Remember a Hallmark card when you carry enough to send the very best. The makers of Hallmark cards bring you an unusual true story on the Hallmark Hall of Fame. Here's our distinguished host, Mr. Lionel Barrymore. And welcome to the Hallmark Hall of Fame, where we offer you true stories about real people. Just a half a century ago, all the right completed the first successful flight in a powered aircraft. In his perilous gamble with the unknown, the dream of the ages became a reality. Man was no longer an earthbound creature. Tonight we herald the 50th anniversary of that event with the story of a conquest almost as momentous. The true dramatization of man's first flight faster than sound. As told you by the man who made that first flight, Major Charles Yeager, United States Air Force. And now, here is Frank Goss for the makers of Hallmark cards. Have you wondered why it's so easy to find a Hallmark card that says what you want to say just the way you want to say it? That's because the makers of Hallmark cards are aware of the important part greeting cards play in your social life. The links of friendship they represent. Every Hallmark card is designed to meet specific standards of quality and good taste. And because these standards have been maintained through the years, the Hallmark and Crown on the back of each card you mail means you'll carry enough to send the very best. Lionel Barrymore appears by arrangement with Metro Golden Mayor, producers of the Cole Porter musical Kiss Me Kate, starring Catherine Grayson, Howard Keel and Ann Miller. And now, Mr. Barrymore brings you tonight's transcribed exciting story on the Hallmark Hall of Faith. The same year the flight officer Charles Yeager was shot down and combat over France, aeronautical engineers at Buffalo, New York began work on a special project. And about the time that Lieutenant Yeager returned home at the war's end, the construction program was already underway. Two years later, Captain Yeager heard that the new X-1 rocket ship was ready for testing. And like the others in the air research and development program, he wondered if this time man would be able to break food sound barrier. In 1947, he was with the fighter section at Wright Field in Dayton, Ohio when the commanding officer called his men together for an important announcement. A few weeks ago, it was rumored that the Air Force would take over the flight test work on the X-1. That's no longer a rumor. It's a certainty. The Air Force will test the X-1 and this fighter section has been picked for the job. One of you will fight it. Wait a minute, wait a minute. I know everybody wants to fly a brand new airplane, but before I take any names or recognize any hands, I want to get this much out. The objective in building the X-1 and in testing it is to get its speed above 0.99 Mach, faster than sound. Since no man has ever done that, we just don't know what will happen. I want each one of you to think about that. Any questions? If you want to volunteer, turn your name into my office before you leave the field today. That's all. Yeager. Somebody's got to find out. Yeah. The answer to that challenge has Major Charles Yeager himself tells it. That night Colonel Boyd had a lot of names to consider. We'd all read the publicity on the X-1 and heard something about what the airplane was supposed to do. Being fighter pilots, all of us were anxious to get a crack at it. Every man in the fighter section volunteered. The weakness of the X-1 will have to be ultimately determined in the flight under full power. Yes, sir. Still want to test it, Chuck? Yes, sir, I do. Bob? Not like nothing better, sir. Here's the way it'll be. Chuck, I want you to test the X-1. Sir? Bob, I want you to be the alternate pilot. I'd be glad to be alternate, sir. You'll go through all the necessary briefing with Chuck.  There'll be a lot of new things to be learned. Some of them you'll get right here. Once you're organized, you can pick up the shipping buffalo and take it over to Muroc. Then you can learn some more things. Yes, sir. When you're ready there, you can start the flight tests. Only when you're ready, Chuck. Safety is the primary factor in this mission.  In that time comes, you better know what to do. That's right. One last thing. You volunteer for this job and you know our objective is to accomplish something that's never been done before. Captain Jack Ridley was put in charge of the unit. Engineers from Bell Aircraft and NACA, men associated with the plane, begin to brief us on the project. Before any of us ever saw the X-1, we were able to familiarize ourselves with many of its features. Liquid oxygen, we call it LOX. Liquid oxygen and alcohol provide the fuel for the rocket thrust. And there are four fuel chambers. It's estimated the ship can fly at full power approximately 2.5 minutes. Speed of sound changes gradually from 760 miles per hour at sea level to 660 at 40,000 feet. So instead of miles per hour, computations will be in the percentage of speed in relation to sound. In other words, marks. One mark being equal to the speed of sound. Don't mind that. I want to know one thing. What are you doing here in the BLQ? It's a good place to live, sir. He's a bachelor, officer's quarters captain. You're a married man.  Yes, sir.  Little town, West Virginia. You never heard of it, sir. Hamlin, West Virginia, sir. The boys? Yes, sir. Two of them. Maybe you'd like to send for your family and ask them to join you here. Oh, no, sir. When I get to New York in a couple of days, I'm going to meet them there. And then we're going to take housing. You're wrong. You aren't going to New York. You're going to stay right here. But, sir, we're all set to take off in the morning and pick up the ship. Yeager, this is an extremely hazardous job. I'm a single man for it. Someone without family responsibilities. Up until 15 minutes ago, I thought you were single. Why didn't you tell me you were married? I guess because you didn't ask me, sir. Oh, this time I assumed because you were living here. No, I'm sorry, sir.  But that doesn't make any difference, sir. I can still do the job. Well, the unmarried man in this section... Sir, I want to fly that X1 more than anything I've ever wanted to do in my life. And I'm almost ready to do it now. As far as the responsibility of a wife and family goes, that's all more reason for me to want to do a good job. Be careful and not take any chances. Honest, Colonel. Being married is sort of... sort of an advantage if you look at it that way. Don't you think so? Okay, Yeager. Leave for Buffalo tomorrow. You've gone this far. You might as well go all the way. Thank you, sir. Thank you. Good night. All the stage was set. But let Major Yeager tell it himself. We'd been studying her and talking about her and dreaming about her. We saw her for the first time at the Bell Aircraft Plant in Buffalo, New York. Seemed just to be made for a pilot, bolted to the floor with cables, as though she might try to take off during the ground runs. Which one is Yeager? I am. Oh, over here. Need to check the locks, Chambers. You like to do it? I'll be working with you on this. Sure. But she's all loaded. Come in. Turn to the second act of the Hallmark Hall of Fame. Have you ever felt in the hustle and bustle of shopping for the holidays, we sometimes lose sight of the true meaning of Christmas Day, the peace and beauty of the Holy Season, the joyous promise that began with the guiding star of Bethlehem? To bring a tangible reminder of this promise into your home and the homes of your friends, here's a suggestion I think you'll appreciate. Go to a store where Hallmark cards are sold and see the new Hallmark Nativity Scenes, the three-dimensional reproductions of the manger scene. You'll find the nativity cards come flat for mailing and will be cherished all through the Yule time season. Your friends will enjoy placing a nativity scene on a mantle or table or under the Christmas tree. You can choose from two different sizes, priced at just 50 cents or $1 each with mailing envelopes. And while you're making your selections, remember to see the popular Hallmark Christmas cards that are made to hold all the other cards your friends receive. The Hallmark Christmas stagecoach, the Hallmark train, or the Hallmark sleigh. These two are both a greeting and a decoration. And of course, each has that Hallmark and crown, which always means you'll carry enough to send the very best. And now Lionel Barrymore brings you the second act of our true story of Major Charles Jager. You were listening to the true story of Charles Jager and man's first flight through the sound barrier as told you by the man who lived that story. And now here is Major Jager. Any man who's ever been engaged in experimental flying knows what it is to be scared. Even with all the preparation, the data on estimated performance, the calculations of the aerodynamic engineers, preliminary tests, the safety devices, a guy still gets scared. He hopes everything will go just the way it's supposed to, but he doesn't know for sure until he climbs into his ship and tries it. You'll carry it in the B-29. That's right, we just tuck it in under the bomb bay, latch it on, fly it on over. When they were test pilots for a Messerschmitt and company around here at one time, we flew some of their high-speed ships. Yes, nothing quite as ambitious as your project. You know what their maximum was? One man in vertical flight, leveled off at .9 mark, 90% of the speed of sound. Almost got there. Almost. When the ship took the severe buffeting, there was an extreme vibration. The instrument shattered. You think you might have made it? Club sound? Well, if he had, I'm sure the craft would have disintegrated. Our unit moved into the Air Force base at Mirok and continued to make preparations to fly the X-1. We made daily reports to Colonel Boyd at Wright Field, who was still the responsible head of the mission. Request permission to proceed with flight. B-29 will deliver you in bomb bay to 25,000 feet. You will be released for glide flight. Landing pattern and landing characteristics must be known before power flight. Proceed as outlined. What's your altimeter reading? Must be checked out in flight. Do not exceed .82 mark. That's an order. Proceed as outlined. When I want that thing long, scare myself. I have to wear a check. I might keep you alive. We do know that at 63,000 feet, your blood will begin to boil unless you're wearing something like that suit. Anyway, you may just go a little higher than that, boy. Yeah, when? Tomorrow at 0-100. Huh? Just come through. Tomorrow you check her out on the place October the 4th, 1947. And Captain Yeager, now Major Yeager, achieved a speed of nearly a thousand miles an hour. An altitude of 70,140 feet. And here he is in person to tell you exactly what it was like. Major Charles Yeager, the first man to fly faster than sound. Well, Major, it took the world almost 50 years to find out. And now we know, thanks to you. Well, anybody could have done it. I just happened to be in the right place at the right time. I'd like to get in here for a question, Mr. Barrymore. What are you doing right now, Major? Well, right now, up at Edwards Air Force Base, we're doing a lot of different types of flying. Actually, we have a new ship up there now. They call it the X1A. It's a later version of the old X1 we flew, and we're in the process of testing it right now at the base. How fast do they expect to go on that ship? Well, it's designed for around 1,600 miles an hour. Maybe we'll make it. I'm sure we'll try. Thank you for being our guest, Major Charles Yeager, United States Air Force. Mr. Barrymore will return in just a moment. Of all the cards you receive at Christmas, which are the ones you cherish most? Aren't they the cards that have a special intimacy and warmth about them? The cards that seem to say, this is how I feel about Christmas. This is the memory I want to share with you. Well, tonight, I want to suggest that you see the Hallmark Christmas cards in boxes at your favorite store. You'll find they include every type of Christmas greeting imaginable, the one in particular that seems to express you best. You can choose cards by brilliant artists like Halder or Winston Churchill, Marcel Verté or Norman Rockwell, or charming traditional cards with holly or snow scenes or shining