I will just give a very brief summary of facts, which many of you are familiar with. We do know that on 28th of August, there was a swoop by the Maharashtra police in many parts of the country, Delhi, Faridabad, Bombay, Thane, Pune, Ranchi, Hyderabad. These were done on very well-known prominent human rights activists, lawyers, writers, poets. Five of them were also arrested and immediately high courts were approached, the Delhi High Court and the Chandigarh High Court for two of them immediately granted that they should not be taken to Pune. On that basis, they were kept in house arrest. The very next day, on behalf of these four and five petitioners, a writ petition was moved in the Supreme Court. I also want to point out here that appearing on behalf of these five petitioners, actually there were many senior councils who voluntarily came forward and stood there with us to express solidarity and they wanted to be seen as agreeing with what the petition put forward. One of the earliest things that was objected to, and perhaps the petitioners would say something about that, is that they are strangers to this case. There are five accused. The five accused can approach the court, why are they speaking on their behalf? And perhaps they can refer to that that why did they come forward, what was the larger issue? I will quickly just trace the facts. The Supreme Court further confirmed the house arrest and that house arrest has actually today one month of over a month of that house arrest is over today's 28th of September. During that period, the proceedings have gone on in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court bench headed by the Chief Justice of India has heard the case at length. Today the judgment was given and in the judgment as we know there is a majority judgment that has declined our request for an SIT, a special investigating team or a court monitored investigation and there is a dissenting minority judgment of Justice Chandrachur, which has actually upheld our concerns, our issues, our contentions that there is malified in the investigation, that this investigation cannot be trusted, that liberty is at stake and therefore what we are seeking is a SIT that SIT he said should be constituted. I will go into the details of the judgment a little later after the petitioners have spoken. The house arrest has however continued by the majority judgment for four weeks. The petition continues for all the arrestees in August and they are not to be taken into by the Pune police and they have been given liberty to move the appropriate court and seek further remedies for themselves and I think that underlines perhaps what was at the heart of the petition that this is an extraordinary situation which requires the intervention of the Supreme Court in a fundamental right petition. I will now request Ramila Thapar to please say what she thinks and why they were, why they moved this petition in the first place. We, the petitioners, approached the Supreme Court when five well-known lawyers, journalists and civil rights activists were arrested across the country on the 28th of August and charged with abetting acts of terror under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act. Our intention was to draw the attention of the judiciary to what we believe is a case of gross misuse of the state's powers under the draconian control of the UAPA. Our history as a republic shows that if left unchecked, such misuse causes grave injustices and endangers the civil liberties of all Indians. Those arrested on the 28th of August have been accused of being implicated in acts of terrorism. However, we believe that there are two kinds of terrorism, both of which create fear and undermine the foundations of our democracy.  And the second is the illegal or unjustified acts of state functionaries who, instead of pursuing the actual perpetrators of violence, misuse their powers to harass those who do not conform to the politics of their current masters. When the state uses anti-terror laws without adequate proof against persons known to be working for the rights of the weaker sections of society, it is also spreading a kind of terror. Arbitrary arrests on implausible charges like those of the 28th of August are a source of anxiety for us all. They mean that the police can walk into our homes and arrest us either without a warrant or a warrant written in a language we do not understand, and then accuse us of activities about which we know nothing. It has always been assumed that a genuine democracy will respect the constitutional and legal rights of every citizen, including the right to hold opinions different from or even in opposition to those of the government of the day. Since the arrests follow similar arrests made in June, the arrests of the 28th of August point to a continuing attempt to erode those rights. Our petition was essentially an appeal to the Supreme Court to check this erosion of rights and protect the liberty and dignity of human rights activists. We the petitioners are pleased to note that at least the liberty and dignity of the human rights activists has for the time being not been jeopardized and the Supreme Court has protected the same. I would like to point out that already the headlines are saying that this is somehow a great victory for some people and that there has been some kind of vindication to the police. I would like to say a couple of things that one of the most important parts of this whole judgment and what has been said by the Supreme Court is to look at what Justice Chandrachud has said. You will have to pay a lot of attention to this. Because in this, liberty, freedom, rights on arrest, everything has been said about this. We went to court as petitioners to highlight not only the issue with these five people and their arrests, but to highlight a pattern of police behavior and abuse of the U.S.P.A. which we see across the country. It was to staunch this that we approached the Supreme Court and Justice Chandrachud has recognized this in his dissenting judgment. He has seen an urgency to stopping this kind of thing and he has said clearly in his judgment that high judicial pronouncements are not enough. You have to actually set people at liberty and the court itself, even the majority judgment seems to have been concerned to protect the rights of these people because of the arrestees and they have signaled this by saying, by giving these arrestees that is it 30 days? Four weeks. Four weeks and saying that they must be left alone while the investigation goes on. I also have to say that the police have received no go ahead. They have not received a go ahead to arrest. They have received a go ahead to do their investigation in a legal way, not to harass or to make unnecessary incarceration. Ladies and gentlemen, arrest comes at the end of a viable process of investigation. It is not meant to be the first action on a phishing expedition. I must make that clear to you and you must make it clear to the public because this is a very wrong misconception. Just to recap, these arrests are being made in an FIR which is registered in Pune on 8th of January, 2018. It is FIR number 4 of 2018 and in that FIR, there is a local man who says I attended a program called Elgar Parishad. Elgar Parishad program was held on 31st December 2017, organized by two judges, a former justice of the Supreme Court of India, Justice Saval and a former judge of the Bombay High Court, Justice Korsay Patel. They organized a meeting where Dalits and others met and spoke and pledged and it is available these judges have repeatedly spoken to the media and said that we will, we pledge to uphold the constitution. This person says that at that program, I heard X, one man who said certain things. When we read that FIR, it became clear that Sudhir Gawile, who is a known Dalit activist poet, has read out Marathi translation of a poem taken from a play of breath called The Good Person of Seshwan and clearly we understand that when people are speaking in poetry, it is not, it cannot be taken literally. There is also another FIR, FIR number 2 of 2018 lodged by Anita Savale, a Dalit woman who along with her family, two little children, was going across January to pay her homage at the biggest thumb to commemorate the 200th year of the Bhima-Koregaon battle and she says in the FIR, she names Millimdegh Bote and Sambhaji Bireh. She says they incited the violence and because of them there was large scale violence and looting. Ate Bote was granted bail after one month, Sambhaji Bireh has never been arrested. Two reports, one of the deputy mayor of Pune, one former judge of Telangana High Court, both say that Millimdegh Bote and Sambhaji Bireh are behind this violence on 1st January, which is called the Bhima-Koregaon violence. The person who lodges the second FIR in which there is a rolling arrest being made says on his Facebook page, any of you can check it, he claims that Sambhaji Bireh is his Guruji in June arrest summit, in August rates an arrest summit or saying they are linked to Bhima-Koregaon. I will now read out parts of Justice Chandrachur's judgment. The intersection between criminal law and constitutional rights has led to the evolution of judicial precedent which originates in this court. Our recent decisions reiterate the value of individual dignity as essential to democratic life, but not the edicts in judicial pronouncements can have no meaning to a citizen unless the constitutional quest for human liberty translates into securing justice for individuals whose freedom is under threat in specific cases. The role of the court involves particularly sensitive balance between when the state seeks to curb freedom to investigate perceived charges involving offenses against the state. The studial interrogation involves the balancing of diverse and often conflicting values, the effective administration of criminal justice and impartial process of investigation and the liberty and reputation of the individual. The invocation of a jurisdiction under Article 32 in this case is founded on the grievance that a group of activists is sought to be persecuted for espousing the cause of the marginalized which is considered to be unpopular. Conscious as the court is of the public interest in the effective administration of criminal justice, it cannot be oblivious to the overriding constitutional concern to secure the dignity of the individual. The key to the balance between the two lies in the fair, independent and impartial investigation of crime. As a matter of principle, I am unable to agree with the views expressed by the Learning Chief Justice and my learning brother Justice Khan Wilker. I just pause here for a minute and say, what did we ask? What was our prayer? What did we ask in this case? Give us a better investigation. Give us a fair investigation. Give us an independent investigation. It was not a prayer of reputation that you cannot investigate us. That was not what was before the court. The right to a fair investigation has been held in innumerable cases by the Supreme Court to be part of the right to life. I look forward because he is now narrating the facts and then he actually speaks about each of the petitioners and who they are and what has been their contribution which you can see in the petition as to what has been their specific contribution to public life