On this episode of the Dr. Gundry podcast, I am speaking with now LA-based chef, author, restaurateur, and wellness advocate, Seamus Mullen. More than a decade ago, Seamus was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disease that causes pain and swelling in your joints, among other things that we're going to talk about. But through diet, exercise, and other lifestyle changes, he was able to turn things around. And now, he's using his experience to help others. Seamus, welcome to the program. It's good to see you. Good to see you as well. Thanks for having me. Thank you. You know, I was on your GoopFellows podcast, and we had a great conversation, and a good time, and thank you. So you've opened multiple successful restaurants, and have been featured on shows like The Next Iron Chef, CHOP, The Today Show, and like I mentioned, co-host of the GoopFellows podcast. So you've made a name for yourself in the culinary world. So how did you get into that in the first place?  So I was around good food from a very, very early age, and my grandmother was an exceptional cook, and she was my primary caregiver. My parents were working. So I spent a lot of time in the kitchen with her when I was little. And it's funny. When people ask me when I learned to cook, I actually can't ever remember not cooking. Cooking was just one of the chores that my brother and I had to do when we were growing up. There was one night a week when we had to cook, starting from a very young age. And the more I realized when I made food that made people happy, the more I realized this is something I actually really like doing. Being able to bring a meal to the table and then see the reaction and have my parents be proud of me, or if they had guests that came over to be impressed by the fact that there was a kid that was involved in the kitchen. I just loved it. And of course, I loved to eat as well. So it was sort of a natural beginning. I never thought of it as a career, though. It was just something that I loved doing. It was more of a hobby as I got older, and then when I got out of college, I realized that this actually could become a career. So you didn't go to college specifically to go to Cornell and do the restaurant thing or the hotel management? No. I studied Spanish literature of all things. And yeah, I was very interested in Spain. I lived in Spain for a number of years, and in fact, after graduating from university, I went back to Spain and worked in Spain in kitchens there. So that's kind of where I got my foundation, officially in cooking. Spanish literature, a lot of great business opportunities. Oh yeah. I mean, it's great. It's a perfect way to get into the restaurant industry. Yeah. So you lived in Spain and worked in Spain. So a great culture of cooking and cuisine. Interesting. Yeah. All right. So you got into that, and then what happened? Well, I was really healthy when I was younger, for the most part. Actually, I should backtrack and say I wasn't really healthy when I was younger. I struggled with a lot of health issues, but despite that, I was able to still be healthy, which I think is pretty common for a lot of folks. Like I had a lot of, early on I had a lot of digestive issues when I was a child. And then that kind of led to a variety of a lot of sinus infections, strep throat, things like that.  I still have my tonsils, yeah, fortunately. I don't think that my family, I mean, nobody was really, my doctors, my family, nobody made a connection between the fact that I would be bloated after every meal, and I had a lot of issues that sort of spiraled and went on and on, that I was able to kind of deal with as a teenager and a young adult. But once I started to get into the kitchen and really into a stressful environment where I was working really hard, my health started to break down. And it took a long time. It wasn't until I went through a complete transformation and overhaul of my health that I realized that the roots of my illness of rheumatoid arthritis and my autoimmune dysfunction went all the way back to early childhood. Yeah, and that's very typical of all the patients I see. 70% of my practice is now autoimmune diseases. And you're right. When you look at people and ask them about their childhood, it starts from a very early age, almost universally. Now, there are adult circumstances where you can get an autoimmune disease kind of out of the blue and they will get into that. So in 2007, you were actually diagnosed. Yeah, I was diagnosed, but I had been sick for a long time before that, for many, many years. I started having RA flare-ups when I was probably in 18 or 19. And I wasn't diagnosed for another 15 years. So when you say flare-ups, what does that mean for everybody listening? For me, the initial flare-ups were excruciating pain in the shoulder. I would have it maybe three times in a row on my left shoulder and then months later, I'd get a flare-up on my right shoulder. And it literally felt like somebody was stabbing me in the shoulder. Incredible pain. I couldn't move my arm. It would usually last a day or two, sometimes three days. And then it would go away. And I thought for the longest time that I had slept wrong on my arm and I was pinching a nerve. I'd ask, you know, my mom said, you probably have bursitis. It runs in our family. You've got bursitis. And I didn't know what that meant, but just that there was some inflammation called bursitis in my shoulder. And when I go to the doctor, generally what happened by the time I would get to a doctor, the flare-up had already passed. So there was nothing really to examine. And when it was happening, you know, I usually was like, well, this will go away pretty soon. It's not a big deal. But it was debilitatingly painful for a short period of time. What ended up happening is that it went from those kind of periodic, acute attacks in my shoulder to eventually, as my health really started to deteriorate, to getting them in my hands and in other joints. And that's when it was really clear that there was something pretty severe going on. So this wasn't growing up as a kid. You went out and started throwing the baseball or the football around for the first time after six months.  But that's not it. This is just boom. No, and then the thing was is I actually thought that could have been the case. Because initially what would happen to my right shoulder, I thought it was because I had thrown the baseball too hard when I was younger playing Little League, that I might have some sort of labrum tear. But the pain is really, really specific and incredibly.   I mean, it was really, really painful. Good. So can you catch rheumatoid arthritis? Can you catch it? Well, not from someone else. Oh, okay, good. Yeah, I know. Well, actually that's not entirely true. I suppose that if you think of, I mean, because we got, we very frequently think that, oh, you're genetically predisposed to this. I'm a firm believer in both nature and nurture. And I think that a lot of what ends up happening, particularly when people say, oh, high cholesterol runs in my family. It might run in your family, probably because the people in your family have the same sort of lifestyle that you have. So in that sense, I suppose you could catch an autoimmune dysfunction like RA if there are other folks in your family that have the same kind of environmental set of circumstances and lifestyle as you do. Yeah, and it's true. I think there is a small genetic component to most autoimmune diseases or the susceptibility to develop it. And I used to do family trees of all my patients with autoimmune disease. And you can kind of spot these in siblings, aunts, uncles, great-grandmothers or great-grandfathers. Interestingly enough, a lot of these families have histories of lymphomas or leukemias, which is actually, maybe we'll talk about that, but Ann. All right, so, but you were also a competitive cyclist, right? Yeah, so in my late teens and early 20s, I was very fit, I was very athletic. And it's funny, and I think back, I ride a lot now, and I'm really into cycling, gotten back into it. And I think back to what I know now about nutrition. And if I had known then what I know now, at the time, there was zero emphasis put on nutrition and diet in competitive cycling, well, in most competitive sports in general. And now we understand this notion of marginal gains and that every little aspect of, look at somebody like LeBron, for instance, who's controlling his sleep and controlling his nutrition and his recovery and using every minimal advantage point he can, every lever to be the best possible athlete he can be. And I look back at what we would do, and I was literally eat a jar of peanut butter, eat a big bowl of pasta the night before, all of the classic, what we were told, just load on carbs, you'll be fine, that's what you need to do. There was no emphasis put on recovery, on sustainable nutrition. But despite that, it's remarkable what, when you're 18, 19, 20 years old, you can pretty much deal with anything. And I was really fighting at a deficit because I was ill, but the real genesis of my illness didn't present itself until 10 years later. But in many ways, I think that period of time when I was really competing very seriously on the bicycle, it's so stressful and taxing on the body that if you are dealing with something like an autoimmune dysfunction, eventually systems within the body are gonna start to deteriorate.  No, not at all, no, it's funny.  I'd still like, oh yeah, well, I love spicy Thai food, but it's not gonna make me feel good, but I love it anyway. And I continued to do it. And it took a really long time for me to really be able to thread the needle and say, okay, if I eat this, this is how I feel. And eventually start to change my, and even to this day, I still make mistakes. And I think that that's part of the challenge with being human is that the temptations of things like sugar and salty, crunchy carbohydrates are desirable to all of us. It's sort of, we're pre-wired to love these things or to want these things. Even when we know they may not make us feel so well. No, you're absolutely right. I used to have a collection of, I don't know, a hundred hot sauces and my brother in line would have actually competitions of who could eat the hottest stuff. And of course, it would tear up my insides. And I thought it was kind of normal that you spent the next day in the bathroom. And the old joke was, it should hurt more coming out than it did going in. And it's true. The infamous ring of fire. Yeah, the ring of fire. So yeah, and back in those days, I didn't ever make the connection. It's like, oh, that's normal. No, it's not. It's not. So did the rheumatoid arthritis, so as a chef and you're busy in the kitchen and you're, so you must have noticed it then? Yeah, I was having major problems. I mean, I would have, when I was briefly when the flare-ups became more and more frequent, I wouldn't be able to reach to grab a pan or to get something from overhead, even to pick anything up. I mean, when I was running service, you'd have to grab the dupes that are printing out of it, out of the printer to say what to make. And I remember, I have one very specific memory of seeing these dupes print up where it was a busy, busy service and I couldn't lift my arm to get them. And we were going, we call it in the kitchen, going in the weeds, you're in the weeds, you're getting weeded because there was just no way that I could actually read the tickets to run service. So something as simple as lifting my arm up to grab a ticket. And that's, that was when things really started to go downhill for me.  