Felly, ydych chi, Tim, ac ydych chi i'n gweithio gyrfa, oeddwn i'n meddwl i chi i'r gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. Rwy'n golygu goeth o'r cynnig o meddwlolio mewn cyllid. Felly, dydyn nhw, rydyn ni'n gweithio'n meddwlolio, ydych chi'n cynnig oedd yn ddim ein profesor o meddwlolio yn meddwlolio meddwlolio mewn cyllid. Ac mae'r ysgol arlaeddur hwnnw, rydyn ni'n golygu. Thank you very much. It's very exciting that it's at this meeting. I'm a preclinical meta research scientist. Essentially, our focus is on preclinical models of human diseases and how they translate to effective therapies and our increased understanding of human diseases in a clinical setting, so translating what we see in a lab setting into humans. I'm also a member of the Edinburgh camarades team and I'll go a bit more into camarades and I'm a black female academic. So if those of you are not familiar with camarades, this stands for the collaborative approach to meta analysis and review of animal data from experimental studies. Essentially what we do is we look systematically across the modelling of a range of different conditions. We came into this work very much focused on stroke research but this has expanded looking at a range of different conditions and it started off with us in Edinburgh and colleagues in Melbourne and Australia and also expanded to now having six national coordinating centres around the world. I used to spend a lot of time replying to emails and people saying, I'm trying to do a systematic review of animal studies, how do I do it? So then we said, OK, why don't we have teleconferences every week so people could ask questions? This has now expanded into a kind of open drop-in session every week for people who drop in. We have a retreat as well where we will try to get together and have some face-to-face time which I think is very important. One of the things that has come out of our work in camarades is this huge data repository. This repository was hosted in Microsoft Access. Anyone who knows anything about data knows that that is not fit for purpose. It had data from about 19 different diseases, 7,000 studies and over 200,000 animals. I'll go into how that's evolved away from access in a bit. But I wanted to start off with what our problem was, this translational problem, that everything seemed to work in the laboratory and didn't work in humans. So data from colleagues in Australia back in 2006 who did a review looking at all the different interventions that had ever been tested in the model of stroke, there were over 1,000. 600 in animal models, 374 of those were shown to be effective in these models. Just under 100 were tested in humans in a clinical setting and then only one of these was effective in humans. There are a couple of other interventions that are used clinically, but in stroke the data that comes from animals, when I say translated, that's also quite a loose description. There's only one intervention. So we had this problem of translational failure. With the benefit of hindsight, this is how we present our hypothesis and I'm not sure that this came later our hypothesis, but essentially we thought that there were some perverse incentives in the life sciences, like publication bias, funding promotion to produce positive results with maybe not so much attention paid to their validity. This clearly is meta science but we weren't calling it meta science at that time. There wasn't this crowd, we didn't have that language. We also identified that in the use of animal models we have all these additional pressures to reduce the number of animals that we are using because of cost, time, ethical considerations, feasibility. So then we have all these studies that are underpowered of unknown power and then all these different factors combine to compromise the utility of animal models and contribute to translational failure. So our focus was really on some of these, what are the potential sources of bias that are leading to this or contributing to this translational failure. And we had four main areas that we focused our energies on. The first being internal validity, so the strength of the cause-effect relationship, things like randomisation and blinding, the use of those to improve the internal validity of studies. We're interested in generalisability or the external validity of a study. So do the findings that we observe in a laboratory in an animal model, do they translate to other laboratories trying to do similar work to humans in a clinical setting to different time points? Construct validity, are we really measuring what we think we're measuring? Does what we see in an animal what we think is relevant to a human situation truly relevant and then publication bias? So are all the data that are being collected actually making it out into the public domain? And as I mentioned with camarades, we've done all this work through the lens really of systematic reviews, so identifying all the relevant studies for that question, distilling it, curating it into the systematic review and then using those data to answer our questions. And we found that biases were prevalent and they were important. So like I said, we started in stroke research but our work has expanded across different disease areas. We've looked at motor neuron disease, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, EAE, which is a model of MS and glioma. And we found the reporting of things like randomisation and blinding was pretty low across the board. When we looked at the impact of this, it seems that this also has an effect on the outcomes that are observed. So these are data from one of our systematic reviews where we stratified studies according to those that do report randomisation and those that don't. And we see studies that don't report randomisation, report much larger treatment effects than those that are considered to be of increased rigor. In terms of generalisability, the standardisation fallacy is a concept that we worked with for some colleagues in burn. And essentially the efforts to increase reproducibility in studies by reducing variation by standardising everything. So things like ensuring that the lab environment is consistent all the time and that you use consistent tests and that you inbreed all these animals so that there's very little genetic variation. What it's doing essentially is increasing the risk of detecting an effect with very low external validity. Or we're missing effects where there's high external validity. And a colleague of ours, Hannah Werbal, talks about the reaction norm. So the effects that we observe are due to an interaction between our environment and the genetics. And depending on what other kind of nuisance variables are out there you will observe an effect somewhere along this reaction norm. And it could be, I don't know, the radios on or somebody's got, you know, channel number five on or something that causes a slightly different effect to be observed. But what was happening is that we see, we're doing an experiment and we see an effect here and somebody else does a similar experiment and sees an effect here and we say we fail to reproduce. But actually are we just sampling on different areas of the reaction norm. And to try and address this we did some simulation work again with our colleagues in Bern where we looked at the concept of multi-centre studies to increase heterogeneity. And if we just focus on these two extremes here, the one lab study and the two lab studies, so each of these points are individual experiments. The red line is a line of no effect. This is the overall estimate when you pull these studies together and this coloured area here is a 95% confidence intervals of that effect. We see in the single lab studies some of the experiments don't overlap with a 95% confidence interval suggesting that we've failed to reproduce an effect. But in the multi lab studies all the experiments overlap with the pulled estimate showing more consistency and reproducibility across the board. In terms of construct validity, I will go back to stroke. Animal models that we use essentially are trying to capture aspects of diseases. When we induce a stroke in a rat it's not a mini human. We're trying to recapture part of that disease model. The outcome measures that we use are often surrogates. In the stroke field, infarct size is the outcome that is generally used to see how effective your experiment was in an animal model. The brain is damaged. In humans in a clinical setting we're more interested in daily activity. Can somebody get up in the morning, get washed, eat their breakfast, that kind of thing? These are two different outcome measures. There's some data that shows these actually don't correlate that well with each other. But then trying to do the daily activities in a rat is obviously there's work in that space but it's much more complicated. In stroke time is also very important. I call this the tail of two drugs. We've got these two drugs, Tyrolazad and TPA. TPA is the intervention in the slide at the beginning where I showed the one intervention that worked clinically that had the animal data behind it. Tyrolazad is part of those 100 drugs that was tested in clinical trials and didn't work. When we went back and looked at the animal data and we looked at stroke time is very important, the animals in Tyrolazad were given the intervention about 10 minutes after they had a stroke. For TPA it was about an hour and a half later. When we look at time to treatment in the clinical trials for Tyrolazad more than three quarters of the patients were given a drug more than three hours after they had a stroke. Whereas the TPA data is more consistent with the animal data. So is it that Tyrolazad doesn't work or if you gave it to patients 10 minutes after they had a stroke maybe it would have more consistency. The final area of bias I was going to quickly focus on is publication bias. These are data from the Camaradid database, the famous access database with lots of stroke experiments. Essentially what we did is we used a funnel plot to try and look for publication bias. When the x-axis we plotted the effect size for each of the individual experiments on this plot, that's an individual experiment against the precision which is the inverse of the standard error. So the more precise the study is, the narrower the confidence interval. What we expect with no publication bias is that you should have a kind of equal distribution at low precision of positive and negative studies. As you become more precise your studies should converge around the true effect. What we observed is a lack of imprecise negative studies in our data set, which is consistent with publication bias. Then we used a technique called Trim and Fill which essentially tries to impute these theoretically missing studies so that your funnel plot is symmetrical, which are these red dots here. When we did this, our overall effect was reduced from 32% down to 26% and it estimates that about one in six experiments remain unpublished. I think this is a growth, a huge underestimation of how big this problem is. A lot of the studies in our data set, these negative studies weren't truly negative publications. There were experiments that had some negative experiments, some papers that had some negative experiments alongside some positive ones in the same paper. But it's not just systematic reviews that we do in the camarades collaboration. These are two examples of some studies that we've done. The first was in collaboration with PLOS, the Icarus study, which is a randomised control trial looking at asking authors when they submit an animal study to submit a checklist, the arrived guidelines checklist, which is a reporting checklist, which unfortunately showed that asking authors to submit a checklist doesn't lead to improved reporting. Then in collaboration with Nature, we've done an observational study where we looked at the impact of their editorial