whether through academics or otherwise. Then he speaks of who are the persons who are arrested. He actually goes into the history of the Bima Korygaon contestation which is a historical contestation of an assertion of identity. He speaks about that and then I will come to the main reasoning that Justice Chandra Chul gives. He says but in the present case it is necessary for the court to bear in mind that recourse to its constitutional jurisdiction under Article 32 has been invoked not only by the petitioners but by the five individuals. The five have also put in their respective statements. The court as a constitutional adjudicator has been entrusted with the jurisdiction under Article 32 to secure the fundamental freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution. While the discipline of the law of criminal procedure must at all times be kept in view it cannot be again said that the protection of fundamental liberties is a subject so integral to democratic constitutional values that technicalities should not be allowed to override the cause of substantive justice. The court must undoubtedly thread the circumspection for if the dimes are seeking access to its jurisdiction the normal remedies under criminal law should not be displaced. Again as the court has repeatedly emphasized public interest litigation should not become a weapon for settling scores so he takes into account the concerns that law would have. However he says here we have kind citizens who have invoked the jurisdiction of this court in extra ordinary circumstances where they claim that a group of human rights activists have been targeted by the state police. Each of those five individuals have joined the proceedings. It goes on then further to hold why NSIT? It refers to various judgments which I won't obviously go into of various judgments where SITs have been constituted. I can only say this to you that even in the case where there was a murder of a family and they felt that the police was not doing an investigation properly the Supreme Court under Article 32 constituted NSIT. So it's not an unknown remedy to the Supreme Court. With this body of precedent on the subject the maintainability of a prayer for relief seeking that the investigation should either be monitored by this court or entrusted to an independent SIT under the directions of this court cannot be in doubt. I must and then he has very very castigating remarks to me make about the conduct of the Pune and Maharashtra police. I must at the outset dwell on the fairness of the manner in which the police have approached this investigation. On 29 August 2018 this court issued notice to the state of Maharashtra and others. Within a few hours of the conclusion of the court hearing a press conference was held in Pune by Shivadira Hordke the Joint Commissioner of Police proclaiming that the Pune police had more than sufficient evidence against the five individuals whose transit remand was state by this court while ordering them to be placed under house arrest. This is dispercerating behavior. The Joint Commissioner sought this oblique manner to respond to the interim order of this court by recourse to the electronic media. On 31st August 2018 a press conference was addressed by team of senior police officers headed by ADG law and order Maharashtra. During the course of the press conference letters was selectively flagged according to the petitioners they were leaked to the media the video of which the court has seen in our petition and has then talked about other programs where the police has come forward. On each June an alleged letter was released to the police by the police to the media a little before proceedings for remand before the competent court in the June arrest alleging that the arrested persons were brought in to attack the prime minister. On 4th July 2018 when the arrested persons were to be produced before a court in Pune a letter attributed to Sudha Bharatwaj was sensationally telecast on a television channel linking her with the unlawful activities of a certain group a serious grievance has been made about the fact that these letters have neither been placed before the court of law nor did they find mention in the transit remand applications moved before the CGM. These were our grievances which have been which have found mention in the judgment of the of Justice Chandrithu. I will come to the end of what he says while this court has observed let me go further down with three people and then ask questions. He then referenced to the Nambi Narayan Aikistro scientist case which was only recently decided by the Supreme Court recently on 14th September 2018 the learned Chief Justice speaking for the present bench of free judges handed down a verdict granting conversation of Rs. 50 lakhs to a space scientist who was found upon further investigation by CBI to have been wrongfully implicated and subjected to custodian interrogation. There was an allegation against him. The learned Chief Justice then uncourts what the Chief Justice said in that case The fact that the payment of compensation was ordered nearly 24 years after the wrongful arrest is a grim reminder about how tenuous liberty can be and of the difficulty in correcting wrongs occasioned by unlawful arrest. There can be no manner of doubt that the deprivation of human rights seriously impinges upon the dignity of the individual for which even compensation may not constitute an adequate recompense. This court has a constitutional obligation where its attention has been drawn in a case such as the present to a real likelihood of the derailment of fair investigative process to issue appropriate directions under article 142 of the constitution. Hence, I am of the view that while the investigation should not be thwarted, this is a proper case for appointment of a special investigating team. Circumstances have been drawn to unnotice to cast a cloud on whether the Maharashtra police has in the present case acted as fair and impartial investigating agency. Sufficient material has been placed before the court, bearing on the need to have an independent investigation. Hence, following the line of precedent of this court which has been discussed earlier, I am firmly of the view that the special investigation team must be appointed. The investigation shall be monitored by this court. The special investigating team shall submit periodical status reports to this court, initially on a monthly basis. The interim orders passed by this court on 29th August 2018 shall continue to hold the field for a further period of three weeks within which it would be open to the set five individuals or anyone more of them to apply for bail before the court of competent jurisdiction. I would direct that the petition be listed after three days for orders of the constitution of the special investigating team. So clearly what we see here is that there is of course a fractured verdict and the dissenting judgment very clearly holds that there is a strong case made out for an SIT. The majority judgment does not agree with that view, but of course the majority judgment will hold.


Thank you, Jim. And thanks to everyone for joining me here this morning. My name is Bindi Belanger, and I'm an executive program director at Ticketmaster. I've been with Live Nation and Ticketmaster for a little over four years. And in that time, my role has evolved quite a bit. Today, I partner with our leaders in the platform and technical operations teams to facilitate strategic planning, resource alignment, and project delivery. In other words, I help the leaders figure out what we should be working on, how do we organize ourselves effectively to work on that stuff, and then to ultimately help ensure successful execution. A little bit about Ticketmaster. It's actually a 40-year-old company, which means we have lots of really fun legacy challenges to work on. In 2010, we partnered with Live Nation to join forces to power live experiences. So until recently, we've sold over 565 million tickets to events at 37 different countries across the globe, which means we've been able to help fans of over 539 million in number get to see the live experiences that they want to see. Last year, we did about $25 billion in gross transaction value, which is basically the value of all the tickets that we sold. So that makes us a top five e-commerce website. But the best thing about working at Ticketmaster and Live Nation is that we get to power unforgettable moments of joy. Somewhere in the world, every 20 minutes is a Live Nation event. It's pretty cool to know that we're basically in the business of selling fun and great memories. So you might be wondering why someone from Ticketmaster is here speaking at an open source summit. Well, open source is in our DNA with over 5,000 physical servers, 22,000 virtual machines and EC2 instances, basically a really large footprint. 95% of that runs on Linux and other open source software. Our biggest projects these days are on Kubernetes Terraform, Prometheus, GitLab, and Reddit. We are heavy Node.js users, Grafana, Python, et cetera. Most recently, last year, we joined the Cloud Native Computing Foundation as an enterprise member and recent contributions to the open source community include the tech maturity model that we open sourced about four months ago, which is a model that helps software engineering teams measure their maturity in a number of different software development capabilities. And then just a couple of months ago, we worked with CoreOS to build and release an ALB ingress controller for Kubernetes, which is something that we needed to be able to run large workloads on-prem with Kubernetes and wanted to make sure it was available to the rest of the community as well. But today, I'm here to talk a little bit about partnered leadership. We've all heard the saying that two heads are better than one, and we definitely see that applied on our engineering teams when you think of paired programming. But we don't often apply that idiom to leadership. Traditionally, we see leadership as a hierarchy where one person sets the path and direction for his or her team, an alpha wolf of the pack, so to speak. You rarely see two people in charge of a single team, right? And I think we do that to ensure singular accountability. But by doing so, we also expect that our leaders excel at everything. So the best leader ever would be someone who's able to define a vision. Where are we going? To also come up with the strategy, how will we get there? To be able to successfully execute and figure out how to organize the team to accomplish the goals that they've set. We want them to be really good at motivating people so that our teams go above and beyond on every single project. We also want them to be able to empower other leaders so that they can delegate but still make sure that their overarching vision is achieved. We need them to be able to prove their success. What metrics and measures are they using to know that they're delivering on time, on budget, and hitting their business targets? We want them to be able to manage well during wartime and peacetime. And we've defined war as everything is on fire. We need to be able to mobilize teams to move fast, meet deadlines, prevent disaster, but regardless of cost or temporary impact to team morale. That same leader should also be able to manage well