It was just pain. I mean, it was pain. And unfortunately the world of the kitchen is a very 19th century world where you don't complain. You put your head down. There's a lot of pride in who's worked the longest and the hardest and gone the most number of days without a day off and there's a lot of- It's like a surgical resident. I know exactly what you're talking about. Yeah, exactly. Yeah, there's a lot of machismo. It's very, very militaristic in many ways. And also it didn't help that, you know, when I would go to my doctor, I didn't really have any answers. And I found that this is a very common situation with folks when they're going through a diagnosis of autoimmune dysfunction. It's changed a lot now because there's so much awareness about it. But when I was diagnosed, it was nobody really, I mean, I had never heard of rheumatoid arthritis. I knew very little about autoimmune dysfunction. There wasn't, you know, if you went to your doctor, the first thing that the doctor would give you and give you some NSAIDs and maybe a cortisone shot in whatever joint was bothering you and zen you on your way. And it wasn't as though there was any understanding of the underlying cause of these symptoms, what was driving it. So it was, in many ways, you kind of had to be your own advocate. And I just didn't have the time, the resources, or in a way, I actually didn't even have really the desire to be my own advocate. I think that there's an emotional component that when you're, for many people, and I know this is certainly the case for me, being sick was somewhat comfortable. There was an element of being a victim that kind of excused me from the responsibility of trying to take care of my own well-being. Well, you know, it's interesting.  I need to be strong. Yeah. Yeah. So that's interesting for you to say that. Yeah, it's unfortunate. But, and I'd certainly, once I was diagnosed, and then I kind of settled into this routine of, I mean, I was diagnosed with RA, which was, to a degree, there was a relief that came along with that because I had a diagnosis to hang my hat on. There was an explanation that, okay, there is in fact something wrong, it's not just in your head, which was also kind of my fear for a long time, having gone to the hospital over and over again and been sent away with NSAIDs, I did begin to think that I was being a hypochondriac or maybe I was overreacting, but once I was diagnosed, then there was confirmation that there was something wrong and there was this treatment path, if you will, but the treatment path was really, you're gonna be on biologic drugs for the rest of your life. And that to me was kind of a jagged little pill to swallow. I did, initially I kind of, as I said, I settled into it, I became very much of like a woe is me, I'm a victim, there's nothing I can do about this. And that, you can only go one of two directions with that and I realized pretty quickly that if I didn't change, I wasn't gonna be around for very long. So let's go down that, so they, okay, so they make the diagnosis and congratulations, there's these wonderful biologic drugs and you're gonna be on them the rest of your life. And if this one doesn't work, there's another one. That's right, we've got 10 of them now or 12 of them now.  Okay, so, and you said, did you take them for a while? Yeah, I did for years. And what I noticed, what happened in going on, going down the conventional path for treatment for AI disease was I stopped having the acute attacks. So the acute flare-ups where my joints were so painful that I couldn't actually move my, like say, I couldn't move my arm or my leg, that went away. And it was replaced by this sluggish, malaise, depression, weight gain, susceptibility to illness and infection. And I was in and out of the hospital over and over again with these secondary problems that were a result of the meds that I was on. And in fact, at one point I was prescribed a neurologic drug for neuropathy, for fibromyalgia, another like, you know, garbage bail diagnosis, that in conjunction with the litany of pain medications that I was taking and biologics caused severe grand mal seizure. And then later I got an infection that spread to my brain and that nearly killed me. And that's when I was really clear that I had to take a completely different approach to caring for my health. That would probably get your attention. Yeah, well, you'd think. It doesn't necessarily, though. I mean, it still took a little bit, but yeah, that was definitely, that was a wake up in aha moment where I was like, you know, listen, I really have to change. So how did you take back your health? Well, I mean, the first thing was to really understand that there is not any one cause to autoimmune dysfunction. I think that we often like to look at causality and we think in allopathic medicine if this is what is the problem, fix that and everything else is gonna be okay. But the human body, as you know, is a really complex system. And when we expose ourselves to myriad paper cuts throughout the course of our lives, eventually the systems are gonna start to break down. And for me, it really started with, ironically, everyone likes to focus on what are the super foods that you need to eat or what do I need to eat to cure my disease? And unfortunately, it has much more to do with what should you not be eating. Because it's easier to say what should you not eat because those things are pretty much broad strokes versus what should you eat, that has much more to do with the individual. I know what I ended up doing that worked really well for me, but even that changed over time. There were times when things that I couldn't eat before that now I'm more tolerant of. But the big, I mean, the big strokes are not that surprising, it was taking out sugar and taking out any processed food, which is a bit of a, it's, I don't like to term process food because all food is processed unless you're literally pulling it out of the ground. But taking out foods that have been processed, say in a factory or that have additives and really trying to eat, I mean, I took out all dairy, all sugar, all grains. Most lectins at the time, people weren't really talking much about lectins. Later, I started taking out more of the nightshades and lectins or modifying how I was preparing them. And that was the main thing, and focusing on a balance of healthy meat and fat and vegetables and using as many cruciferous vegetables as I could. And initially I did a lot of raw vegetables and then I learned over time that I actually did much better with vegetables that were cooked. As much as I love a lot of raw vegetables, I try to keep a mix of both raw and cooked vegetables. So that was like, I mean, that was the beginning and then of course, there was a lot of supplements, acupuncture, meditation, yoga, believing that I could get better. Mindset was incredibly important. I often say that the moment I stopped thinking of myself as a sick person was the last moment I was actually sick. And that was really important. If you can't visualize and you don't actually believe that you can get better, you won't know about a science or lifestyle change will actually affect that. You really have to believe that you can get better. No, that's very true. And I like what you said that the first principle of the plant paradox is it's not what I tell you to eat, it's important, it's what I tell you not to eat. Not to eat, yeah.  Yeah, we still do it, yeah, exactly. So, being a chef and being in restaurants is dangerous for your health. I mean, you see it, I see it, I have multiple friends and who are restaurant tours or chefs, what do you tell your colleagues about the health threats of being a chef? Well, I think that we have a unique position as chefs in that we have a bit of a bully pulpit. You have people that are coming into your restaurant on a daily basis and you can make decisions about what you choose to provide them to eat.  If you're using cooking oils, what kind of cooking oils they are and what temperature, where you're sourcing your product from, there's lots of choices that we make. And in the past 20 years with the rise of interest in cooking in the United States and chefs becoming, sort of coming out of the kitchen becoming public figures and spokespeople, we have, I feel like we have a bit of a responsibility to be advocates for eating well and also for demonstrating that eating for your health is synonymous with eating delicious food. It shouldn't be about this idea of like an indulgence or cheat day. And if it does, if that does happen that you feel as though like you need to indulge in something by all means you should do it and do it wholeheartedly. And just be cognizant of how you feel after doing it and might affect your decision next time. And if it doesn't, be glad that it didn't but it doesn't mean it's not carte blanche to repeat it every day and all the time. So I think that as chefs, we have a real responsibility and I've been really happy to see that as I've gone through my own journey and my own transformation, so many of my colleagues have done the same. So many folks that I know that came up with me in the kitchen that I've known since my early 20s that we're now in our mid 40s. And it's really clear that you can't continue the lifestyle that we sort of started out with. And the folks that I know that haven't made changes. I mean, I have lots of colleagues who've died in their early 40s from heart attacks, from side effects from medication they've been prescribed, from strokes. I mean, it's incredible. The amount of stress and it comes along with that lifestyle. But I have lots of other friends who have gone from being alcoholics to being sober and becoming athletes to changing their diets to even changing their concepts. And that's really, that's inspiring to me. And I see them then becoming advocates and inspiring so many other people, which is really great. I do believe this idea that health is as contagious as illness. Yeah, absolutely. Stay around healthy people and you'll catch some of it. You'll catch it. Yeah, you'll catch it. So now that you're back to health, you've written books, hero food and real food heels. And you started actually offering better options in your restaurant that you ran, right? Yeah, and initially it was like very subtle changes. For instance, the choice to, rather than bringing bread to the table, just not offering it, and if somebody asked for it, then we would bring them a sensible portion of bread made from the best quality ingredients we could find. Even though I personally didn't eat bread, I understood that I couldn't impart upon everyone else, my own style of eating. Although, looking forward now, this is many years later, it's not uncommon to find restaurants that don't offer things like bread. Right. But yeah, making changes like that. Or make a surcharge for the bread. Or make a surcharge for the bread, exactly, since so much of it actually ends up in the trash anyway, which is totally wasteful. So that was a very simple one. Removing all the refined sugar from our desserts. I mean, that was a more complex move to make, but one that was not met with any resistance, and really surprising to see that people, it's amazing that oftentimes when you provide something that's really, really good, people don't think about what they're not getting. They don't understand that there's something that's missing. And I love when I cook meals for folks, particularly for people that don't necessarily follow the same style of eating as I do. And after the end of the meal, I'll say, did you notice something missing? And they'll say, no, that was amazing. That was an incredible meal. And I said, well, the bread was missing, the dairy was missing, the refined sugar was missing, the refined carbohydrates were missing. They weren't there. But you don't miss it when you have bright, vibrant, flavorful food. Yeah, you know, my favorite expression is, I want to give you food you love that loves you back. Love you back, exactly. Yeah, I say the same thing. Yeah, and it is possible. Yeah, and I think more people like yourself and others are beginning to realize that this is possible. Oh yeah, it's give you food that loves you back versus giving you comfort food that makes you uncomfortable. Yeah, that's exactly right. Because that's really, you know, that's the shift, that's a mindset shift for us to understand that there are so many wonderful foods that actually make us feel really, really good. But it's about dialing it in and understanding what works for you. Now you mentioned lectin containing foods and they've kind of left your diet for the most part or you've learned how to handle them with peeling and de-seeding or pressure cooking. Have you seen other people benefit by getting rid of or taming lectins in their diet? Yeah, I mean, it's surprising. I think a lot of people that I know didn't realize that things like beans, for instance, caused them so much trouble. Or something as innocuous as the