policy change requiring authors to explain how they took measures to reduce risk bias if that also improved the reporting of their studies. Our work, I think, has had some impact, some positive impact. We don't just look at people's work and tell them all the things that they've done wrong. The purpose is to try and really improve the quality of the preclinical research that's been done. This is an example from a review that we did back in 2009 with a drug called interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in models of stroke, and we looked at the reporting of these measures to reduce risk of bias, ar randomisation, blinding and sample size calculations. As you can see, this is the proportion of studies that report these items and very few studies report this. One of the main PIs in this work, a colleague in Manchester, was sitting next to him at a conference a few years later and he said to me, you know, that really annoyed us when you did that. It just really highlighted some of the issues. It was an unsolicited review of our work. We thought it was unfair because you didn't really understand the nuances. But then we stopped and we thought about it and realised if we don't tell people what we did because their argument was that they did blind some of their experiments and they had done some sample size calculations but because they hadn't reported it, their work in a not-so-good light. He said it changed how they approached their work and me being me said, okay, I'll have a look and check. We did an updated review in 2016 and we see a massive increase in the reporting of these measures to reduce risk of bias, which was a really positive and rewarding thing to see when your work is having some sort of impact. Some of the other impacts of our group has been around pushing robust design in experimental research. Working with the NC3Rs, we've had some input into the experimental design assistant, which is an online tool to support researchers in designing their experiments well. Pushing for increased clarity of how studies have been performed, i.e. through reporting guidelines. The Icarus study led to or supported the revision of the arrive guidelines so there's now arrive 2.0, which we were heavily involved in and also the NDR framework. But also push for collaborative studies. I led the multi-part group, which was a collaboration to design the framework for multi-center preclinical experiments. It was the impetus for the NIH-funded SPAN network for multi-center preclinical experiments. I keep mentioning the famous Microsoft Access Database. One of the things we were very clear about was that we need improved infrastructure to facilitate and support people doing high quality systematic reviews going forward. We developed the SURF platform, which is an online application to facilitate people doing preclinical systematic reviews. It allows the work to be done by large teams, anywhere, doesn't matter where you are. It's got facilities to help people, screenpapers independently, you're blinded to other people's annotations when you're taking data out of papers, that kind of thing. And it's not in access. And SURF is being used, which is great to see globally. We've got over 2,500 users now, 1,300 projects in the platform. So that kind of... All that talk, I guess, was trying to show you some of the work that we've done within Camerides. When I say we, it really is we. It's not just us in Edinburgh. It's colleagues from around the world who've worked with us to, I think, create some really important and impactful research. What I think some of the benefits of collaboration are, are certainly pooling resources and expertise. I think this is particularly important in an evolving discipline. I said at the beginning that, you know, meta science wasn't a term that we used in what we were doing, even though that's what it was. We didn't have the language for it. It was very new. There weren't very many preclinical systematic reviews out there. We were working with colleagues, you know, and we relied heavily on the Cochran collaboration, the clinicians who were doing systematic reviews to get their expertise. Because it wasn't really a discipline, there weren't really resources out there. There weren't dedicated pots of money to do this work. This screenshot is from our universities. So, faculty, we've got this online platform where when you're putting in grant applications, it goes through this system, and you can see that by far the majority of our applications have been unsuccessful. This actually makes things look a lot better than they are. There's lots of things that we've put in. There's letters of intent at the beginning that you spend ages doing that don't go through this because you don't have the finance bit in it, aren't in here. Although I think we appear relatively successful, it really is an uphill struggle and it has been very difficult to get, to just identifying pots of money that you can apply for and then writing those grants and actually getting the money. Learning from other disciplines, I often talk about when some of the reviews that we've done, especially in the preclinical space, you often have lots of studies. We've got systematic reviews, we've got thousands of papers in them. We used to screen these papers manually, which clearly would take a huge amount of time. I remember we had somebody who joined our team and she had a background in physics and just thought it was absolutely bonkers. She's like, why would you not just get an algorithm to do this? Why are you doing this manually? And it never even occurred to us back then that this is something that you could do. So learning from other disciplines has been transformative in how we do our research. Greater sample sizes, I think it's given, and data diversity. But also increased transparency and accountability. I think when you know that other people are going to see what you're doing, you think twice and you look and you double check your work, which I think increases the quality of what you're doing. As with all these things, they are challenges and limitations. It can be difficult coordinating large-scale projects. One thing that I've learned, I don't want to say the hard way, but it has been challenging, but different disciplines speak different languages. The same word can mean something very different between a data scientist and a biologist, or when you speak to a statistician and you think you're having the same conversation, but you're not at all. I often say, I feel like, maybe science doesn't work, I can maybe go into diplomacy now, because I feel like I've learned a lot about how to speak to people who speak different languages. Time and resource constraints. They are issues around funding across different jurisdictions. We were at dinner the other night and there was a big winch about Brexit. It's had a huge impact for us in the UK in terms of accessing... It's not just about accessing the money, it's also how your European colleagues, at least, if we have a European...a UK partner, it's a bit more difficult because now they're Brexit. It's a huge impact in terms of how collaboration works. I've spoken already about very few meta-science pots. I know for us a lot of the work that we were doing was...it wasn't funded work, it was alongside the work, the neuroscience grants that we were writing, and then on the side we were doing these other meta-research and meta-science projects. They also can be a heterogeneity of motivations. People from different areas have different reasons for what they want to do. They're motivated by different things to do this work and managing that can be challenging. Getting traction as well within a domain. I think one of the things I often talk about within the stroke and the example I gave earlier about the colleague who talked about how our review changed how he wrote his papers, getting traction within a domain is really important. It's not useful for us to, like I say, keep telling people, you're not doing it right, you're not doing it right without actually getting their buy-in and changing how they do what they do. Future directions and recommendations. I think it's a real importance in terms of diversity and inclusivity in collaborative projects. Not just in terms of expertise, I think I've spoken a lot about that. Yes, you want people from different academic backgrounds and different expertise, but I think you also want a difference in people's backgrounds. I talked about being a black female academic at the beginning. In the years throughout my career, I feel like I've often been the only black female academic in a room. There are many more women now in the room when I sit in rooms in collaborative projects, but very few women of colour or people of colour generally. I think that's something that we, as a group, need to think about. I saw that the next session actually is talking about equality and diversity, so it would be interesting to see what comes out of that discussion. Incorporating emerging technologies and methodologies. I didn't have time today to really go into some of the work that we've done to try and do that, apart from saying that we used to screen things manually and then now we use machine learning. But my colleague, Caitlin, I was saying the other day as well that this meeting is a camaraderie sandwich. I'm starting. My colleague, Caitlin, has given the very last talk of the conference, so hopefully you stay to hear that, but she's going to talk about some of the work that we do in terms of using machine learning algorithms and technologies to really step up how we do systematic reviews and things like making them living. I think there's something around developing policies and incentives to enable collaboration. I remember at the start of my career the real focus on the winner takes all mentality and the kind of individualistic approach to academia, and I think that has definitely shifted, but I think there's still a huge amount to do, and I think that is something that does differ, and something I've observed differs across different disciplines as well. So some shiny new things. I am just coming back from maternity leave and I wrote three grants when I was pregnant and all three got funded. So I'm trying to break it to my husband, but this is the key to my career is trying some grants while pregnant. I won't go into details about these different projects, but these are three projects that I'll be jumping back into when I'm back at work full-time. But what I wanted to highlight is the collaborative nature of all of them. That's really been key to what we do. It's, you know, different expertise in different countries. The IRIS collaboration is going to be presented a little bit later today with colleagues who have also had European Commission-funded projects tiered to anasaris, and we're going to talk about how even though these are big collaborative projects, how these three big collaborative projects are also going to try and collaborate with each other. And then this last one is interesting because we're also moving into this space of collaborating with people with lived experiences of the conditions that we're working in. So this project is focused on depression, anxiety, and psychosis, and we've got representatives of people with these conditions in the project, which again I think is really important to ensure the work that we're doing is useful. I think what's helped has been finding our tribe. Metascience I think is now a discipline that's all right. But before that, finding other people who had those interests I think has been really important. Finding your cheerleaders, and for us those have come from different stakeholders. Working with people like PLOS and nature I think has been really important for us. Face-to-face time, really taking time to develop relationships I think is essential to effective collaborations. I mentioned we have a camaraderie's retreat. I think this