trees. Yes, and you can have your Hallmark boxed cards in assortments or in one design to a box. The prices are reasonable, as low as 25 cards for just $1. So why not get yours tomorrow? Remember, the Hallmark and Crown on the back of each card you select will tell your friends you'll carry enough to send the very best. And now here again is Lionel Barrymore. Frank, you know, I believe you hit on one of the secrets of a happy Christmas when you mentioned wanting to share a memory. In fact, one of the secrets of happiness any time of the year is this desire to share. And probably one of the reasons we all love Christmas so much is that it gives us so many excuses for sharing our feelings with everyone. Not only with people close to us, but also with friends everywhere, you know? Ones we don't see throughout the year. That's why cards are such an important part of Christmas. They let us share our feelings, our memories, our Christmas wishes with a great number of friends. Yes, sir, Christmas cards are part of the tradition and, speaking of traditions, I'm happy to tell you that again this year Hallmark cards will bring you that traditional Christmas classic Dickens Christmas Carol. And tomorrow they thought I'd be the right one to play the part of Scrooge. What do you suppose gave him that idea? Well, that's another Christmas tradition that I'm looking forward to. Coming into your homes in my favorite Christmas roll. This will make the 19th Christmas I've played Scrooge for the radio audience and I hope you'll be listening on December the 20th. Now, Frank, why don't you tell the folks what we'll have on Hallmark Hall of Fame next Sunday night? Next Sunday we honor Alfred Nobel, founder of the famous Nobel Prizes, and we will attempt to bring you direct from Oslo, Norway, portions of the actual Nobel Prize ceremonies. And remember, you're also invited to the Hallmark Hall of Fame on television every Sunday, starting Miss Sarah Churchill. Until next week then, this is Lionel Barrymore saying good night. Stores that have been carefully selected to give you expert and friendly service. Remember a Hallmark card and carry enough to send the very best. Our producer director is William Gay. Our script tonight was written by E. Jack Newman. Featured in our cast were Lamont Johnson, Raymond Burr, Jack Edwards, Sam Edwards, Byron Kane, Harry Bartel, and Lawrence Dubkin. We wish to thank the United States Air Force for helping make this transcribed broadcast possible. This is Frank Goss saying good night to you until next week at this same time. When we present our true story, about the founder of the famous peace awards, the Nobel and weather conditions permitting, we will take you to Oslo, Norway for dramatic highlights of the actual Nobel Prize ceremonies. And on December 20th, we'll again present Mr. Lionel Barrymore's traditional appearance as Scrooge in Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol. And the following week, Mr. Edward Arnold will star in the role of Henry Berg on the Hallmark Hall of Fame. This is the CBS Radio Network. This is KMBC.


Welcome to JSA TV and JSA podcast where we're covering the latest stories trends and innovations from leaders across the digital Infrastructure world. We are coming to you from PTC and beautiful Honolulu, Hawaii right now And we've grabbed Colby Cox with DC Byte to talk about Quite a few things including a lot of growth that you guys have been having in the Americas, but first welcome Yeah, thank you for having me. I look forward to the discussion and adding any value we can Yeah, absolutely and dressed for the occasion. I might say with you know, you got to come prepared for Hawaii and ready to go It's Hawaii. You have to come prepared. So I appreciate the game Well, let's let's get down to it and let's talk about what you guys have had you've had a lot of it You know expansion a lot of things going on in the Americas since you were last year on JSA TV Can you tell us about the expansion of both people and places across the Americas? Yeah, so over Let's see. I've been with DC Byte now six months. I've tripled our team Opened a new office. Yeah, we've visited a total of 53 markets in the six months that I've been so down into Latin America enhancing our team down in the Latin American markets to Obviously better cover the very big emerging market that as well as adding more and more staff to the US So I'm currently looking at adding an additional two more analysts Yeah in the data center space for for the team in Virginia So it's been an onslaught of activity tons of new opportunities with customers Yeah, and really taking advantage of the global expansion we've had with our Amia and APAC teams and looking at some Potential new things in Mina as well. I I think I'm hearing a little plug saying that he's hiring. Yes. Yes Well, you know, all of these moves are designed to to bring DC Bytes cutting-edge analytics to the Americas data center market, which is Growing, you know exponentially. I don't have to tell you that so what are some of the growth and challenges that your team is seeing across the region right now? keeping up I mean, I think that's the that's for the industry in general is is keeping up with the power demands that we're seeing the Connection or the connectivity I should say yeah and just making sure we can get to everything that we need to Yeah, so part of the way that we go about what we do is is actually visiting the market seeing Meeting with the operators meeting with the suppliers who are providing the equipment or good services What whatever it may be for the data center? So keeping up with that pace of demand and pace of supply that's coming to the market that is really big but right now we're We're tracking over 90 gigawatts globally over 7,000 Assets team of 40 half of that is analysts So it's really continuing to grow and find new ways to Take the company in to be smarter about how we do things and continually advance the platform Yeah, and since you mentioned that you know advancing that platform How does the team plan to do that? You know while driving innovation and staying ahead of the curve when it comes to providing that global data center intelligence Yeah, it's a great question and it's it's something we're always actively looking at You know There's there's a lot of things from AI that we can utilize to help automate some of the the simple tasks that are Public-facing data and content that we can pull in yeah to be able to do that I'm looking at various partnerships for companies that do things that aren't necessarily in our swim lane Swim lane, but they're advantageous for the data center community to understand So how can we create the the tactical partnerships to get us to where we need to go and then utilize the same technology that we're talking About on a day-to-day basis that to really help us be more focused on actually being in the markets visiting Like as a good example, I'll be in Chile Well, Santiago Chile Bogota, Colombia, Costa Rica, and then more than likely Sao Paulo and Rio over the next three to four months On top of a million other events and site visits my team. It's out right now visiting Minnesota, they were in Chicago last week. We were in Arizona So it's really trying to capitalize on all of the technology so that way the people can do what people do best and go out And have conversations meet with the community and really get a better gauge for what's really happening in the data center world That's absolutely a great way of looking at it and leveraging the people to the fullest. Absolutely. Yeah, you have to I mean That's that's our biggest asset is the people and there's a lot of stuff in the data center world that People want to automate and there's a certain level. You can automate of course, yeah But at the end of the day, it's about the relationships About how we interact with the operators with everybody in the community the private equity groups that are investing the capital into the industry And how we can build that out. We're also looking at Additional paths that we can take to bring more of the supplier community in to really create a fully rounded out platform that will Help from the life cycle of a data center deployment site selection cover everything So it's really looking at ways that we can try to build it out to be the one-stop-shop that we want to be Yeah Well anything else that you would like our viewers to know about with what all of the developments that you have going on It's growth. Honestly back to the plug earlier If if anybody is looking to get into the data center world as a data center analyst do a bunch of travel Yeah, I'm definitely looking for people. Yeah, so it's it's a good time to kind of get into the space But outside of that. It's just growth. I mean, we've got a massive trajectory in front of us with with everything that we're doing Globally and now really taking over the US market. It's in Latin America. It's it's just gonna be a rocket ship from here on out Well, we look forward to keeping up with you and hopefully we can get an update at the next JSA TV Since it sounds like you'll have people in all corners of the world that we will essentially So thank you so much for stopping by enjoy the rest of your time here at PTC And thanks to our viewers for tuning in stay connected everyone


Okay, class, who wants to learn Latin American history? Oh, oh, me. Let's do it. Me. Okay, who wants to watch a movie? You guys seen La Bamba? Go! The worst teacher ever. Who hired you?  Go home. Oh, well, well, well, do not feel too bad if you don't know too much about Latin history. I mean, I'm Latino and I am definitely not an expert. Coffee? I believe it's Columbia. It is Brazil. Okay. I'm gonna go for Argentina. It's Cuba. Cuba? Kourani? Quetzal. Quetzal, I'm so lost. Okay, no. Again, do not feel bad if you don't know all this stuff because I did it. Here's the real deal. Most US citizens do not know too much about Latin history or culture because minority history tends to be overlooked in US schools. That is not necessarily your fault. You see, policies in the US have made it difficult for schools to impress the idea of ethnic studies. In 2010, Arizona passed a law banning program that taught Mexican-American studies in public schools. And in Texas, no such ban exists, but only because for years the state board of education has refused to implement Mexican-American studies. The good news is that there are some great leaders out there that understand the benefits of kids really seeing themselves in their learning. In 2017, finally, the Arizona ban was overturned by a federal judge, and in 2018, the Texas Educational Assistance Board finally approved the creation of a Mexican-American studies class. We're moving forward. And now, US kids can learn about important and inspiring Latin figures, like Rigoberta Menchul, an indigenous Guatemalan human rights activist and 1992 Nobel Peace Prize winner who has put her life in danger, literally, to advocate for the rights of indigenous people in her home country and also in the Western Hemisphere. And then, we have Silvia Rivera, a Puerto Rican and Venezuelan trans woman and gay rights activist who was one of the leaders in the Stonewall uprising in 1969. And last but not least, we got the Mexican-American NASA astronaut, my favorite Dr. Ellen Ochoa, who in 1993 was the first Latina in space aboard the shuttle of discovery. How cool is that? So if you're thinking, you know, we're in America and we should only learn about American history, I think you should just pause for a second and think about how much Latin America has contributed to US history. And it's vice versa, like, we wouldn't exist without each other. Look, what I'm trying to say here is that we have an amazing history together. Why not make an amazing future? The Amazon River runs through six Latin American countries. Can you name them? Of course, Brazil, Peru, okay, Ecuador, Bolivia. Two more. Colombia? One more. No, one more. Venezuela. Venezuela, of course it's Venezuela. What country's population is nicknamed Guanacos? Guanacos. I have absolutely no clue. El Salvador. El Salvador. What is the oldest university in North America and what country is it located in? And I really hope you get this one right. Celeracan, all this one. College, you said? Yes. I'm gonna go for Unam, Mexico.