in peacetime, to be able to plan thoughtfully so that we can deliver the highest quality products, deliver within budget, all the while creating meaningful career paths for everybody on the team. We want them to be able to create a really meaningful culture, to be able to pull all of the above together in order to keep and attract top talent while making sure that Wall Street is happy every day and every quarter. We want our leaders to be all the things. In other words, what I call a tech leadership unicorn. Now trust me when I say that unicorns do exist, and I'm sure we've got several here in the audience today. But these are not easy people to find. I mean, combining tech wizardry and rainbows is not something you can put in a job description, right? But the truth is that leadership unicorns are not born. We have to grow them. Leaders who eventually become masters at all these different skills typically do so because they've learned from experience and mentors and other examples along the way. Many leaders are fortunate enough to have those examples and to be able to pick up certain skills from other dynamic leadership styles over several years. But we don't always have that kind of time in tech. We need leaders who can cover all of those bases now so that we can rapidly develop new software and new technologies at the pace that our customers, and in the case of the open source community, are peers needed. So what's the answer when we can't find leaders who excel at everything? One solution is partnered leadership. It's not a new concept. In fact, we see it everywhere. In sports, we see it with general managers and coaches. In education, we sometimes see it with two vice principles who will split up the role and take different responsibilities to get the job done. And most notably, in the business world, we see it with our C-suite, where each of the senior executives is responsible for ultimately ensuring the success of their business area. But what does partnered leadership look like in the tech space? Let me start by giving you a few examples of leaders who don't necessarily have every single one of their unicorn leadership traits. First, we've got a really strong technical leader who either doesn't have the interest or the experience in managing people. Now, this could be a personal preference, or it could just be that they didn't have the training or the experience that they needed. Unfortunately, what we see a lot here is that people continue to grow and excel as a technologist, and then we try to force them to be managers. Sometimes that works and you create a unicorn, and sometimes it doesn't. The flip side of that coin is that you have a great people leader who is great at motivating teams and organizing people, but doesn't necessarily have the technology skills or expertise to be able to drive a project on their own. We've also got the leader who's got great vision, knows where they want to take the team or company, but they couldn't put a plan together to save their life. You've got the excellent planner and organizer who often gets buried in the details and fails to take a step back and look at the bigger picture. And then, of course, there is the leader who is the perfectionist engineer, but unfortunately continues to miss deadlines because they refuse to work on what we always refer to as MVP, and they want to make sure it's perfect and that every single feature that they think is important is included in that first release. But instead of seeing people's limitations, we should be looking for opportunities to pair people up so that their strengths combined allow them to form a great leadership team. For example, we had a strong senior architect who was an amazing problem solver and believed strongly that they designed the right solution, but is having trouble getting buy-in from the rest of the engineering team on their approach. If you were to partner them with a strong people manager who excels at facilitating collaborative working sessions, who's really good at negotiations, who can engage the team to ask the right questions and then contribute their suggestions to the overall final solution, we've got a great partnership here. Or in the case where you have a strong visionary who knows what the end game should look like, but doesn't really know how or where to kick things off. If you partner them with a detail-oriented planner who will be able to ask great questions and help break the work down, create a step-by-step plan, and then figure out what skill sets are required in order to get the job done, you're much more likely to accomplish that vision. And in the case of the leader who is consistently delivering high-quality code with their team, but refuses to push anything to production until it's absolutely complete and perfect, if you partner them with a little bit more of a faster-paced leader who's good at breaking down the work into smaller iterations but also in defining a great process where quality assurance is highlighted, that's another great partnership. So you might think that some of this sounds pretty obvious, right? So what stops us from doing this everywhere? And I think the answer to that is accountability. If you put two people in charge of something, or even three, what happens when the other person doesn't hold up their end of the bargain? Does the other partner just point the finger of blame and say, well, I had the vision and you couldn't come up with a good tech solution, or I came up with the plan and you didn't motivate the team? One way to address this is to be very clear in defining roles and responsibilities. In the example I've got here up on the screen, you might have someone called the general manager, which is a role that we've been using more and more at Ticketmaster. That person would be accountable for defining mission and success criteria and ultimately ensuring that the project was successfully delivered. Partner them with the great product leader who's really good at understanding what the users need, writing user stories and acceptance criteria, add in a really strong tech leader who is ultimately accountable for the final design architecture and then making sure we've got the right engineers to build quality software, add a program leader who will be responsible for planning and organizing delivery, and then make sure that the engineering managers, those people managers, are available and accountable to making sure that the engineering teams have the skills, coaching and training that they need. So here's an example of where partnered leadership might be beneficial. Let's say you need to solve a technical problem and get buy-in from end users. If you had a single leader that might have been a tech person that didn't necessarily have the strong engagement skills in order to make sure that they were building the right thing, you might be setting yourself up for a failure. Instead, if you create a partnered leadership team where you have a product lead who is ultimately accountable for the full delivery, working with a program lead to get feedback from users and facilitate those sessions, define the access criteria and then add the tech lead to design and oversee the implementation of a technical solution, you've got much more of your bases covered there. Another example is if your company was trying to kick off a large new business initiative. If you had a general manager without really strong planning skills or maybe because they've been in a leadership position for so long, is a little bit disconnected from the technology, they may be able to define a big long-term vision but unable to figure out what the details are in order to get that work done. If you partner them with the program lead to break that work down into milestones and a tech lead that can help figure out how to iteratively deliver on that solution, you're much more likely to accomplish that vision. So when does this work well? This works really well, I think at large companies or enterprises where you have a big talent base of functional leaders or people that are really strong in their specific area where you have a wide variety of skill sets to work with and you have an organization that embraces change and is willing to consider trying this new style out. If you don't have that, the alternatives are investing in training, investing in coaching or developing a mentoring program in order to bring in either external talent or leverage leaders in other parts of your business to help. And of course, there's always the option to hire the talent that you need. So when putting together successful partnerships, there's just a couple of things I wanna call out on this slide. First is that as a senior leader, it's really important for you to know what your functional leaders, areas of strengths and weaknesses are but also how they might harmonize or clash with the other leaders on your team. That is super important. Also, when you put your teams together, you need to create time and space for them to develop strong working relationships. And then also know that you should be able to dynamically adjust those partnerships when you need them. So for example, if you're focusing at the early start of a project on creating a product roadmap, you might wanna put together a product and a program lead but later let's say you found a major issue in production, it would be a good idea to partner your tech lead with someone who is really strong with communication to both internal and external audiences. And then being a partner on a leadership team, obviously knowing your strengths and weaknesses and how you can leverage other people's strengths where you may be falling a little bit short but also knowing that your contributions on project by project may vary. So in some cases, you may be adding the value of creating and defining the vision. In other cases, you may be more responsible for motivating team members. Some of the benefits of doing a partnered leadership approach are that you can maintain singular accountability while sharing responsibilities but also it allows leaders to work together and be able to have the opportunity to pick up the skillsets of other people. This is ultimately a way that you can start developing your unicorn leaders. At Ticketmaster, we've got a couple, we've got actually partnered leadership across the company. On the left hand side is myself and my partners, Craig Amador and Justin Dean. And on the right hand side, we've got our fan experience senior leadership team. The picture of us is in Quebec earlier this year. If you're looking for team building activities, surviving a blizzard is a really good one, I recommend it. So in closing, I'd like to say that while partnered leadership is not a new concept, I hope that my thoughts on the subject will have given you a new or at least a different perspective on how you might evaluate leadership and leadership development in your organization. So before I go, I just wanna say that we'd like you to join us tonight at the all attendee party. Ticketmaster being in the business of powering live events, of course needed to bring in a live band for the party, so we're excited about that. And we are hiring, so if you have any questions about what we do at Ticketmaster, about our Kubernetes projects, stop by the core OS booth and we will be happy to chat with you. Thank you.