eggplant could have a tremendous effect on how they felt. And I think a big part of that is not really, when you're, I like to say like when you're looking at life through dirty lenses in your glasses, it's really hard to pick up the details but once you clean your lenses and suddenly you're looking at things with a new set of eyes and crisp HD vision, you're able to pick out the things that start to become offensive to you and they can cause problems. And I've definitely seen, my feeling on lectins like so many other things is that everything in moderation and certainly depends a lot more to what's going on the rest of your life. One of the most common questions I get is folks that say, oh, well, I was in Italy and I had this pasta and I felt great or I had this buffalo ricotta and it was amazing. But if I eat it here, I feel terrible and it's really easy to jump to, well, in Europe they do things so much better than we do. There's elements of that that are true but there's a lot of that that's not true. I think a lot of it has to do with the fact that if you're in Italy and you're on vacation and you're not thinking about the rest of your busy stressful life and you're in a beautiful environment and you're excited to be there and celebratory, those are all things that are like if you think about your resources, your resource tank is drained down when you're in your busy life every day and your ability to deal with inflammation, your ability to deal with some of these offenders is marginalized but then when you go to Italy and suddenly you're on vacation and you're feeling great, you have a greater capacity to handle things that may be a little bit more difficult for you to handle here in the States. So I'm glad you brought that up. What do you think about the presence of roundup and glyphosate in our food versus say in Italy or in France? Yeah, well I think one of the major problems that we have here in the States is not only the presence of glyphosate in our food but in our water source. Right, yeah, everywhere, in our wine. In our wine, exactly. So I mean in Europe, glyphosate exists in Europe. It does, it rarely does. But it's not, it doesn't exist to the degree in which it does here. Our water table is infected with antibiotics and so as I said earlier with that idea of paper cuts, that's like part of the paper cuts. You know, we're getting these paper cuts, we're exposed to them environmentally throughout the course of our daily life and I think you're less likely and because we don't have GMO labeling laws in the US like we have in the European Union, we don't, there's not nearly, I mean it's not nearly as regulated. So the chances of consuming as much glyphosate in your food in Europe is lower than it is in the United States and I think that's a factor. So what's next for you? You've moved to LA, you currently don't have a restaurant? No, I don't have a restaurant right now. I'm taking a break from operating restaurants and the reality is, the sad reality is that it's very difficult and as much as I've tried to strike the balance, it's still very difficult to work as a chef on a daily basis and to be healthy. The two things are, it's not that they're in Congress but it's very, very difficult and the industry is changing and it needs to continue to change so that that can be a reality for the people that work within the industry. But if you think about it just from a, just from a logistic standpoint, you have, we work in an environment in the kitchen where most people are resting when we're working. So the idea that you're gonna eat a healthy meal when the optimal hour is to be eating a meal, you don't have access to eat because you're cooking and preparing food, it's very difficult. So I may do a restaurant here in LA but I'm not sure yet, I'm thinking about it. In the interim, I work with a lot of different clients consulting on how to make their brands healthier. I do as much as I can to raise awareness around the importance of food and the food choices we make and how that impacts our well-being because if you look at, as a nation, we're facing a healthcare crisis unlike anything we've ever experienced before and at the core of that is that we've really lost the connection with food, we've lost this relationship with food. Is there one tip for going to a restaurant to eat healthy? Sure, I mean one tip, I think that this is something that people are often scared to ask to modify a dish and I think everyone should know that as chefs, we go into this business because we love caring for other people, we love making other people happy and if making you happy means taking the almonds or taking the peanuts out of this dish or making something without fresh cheese or using olive oil instead of using canola oil, we'll be happy to do that. So I think- Really? Yes, yeah, yeah. And I think it's really important, I think most people are like, oh, they're gonna spit in my food if I tell them that I want the spinach sauteed in olive oil and the reality is no, we're not. I mean, in the kitchen, we're happy to make those changes. Now, within reason, if you're gonna redesign the whole dish to become something else or if it's not possible and the way that I always suggest doing is to be as gracious as possible and say, I hate to be a bother but is there any way that we might be able to make this without that? And if it's doable, 99% of the time, the answer will be yes. Yeah, I wrote in my first book, a good friend of mine, Tom Guy, used to say, Steve, the menu just tells you what the chef's got in the back. And if they won't do that for you, it's a fairly simple regret. You don't go back. Exactly, there's plenty of other places to go. Yeah, okay, great, great advice. How can people find you, learn about you? Where are the books? Yeah, so the books you can get on anywhere that find books are sold. I won't say amazon.com, but that's what you just did, but that's what I just did. And you can find more information about me at my website, which is shamosmullen.com. You can find out about the podcast if you go to goop.com slash goopfellas and you can follow me on Instagram at at shamosmullen. It's very simple to find me there. Very good. Well, keep up the good work. Thanks so much. We'll stay in touch and yeah, very good. Thanks so much. Thanks for coming on. Great to see you. All right, it's time for the audience question.  Hey, that's actually a really good question and it's actually been studied. And I've mentioned this before. First of all, you really, really want a nice oral flora that's teeming with good bacteria and there's increasing evidence that certain bad bacteria in your mouth is a major cause of coronary artery disease and my good friend, Dr. Dale Bradison, who I just spoke with this week again, is convinced that much of dementia is powered by oral bacteria getting into your brain.   So, hydrogen peroxide and baking soda is not going to decimate your bacteria as much as that swig of a healthy mouthwash. So please do not use mouth washes as they are currently configured. Great question. Your mouth microbiome is every bit maybe more so important than your gut microbiome. So, feed those bugs what they want to eat too. Okay, review of the week. In response to our podcast on lectins, Michael Chow on YouTube wrote, is there a button for loving this video? I don't know, is there? We should have a button for loving this video. Thank you for educating us about how lectins shouldn't be in our plates. My girlfriend and I truly love to binge on your podcasts and videos. Oh, I thought you were gonna say binge on lectins. We appreciate you very much. Well, thank you very much. I mean, that's why we do these podcasts.  And thank you for liking us and you know, love us whenever you can. And you're loving me by sending me your response. So please keep them coming in. So that's it and we'll see you next week on the Dr. Gendry podcast. Before you go, I just wanted to remind you that you can find the show on iTunes, Google Play, Stitcher or wherever you get your podcasts because I'm Dr. Gendry and I'm always looking out for you.


Welcome to our video on course design for EMI. This video will cover how to build and design an EMI course and strategies for teaching in an EMI course. A useful way of thinking about how to design your EMI course is to consider the concept of backward design. This video will also discuss how to implement EMI in your lessons. Backward design developed by Wiggins and McTie has three stages. The first is to identify the desired results. Second, determine acceptable evidence. And third, plan learning experiences and instruction. So let's look at each stage in detail and then we'll discuss how this process can be applied to you creating or revising a course for EMI. The first stage is to identify the desired results. The important thing here is to establish learning and teaching priorities. You can ask yourself questions such as what do you want students to be able to do. You can also review curriculum expectations and consider if you want to include goals for students English usage or communication skills or only content goals. At this stage, it is better if you begin to consider student learning objectives. These objectives should be observable, meaning they can be seen in some way, and measurable, meaning you can gather data about how much students did or did not meet course objectives. After you identify desired results, you can determine acceptable evidence. That is the second stage. In other words, you want to decide what evidence is needed to determine if the goals and objectives are met. It's best if you use both formal and informal evidence. Formal evidence refers to grades that are recorded such as a test. Informal evidence refers to in-class or out-of-class work that is not necessarily graded but tells you how well students are doing. For example, if you ask a question during class and no one can answer it, that would be an example of informal evidence and would tell you that perhaps your students need extra support in this area. Of course, we don't expect perfection from students in their English. We don't need students to deliver perfectly constructed English sentences. We need them to show that they understand the content and will remember it for later. If they make mistakes with their English, that's okay and shouldn't be a problem as long as we can understand them. The third stage is to plan learning experiences and instruction. Questions to consider include what facts or concepts will students need, what processes, procedures or skills will students need, what activities or materials will allow students to develop this knowledge and these skills, what will be the most effective teaching strategies such as lecture activities, group work, and you can include a plan for helping students develop their English in your field. In stage one, you want to be able to complete this sentence. I want my student to be able to and then the desired results. It might be that you want your students to be able to discuss in English industry requirements with experts or you want your students to be able to write technical reports in English about a certain topic or you want your students to be able to read and discuss main points from technical reports in English. That's stage one. For stage two, you want to determine acceptable evidence. You can complete this sentence. Something will show me that students accomplished the goals for the course. These might be tests, group project reports or presentations or individual reports or presentations. After you decide what evidence you need to determine if students have met course learning objectives, then you can decide what type of support or materials or experiences work best to help them. And that's stage three or plan learning experiences and instruction. For this stage, you can consider something like this. In order to help students to do this thing such as write a report in English, I need to blah, blah, blah. And here you decide what you should do to help students accomplish stage two. You might give them certain lectures or have them interview experts in the field. But the point is that you are thinking about the end goal. What do students need to be able to do? And what information or experiences do they need in order to help them meet those goals?