Okay then, here we go, depth of field. So, we need to be looking through the perspective camera, as I am, and we need to work on this camera here. But the most important thing, before we can worry about what's in focus and what's not in focus, is learning the distance between this camera and the plane, which is the thing that we want to have in focus. Without that, we can't tell Maya what depth we want it to focus to, so we'll have no control over the camera. So that's step one, being able to sort the focus distance out. Okay, so to work out what that distance is, we're gonna use a measurement tool. And you get those by clicking on create, measure tools, and we're gonna get a distance tool. Okay, so in order to get that, you click on it, and then I'm gonna click once on the camera, and I'm gonna click once on the plane. Now, if you're lucky, that'll just work automatically. But in my case, as you can see, it's got quite close to the plane, but the one that should be on the camera is nowhere near. That's not a problem, because I need to tidy it up on the plane anyway. It's never spot on. So to tidy it up, to make sure it's exactly in the right place, what you need to do is go into your outliner, which lives in window outliner. And hopefully you can see, I'm just gonna turn my distance tool off. You can see that this measurement tool is made up of two locators, locator one, which is this end, locator two, which is currently somewhere in the plane. So what I'm gonna do is click on locator one. Fantastic. And then I'm gonna shift select my camera, and then I'm gonna parent them by pressing P on the keyboard, like that. Now that's not moved anything, but what it does is it ensures that now whenever I click on, there's locator one. As long as I've got locator one selected, if I now look in my channel box, you can see that translate X, Y, and Z, they currently have values which you would expect, but if I set them to zero, it won't go to the center of the origin, it'll go to the center of its parent, which in this case is the camera, which means it'll be perfectly located. So I'm gonna set those to zero, and there you can see it, that has now popped right into where the camera is. Brilliant. So now I need to do the same with locator two. So click on that, should click on the plane, press P, and you can see it's close, but it's not quite spot on. So set these all to zero, pop, and I now know what the distance is from the camera to the plane. It's 30.34 units. Wicked. Right, so now that we've worked that out, we can have a look at setting depth of field up, which we'll do in the next video. So if you want to mosey on over there, we'll set about making this particular camera angle look really cool. Okay, see you there.


I just want to know, like, this yoga is making me very delicate and it does actually make me… So you are one of the ardent followers, is it? Give the microphone to the students, okay, finish the question. I just want to know, like, in this world which is… a lot of people if we… if our love is boundless, some people are manipulative. So, like, should we restrict it or should we… should we not expect anything? How do… how to handle it? What is this question? Yoga is making you delicate, what is that? Like, it's making my love boundless. It's not making me to choose people in workplace, in personal life. There are a lot of backstabbers around. You're beginning to fall in love with your neighbors also. Now, please understand this. The yoga that you're practicing is about enhancing the interiority of who you are. The outside has to be conducted as it needs to be conducted. When you do not know how to conduct the outside, you think it's because of your love, it's not so.  So, if you're driving on the street and you see a buffalo and if you go give it a kiss and say, please, I love you, please move away, buffalo is not the problem, isn't it? You are the problem, yes or no? Is buffalo the problem? Buffalo is behaving according to its nature. You are not behaving according to your nature, that's the problem with you. So, that is not because of love, that is because of confusion and whatever, and that definitely yoga has not done that to you, yoga brings clarity to you, not confusion. So, our ability to handle situations, if they're impaired, because of some fanciful idea of love or whatever nonsense you have, then that's not love.  Should love empower you? Okay, even if you're loving, should love empower you or impair you? You should empower you, isn't it? If it's impairing you, it's not love, you have some convoluted idea about love. If you love somebody, will you do pretty things to them always or will you do what's needed? Will you do what's needed, isn't it?  You do what's needed, isn't it? So, love does not make you lose your discretion.  You know Dhrutrashtra problem? Nation is right now gripped with Dhrutrashtra problem. You don't know what that is? You don't know what Dhrutrashtra is? Dhrutrashtra. You heard of the man? Ah, he is the biggest influence right now in the country.


Statistics and Excel, Bell Curve, People's Weight Data Example. Got data? Let's get stuck into it with Statistics and Excel. You're not required to, but if you have access to OneNote, we're in the icon left-hand side. OneNote Presentation, 1626 Bell Curve, People Weight Example tab. We're also uploading transcripts to OneNote so you can go to the View tab, Immersive Reader Tool, change the language if you so choose so that you can either read or listen to the transcripts in multiple different languages tying in the timestamps to the actual video presentations. OneNote desktop version here in prior presentations. We've been thinking about how we can represent different data sets both with mathematical representations such as the average or mean, the median, the mode, quartiles, and pictorial representations like the box and whiskers, the histogram. The histogram being the primary tool we visualize when thinking about the spread of the data, being able to use descriptive terms to describe the spread of the data on a histogram such as the data is skewed to the left, the data is skewed to the right. We then wanted to think of formulas to graph lines or curves that may in certain cases approximate the actual data sets. Whenever we can do that, it would be great to do that because the formulas allow us to have more predictive power over whatever the data set is representing. We've talked about different kinds of data that might conform to different curves in the past such as a uniform distribution, binomial distribution, Poisson distribution, exponential distribution, for example, we're continuing on with the most famous of them, the normal or bell curve type of distribution. Remembering that not all data is going to conform to any of these types of distributions. We could have a data that just has no pattern that could be represented by a simple curve but many things could be represented in nature and when we're thinking about bell curves a lot of things in nature like heights, like weights, like if we're thinking about how close estimates are to a particular thing these are often things that might be represented by a bell curve. Now, if you don't have any actual data to practice with you might want to check out Kaggle.com to get some data sets to practice with in Excel or you can actually create your own data sets using a tool in Excel that we have talked about in prior presentations. So this time here's going to be our data on the left where we have height data and weight data. One of the primary differences with this data set then in prior data sets that we have looked at is that we have a whole lot more data this time which means that if we're talking about something that will conform to a bell curve it's more likely that if I create a histogram, the pictorial representation of the data then it's going to look more bell shaped because we have a whole lot more data. If we have less data it still might be something that should conform to basically a bell shaped distribution but we don't have as much data to kind of represent it's not going to look like as much of a bell shape even though it might be clustered more jaggedly in a bell shape type of position. And also we're going to do a little bit different graphs in terms of graphing our bell curve to ask questions such as what if we're talking about the area under the curve at the top of the curve or at the bottom of the curve or in the middle. Alright so this is our data same kind of thing that we've done in the past we want to then look at the data and say does this data conform to a bell curve type of distribution if it does then we can plot the actual bell shape distribution and ask questions about it from there. So we're going to take the mean of the data which is simply the average of the data this would be the formula in Excel taking the weights we're looking at the weights here all of the numbers divided by the count of the number and the average in pounds is 127 pounds on the average the standard deviation then is calculated this way standard deviation for the population in this case is just going to be all of the weights and that gives us 11.66 a measure of the spread of the data the median which is the one in the middle calculated thusly with this formula equals the median of this data if we were to sort the data from bottom to top then it would be the one in the middle picking the one in the middle which is 127 pounds about that's quite close to the mean which is an indication that this data might conform to a bell curve so at this time we're saying hey look it's weights so that's something in nature I'm already thinking this might conform to a bell curve based on my intuition there then the mean is the same as the median that's another indication if I take the mode which is the one that's going to be the number represents or comes up multiple times I'm looking at this formula just the single mode note that it's a little less likely if we didn't have so much data that the mode would be useful because we have decimal points so that means that if we didn't have a whole lot of data it would be less likely that we got a whole lot of multiple occurrences of the same exact measurement because we're pretty detailed on the measurements whereas if we didn't have the decimal points then it would be quite likely that the mode would be very useful because we would have multiple of the same number more likely even with a smaller data set but because we have such a large data set in this case then we even the mode is still relevant and it's pretty close to the mean which is another indication that this might conform to a bell shaped curve so if we were to plot this I think I plotted this down here it looks like this so this is a histogram so we have that middle point over here and you can see that it doesn't look like a smooth curve because it's still a histogram because we have a lot more data than it's looking a lot more bell shaped than some of our other curves remember that even if we were looking at weights and we had a lot less data then it still would conform to like packed up in the middle but it would look a lot more jagged due to the fact that we don't have as much data to be representative so we're saying okay it looks a lot like it's going to conform to a bell curve now so now we're going to say alright well then let's plot this thing out and look at the smooth curve or the graph that we can make based on our formula or plotting of the x so I'm going to say let's plot this out using our norm dot dist we want to take the x's now where am I going to start the x's this is our common questions we've run into in prior presentations we're looking at pounds so I might say well why don't I start at zero pounds and go up to a number of pounds like 500 or something it's unlikely they're going to hit 500 pounds that would be quite heavy of an individual but it's also unlikely it's going to go down to zero so we probably don't want to start at zero so where do we want to start well we know that if we go for standard deviations that's going to take the vast vast majority almost a hundred percent of the data even though it goes on forever the bell curve in theory on the tails but the vast majority of the data will be in there so let's do the four standard deviations which is what we've done in the past so the lower bit then is going to be the standard deviation of 11.66 times four four standard deviations 46.64 minus the mean will take me to the lower end so I'm going to say minus 127.08 and that gives us our 80.44 so I don't need to go down to zero pounds I can go down to 80 there are not many people that are 80 pounds