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and I want to make sure that we have enough time to hear it. You talked to me after the meeting. All right, so it sounds like you guys had a really good conversation. Probably some of it was around the ecosystem piece, if not most of it, so I'm just curious if anybody has any kind of sparking thoughts that come to mind from your conversation, any key thoughts or comments you want to share about the ecosystem work that you guys just discussed. Anybody want to share? Oh, great, so in here. Thank you. I was hoping to hear more as well about the other elements of our ecosystems, like protecting forests because of the important role that they play in water quality and volume and climate mitigation, carbon sequestration and so on. So I hope that forests and again, I think that's more of a BC issue than probably a US issue in the negotiations, but I hope forest health, which of course affects our communities here so much as well as the fish and everything can be included and also then wondered a lot about if any negotiation is taking place in relation to the possibility of likelihood of oil spills affecting either through trains or pipelines or whatever else comes along affecting our water in the treaty area too. Yeah, thank you so much. Very good points. And whether or not you've written them down here, we're also taking notes up here so that will be communicated to the team. Thank you. You know, we had another hand up here. Well, we were just talking about learning from other people's mistakes. So whether that's fish farming or natural ladder systems or the trucking recently that had to happen to basically leapfrog the salmon up the river. So I wouldn't want to question any of the technical details that are here because it looks like it's pretty well thought out. But I'm sure that they've considered learning from other people as well. Thank you. Any other comments? Yeah, so we were talking about the concept of if it's kind of a zero sum game, balancing ecosystem function and hydropower and flood mitigation. Just for my knowledge of flood control and ecosystem mitigation, they don't necessarily seem to be in sync. So our questions were around, you know, if you can maintain a stable reservoir level, if the to maintain like riparian vegetation and zones, how does that impact the capacity for hydropower? And yeah, essentially, we're kind of curious about how those are actually compatible to be balanced. That's an ultimate question. So Kathy will say something. Then we had a question over here and then a question over there or comment, I should say. Yeah, no, that's a really good question. So nothing is free of you. But when you rebalance, there are other priorities that are going to be affected. No doubt, right? But what we need to do is look at not just today, but in the future. And we know that the energy world is being transformed, not by decades, by year to year. How do you achieve a better balance? Will be more importance for ecosystem, a little less for power generation? Is it seasonal? Is it, you know, it's not one or the other are there opportunities to blend, to optimize for certain periods of the year under certain dry, wet, normal years for certain species and still provide some flood protection. That is all going to be investigated in the modeling that's going to be done on different operating scenarios. Yes. Something that I wondered about was, how does, how do our goals and pillars for ecosystem function stand up to climate modeling? And how integrated are they? Because generally, we're really good at using data from the past to predict the future. But we know that it's not necessarily the out way. Yeah, thank you. Thank you, Kathy. Michael mentioned that there's a consultant working with the Indigenous Nations on Ecosystem Function. And that's me part-time. But I'm the same person who's also working with the local governments committee on their recommendations. So I am the same person, same name. It's been an honor to work with both for a while. With regards to ecosystem, to climate change in the Ecosystem Function work, there is a separate study group, including Greg Utsuk, who many of you know, has worked on climate change locally, who are bringing together the relevant information about climate change so that the study teams all have the same foundational information. And they all will consider climate change both in looking at old studies. So they have that in mind, but also as they look forward into the future. So it's front and center top of mind. We were talking about salmon bringing nutrients back from the ocean and how that's going to work with things like the woosh system and if that's been looked at at all with fish ladders and other systems of bringing salmon back in. And I'm looking for Michael, I don't say, there you go. So if I heard that right, that was how is salmon reintroduction going to affect a nutrient replacement. So yeah, there's been, there's a wealth of knowledge out there of the importance of marine derived nutrient salmon, you know, acquiring biomass out in the ocean and bringing the benefits of that in terms of carbon and nutrients up into into natal watersheds and the benefits to the ecosystem. You know, everybody, everybody has a share of that. You know, the eggs are potentially scavenged by bacteria and benthic fish. The fish are harvested by bears and minks and the rotting carcasses are dragged up into the into the into the forest and those sorts of things. So that marine derived nutrient cycle is a key to a healthy ecosystem that's linked directly to the ocean where they have passage. We see the benefits of that as part of the function. I mentioned briefly the nutrient supplementation program that's going on currently in our system that was trying to address some of the nutrient losses from dam creation. But part of this bigger picture is that important role of marine derived nutrients. So we see that as key. So the question is about how the new do salmon bring nutrients from the ocean with them? And if they do, how does it work by pushing them through something like the woosh system? I'm assuming does that nutrients get lost? Is that the question? Yeah, no, it's still part of the animal, right? So yeah, that's it. Yeah, their decompose opposing bodies are our our prize of carbon and nitrogen and phosphorus. So those elements become, you know, decompose broken down and then just start that nutrient cycle altogether. So there's no shedding of nutrients. If that's the question as they're moving. Yeah, I'd be interested in carrying on that conversation. But yeah, it's just very well documented that they're essentially packages of nutrients that do the work to get up, you know, in terms of completing their life cycle, and then all those other benefits once their bodies, they die after spawning, right? So their bodies break down and are taken up through all levels, right? So great question. Great questions, definitely. So I'm also conscious of the time here and I want to make sure that we have enough time to hear from Ingrid because she's got a couple of really great projects to share with you all. So maybe I could ask that if there are any other questions or comments about this, then we can hold them to the end and then either choose to stay a little bit longer or we can have conversations after the meeting wraps up. But what I will urge you to do once again is to write your thoughts down on that feedback form. You can either leave them on the tables and then we'll collect them at the end of the meeting. Or if you want to take them away with you and mull it over some more and get them back to us at a later date, you can email them to us. I think some of the forms have an email address right on them. Otherwise, pick up a card at the side table with our email address on them and then you can send it back to us after the meeting. But thank you so much for your thoughtful questions and conversations here tonight. And thank you again, Michael, for sharing that information. So now I want to introduce my colleague Ingrid Stroh. So Ingrid was with our team back in 2011-2012 and she led the Columbia River Treaty Review public consultation. She's very familiar with the issues around the basin and she went away for a while, did a few things and she came and joined our team again in April of this past year. And we're thrilled to have her here exploring some of the issues that we have heard throughout the basin. So I'm going to pass it over to Ingrid to introduce herself. And here we go. Welcome. Good evening. Thank you so much for hanging in there. So I've been, as Brooke mentioned, I've come back to work with Columbia River Treaty Team in April. And when I came back, there was a lot of issues that communities have raised over the many times that we've done community engagement 2013, 2014 and again in 2018. So I'm going to talk about the ones that I've started so far. They're at various stages of progress and these are the ones that kind of have risen to the top, acknowledging what was lost and the Duncan Dam fish passage. I'll speak most about those. And then if there's any interest in the ones after that and there's still some time, I'll do a quick piece on those. So starting with the Columbia River Treaty Heritage Project. So this isn't the only way to acknowledge what was lost, but it's a first start. It's a first step. We'll see where this goes, see what other thoughts come up because of this project. So just the outline, the next slide, this is how the presentation is going to go. So this project is a means to provide a mechanism to convey the Columbia River Treaty story and how it touches the entire Columbia Basin. And it's a way to highlight and preserve key places and events that are important to people in the basin and provides a visible, tangible recognition of the impacts on Indigenous and non-Indigenous people, communities, land and ecosystems. And in addition, basin residents have told us over the years that they would like youth to be educated on the Columbia River Treaty. And this project provides a mechanism to educate not just youth, but new residents to the area and visitors so that they too can understand the region's history. And also in this time of increasing electrification to reduce greenhouse gases and the call for green energy, this project will also provide the backstory for hydroelectric generation and the impacts that result. And as you know in the basin, there is no free lunch even for green production and somebody or something pays. This project is also