Hello and welcome to the session. I am Deepika here. Let's discuss a question which says find the area of a quadrant of a circle whose circumference is 22 centimeter. Let us first recall the formula for area of a sector of a circle. Now if r is the radius of the circle the angle of the sector in degrees then of the half angle theta is equal to theta upon 360 into pi r square. So this is the key idea behind our question. We will take the help of this key idea to solve our question. So let's start the solution. For solving this problem first of all we find the radius of the circle whose circumference is 22 centimeter. Now we know that circumference of the circle equal to 2 pi r where r is the radius of the circle. Now circumference of circle is given to us 22 centimeter or this is equal to 22 centimeter is equal to 2 into 22 by 7 into r or r is equal to 22 into 1 by 2 into 7 upon 22. So on cancellation we have r is equal to 7 by 2 centimeter. Hence the radius of the circle is 7 by 2 centimeter. Now again we want to find the area of a quadrant of a circle then the angle of the sector at the center is 90 degree. Now we want to find the area of a quadrant of a circle whose radius is 7 by 2 centimeter AOV is 90 degree that is the angle of the sector is 90 degree. So area of the quadrant of a circle is equal to theta upon 360 into pi r square. Now theta is equal to 90 degree. Therefore the area of a quadrant of a circle is equal to 90 upon 360 into take pi as 22 by 7 into 7 by 2 into 7 by 2 centimeter square and this is equal to on cancellation we have 11 into 7 upon 4 into 2 centimeter square or this is equal to 77 upon 8 centimeter square. Hence the area of a quadrant of a circle whose circumference is 22 centimeter is 77 upon 8 centimeter square and this is our answer. I hope the solution is clear to you. Pi and take care.


Hi, and how are you all today? The question says, A, B and C are engaged in a printing business. A being the working partner receives 10% of the net profit as salary. The remaining profit is divided among themselves in the ratio 4 is to 5 is to 9. If A gets in total rupees 3 lakh, find the total profit in the business and the shares of B and C in it. So here, first of all, let the total profit be rupees X. Now, it's given to us in the question that since A is a working partner, he receives 10% of the net profit as salary. So, salary given to A is 10% of the net profit that is rupees X. So, we have the answer as rupees X by 10 that is the salary which is given to A. Now, we need to find out the remaining profit as it is what we are going to distribute among them. The remaining profit is total profit that was X minus the salary which is already being given out of it that is equal to rupees 9 X upon 10, right? Now, we are given that we need to distribute this remaining profit among A, B, 4 is to 5 is to 9. The total, the sum of the ratios is 18. So, we need to find out A's share, B's share and C's share out of this remaining profit. So, it will get multiplied by 9 X upon 10 and we have now the answer as 4 X upon 20, 5 X upon 20, 9 X upon is given to us in rupees as 3 lakh. That means his salary that was X by 10 plus his share in the remaining profit in total gives him rupees 3 lakh. So, with the help of this equation we can easily find out the value of X that is equal to plus 4 X upon 20 equal to 3 lakh. That further implies 6 X upon 20 is equal to 3 lakh. That further implies X is equal to 3 lakh into 20 upon, let us simplify it. So, we have the answer that is X, the total profit of this business as rupees 10. So, we can write down therefore total profit in the business is rupees 10 lakh. Further, we need to find out in this total profit and X values we have found out as 10 lakh. So, it is 5 upon 20 into 10 lakh and 9 upon 20 into 10 lakh. Which on simplifying will give us 50,000 that is B's share in this profit, rupees 4 lakh 50,000 that is C's share in this total profit. So, this was a required answer to this question. Hope you understood the whole concept well and enjoyed it too. Have a nice day ahead.


Graphitic carbon nitride, GC3N4, has emerged as an attractive metal-free visible light photocatalyst due to its advantages of earth abundance, nontoxicity, and stability. However, its photocatalytic efficiency is seriously limited by charge carrier's ready recombination and their low reaction dynamics. Modifying the local electronic structure of GC2N4 is predicted to be an efficient way to improve the charge transfer and reaction efficiency. This article was authored by Junwei Fu, Kang Lu, Kersen Jiang, and others.


Good afternoon, everybody. It's Fed Day 2 p.m. Eastern Time. We have an announcement. We're going to try and do our best here to get that number as quickly as we can. But I get the 10-year up for the first reaction as we await the news. We have higher price. We got lower yield coming at you. We get the 10-year yield spiking to about 4.24 percent. We got markets spiking to positive territory right now. You get a little bit of a spike. A few points up to 52. 42, all expectations are they're going to keep rates exactly where they are. Where are they going forward? Well, we just got a record print in the S&P's at 52.50. Man, the market likes the idea is they are holding rates steady. That's what they come out. They are holding rates steady as expected. But where is the devil in the details? As we got a little bit of lower yield coming at you, we'll go back to that 10-year right now. And yeah, we recoil right back to where we were. We got markets in positive territory right now. The 10-year, sitting at 1.10.16. Markets are going to jump around, man, to put it lightly. We got the 10-year yield sitting at about 4.26 percent. 4.26 percent. The yield on the 10-year, you got markets spiking to higher price. And it seems like the expectation is we're going to have a little bit of lower yield coming at you. The market likes that as we got the S&P's coming up to a record print. We just hit 52, 53, 75. Pretty sure that is a record print, right? 52, 54, 50. We just got it. We're on a hourly bar in terms of where we are. We got higher prices, man. This market, you just cannot hold this market down. So I'm going to be coming back. I'm going to go live from 2 till 230 here as we break down the market reaction, see what kind of reaction we get on the heels of the Fed announcement. They indicate three cuts are coming sometime this year. That's the headlines we're seeing right now. Nonetheless, the market likes it, man. We got the S&P's up by 14. NASDAQ 100, up by 85 right now. You see the 10-year with a little bit of higher price, lower yield, sitting at about 4.27 percent. No huge reaction just yet. Market likes it, that's for sure. You jump over to the dollar index. And what do we got? We got a little bit of dollar weakness right now on the heels and potentially a little bit of lower yield. You're going to get dollar weakness. Let's see how gold is reacting to that news. Gold, slight lift up to 2170. It's going to be an action-packed 27 minutes, folks. When we come back, we're coming back. We're going live till 230. We'll have Chairman Powell live from 230 up until 3 o'clock. I'm going to be covering for my dad, for live from three till four as well. This is always a fun hour, folks. We got the markets in positive territory. S&P's with a record print on the heels of the Fed, keeping rates where they are. We're looking for about three cuts. We'll be coming back, folks. We'll break down the market action. Don't go away. Stay tuned. Right back. In the world of trading, only a few names stand out like Larry Pesevento, a pro's pro with over 50 years of experience. Larry has seen it all. Former Chicago.