The Cube presents KubeCon and CloudNativeCon Europe 2022, brought to you by Red Hat, the CloudNative Computing Foundation and its ecosystem partners. Welcome to Valencia, Spain in KubeCon and CloudNativeCon Europe 2022. I'm Keith Townsend along with my co-host, Paul Gillen, who's been putting in some pretty good work talking to incredible people.  You introduced me to KubeCon at KubeCon San Diego, who's one of my first Kubecons. And I was trying to get my bearings about me and you're on stage and I'm like, okay, she looks like a reasonable person. This might be a reasonable place to learn about CloudNative. Welcome to the show. Thank you so much for having me. And that's so nice to hear. It is an amazing show, roughly 7,500 people? Yes, that's right, sold out. So it's a big show and with that comes, you know, someone told me, CNCF is an outstanding organization, which it is, you're the Executive Director. And I told them, you know what, that's like being the President of the United States without having Air Force One. Like, you get all- I don't know about that.  That's true. We're in Europe, we're coming out of times that have been, you know, it can't be overstated. This is unlike any other times. Yes, absolutely. Difficult decisions. There was a whole, I don't know the term, cufflough or blow-up about mass versus no mass. How do you manage just the diversity of the community? That is such a great question, because as I mentioned in my keynote a little bit, right? At this point, we're a community of what, 7.1 million developers? That's a really big group. And so when we think about how should we manage the diversity, the way I see it, it's essential to treat each other with kindness, professionalism, and respect. Now, that's easy to say. Yeah, because it sounds great, right? Yeah, paper is awesome. 7.1 million people later. Exactly. And so this is why, like, I phoned a friend on stage and Van Jones came and spoke with us, who's the renowned CNN contributor, commentator, sorry. And his advice was very much that in such a diverse community, there's always going to be lots of perspectives, lots of opinions. And we need to, A, always bring the version of ourselves which we think will empower this ecosystem. What we are doing, if everybody did that, is that going to be a good thing or a bad thing? And the other is we need to give each other space and grace. Space to do what we need to do, grace if there are mistakes, if there are challenges. And so those are some good principles for us to live by. And I think that in terms of how CNCF tries to enable the diversity, it's by really trying to hear from everybody possible, the vocal loud voices, as well as the folks who you need to reach out a little bit, pull in a little bit. So it's an ongoing challenge that we do our best with. How do you balance, and I've been to a lot of trade shows and conferences over the years, the trade show organizers are very coin-operated. They're there for the money. And you have traditional trade shows. And you have a situation here with an open-source community that is motivated by very different principles. But you need to make money. You need the show to be profitable. You need to sell some sponsorships. But you also need to keep it available and open to the people who don't have the big budgets. How are you balancing that? So I would actually like to share something that may not be obvious, which is that we don't actually do the shows to make money. We, as you said, a lot of trade shows are coin-off. And the goal there is like, well, actually there are different kinds of, I think if it's an independent events organization, it can be like, hey, let's make as much revenue as possible. If it's part of a large company, like cloud provider, et cetera, the events tend to be loss leaders. Because they're like lead gen, I think. But they're loss leaders, but they're profit makers. Long term, yeah, it's like top of the funnel, I guess. For us, we are only doing the events to enable the community and bring people from different companies together. So our goal is to try and break even. Well, that's laudable. How big does it get, though?  Would you limit its size, eventually, or are you just going to let this thing run its course? So our inherent belief is that we want to be accessible and open to more and more and more people because the mission is to make cloud native ubiquitous, right? And so that means we are excited about growth. We are excited about opening the doors for everyone. But I think, actually, the one good thing that came out of this pandemic is that we've become a lot more comfortable with hybrid. So we have a virtual component and an in-person component. So combining that, I think, makes it, well, it's very challenging, it's like running to events, but it's also like, it can scale a little bit better. And then if the numbers increase, like if they double, for example, I think we're still not in the realm of, by Southwest, which feels like, oh, that's the step function difference. So linear increases in number of attendees, I think is a good thing. If and when we get to the point where it's, you know, exponential growth, at that point we have to think about a completely different event, really. So seven billion people in the world, approaching eight billion, 7.1 members in the community. Technology is obviously an enabler. Where I, it's enabled me to be here in Valencia, Spain, experiencing this beautiful city. There's so much work to be done. What is the role of CNCF in providing access to education and technology for the rest of the world? Absolutely. So, you know, one of the key areas we focus on is learning and development. In supporting the ecosystem in learners, beginners, to start their cloud-native journey or expand their cloud-native journey with training, certifications, and actually shared this in the keynote. Every year, the increase in number of people taking certifications grows by 216%, year over year growth. It's a lot, right? And every week, about 1,000 people are taking a certification exam. So, and we set that up primarily to bring people in. And that's one of our more successful initiatives, but we do so many. We do mentorship programs, internship programs. We, a lot of diversity scholarships, these events. It all kind of comes together to support the ecosystem to grow. The, turning away from the events, you're toward the CNCF at large, you have a growing number of projects. The number of projects within CNCF is becoming kind of overwhelming. Is there an upper threshold at which you would, do you tighten the limits on what projects you will incubate or how big does that tent become? Right. I think, you know, when we had 50 projects, we were feeling overwhelmed then too, but we seem to have coped just fine. And there's a reason for that. The reason is that cloud native has been growing so fast with the world. It's a representative of what's going on in our world. Over the course of the pandemic, as you know, every company became a technology company. People had to like double their engineering staffs over, without anybody ever having met in person, right? And when that kind of change is going around the world, cloud needing being the scaffolding of how people build and deploy modern software, which is grew really quickly with it, and the use cases we needed to support grew. That's why the types of projects and kinds of projects is growing. So there's a method, there's a reason to the madness, I should say. And I think as the world and the landscape of technology evolves, cloud native will evolve and keep developing in either into new projects or consolidation of projects and everything is on the table. So I think one of these perceptions, rightly or only, is that CNCF is kind of where the big people go to play. If you're a small project and you're looking at CNCF, you're thinking one day I'll get big enough. Like how should small project leaders or leaders of small projects, how should they engage CNCF? Totally, and you know, I want to really change this narrative because in CNCF we have three tiers of projects. There's the graduated ones which are at the top, these are the most mature ones, we really believe and put our stamp behind them. Then there's the incubating projects which are pretty solid technologies with good usage that are getting there. And then there's the sandbox, which is literally a sandbox and open ground for innovation. And the bar to entry is low in that. It's easy to apply, there's a mass vote to get you in, and once you're in, you have a neutral IP zone created by being a CNCF project that you can attract more pro-mentainers, more companies can start collaborating, so we become an enabler for the small projects. So everybody should know that, FYI. Yeah, so I will be interested to know how that, so I have an idea, so let's say I don't have an idea, but let's say that I did have an idea. I'm sure you have an idea. I'm sure I have an idea. And I just don't have the infrastructure to run a project. I need help, but I think it's going to solve a problem. What's that application process like? So you apply after you already have a GitHub repo. Okay, I have a GitHub repo. Yeah, you've started the project, you've started the coding, you've put it out there on GitHub, you have something going. And so it's not at just idea level, it's at like early stage of execution level. And then your question was, how do you apply? Yeah, so how do I, so I have, let's say that, let's talk about something that I'm thinking about doing and I'll actually do is that we're thinking about doing a open store, a cloud native framework for people migrating to the public cloud or to cloud native. There's just not enough public information about that.  I want to contribute what I know to it. So that's a project in itself, not necessarily a software project, but a IP project. Or let's say I have a tool to do that migration and I put that up on my GitHub repo but I want people to iterate on that tool. Right, so it would be a simple process of literally there is when you go to our online materials, there's a simple process for sandbox where you fill a Google form, where you put in your URL, explain what you're doing, who are some basic information, hit submit, and we batch process these about every once a month, I think, and the TOC looks at what you've filled in, takes a group vote and goes from there. What is your operating model?  