everybody. It's finally Friday. It's been a long week. Welcome back to OpenShift Commons and today, as we do on Fridays, we have talks about transformation. So today is the hashtag Transformation Friday Conversation. And we have with us Fabio Pera, who is the author of Digital Nudge and one of our colleagues at Red Hat. This is really quite an interesting concept. I'm going to let Fabio introduce himself and introduce the topic. And then we're going to have a conversation with myself, Andrew Clay Shaffer, otherwise known as Little Idea on Twitter, and anyone else who's joining in in the stratosphere can join us as well and ask questions. So we can get an introduction to this topic and get nudged. Fabio, take it away. Thank you so much, Diane. And thanks, Andrew, for the invitation to speak to this group. I'm really flattered to be here. I would really like to understand what's your take on the on the Digital Nudge concept by the end of this. So let's definitely have a conversation about it at the end. Actually, I'm a Red Header. I work in Latin America. I lead the Open Innovation Lab's area of Latin America. And now we are rebranding ourselves to what we are calling Transformation Services, which is the area inside the services organization that deals with transformation. So we'll talk a lot about transformation here, what we mean by transformation. There is one word that I really like about transformation, which is behavior, because transformation has a lot to do with changing behavior, right? Changing the way we behave, changing habits, and changing the way we make decisions. And that's why I am connecting this with the Digital Nudge movement and book, because this is all about influencing people how to make decisions. And we get influenced all the time to make decisions and to do things that sometimes we don't even know that we are doing. And I actually want to start with an experiment. I'm going to ask everyone who joined you to respond very, very quickly in chat. The question I'm going to ask you, this is an experiment called the bat and the ball experiment. If you have already done this experiment before, please do not answer, because there is a bit of something that you will know about it. So we really want you to think quickly and respond the first thing that comes to your mind when I ask this question. So here is the question. A bat and a ball together cost $1.10. The bat is $1 more expensive than the ball. How much is the ball? Please type in chat how much you think the ball is. And because I'm not seeing chat, I don't know if Diane could probably read some of the responses that come out because I'm sharing my full screen so I can't see the chat. So the quick response is $0.10. The lizard brain says $0.10. Exactly. Yeah. So usually the first thing that comes to our minds is $0.10. But if you think a bit more carefully about this, you think if the bat is $1 more expensive, the bat would be $1.10 and the total is actually $1.20. So how come we make this mistake? We are rational people. We are smart people. We're all very smart. And don't worry if you made that mistake, half the MIT students actually make the same mistake. So don't worry. Harvard students make that mistake. Usually the right response is $0.05. When I ask this question, I usually get like 10%, 20% of people say $0.05. And I like to talk to people who actually responded $0.05 because that's either someone who does that calculation very quickly in their brains or it's someone who's seen that before. So the bat is $1.05 and the sum is actually the total is $1.10. So pretty much we make 35,000 decisions every single day. That's an average number, of course. It's a bit more to some people, a bit less to others, but it's an average number. And it turns out that over 90% of those decisions, we don't make them consciously. We make them using a separate part of our brain, which is the fast brain. There is a Nobel Prize winner called Daniel Kahneman. He came up with a concept called thinking fast and slow. It's basically the concept, it is the most advanced and most recent way of explaining our thinking and like neuroscience actually uses that a lot. It's almost as if the brain was a hardware that has two applications running on it. It has an application that runs very fast, but it actually makes more mistakes. The problem with the fast brain is that it creates shortcuts and it makes a lot of mistakes. The slow brain, it spends more cognitive energy.  It makes better decisions in terms of being more accurate. So this thing about the 10 cents experiment, we use our fast brain and we just make a very quick mistake because we had our shortcuts. So to think about another shortcut, I've lived in Australia for eight years. I'm originally Brazilian, but I wanted you to type in chat as well. The first thing that comes to your mind when you think about Australia, let's give it like 30 seconds or so to see what comes up. And if you could also help me there, Diane, with what people are typing in. Okay. We got a lot of koalas. I don't know what it is this morning, but koalas. So there you go. Definitely the shortcut that we think about when we think about Australia. I get a lot of koalas and kangaroos. And when I moved there as well in 2008, that's the first thing that came to my mind as well. But other than koalas and kangaroos, there's a lot more to do with Australia. If we have any Australians here, probably not because of the time zone, but I don't even know if this community is a global or just a local community. What happens is a country is a complex system, right? So in order to simplify a complex system, we create shortcuts in our brain and we create these things that are stereotypes. And stereotype is a cognitive bias. We simplify, we oversimplify a complex system into something very simple. And we say Australia, a country, koalas. And that's very common, right? But being conscious of that, being conscious about the fact that we do that allows us to do it less and to actually be aware of it. When you are doing this, be conscious of it and be aware that you are oversimplifying a complex system. Same thing with a company. If we think Red Hat, you are oversimplifying it sometimes by thinking about something. And Red Hat is a complex system. A group of 14,000 people is definitely a complex system. Same thing happened when I talk about Brazil. When I was in Australia and I said that I was Brazilian, the first thing that came to mind to people was like soccer and beaches. And people thought that I played soccer and I'm actually very bad at soccer.  So another concept is a name, right? If you think about a name, Pelé, the first thing that comes to mind is the soccer player, but it's not necessarily that, right? You could have someone else's name is Pelé. In fact, my name is Fabio. And in Australia, I had a lot of challenges with that name, actually fun challenges. Because in Australia, nobody names their kids Fabio because there is one guy, he's very famous. And every time that people think about the name Fabio, this is what comes to mind to them because this guy, he's like cover of magazines and books and everything. And his name is Fabio. So I had a lot of trouble because when I said my name is Fabio, people thought that I was joking. And I tried to buy a wig and that's the closest I got to being Fabio. But that's also a stereotype, right? This is a connection that we make in our brains. And I want to mention here another book that was really inspirational to me. It's a book called Predictably Irrational from Dan Ariely. So Dan, he's a scientist and he proved scientifically that we are irrational and that we make irrational decisions in a predictable way. And this book talks about all the experiments that he went through to prove that. And I started studying that about 10 years ago in 2010. And I got really, really excited about the concept of predictably irrational, because I thought that I was rational. I thought that I made rational decisions that my decisions were always the best decisions. And I started realizing that I wasn't. So I started studying something called cognitive psychology. Cognitive psychology is a sub area of psychology that uses behavior economics to understand public choice and decisions in general, right? So that's, those are the areas that I really study. And one way that Dan Ariely explains our irrationality is by comparing it with cognitive, the cognitive biases that we have, he compares it with the illusions that we have, optical illusions. So when you look at the blue circle on the left, it looks slightly bigger than the blue circle on the right, because what's around it actually influences the way we see things. We all know that. We know that we have optical illusions and that we don't really see things in a clear way. And that's something that we do understand that the image that gets to our brain has some problems. So square A and square B here are actually the same shade of gray. When I looked at that one, I was like, oh no, I am definitely broken. Like my brain is definitely broken. And I actually cut like some parts of A and B to look and it's actually, it is actually the same shade of gray. It turns out that what's around A is light. So A turns out to be darker. And what's around B is shade. So B is lighter. And that is one of the most famous optical illusions that we have. And the way that Dana really explains our cognitive biases is showing some decision making. So this is, there's a number that in Denmark, it's 4%. And in Austria is 99%. I asked that in a talk once and I said, what do you guys think this is? And people said it's the number of Austrians. And I was like, that could be very clever. Actually, it could be. But this is actually the number of organ donors. So it turns out that the default in Austria is that you are an organ donor and you have to opt out. And in Denmark, it's an opt-in system. You have to ask to be. So you have to go and say, I want to be an organ donor. This is a cognitive bias called the status quo bias. We as humans, we tend to stick to whatever we are instead of making an effort to do something to do something else. So a decision that's already made for you is very powerful. So whatever we can do to influence someone to make a decision, if you make that decision a zero effort decision, or what I call a do nothing decision, the do nothing decision is the decision that you make by doing nothing. And this is just one of the cognitive biases that got mapped. And this codex is actually a map of the over 180 cognitive biases that got mapped by behavior economics and by cognitive psychology. And I got really interested in that and I started studying, right? I was like, what is a status quo bias? What is scarcity? And what is loss aversion? And what are all these things that I have in my brain? So I kind of became that little boy from the sixth sense movie that says that he can see dead people. So I started seeing biases everywhere. And I just started visualizing those things everywhere. So I would go to Google, right? And I would say, when I type on Google, where to eat in San Francisco, there's actually 342 million results calculated in 0.62 seconds. And I started thinking like, where do I click? And it turns out that 91.5% of people click on a result from the first page of Google.  