I'm Liz Benoit. I am a family outreach worker and the program that I work for is the Aboriginal Family Outreach Program slash Center. So I'm kind of like a family center on wheels and I work for the Native Council of Nova Scotia. So my program is I work from anybody from prenatal to the elders and everybody in between. So it's kind of complex because I am just the one person. So I can do anything from working one-on-ones with mom and dads that's going to court with them, dealing with CPS, trying to get their status cards, educating them on the culture because for off-reserve Aboriginals for whom is my targeted population. A lot of them still don't know the culture, right? So I get to educate families. Gosh, I go into the schools to educate and bring awareness about the culture but I do it in a way that it's just not geared for Aboriginal kids because once again I work with off-reserve. So we bring all the cultures together and we celebrate all the cultures with the main being the Aboriginal culture. So I do after school programs. I do lunch and learn. I do focus groups with youth and what I do with them is either I'll bring in an elder or I'll have a guest speaker from the Native Council come in like it fits with the youth. I'll bring in the Abtac, the employment and education part on that end. We do traditional crafts. We make traditional foods. So that's then I do family programs, baby groups. So it's a big wide range of what I do. And my district is far like it's from Digby to Windsor which is a huge district. Feedback for sure. Partnerships. Everybody wanting to to partner with the program and the Native Council. Feedbacks from the kids themselves that they look forward to when I'm coming because they're going to learn something new. Whether it's a traditional craft or we read from a book or the one thing that I'm really focusing on now working with kids is the seven sacred teachings to incorporate that so then they can own it and teach other kids in the school because I think we should all follow the seven sacred teachings, right? It's what's sliced all about and I find the kids are kind of missing that so I'm trying to incorporate that as much as I possibly can. So that alone, I'm in my fourth year so that's pretty good. It was a pilot project so and the demand for me, I'm only one person but I know if there was more people, at least three four people because of the district, we would be busy all the time and we could hit every school whereas I'm only hitting the Digby area because that's where I'm centered at it and the need is there and the want is there. So truthfully, the challenges that I'm having is not so much even challenging because being an off reserve aboriginal myself, I don't know the culture so I am learning as I'm going. So for me, I think the challenges it's just time if I had more time that I could spend with elders and which I am going to do because we're putting on a um knowledge keeper workshop here in next month so I'm very excited about that to honor our elders so um but that's a challenge it's just there's not enough aboriginal I want to say supports or family or front workers or whatever you want to say out there we're very few and far in between especially down in my area. I think I'm bringing awareness and education to a lot of people that haven't had it before um to know that they have now an aboriginal representative in their area that makes them feel a little bit more I don't know safe I guess and yeah so I think that would be one of the bigger things because there was never anything down our way before for aboriginals besides the reserves so that's always nice to see that it's branching out and getting out there just to have the support a lot of people don't have the support a lot of families feel like they're missing something and they're quite not sure what it is and when they start to learn about the culture then they realize that this is what they're missing and they embrace it and they want to learn more and more and more and more so that's another way that I know that what we're doing is the good thing because just from the families themselves with the feedback more acceptance which is good and I think too it's because when I say I bring all the kids together I want us the kids to realize that we're all the same but yet we're different so we can celebrate all of our differences and learn from each other and that has been a big impact my program is all over the place because I am the only person doing a family outreach center so it varies I try and get into the schools at least three four times a month if I can other than that I'm doing programming whether it's healthy relations cooking life skills employment yeah I'm a busy kind of gal so yeah more people out there spreading the word because I think a lot of people are naive because they just don't get it or they don't know about it the culture and then when they do find out about the culture it's just like they embrace it and they want they're like sponges they want more and more and more and they want to learn more and more so that's always good so if you needed to start a program like this you'd have to be associated with a not-for-profit like I am with the native council I do believe my funding is provincial it's not federal so write your proposal and away you go right I know that we were a pilot project what they didn't in the beginning was I think I'm the only one so far we partnered up with the Digby family center so that they would have somebody there and it's worked out really really well so that would be another avenue that they could look into is partnering up with the family center and I think it would make a big difference and I think aboriginal families would be more apt to go and get the the supports and resources that are out there I hear like with with our program and with the center there's no conflict mom's dad's come and they feel very comfortable very safe I've heard that down the other end of the province not so much so it's been kind of like building relationships up again but that would just give our people another avenue to tap into so I'm all for that I think I want to talk about the lunch and learn so the lunch and learn was with the adult students so I think they're in level four um part if taking the lunch and learn they got a credit towards their studies for the year for their indigenous part so that was a good kind of like let's see if this is going to work or not I do believe we had 17 students last year six was from NSCC and um how many did I say the rest were from the adult learning program um so when we were there we had a mikma instructor who knew mikma language so he had taught us a lot um in the end we made a drum but we also learned the welcome song and the honor song and during that time we ate traditional foods so it was it went very over very well so that was my second year this year we're doing the same thing but we're going up to the high or NSCC and on Friday I think I can talk about this um the instructor wants to partner with the native council in my program to do an experiential component to the curriculum so I'll be a part of that also which I'm looking very very forward to and like I was saying we're having a retreat for the knowledge keepers just to give back to for what they've given to us so I'm looking forward to that so this program has yeah it's really gone big and we've touched a lot of people so I'm excited I think we'll be on the same wave I think what we'll be doing will probably be tapping more into like NSCC to help build that curriculum um I can hopefully see me out in the schools doing focus groups and after school programs um we did do a program last year um with the whole elementary school and it was just to bring awareness and education so we broke it up in and um grades and so for the younger ones we had a storyteller come in and she did the honor song with them and whatnot and they got to put their handprints on a teepee and get to sit in the teepee because a lot of them just never experienced that and then the second the next levels we did um medicine poaches and we've talked about that and about the the smudging and the importance of that and for the last one we did the dream catchers and we dress feathers so that they could hang it in their gym and be proud of what it is so that worked very very well also so yeah you can see me still going in that just bringing awareness and education to different schools around the area as I said earlier I'm just learning myself as I'm going so to me it is anything that I can absorb whether it's language food traditions storytelling whichever whatever um and also just educating the public about the beauty of the culture and what it encompasses and the meanings behind it so that's where my train of education is going how should it be taught I think that varies I think it varies from community to community because I see that just in the different communities that I'm in I think it should be taught by an elder who knows and I'll say talk the talk and walk the walk right so they have all the teachings they have all the the traditions and I think elder should be a big part of the education because I'll just go by my grandmother who left the reserve and couldn't talk about or practice her culture we always thought it was the new fee way right until I started working in an indigenous field and it's just like no this is aboriginal so then I started putting the pieces together okay so this is this is going to be a pilot project um so I think the aim of it is to so we'll be going out we'll be studying the plants and the meanings behind that um we'll be going on a moose hunt but we'll be breaking it all down the moose all down and put it in the different criterias for science which what not what um we will be doing hands-on cooking food um because a lot of our people don't have the skills anymore for whatever reasons right it's not just our people it's everybody right um so it's it's bringing it back to where it should be where it's always should have been right so I do believe that's the route that she's going then we'll be the language component also so I think I don't like to get into status and non-status but I think status aboriginals or indigenous people hold the culture more to them because they've been exposed to it so I think those two should be incorporated into who should be educating people right I mean it's great for me who was just learning but do they get the same meaning behind it from somebody who has been in it all their life probably not right so I mean I'm not naive to think that so yeah those are your educators definitely the elders I like to see it in the schools more and more and more and more and I like to see it started at an early age because that's when there's sponges and that's when there is no bias and no stigma and that's where I try and focus really on is in the elementary school because if we break the cycles now right so but I would like to see it in all levels of education but definitely in the elementary school start now


