Your percentage of total distribution, total employee contributions, and so on. So we're mainly focused up on these two boxes up top, the general scenarios being that, for example, if they're after the retirement age or the age that they can receive the distributions, then you would expect that you would have the same amount in box one and in box two and possibly a code down here in box number seven that would say it was a normal distribution which I believe is code number seven. That would be the normal scenario. However, if it was a rollover, they rolled it over into some other kind of retirement account then you might have a gross distribution up top and then the taxable amount at zero and then down here it's going to indicate why, indicating that it's a rollover with the code down here or you have the scenario where you have the gross distribution, the taxable amount and then on the code section it's an early withdrawal with no exception, for example. That's the common example that you don't want to see where you could be subject to the penalty. Similar kind of scenario with the IRIS. So if I go back on over and we say, okay, let's go back to the first tab and let's say it's going to be some kind of income and we're going to call it pension and annuity. So I'm going to say this is going to be pension and annuity. I'll just call it one here and we're going to say the distribution codes. Here's all the codes. Now, if there's something in box seven, this would be coming generally from box seven on our form that you don't know what it is. Go to the instructions and take a look at it. What that code is telling you and go from that point. If the instructions aren't given to you by the client in the form, then you can go to the IRIS website and look at the instructions for that particular form. So we're going to say it's seven, normal distribution and then we're going to say that the gross distribution, let's go with our 1,000 again, with the 1,000, it's still going to be taxable. That's the general rule because when you pull it out it's going to be taxable because you got the benefit when you put it in. So typically if that were the case, you would expect them to be over the age limit where they can basically pull it out as a normal distribution without a problem. So let's jump back on over here. Notice we have a similar kind of scenario we saw with the IRA, but now it's going to be over here in 5A. So pensions and annuity, I'm sorry, it's in 5B, the taxable amount is the 1,000. So we've got instead of being up top in line four is what I was trying to point out there. So we got the 100,000 and the 1,000 that brings us to the 101. It would be included in income. If I was to mirror that over here we're going to say the income line item. We have the distributions from an IRA. I'm basically going to expand the definition here to pull in the pension as well for the 1099R and that's going to be our 1,000 bringing us up to the 101, pulling up to the first formula page or worksheet. So there we have it. We're still at the 12,550. That gives us the taxable income of the 88,450. So if I go back on over to the 10,40, now we're in the 10,40 SR, but I'm going to go and notice 10,40 SR just to note if I go to page four we're going to have an adjustment to the standard deduction because now they're over the age. So we're at the 15, I'm sorry, what the 14,250. I can mirror that in my Excel worksheet by saying I'm just going to be the standard deduction. Plus, we're going to have this one item for the single for being over the age requirement to get us to the 14,250. Let's go back on over. I like to look at the 10,40 so I can see the normal layout that we're used to here. So there's the 14,250 taxable income at the 86,750 now matching here 86,750. Let's then go to page two where we have the tax would be at the 14,847. So we'd say okay there's the 14,847 14,847 on the tax. So there is that scenario. I'm going to go back then to page one. Now just note you might have some withholdings on that just to imagine there was a withholding down here in line four federal income tax withheld. It's just similar to a W2 type of situation in that event and typically you'd be putting that into the same data input screen. So federal income tax withheld. Let's say it was $50 withheld or something like that. I'm going to go back to the form then. And so now we've got on page two we've got our withholding that took place in a similar way as you'd see with a W2. Here's your W2 withholding the 1099. If I was to see that over in our forms then I would have the payments. I'm going to have the W2 or other withholdings. I'll add that into this line items. See if I spelled it properly spelled it properly and we'll say 50 here. So then if I go back to my worksheet and go back on over we have the tax at the 14 847 and then we have the other taxes. I shouldn't have any other taxes here. Let's get rid of the other taxes. This would be the penalty which we'll take a look at later. So I've removed the other taxes. So that's then going to give us the 50 down here. So the amount would be the 14 797. So we're going to go back on over to page two of the 1040. Page two and then they have a penalty of the 266 the 266. So if I was to add the 266 we'd have