So I was thinking, right, if I click on a result from the first page, did I make that decision? Or did Google make that decision for me? And I was thinking like, this is like the default. This is like putting a result on the first page of Google. It's using the status quo bias and it's nudging me. It's influencing me to make that call and to actually make that decision. There's a few other biases that I want to highlight here. There's one called the Dunning-Kruger effect, which is that our level of confidence about some knowledge is much higher when we don't know anything about it. So this is pretty much an effect that shows that when someone knows almost nothing about a topic, they actually think they know a lot. And when we get to know something about the topic, then we realize, now I know that I don't know anything about this topic. So the level of confidence drops a lot. And it's very interesting, right? When we know that, we can deal with people in a better way because if we're dealing with someone and they think that they are experts about something, it could actually be that they are at the top left of this graph and they actually know nothing or almost nothing about that something. The Ikea effect is another bias that I like and I use it a lot. The Ikea effect says that we exaggerate the value and we get attached to something that we help to build.   And the Ikea effect is something that was published by the Harvard Business Review and Dana Rielli is one of the creators or one of the people who documented that effect officially. We also see that when we're buying things. So if you're buying an iPhone 11, for example, and you look at the edit like that, then you see, okay, iPhone 11 699, it is the most expensive iPhone that I could buy. But if you look at it this way, then you feel like, wow, it's actually a mid-price. So 699 is something that is not the most expensive one because I have iPhone 11 Pro Max for $199. So that is also a way to influence people to look at a price and not think that that price is the most expensive one. The name of this bias is called framing, where you frame a decision in a certain way where people see it differently. There's an amazing show on Netflix that I watched and I was surprised by it. It's called The Push from Darren Brown where he, the challenge is do you think we can manipulate and influence someone up to the point where they can push someone off a building and I won't spoil and I won't give you what happens at the end, but I would really recommend watching it because you also learned a lot about how to influence people. And to bring a bit of context of myself, I've helped the Australian government with what was called the Digital Transformation Agency. It was an agency that was brought up by the Prime Minister and we had a whole hub of innovation to help build simple, clear, and fast public services using digital, right? And we used a lot of those concepts at the Digital Transformation Agency. That was back in 2015, from 2018, I joined Red Hat to launch the Open Innovation Labs area of Latin America. But one thing I want to bring back from the DTA work that I did was something called Digital Service Standard. It was a combination of 13 principles that everyone in government were using to build the digital services. And standard number one said we have to understand user needs. And to us here at Red Hat, I would say we have to understand our client needs because we need to build something. We need to bring to the clients things that are related to their needs. So I believe that anything that we build should be solving someone's needs. And during that time, I also wrote an article called the five cognitive biases to avoid during discovery. So I will explain just one of them instead of going through the five. The confirmation bias. So confirmation bias is a bias that during research, when we're trying to understand what someone needs, we might ignore their pain points because they don't fit with some existing assumptions that we might have. So I'll give you an example. If we have OpenShift and we go to a client, the only needs that we'll think about are the needs for OpenShift. So we'll think about, oh yeah, this client needs OpenShift. So we might be confirming a bias that we already have, a preexisting assumption as opposed to going to a client with a blank mindset and actually think, let me understand this client needs regardless of what I'm trying to bring to them. So one of the things that I was thinking was among the 35,000 decisions we make every day, have you ever wondered how many of those decisions are digital decisions? How many of those decisions are things that you either delegate to an application or to Google or to Netflix or to anything digital? And how many of those decisions are augmented decisions that you actually make using the digital world? So I was signing up to Netflix a while ago and there was something here that said, please do not email me Netflix special offers. And I was thinking, hang on, if I don't do anything, I will receive the offers. So this is pretty much the default bias, right? It is the do-nothing decision being applied to a form where the default decision, the do-nothing decision by not checking the box, I will actually be deciding to receive the offers. In order to opt out, I'll have to check the box. And I was watching Netflix and I was actually thinking like, when we watch a series on Netflix and we have the autoplay functionality, when you're watching, let's say, episode one of Black Mirror, which is a TV show I love, and you actually don't have to do anything to watch episode number two because automatically the autoplay feature actually has something embedded on the do-nothing, which is if you do nothing, you will keep watching. So think about it, all the decisions that you make without doing anything. We make a lot of decisions because others make those decisions for us. Amazon has patented recently something called anticipatory shipping, which is an algorithm. It is a whole business model around shipping things to us before we buy it. So they will understand our behavior online and they will think about like, of course, like the algorithms, machine learning, artificial intelligence will make a decision that we want to buy a certain product and that product will arrive. So that is designing a digital customer experience to send them something without them even clicking on the button to buy. So back in the days, like when I was going through that in my life about 10 years ago, I used to work with UX people and I still do, right? We still have user research and user experience people. And I thought, look, the UX people, they're very powerful because they actually create the decision environment that we make online. And then I realized that we are all digital decision architects. We are all making creating environments for people to make decisions. If you send an email, sometimes you want someone to make a decision. So at the end of the day, we are all digital decision architects, right? We are all digital decision architects. And to bring some examples of companies actually that use this concept, Lemonade is an insurance company, an insurance startup in San Francisco that has been given $13 million to reinvent P2P insurance. That was back in 2015. The latest I heard from Lemonade is that they've been evaluated on a $300 million company. So they went from $13 million to $300 million. And one of the things they did, if you want to know, is they've created the shortest time that someone could actually get acclaimed. So there was a claim that was approved in three sets. Sorry, did anyone say something? We go back to that slide, this Lemonade one. Yeah. So that's their funding amount. They're worth way more than that. Now they should be worth way more than that. So I should correct that. It's way more than $300 million, right? Yeah. But even then, that's the amount that was funding. So it's like some percentage, maybe like 20, 30 percent. So it's times out by five. That's what they were worth when they got that. Yeah. I don't know the exact details, but the big number. Yeah. Well, my message here is that it's been working out like since 2015, they've been working out and they've been creating like fast claims, three seconds claims. But one interesting thing I want to highlight is that Lemonade has inside of it, what's called a behavioral lab. And a behavioral lab is a way to understand people's behaviors. And that's why I want to go back to the word behavior. Because remember Dan Ariely, the guy that I mentioned that had impacted me with his book, Dan was assigned and he was hired by Lemonade as the CBO. So he was the chief behavioral officer of Lemonade. And when I saw that, I actually started looking and it turns out that this is a bit of a theme on the market that people have been hiring and giving people that title of chief behavioral officers. I became a huge fan of Dan Ariely. I was like, I actually approached him and we've been communicating since 2015. I met him at a conference and he's been giving me some tips every now and then to go in one direction or another. And actually the book has been one of the tips that he gave me. I was going in one direction and he actually nudged me in another direction that turned out to be the book. And I want to also bring another name that it's a very inspirational name as well. It's this guy called Richard Taylor. So Taylor and Cassus Steen wrote a book called Nudge and Taylor won a Nobel prize in 2017. So three years ago, he got a Nobel because of his contributions between the economics and the psychology side of things. So he merged these two worlds, right? He actually created a way for us to understand better economics and decision making through psychology and that is what gave him the Nobel prize. And the nudge, which is like his concept, what is a nudge? Nudges are small and powerful interventions in the environments where we make decisions, right? And a digital nudge is making that intervention using the digital world, using a digital device, using an application, using anything digital. So that's when I actually came up with the concept and the digital nudge concept came up a few years ago and it became the book and pretty much it has two publics. Like people ask me, what is the audience? The audience is the digital decision architects, anyone who uses the digital environments to nudge people into making better decisions. And also the digital citizens, which are all of us, like we all live in the digital world. We all have access to internet because here we are on blue jeans. Having this community and this is pretty much like half the world of pretty much half of the world's population has access to the digital world. They are digital citizens. Then the book came up, digital nudge. I had a few events already on the book. I've officially published it last year in Denmark at a conference in Denmark, the Gochu conference in Copenhagen. It was amazing. I actually managed to hand the book on the hands of Wozniak, the Apple's co-founder and I was like, I'm so amazed when I gave him the book. He looked at the book and he was like, wow, I should read this and I hope he read it. And if you want to think about like which other books have anything to do with this one, this is a list of some other books that have to do with this. So if you've read any of those other books like Homo Deos, The Fourth Industrial Revolution, Hooked, The Power of Habit, like all these books, they are correlated. So the digital nudge book has a lot to do with those ones as well. And some people ask me, Fabio, if I know about these things, can I manipulate people? And I say yes, because nudging is a tool and it's a very powerful tool. And as a knife, if you have a very sharp knife, you can use that knife to harm someone or you can use that knife to cut, let's say, a sashimi in a very nice way. So it is a tool and it's a very powerful tool and it can go bad, right? Nudges can definitely go bad if you do it in the wrong way because you can influence people the wrong way. And I like to say that there is the spider-man effect with nudges, which is with great power comes great