Do you look, I want to be sure, CNCF is a non-profit, is that correct? Do you look, what models do you look at in determining your own governance? Do you look at a commercial business? Do you look at a non-profit? Like ourselves? Yeah, what's your model for how you run CNCF? Oh, okay, so it's a non-profit, as I said, and our model is very simple. We want to raise the funds that we are able to raise in order to then invest them into community initiatives that play the supporter, enabler role to all these projects we just talked about. We're not, we're never the project, we're the top cheerleader of the project. Think of us like that. And in terms of, but interestingly, unlike, I don't know much about the non-profit session compare, but interestingly, the donating companies are relevant not just because of their cash that they have put in, but because those companies are part of this ecosystem and they need to, them being in this ecosystem, they help create content around cloud native. They do more than give us money and that's why we really like our members. They'll provide contributing engineers to projects, they will help us with marketing with case studies and the interviews and all of that. And so it becomes this like healthy cycle of it starts with someone donating to become a member, but they end up doing so many different things. And ultimately, the goal is make cloud native ubiquitous and all this goes towards that. So talk to me about conflict resolution because there are some really big projects in CNC, I mean, some stuff that is changed, literally changing the world, but there's competing interests between some of the projects. I mean, there's, if you look at service mesh, there's a lot of service mesh. And there's just different visions. Where's the CNCF and kind of just making sure the community expert is thought across all of the different or considered across all of the different projects as they have the, let's say, inevitably bump heads. Yeah, so by design, CNCF was never meant to be a kingmaker where you pick one project, right? And I think that's been working out really well because one is when you accept a project, you're not 100% sure that specific one is going to take over that technology space, right? So we're leaving it open to see who works it out. The second is that as every company is becoming a technology company, use cases are different. So a service mesh A might work really well for my company, but it really may not be a fit for your code base. And so the diversity of options is actually a really good thing. So talk to me about, saw an interesting note coming out of the keynote yesterday, 65% of the participants here at KubeCon are new to KubeCon.  You are. I went to two or three before this. OG. I think that's what I tweeted, OG of KubeCon. But who are they? Like, what's making up? Are they developers? Are there traditional enterprises? Are they contributing companies? Who's the 65%? Who's the 65% of you? The new. Well, it's all kinds of companies that are sending their developers, right? It's sometimes, there's a lot of them are end users. I think at least half or a third at least of attendees are end user companies. And then there is also like the new startups around town. And then there is like, every big company or small has been hiring developers as fast as possible. And even if they've always been a player and cloud native, they need to send all these people to this ecosystem to start building the relationships, start like learning the technology. So it's all kinds of folks are collecting to that here. As I think about people starting to learn the technologies, learn the communities, one thing, the market change for this KubeCon for me over others is the number of customers sharing stories in user organizations. Much of the KubeCon's that have been through many of the open source conferences, it's always been like vendors pushing their message, et cetera, what, tell me about that sea change. One thing that's like just immediate, and the case right now is that all the co-chairs for the event who are in charge of designing the agenda are end users. So we have Emily Fox from Apple, we have Jasmine James from Twitter, and we have Ricardo Roja from CERN. So they're all end users. So naturally they're like, you know, picking talks that they're like, well, this is very relevant, I'm a go for that. And I'm here for it. So that's one thing that's just happening. The other though is a greater trend, which is as I was saying in the pandemic, so many companies has to get going and quickly. That they have built expertise and users are no longer the passive recipients of information, they're equal contributors. They know what they need, what they want, they have experiences to share and you're seeing that reflected in the conference. One thing I've seen at other conferences in the past that started out really for practitioners is that invariably they want to go upscale and they want to draw the CIOs and the executive, the top executives. Is that an objective for you or do you really want to keep this kind of a t-shirt crowd for the long term? Hey, everyone's welcome. That's really important, you know, right? And so we, and that's why we're trying to expand. It's like, you know, middle out as they had in the Silicon Valley show. The idea being, sorry, I just meant this a little bit. Okay, so the idea being that we've had the core developer crews, developer DevOps, SRE crowd, right? Over the course of the last virtual events, we actually expanded in the other direction. We put in a business value track which was more for people in the business but not as a developer or DevOps engineer. We also had a student thing where it's like you're trying to get all the university crowd people and it's been working phenomenally. And then, actually, this event, we went in the other direction as well. We hosted our inaugural CTO summit which is for senior leadership and user companies. And the idea is they're discussing topics of technology that are business relevant. So our topic this time was resiliency and multi-cloud. And we're producing a research paper about it that's going to come out in some weeks. So for us, it's about getting everybody under this tent, right? But it will never mean that we deprioritize what we started with, which is the engineering crowd. It's just an expansion. Stay true to your roots. Well, Priyanka, we're going to talk to a lot of those startup communities tomorrow. Tomorrow's coverage is all about startups, why should CTOs, the new startups talk to these upstarts as opposed to some of the bigger players this year on the show floor. Over 170 sponsoring companies, the show floor has been vibrant, engaging. And we're going to get into that community tomorrow's coverage on theCUBE. From Villanquillas, Spain, I'm Keith Townsend along with Paul Gillan. And you're watching theCUBE, the leader in high tech coverage.


So thanks for coming out, hope you're enjoying your fest. We're really, really pleased to have Bill here to share his work today, but also to add his equipment on top of the Nature Center right now, our external recording audio devices up there. It's been a pleasure to learn some of the technology that goes into this, to add this to the record part of things that we can do here at the Nature Center. And I was trying to think of how I would introduce Bill, and it didn't get very far. But Bill is a hereditary, an itinerant acoustic biologist, that has hands in many pies in many states all over. He is as migratory as the birds in which we are listening to him, right? And I was trying to think of what Bill's spirit bird would be, as somebody who has his head up in the clouds and all that. But listening to our hereditary species up high in the sky during migration season, we're traveling all around doing this work. And so if you can think of a bird that fits that profile, you'd love to know an hour from now, and you will be your spirit bird fly. So anyway, without any further ado, I'll let Bill take the board. Thank you. Pleasure to be here. Thank you to Chemp, and to John, Zach, and the whole staff of the North Brandish Nature Center. And also, very importantly, Richard L'Hauer here. I think they're a new resident in the area, a hard-core herder. And he got interested in the work that I've been promoting for about 30 years, which is acoustic monitoring of avian, national playhouse. And Richard got a microphone earlier this year, and has facilitated that microphone getting on the roof of this building. And every night, for all the sound coming down from the sky, from about 8.30 to 5.30 in the morning. And then we just got to see that in most of August. Yesterday, I'm in Christchurch, we're listening to the night of August 25th and 26th.  This is about two in the morning, so the hard traffic has died down. But if you listen in the background, there's little occasional short chip notes, seek notes, the variety of notes from... These are the short flight calls that might migrate mostly whorlers on this night. You get some sparrows mixed in too. And both of these calls are about 10th to 20th in the second half. So they're like a single picture. And you can learn to identify them, but it's not a 10 to 15-year process. By the way, Richard also needs Wilson Marvel for his coming to this film. We'll help you out later today. So, I don't know if you can listen for a second. I'll play some of it a little bit, but some of the louder short chip notes. And it takes a little while to tune into these calls. If you're walking your dog out at night, you can hear them anywhere, across most of North America. But there's a very dense flight across Vermont. And it's mostly hearing the valleys, hearing the downfall of my deer. Probably tonight is going to be a good flight.  You've got to get away from the insects. Anyway, we'll play some of these in a little bit. Now, always good, take a step back, and realize we're in a very big process of life. It's been going on for a very long time. And continuing on, you know where it's going to go. There's biases in science. And, you know, this type of evolutionary tree might appeal more to you birds with the birds. Same thing happens with bird watchers. You've got your proto-verder, your initialverder, but then you get specialization through time. Goal watchers spend a lot of time at landfills in the winter. Maybe it's the old factory evolutionary development, blocking out smells, I don't know. Hawk watchers, specializing in seeing for any insects in the sky. Feeder watchers. I don't know, I think Cornell is working on computers to attach right to a feeder watcher so they can send in their data and proceed with it. Songbirds, which is sort of where I started. The migrations of songbirds and workers and fascinating phenomena. Night migration, more of a newer phenomenon that's what we're going to be talking about. Night migration, well, you know, I think it's only about 50 to 70 years ago that it really became apparent that most bird migration happens at night, obviously. And this is the songbirds. But almost everything, even sometimes one of the earliest forms of studying night migration was putting a telescope or a vernacular on a full moon, a full migration mode and seeing the birds for a while. Acoustic monitoring goes way back. Imagine Native Americans, first people in these places that we're at right now on the ridges wherever thousands of years ago undoubted in hearing these phenomena. The vocalizations of birds and night migration. Radar coming out of World War II, really developing out of World War II, really showing the expanse of birds and other things flying around at night in the atmosphere. Thermal imaging, the heat, studying the heat of birds. It's amazing how far the thermal imaging can when you can see birds a thousand feet away. Little songbirds migrating over that night. So avian night migration evolved out of favorable circumstances. There's the economy of flying at night in that a lot of most of our birds feed during the day. So if they flew all day, then they'd have to rest all night without refueling. So for songbirds, it's much more much easier if they migrate at night and then they can feed berries, insects during the day. You know, I might just turn this off but I haven't listened to this yet and I'm not sure what we're going to run into. It could be a car coming by. The other thing about night migration is avoiding predators. You have merlins, sharp shin hawks, a lot of raptors that specialize in eating small songbirds and they have no cover if they're flying along distance down in Central or South America at night. So, I mean, during the day. So if they migrate at night, they have that advantage of avoiding predators.  