then the 15063 which is what they have here. So and we'll talk more about we could look at the penalties. That's a late payment penalty because it was here. So in any case that's with the withholdings that you can have a withholding condition. Now you can imagine a situation where they need the money and they're saying I'd like to pull it out and I'd like some reason to be able to pull it out early because I need the money at this point in time. Well they're going to be subject to the penalty in that case. So that you could try to see if they qualify for one of these items down below to avoid the 10% penalty because that's what they want to avoid. If they do that if they qualify for something that avoids the penalty and they're able to take the money out they're still going to have to pay taxes on it so they're only avoiding basically the penalty if that were the case. So in that instance you would go to there would be some code section that would say it's not going to be a normal distribution there's an exception. Early distribution some kind of exception applies then if I go back to the forums notice that the exception doesn't stop the income from still being reported because we're still going to have the two boxes we're imagining here to be a taxable amount. It would still be saying it would still be saying gross distribution is the same as the taxable amount but we can imagine that the code section is going to avoid the penalty by saying you're avoiding the penalty because you had a reason to pull it out and if you have a reason then you don't want to just pull it out you want to talk to your financial advisor to make sure that they get the 1099 filled out right so that the IRS doesn't think that you're going to owe them a 10% penalty based on the 1099 you can see that we don't have that add a tax on page 2. Now the other common distribution is a rollover so that would be something like a G maybe and in that case we're going to say that there would be a gross distribution and not a taxable amount so you might see something like that where you'd have something in box 1 possibly not in 2A here and then the distribution code down here like a G or something in the 7 item so in that case it's a scenario where someone left a job for example and they went to another job and they didn't just pull the money out but instead rolled it over so now you've got the amount in the pension and annuities in 5A on the rollover it's not being included in taxes it's just an informational thing we're back to the 100,000 and the 12,550 so if I go and mirror that over here we could say okay the other income we don't have this amount you might want to make a more detailed worksheet and put the untaxable distribution over here if you wanted to double check that but I'm just going to put the 100,000 that brings us back to the 87,450 and the taxable income 87,450 the tax is now again at the 15,15 so this is going to 150,15 so those are the general scenarios


Hey everyone, welcome back to Nintendo Prime and we have to talk about Sonic Frontiers. I didn't think we'd be talking about that to start Pokemon Week, a Scarlet and Violet come out this Friday, but some stuff happened over the weekend that I can't ignore and it kinda goes back to building that mistrust many consumers have in both Sega and in particular their Sonic team. Even though the Sonic team has made some pretty solid games. And if I'm honest, I actually really enjoy Sonic Frontiers even on Switch, even with the performance issues, the blurriness and all that, the poppin' that's the worst on the Switch version, I get it. But they said something over the weekend, the director of the game said something about this being a global play test and I'm not exaggerating. These are his own words, the director of the game. Remember, Sonic Frontiers is a game that both the director, producer and CEO of Sega said we cannot and will not delay this game. It is the most polished Sonic game of all time.  It's not any of those things, but it does kinda seem like Sonic Frontiers might have needed a little bit more time in the oven. Not that what's there isn't good, but when you got the director coming out calling it a global play test, that's a problem when you're charging 60, sometimes $70 for your game. Let's get into exactly what the director of Sonic Frontiers said over on Twitter. So Mori Kishimoto posted a tweet on Friday in which he stated that the Sonic team was studying the feedback from players and critics and taking that into account. Kishimoto also likened Sonic Frontiers to release as a global play test suggesting he doesn't consider the game's release to be the end of the story. So here are the exact quotes. I'm sorry I haven't contacted you until now because we've been busy since the release date of Sonic Frontiers. I'm relieved that the release date has arrived and that the game seems to have reached everyone safely. We are checking out the opinions of critics and players and as you have pointed out, there are still areas where we are not quite there yet and we will take this seriously like a global play test. Now, it's a bit weird because earlier tweets before this one said things like this would change the Sonic game forever and that this was a major milestone in the long history of Sonic games. So essentially, before he bothered to read all the critics and fan feedback, they were thinking that this was gonna be the biggest deal in Sonic history. Instead, it's still a okay game, good game for some, maybe even a great game for a select few, but for the most part, this is not the game that was promised. We were promised essentially a bug-free game. I've even ran into some bugs, some glitching out on walls and stuff like this that just can't happen when you're moving at the speeds you're doing. It really takes you out of the game. I even got stuck in a wall once. Again, this kind of stuff can't happen in a game that gives you the freedom of movement that Sonic Frontiers does. And yeah, the pop-ins have obviously been an issue.  