going to be a way to link existing treaty-related heritage assets, whether they be museum displays, exhibits, heritage sites and artifacts. And they can all be promoted and integrated into a broader regional story. And because the community's heritage and cultural assets are being promoted and highlighted, this will be attractive to basin residents who will want to see and what else is in the basin. But it will attract visitors and in some small way contribute to business opportunities in the basin. So the next slide is a map. It's a modified version of the one that's on the Columbia River Intertribal Fish Commission. And it highlights the Canadian Indigenous nations that are impacted by the Columbia River Treaty. And as you know, the stories of the impact of the treaty on Indigenous peoples, it's not widely known at all. And the Canadian First Nations impacted are the Tenaha's equipment, Silksau Kanagan nations and the Sinaix peoples. And the Columbia River Treaty dams also impacted Indigenous people or tribes as they're referred to in the U.S. And these include the Kootenai tribe of Idaho, the Confederated Salish and Kootenai tribes of the Flathead Nation and the Confederated tribes of the Calville Reservation through the Arrow Lakes Division and their link to the Sinaix people. And this project is an opportunity to make these stories known as well. So what the project is is a branded heritage touring route linking a series of commemorative or interpretive signage located at key locations related to the Columbia River Treaty. The signage would convey local place-based information of impacts on Columbia Basin Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. And this information would be linked to the overarching regional story of the Columbia River Treaty. The touring route will be supported with promotional materials, social media, mobile app, a website, and a marketing program. And there will be some youth-friendly components. We love hearing suggestions, so if you have any, please write them down. But some that we have heard are to have video vignettes that can be used in classrooms, a geocaching activity, a sort of a passport, which if all the sites are visit, there's a small acknowledgement and an augmented reality app to use with your smartphones where you're at a site and you can look at what it used to look like. Tourism experts have noted that cultural and heritage tourism is the second biggest motivator for travel and that this is particularly true of the Boomer generation. And there are many heritage touring routes in Canada. And in fact, the Columbia Basin region is known for its incredible touring opportunities that feature communities and products. But the focus has mostly been on soft adventure, nature-based activities, arts and culture, and national and provincial parks. However, this Hot Springs and Heritage Circle tour here is an example of a tour route that was developed and promoted by the Kootenai Rockies Tourism Association. And this project will benefit from their tour development and marketing expertise. So what's going to happen is each community will decide on the stories that they want to share and how they want to convey those stories. So some communities may just want a commemorative plaque where there was a homestead, but others may be thinking on terms of a picnic kiosk with signage that tells a bigger story. Or they might want to feature existing infrastructure such as the Waldo Church that got moved to Baines Lake to escape flooding. And what the project would do would put together some community design guidelines so there would be an overall look and branding elements that are consistent, but it would be individual to each community. And this one is the next slide. This is an example of an interpretive signage from California, but it's just a way to show you that there could be a lot of information shared on a single sign. So the project is a multi-year project. There is going to be formed started with a steering committee who's responsible for ensuring the project is developed and that it considers indigenous and non-indigenous people and communities and that it's implemented in a timely manner. So they're not responsible for developing content. They're steering the project. And the current steering committee members include Janice Alpine from the Tanaha Nation, Mark Thomas and Pauline Eugene from the Soquette McNation, Kathy Holland from the Silks Okanagan Nation, Stan Doyle from the Columbia River Treaty Local Governments Committee, Kathy English who is a curator at the Rebels Stoke Museum and a co-creator of the Stories Beneath the Surface exhibit, which is about what was lost in Rebels Stoke when the treaty was implemented. Also on the committee is Wendy Van Pimbrock from the Kootenay Rockies Tourism, Ursula Foller, a senior heritage planner with the province, Bruce White, senior tourism development manager and Jerry Brightwell and Richard Toppizer who are regional economic development managers with the rural development unit of the province. And the steering committee is currently working on developing a detailed strategy, action plan and budget that will be used to apply for funding. Once the project lead is hired they will undertake the outreach to generate the project ideas, gather stories, identify locations, they'll talk with elders and seniors organizations, cultural and heritage, as well as a broader public outreach. And with all this input gathered the project design would commence in year two and where you'd finalize the stories and how you'd want to convey it and then you would begin the project implementation, writing the content, building the signage places, putting up highway signs, developing promotional material. In years two and three it'll start with promoting the touring route to local residents because they're the ones that are going to be most interested in seeing what is there in the rest of the basin and also to you through educational organizations and then there will also then begin marketing and promotion of the touring route to tourist visitors through tourism destination organizations and they'll be assistance provided to communities to promote other attractions that they may have and develop business opportunities like bed and breakfasts or arts and craft sales or farm stands and for years beyond year three they'll be ongoing maintenance and update to freshen the signs and keep the language fresh. So right now we're looking to hire a contractor with experience in developing business plans for heritage projects to develop the materials we need to apply for funding and we hope to have this ready by early 2020 so we can start applying to funding programs in the 2020-21 fiscal year. We'll be applying to federal and provincial programs as well as regional agencies such as Columbia Basin Trust, Southern Interior Development Initiative Trust and BC Hydro. So it's not too late to start conversations in your community around whether or not your community is interested in participating in the project. Not all communities are going to be ready to go. Some may have assets that they are already there and they're ready to get on board or they have somebody in their community that can take the lead in gathering those stories. So what would be useful is if your communities or if you know community or that could have who would be your lead organization or lead person you can contact me with this information because we're putting together a file that will be handed on to the project manager once they're on board. So feel free to contact me. This is my contact information. So I understand that there is an interest in the Dunkin' Dam fish passage. So as you know the Dunkin' Dam was constructed in 1967 in 1968 that Chew Wagon again who is the was one of the first BC Hydro senior Dunkin' Dam operators. Notice that there were bull trout circling around the base of Dunkin' Dam and so he altered the flows to allow fish passage through the lower level gates and discharge tunnel and they gained access to the Umper Dunkin' Reservoir. But to gain access to the discharge tunnel these fish had to first leap one and a half to two meters into this thing called a flip bucket and this is a structured downstream of the local level outlet designed to dissipate the energy of the lower level outlet flow releases. In 1994 a removable weir was constructed to reduce the height that fish could jump had to jump to get into the flip bucket and so bull trout transfers were conducted over the years. It was so there was an annual migration of bull trout from Kootenay Lake into the Upper Dunkin' River from May to mid-September and during that window there was typically about 10 transfers per year through this flip bucket weir structure and over 20 years over 10,000 bull trout were transferred in this way. So the studies under the water use plans demonstrated that the weir increases the ability of smaller bull trout to access the flip bucket. But in 2011 the weir was damaged so the larger bull trout can still make the leap but not the smaller and more juvenile fish so we're not really sure what the impact of this selective passage has on bull trout populations. So in 2015 a project was initiated to upgrade and replace the existing fish weir and a technical working group was formed and included biologists from BC Hydro to Naha Nation, Silk Sokenaga Nation, Sequat Mcnation and DFO but not the province and this working group had technical discussions at one point to include a review of the feasibility of expanding fish passage excuse me to include white fish and kokane. An overview of assessment at that time indicated that there would be limited productivity benefits to fish passage for those species and that it would be technically infeasible to operate a fish way year round. So at the 20 December 2018 meeting of this technical working group there was a decision by BC Hydro to seek a cost estimate on a concrete multi-step weir and then things seemed to stall. So in May and throughout the summer of 2019 the Columbia River Treaty team began making inquiries about the weir and the fish passage discussions and where things had landed and made numerous calls to various levels of BC Hydro and finally on October the 7th BC Hydro reconvened the technical working group for a short meeting and they extended an invitation to the province. So as you know the province is interested in bull trout passage into Kootenai Lake because this is part of their management of the kokane and their kokane enhancement efforts. So during this October 7th meeting BC Hydro