Are you watching toddlers and tiara's right now? No It was just on yeah, there's a direct right?  And they can't get out and do anything so they're going a little stir crazy and maybe you're forgetting what day of the week It is because there's no reason to remember the day of the week right now I think that's possibly what happened to Nintendo They're all stuck at home going a little stir crazy and they woke up the morning of the 26 and thought That being said I've been really busy. I've been making an animal crossing review playing Nintendo's last game I have not had the time today to sit down and watch it and rather than me watch it on my own You know sad on my phone and like a little dark corner somewhere and then come and tell you guys about something that you've seen as well I do see that was fun remember when this thing happened I figured we just go and watch it together because that would be more exciting for the both of us And then at the end I'll come back up here, and I'll tell you my final thoughts once I've had time to process everything Does that sound good to everyone? We all on the same page? Yes. I don't care because this is happening All right, let's go Ow here. I am I'm not kidding at the time right now is 8 39 p.m This direct is almost 12 hours old.  Let's just watch it. I can't really hear it if the sound is off Hey, you forgot the sponsor spot. What are you? Reacting to some internet program your little lead boy. Come on. Come on. Make money Yeah, you're right. You're right. Sorry guys. I'll be right back.  Skillshare is an online learning community where millions come together to take the next step in their creative journey with Thousands of inspiring classes. Yeah, tell me buddy. Can you write well or can you speak another language? No, I can barely speak this language. What about photography animation video production? Illustration.  So don't be like him. Be a better you Actually, I will always recommend YCI Imaging's course on video production on a budget It can be really inspiring and even help me learn how to do things like this skits. Skillshare is Incredibly Affordable, especially when you compare it to pricey in-person classes or workshop and now your subscription to Skillshare is less than $10 a month I think this is broken. What do you mean? Thanks to Skillshare for sponsoring this video. Let's just get back to it. Good time to mention I hope you are all still staying home and staying safe. COVID-19 is becoming more and more of a Intense reality each and every day that we're experiencing this stay-at-home isolation Everyone that has been staying at home the last couple weeks since we found out that it was something We were supposed to do you've done the right thing and you've done an incredible service to everyone around you The people that can't protect themselves the week and the elderly you've done a really great job at being a fantastic human being Release dates and other information presented in this video are subject to change. That's to be expected and yeah Our hearts go out to those impacted by COVID-19 as does mine There was something strange It was as if I could see into the future the fifth. What's the fifth January February March April May 29. Wow That's pretty soon. Okay That's that started really strong. I want to say as well that doesn't even look like A hd remaster. It almost looks like a complete remake the visuals look as good as dinner blade, too I know a lot of you think that I just hate zina blade the franchise, but I really like chronicles I don't think I ever finished it completely So I'm really really excited and it comes out in just a couple months. Wait what? Okay, oh wait what the game looks better and plays smoother than ever. It looks amazing It looks really good a new story. Oh, so it is something new. Do you look so much better there? What the heck? So just a couple months and it has a new that's really exciting. Well, cool. Good stuff.  Hi everyone. Hi. Oh, wait Did I already know if I have a shock was coming to switch? Hey I Adored by a shot. I didn't even pay attention to the fact that borderland is finally coming to switch. What the heck? I don't want to sound like I'm break the gearbox is like 30 minute drive from my house I've been there a bunch of times and I have asked them so much about borderlands on switch And I'm telling you now They really didn't know if they wanted to do it like they were very unsure that's really cool They finally did it. I hadn't like what which one is it? I haven't even seen I'm guessing the first two X come This is huge. What the heck? How are people not happy with this? Maybe I just follow the wrong people on social media by a shock borderlands X come that is awesome That is awesome. I'm so glad to K a finally putting good games on so it I'm really glad they're still updating the Marvel game for the three people that are still playing it That's really nice That looks beautiful That looks Is it a Metroidvania? It's definitely Wow the animations are really good that looks awesome. Oh, I saw people downloading that on their switch They should I I didn't know what it was watch my review went up yesterday today technically whether you're already living it up On the island or you're still planning your departure. I'm there. I'm there, baby.  I know I don't know yet because I paused it to yell at you. Oh you craft other Items out of them like the baskets of eggs and stuff. All right. This actually does look pretty fun I wasn't sure at first, but I Think it's selling me all this destruction This is awesome. I don't know if this was the first time this was announced Looks a little rough around the edges, but it's fine. It's a really good game That's definitely a cult classic game. I know Kim likes it Catherine's coming to switch Good That looks brutal. We're talking music from Super Mario Odyssey Splatoon 2 and the Legend of Zelda. That's really clever idea. It's kind of like a tight hero, but working out Yeah, this was ruined for me the fighter included in wave six of the paid Super Smash Bros. Ultimate DLC will be Joining the battle from arms. This baffles me a little clearly. We don't know Who it's going to be But initially my thoughts is kind of obvious My thoughts is kind of like the Splatoon character because these characters are so similar like they have different movesets But let's be real they're pretty similar in how they control you can easily just do one Character and have the skin swap be all these different characters And then maybe that the ultimate could be all of the characters coming together in one big flashy attack Kind of like how hero has all of his characters come in I do think it's interesting Nintendo seemed to just forget arms existed and then I saw on Twitter two days ago. They're holding an arms competition And now there's an arms character come in a smash. It's almost like someone at Nintendo realized a week ago Oh arms.  Nintendo. Don't don't do it Nintendo. Don't you do it? Oh, okay. It was a demo today Still no release date Renegade renegade renegade president Domino's speed heron hounds blackjack air hockey war Cara pecs spider solitaire gomoku matching a lot cards dots and boxes hit and blow And that's happening tennis toy soccer toy curling sliding puzzle and six-ball puzzle That really is 51 games. Is there? What just happened? Just kept going will the real master ninja, please stand up. Was that an M&M reference? I just heard in a Nintendo direct sprint across stages. Oh, wow This looks really fun your gum ninjutsu like only you can why am I watching this in like 40 80p? And hey, it's free to play too. Oh, it's free to what Star Wars Jedi Knight Jedi Academy launches a Nintendo switch Today and get ready to strap in because Star Wars episode one racer is coming soon That's my favorite thing that's happened I never expected that to come to switch It seems like they just throw in all the old Star Wars games onto it when I was a kid playing that game I had so much fun, but I sucked. Oh, so yeah, I heard Panzer Dragoon. This is no surprise to me I'm this isn't one of my like I never played it back in the day. I've actually I don't think I've ever played it So I don't I'm excited to play it. Sure Why play Skyrim when you could play blades the lesser version of Skyrim? Thanks Bethesda making great choices as of late I love the Saints Row games for the longest time. I've preferred Saints Row over GTA GTA 5 is pretty good though. Oh, that's it. No now that I can I'm watching this after the fact you can't get me I see there's a little bit left. This is not a slight on the Pokemon games at all But with animal crossing recently and just being excited for this new year I forgot these games even existed Yes Yes, a new outfit that I can starting today. I can put on my character And then not play the game until June Oh There's no more. What's this little thing here? What's this little itsy-bitsy thing? Oh, it's nothing. Okay, cool Okay, my initial thoughts and I'm gonna call off and collect my thoughts and give a Actual thing upstairs in a second But while I'm sat here after watching this for the first time even after having half the stuff ruined for me throughout the day I still thought it was really good really entertaining It was 29 minutes, but it blew by in like a few minutes for me because I was having so much fun watching everything It's a mini. It's not what we consider a full direct the Nintendo acknowledged that in the title itself Which would lead me to think They know they still haven't done it for direct We know they still haven't done a full direct There's probably one coming suit and then I think that mini is just Nintendo's way of saying hey, we get it Just wait. There's there's a bigger one coming. They're saying it looking at this mini direct for exactly what it was It was it was really good. All right, let me oh, yeah pod racer, too I can't come on guys. Come on get excited for pod racer. Let me go upstairs. I'm gonna finish this upstairs I'm gonna I'm gonna gotta deliver deliberate on this I was wrong that sucked. No, I'm kidding. Yeah No, I watched it through again and then I skim through it another time Yeah, it was a mini direct titled that way because we didn't really have any of the big announcements at Nintendo Knows that we're looking for and also it wasn't really the direct that Nintendo knows that we're looking for but wait be patient I mean if Nintendo aren't ready to talk about these things. They're just not ready They can't show something that's not there how you feel about that is how you feel about that if we get to the end of the year And nothing's happened. That's a different story. I liked it. I like the mini direct. I know I know that I know it's tough I know we're all going a little mental, but we gotta be patient I mean just because we want something right now doesn't mean those things are ready to be given to us right now Just chill out and enjoy the things that we are getting. You know what?  I'm losing my mind Hey, what's my animal crossing video if you didn't it seriously took me like four days to make I think it's the best thing I've done. I did a little mini collab with girlfriend reviews Kim was in the video and actually like Help me make it and review the game. It was really cute and fun, and I like it I'm literally I have no reason for you to subscribe to me right now. What's your hands? What's I gonna say? I'm gonna say something it was kind of important. Oh, yeah, they're sponsored Thanks so much to school share for sponsoring this video. Make sure I check that link down below Don't forget about that especially like what has she got to do right now? Just like at home may as well learn something and become a little less of a dump dog I may come a little smarter go do it go learn something and then tell me what you learned on my next video And I'll give you an internet high-five. All right.  I mean that okay bye. I love you


And now I'm very happy to introduce the next speaker, the first speaker. It's Professor Diernagel from the Department of Experimental Neurology of the Charité University Hospital. And he is known in the open science scene very well. And I just hand over the microphone to you. Thank you very much. So I hope you won't regret having me invited, especially as the first speaker, because it will be controversial.  