responsibility. So you do have the responsibility to nudge people in the right direction. But how do I know what is the right direction? And I like Nirael's definition of the two types of influence, which one of them is called persuasion. So persuasion is influencing people to do what they want and what they need. And coercion is actually the ability to influence people to do what they don't want and they don't need. There is a good website called Dark Patterns, which is a website that mapped a lot of these dark nudges or things that are bad. They are things that people do that we don't really like. One of them, for instance, is called sneaking to basket. It is a way to say, let's say you bought a tablet and automatically by default, you have a case for your tablet in your basket. And why is it that we accept that online? And if you are shopping, let's say you are shopping at a supermarket and you have your trolley and then someone sticks something in your trolley, would we accept that? No, we wouldn't. Unless it's a bottle of vodka because I like vodka and that's actually a good vodka. But you wouldn't want that. And you would definitely realize that someone's put that in your basket and you would not accept that. So I decided to start a movement that I call the digital nudge for good movement, which pretty much is a mapping of all the ways that digitally we influence people for good. So I started asking questions and during conferences I asked people, can you tell me, can you tweet, can you post on social media with the hashtag digital nudge, anything that you feel is good? So I started keeping track of those things and one of them is a device that a friend of mine actually had one of those. He had diabetes and he had a device that helped him make a decision on when to take his insulin automatically by having an application on his phone connected to that device that was constantly measuring his glucose levels and he was nudged to make a decision and he was actually offloading his brain. And diabetes is a huge issue right now in the moment. One in 12 people have diabetes and there's actually another company called Ayuda heuristics that has been renamed recently to Quintac that has artificial intelligence to help people make better decisions with diabetes. Another digital nudge for good is this cap which has been developed by Ford. It is called safe cap and it has an accelerometer and it has the intelligence to understand when the head movement of a truck driver is about to fall asleep. So they actually realized like how is the head movement pattern in order to understand and predict a sleep and that's very interesting. So they nudged the driver and the outcome is less accidents. So I've been thinking at Red Hat right our technology helps people with like if we were to complete that we should definitely think about it in that term like what is it that we help people with with our technology because we are definitely nudging people to do things in a certain way. And to finalize I do want to talk about a framework that has been published by the University of Liechtenstein by Marcus, Christopher and Jen. They published an article called digital nudging and that came out after the book came out. I got in touch with them we are really connected and it's a framework of five steps to create a nudge to influence someone. I'm not going to go through all of the steps now but if you want I can share this with you. It's pretty much very well defined framework in order to go through five steps to influence people to make decisions using the digital nudging. So thank you to the three of them for creating that because that's amazing and you might be thinking okay what now Fabio what what what do we expect from this now? I think we can see ourselves in two of these boxes if you will or roles in this world. We are either decision architects where we're helping people make decisions so we should be nudging for good and we should be we're also digital citizens so if we are digital citizens we should be raising our digital consciousness in order to understand how we get influenced so that we don't get influenced as much and for reflection one question is what are we doing to influence the irrational brain both internally and at our clients at Red Hat? How might we find ways to influence our clients or even anyone who we interact with to drive success through behavioral change and I want to leave you with one call to action which is think about one action one thing that you will be doing differently from now on because learning is acting I don't think that learning is just consuming more and more content because content is like drinking water like so learning is not just about drinking more and more water because if you just drink this content and if you don't do anything about it I don't think you've learned anything because learning is about changing behavior so to finish I don't think learning is about drinking more water learning is about taking a piss thank you well thank you because I think that's a really nice synopsis of our of the book and of the point of view that you have on all of this one of the things that that you talk about and you brought up was persuasion versus coercion and I was thinking about this when you talked to show the example of the opt-in or opt out like you had to opt out in order to actually opt in or whatever that little thing was and I know right now like everybody who's signing up for virtual events and things along that nature we have we put up registration pages and there's a lot of government regulation around it like GDPR and you you actually have to physically you have to opt in there's some regulation that's in there so besides deciding to do for good that there's also a lot of regulation now being imposed maybe not on everybody obviously but on a lot of people about that opt in and opt out stuff and I wonder if you could talk a little bit about that maybe how because you worked with the Australian government if that came into play at all very curious because it's affecting how we do things in this new virtual world yes definitely so GDPR and all the the data regulating rules in fact in Brazil there is one now called LGPD which is pretty much GDPR for Brazil it has something called explicit consent so explicit consent means that you cannot assume that someone is giving you consent to either share their data or to receive things so there is very much a lot of regulation around that consent so the opt out version is pretty much an implicit consent version of that so what came out with GDPR and these other rules is that the default bias cannot be exploited anymore for certain things it is very much regulated right now for a few things especially data sharing so especially things around who can have access to your data that now needs explicit consent so I see that some governments like the UK government the American government they all work with behavioral units all of them give the units different names so the UK one is called the Nudge unit and the governments are usually very much influenced by this concept of behavioral economics and nudging the Nudge unit in the UK is very very much powerful into helping the government create legislation and understanding what is possible and what's not possible from a behavioral economics perspective Obama in the US had the behavioral economics unit that helped him a lot there's a lot of articles published by that unit that made a lot of advisory to to to Obama at that time the Australian government also has a Nudge unit it's usually referred to as the Nudge unit because the UK one is a bit of a reference and definitely there are units of government that inform and advise the government and change policy in a way that nudge people towards a direction and that's where the morals and the ethics come in place it has to be based on the morals and the ethics of where governments think that the population should be going and that's very controversial because ethics and morals is not a black and white thing where we can say it's zero one it's someone could think that being an organ donor is good or bad so it's very it's very controversial like where we should be nudging people towards but yes there is the Nudge units and GDPR is very much inspired by these concepts so the other thing that you talked about a little bit that that I thought was quite interesting was the confidence level the Dunning Kruger example and I love the the chart with like the hundreds of different biases I've got to get that and put frame it and put on the wall and you know and huge poster size because I that was really for me that was an eye over why we usually think about like the top five that you were talking about and stuff but I can remember a long time ago and I apologize I don't know who to attribute it to there was a quote that went around and still gets heard is that it's not what you don't know it's what you know you don't know right that that really is the scary thing and I think that's like when we're making decisions and things of that nature it's I totally you know I'm totally confident that I could fix the water leak main in my backyard and until I dig up the pipe and I look at it I'm like holy crap right that was this past weekend so it's like then I called it an expert that was not my area of expertise but you know I thought how hard can this be you know duct tape but I think a lot of those different biases when we're doing things like usability and user design and interfaces for things especially in tech we're doing this stuff we have to take you know take those biases in and make sure that we're not perverting them for our own ends and stuff like that so I think that's you know some of that really is good and the other one that I really liked and then I'll stop and let Andrew weigh in was the IKEA effect and not because of what you think like putting my furniture together makes me like my furniture more because I'm the builder of it so I have an investment in it and I've got confidence and I think one other example you gave in another talk was around origami stuff like that but I was thinking about that in terms of talks that I've been getting about end users getting more involved in contributing to open source projects and in some ways we are encouraging that like if you look at the CNCF and all the projects and people donating code like Lyft don't have any envoy and you know Jaeger coming from uber and Spotify giving back state all these wonderful projects plus people contributing from enterprises like Amadeus and stuff like back into that the effect that that if if that is having actually the IKEA effect that they're like being more attached to the Kubernetes and the cloud native ecosystem and they're more invested in it so even if maybe it's not perfect anymore like some of those pieces of furniture that I've actually put together with a drill as opposed to the holes and IKEA that I think is and you it gave me a really pause because I have to give a talk on that in a couple of days to see how I could incorporate that because I think that is actually what's happening it's not that the software is getting worse is that we're seeing more end users collaborating with vendors like Red Hat and IBM and VMware and Dell and you know everybody in the upstream which means they're getting more maybe confidence in using the product understanding but they also it's they're getting they like it better like and that's I love that insight yeah I had never had that insight on the open source like if I wrote one line of code and I submitted that my pull request got accepted I feel like that product is a bit of it's mine like I there's a piece of me inside of it so I feel like I own it I love it yeah that's amazing