provided information on the cost estimates for the concrete multi-step weir and these cost estimates had ridden substantially from their original estimates. So the next steps coming out of that meeting is BC Hydro is going to look at with the technical working group looking at different options for addressing the damaged weir. They're going to look for cost savings over this multi-step concrete weir and they're also going to take a review of user requirements of that passage and respond to information requests by the technical working group that include wanting to look at what those assessments were in the past regarding the feasibility of the other fish species. Now the province has been invited to be part of this group and so we are going to continue to monitor the situation and see where things go after this October meeting. So I think I don't know if we have time for anything else. Well we do have time I guess for a couple of questions and we do have one question at the back there. All I want to just add to that as I saw in the Pennywise today that there's a meeting on that in the Argenta later next week or something about fish passage. Yes that information was conveyed to us. I'm trying Peter is doing oh is she the one doing the Argenta one okay yeah there's I think there's a couple of meetings going on. We got Peter is doing a talk in our Gentile November 20th which is Wednesday from 7 to 9 about the Duncan Dam fish passage and then Eileen is doing a talk at Yashodra ashram on Sunday about salmon reintroduction and that's at 2 p.m. mountain time at the ashram which is on the east shore. Thank you for that. I think we have time so I'm also conscious of the time here and I know it's been a long night and we're almost at 8 30 so do maybe I'll offer one or two more questions if there's burning questions for Ingrid on her projects okay yeah absolutely I'll pull it up of the other projects is that what you're asking okay yep bear with me there you go and maybe I'll I'll give context to obviously or maybe not obviously we heard a lot of other issues as well that aren't on this list as we have conducted our public consultation. These are the interests that Ingrid has started working on maybe there because a lot of your students the the data support might be of interest so so what happened is is this spring BC hydro gathered some aerial imagery of arrow and kinbasket reservoirs from the the draw down zone and and up and they're manipulating the data doing some ortho rectification and aerial triangulation work but then they're going to make the data available to the province and we are hiring a contractor to produce some spatial mapping products like contour lines topography digital elevation models and we're going to be making this information public it's going to be posted on the Selkirk College website and we're also working with Geo's BC so thanks Ingrid all right all right well thank you once again Ingrid for sharing that and honestly yeah definitely and as with anything else if there's anything else you want to talk with her about or feedback to give her feel free to do so after the meeting or send it via email cards on the side of the table so thank you to Ingrid as well as to our other presenters tonight Natalie and Nathan and Kathy Michael and Lynn who's since gone to sleep by now I'm sure and I wanted to thank also the folks kind of behind the scenes real quick here so Anna Kim's been sitting over here taking notes she's responsible for the logistics of all of our our meetings and it's a heck of a lot of work so great thanks to Anna and to Ray and his daughter Jessica for making sure that we can all see and hear things well that's extremely important you don't notice it until it goes poorly so we're very very yeah thank you and and I was also asked to give a quick shout out to Cindy Pierce who spoke earlier and does quite a lot of work for the local government's committee as well as on the ecosystem function work so thank you to Cindy for her work as well so and of course thank you to all of you for sticking it out tonight we really appreciate it we know oh and Kathy has her hand up and hang on you need the microphone lively energy and just sets the right tone and we used to hire people to do this and we found the best person is the best person is the one that's working closest to us so thank you Brooke she's been amazing thank you so much this is what my face turns red so thank you everybody really appreciate you taking in all of this information really encouraged you yet again to get back to us with other questions and to continue to engage in this process the feedback forms we talked about the ecosystem feedback forms there's also a participant evaluation form on your tables please let us know how you felt this meeting went it helps us improve meetings moving forward let it lets us know whether these are even valuable to you um Kathy spoke earlier about really wanting to focus on engaging with younger people the youth if you have ideas for how we can do that outside of these meetings we are really keen to hear them so any and all feedback we welcome um and I think that that would be it if there's leftover food grab some on your way out and thank you once again take good care


So, last class we started with our CTMC study and we kind of defined the notion that the so John times that how much time my CTMC is going to stay in a state, I will continue to stay in a state before it leaves it and in the last class we showed that that has a exponentially distributed, is exponentially distributed with a parameter ai that ai is state specific the i whichever state you started looking at and the time after which it has left that state. So, basically it is we had this random variable. So, we said that y t is the time remaining time after which you will leave the current state. And then we have said that suppose if I conditioned this random variable knowing that at time t I am in that state i. So, here in this definition here what is that? So, here when I define this this is not state specific I just looked at I start looking my CTMC at time t and just see what is the minimum time before it leaves my current state. And here suppose if I conditioned that when you start looking at your CTMC you are in a particular state i and then how much what is the probability that it is going to take at least you more units of time before you are going to nuke. We had shown that this to be e to the power ai of u for some some ai which we say can be between 0 to infinity. Let us say I have this random variable. So, y t is a random variable here right. Suppose I conditioned this random variable like here i x t i equals to 0 or let us say more generally instead of particular t I am going to look at time equals to 0. So, I am saying that at in the beginning at the 0th instant I am in state i and then I am looking at 0th instant I am in state i and then I am looking at when is that I am going to leave my state. How long I am going to state? So, what is this y naught is going to give you what in this case what will be the distribution of y naught? It is basically the first time you are going to leave out of state i right. So, you are saying I am going to start from state i y 0 is nothing but the minimum time when you are in a state which is different from i that is basically in a way it is going to say when is that your state is changing. In a way this is same as like our random variable t 1 right. So, you remember how you define t 1, t 1 is the instances at which the renewals were happening. Here if you are going to interpret your renewals are when you are going to change your state right then t 1 is the time here that is given by this random variable y of 0 condition that. So, this is t 1 is the basically the time that you are going to leave state i here because I have conditioned on i here ok fine. So, now you see that the amount of time you are going to stay or the rate at which you are going to transit to other states is going to be governed by this parameter a i here right. So, based on that how this value of a i is then we can classify the states in my CTMC right. So, let us see this what are the possible things we can get. See like the sequence of random variable sometimes I write it X of t like this, sometimes I simply write like subscript by t we will assume that both are indicating the same ok. And a state i is say I have classified them into two things. So, if it takes the value at the boundaries either if it takes the value 0 or infinity then we are going to either call them absorbing on instantaneous specifically when it is going to take value a i equals to 0 we are going to call it absorbing and when a i equals to infinity we are going to call it instantaneous. So, let us see this suppose a i equals to 0 what is this telling u a i equals to 0 it is basically telling you that anyway this probability. So, if a i equals to 0 whatever u you are going to take this is going to be 0 right sorry this is going to be 1. So, what however large u is however large you are going to take it is still going to be 1 that is probability that your y t is going to be larger than that quantity that is you continue to stay in that however large u it is going to be 1. Then that makes sense like that is why we are going to call it absorbing that it is basically got stuck in that whichever you started with that it is it is basically never leaving how far we are going to look it has been. And now suppose you put a i equals to infinity now. Now if put a i equals to infinity or whatever value of small u this guy is going to be 0 right. So, however small value of u we are going to looking that that that your Markov chain is going to stay in that state is just 0 you put u arbitrarily close to 0 once a i is infinity this probability is going to be 0. That means there is no way like my Markov chain is staying in that continuing to stay in that change it is just like as soon as it leaves it is leaving that instantaneously that is because however close u is close to 0 this probability is 0 that is the reason where a i equals to infinity we are going to call it absorbing. Now anything in between this sorry instantaneous we are going to call it instantaneous and anything in between this when a i is strictly away from infinity or like strictly finite and it is a nonzero quantity then we are going to call it as stable case ok. So, now see like in our DTMC we had a classification of our states into there also we had transient for recurrent right, recurrent further null recurrent positive recurrent there also we