We were working on this engine for 10 years and this engine was never built for a Sonic game like this. Clearly was the wrong choice, even just going with Unreal Engine 4 probably would have been better than dealing with this. But if you remember before the game came out, they said how they didn't want this game compared to Breath of the Wild because they're fundamentally different games. That's more of an RPG. We're not that except you collect things, you get experience points, you level up, you literally have progression trees and stuff like that. By the way, progression trees aren't even part of Breath of the Wild. So look, I don't understand why they were not willing to have this compared to Breath of the Wild, except in one key aspect and that is Breath of the Wild was really polished. It had problems, a little bit of frame rates in a couple of places, but it was a very polished game for how big it is and the Sonic Frontiers doesn't feel quite as polished. So I guess you could argue that's the reason you don't want to compare them. Also, you know, who wants to be, you know, when you're targeting super high review scores and you're trying to make this the definitive Sonic game, who wants to be compared to one of the greatest games of all time? When you know your product isn't going to live up to those standards, even though you were telling everyone that it will, and you repeatedly told everyone, we are not delaying this game, we're not delaying this game, this game doesn't need to be delayed, this game is perfect, it's the best, it's the best, it's the best. Perfect, perfect, perfect, it's perfect! Don't you love Sonic Frontiers? It's the greatest Sonic game ever! Okay, look. All hyperbole aside, it is disappointing that Sonic Frontiers is not quite the game, but they tried to hype it up to be. They wanted this to be the definitive Sonic game, the best Sonic game ever. The Sonic game that was going to change the future of their stuff. And they did put a number of years of development into the game. Unfortunately, it's very hard to achieve the heights that they were aiming for if they're not willing to put in the work necessary to do it, and what do I mean by that? Well, when you look at Breath of the Wild, the game they don't want me to compare it to, they built an entirely new engine from the ground up to achieve what they wanted to achieve in that, instead of trying to adopt an older engine to do the things that happened in Breath of the Wild. Sonic Frontiers, and the way that it works, is so fundamentally different from all prior Sonic games that maybe using an engine that was never built to do the things they're doing in Sonic Frontiers was a bad choice in the first place, and they should have either one used a pre-established engine, such as Unreal Engine, that already is set up for games like this, or built an entirely new engine from the ground up that's specifically for Sonic Frontiers, and that would have added probably years of development to the game.  We are not a Breath of the Wild. We're beyond a Breath of the Wild, essentially. Don't you dare tell us to delay our game. Look at the fan feedback. When they got to play vertical slices that were really, really fun. The fan feed, they played it for six hours. It was the same part of the game for six hours, but they played it for six hours, and they loved it. Look, Sonic Frontiers is not the worst game ever. We're not talking about a, I don't know, not even an old, you know, Sonic game. Like, we're not even talking about it being as bad as Sonic Boom or something like that. We're not talking about this being a Superman 64 situation. Sonic Frontiers to me is quite enjoyable, but they hyped this to be something that it's not, and then refused to accept responsibility until now, and then in accepting responsibility, the director of the game is telling you that this is a global pay test that we all played 60, 70. Mike Odyssey paid $120 to play what they're calling a global play test. If that's not an insult to your consumers, then I don't know what is. Anyways, I wanna know what you guys think about this down in the comments below, because I'm just, I'm baffled. So baffled, in fact, that I forgot to mention Ewin Racing. Ewin Racing has partnered with our channel. If you wanna get 20% off their products, use code Nintendo Prime down in the description. All right guys, thank you so much for tuning in. I am Nathan DeRovell Jance, and I'll catch you guys in the next video.