it's like a dopamine hit for for open source contribution I'm liking that and then if you get a streak you're even more you're hooked so Andrew what have you got to add in here I'm still excited on the the last analogy used in your call to action and I think that you could do a lot better than that but we'll come back to the needed dwell on that right now I think that this is a super common and in the you know the history of DevOps there's been a number of interesting talk people gave kind of catalog cognitive bias particularly when you start thinking about incident management and some of these other things that gets interesting but this psyche effect is also like the way I always say this is that we attach our ego to our artwork like made a thing then it's like you said us too but another thing that I keep thinking about like watching the actual evolution of this industry and you mentioned a bunch of these books and I haven't read all of them but there's this documentary out on Netflix about kind of like the social media stuff that's that's been going on and and we almost have we've created huge fortunes focused on specifically exploiting the these anti patterns or dark nudges or whatever however you want to call the the dark side of this and at least for the moment I'm not sure there's a that we like stop do like anytime soon because there's just such a high reward there's just such a high reward describing those behaviors I think in that that movie you're talking about there's a scene where there's like three clones of the same guy and every time someone does something on the internet they're like oh let's push this to him and let's push that to them and it's sort of like this and you kind of have that image of what's going on like when you're on the facebook or amazon or netflix like what netflix suggests to me you have this thing and and and it is it's it's um very lucrative these nudges um and and how you weigh in with companies to do what's morally right and that so another thing that you might see for that has always been a problem like regardless of which channel was used I was talking to a friend the other day and he was saying he was studying about the second world war and he said that most of the influence of the second world war was done by radio so a radio is a technology right and there is a way to influence people to do something by radio what what scares us right now is that the digital world has given us access to anyone any of the seven billion people or even half of it like the 3.2 or 3.5 billion who have access to the internet right now and that is what's what's brought it to an exponential situation right now that that is the big difference but you're right like influencing for that has always been a problem since we've existed well the the example you just gave about radio in some real sense is kind of an extension of of media back to the beginning of time and there's the you know pretty famous idiom that that the pen is miter than the sword right so able to communicate ideas to to get people to take behaviors is pretty core to the social animal that that humans are and and so what we have now in in this you know fabric that we've created with the technology is just is just a way to magnify and multiply that through every sense like we're basically able to exploit and and we're pretty close to being able to do to do smell too right you know you have vision and you have sound and you have like this we we're literally talking through the internet to each other right now and in some sense we're we're exchanging ideas like constantly there's another thing you touch on in in the book Fabio about VR and augmented reality and how the technologies I mean we go from radio to the pen to all of these technologies that influence what we see how we interact with the world and it's only going to get more exponential I think until we do things like fill Facebook off you know log out of taking that time to to read a hard book and and be influenced in a way that's not a nudge like that's a significant life changing thing like reading I don't see us I don't see us doing it we like the dough and we like it too much I'm not going to stop so so another thing that you said early in the talk that that I kind of got fixated on and I've been thinking about a lot in other contexts as well is this idea of you you have to make it you want to become conscious of this right you want to become conscious and and that's sort of a paradox right like some of the some of the things that make these bias and this irrationality or the shortcuts or whatever however you want to frame it is because it's deeply subconscious and and there's definitely things we can do and there's mindfulness practices and we can be thoughtful but at some point like you can like you literally have to exploit in both sense of that word those shortcuts to be able to participate in in reality yeah yeah you're right um in fact there is a Richard Taylor mentions on his book nudge that there is no way for us to be fully conscious all the time because we do not have enough cognitive brain load cognitive capacity to make all those decisions in a conscious way so when I talk about expanding our consciousness and in fact the book in portuguese the in english is called digital nudge in portuguese is called digital consciousness because in portuguese I focus more on that side of the of the what I want to do I want to raise people's consciousness and what we can do is we can minimize the negative impact of when we are being manipulated by by a few nudges that we get by being conscious about that I'll give you a real example if the other day I was on booking.com like booking a room at a hotel and I saw that there was a message saying that this is the last room available at this hotel and there was another message that said there are 15 other people looking at this room at this very moment so in my mind I trigger my consciousness uh button and I go like hang on they are trying to use my scarcity uh you know my scarcity bias to well influence me to click on the buy button right now so that's what I mean about being more conscious it means knowing and realizing when people are pushing those buttons in ourselves and actually triggering that slow brain to make a better decision and to not make all those decisions unconscious and this is an interesting thing too that it comes into play it's like when I see that on booking.com or anyplace else I have a trust issue right so it's like do I trust that vendor do I trust that website um and I think the importance here is I totally agree because if we didn't raise our consciousness and awareness of these biases and how we're being triggered it would be um the t-shirt would read resistance is futile join the bork right but um I think the other piece of it is um do do the people that you're interacting with online um do you trust them and I and I know from from red hats you know we always tout ourselves as a trusted vendor for our partners and our end users and our customers but how um how do people how does trust work into this this dynamic from your yeah the way I see it is that it's just a really I really yeah I like I like people nudge me if I trust them so really quick comment um on this particular example um and I won't name any names and it's been a while since this happened but the the this like little thing where it's like trying to create this scarcity uh I was looking at the source code for this website and it was actually there was nothing but a random number generated on the client side JavaScript absolutely to like to like say that there's this many things you know looking at it or what I have here oh yeah I mean so okay so my dream here I'm gonna tell so my my trust level went down really fast right there so yeah I love that because the same thing that the GDPR came up for the explicit consent I wish we came up with some sort of a a stamp or some sort of the same way that we have for food I don't know about in other countries but we have an organic food stamp right which is a regulatory thing to say that that food is organic like I wish one day we have a some sort of stamp of like organic content or organic digital platform or whatever we are here to say that this thing has been verified that there is no uh there is no one trying to do those things that those dark patterns and they're not trying to use a nudge that is not real because that fake javascript number is a fake nudge it is definitely a nudge for bad which then brings you to the whole concept of fake news and I don't know how many of you out there viewing and watching along watched the debates last night but one of the things that Dunn um Airely talked about in you know some book or somewhere was about when you swear in when you go to court and you say I um I swear to tell the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth at the beginning of a court trial and now at now he's he his example was now they flipped it you said when you do your taxes you sign off at the end that you verify at the end so you have this propensity maybe to make little lies through the whole thing but if you make the commitment up front that you're not going to lie that maybe in the presidential debates maybe the next round of them we have every presidential candidate has to swear up front before they go on stage not just a covid test it's also you know you swear on a stack of whatever book that you you we trust you to it means something to you but you know this whole idea of setting up the interaction to start with and this is where maybe we go back to ux design and stuff like that and a certification organic certification or trust certification those are really hard things to do even for software to get certified we have all this testing and stuff that we set up but I think it's an interesting concept figure out the same way the same thing that we have for like a penetration test and things like the wasp the top list of the wasp things that that the vulnerabilities that we can look for we could probably like one of the dreams I have is to have a global organization that thinks about this in that way and actually prevents it from happening that we we not only have a penetration test for security but we also have a test for these kinds of of bad nudges and fake nudges and and coercions so maybe not a world health organization but a world behavioral or a trust of a wto or whatever not wtf but something of that nature out there in the universe would be a a great thing so aspirationally I agree but I don't see it developing anytime soon yeah I mean yeah I don't see it either anytime soon but I think yeah I feel like I've been planting small seeds that can grow at a time that I probably will not even see right and yeah I think I think that's the thing that we we try and do we talk um uh companies and communities through digital transformations and making codes of conduct and doing all these things but planting the seeds of awareness helping people figure out how to raise their consciousness and awareness of all their own biases we see that reflected in the politics of the day globally and then you know I do go back to a lot about building the trust between across the ecosystems with vendors and partners and end users and and the importance of trust in and people allowing to be digitally nudged you know I I personally I read through all of the stuff and I'm a number of the little books of the not the little but the important the politics here the Nobel Prize winning books that you had up there and you know I think about health and fitness and you know on your watch getting a nudge to stand up or to to breathe like I have a nudge that reminds me to breathe there are some things that yeah really take you