have the notion of absorbing state. But here we have another classification of states when it comes to CTMC that is in terms of whether how that parameter a i associated with state is going to be whether it is 0 infinity or something in between these two. So, we are going to call so basically now we are going to focus on a CTMC in which the states are slightly well be favoured like my CTMC is this not like which is changing very very far like instantaneously right like that means it is a kind of a highly unstable scenario right like every instance your CTMC is taking different states. So, I do not want to have such case. So, henceforth I am restricting to CTMC's in which such states does not arise. So, is this clear? We are just going to say that like my in a way my CTMC is well be favoured like it is not going to change its state at a very high rate it will change its state, but at some at some bounded rate. So, like in this case when it is absorbing once it hits state i it is not at all changing its state here the rate of change is 0. But whereas in this case it is still changing its states, but at some bounded rate, but we are in this case it is changing its states at a very unbounded rates. If you put if you put a particular states where i equals to infinity. So, we are assuming that my CTMC does not have such a states ok ok. Next we are going to focus on. So, now we are going to study how does this CTMC's which are pure jump structure they are going to look like. What are the things I need to characterize them ok. See like in in DTMC we always looked my Markov chains to a time index which was kind of discretized and we know that at time at some discrete times we were looking it. Here that time itself is a random quantity. So, suppose in a discrete time Markov chain you looked at T1, T2 let us say at periodic time not necessarily periodic, but at some discrete times. But now when you are going to look at the CTMC's a event is happening at some times right and these times are random ok. So, the jump is happening at some time next jump is happening another time. So, and you if you are going to focus on this quantity this events when the state is changing and you are not interested something in between right as long as my CTMC continues to stay in a particular state fine. But when it changes that is the event of may be of interest to you and that is happening at random times. So, often in this case we have to condition on random times and naturally we will be asking the same question as we asked in DTMC that is this my CTMC is a satisfies a strong Markov property right. So, in DTMC we also looked at when we condition on random times whether it still satisfy Markov property if we dissatisfied then we call it as a strong Markov property. So, we want to see similar thing holds here. So, for that first we are going to define what is a stopping time for a CTMC. So, this definition is exactly same as that in DTMC we just want to know that if there exists a function F such that if I want to answer the questions that my random variable T is going to be less than or equals to T I only need to look at my random process up to time T nothing beyond it if this is going to happen then we are going to call that time T as my stopping time.  See I am using the terminology jump here that means that at this time my Markov chain is changing its state right it is leaving its current state and going to something else that is what I am calling it as jump. Now, let us say Tn is the instance at which my Markov chain is changing its state for the nth time is Tn a stopping time right right. So, if I need to know whether my nth jump has happened till time before time T you just look at your Markov chain till time T and see how many times it has changed state and you can know this answer. So, you can always have such a function f here which will say s or no. So, Tn in here happens to be a stopping time and you can also see that if you random time T happens to be just some given T then also it is a stopping time as we did it in the DTMC case. So, now with this we are just going to define our a strong Markov property like we did it in our DTMC which is as follows. So, what we are saying now just saying that if you have if T is a stopping time if you are given given you have observed all your CTMC till that time T, T is this stopping time and then you are looking at your Markov chains taking the value I1 after T1 rounds and I2 after T2 rounds like this. This is going to be like as if I start looking my Markov chain from the beginning that is as if I start my Markov chain from state 0 where it has taken state I0 and subsequently it has taken state I1 at time T1 and I1 at time T1. It is just like at random time whenever it is happened I am just pushing it to the origin and then I am pretending as if I am looking my Markov chain from the origin. So, if you are going to condition on a Markov chain that is fine like as long as that is going to be a stopping time with respect to that Markov chain it is good like you can pretend as if you are starting from the beginning ok fine. So, this is the definition of a strong Markov property we are going to assume. Now, you see that even though my time is continuous I am basically looking at discrete events right. I am going to because I have focusing on my pure jump CTMC here I am going to look at the events where my state is changing. So, these are like discrete events because the things are not happening instantaneously they are happening after some time and this time is positive with probability 1. So, you are going to see kind of events that can be possibly indexed with discrete indices. So, for example, first transition, second transition, third transition they could be happening at different random times, but still these events you are indexing by discrete numbers right like 1, 2, 3 and they are all you can you can make a countable indices set. So, based on this we can out of my continuous time Markov chain I can extract an underlying embedded chain ok. So, let us see what is that. So, I am going to assume like Tn this sequence is what is my nth jump this is the sequence of jumps. Now, I have my continuous process Xt right. Now, this process I am going to sample at this sequence this random times. So, let us say now I am going to get from this I am now going to define xn to be x of Tn and now I am going to look at this sequence Xn and I am going to call this sequence as an Tn is the Xt is your process right continuous time Markov chain. It is just like you you subtract T equals to Tn right exactly. So, you are let us say if you are going to if you are looking at your CTMC as a function of time you let us say initially you started let us say for simplicity you from state 0. Let us say you are going to stay here till this point let me call that realization T1 which is the realization of my random variable T1 and after that you have jumped for let us time being let us assume it is a counting process. So, you have taken a value of 1 here and after that you will make this sometime here then go here maybe take a long time here and then make another jump like this ok. So, these are all your samples T2 and like this. Once you tell me these realizations I am going to sample this process and I am going to derive. So, in the counting process it so happens that like every time there is a triggered we are always counting 1 and it is going 1, but it need not be always the counting process right it could be something else. For example, it is passing to some arbitrary states. So, in that case this could be something like these are different different states you are going to transit and that is captured by this jump process Xn. So, this is a kind of an embedded discrete time process which is embedded in my continuous time Markov chain right. So, this is what this is an embedded process and we are going to call it as a basically a jump chain here. Whether it is the DTMC we will see that if we have a we have a chain now which is a discreetly indexed what are its properties and how this is looking at the properties of this jump process we can say something about the properties of the CTMC is what we are going to study next. It is it will not make an assumption like here in this particular case like whatever let us say if it is not right continuous whatever whatever the value of your xt at time t1 you are just defining that to be Xn. So, in this case if it is right continuous you have taken the jump whatever the new value after the jump it is happening otherwise would have just taken this value. So, be it if you want to define it like this. So, whatever that we are just going to call it as Xn sequence ok fine. So, next we are going to see that now I have a jump sequence here which is discreetly indexed and let us say this is now defined on the same state space on state space. So, my initially CTMC is defined on state space S my jump chain is also defined on the same state space ok. Now, let us say that on this I want to define a transition probability ok. So, how can I do that possibly because let us say here also like what I can ask the question ok initially. So, now I have basically this chain Xn I can ask what is the probability that this chain takes value j given that it has started from a particular state ok that you can always ask this question right like what is the probability that in one step it takes a particular. So, suppose that is a on this state I could always ask like if i and j belong to my state space I want to ask this question ok what is this probability? What is this probability? This probability could be simply let us say probability that my X1 equals to j given my X naught equals to i like we did it in the DTMC ok. So, fine, but I am I have not started with this I have started with my CTMC for which I know P of t right. What is P of t? For every t it is going to give you the matrix right for your original CTMC. So, fine how you are going to define it in terms of my initial P of t? See like going from state X0 to X1 this is happening in how much time according to my initial CTMC t1 rounds right. Now, basically what I am asking this question is probability that X of t1 is equals to j given that X of 0 is i right. Now, this was like the embedded process, but now I have written in terms of my continuous process rather I can write using my Pt I could find out what is this probability right. So, depending on how your distribution what is the distribution of this t1 and what is the corresponding values of matrix Pt you can go and compute this value ok fine.