I don't think that happens here in North America. The other thing is, physically easier at night it's cooler than the air's less turbulent and the utility of using celestial navigation on long flights. Now these birds in night migration are flying generally over the lay of the land. There's migrations down the valleys in Vermont but they're not flying over hills and into the valleys like this. They get above the lay of the land and they just fly and they get into sort of a rhythm where they... where it's relatively easy for them and they don't have to keep continually adjusting. So none of them can see each other and they can't see objects. They've got to get above trees. They've got to get now above wind turbines. They've got to get above mountains. So, one of the things that spawned out of the development of radar in World War II was weather radar and now we have this amazing system of weather radar across the U.S. called NEXRAD radar and you can see we have a few dots up here here in Vermont. I'm not exactly sure where that one is up there. Up near Burlington maybe. Camp Johnson. Camp Johnson. And this was last night across the continent. Now radar basically is like taking a flashlight and it's using a wavelength of electromagnetic radiation that we can't see and it shoots that around and it listens for reflections and then through computer algorithms they can paint a picture of what's coming back. Now what comes back is what reflects off water. So any biological organism flying in the atmosphere and I can get picked up by the NEXRAD and of course rain can get picked up. So birds, bats and bugs. That's what this is. But the targets can be generalized to mostly birds. Sometimes if you look at the flight speed of the targets and there's another mode of NEXRAD they'll allow you to see the speed of the targets. You can access this map if you go to your web browser and type in N-C-A-R radar archive. They have, from all those dots around the country they have the last five nights archive. And if you click on the continental link you can see right now you can see this instant anywhere across the continent. So here's basically a big bird migration last night. Mostly birds probably. Not as much up where we are. But again this is looking it has a slight angle. So when you see these big blooms like this a lot of that is fairly high in the atmosphere. It doesn't mean we did have migration here last night but it might have been below the ability of radar to see it. And of course radar can't see through a mountain so Vermont is not really a radar friendly state like these mountains. With very specialized radar you could probably study what's migrating along the valleys. Is that the hurricane off the... the hurricane this afternoon that's the forecast. So this is the forecast map for this afternoon. So you see here's a cold front and here's the high with the winds going clockwise. And this big bird migration happened last night here following this high pressure. The hurricane here with counterclockwise winds also might have brought us we had sort of an easterly wind this would have been a little bit further south last night. I don't know what happened last night here but we did get the recording. But so this cold front is going to sweep across the state tonight and by tomorrow morning it's going to be through northern Vermont. I think tomorrow morning is going to be an excellent early morning here because there'll be a nice wave of migrants following that cold front. There's going to be some clouds maybe some light rain as that comes in in the morning and I don't know it looks really good tomorrow morning. Not that it's bad today but it looks really good. Sorry. That's right. With all the winds from the hurricane does that mean that we're going to have some unusual earthier birds? No. No it wasn't close enough. The hurricane has to get closer with those strong winds. I mean it's kind of impossible that something could get pushed down the St. Lawrence and then eventually find its way through Vermont but I wouldn't be out looking for hurricane birds today or tomorrow or from this hurricane in general. Can I ask a question about the radar? Sure. I don't need you to go back on that. If so was primarily in the east is that the slides focused to be primarily in the east to show or was there just not as much happening in the west? This is from 10 p.m. eastern daylight time and all the way from track to a three hours it hadn't taken off yet. Yeah. If you look at later in the night the sea blooms here but the blooms out west generally aren't as big. They don't have the same density of night migrants as we do here in the east. We just have a tremendous number of birds migrating overnight. And it seemed like you were correlating the bigger blooms in the middle of the country that you're seeing there with that area of high pressure. Yeah. So that's going to move over. So theoretically we might get those big blooms tonight or certainly tomorrow night. It looks like the cold front is going to be right on top of us tonight. So would Ohio have gotten yesterday? Or tonight? Yeah. Ohio could have gotten out last night. So this is the forecast for this afternoon. So actually the cold front isn't going to go through Ohio until tonight. So tomorrow would be really good. Now birds, if it's light winds like it was last night, it's sort of light east where we live here the workload's just still going to go. They are programmed to go at a certain time of the year and they'll go if the flying's good. They're not going to go if it's a strong south wind. So that's a day not to necessarily go out birding next morning. But pay attention to the weather if you really optimize your birding. When you really get the feeder like Richard does you want to be out every day. But you can because work, work and life gets in the way. So you need to maximize your birding by paying attention to the weather. So when you go out it's good. And there's all sorts of tricks of where to bird and things like that that are sort of correlated with weather. All right, so we've discussed radar which is an active form of studying night migration. Coustics is passive. As I remember the first peoples here have heard these flights undoubtedly. They might have listened to geese coming over and think okay, the geese are back. Now we can finally get something to eat after. It's like getting through the whole winter. I don't know what they thought. I don't think anyone does. Especially with things like warblers. What did they think of warblership notes? Did they know, you know, people couldn't travel back then. So the first peoples here didn't know that these birds went to South America and Central America. But they experienced the flight by these sounds. So flight calling phenomenon. Has anyone heard of these calls? Got a few people back here. I'll play some more examples. They give these calls, especially warblers and sparrows, and almost all of them are for maintaining in-flight associations of some sort. You have to realize it's dark up there. And when you have large numbers of birds moving, they do not want to crash into one another. It's very important that they work out their flight spacing. Breakaway crashing into another bird, that's it. So over time, evolutionarily, that's where we think this flight call system sort of came as a form of air traffic control. There's also echolocation, which comes in handy, I think, especially on a foggy morning when they're looking for a place to land or a low-cloud ceiling at night. They definitely get some feedback. Their call comes out of their mouth, it goes down, hits the ground, it comes back up, and they get that constant feedback when they're giving these calls. The interesting thing is there's whole groups like murios and fly catchers. They migrate at night, but they did not get calls as far as we know. If you think for us during the day, you'd think that would be making sense. Not that. Maybe they're just utilizing the calls of other birds. So early American ornithological literature has some, a few papers, that discuss night flight calls. The first one was George Libby, 1899 near Madison, Wisconsin. He sat on the hill and counted the number of little chip notes, the number of little sparrows going over. He counted 4,000 or something like that. And you get this paper here by Copman, the first paper to describe the night flight call of the veery. Howells, 2012. This is somewhere in New England. Figured out, he counted the olive back thrush, especially just now, our slain sense thrush, and it has a beautiful spring keeper on my call at night. He counted those. And then Tyler, the first, and I think he was based in Massachusetts, the first person to describe oven bird night flight call. Now back in the, about the late 50s, a fellow named Richard Graber, based at the Illinois Natural History Survey, got very curious about night migration and teamed up with a guy named Bill Cochran. Cochran was an electrical engineer at the University of Illinois and designed this recording system. Now he couldn't just go by a computer, so back in the late 50s, there wasn't a lot off the shelf and everything had to be developed. So Cochran developed this system of reel-to-reel tapes that would record 10 minutes out of every hour. And then they would sample 10 minutes out of every hour all through the night, go back and listen to the calls and make some sense out of it. He has this big parabolic dish and the hay bales for blocking other extraneous environmental sounds. So I got into this in about 1985. I was out camping in eastern Minnesota and heard this huge flight and I basically dropped everything and started doing this. So I have been doing this continuously since 1985. Back then, I didn't know how to do it. I didn't know. I thought swamps and stretches were febis. I knew nothing. And I started with a little literature loose out there and I went down to visit Graver and Cochran. And, you know, just started working at it. Now eventually, I developed these little homemade microphones. You can still go to the website oldbird.org and for $35, $40, you can build your own microphone for tuning in. It's a little more involved with that. And not that many people actually do it, but a bunch of kids have done it through the years. And I've actually now got a... I realize that not that many people were building their own. So I had to build one and sell it. And I've got these... And this is a really good microphone. This is what Richard bought that's on the roof here. And so that sound you're hearing earlier is from one of these on the roof. This guy's got about a 60-degree comb going up of enhanced sensitivity. These are some earlier models. All right, now we get to the quiz. All right, the first one is easy. Mainly because I already have the picture up there.  