know take a deep breath Diane um don't don't get so stressed out right I have to do that digitally so that I remember it's almost I don't have diabetes I have like stress so um I think that's that the key thing is it's just some of these nudges I trust Apple and the app to do that with me right I think it's so we probably don't have time to go all the way through this but I have this gamified life insurance policy that pays for me to have an Apple watch and then it's like I get I get points for doing exercise I get points for meditation I get all these things that like they're I mean there's some some quantitative model somewhere that says that if I do these types of behaviors that they're less likely to have to pay my life insurance but I signed up for these like nudges and I get a watch out of it so pretty cool that's amazing yeah I'm sure that's definitely inspired by some of the behavior economics in the nudge theory absolutely well I I kind of feel we're winding down a little bit which is great um and I I love the the Christmas list of books that you put up there um earlier and I think um one of the things we've been teasing out Andrew and the other folks from the GTO office is going forward to like creating this uh COVID reading list or holiday reading lists like our wish list for books and I think you've added at least seven or eight mentions of different things that that now people could read and add and append to that so I'm really grateful that um that you shared this with us I love the concept of nudge and digital nudges and and the way that um we at red hat we have so many different products and projects um that have user interfaces that do these kind of digital nudges and how important it is for us to be aware and um continue to build the trust um with our end users whether it's the OpenShift console and I'll put a plug in for there's an OpenShift console customization um contest going on now if you follow me on Twitter there's a couple of tweets about that but it's like how do you create those user experiences whether they're VR or consoles or CLIs or um augmented realities where people um trust you and so as we go about our day-to-day jobs um and and work with our end users and on our products making sure we hold these things and raise some consciousness awareness about all of these biases so thank you very much you have any last words Fabio and Andrew well let Andrew go last because there is actually one of our biases that however something ends is the thing that we remember the most it's called the peak end rule it's that's why when we see a movie we feel like the ending of the movie is not good we feel like the whole movie sucked so I'll let Andrew finish so that and you can take the blame for it then okay go for it Andrew so so memory tests show you remember things at the end and at the beginning better and that you get more fuzzy in the middle anyway uh I just think it's a pleasure to to have Fabio come talk to us about this I really like the the thought you put into this and the you know the work that you do as part of the team at Red Hat and so it's fun to to get you on and and have you kind of explore some of these topics and you know I haven't read all those books but now I got some you know another thing to buy that I probably won't read soon but we'll uh we'll keep on learning all right thanks very much Fabio um we'll have you back definitely thank you


1941 was a memorable year in the annals of the United States Navy, and it also marked the beginning of the Navy's Combat Artist Corps, a program that now has its own traditions, its own history. Some of its pioneers, Commander Standish Bacchus, Hugh Cabot, and Commander Griffith Bailey Kowale, the first official Navy artist on active duty. And since there have been many others that through their creative dexterity have truthfully recorded those vivid points in time that make history. Because of this effort, millions of people in America's towns and cities have had the advantage of viewing the full spectrum of Navy history over the past quarter-century. Reminders from the past. Midway. Coral Sea. Tarawa. Salerno and Omaha Beach. Seoul. The Yalu River. And today, the strange names of Southeast Asia. Chulai. Danang. Nabe. In 1964, the program added a new dimension by utilizing the talents of non-military artists. And this is how one combat artist tells his story. The point in time, May 1967, on the flight deck of the veteran carrier USS Hancock off the coast of Vietnam. To me, the most unforgettable feature of carrier operation is the fantastic number of men required behind the scenes. With 900 men directly engaged in air operations, many hundreds more below deck seldom see this hustling deck activity. Undoubtedly, the most spectacular items of the ship's equipment are her catapults. These giant slingshots can hurl 24 tons of airplane into the air in just over 200 feet. Everything in flight operations is in a high key. They have screams of jet engines exploding after burners, the kerosene-centered wind, the accelerated actions of the men, the many brilliant colors. They all compete for attention in a picture of precision and teamwork. With each launch, mission responsibility is focused on a handful of men with the job of disrupting southward flow of enemy war supplies. And when they return, there's an air of homecoming, stirring about it, like a flag passing in a parade. Whatever it is, you can't watch it sitting down. Point in time, 800 feet over the rungsat, one of the nastiest jungles in the world. This 400-square-mile area, lying between Saigon and the sea, is a treacherous network of dense jungle and waterways and the site of extensive Viet Cong activity. My first glimpse of the rungsat told me, I can't paint this, no one would believe it. Because from the air, this twisting maze of waterways looks more like a medical illustration than Thailand's geography. The principal waterway, the Long Tau River, is a 45-mile lifeline to Saigon and to South Vietnam itself. In this terrain, the enemy can easily hide himself in his supplies as well as manufacture a crewed assortment of weapons to harass river traffic. The job of controlling the Delta region's waterways is shared by the U.S. Navy and the Vietnamese National Police and Custom Service in an operation called Game Warden. And from this riverbank office, the senior American advisor directs the rungsat activities of our river patrol boats and minesweepers, the mainstays of Operation Game Warden. Point in time with the Sea Wolves, the Navy's first and only light helicopter attack squadron, as unique and deadly as their environment. Here at the Nga Bay Naval Base on the fringe of the rungsat, as well as from ships deployed throughout the Delta, these small gunships give Operation Game Warden the quick reaction firepower to counter Viet Cong activity. In a typical helicopter airstrike, a forward air control aircraft discovers and marks a VC bunker with a smoke grenade.  This allows the pilot to aim and launch the Hilo's primary firepower, a total of 14 devastating 2.75 rockets. But this isn't all the Sea Wolves do. They are frequently called upon to pick up VC prisoners. As you see here, they often serve as artillery spotters. And as daylight fades, Sea Wolf action reaches its peak when the legitimate river traffic is halted by a nightly curfew. This is the signal for the nocturnal VC to take over the waterways. But it's also the signal for the Sea Wolves to strike the enemy one more time before night falls. Point in time, a penetration mission deep in Viet Cong held territory with the Navy Seals. An organization considered to be the most deadly combat team in military history. This is a new breed of Navy man. And as a highly specialized countermeasure against enemy Delta operations, their harrowing storybook tactics are becoming legendary examples of fighting quality and discipline. Nighttime in the rungsat is no longer the uncontested domain of the VC. The Seals are there too. Their ability, stealth, highly developed self-control, and refined covert tactics are their fighting tools, by which they gather the vital information necessary to counter daily enemy activity. Guided by the Seals intelligence reports, another specialized organization, the Joint Army Navy Mobile Riverine Force, furnaces a muscle to neutralize trouble spots throughout the Delta, operating from barric ships near the coast, and armored troop carriers, along with heavily armed river gun boats, represent our first full-scale riverine force since the Civil War. Point in time, the Marine Corps Air Station, July, with one of the Air Force tactical air control units. These small, highly maneuverable O1C aircraft are fittingly called bird dogs, in the sense that they seek out and pinpoint targets with smoke rockets as a guide to attack aircraft. Forward air control is an essential ingredient in performing close air support for ground forces, since today's high-velocity aircraft does not permit the pilot adequate time for target identification. Once the target is marked, the bird dog must quickly make an exit to make way for the phantom jets attacking with 750-pound bombs. Following the airstrike, the bird dogs must then conduct close-at-hand assessment of the damage inflicted. Dozens of pads of bullet holes on these small aircraft attest to the danger of this phase of the air controller's job. Point in time, with our combat artist at Marine Air Group 13, July, the staging area for supersonic phantom jets that perform the important role of close air support for marine ground troops throughout Vietnam's northern provinces. You don't simply climb into the world's fastest, most high-performance military jet and go for a joy ride. Before you can get close to the airplane, it takes days of indoctrination, ejection seat drills, decompression chamber and physical qualification clearance, and jungle survival training. But at 18,000 feet at 200 miles from the target, it's difficult to believe you're in the center of a military conflict with the stillness and sheer beauty that surrounds you. Even the familiar demilitarized zone, the center of bitter fighting looks peaceful below. Once the target is hit and you're on your way home, another anxious moment may be in store for you. Phantom jets absorb fuel at a startling rate and often require fueling in-flight by Marine C-130 flying gas stations, a delicate and precise maneuver. Point in time, with a Medevac crew in Vietnam's rugged central highlands, where heavy-duty UH-34 helicopters serve as a vital lifeline by supplying beleaguered Marines with food, water and ammunition. And equally important, Medevac's quick reaction in battlefield rescue of the wounded is responsible for saving countless American lives. The UH-34, the Marine's workhorse, is basically unarmed and stripped for action to get in and out of emergency conditions on the ground. Working in pairs, one armed helicopter remains aloft to suppress enemy ground fire as a protection for the vulnerable over-or-landing phases during emergency Medevac or resupply. Also, Medevac's military missions are frequently interrupted to alleviate civilian emergencies in the numerous villages beneath their flight path. A war under any conditions is an awesome and tragic event. But one is there, it's fertile ground for the artist. For when bravery and deeds are commonplace, it bears the full spectrum of human emotions and brings the quality of the human spirit to the surface. And I, for one, feel privileged to have the opportunity to participate as a combat artist. And so, with the brush and palette as his working tools, this man joins the growing list of military and civilian artists that will continue to enrich our understanding of these points in time that make history.