Wow! Why? Come on, babe! Nanti, come on, let's go do the yo-yo! Part two of our watch along of... If you haven't seen the first part, please go check that out. Obviously, if you're watching this on YouTube, we're going to use a very cut-up version of about five to ten minutes in each part. Whether this will be three or four parts, five, ten, eleven, twelve parts, who knows. So if you'd like to see the full uncut versions, you can head over to Patreon and put the link description below and the pinned comment. Let's go! Thank you, uncle! Thank you! Who told you that? It was me, uncle! Love letter? That too, I asked my parents. It's not easy to write letters. As per your age, it's better to give it to your parents. Hey, my dad... Hurry up! I'm going to the hotel. When are you going to have dinner? I'll have it in sambar. I don't see this going well for you, bro. Boil him in the food. He's marinating him. Why are you studying? Bidinar, Pee, Ramanujam, Brachettapulla, Ambi. Love is in the air. The girl we were looking for, the girl we loved, Rana Nathanagai, Cut-Easy Moochulamari. The girl we were looking for... Why did you reject me? It was love letter. I didn't feel anything about it. Why did you reject me? I didn't see it. Did you study it? Did you earn it? Take it. It's kind of like a... My name is Khan Forrest Gumpish. Simple 10, I guess, with the... Falling in love with the girl. Huh? I didn't come. Everything was going well. Why didn't you love me? Didn't you tell me a concrete reason? Complete box!  A girl like you... Will fall in love now. Aw, well, we don't have to be mean to him. Have you seen all of succession? No. Okay. I haven't had time yet, unfortunately. Okay. Yes, sir. That's him, sir. Kabim Kubam. Kabim Kubam. Kabim. Kambikumba. Sir, I really don't want to die, sir. Hey, what are you doing? Oh, no!  You're here. Who are you? Are you okay? Nandini is here. It's me. Then it's yours. Put your hand on it. Who are you? I'm wearing a lemon. I think that's a foreshadowing of a song coming. Who? I'm Ramo. This is a love detector. How much love do you have for me? Tell me this. Hold it, baby. Hold it, baby. Nandini. This nose. Who is this ugly girl? Is that a love meter or a lust meter? Look at that! She's really into Ramo. Babe! Girls are so tired. Girls are so tired, sir. I'm wearing a case of a girl from a factory who doesn't have a brake wire. It looks like him. It looks like him from behind, but I don't think it's him. No, that is... Oh, it is him. That is definitely him. I don't know his name. But... We wanted to give him a chance and manage him. But he's very strong. Stronger than that? He's very strong. What do you want? We need to talk to you. It's not right to argue. That's why I got up. It's against the law. So, I stopped. If only everybody did that. I want someone else. First, an insult and then a heartbreak. You should work on your standards. Come on! Quick! Come on! What are you doing? What are you doing? What are you doing? Are you alright? Oh! Boy, they're really bloodying up his feet. Oh, no, his head's up there. I got it. Okay. What are you doing? Did you call? I'm calling, dude. Hey! I can't stand a word of insult. He's dead. He's appearing in all different places. Yeah, tons of leeches. Creative kills, I like it. Yeah, very good. Very symbolic.   Hey, he's here. He's dead.  He doesn't even understand the concept. He can't find the reason, sir. If we don't catch him, he'll die. If we don't catch him, he'll die just like this. Mahir! What are you doing? What are you looking for? He'll write something and go.  He'll get angry. He'll get angry. He'll get angry. You don't worry. I'll help you. He's getting angry. What is he doing? I don't know. I will help you. What is he doing? I don't know. Where is he? I am thinking he is being intentional. In fact I am thinking he is being intentional. I will clear this place. I have been in waters where they are there and had the check. I will clear this place. Mom, didn't you find a man? Why? The registrar of this place is talking about rules. Isn't it good? We will reduce the number of rules. If we do anything wrong, it will not work out. How can we behave like this even if we study? It is wrong to change the government. What is the government? All of us have to pay taxes. All of us have to pay taxes. Thank you for watching.


Meet Jamie, Monty, and Sarah. They are best friends. But that is not all they have in common. The three friends also have ADHD or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This is a chronic condition that affects millions of children and often continues into adulthood. Symptoms can differ from person to person. For example, Monty often fidgets. He has difficulty staying seated in the classroom. Monty also has trouble playing or doing an activity quietly. His ADHD shows a pattern of hyperactivity and impulsiveness. Sarah, on the other hand, easily loses items and has trouble organizing tasks and activities. She also has difficulty following through on instructions. Her ADHD is characterized by a pattern of inattention. Jamie has a habit of wriggling his body. He is constantly moving. He struggles to concentrate and makes careless mistakes in his schoolwork. Moreover, Jamie appears not to listen, even when directly spoken to. At the same time he talks too much, interrupts and blurts out answers. His ADHD shows hyperactivity and impulsiveness, as well as inattention. The three friends are examples of the three types of ADHD, inattention, hyperactive impulsive behavior, and a combination of these patterns. ADHD behaviors can also be different in boys and girls. For example, boys may be more hyperactive and girls may tend to be quietly inattentive. Symptoms sometimes lessen with age. However, some people never completely outgrow their ADHD symptoms. In adults with ADHD, hyperactivity may have decreased, but struggles with impulsiveness, restlessness, and difficulty to pay attention may continue. So, adults who struggle with restlessness, impulsiveness, disorganization, and problems prioritizing tasks may suffer from adult ADHD. Problems focusing on a task at hand, poor time management skills, trouble coping with stress, and frequent mood swings may also be due to adult ADHD. Fortunately, there is treatment available for children as well as for adults with ADHD. This includes medication, psychotherapy and behavioral interventions. If any of the symptoms mentioned in this video disrupt your life, consider being tested for ADHD. A medical evaluation and treatment can lessen the effects of ADHD.


Here's the code for our box class. It works fine, except when I print a variable that refers to a box object. When I do this print, Python uses its default method to convert the object to a string and it gives us this output which isn't terribly useful. There's a way to fix this. We're going to define another special method in the class. It's named underscore underscore str underscore underscore and it takes self as a parameter.  The body of the method must return a string and the string we're going to return will be a lot more informative. We'll use an f string to return the length, self dot length, the width, and the height. Now when Python does the implicit conversion to string in this print statement, it'll call our string conversion method and we'll get much nicer output. The string conversion method is also called implicitly when you put a variable in an f string. For example, if I were to say here box one has dimensions and use braces to implicitly do the conversion, it will again call my string conversion method and I'll get the nicer output. The string conversion method is also called when you do an explicit type conversion using the str function. If I were to do the output this way and then append or concatenate box one explicitly converted to a string, I get the same result. That's how you convert objects to strings to produce more useful output.


I just would like to mention about the, Christopher was asking about the mobile measurement because we don't do that just like what Trouble was mentioning, but there are some people who are having some projects relating to this. I can connect you to them if you're interested and in terms of measurement if you want to only include all the probes which are located in a mobile ASN you can use tech for that. I hope that gives a bit of clarity and yeah for the community part like what Trouble was saying we would like to have more participation from people and also getting feedback from people how can we improve and stuff. You can share that in the mailing list or send email to atlasatribe.net and then we will see if we can do something about it. I see some comments from Trouble. Trouble this is in context to Nemo's question I suppose. Yeah the mobile hack as Leah said the right path bus probe you know it's got a hole in it that it wants a piece of string. If you want to connect it to a mobile network you need to have something on the other end of a piece of string that connects it to a mobile network. So the link I just put in the zoom thingy is Swapniel's hack for doing just that. I think there's several other hacks out there. I'm not sure if there's an authoritative list of mobile hacks anywhere but one thing Leah did point out which I should reinforce is that if you put a probe on a mobile network it's very helpful to tag it as mobile so the each probe can be tagged with user specified tags which can be anything you want you know it can be in my kitchen it can be flaky network but it can also be mobile and that will help people who are interested in measuring connectivity from mobile networks specifically pick out your probe it might also no guarantees for this it might also help people who run regular measurements to exclude your probe and save you some money if you're paying for bits but you know not everyone's going to be so nice the tags are are you know user user-facing phenomenon


The world's environmental problems need great people working on it. We don't inherit the planet from our grandparents, we borrow it from our children. So the way I look at this is if we're going to build a company, we may as well build one to solve environmental problems. Hi, my name is Matt Bertuglia, I'm the CEO of PILA. We are here in Kelowna, British Columbia. So we're first for PILA Case, which is the world's first concoctable phone case. And then we are also the inventors of LOMI that turns your food waste into a compost fertilizer that you can put in your garden or your lawn. So ESG, Environmental Social Governance. It is a way for investors to measure risk in companies. These are things that we have historically not measured businesses on. We measure them on their financial performance, but we don't usually measure a company unlike how they score in these three categories of things. ESG for us is kind of like its DNA. A stronger BC economic plan to me is foundational for the future of its province. So much of our economy here is natural resource driven. I don't think you can build a stronger BC without focusing on the environment. I think the government here has done a really good job in supporting and jump-starting and building programs, everything in and around ESG since I've been here. British Columbia has an opportunity to be like a leader in all things environment. We're uniquely set for it in that we've already got a decent foundation of both government-sponsored funds and then private funds. And you don't have that everywhere else. When we were looking to put our company here, that was one of the things that attracted us. The conversation is already happening. That's pretty good if you're an entrepreneur. You want support from your government. I think the fact that BC does is awesome because they start it, it attracts others. I would love to see more companies like us in British Columbia. I think it would do wonders for the job base and the talent pool that we have here. So the more companies that get on board, the more that we're going to find ways to commercialize technologies that are good for the planet and products and services. And I think that that's just a win-win for society.