is it works very well. Within that retreat we also have a mentorship scheme to ensure that junior researchers are mentored and are supported in their careers. So, this is my last slide in the summary. We didn't know that we were doing metascience at the beginning. We showed at least in our discipline that many studies were at risk of bias and bias studies over inflate effect size. I think we've had some impact on which has been rewarding to see. But I think the underlying the thing that I want to underline here is that collaboration has really been key to what we've done. So thank you all for listening and to everyone who supported our work. So I think we have time for just maybe one, two questions if anyone wants to go up there. Presentation and you mentioned bias and random error. How about our cognitive bias? How to tackle the psychological aspect of a scientist wanting positive results and not not exactly searching for the truth but for positive results and publications. So how about our cognitive bias? Which is natural of the human being? It is very natural and I think that's part of that is you're right. It's natural. I think it's interesting. It's exciting. You want to see positive you want to show positive things. You want things to work. In terms of how you tackle that that's definitely beyond my expertise. I think I would have to guess the incentives I think will make a big difference. How you incentivise this stuff I think would make a huge difference. Because as much as we want to just do the things that we like doing you also kind of have to put your big boy pants on essentially and do the things that you don't like doing because they're important and essential. But how you go about that, I think that's definitely beyond my expertise. Manu Baker from Issues in Science and Technology. I know there's been some efforts to have animal registries for pre-registration specifically for animal studies and I'm just wondering how feasible you think that is and how useful it will be to see some of the unpublished work. So they do exist actually I'm aware of two in Germany there's the BFR have one and there's the preclinicaltrials.eu as well. I think part of it's a cultural issue in the we animal scientists haven't traditionally pre-registered their studies but they are I think it's one of these movements isn't it to see adopters I think there's a thing around incentivising it some of the arguments around that have been the nature of some of the studies you know if you're doing a confirmatory experiment and you've got a very clear hypothesis driven study then it's very you can see how you would pre-register that I think some of this kind of blue sky exploratory stuff people are a bit more concerned about how you would do that and how it would work so I think there might be some kinks that iron out but I think it's feasible and I think it would have an impact in terms of being aware of what's been done and it would also sign kind of to the question before around being aware that these experiments have been done without necessarily having to then write a full paper about something that you maybe hasn't hasn't worked not because it hasn't worked because it's you haven't got the result you wanted but it hasn't worked because for technical issues or for you know some other reasons so I think there is there's a supporter of pre-registering animal studies for sure and I think there is potential for impact when we're on to the plan


Hello everyone, my name is Saurabh Tiwari, I am PhD student at IIT Bombay, I am also TA of this course. In the previous lectures, you have studied about the various type of, various type of hydrogen storage materials, for example, complex hydrides and the metal hydrides. In the metal hydrides also you have learned different type of metal hydrides that is being used for the hydrogen storage. For example, AB2 type of metal hydride, AB5 type of metal hydride. In the today's lecture, we have discussed about the design and development of metal hydride hydrogen storage. So, if we start with the metal hydride for hydrogen storage, we have to understand how the hydrogen is actually being stored in the metal hydride. Initially, the hydrogen molecule will adsorbed on the metal hydride lattice. Then the hydrogen molecule will dissociate into atoms, then hydrogen atom, after dissociation of the hydrogen atom, the hydrogen atom will occupy a lattice space inside the metal hydride lattice and finally, after occupying a lattice site, it will ultimately diffuse into metal and form metal hydride phase. It is also important to see the reaction of the metal hydride, when the metal hydride will react with the hydrogen, it will produce metal hydride and the heat is also generated during this process. This is the process of absorption. After that, there are two process that is being done for the metal hydride hydrogen storage. The first is the absorption, the second is the desorption process. The hydrogen, during the absorption process, the hydrogen will supply to the metal hydride bed at a pressure that is higher than the equilibrium pressure of metal hydride. In the previous lectures, we have studied about the equilibrium pressures, which is a temperature dependent quantity. So, during the absorption process, when the hydrogen will supply to the metal hydride, it will absorb inside it, it is an exothermic process. So, the heat is being generated inside the metal hydride reactor. During the desorption process, when the absorbed hydrogen, we require this absorbed hydrogen, we will supply heat to it. After supplying heat, this hydrogen that is absorbed inside it will come out from the metal hydride reactor. Of the desorption process, it is important that the equilibrium pressure of metal hydride needs to be higher than the outlet pressure. Now, the main driving force that I am talking about, the main driving force is the difference between the equilibrium pressure and the outlet pressure for the desorption process. And for the absorption process, the difference between the supply pressure and the equilibrium pressure is the main driving force. Now, we have seen from here that it is exothermic process and it is an endothermic process. So, the heat that is being generated during absorption process need to be removed from the metal hydride reactor. In the desorption case, we need to supply this heat to metal hydride reactor. So, coming to the heat transfer issue in metal hydride, so as I am saying that when the hydrogen is absorbed inside the metal hydride reactor, there will be generation of heat during absorption process. After absorption, it will increase the metal hydride reactor temperature inside the metal hydride reactor. This increment in the temperature will increase the equilibrium pressure. If the equilibrium pressure increases, the difference between the main driving force, that is the difference between supply pressure and the equilibrium pressure will reduce and the reaction will stop. In the case of desorption process, when the desorption is start, there will be cooling effect during desorption which will decrease the temperature of metal hydride reactor which will decrease the equilibrium pressure again. The difference between the equilibrium pressure and the outlet pressure reduces and the reaction stops. So, during the absorption process, we have to remove heat from here to maintain the equilibrium pressure and during the desorption pressure, we have to supply heat to maintain this equilibrium pressure which will ultimately maintain the driving force and the reaction will continue. Now, we are supplying heat during desorption process and we are actually removing heat during the absorption process. During this process, because the thermal conductivity of metal hydride lie in the range of 0.12, 0.3 watt per meter Kelvin, this low thermal conductivity of metal hydride district the flow of heat inside the metal hydride reactor. So, this will put forward the requirement of efficient heat transfer requirement inside the metal hydride reactor that is the prime requirement for the efficient transfer of heat inside the reactor. According to the basic design of metal hydride metal hydride reactor, there are different parts of metal hydride reactor that need to be considered. The first is the hydrogen inlet. The hydrogen inlet will be supplied through a pipeline which is generally made up of SS316L material. Thus, the hydrogen will then be absorbed inside the metal hydride reactor. During this process, there will be a filter of hydrogen gas inside it. The filter is actually being used to separate the metal hydride from hydrogen during desorption process. When the hydrogen is absorbed inside the metal hydride, there will be expansion of metal hydride. So, to compensate that expansion of metal hydride, we have to provide a expansion volume to the metal hydride reactor. Finally, there is a reactor wall. So, the reactor wall is also be very important, that need to be considered for the design of metal hydride reactor. So, the first and the foremost requirement for the metal hydride reactor is it should be such that it will hold a high pressure during absorption up to a range of 50 or 60 bar or more than that. During the desorption process, it will also work into the vacuum pressure. Second important point for the consideration of reactor wall material is it should not be reactive to hydrogen and metal hydride. The third and the most important is the reactor material should be low in cost and it will be light in weight. So, these are the requirement for the reactor materials. Coming to the next is the we have to understand how much amount of hydrogen we need to store and accordingly what is the volume of metal hydride reactor that we need to consider. So, suppose we want to store a x gram of hydrogen inside the inside metal hydride reactor and we have choose a metal hydride which is having a gravimetric capacity of g percent. It will be 1.4 or 1.5 weight percent for LA Ni 5 for MG 2 Ni 8 is generally lie into in the range of 3.4 to 3.5 percent. So, accordingly the gravimetric capacity will be selected. Now, the amount of metal hydride required to store this hydrogen is around is calculated by this formula. Now, we have the amount of metal hydride, we know the density of metal hydride, metal hydride. So, the volume of metal hydride will be calculated by this formula. Now, the next step is because the metal hydride is a porous material. So, there will be porosity that is that need to be accompanied in the volume. So, if the porosity of metal hydride is P and the expansion volume after absorbing hydrogen is around z percent. So, the final volume of the metal hydride reactor will be calculated by this formula. After calculating the volume of metal hydride reactor, if we know the length and the diameter ratio or some other formulas to other requirement of the metal hydride reactor, from there we will calculate the dimension of metal hydride reactor. So, these cylindrical shapes are used for the metal hydride reactor. Coming to the next slide is we have to define the equation which will be defining the process inside the metal hydride process during absorption and desorption. So, first and foremost is when the hydrogen is absorbed inside the metal hydride reactor there will be generation of heat inside it. So, the temperature will change of the metal hydride will change accordingly. So, the first equation which will define the which will define the change in temperature is the energy equation which will define then the temperature with respect to time will change as the hydrogen is absorbed. So, this term the first left the second term in the left side will denote the advection term which is when the hydrogen will start flowing inside the metal hydride reactor there will be some heat flow due to convection also. So, this term will define that the right the first term in the right side will define the conduction that is being happening inside