section, I have discussed about shallow foundation or different types of shallow foundation and how to design the dimension of the shallow foundation based on the settlement and the bearing capacity calculation. Now, in this section, I will discuss about the deep foundation. Now, as I have discussed the shallow foundation, means the depth of the foundation is very shallow. Now, in the deep foundation, if the load is amount of load, which is coming on the foundation is very high and the soil is not capable to take that load if I provide or if we provide a shallow foundation. Then, you have to go for the deep foundation, where the load carrying capacity of the foundation that will increase if we use the deep foundation and definitely the depth of the foundation is much high as compared to the width of the foundation. So, in the shallow foundation, we assume that if the depth and width of the foundation are more or less equal then or within if the depth of the foundation is less than the width of the foundation, we talk about the shallow that is shallow foundation, but if it is more than its deep foundation, that is the guideline. So, that is why in the deep foundation, the depth of the foundation is very high. So, basically, first I will discuss about the pile foundation. Then, in the next module, I will discuss about the well foundation or the. So, these are the different types of deep foundation. Now, this introductory class of the deep foundation, I will discuss about the different types of deep foundation basically in the pile foundation in this section. And then, what are the construction methods and then how to calculate load carrying capacity and what are the different types of foundation, pile foundation based on the load loading patterns. So, first I will go for the pile foundation. So, that is our first. So, this deep foundation first we explain this pile foundation. Now, this pile foundation, so that is we can draw if this is the a typical pile and we can write this here, this is the ground surface or here we can provide the pile cap and then, this is the width of the or the if it is a circular pile, this is the diameter of the pile and this is the length of the pile. So, here we can see that the length of the pile is very high as compared to the depth of the or this width of the pile or diameter of the pile. So, here the load carrying capacity I will explain for different types of loading and the how to calculate the load carrying capacity of the pile and here also, there are two types of criteria one is load carrying capacity and another is in settlement criteria. So, we will consider all this aspect when design this pile foundation. So, what are the load? First we will talk about the load. So, the first is we can say this is the vertical load then one type of load is horizontal load horizontal load and the third one is the combination of vertical and horizontal. So, these are the different types of load that is acting on a pile foundation. So, now this vertical load and that can be upward or downward directions. Now, if this pile so, different types of piles based on their performance, we can write one first one is end bearing pile. So, this is basically for the suppose here when we suppose this is the vertical load we are applying here. So, that the resistance this pile is getting from the soil is one is the bearing that is the resistance at the bottom of the pile tip and another resistance from the friction between the pile surface and the soil. So, the load carrying capacity this p if this is p this is acting here. So, this is due to the friction and this is end bearing. So, if I write that the contribution from the friction is q f and contribution from the bearing is q b. So, we can write the total load that this is taking by from the contribution of bearing plus contribution of the friction. So, we can say that end bearing piles now if the contribution of the bearing part q b is very high. As compared to the q f then this type of pile is called the end bearing piles. So, that means the contribution is q b is more. So, that means the contribution q b is more which is generally can observe that sandy soil and next one is the friction pile. So, sandy soil or the pore soil. So, that type of contribution is more the bearing in friction pile if the contribution of q f is more. So, this is the soft soil or soft clay will get this type of. So, now if the contribution from the bearing is more that is the end bearing pile that most of the loading is taken by this point resistance or the bearing that is end bearing piles and is the most of the loads is taken by this friction resistance that is for the friction pile. Now, depending upon the different type of loading as I was discussing about the vertical loading horizontal loading and combination of vertical and horizontal loadings we can write pile in different types. One is generally pile is used to resist the compression load. So now, this type of pile one is your compression pile. So, vertical load that can be two types one is compression another is tension or uplift. Now, this compression type of soil which is very common for any structure generally these piles are used to against the compression load, but in the tension load that means the vertical load it can be compression means the downward direction and tension means in the upward direction loaded but both are vertical loads. Now, this tension load or the uplift load that is basically suppose it is applied for a tall building or any. Suppose this is the we can write the different combination of the pile suppose this is our one pile or one building pattern. So, this is the these are the different types of piles and here this is a very tall building and we can write the this is the plan and suppose this is the plan of the tall building. So, now if the load lateral load or the wind pressure which is acting in lateral direction. So, in direction this total system will go in this side. So, here we can say that these piles these will be subjected the compressive load and these piles will be subjected to by tension load or this is the uplift load and this is under compressive load. So, these piles are called the. So, here we have to design these piles against this uplift load this is the tension pile this similar case can we happen for the foundation pile foundation a below a tall chimney where also we have to design these piles for both compressive load as well as for the uplift load. Now, this direction of this vertical load this can be perfectly vertical or it can be inclined also depending upon the type of structure or the type of loading that is acting that can be inclined also that inclined compressive load or inclined tension load. So, now this is the vertical load if we are talking about the horizontal load. So, that is used for the foundation for retaining wall. So, there we can. So, this is again the two types one is your laterally loaded pile. Now, this laterally loaded piles the definition we can write that if horizontal load perpendicular to the pile axis. So, that means suppose we can if we draw this pile and this is the pile axis now, if the load is this horizontal load is perfectly perpendicular to the horizontal axis of the pile then this is called the later loaded pile. Now, another one you can say that is the batter pile. So, here piles are driven at an angle. So, you can write say suppose this is the batter pile where piles are driven with an angle with this depending upon suppose these are the called batter piles or inclined piles to resist the inclined load that is acting. So, here this load is inclined. So, that is is not perfectly perpendicular to the axis which is somehow inclined load. So, do resist against this inclined load you can sometimes use this pile which is called the batter pile or the inclined pile. The next one is the compression or the next one is the compaction pile. So, these are the short piles used for compaction. So, sometimes for compacting the soil basically the sandy soil you can use the short piles these type of piles are the compaction piles. Now, the different loading condition this uplift load that is used for the tall structure or the chimney structure, compressive load which is common for any type of structure. Now, this lateral load that is used for suppose we provide the foundation for retaining wall where the lateral load is coming or for any offshore structure where the the loading from the this sea water or that load is lateral type. So, there we can use that the lateral load we can load can come. So, there where we can use the lateral loaded piles or the batter pile. So, these are the different types of loading and the different types of structure. So, again we can use design for different types of piles that is compressive design against compressive load design against uplift load and design again lateral load. So, those things we will discuss in this section. So, next types of piles or further if I classify this piles. So, one is based on the material suppose the based on the material of construction. So, pile can be one is timber pile pile can be made of steel concrete and then composites type of material also. Now, the next one the based on the cross section this pile can be circular that is can be square that is can be I section if it is a steel pile that can be H section that can be hexagonal etcetera. Now, based on the shape this pile can be cylindrical which is very common then it is can be tapered pile. So, cylindrical means suppose this is the so diameter this diameter of the pile throughout constant and tapered it can be suppose this is the tapered type of piles where the diameter is not constant or it can be either type also depending upon the type of soil. So, this is the tapered piles then this is the under rim piles under rim piles. So, here this is the tapered piles this is the cylindrical piles and under rim piles suppose here some bulb is constructed. So, this can be single bulb or double bulb. So, these are the tapered pile where this diameter is higher compared to this diameter. So, these are the specific shape of the piles and where the different type of soil we can used a different types of piles. This is the common in cylindrical shape is a tapered shape because here if we need the more bearing tip resistance that means the end bearing piles here we can use this enlarge base and this is the under rim piles where we can get the additional bearing capacity for this under rim biop or we can provide this one for the this is the negative skin friction. So, we will discuss these things later on what is this negative skin friction and how we can design this under rim piles etcetera. So, next one is mode of load transfer. So, again we can say this is the end bearing pile all friction pile or we can say this is tension pile that can be lateral loaded pile or compressive pile. So, the different types of load these are different types of piles. The next one by this E type that is based on the mode of forming method of formation forming that can be pre-cast that mean cast in situ and pre-stress also etcetera and based on the method of installation that can be driven or both piles etcetera. So, these are the different types of piles that I have explained the next one is the for the timber piles that we are talking about this different types of piles. Suppose first when you go for the timber piles this timber piles is generally used up to say 30 meter long and which can carry a load from 100 to 250 kilo Newton per pile. Now steel piles these are the small displacement piles and used to carry a heavy loads and up to 40 meter of length and it can carry 1800 around kilo Newton per pile load and the driven pre-cast piles usually or driven pre-cast concrete piles. So, this is driven pre-cast concrete piles. So, these piles are usually in a state of compression. So, now this is or in the cast in situ concrete piles. So, these are the different types of piles are used. Now next one I will discuss about the different type of load bearing capacity how to calculate the load bearing capacity of the pile or different piles. Now first we will go for the pile load carrying capacity so in compression. So, the first we will so there are the different types of load carrying capacity one is compression, one is tension another is lateral load carrying capacity. So, first I will discuss about the compressive piles against the compressive load then later I will discuss the other cases also. So, this one first I will discuss this load carrying capacity of the pile. So, the expression that we will use that is static pile load formulae. Formulae next one is the pile load test by pile load test also we can calculate the pile load carrying capacity. Third one is the pile driven or driving formulae. Next one is the correlation with penetration test data. So, these are the different methods by which or we can determine the pile load capacity in under compression. Now, first we will calculate the static load carrying capacity of the pile. So, by the static load form expressions. So, these are we are talking about the compressive load compression under or compressive load. Now, when we are talking about this if this is the pile. So, as I have mentioned that we will get the resistance from here that is q b and this is a the total layer load is acting and this is the frictional resistance. So, this is q.  