So there is a URL. So my slides are there. I should start with a disclaimer. And the disclaimer is that I'm not going to talk about blockchain and science in general. I think they'll provide a lot of useful and interesting applications that are coming up. What I will talk about is the context of the blockchain in terms of increasing value in science. And I took this from, this is the abstract from the blockchain for science and knowledge creation living box. So it must contain the most important things. And actually, it only contains two aims of the blockchain for science. One is to, I don't know, cause a sociocultural, legal, political, economic revolution. I won't talk about that. And the second aim is that it would make larger parts of the research cycle open to scientific self-correction and that it has the potential to be a new approach to the current reproducibility crisis and so forth. So this is a pretty strong statement, I should say. So this is what I'm going to talk about because I'm very skeptical about it, I have to say. Interestingly, and I'm very happy that this happened a week ago, Kevin McKernan at the Texas Bitcoin Conference had a talk. Not sure, maybe even some of you saw it. And the interesting thing about this talk is that it filled this promise with real life because he was actually presenting a project, a fully crypto science project, which he thought would substantiate the claim. And the claim he made is that crypto solves all those problems and all those problems who enter reproducibility, blah, blah, blah. And he even said that the distributed ledgers are a requirement for the scientific method, which is, I'm glad that Newton, Galileo, and Einstein, and Watson and Crick didn't know about this because we'd be not where we are now. So I'll come back to this because he actually made the same claim. And he thought that he's going to tell us how he did it. And so I'll return to this. But before we get there, just a short reminder. And unfortunately, I cannot go into this because this is a blockchain conference and not one about the problems that we have in science right now. So I'll just remind you of a few of the problems that at least a few people think we have in biomedicine. And I'll breeze through it. So in the Lancet, there was a series that basically said that 85% of the health research is wasted. I was part of that series of articles. There is a general notion, one should say, about many scientists that we have a problem in reproducing of what we are doing, which I think is real. And this guy, John Ioannidis, in 2005 basically said that most published research findings are false. And he didn't just say it, he demonstrated it. It's a mathematical paper. It was prescient in a way because he said what he basically says is it's about bias and it's about low statistical power. And he was predicting that less than 50% of what you read is true. And that I think is pretty much substantiated by what we now see in terms of reproducibility. Now, I really have to breeze through this, but it's important that I tell you what I think are the problems we're having. And I have to admit that this is a very biased selection. You could come up with another one or you could even say there is no problem. But this is a selection of things which I think are important. And the reason why I'm reading it to you or telling you about it is because these are the things we need to solve if we want to solve the problems. So there's tons of bias, selection, detection, attrition bias. I'm talking about biomedical research. So this is we're trying to find new drugs. We're trying to find mechanisms of disease and so forth. So there's lots of bias in this type of research. There's research of flexibility. So we use data very selectively. We switch outcomes. We heart is hypothesizing after results are known. We do a lot of statistics to find the P values that we want. We have insufficient statistical power, meaning there are not enough ends in those experiments, be it animals or be it humans. We confound exploration with confirmations so most people do an exploration and then they say they confirmed something.  Actually they came up with a hypothesis but they didn't prove it. We have a lot of methodological problems that are not going into them. There's a lot of storytelling. If you read a paper in cell or in nature, most paragraphs start with next week and they give you a narrative. Like they went through it from sitting in a bathtub or under the shower having an idea. They went to the lab. They did the first experiment and in the end they had this beautiful paper but it's actually just painting on a canvas with lots of things that they did quite often very unrelated and selectively used. We have a file drawer problem which is substantial so stuff is not published. People don't, if they don't want, if the results were not what they wanted, they don't publish it. And we have low external validity meaning a lot of the models that we use do not reflect the diseases that we really are interested in. So this is, I could talk about each line here for two hours but you would not want me to do that. But why do scientists do this?  No, I mean these are professionals. The reason why they do this is because, and that's the cause of the cause in my view, is, and that's a root problem you could say, we have the wrong incentives and we have misconceptions in academia. These are the root causes. And the rest is just the result of it, what I've shown you. And that's another list which are not root causes but these are sort of close to the root causes. We have a published in Parish Culture and these are just reminders. I think most of you know what I'm talking about. We have perverse metrics, most of them are proxies like impact factor and stuff like that. We value competition over cooperation. We have a dysfunctional peer review. We have a mantra for excellence which is completely silly. We have a Matthew effect so if you have, like I have an institute and so forth, you get more. And we have a total misconception about whether innovation can be planned or not. So we have lots of programs where we should come up with something new but this is not how it works. But this is a package and there are many more things and it's kind of, it's part of the root problem. Now, what are suggested solutions and these are just technical ones. This is also a list that's my list if you wish. I share this list with a few people but nevertheless you could come up with other things. And again, these are the technical things like you have to educate people. You have to help researchers with all kinds of things. You have to increase sample size. It's kind of a reflection of the previous list. You have to replicate. You have to publish null results. You have to be transparent about what you do. You have to pre-register your studies, et cetera. And I think we need to do meta research meaning we have to look at what we are doing to find opportunities to improve it and also to show that if, and what we are doing is actually making things better or whether it's making worse. But all this stuff, this technical stuff won't help if we are not tackling the root cause. Otherwise it would just futile. And so the root cause is, as I said, I think it's about incentives. So we need to change the incentives. There are easy fixes, fairly easy fixes like awards, badges, stuff like that. And it's not very effective. It's easy, but it's very effective. It's not very effective. And there are the hard ones, but they are the key ones. So we need novel criteria and responsible metrics in assessing ground applications, researcher careers and so forth.  If people do it, some of it is not that crazy. We need to disseminate our results to our institutional repositories. We need open post-publication review. We need, I think, more base funding for researchers so that they can play. And we need peer-to-peer funding, maybe lottery, stuff like that. So there are lots of things. Now, so this is my list of how to increase value. Now, let's get back to the blockchain. So remember, the promise was that the blockchain technology will improve all this. Now I'm coming back and I'm very glad that McKernan had this talk, because I think he did a very good job. In fact, it was a brilliant talk about plant genomics. The project he presented, and I really urge you to watch it, because it's nice. He explains plant genomics. He did a cannabis sequencing special cannabis plant. It was kind of a disruptive project because he wanted to kill some patents so that people could propagate this plant for therapeutic uses. Nice project. And he also explains the science in a very nice way. But the reason why he did it at this Bitcoin conference is because he claimed that this is a blockchain project and that this is open source and that this is crypto. So that's what, these are the base claims. He said the funding went through Dash Labs. And many of you know that. It's a data fidelity thing, which gave him also the opportunity to publish negative results. The peer review was open and crypto incentivized, and the preprint also was crypto. Great. So this is the claim, the whole scientific process in the blockchain. Now let's look at it, what he really did and what he could do. First of all, the funding was, this is a cryptocurrency company. I think this is crazy. I mean, it's nice for him that he got the money, but no cryptocurrency company will fund my stroke research. And I'll come back to that. It was paid out in dollars. Now the data fidelity, the negative results stuff, obviously you can't publish the true data in the blockchain because this is just too much stuff. So you put in hash, you know where he did the data, where he put the data on the IPFS, mega, NCBI, AWS, and so forth. This is where the data was. So I don't need a blockchain for this. The peer review was, he said, open and crypto incentivized, he gave $1,000 for a review. Now this is highly, highly up to the discussion, whether we should pay for a review. And I actually have to say I'm against it. But I'm for open review, but this is also highly controversial. But I don't need a blockchain for this. I mean, in fact, the review didn't happen on the blockchain. So just the incentivation happened there. And then he was talking about a preprint. It turned out in the discussion that the preprint was on the open science framework. Sure, it had to be because you can't read a blockchain. So now if I would do the same project, what would I do? First of all, I would try to get money from public funding because the public has to fund our research. Well, of course companies can also fund research, but I'm a taxpayer and I want to have my taxpayer money to go into useful stuff. So I rather change the NIH or the DFG funding. Why would you start something in parallel? There is a funding stream and we should get part of it for good stuff. The data fidelity. Well, as I told you, he put it up on IPFS and Mega and so forth, but there's lots of more. There's the OSF, there's Synodo, there's the European Science Cloud and so forth. And they're all time stand and they are immutable and so forth. Why do I need to put it on a blockchain? Peer review. Well, the peer review. I mean, it's already there. There's F1000 research, there's Royal Society Open and so forth. It's not monetized, but I'm against monetizing this process. I think it's wrong. And the preprint, I already told you, he did it on OSF, he could have done it on BioArchive. So what about the blockchain in this context? Again, I'm not, you can't be against the blockchain and there's useful stuff, but it's not about value. So beyond phrases, it's a technical tool and we need a culture change in the research that we do. Our research, that's also important.  Our researchers use paper notebooks. They scribble down their stuff that they do like in the 19th century. I'm trying to get them to use electronic laboratory notebooks. This is, they don't understand what this is. This is very hard. If you talk to them about the blockchain, they will give you this. So I think the blockchain solves problems. A lot of problems that we don't even have. It's a promise, actually, because there is no robust application for the claim as you've seen, the guy knew what he was doing. This is maximum what he could do. And I think much simpler technical solutions and concepts like ELN's Repositories Pre-Registration Open Data and OSF is already there. The problem is it's not implemented because people don't want it. We have to tell them why this is good for us, what it can do for them, and so forth. It's not that we are lacking a technical solution. Now, I think in a way it's a bluff. It's a distraction. In fact, I'm almost sad about it that we talk about this because it's a real distraction. We could do useful stuff and not talk about it to claim that there is a technical problem. There is no technical problem. What we really need is we need to assess the science, not proxies, we need to talk about science and not about technical solutions. We need to read the output of our scientists in our communities. We need to read them, not to put numbers on them. We need to, if we want to assess it, we need to assess its impact, not in terms of its impact factor, but rather what is the impact in terms of in the field, advancing knowledge, creating new therapies, whatever. Scientists need to be more cooperative and funding needs to bet on more horses. So that was my rant. And so this is the Institute, besides being an experimental neurologist, I also tried to improve science, at least what I can do about it. And I'm running an institute that's called the Quest Center and that's at the Berlin Institute of Health. And if you're interested in what we are doing, you can check this out. And this is where my talk is. Thank you. Yeah, thank you very much, Professor Dinagel, for this nice talk. I'm pretty sure that many, many people think the same and we have a lot of stuff to discuss here, yeah? And thank you very much. I'm really glad that you gave the talk in this way. Cool, so are there any questions or we have like microphones here? Like discussion who wants to start the discussion, yeah? Okay, yeah. Hello, so