the metal hydride reactor. K effective is the effective thermal conductivity of metal hydride because when the metal when the hydrogen is absorbed inside the metal hydride there are two materials now. The first is the gas which is in the porosity of E and the remaining portion of the porosity there will be metal hydride. So, the effective thermal conductivity will be calculated by this formula. Now, it is important to note that the velocity of hydrogen that is flowing inside the metal hydride reactor is very low. So, generally when we are developing mathematical modeling or some or we are doing calculations generally this term will be is not that much significant. But for the practical application we need to consider this term also. Now, when the hydrogen is absorbed inside the metal hydride reactor there will be change in density of metal hydride that will be given by the mass equation of bed. Finally, when the amount of mass that is being absorbed inside the metal hydride reactor is calculated by this formula and the mass of hydrogen dissolved is calculated by this formula. So, this amount of mass absorption and desorption will depend on the activation energy of material. So, this is it is actually depend on some of the material property. It will also depend on the other parameters also like supply pressure, equilibrium pressure and the density of material is also important. When this reaction will happen there will be reaction constant of these also. So, these are to the reaction constant. In the previous lecture taken by Professor Pratibha Sharma she will define that the equilibrium pressure will depend upon the enthalpy and the entropy of reaction. So, this is the formula for the equilibrium pressure that we calculate. Now, there is a heat capacity also effective heat capacity which will be calculated by this formula. Now, if we start designing the if we start to design the metal hydride reactor the first and foremost thing is that for what application this metal hydride reactor is being used. So, the most important thing of metal hydride is it will there is a wide range of temperature and the there are different type of metal hydride available in market which will work for a wide range of temperature. So, if we work for the main applications of metal hydride reactor is for heat pump, for vehicular application, for thermal storage systems, for refrigeration, for heat transformer also, for hydrogen transport it will be used and for fuel cell integration also for continuous supply of electricity. So, if we are able to define the application of metal hydride reactor we are able to know the working temperature and the pressure range for which the for particular application. After knowing the temperature and the pressure range we will also need to define what is the amount of hydrogen that need to be stored inside the metal hydride reactor. From the working temperature and the pressure range we are able to select the metal hydride. From the metal hydride we will calculate the volume of metal hydride reactor from the amount of hydrogen to be stored. The volume of calculation will be done in the previous slides. After the calculation of the metal hydride reactor we will find the optimum L by D ratio. In the literature it is found that the generally optimum L by D ratio lies in the range of 3 to 4. From there we will be able to calculate the length and the diameter of the metal hydride reactor if we are using a cylindrical metal hydride. After the selection of the metal hydride we have to select the metal hydride reactor material. Suppose for vehicular application we require a metal hydride reactor which has low in weight. So, for that we need to select aluminium as the metal hydride reactor. But for the stationary application for thermal for example thermal storage for refrigeration we will select SS 316L or other material accordingly. After selecting the material we will find the thickness of reactor it will depend on the pressure in which we are working. Suppose we are working in a pressure range of 30 to 40 bar we have to choose a factor of safety which lie in the range between 2 to 3. Generally after selecting factor of safety we will find out the what is the maximum pressure that we have to design our system for. From there from the ASME pressure vessel code we are able to calculate the thickness of reactor. After calculating the thickness of reactor now we are able to develop a cylindrical reactor up to now. Then the main problem is the heat transfer inside the metal hydride reactor. So, we have to provide some heat transfer arrangement inside the metal hydride reactor for the fast absorption and desorption. Then we optimize the parameter for the particular selected heat transfer arrangement. This will complete our design of metal hydride reactor. Then we will do the performance analysis of reactor. If it is good for our particular application then we will go with that otherwise we will follow the same step again. Now it is important to know what are the main parameters which is affecting the metal hydride reactor performance. So, the first and the foremost is the supply pressure. So, the difference between the supply pressure and the equilibrium pressure this is the case of absorption. The difference in the supply pressure and the equilibrium pressure is the main driving force which will allow the hydrogen to get absorbed inside the metal hydride reactor. So, supply pressure need to be as high as possible accordingly. So, the driving force will be as high as possible. Second is the L by D ratio it is also very important parameter because when we increase the L by D ratio the thickness of the bed will reduce and this will reduce the conductive resistance inside the metal hydride bed which will further increase the heat transfer inside metal hydride reactor. The other and the foremost property is the thermal conductivity. If we somehow able to increase the effective thermal conductivity of metal hydride. So, this incremental thermal conductivity will allow us to have a greater faster heat transfer inside the metal hydride reactor. The other important portion is the heat transfer coefficient. Heat transfer coefficient when the heat transfer coefficient when we are cooling the metal hydride from the outer portion and if the heat transfer coefficient is higher there will be a faster removal of heat or faster supply of heat from the outer portion. So, this parameter is also very important. The other important parameter is the external temperature. The difference between the outer temperature and the metal hydride reactor temperature need to be as high as possible. So, that there will be a faster heat transfer. The other important parameter is the system cost. System cost is very important because it needs to be as low as possible for a particular application. Now, there are different ways to improve the heat transfer in metal hydride reactor. So, we have a heat equation which is generally defined by which is generally defined by the conductive term of the heat transfer and the convective term of heat transfer, ok. Now, we want this heat transfer to be as fast as possible. So, we have to look into these parameters. So, if we look initially look at a thermal conductivity of metal hydride. So, this metal hydride thermal conductivity of metal hydride will be increased by having by introducing metal forms and ENG compacts, expanded natural graphite compact. So, that it will increase the effective thermal conductivity. So, the effective thermal conductivity formula that we already have E1 K1 plus E2 K2 plus E3 K3 plus like and E1 plus E2 plus E3 need to be equal to 1. So, as we increase the as we introduced number of thermal material inside this metal hydride reactor with higher thermal conductivity. So, the effective thermal conductivity of metal hydride will increase and this will increase the heat transfer inside the metal hydride reactor. This will be hidden by using metal forms and ENG compacts. The second important parameter is the decrement of delta X. Delta X is actually providing a conductive resistance to the heat transfer. So, this will be this need to be as low as possible. So, this will be we are actually achieving this by having the multi tubular reactor. Suppose, we have a reactor like this. So, we will convert this reactor into a multi tubular reactor having multiple tubes inside of metal hydride inside it. So, with the with having a multiple tubes. So, we will actually reduce the thickness of thickness of metal hydride bed which will which will increase the heat transfer inside the metal hydride reactor. Another important parameter is the area of heat transfer. Generally, area of heat transfer will be improved by number of number of things. The first and the foremost is the using of fins. We can we can use fins inside metal hydride reactor. The second and the second important is the we also provided the heat transfer fluid jackets and the third is using the cooling tube. So, these are the three things that we can use to increase the heat transfer area of metal hydride. So, generally the different type of fins are being used I will I will explain the next slide. Other important parameter is the difference of temperature difference. So, the temperature difference is done by suppose we have a metal hydride reactor and the temperature inside is Ts and the outlet temperature is T0. So, temperature when we decrease this temperature for absorption. So, this temperature difference should increase and this will result in higher heat transfer. Another important parameter is the heat transfer coefficient. So, the heat transfer coefficient will be increased by using using by using different type of heat transfer fluid and by increasing the velocity of heat transfer fluid inside the tubes or what of or different type of tubes that we are using. So, we will start with the increment in the thermal conductivity of metal hydride. So, we have used metal form like this. So, initially the thermal conductivity of metal hydride is 0.1 to 0.3 watt per meter Kelvin. Then we introduce a metal form having a higher thermal conductivity like aluminum form copper form inside this metal hydride reactor. So, it will increase the effective thermal conductivity which result in faster heat transfer. Similarly, the ANG compacts are also used. ANG compacts are first mixed with the metal hydride particles then the ANG with the metal hydride will be compacted and this compact metal hydride will be used with which is having a higher thermal conductivity. The main problem with these metal form and the ANG compact is they will occupy some volume inside the metal hydride reactor and it increase the weight and the size of the reactor also. So, if we are designing a metal hydride reactor then there must be a tradeoff between their effectiveness and that weight then what they add to the reactor. Coming to the increase in the heat transfer surface area there are different type of fins that will be used for the inside the metal hydride reactor or outside the metal hydride reactor. So, this is a metal hydride reactor at the outer periphery there is a there is a fins that will be attached to the metal hydride reactor which will increase the heat transfer surface area. This is a longitudinal type of fins, this is a transverse type of fins that is being used. Ultimately, film will increase the heat transfer surface area which will result in faster heat transfer inside the metal hydride reactor and finally, there will be faster absorption and desorption. The main problem with the use of fin is it will increase is the weight of system. So, we have again there will be a tradeoff between the weight and the type of fins and the number of fins that we are using. The similar type of arrangement will also be used inside the metal hydride reactor to have a faster heat transfer. The other way to increase the heat transfer surface area is to introduce a water jacket at the outer periphery