It starts out weak, gets louder, and it'll get weaker again because, again, if you have a fixed microphone, birds will fly up over the wall. They're closer. You've got to get down to speed. It's a black belt. Yeah. What? Was it a black belt? No. One of you can get this bird to fly up over your house. Every one of you. It's a start-up. They're heading somewhere south. It's my fault. I don't make this fall during the day. You can't hear it. There's a couple of weaker calls in this neighborhood. The key thing here is this is a wonderful way to build up your yard list. That's Leaston. That was the all-building loophole. My idea is mixed up. Head down and roll over in South America. Okay, so now we get to the real hard stuff. This is the War of Loose and Sparrows. These are those short little chips I was trying to point out earlier. I'm going to first play American Red Star at Night Flight Call. Again, these were learned by a 15-year effort by myself and a guy named Michael O'Brien from Cape May. We studied the flight calls of these birds for a long time during the day. Then we matched them spectrographically with these unknown calls during the night. Here's American Red Star. You're going to get quizzed on this. Pay attention to whether... I mean, I'm going to do a quiz at the end. I'll play four species. Pay attention to whether it's a rising note, a descending note, a buzzy note, or a pure tone note. Two calls... Oops, hold on a second. That was American Red Star. That's the spectrogram. It goes down and then up. I'll play it. Let's do that one more time. You've got to be quick. But that's what it looks like spectrographically. Spectrographically, this is frequency on the y-axis and time. So this is only a hundred milliseconds, a tenth of a second long. That's why it's so hard. So let me... Okay, here's American Red Star. Next one's black and white warbler. That has a little buzz to it. Next one's Canada. And then white throat sparrow. All right, so now... Here's the quiz part. All right, ready? Here's your first quiz. Red Star. I think you're right. Next one. Let's hear the Red Star again. The one you think is Red Star. Then I'll play the next one. I think black and white's probably a good guess. Okay, let's try it again. Red Star. Red Star. Probably the black and white. Canada. Canada, yeah. And then finally... Longer. Longer. You don't need to sing songs tonight.  I'm here, where are you?  That's a tape. I went to University of Illinois and got some of the original tapes in an archive in the Cornell, one that used to work at Cornell. And to preserve those... And that's really...  Who knows how long? I remember when I was a kid growing up and I had this realization, I was a birder and I really wanted to see, I just had this urge, what this place was like a hundred years ago, what North America was like before Western Europeans came and all the changes have happened. And you can't get that. It's gone. And so, you know, I think a lot of this for me is about getting, you know, back to me realizing how powerful this monitoring technique is, because we can record on that night of August 25, 26, a week or so ago, two weeks ago now, over this building, that's the only time I've analyzed so far, we had 665 warrenboard experimental plants. That doesn't really count the freshest. And that's a median night. We're going to get 1,000 warrenboard nights here, because this is a great location and so one of the things I have a stage, the closest station that I've been monitoring night flight calls is down near Albany, New York. It's a little village called Chatham and it's on this side of the mountain, on the west side of the mountains. There's a picture of the microphone. You can see some of the city there. It's right downtown. Not a bad place. You get car noises but you don't have insects. When you're trying to monitor warrenboard and sparrows, insects are the worst thing. Car noises you can filter out. So I'm going to show you some of the data from Canada Warbler. Here's the breeding range of Canada Warbler. And this is where they winter in northern South America and they have this migration route.  Like, no. So what I've been doing at this site is I have five years of data from 2012 to 2016. And this is the average ratio of Canada Warbler night flight calls to all Warbler and Sparrow night flight calls on a weekly running average here. So you see, from that site there in eastern New York Canada Warblers from mid-August are peaking at about 3%. So 3 out of 100 calls will be Canada Warbler on the other here. Here, your Canada Warbler is in the higher. I can tell just by listening to that on 1925-26. It was like 30-40% Canada Warbler. I mean, not quite that high, but it was much higher than 3%. So you know thanks to Richard for bringing this microphone here and I'm going to push for North Branch to record and get at least 3-5 years of data. And get this data archive, get it out there, put it online, take out the good recordings and put them on the website and you know, and get that baseline data now because once it's gone it's gone.  But one night isn't critical. But season data, if you get a few seasons together you start to paint a picture of what the acoustic pattern means here. Even though we haven't exactly figured out how to connect that to the population. Because not all birds call on the migrated night and some of them call at different rates. But if you do anyone does breeding bird surveys, you don't get all the birds. It's just a sample, it's just an index. So this is another independent index for the species of the vocalizing migration. I have done a little bit of monitoring in Vermont and not much in 1997 upon Mount Mansfield of Vins we had a station for the fall. And unfortunately that was all on high-five VCR tape. And I've only got one night that I managed to digitize. It's tricky. So I lost a lot of the data but that was Mount Mansfield recently here. And it was a mid-September night with a few Swannes' Threshes calling. I did an acoustic study on Glee Mountain. It's about 3,000 feet south of here in Vermont. And I had one microphone station in spring and fall 2004-2005 I think on the top and one at the bottom. And in both seasons there was a lot more migration especially in spring in the valley. And that's something now I can go back and put that online that wind project never ended up being built. Oldbird.org we've got tools here. There's people all over starting to make better software. And you know this is hopefully going to be a real citizen and groove effort over the next decade or two to really automate this so you can wake up in the morning and see what was flying. You know with computers automatically recognizing the identity of the species. And Cornell is working on it. Lots of folks are working on it and it's going to be fun. It's just modern birdwatch in the future. In the meantime you can build a $35 microphone and put it on your roof. If you're really interested in building your yard list or tuning in. But our power companies hiring you know when they're doing siding for wind farms I used to do I used to get a lot of jobs from power companies siding wind energy. And then when they started to push into some dense migration areas I ended up being hired by the opposite side. And after that I stopped getting hired by them. It's an interesting very political world wind energy and we need it because we don't have any other better alternatives. So there's places for it and there's also places where it shouldn't go. A little side story here I used to work for Dick Graber when I was a grad student. Wow. There's a sad part though he would go out on the migrations at fall on a night or in the morning following a foggy night to go to the television radio and television because the migrating birds would home in on the lights and we picked up from one night, one night from three powers 3,000 dead migrating birds and most of them caught the 10,000 rod in the cornfield flocking around the world. And there are every species you can imagine. Grieves, hat birds, inches or worse it's astonishing I love to talk with you afterwards I've got a chance to come up but I'll just say that I co-sponsored the first workshop trying to address that problem in 1999 in Cornell and with Fish and Wildlife Service and we brought in FAA the FEC and all the agencies and after it's a really wonderful story but it was really an American bird constituency with the threat of lawsuits that pushed it and that's the way things get done in America and after about a 10 year effort we at least got the lighting on towers changed to one that won't attract birds as much. At least the problem is that there's 50,000 powers and they're sort of grandfathered in with the old lighting system but as soon as they get updated theoretically that problem will go away the other thing is that with that problem but as the cities expanding from the 1950s and 60s when greater was doing that work the light dome from cities engulfed these towers that had the isolated aviation obstruction warning lights that attracted the birds and the death as they hit the guywires and I think the record was something like 25,000 birds in one night in Clare, Wisconsin but now it's not happening as much at those towers towers that used to kill thousands of birds a night are only killing a year are now only killing hundreds and these are the big tall TV tellers there's a guywires in the light you spring them in and they don't see the guywires so probably the reason we're not finding as many now is lower bird populations lower density there's still a lot of birds up there but lower than it was but also in order to study that light attraction problem you have to get into dark terrain and study towers and other light sources there can happen with a lot of other light sources too that's a great piece of historical information wonderful you just made my whole trip as the equipment becomes more person friendly I wonder if there's any possibility for citizens to get upon mountains all in a coordinated manner so that we can know as citizens in the end to apply pressure regarding the question about power installations we don't really know I think which mountains are always strong migratory leaves or whether the patterns change as they probably do with weather or whether there's some mountains that would make good sites for power and others we don't have that information and forget the companies they're not going to hire anyone anymore but what about the possibility of a citizen movement to begin to get the information by meaningful data pressure you're right on whether it's citizen or other forms of getting that data I mean certainly citizens can participate in it but you have to get the data and have it in place before the energy installation is proposed ideally because you're right you're not going to get the funding from the industry and if you are it'll be maybe a study right at that spot but they don't understand the bigger picture and in Vermont I can tell you just from my experience with other places nocturnal migration here is very complex because of the Montaigne terrain and how weather shapes wind currents in these valleys and things so it is literally unknown to anyone and maybe this station will be the first long term site in the state to start gathering data but where do you get and this is what Bill Cochran told me back in 1994 he got all excited about this idea of automatically monitoring these calls is that every additional station you have running simultaneously gives you different information like I did on Glee where you have one at the top and one at the bottom just those two stations you get a tremendous amount of information and so it wouldn't take that many stations if you've got six stations some up high and down low they're doing that in Montana the similar Montaigne terrain to try to understand and who's paying for it in that case you've got a guy that made a billion dollars in the stock market shorting out he's figured out some way to do it in very tiny milliseconds and he made all this money and then he got a good heart and he put it into buying ranches in the west and one of those ranches called MPG Ranch has he hired like 30 biologists there and one of the biologists really got the vision to study the migration through the calls and they have been a they've really helped develop the software in recent years so there are pockets of money out there it's not always clean you can do the best you can I had done that