I wanted to say just something a little bit in the defense of IPFS and those kinds of infrastructures. They're a little bit in their very early days, but there is another kind of a layer on top of it that in the future people could be using like Filecoin, which is supposed to incentivize that people will be actually using that system. And the power over this, in comparison with this centralized system where you have one cloud storage and you put your data there, is that a little bit like Torrent today, people could be mirroring and having those files everywhere, a kind of spread globally. And then if you kill it on one server, it's still there and people can still find it by this immutable address, not the link. So I think in that sense, it is a bit futuristic and it will make sense in the future to use it. Thanks. I understand, and basically I think it's a good idea and we should use it. I'm just saying this is not our problem. Just a question about the funding idea and having blockchain as a technology for getting additional funding. So I'm with you that we should use all the traditional ways or tax way, DFT and so on, but you might know as I know the percentage of successful proposals to DFT and others, even on the European way, are not very high. So blockchain and peer-to-peer funding on this way might be an additional way to fund real substantial research. Absolutely agreed. Again, why do you need a blockchain for it? You just said peer-to-peer. Peer-to-peer is the principle, but blockchain is a technology and I'm not saying that blockchain, you shouldn't use it, but it's not a miracle. I mean, the Kickstarter and stuff, I mean, they don't use a blockchain and you can get, I know people who got funding there. So yeah, why not use it? Nothing special. Hi. So you said in the end as a proposal of things to change, it's like the output should be red. But in the beginning you said 95% or 90% of the stuff is anyways wrong and you also mentioned it. No, no, not 95%. He said more than half. More than half, okay, fine, but still. Most, he said most is more than half. True, so the question is why would I read it? I mean, I got quite frustrated in especially the biomedical field that indeed you can find an answer to every question you ask because all directions have been answered. Sure. And the storytelling, I think, as I agree with you is really a problem. Because we don't read it, there's so much output. I mean, if we had to read it, there would be less output. So I'm for less output. If you incentivize output in terms of a proxymetric like either numbers of publications or an impact factor, you're no longer interested in what's in the paper. So if we start, and the problem of my argument is that I'm also like you, I'm kind of hallucinating. So this is not where we are. I'm telling about where I want to be. And I want to be in a situation where we read our papers and judge them on what's in there. And then we have less and less papers. And just one last remark also on papers not being replicable and not being true. There's one big problem in this reproducibility discussion and that is I think a lot of the stuff should not be reproducible because we are doing cutting edge stuff. We just need to be aware of that. This is the case and it needs to be replicated and then we see it's, we need to go somewhere else. But if everything would be replicable, it wouldn't be science. It would be just damn boring stuff. So yeah, the output has to go down. Yeah. Hello. I would like to disagree with you. And in my mind, there's a certain flaw in your argument in a sense that you kind of underestimate the appeal of blockchain and crypto economy in general in its role of a kind of ice breaker. What I mean is that not technology as it is now might be valuable and useful to scientists because as you said, right, most of the things could be done without blockchain. But it exactly has some potential to change the rules of the game for the funders as well. As in the last slide, you said that scientists need to be more cooperative and you need to get more basic findings. That's a very good will, good imperatives, but they may not work out as they do. But for example, when a certain governmental institution when you go it and say, give us more money, it says, no, you have enough money. And when it's the decision makers are presented with this idea of more transparent, more decentralized, or just another way of running science, they say, okay, we might give it a try.  And they say under this, just for the appeal of this new technology, they might change the rules of the funding. No, I think you're confused. First of all, there is no appeal of the blockchain to any scientist or government funder. They think this is idiotic. It's a way where people speculate, make money. So this is an aversive technology. I don't agree that it should be aversive, but it is aversive. Second, you're confused because what you want, and I'm probably on your side in this, it has nothing to do with the blockchain. This is a different type of funding.  I mean, this is a distributed ledger on a cryptographic basis. What does it have to do with funding? I mean, it's just a technique. Paper, I write my grants on paper and they review papers. It's another technology to do that same thing. What's so special about it? The only thing that could be different is this trust thing, like that you have a distributed trust in this thing and no central authority. Again, that may or may not be true even, but even if it's true, it's not our problem. Yeah, here. I have to give, yeah, I have to say that I'm here. We are doing social scientific studies and collaborations on scientists who do actually collaborate together and our findings are the same. So they are completely unaware of the tools that they should or could use. And if they are aware, if they are motivated to use that, they still don't use it because it's a completely different system. They are a different system for different grants and they don't want to use that at all. So we actually observe the same what you just said and it would be interesting to see if blockchain as a revolutionary idea could revolutionize, change the whole system behind it. But I'm also skeptical on that and it would be nice if you could surprise us that okay, yeah, blockchain could do that. But my question is that can you force in a kind of strategy that you take along scientists in the whole process and then change the way they think? Would education be useful to change the mindset and the whole hierarchical structure of the science processes that's going on now? Yeah, well, otherwise I wouldn't stand here. So I'd just be in the lab and write cell papers. But so I think it is about, certainly it must be about education because it's about changing minds. And what we need is kind of, it's a huge behavioral change experiment. It's a massive complex intervention that we need and we, when I say we, it's kind of many, many groups are trying this now and we're trying this at the BRH. And what it entails is on the one hand to talk to the young scientists and they totally understand this and I think they're on a good track. The problem, of course, is that they then run into the system and get kicked out. And then at the same time we need to change within the system. So we need to talk to our professors, to our commissions and so forth and we need to change the mechanisms there. That's something we are trying, but that is obviously the hard part. In the end, I'm still optimistic, but it will take a lot of time. And it will not, the key will not be any technology. And it's not against the blockchain or any other technology. There is no miracle fix to it. It's in our heads. Why would a technique change this? This is something in our heads. So we need to change our heads and this you do by education. So I think it's education. Ah, that's what most people say. Yeah, there are companies, technologies, or the likelihood of us aside just empowering ourselves and actually making meaningful change rather than having these little communities coming in to practice healing to us to come to make the actual change because presently on the side of this novelism, I don't have the time to look at this. I still need to get funded or I still need to be relevant in my field. So is it not likely that you have these little small communities coming in, cracking the ceiling to us, and then we can, like, first print what we really want to do? Yeah, agreed, but I think it needs to come from both sides. So because, I mean, you mentioned the funders. I think the funders play a critical role. And so one other, besides education, besides small communities that do something about it, the funders have a key role in this and there are some silver linings on the horizon. Take, for example, the Wellcome Trust. The Wellcome Trust does a lot of good stuff in its sense. Take Volkswagen Foundation in Germany. They have pretty crazy, but I think very smart mechanisms of funding. They have, for example, a lottery. There's a format where they just have too many applicants. That's, well, we have a lot of applicants. What do they do? They first start with a lottery. I mean, why not? So I think the funders, the change has to obviously come from many, many sides. As you said, I think the individual scientist is the weakest link in this.  Thanks for the talk. Yeah, thanks for the talk. I think it's really important. Like, we're all scientists here. We're mostly scientists, or we're thinking scientifically. So we need to think skeptically. We need to make sure that we are addressing the real problems and considering that everything that we're talking about might be wrong. But I think what you've been saying, people have been saying this for 25, 30, 35, 40 years. There's the idea that we need a culture change in science is not a new idea, and so we need to do something different. And I don't know where the blockchain is the answer, but it's clear that we need to take different approaches. Well, you're right. I mean, it's not new, and I just read a paper over the weekend by Robert Merton 1968 science about the Matthew effect and that there are too many outputs. And so half of it could have been in... The first paper was 1942. Yeah, I know, but well, I read the 68 one. So yeah, you're absolutely right. But nevertheless, if you look at it and it's way too slow and maybe I'm illusion, I don't know, I'm biased and I'm too much into it, but looking at the curve of what's happening, I think we are seeing change and maybe I don't want to be a party booper here. So maybe the blockchain is the answer. I'm just very skeptical about it. Maybe this is part of the thing. We'll see. Yes, thanks for the super interesting talk. One question. What about the vision of having not to rely too much on platforms? So my hypothesis is that we got used to put much of our trust as researchers, as contributors to research of any kind to certain platforms. And you mentioned in your slides the problem of proxies and assessing research results. And I wonder if this is not closely related to each other. So because we feel like, okay, we have to rely on lots of platforms anyway, we have this competition on brands of platforms and use them, misuse them as proxies to assess research results. And I wonder if this vision of moving research transactions to appear to peer network where those who actually have these kinds of transactions, for instance peer review, actually own in a very strict meaning these transactions and where you have a secondary information market that makes use of these information that are then available as a commons. I wonder if this is not well worth considering as a vision for research infrastructure. I agree as a vision. I would completely agree and lots of the other things that I presented were visions, so we all have visions. But it's an interesting comment that you make. Again, I think what many of you confuse is a technology and an intervention. You are talking about peer to peer and community and so, great, yeah. But you don't need a blockchain for it. I mean, the only point I'm making here is don't confuse the technology with a culture change. I mean, it may drive it. I'm very skeptical. I told you why I'm skeptical. But you said we're relying too much on platforms. I think you're on your way to relay too much on another platform and that is blockchain. Or it helps us to get rid of platforms. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Ulrich was really great. And now we have some background.