of metal hydride bed. So, the main so the main requirement is the provide it will provide the necessary condition for heat transfer during absorption and desorption. It will increase the heat transfer surface area. The water that is being used inside the metal hydride the temperature of that water is also very important parameter that need to be considered. The main problem using a water jacket is it will provide heat transfer from the out for the outer periphery. But at the core in the core reason the transfer of heat will be difficult. So, the transfer of heat in the core reason is difficult for what when we use water jacket. So, this problem will be solved by using cooling tube. So, the number of researchers using different type of cooling tube inside the metal hydride reactor. So, the main advantage of using cooling tube is they will provide uniform heating and cooling. Different type of cooling tubes are used such as helical tube U shaped tube straight tube with different arrangement like given in this figure and use and then the main problem with these type of cooling tube is they will occupy some volume inside the metal hydride reactor which will increase the size of reactor. Similarly, there is another way to improve the heat transfer to increase the heat transfer inside metal hydride reactor which is by increment in the heat transfer coefficient. This can be done by increasing the velocity of heat transfer fluid or we have used different type of heat transfer fluid also for the for a system. Suppose, we are using air and water for as a heat transfer fluid. So, at the same velocity water will provide a higher heat transfer coefficient as compared to air. Coming to the combination of methods they are different type of combination that is being used such as cooling tube along with the fence along with the metal form along with the water jacket. So, there are four type of combination that directly be used by different researcher. The main advantage of this is this will provide a very fast absorption and desorption inside the metal hydride reactor will do faster cooling and heating. But the main problem is this will occupy a lot of space inside the metal hydride reactor and ultimately increases the weight of the system. This is up to the design of the system. Accordingly, there are different type of application of metal hydride reactors which will also decide what type of metal hydride we need to select what is the shape of the metal hydride we require enhancement in thermal conductivity of or not. These are different thing that will be defined by the application of metal hydride reactor. So, suppose if we are using it for the refrigeration. So, we have to look into the desorption process not for the absorption because during desorption process the temperature of metal hydride will decrease. So, for refrigeration process we have to decide the desorption we have to concentrate on the desorption thing. When the temperature of metal hydride reduced the reduction in the temperature inside the metal hydride reactor will provide a higher heat, higher temperature difference between the inner and the outer portion of metal hydride. So, if the inner metal hydride reactor is at lower temperature and the outside temperature is at higher temperature. So, this will be extract heat from the space that need to be cooled and this will produce a cooling effect at the outer portion. So, the material that we need to select for refrigeration will be such that it will provide a cooling effect in a particular temperature range that is required by a particular application. The other application of metal hydride reactor is thermal energy storage. The main advantage of metal hydride is it will provide a very wide temperature range. So, energy storage of around 700 to 800 degree is also possible with metal hydride reactor. The metal hydride reactor thermal energy storage have higher energy density compared to other like phase change material and sensible storage system. Long term storage is also possible in metal hydride reactor. The space requirement is also less compared to other energy storage system. The other application of metal hydride reactor is the fuel cell integration in which the metal hydride reactor is incorporated with the fuel cell and the fuel to continuously get the electricity. So, the important thing is the metal hydride reactor when connected with the fuel cell is an auxiliary way to generate electricity. The most important thing is the output of fuel cell is water vapor. So, ultimately this process is a eco-friendly system. The main problem with this integration is the synchronization of hydrogen flow rate. When the hydrogen that is coming out from the metal hydride, we need to supply that hydrogen to fuel cell at a particular flow rate. So, this synchronization of hydrogen flow rate is very important in the fuel cell. That is one of the problem and that is the research is going on in this field. In the previous modules, we have learned about the different methods of hydrogen storage. At IIT Bombay, we are working on solid state hydrogen storage. We do work on different type of materials like chemical hydride, complex hydrides, metal hydrides starting from DFT studies to look at the different materials, different alloys, the possible dopants which can improve on to the performance of these materials. To synthesizing these materials in small scale and then after studying doing a thorough characterization, studying their hydrogenation, dehydrogenation behavior, we synthesize materials on large scale. With these large scale materials being synthesized at IIT Bombay, we use these materials for different systems. Now, these hydrogen storage systems, this development requires simulation, then optimization of the reactor, geometrical parameters, their performance parameters and thereafter fabricating, integrating these for various applications. Now, in this particular module, we are going to learn about the different experiments, synthesis methods, characterization of these hydrogen storage materials as well as systems. This is a wet chemistry setup has been shown here. We will be demonstrating the dehydrogenation of chemical hydride using water in presence of catalyst. Understiring, the material has been added to the solution. Now, the chamber is closed. Shortly, we will see the hydrogen generation. Now, you can observe that the hydrogen is accumulating in the borate by water displacement method. The instrument showing here is known as thermo geometry analyzer and it is coupled with smart spectrometry. In short, it's called TGA-MS. Now, we will open the chamber. The crucible is filled with a certain amount of sample. Now, the chamber is being closed and we will run the program. Here in the screen, you can see we are running the programming and the program has been started and it will take around 1 hour and 26 minutes. Upon completion of the experiment, these are the pattern we got. Now, we will further analyze the reading that we got. A laboratory glove box is a seal container that allows safe handling of the materials or chemicals sensitive to atmospheric exposure under a controlled inert atmosphere. Certain hydrated alloys are pyrophoric in nature meaning they are liable to ignite spontaneously on exposure with air. Loading and unloading of materials can be done through this anti-chamber. Weighing and loading of the sample into the sample holders can be done inside the glove box to isolate the sensitive materials from the outside environment protect operators from hazardous materials inside the container or both. The oxygen and moisture content of the glove box are monitored by the in-built sensors and are kept in check by using the purging technique. Depending on the size or volume of the material to load inside the glove box, there are two different sizes of anti-chamber present with this apparatus. Purging of the glove box is done with the help of vacuum pump. In order to maintain an inert atmosphere throughout, the glove box is supplied with argon gas from these cylinders on a continuous basis. Based on loading capacity, ball milling can be industrial ball mill and laboratory ball mill. Laboratory ball mills can be planetary, rotary or vibratory type. Ball milling involves many parameters, milling time, milling speed, ball to powder weight ratio, ball and valve material type. Here we can see different types and sizes of vials and valves. This one is stainless steel, but it can also be made of tungsten carbide, zirconium, agate etc. etc. Depending on the hardness of the material, the ball and valve is chosen. This here is a high energy planetary type ball mill of Frismacke. From this panel, milling time and speed can be set. The valve is attached through a clamp. Here in this, we can see this valve is made of tungsten carbide. And we can also see that the base panel is so connected that the base plate moves clockwise while the vial part can move anti-clockwise direction, which is showing the disciplinary type. Generally, ball milling is used to synthesize equilibrium and non-equilibrium alloy phases, usually at room temperature, such as super saturated solid solution, metastable crystalline phases, nano crystalline phases and even amorphous alloys. Alloy formation happens by mechanical action of repeated fracture and welding. So, this is the sample that was observed at 2 hours. This was observed at 5 hours and this one is 10 hours. The evolution of x structure can be confirmed from the XRD analysis and finally, we can arrive which type of solid solution we require and we can achieve that. Although ball milling is easy to use on laboratory scale, but the range of parameters is huge, which possess two challenges. Firstly, the comparison between studies from different types of ball milling machine is quite difficult. Secondly, the relationship between laboratory and industrial scale is not obvious, but optimization of milling parameters could give a direction to industrial apparatus. In our lab, arc melting furnace is an instrument used for small scale synthesis of hydrogen storage alloys using different hydride forming elements. The composition or sample to be melted is kept in water cooled copper hearth. The heat required to melt metal is obtained via an electric arc established by contact between electrode basically tungsten and copper hearth. The energy required to form an alloy depends on its composition and quantity, which is achieved by varying current in this instrument. For a given sample, the repetitive melting of 3 to 4 times is performed to obtain homogeneous alloy. The arc melting furnace present in our lab is capable of synthesizing 25 grams of alloy in one batch. Vacuum induction furnace is based on two main principles, mutual induction and heating effects of electric current. A primary coil working at high voltage induces eddy current in the metals inside the furnace, which produces heat due to the resistance in the metals and causing them to reach their melting point and form alloys and compounds. Here, we have a customized induction furnace that can produce temperatures in the range of 850 degree Celsius to 2000 degree Celsius. The constituents from which our material is to be made are first loaded in these special graphite crucibles. Depending on the mass of the material to be made, which can be from 200 grams up to 10 kgs, we select a suitable crucible, this crucible is then placed in the furnace. In order to form the alloys and compounds, first a vacuum of about 10 power minus 6 millibars is produced inside the chamber using the rotary route and the diffusion pumps. Using the rotary route and diffusion pumps, then the high voltage supply induces current in these metals that is sufficient to produce enough heat that they reach their melting points. The molten metals mix into each other and form the desired material. The temperatures inside the crucible can be indirectly measured using the pyranometer attached to the