in one of the while I was still at Cornell in 1994 we put out a bunch of microphones like eight microphones in an array and then you triangulate the arrival times a bird-like call off to the side and the sound arrives at the closer microphones first by calculating those arrival time delays you can approximate where the big call comes from in the sky and and then you plot that you get hundreds and hundreds of calls and you plot that and you sort of get a pickup pattern with the microphone there's some of that on my on one of the publications that really hasn't in Cornell did a study after 11 and it's not, that's the way to do it but it hasn't been done very much the interesting thing I found was that a lot of warlords and sparrows were flying lower and well it was more but the Swains and Threshes were not flying low they were up high and it gets back to this whole idea of maybe echolocation they have a louder call and basically there's so much more that needs to be learned that is available to be learned and that is one that's a really good question about the pickup pattern on the microphone and how different species stratify in the atmosphere you might get geese and things like obviously much higher they typically sound higher when they're we're getting those all flights from Quebec to the mid-Atlantic whereas the warlords and sparrows this microphone only picks them up up to about a thousand feet we know that, that's a limitation whereas Threshes at least 2000 feet they have a louder call and geese probably up to 5000 feet so it's an index you get the data and you compare changes in the data through time to try to do it absolutely to calibrate exactly how much you're picking up varies of wind direction varies of humidity all sorts of things really nail it it's a very more intensive study than something like this and that's the same as the Breeding Birds survey where people are just going out and stopping every half mile for 3 minutes that's not very intensive but ultimately it gives us what we have right now is the best information in a long group of populations are increasing in climate I'm still trying to wrap my head around the whole idea of identifying the flight call and the whole complication can you talk a little bit more about how you guys started to look at spectrograms and be like, yep, that goes together well, you know if you have a flock of geese what do you hear at the end? start with geese start with geese and then keep working put it warbler I worked on for 6 years and it took a long time and I went to a barrier island off the coast of Texas and waited for a fallout and I happened to get it, it was like April 6 one year and I got out there birds all over the dunes and everything and I found some hooded warblers there were three of them sitting in a bush a little tiny bush and I was waiting until they took off because oftentimes when they come in from the fallouts they come down in the rest after flying across the gulf the rest a little bit, they don't want to be out on those dunes and so they'll rest a little bit and then they'll fly out and look for a better habitat and I waited there and they took off and got the call and that one little 10th of a second opened the door because once I saw it, it was pretty unsteady it's just like it's just like those long evolutionary periods which came first at chicken or the egg it gets really nebulous but all I can tell you is if you keep working at it, you get better and there's a lot of stuff I don't know and it gets lumped in complex, it's like the zeep complex so you can like zeep sparrow like soup warblers the interesting thing is warblers and sparrows they have some overlaps some warblers can be like sparrows and place versus and it's like right now Connecticut warblers probably migrating over us but they have a zeep called it's just like black bull which is also migrating over us so if you hear a zeep, you don't know what you can't do Connecticut warblers at night you can't even confidently do black bull other than there's lots more of them when moving over so it's like analogy of a jigsaw puzzle you get the easy distinctive ones and things like swains and strush are very distinctive but you don't know one you know them all, that's the other problem and just because you hear something that sounds like something you recorded during the day you have to make sure there's nothing else out there that's not similar so it's like a jigsaw puzzle you work your way around and you base it on what the possibilities are you know a warbler call is not canada goose canada goose just can't do that so it's like that you know what it is and you also know what it is and you zero in on it well thank you, thanks for all the foundational work that you've done to give us like those audio files that give us some space to to have six years well that was just what I watched beast that's what I was doing all the time for every species though there's been some kind of visual confirmation well the real genius yeah, the real genius of the guy that michael brine and I put out in 2002 which is now I should say online if you go to publications here and I've heard there's two links, one is flight calls in eastern north america, Lambert's in eastern north america and there you can see the groundwork we did with getting the you know a bird ID during the day flying giving them call type we have those and then we have the hypothetic or presumed you know similar photographic ones that we've recorded that might be presumed are the same species which birds are you still working on or are you working on the time scale well some really interesting thing on wilson's warbler the western subspecies have a state of night flight calls for oven bird there's seven different kinds of calls it's male or female different populations and then it gets much more than that you get into how especially like something like henslow sparrow it's really hard to get their main flight call you know very unlikely to get it here but in new york you're still getting a few each population seems to have its own so it's all the same species but each population has its own type of flight call and the flight call is also the location call for most sparrows that they give during the day when they're in high brush you have anything when we put those cause we did a land bird flight call we put hummingbird chip notes on there and when I know that it was very short high notes I've never recorded anything that I thought was from hummingbird at night but you know they do come across the Gulf of Mexico if you're on like Fort Morgan down in alabama and you're waiting for the flight to come in from yucatan that morning you see hummingbirds coming in with the songbirds so I presume that they also migrated then has anybody been working I mean with the banding stations has anybody come up with a chip to be able to record on the actual bird the rest of the distance yeah a number of folks at powder mill banding station in near pittsburgh a guy in my plan zone who's now developed these little light locators and he's got a business supplying those for bird migration researchers around the world but he sort of started the bio acoustics program and what he did was he took the warablers that were banded and he held up for a little while in these cages and then he would record the calls that they made during the night now that was an idea that I had and when Dick Graver was still alive I went to see him in 1986 and unfortunately he had just had a stroke he could remember a lot from the early days in the 60's but when I gave him that idea I said well I know he does band birds and put him in cages and record these calls and he said well you can try that he's a very Jimmy Stewart like character sort of Illinois accent and he said well you know what you can do you can go to the tower kills and get the injured birds and do it with those I mean it wasn't that he was against banding but you know he was just a very sensitive man and that influenced me and so I never did that and it turns out that when you do put him in cages at night or some species you get zero information from and some species you do get it and you do make some progress that way so there's been a couple manuscripts and a lot I think so they weren't brought to the literature that made some progress I wasn't thinking of keeping them in a cage but just somehow being able to mic them Oh put a microphone on them well Bill Cochran Dick Raver's colleague at University of Illinois put the first microphones on any bird I think put them on slaints and thrushes you need to drive like crazy in a station well you got a speeding ticket he's in his late 80's he's a wonderful person he still lives in Champaign, Illinois and I mean his story is on track you know following migrating freshers or just lots of stuff written and I got some of his recordings of the slaints and thrush vocalizing and it transmits the sound to him in a station wagon driving I know what about Rupert Wills do you have further data on Rupert Wills? I don't know I've never recorded them in night migration I mean I know they migrate and we hear them calling preposkularly in mornings and in the evening they certainly don't give their whip a little while they're migrating they might give a little chucked note occasionally but a lot of species do migrate simultaneously and that I think is wonderful they've seen Nighthawk for pre-mociferous during the day in the fall I don't know some people have said they've seen Nighthawks here in the last week do you hear them calling at this time of year? I'm just curious do you hear at this time of year you're hearing that call? they seem to be silent the ones I've been seeing there but I kind of reported their flight call at night occasionally so it's possible Rupert Wills some of the species might make some sound I don't know species that migrate separately by gender do they have different night time? well the redwigs mostly by the day they do come across Gulf of Mexico with the night migrants so they could migrate at night too there's a lot of unknowns about that I think that the work of Mike Lanzone and Andy Farnsworth Cornell when they had the birds in cages showed that for some species there are differences between male and female and especially with the immature it's like rose breast to grow speed because the immature is a very distinctive night flight call versus the adults and cast the intern in one of those cases where you don't get the male and female but the prehistoric sort of narrative you'll hear those calls and then the high-pitched calls of the young with them in land areas at night migration so those are moving as family groups maybe the adults are showing young where to go in the night migration this might seem a little wrong to talk about but for years I studied hunk at Wales and I recorded them and then we would study them on spectrographs and I would do some fast forward many times and it sounds exactly like bird songs I've heard that please and probably similarly for bird songs when you slow it down it sounds like come back real fast in the lab where I first started to learn can you paint Chris Clark are you still working with Katie? a lot she's working in development now so that's where a lot of this software so I came to Cornell and first worked in the library of natural sounds in 1988 and then in 1994 came back as a lowercase of a laboratory that's associated with Collaborate with the Bioplosix program to develop software for automatically recognizing these calls Richard and I just talked to a fellow who wrote he wrote the first version of some of the software that has been used for that but anyway I see I've only got about 5 minutes or our next speaker comes on here so I'm going to give her a time to get set up I'd love to talk to you afterwards thank you very much