So, ultimate load carrying capacity of the pile. So, this q u is summation of the q f plus q b one coming from the resistance from the tip one from the friction. So, this is the ultimate load and this contribution from the ultimate frictional resistance and q b is the ultimate point load. So, this is the total ultimate load is ultimate point load plus ultimate frictional resistance. So, here when we apply the load first this frictional resistance give the support when this and then the load bearing capacity of the end bearing that will be. So, for friction resistance that will mobilized and then this is mobilized then the next one next the end bearing capacity that will give the support. When we apply the load then first this frictional resistance that will give the support then the end bearing will give the support. Now, as we have mentioned that if q u is much or q b is much greater than q f that pile is called end bearing pile. Now, if q f is much much greater than q b then this is called the friction pile.  So, first we can write that q u or q u b that means the ultimate load carrying capacity of any foundation. Here we can say this is the ultimate stress of the base soil or the base of the pile that means the bearing resistance that we are getting from this to that expression we can write that c n c plus sigma bar n q plus 0.5 gamma b n gamma. So, this is common as the shallow foundation bearing capacity expression. So, that same expression you are using here to determine this bearing end bearing capacity of the pile. So, this is the only the q b part. So, that this is the stress carrying capacity where b is the width or diameter of the pile and sigma bar is effective over burden pressure at the tip of the pile. So, now we will calculate this expression suppose if we calculate the general expression that here we can write that q u b that is equal to c n c plus sigma b sigma bar n q plus 0.5 gamma b n gamma. Where again this c n c n q n gamma as the bearing capacity factor and gamma is the unit weight of the soil and c is the cohesion of the soil. And now here we can see that suppose this is the pile we are talking about and this is the total length of the pile and this is the b or d of the diameter of the pile. So, the contribution we can see that here for the contribution. So, sigma v we can write the sigma bar is gamma into l. So, this is the gamma or unit weight of the soil at this region this is gamma and if I talking of the same soil. So, this is also gamma otherwise we can consider if it is the layer soil different layer intensity you have to consider. So, now this is our q l and the contribution from here. So, that means this second contribution is the contribution that is we are getting because of this over burden pressure of the soil and the third one you are getting because of this only this region. So, that this contribution is very small compared to the contribution from this over burden pressure. So, that means the second part we can say that sigma bar n q is much higher than the 0.5 gamma b into n gamma or the third part. So, we can write that q u b is equal to c n c plus sigma bar n q. So, neglecting the third part. So, now for the granular soil we can write q u b is equal to sigma bar n q as for the granular soil purely sandy soil c dash equal to c equal to 0. Now, for a clay soil we can write this as clay soil we can write the phi u is equal to 0. So, q u b will be c n c where c is the coefficient. So, finally, when this is the phi u value phi u is 0. So, that q u b is c n c. So, when we calculate this total q b that is equal to q u b into a b where a b is the cross section area of the pile base. Similarly, q u b is c n c. So, when we calculate this total q b q f we will get that frictional resistance f s into a s where f s equal to unit in frictional resistance and a s equal to surface area. So, now we will calculate the other parts. So, how to calculate this skin friction area? So, now we have to calculate. So, we know how to calculate the tip bearing resistance. Now, we will go for the skin friction with the f s we can write this is sigma h into tan delta. Now, what is sigma h? Suppose, this is the pile that we are talking about and this is the resistance friction resistance is acting here. So, suppose this is the at the center point we are talking about sigma h that is the distance at l by 2 and this is the total length of the pile l and delta is the frictional angle between the soil and the pile. So, that means the friction resistance that will be sigma h lateral force acting in this direction and the tan delta. So, here delta is the angle of friction between the pile and soil and sigma h we can calculate that is k into sigma v. So, sigma v is the vertical load acting k is the coefficient of lateral earth pressure. So, the q f we can write that is sigma a is average and sigma a is average it is we can write that is k into sigma v bar into tan delta into s. So, here sigma v bar is the average effective over burden pressure over the embedded length of the pile. So, here this sigma average is calculated at the center of the middle of the pile length. So, that means if the length is l we will calculate sigma h at the center. So, that is the average sigma v we will calculate and based on we will multiply this by k we will get the sigma h and then we multiply the tan delta we will get the average friction resistance and then we will to multiply the total thing as the as the area of the surface area. So, then we will get the this friction resistance of the soil. Now, the next one that how to get this k value for the different pile material. Suppose that the pile material if we consider the steel then then delta value this is suppose the material and this is the delta value that we are getting suppose this is 20 degree and the k value that we are getting therefore, the loose sand and this is for the dense sand this is 0.5 and this is 1 for the concrete this is 0.755 and this is 1 this is 2 for timber there is 0.675 this is 1.5 this is 4. So, these values we are taking from this Rangin and Rao book this is 2003 this reference. Now, one thing that we are talking about this pile in cohesion less soil or the granular soil. So, this frictional resistance we are calculating. So, this friction resistance that we are calculating this is for the granular soil that means sand or gravel. So, this friction less that we are calculating this friction we are getting that is basically for the sandy soil or granular soil.  So, it is we are talking about the granular soil sand that is why we are talking about loose sand and the dense sand. And different materials steel concrete timber you will delta we will consider 20 if it is concrete we will consider 0.755 and for the timber we will consider 0.675. Now, the thing that when we are driving a pile into the soil and then you have to calculate this effective over burden pressure because here for the granular soil we will use this calculation n q and sigma bar or sigma bar that is the effective over burden pressure. So, n q will calculate from the table and this n q bar this n q will calculate from the table there is few tables are available. So, that charts from this chart will calculate the n q and sigma bar we calculate by the calculation. So, when you calculate the sigma bar for the q u b. So, that is sigma v n q and then we will calculate this phi c is phi plus 40 degree plus 2. So, this is for the driven pile. So, if the granular soil if the soil is phi less than 40 degree. So, because of this driving of the pile the soil will get compacted. So, that phi value of the soil that will increase because of this driving of the pile in a loose type of soil. So, that means the average value or the phi value that will increase. So, that is why we are taking this expression if this phi plus 40 degree plus 2. Now, if this phi is greater than 40 degree then the pile driving shall have the effect of reducing the angle. Now, if the file value is 40 degree greater than 40 degree then due to driving of a pile phi value will reduce because of the dilatancy effect because if the phi is 40 degree then it is become a very dense type of soil. Now, if there will be apply the driving pile then the file value will reduce due to the dilatancy effect. So, that is why you have phi will calculate phi plus phi 0 plus 2 when you calculate this n q. This n q there will use this suppose if it is less than 40 degree phi value then instead of using that phi will multiply will add this phi with 40 degree and then you take the average because here the actual file will increase because of this driving of the pile in the loose soil and then based on that phi c will calculate the n q. But if the phi is greater than 40 degree then because of this dilatancy effect the file may this phi value will reduce. But another thing here we are considering that q b is equal to sigma v into n chi, but i s code i s code recommends that considers the 0.5 gamma b and n gamma in addition to the n q. So, that means here in i s code recommends that you have to consider this third part that you have neglected in the this expression in addition to this one. So, though they will get the contribution from this one also. So, what actually this contribution is this is very less compared to this one we can neglect this one, but actually according to the i s code you have to consider this part also when you consider calculate this q u b. So, now this is the pile for the friction granular type of soil. Then the next one will get the piles in clay.  