chamber. The melt is then poured into copper mold to form ingots. The copper mold uses a flow of water typically maintained below 10 degree Celsius for cooling these ingots. Here, we have the chiller that produces the flow of cold water which is then fed into the furnace by means of these pipes that we see here. The form ingots are then removed from the copper mold and then used in the systems. The capacity of hydrogen absorbed or dissolved in the alloy is measured by two techniques, gravimetric and volumetric. In our lab, we have three volumetric based homemade sewered apparatus ranging from low pressure systems to high pressures that is up to 150 bar. A sewered apparatus generally has three inlet outlet connecting to supply of hydrogen, inert gas and to a vacuum pump. The high vacuum pressure can be achieved via rotary and diffusion pump up to 10 to power minus 6 millibar. The change in hydrogen pressure is measured using a pressure transducer. A pressure transducer is calibrated to convert pressure reading into electrical signal which is further collected to a data logger. The pressure and temperature reading of each system can be seen on this panel which is a programming interface of a data logger. To analyze the behavior of the alloy, the alloys which were synthesized by arc melting or induction melting technique then it is crushed into powder and placed into a sample holder as shown here. Depending on the nature of experiment to be performed on particular alloy, it can be loaded into the sample holder either in the glove box or in the open surroundings. The sample holder is then positioned at one end of the apparatus enabling us to provide heat treatment to the alloy. To perform experiment at high temperature, we use a portable heater that can go up to 1000 degree Celsius. For experiments, hydrogen is filled into a standard reactor of non-volume and pressure and released to a reactor site by opening these walls. The drop in pressure is then calculated for the hydrogen capacity of the alloy. This increase in temperature show exothermic reaction of the metal hydride. These apparatus can be used for absorption and desorption kinetics, pressure composition isotherm and cyclivity of the alloys. Now, after you have seen manual civets apparatus, this instrument in our lab is a fully automated volumetric sorption analyzer of Haydn isochemamic. This instrument works on volumetric measurement principle wherein for a given known dosing and sample volume, the drop in hydrogen gas pressure is correlated with the amount of hydrogen absorbed or desorbed by an alloy. Few grams of synthesized sample is loaded in sample cell which is attached here to the instrument and following experiments can be performed. Picnometry for determining the density of an alloy, rate kinetics for determining the rate of hydrogen absorption and desorption from an alloy, pressure composition temperature PCT measurement for determining the equilibrium pressure of alloy at different temperatures, analyzing the hysteresis maximum as well as reversible gravimetric capacity and change in enthalpy and entropy of hydride formation. This instrument is also capable of performing cyclic life study of an alloy for 100 to 1000 cycles. The instrument in our lab can achieve a vacuum pressure up to 10 to the power minus 8 millibar using turbo molecular pump, dosing pressure up to 200 bar and sample temperature can be varied from room temperature to 500 degree Celsius. After synthesis of materials using ball milling, arc melting and induction melting, we will fabricate metal hydride reactor. In our lab before fabricating and integrating a system according to their end use, we will try to investigate the behavior of our metal hydride reactor by designing them mathematically using simulation software like Comsol, Ansys and Matlin. During these simulation effect of various parameters are depicted on hydrogen absorption and desorption. Beside this we also use various optimization technique using machine learning to optimize these system. These simulation and optimization technique helps in saving time resources and cost for our lab. The optimized system is then fabricated is scaling from 1 kg of metal hydride to 50 kg in incorporating various heat transfer arrangement like embedded cooling tube metal hydride reactor, hexagonal fin type of metal hydride reactor, embedded tube type of metal hydride reactor with different scaling sizes of the of metal hydride. The modular type of metal hydride reactor according to their various application like heat pump, heat transformer, thermal energy storage etcetera. The reactor shown here is modular type of metal hydride reactor used for power backup. Now, as you can see we are desorbing hydrogen from this modular type of metal hydride reactor using seabed apparatus having mass flow meter that is recording mass flow rate and total mass of hydrogen desorbed using data logger. The temperature inside the metal hydride reactor and the temperature of the water bath are also recorded using a data logger. After heating the metal hydride reactor by the heat transfer fluid, the hydrogen that is being desorbed from this metal hydride reactor is flow through that through the seabed apparatus and then this hydrogen will flow to the fuel cell. The hydrogen desorbed from metal hydride reactor is utilized by fuel cell wherein it converts the chemical energy of hydrogen into electrical energy powering a DC load. The parameter such as voltage, current and power is recorded in energy meter. This completes the integration of metal hydride reactor with real-time applications.


This is just really a lot of vlogging in Drew's car lately, but that's just the way it's gonna go.  But anyways, I'm headed off this morning to the east side. I'm going back to Highland Park and I'm gonna meet up with my friend Karina and we're gonna go thrifting. We're gonna go to this really cool plus-size second-hand store. It's like a resale, trade-in, thrift store type of thing. And actually Karina and I have been talking about going to this place since like early 2020, maybe late 2019. And then obviously like the pandemic happened and stuff. And then like there were a couple of times where I was gonna come out here and visit and then I didn't, et cetera, et cetera. So now it's happening. I'm so, so excited. We're actually gonna meet for lunch beforehand. It's like, I guess right before 11 a.m. I got my nails done yesterday. I don't know if you can see that, but they're kind of like modern, like, you know, how a lot of people are doing them. But they're also kind of like 80s and 90s nails, which I also really love. I tried gel X for the first time and I really love them. So I will definitely be going back to this nail salon. A million percent difference. Way, way better experience than last time. So yeah, let's head into the East side and we'll, you know, run, shop and do all that fun stuff. And I'll take you along with me. So let's do it. I'm sorry. I'm like, yeah, we're walking. We're walking and talking. We're gonna check out Big Blood Press. Yes, we've never been in store before and you've never tried on any of their stuff, right? Yeah, so I'm so excited that we're trying out right now. So let's see what they're all about in person. I say, I say, I'll be without you. You say, I'll be without you. Are you filming? Yeah. Oh, it was a B roll. Hey. We're taking photos. Look at this. It's so cute. It smells a little bit like we're on a trance trip. But it's very glorious, you know, concentration. Only the finest from me. Right on my way home now. And that was so lovely. It was so nice to just spend a few hours together and chat. We got coffee. We went to a couple of shops as you saw. And then we got some lunch. And now I'm almost home. I'm gonna go home and probably relax a bit to get a little bit more work done and we'll check in later. So, um, okay, yes, I'm in my pajama shirt. Cause I just put on fake tan. I don't want to talk about that. But I just wanted to give a word to the wise. For those of you who are considering getting lash extension. Yeah. I don't know how to explain how bald my eyes are since taking my lashes off. And by the way, I followed instructions to the tee, like used the proper remover. Didn't pull any of my natural lashes out with it. Like did it extremely gently. And like, I have hardly any lashes left. This is the most bald, which like it's hard to tell because my lashes are pretty light colored anyway. But I put on mascara the day that I took them off and it was jarring. I know they'll grow back in a few weeks and I've considered getting like a lash serum but I've heard mixed opinions on that as well. But yeah, my eyes are bald. So if you consider getting lash extensions, maybe think about it because honestly, if I had known what it was gonna look like after getting them off, I don't know if I would have done it. There's just like, oh, there's no lashes there. It's so sad. But it's a few days later now and I'm gonna do my makeup and just update you a little bit on like what's been going on with me and my life. I just do a little get ready with me kind of moment. I just finished doing my hair. I think I'm gonna film a couple of videos for my main channel. Today is Tuesday and ever since Friday, I wanna say. So I think the last thing I filmed was on Thursday and then Friday was the weirdest day ever. I woke up and I had the weirdest dream. It was like something from my past and it was just like really sad.  But like in a way that I haven't really experienced in a while and I don't know, it's just kind of weird how like dreams can mess with your head like that but I've heard a lot of people say that. By the way, this is just gonna be very chatty and like off the cuff. So if this isn't like your type of thing, that's totally fine, you can catch the next vlog but I just feel like chatting and catching up. So yeah, that kind of did my head in and I was just in a really weird head space on Friday. I'll get into that. But then Friday afternoon, Drew and I were like, hey, let's go to Disneyland. That sounds like a great way to end the week. We were on our way and we were on the freeway and we're in like almost dead stop traffic. Like I would say at most we were on five to seven miles per hour and Drew and I were singing the Hercules soundtrack like we were singing zero to hero and all of a sudden the car in front of us was like a minivan. I think UPS is picking up my package so Layla is gonna have something to say about that. But all of a sudden this minivan, I see their reverse lights come on and I see it happening in slow motion. And all of a sudden they start reversing at full speed towards my car, which is stopped and just boom right into the front of my car. And Drew and I were just like, huh?  Like what he was saying wasn't making very much sense. Everything was fine, everyone's cars were fine, but it was just so bizarre. So while we were pulled off the exit, Drew was like, hey, you should get gas. There's gas station right there. Like we talked about getting gas and like so you don't have to do it you know on the way home from Disneyland or something. I was like, good idea. So we pull into this gas station. Keep in mind this is less than 90 seconds after this car accident. So we pull into the gas station and I go to put in my card and it's like taking a really long time to process. And it's like the screen is like cutting out and stuff. And I was like, okay, that's weird. And then it just says like choose your fuel and start pumping. And then Drew starts walking inside and he goes inside to get us like some snacks. And I'm still keeping mine like a little bit shaky. Like you know who you get like shaky after a car accident. So I'm like still feeling a little shaky, but I'm fine. Like obviously everyone was fine. And then all of a sudden this man comes out of nowhere and just starts yelling at me, you're pumping my gas. And he's like literally yelling. And I'm like, what? And he's like, you're pumping my pump. He's giving you my gas and all this stuff. And you owe me $40. And I was like, what? And I'm still, I'm like processing what he's trying to say. And I'm so confused.  That's what he kept saying. You're taking money away from my kids. Look at them in the car. And at first I thought I was being scammed because I was so confused as to what was going on. I was like, sorry, I'm pumping your gas at my gas pump. And he was like, the lady gave the wrong gas. Like she assigned gas to the wrong pump or something like that. And I was just like, okay. So what if I like go talk to her.  And I'm like, okay, like if you want to get somewhere with me, like please stop yelling. So then whatever, I'm like, okay, like I'll go inside with you, let's figure this out. So we go inside. As I'm walking inside, the attendant comes out and she's just like, hey, you're pumping his gas. And I go at my gas pump. I don't remember if he told them the wrong gas pump number or if she assigned the gas to the wrong pump. But either way I was indeed pumping his gas, which makes sense to why like, you know it was acting weird with my card. But anyways, we survived. I came inside the gas station where Drew like in line buying snacks with a random man and a gas station attendant. And Drew was just like, what is going on? So confusing. But whatever, we figured it out. So we ended up just like putting his gas on our card. Anyway, and so all of that happened within a literal five minute period. It was so weird. And then we went to Disneyland and had a great time. Like it was really fun. We went on the tea cups for the first time at night and just had like a cute little date night. And then we didn't get home till like one in the morning.  We went on to Disneyland, just the two of us since like 2019 probably, that was a really good time. But anyways, yeah. So now we're back to the current time in my life. And yeah, I don't know. I did, I know I'm like all laughy and smiley, but that's kind of what I do. Like I do actually struggle with like being direct and serious and dropping makeup. I don't know how to like explain this. How do I start it? Cause like I don't want to give off the wrong impression on social media. Like I do feel like everyone talks about this obviously. It's like so played out. Like how often people talk about this, but social media is very much like a highlight reel. And you only see the parts of someone's life that they choose to show. And usually it's good things.  This is like my fake tan uniform. This is what I wear when I apply fake tan. This is so hard to do while talking. Yeah, I've been going through it. I've been going through it the last few days. And like my mental health actually has not been good at all. And so it's fascinating when you put content out there. And I'm sure this happens to anyone, even if you don't make content online. Like people are like, you're glowing.  And in like a lot of ways, yes, I absolutely am. But in a lot of ways I'm like, I don't know. I'm going, I'm having a hard time. I've got to finish this because I cannot do it and talk at the same time. Oh, this is bad. Oh, they just look not the same. It's coarse, but you're not going to really be able to tell that much on camera, but yeah. All right, let me finish this and then we'll reconvene. Cause this is, I'm already being way too winded. Okay, so here is the finished result. I don't know if it's going to be able to be like that visible because of my eyeliner, but yeah, anyways. So I've just been going through some weird feelings and I don't know if like, I kind of want to open up about this because I'm sure that there are people who can relate. And at first I just thought maybe I wouldn't address it at all because it feels kind of like, I don't know. Sometimes I like to be cognizant of what I shared, what I keep private, of course. And I've been, you know, doing a lot more of that in recent years being online, like being very comfortable, not sharing a lot of things about my personal life and just living a more like private life. And yeah, everything that I'm showing you is like genuine and it's my life, but it's also very, I'm very aware of what it is that I'm showing and what it is that I'm keeping private. But like, I do think that this is something that probably a lot of us go through, especially if you're like me and you're in your 30s or maybe even your 20s or I don't even know. Like it could probably happen at any age, but what I'm trying to get at is that I am spiraling and having sort of like a between quarter and midlife crisis about the past and just change and like old versions of myself. And I feel like I've lived like 10 different lifetimes in my own life and I've lived in so many different places. Like I've lived in Arizona and Tennessee and Virginia and Maine and California and all these different places and like each of those chapters in my life was very much like a chapter in my life and there were people in my inner circle who I was super, super close to. You're gonna hear cars going by, I'm sorry. It's like lunchtime, so people are moving around. But like everything about my life then in whatever chapter that was is like totally different than now. So like my coworkers, my job, who I was hanging out with, who I was dating and like I started going through like old hard drives and looking at old photos and videos. I started watching my old, private YouTube videos from like 2013 when I started my channel for the first time. I was watching old videos of my family and like a lot of those people aren't around anymore. You know, they've since passed away. Like I was looking at old videos and pictures of Layla from when she was a baby and like, you know, she's getting old and that's like a huge thing that I'm struggling with is like her getting older and watching, you know, her abilities like decline and it's just really, really sad. And I don't wanna talk about that cause I will like absolutely lose it. But I don't know, I just started like going through, I've becoming like obsessed with the past. Does that make sense? My best friend was like, you're probably processing stuff from your past because you're in like a more safe and settled and calm place in your life now.  And so that's just like old things are coming up, but I don't know and I haven't been able to shake it. So like one day I, let's say I go down a rabbit hole and I read all of my old Facebook posts going back to like 2011 or another day I will go through photos from like friends who have passed away or family members or, you know, remembering like when people were really close to me in my life and they're not anymore or whatever. I would like go on Zillow and it was like me, am I being too open here? I don't know, maybe a lot of us can relate, but like going on Zillow and looking up addresses of like my childhood homes or friends homes going through the photos just to like feel those memories. And like I can pretty much sum it up by saying that like I think I'm affected on like a totally different level by nostalgia. Like nostalgia affects me so deeply. Like a song can literally like bring me to my knees or like make me sob or a smell or a place or a memory or whatever. Like I feel things so incredibly deeply when it comes to nostalgia and like I've been feeling so nostalgic for like past me. Does that make sense? Anyways, I'm going on a million different tangents but I just like I was looking back at old me and like missing her and feeling like where did she go? Like there are so many aspects of her that I feel like I've lost over the years. There are so many things that I am like so grateful for that we are like currently in now.  You know, I was like, I was coming from a much more traumatized place back then and I just feel like I'm a lot more compassionate and just like a better person in general now but I don't know, like I was thinking back and I was like crying the other day on the phone with my best friend because I was like we're never gonna be 16 again and like sitting in the cracker barrel parking lot and like listening to our favorite songs and it's never gonna be 2005 again. All this kind of stuff and like we can very much still make new memories now but I don't know, it's just, it's weird. Growing up is weird. I literally feel like Layla was two years old like a year ago and now she's 11 and a half or something and it's just like, oh my God, like where has the time gone? Like what just happened? I was 16 the last time I checked and now I'm 34, turning 35.  Like I fully believe that with my whole heart and I'm so grateful that like I'm still here but there are just like parts of me that are just so deeply nostalgic for the past. Like I don't know, I could cry talking about it but I just think about like I'm never gonna like live with my dad again, you know? And it's just things like that, like do you know what I mean? And again, I'm like laughing it off cause it's like nervous energy but it's really like thrown me for a loop and I'm hoping that maybe by talking about it other people can relate and like maybe I'm not alone and maybe a lot of us do that and we go back through like old Facebook photos and posts and videos and just sit there and are like, what, what just happened? Like where did the time go? I'm having a hard time putting it into words but hopefully that makes sense. So I don't know. It's just what I've been kind of going through for the last few days. I will say that I do think a lot of this is like ADHD related, possibly maybe because I am like really impulsive and I'll like hyper fixate on stuff for a while and I do think that that's like part of ADHD. And I also do very much know that like it will pass because it always does. This has happened a couple of times before and in the past I used to sort of like react to it immediately. So I would like uproot my entire life and say I was like feeling impulsive and I was like, I'm gonna move back to Arizona and I was in Tennessee or something. I would like literally pack up my life and do that. And instead of that, you know, now I'm just sort of like recognizing that these things are gonna ebb and flow and like it's gonna pass. I very much always have believed this way and I think my dad is this way also and I have my like impulsive brain and I have my logical brain. Like I feel like I have two brains in here and my logical brain knows that, okay, that's just your impulsive brain. Like you can't really trust these thoughts. So like hopefully by the time this video even goes up, like I will be feeling much, much better. But yeah, I just wanted to say that like if you're going through this, you're not alone. And also this type of thing on social media, you know, this like very curated, perfect life that you see people living is not always accurate. And like I just wanted to show that that like, yeah, I've had some really low down days. Like today is the first day that I've done my hair and makeup in days. I, you know, had to come into the bathroom like when Drew was showering the other day and I was just crying and he was like, oh my God, are you okay? And I was just like, you know, and I had to like go for walks and talk on the phone with my best friend and I booked another therapy appointment and talked to my mom, talked to my dad, you know, reached out to my support system and stuff. And like you're just absolutely not alone if you're going through something like that.    It's probably normal that I'm just having feelings like this where I'm just like, what am I doing with my life? Where am I going? What is my plan? What is, you know, my purpose? All this different stuff. So anyways, I've been blabbing for far too long but I just felt the need to like get this out, you know, I will be speaking with a professional as well. Okay, I'm gonna go film some videos now. I feel much better, but thank you for being here. I'm sending you a lot of love and I will see you in the next vlog. Bye.