So, here in clay q u b that is c n c we are considering and f s that we are taking that alpha into c u. So, this that is c u b and this is alpha into c u or we can write this is c u b into n c and this is alpha into c u where c u b is the undrained cohesion at the base of the pile and n c is the bearing capacity factor. Now, for circular n square this n c is the equal to 9 as proposed by the Skempton. The here condition is that the pile must go at least 5 d inside the bearing stator. So, suppose if this is any bearing stator and this is the pile. So, this is the bearing stator here this distance that should be greater than 5 d. So, this is the soft stator and this is the bearing stator and this one is the bearing stator. So, here we calculate this n c and we get the q u b and for the other part calculate that alpha is equal to adhesion factor and c u is the average cohesion in the embedded length of the pile. This is the undrained cohesion into the or through the length of the pile. So, this is the undrained cohesion into the embedded length of the pile. So, in this way we will can calculate the phi value now. So, now in the pile in the clay soil that we will get this expression now here this is total this c u b into n c plus f s into a s this is into a b. So, the expression is c u b into n c into a b plus f s is alpha into c u into a s. So, c u is the undrained cohesion throughout the length of the embedded pile c u b the cohesion at the base of the pile n c if it is a circular square we will get the 9 a b is the base area a s is the surface area. So, you all know these things. So, this alpha value we have to calculate this adhesion value we have to calculate. Now, for different types of soil say suppose based on the consistency. So, I will get the alpha value this is for the board pile. So, here as I have mentioned that the two types of piles see one is board piles and another is driven piles. So, these driven piles is cast in c 2 driven piles or this can be be cast driven piles also. And this is another one is the board piles and now here different types of piles this is if it is a soft soil soft to very soft for the board piles this alpha value is 0.7 we can take and for the driven cast in c 2 piles it is 1. For medium stiff this value board pile value we can take 0.5 and this is 0.7 for very stiff soil you consider this is 0.4 and this is also 0.4. But, stiff to hard you consider this is 3.3 this is also 0.3. So, this value is also it is taken. So, these are the value alpha value or the adhesion factor value we will get for different types of piles from this table. Now, in this section I have discussed about the different types of the piles that we are getting for and how to calculate the bearing capacity of the pile. So, we are talking of the single piles. Now, actually in the field the piles are used as a group. So, now we have to calculate the group efficiency or group calculation of the piles because these the piles I have discussed this is the load carrying capacity of the single pile it is not a group pile. So, load carrying capacity of the single piles in cohesive soil or cohesion less soil. So, then this is the resistance that we are getting that is from the base and on the friction then how to calculate the friction resistance for the cohesive soil and the granular soil then how to calculate the end bearing capacity for the cohesive soil and the granular soil those things I have discussed. But, this is all things are in for the single piles. But, actually when you use these piles in a group. So, then you have to calculate the group load carrying capacity of the piles. Now, the condition is these piles depending upon the spacing in the groups this piles can be either fail individually if spacing is very high if the spacing is more or it will fail like a block as a group if the spacing is very small and then. So, that means I have to check whether these things will fail as a block as a group or as a individual. So, both things I have to check and then the minimum one to provide the as the group carrying capacity of the pile and the depending upon the spacing the efficiency of the pile that will we will we can calculate the efficiency of the piles. So, whether how much efficiency will get if we use a single pile in a group how much efficiency will increase the efficiency of the piles or it will decrease that thing we can also calculate. So, those things we will discuss in the next class how to calculate the load bearing capacity of the pile in a group and then I will discuss about the pile load test because here the static expression that we are using to calculate the load bearing capacity of the this time will single pile. Next class we will discuss about the group piles. Then I will discuss about the next method then by the pile load test how we will calculate the ultimate load carrying capacity of the piles and then we will discuss the other methods also. So, thank you.


So Harvard, one of the greatest and most prestigious universities in the world announced last week that they are going to deliver their next academic year using online classes only. They are also not backing up in terms of pricing and will still maintain its nearly $50,000 tuition. Now, there's a lot of debate online whether or not this is a good strategic move coming from the other side or a total repo. And most people jumped to their guns saying that they can get the same type of education by just googling stuff all day and using their mental arsenal. But there's one more thing to consider before yelling out loud that high-status universities are gradually becoming obsolete. And the thing is that a high-status university has never been about building a wide variety of skill sets, but mostly about acquiring credentialism, i.e. your diploma, and networking while building your social connections. So a huge higher-ranked university often resembles a hub that is supposedly intellectually stimulating as well. And this design was created by the university itself. Knowing that society considers that being smart and intellectually capable can mostly be linked to you having a degree. It is how the system was built. For a long time, people were not showing off using their personal projects and hobbies, but only by showing their diploma. And if you find yourself in a social situation where people are asking you whether or not you have a degree in advanced mathematics or martial nanotechnology, don't be afraid. You are not alone.  The summary is your academic path, your degree, whether you have it or not. They do not care about your social context or where you are coming from or your personality and macro goals, but only whether you are an achiever or not. Because they don't have time to listen to you talking about your startup idea or your micro blogging platform, which only has 5 users by the way or even your YouTube channel or GitHub repository. So they are using the degree as a mental shortcut, which theoretically encapsulates your past and your future as well. Now universities are also designed for networking and social connectivity. And social institutions have been decaying over time, and we must not forget that most of us had our social connections through these institutions. Nowadays, people are placing their toddlers even in high-stages kindergartens, making sure their kids are in the same class with a royal family child. They are trying to build social connections right away. And then they are going to college together and that's it. But if you think about how public schools have become less of a commitment, with less and less involved parents and more and more mature kids running on the hallways, that school's social framework is slowly fading away. So high-stages universities are the ones trying to keep that social foundation altogether. And again, quite a lot of people started arguing online and yelling at each other saying that paying hard cash for the same education you can get for free online is a total scam. But this isn't necessarily true. For an individual coming from a rich family that's also well-connected, most of the value he gets out of his university experience is the brand itself, the stamp he gets while entering the club. Then he can spend those years partying and boxing with a future prime minister and nowadays protesting. But when you think about an individual who worked his butt out trying to figure out a way to enter the realm of science and coming from an immigrant family, the value of that particular university's brand carries a lot of weight when the individual will be trying to niche down. And I suppose the central idea is that a degree by definition means training. If you can be trained to do a job, millions of other people will also get trained and compete with you. And maybe if you are exceptionally talented in the field, you will also be wealthy. But pay closer attention that wealth doesn't necessarily mean wealth. And even though it might be true that a 50k tuition for a more enhanced Zoom class sounds a bit like a rip-off, there's also this thing we need to think about called opportunity costs. The opportunity to have peer-to-peer interactions, arguments and physicality. It's again like paying to enter to a party where all the popular kids are attending to. And there's an argument that we will slowly move towards building credentialism and social connections using online-only hubs, where people can have easy access to our future and past projects, our writings and resources and our documentation and overall goals. And we started seeing this type of strategy being applied when talking about big companies where the company itself does not ask you for a degree anymore, but it is more focused on pure skill. And in terms of elite universities charging hard cash fees to their students, it all depends on how much perceived value it gives to the buyer itself, and not about how much it costs the university to produce their untouchable asset. But don't get me wrong, I believe it's all contextual anyway. I myself am a self-taught individual and I'm not fond of the academia that much, and I currently believe that the future of education is about speed learning, how to use the internet to extract, connect and build on bits of information coming from big data, and learning how to pull out trustworthy resources and knowledge repositories and ultimately connecting the dots faster than anyone else. And an individual who will be able to navigate through its intricate web will be the valedictorian of the future.


Hi and welcome to the session. Let's discuss the following question. The question says in each of the following exercises one, two, six, find the coordinates of the focus, axis of the parabola, the equation of the direct tricks, and the length of the latest rate term. Given equation of parabola is x squared equals to minus nine five. Let's now begin with the solution. Given equation of parabola is x squared equals to minus nine y. We know that if the equation of parabola has an x squared term, then the axis of symmetry is along y axis. Now here the equation of parabola contains x squared term, so the axis of symmetry is y axis. We also know that if the coefficient of y is negative then the parabola opens downwards. Now here coefficient of y is negative the parabola opens downwards. So in this case we have a parabola similar to this figure. Now x squared equals to minus nine y can be written as x squared equals to minus four into nine by four into y. Now this equation is of the form x squared equals to minus four a y. So comparing x squared equals to minus four into nine by four into y with x squared equals to minus four a y we get a as nine by four. We have learned that if the equation of parabola is of the form x squared equals to minus four a y then its focus is at the point zero minus a and direct trig is five equals to a. So this means focus of the parabola x squared equals to minus nine y is minus nine by four. Its equation of direct trig i equals to nine by four. Now we will find length of latest rectum. We know that length of latest rectum is four a and substituting value of a we get four into minus nine by four and this is equal to sorry four into nine by four we get nine. So length of latest rectum is nine. So the focus of the parabola is at the point zero minus nine by four axis of symmetry is y axis. Equation of direct trig of given parabola is y equals to nine by four and length of latest rectum of given parabola is nine. This is our required answer. So this completes the session. Bye and take care.