Time here for Lawrence Systems and we're gonna talk about Cloudflare and their new family-friendly DNS filtering If you want to learn more about me and my company head over to LawrenceSystems.com If you would like to hire sure projectors a hires button up at the top if you want to support this channel in other ways There's some affiliate links down below for products and services that we talk about the channel and get you some deals and discounts Cloudflare they've been doing DNS for a little while they have a really cool service and They've had their one one one for a few years now and it's worked really well now I also in one of the things they mentioned right here They also just completed a privacy audit and I think this is really important They went through and had a third-party come in and review their processes and how they do things and it's a long Public DNS privacy examination now They did this because they have become kind of in the limelight due to the fact that Firefox chose them as a default Provider for DOH and I think that's really cool and some people seem to think it's really controversial You're giving too much control to one company But they want to be very transparent and say that they're a good company to give it to and they're being very open about how they do things That they're not selling your data, etc. And they've let a third-party auditor come in and do this now by the way DNS is an optional thing It's actually not like you are absolutely forced to use cloud planners and other providers There's plenty of other providers out there and for the most part most people just use what the ISP gives them So you're not like being defaulted into it with the exception of if you turn on DOH on Firefox Yes, it does default to cloudflare but completely changeable not locked in not restricted You can use different providers. Anyways back to the topic here They've decided to update their 111 service into offering a family-friendly version actually two versions One is 111.2 the no-mailware version and 111.3 no-mailware or adult content now Some people think this is a little bit controversial But I think it's overall a good thing and once again it DNS is something you generally have to update and choose This isn't like this is being chose by default or not filtering sites by default out of the box But I think a lot of people can agree there is a layers of protection and DNS has become a pretty important one Especially for home users and I get a lot of questions on what are some simple things home users can do And this is one of the easiest and simplest ones you can do and we're going to talk about it specifically how to implement it in PSense so 111.2 no-mailware What does that mean so if a site has a indicator of compromise or known to be distributing malware it gets in their list Now does that mean there will be false positives occasionally get in there completely a possibility You could always just change dnf servers if you find something blocked that you don't think should be blocked I mean that is pretty straightforward to do and if you're you know if you're really worried about it Then don't use this But I think it's a better layer of protection And I really recommend a lot of home users and probably businesses should take a look at it as well Especially some of the smaller ones if they don't have some of the other more advanced filtering system set up This is a pretty low level easy way to do it and adds an extra layer Now 111.3 no-mailware or adult content I think this is particularly good because this solves the problem that I get challenged with a lot when You know people I know that just want to protect their kids and go. Hey, I got a small child I want them to be able to go on the internet, but I'm afraid they might type in the wrong Website or find the wrong thing Well, the no-mailware no adult content night is pretty nice because you can set it on a per computer basis Inside your home and I'm going to show you how to do that with the DHCP reservation So now yes, you're able to filter that one particular computer and Reduce the likelihood adding another layer that they will stumble upon a site. They shouldn't and someone already find out Well, they can just change a dns server. Yes. I know teenagers are clever And this is probably not the best defense against a clever teenager determined to get on websites You do not want them on that requires a whole another level of supervision. Sorry cloud clear won't be apparent for you Anyways, I won't lie though I am aware and I have this link pulled up over here from the register, which I love their snark But I think they're going over the top here with cloud flare cloud flare family friendly dns server flubs filtering for a You know, I love their iterations here for a biz that prides itself on not censoring the internet It sure looks like they're censoring the internet. Now. Yes, they have already made mistakes Shocker, right a company launched a new product and was a problem with it at filtered a site that shouldn't have been filtered That's fine. This is the response that from the CEO himself dumb mistake in our part We are fixing immediately if you have suggestions on how we can make it better. Let us know What more can you ask for a CEO getting on twitter and actually not only fixing it saying how do we make it better And asking for the crowds help filtering websites is a challenge that is amazing We think about the number of websites and what is or isn't categorized this becomes very challenging Once again, dns is an optional thing It's not like you're being forced into that they're trying to break the internet like the Being implied almost at the register either way I'm aware of these articles So let's jump into actually what to do and how to configure it first I set it up on mine because this came out on april 1st and it is now april 5th I used it for a couple days because the announcement I didn't feel like doing a video about I wanted to actually turn it on And see what happened Nothing, uh, it works perfectly fine. I haven't found a site I couldn't go to I couldn't find any of my workflows that couldn't be done I just use the 1112 and 1002 for filtering this but specifically filtering it just for the no malware one So I put this inside of my general set up a pf sense And that was easy enough to do you just change these two settings right here Whatever you may have had in there. Um, it makes sure that you're not overriding it with whatever your isp gives you Which I never do anyway, so I was actually using cloudflare and quad 9 prior to my switching I can't distinguish any difference. Everything at my house works perfectly fine for the last several days Go over to my dhcp server. How do you specifically go to one computer and do it? Well, you could mainly set up the computer and change a dns Essentially should a computer that way tedious. I'd rather do it right here and we're gonna go to my marcus gaming desktop I went into his dhcp reservation that I have set and I changed this to 1113 My son is at an age where maybe he would look things up And maybe he will be able to figure out how to bypass it But either way I have put the block in here to stop it from working What I did was set his dns server to equal this and I've remoted back into my home And uh, here we go. Here is the dns server 192168.1.1 is the default gateway and then we're Forcing it to give this out as a dns server. Now normally pf sense will give itself as a dns server So now with the dns queries are not passing through my pf sense, which could you know, obviously bypass some of the pf blocker settings I have in there But I'm throwing it out there and if you wanted an arrow down to one specific computer you could do that I could also alternate the secondary dns server to be 192168.1.1 But I wanted to try it with the 113 because I know not everyone's running a more advanced system like pf blocker Which has better abilities for more filtering and I got separate videos on that But from the standpoint of usability the games play fine Someone claimed to me that I got a message that was blocking youtube. I so far haven't seen that happen We can pull youtube right up On his computer and it works perfectly fine We can go back over here to And actually I should probably put this in color If you're wondering when we do the remote, uh, I change things not to color so it loads faster You see how it takes a little longer to draw the color All right, so I'm going to show here is if we do a dig which is a dns records lookup at <IP_ADDRESS> And we're going to look up a youtube.com And returns the youtube's ip address right here 1722178.206 if we change this to a 2 we get the same answer and we change it to a 3 We get the same answer, but let's start at having it as a 1 And look up another site and what we're doing is we're querying claud flair about this website It gives us an ip address Gives us the same ip address But we go here to dot 3 the family friendly one and it gives us no ip address So pretty straightforward how they're doing it simple dns filter And if you're ever curious if a site is blocked if you happen to globally set your dns to this and suddenly the site you're looking for doesn't work On windows this ns lookup But you can also you know do other lookup tools and linux Obviously it's dig is the easiest one to use but you can dig into this and figure out if there's a site that you want That is blocked You can always just switch your dns version back if you're having a problem and claud flair seems to be open to Addressing issues that get found or miscategorized site. So overall, I think this is a really good thing that claud flair is doing I'm Going to offer it to a lot of my you know home user friends are looking for really simple ways to just put filtering on some of The uh desktops just go in there and either manually set the dns on that particular computer create a dhcp reservation Obviously pf sense makes this really easy There's other firewalls that do this as well where you can specify the dns Or just overall specify that dns to be pushed out to everyone But maybe there's some sites that other Adults in the family would like to get to so maybe filtering all of them may or may not be practical depends on your use case Something to think about but um, that's it. That's my thoughts on claud flair's family for any dns It's a positive thing. It's a good thing I like the fact that they're filtering malware That is something that really every home user and maybe even businesses should consider doing but a lot of the Businesses are usually dns systems that do offer this commercially and it's a pretty popular way to do it Umbrella is one of the ones that come to my and sysco's umbrella They've been filtering malware and things like that for a while dns filtering is Pretty popular and a reason why and i've talked about this before when you try to do constant Diving into a certificate level filtering where you want to play man in the middle with everything when some corporate firewalls do Set this up with proxies But it becomes very difficult and challenging to manage Dns is one of those catchalls. It does a pretty good job And it's a good layer to have in your security stack for filtering things All right, and i'll leave a link to the announcement on claud flair and that's about it Thanks, and thank you for making it to the end of the video If you like this video, please give it a thumbs up if you like to see more content from the channel Hit the subscribe button and hit the bell icon if you like youtube to notify you when new videos come out If you like to hire us head over to laurance systems.com fill out our contact page And let us know what we can help you with and what projects you'd like us to work together on If you want to carry on the discussion head over to forums.laurance systems.com Or we can carry on the discussion about this video other videos or other tech topics in general even suggestions for new videos They're accepted right there on our forums, which are free Also, if you like to help the channel out in other ways head over to our affiliate page We have a lot of great tech offers for you and once again, thanks for watching and see you next time