Felly, oedden nhw'n gweithio i'r ddechrau i'r oeddaeth, oedden nhw'n gennymau o'r archiologiaeth, a'r archiologiaeth y ffwcêr byddwn ar y cyfnod arfer. Mae'r projwer o'r gweithio i'r gyfnod o'r Ymhwyloedd Dyn nhw, oedden nhw'n gwneud o'r cyfnod o'r neid oeddaeth, oedden nhw'n gweithio i'r cyfnod. Mae'r ffondi i'r lluniau am gyda ymddangos a'r Llyfrgell Unifestifol. A Llyfrgell, mae'r ffondi ar y Prifysgol Fuddion a Llyfrgell Gwladiaethau ac mae'r ffordd ymddangos ei ffordd a'i ffordd i'r ffordd i'r ymddangos, a i'r ffordd i'r ffordd i'r ymdangos, a'r ffordd i'r ymddangos i'r ymddangos. Felly, fel ydych chi'n gyfreunio, mae'n cael ei ddim yn gweithio y gallai'r oedd, ond, I appreciate their comments in the past. We all know that archaeology is supposedly the study of the material remains of the past But I'm sure we all believe that it can be used to contribute to a better understanding that the present day initial inequity and I have not yet proved our future. The further back we go, the more interesting future can be. That's the premise. I'm sure I don't need to tell this audience that we are the chimpanzees have a long relationship, maybe about 6 million years or so, when the two strands diverged from common ancestor. Mae yna nhw'n deall o'r wladau allanolion, mae gennych yn cyd-dreddarau cyllidau, mae'n ddweud yma, ond mae'n ddweud ar ôl, mae'n ddweud a'n ddweud i'r archifwladau ac mae'r ddweud yma ar gyfer yr adroddau yn ysgrifennig, mae'n gael'r cynnwys cychwyn yma. Mae'n ddweud i'r adroddau ar gyfer yma, ac mae'n ddweud i'r adroddau, ac mae'n ddweud iawn yn ddweud, ac mae'n ddweud i'r adroddau i'r adroddau, Felly, yn diolch yn rhan o'r sgafnodd, rhan o'r gafnodd yn ffordd, a'r blynyddoedd, rhan o'r oedden nhw'n dweud, yn ymgyrcholol. Felly, mae'n ei bod yn cerddau cyflosol, mae'r 6 miliwn niad ar unrhyw ffrwng rhaid i'r unrhyw ddododd cyfnodd. Rwy'r rhaid i ddodd ar gyfer gael y llyfrgyntau dysfunctiol gan gyddon oherwydd cyflosol a gyddon o'r cyflosol ond. Dw i'n ddim yn mynd i fanylio, mae'r wrthodolau fawr o'r gyfnodau. Mae'r imi gŷdd o'r hyn a'r llwgol, mae'n gwybod i mi o'n gyrtoedd, ond mae'n fwrdd o mewn hwnnw. Mae cwm o'r gwrthodol o'n gyrtro, o fe allan iawn o gyrtodol, oherwydd o ran o gyfnodau, oherwydd o'r llwgol. ..a chael y bydd y bydd yn gwneud hynny... ..y'r ffordd cyfnodd gyda'r cyfnodd... ..yn llawer o gwaith y bydd y sefydliad. Rhaid yw'r bydd yn ymddangos cyfrifadau... ..y'r 5-10,000 ulygu yn gyfer sydd cyfnodd... ..yna ymddangos yn cyfnodd. Mae'n ystod gynnwys o'r ganfodol... ..di'ch cyfrifodol o'r cyfrifodol... ..di'ch cyfrifodol o'r gwaith yn gweithio... Mae'r wych yn ddiddordeb sydd wedi cael eu cynhyrchu'r syniadau a'r cyfrifysgol ar y gwrthwynghau yng Nghymru, a nid i'r hyn – sy'n mynd i'r cyfrifysgol, dwi'n credu bod y byddwn yn ddod y cyfrifysgol, ac yn y pethau'r ffordd yn unrhyw gynnig. Dwi'n credu'r rhaid i'n ffordd, rydyn ni'n gwybod. Rydyn ni'n cyffredig i gydigol a fyddwch chi'n cael ei ddwynghau. ac mae'n gweld i'r ffrindio mewn gweldio. Mae'r rhan o'r ffrindio, y proses o gyfnodol, a'r rhan o'r ffrindio yng nghymru. Mae'r rhan o'r proses yn yw'n gweithio'r gweithio o'r rhan o'r rhan o'r genedlaethau yng nghymru. Ond yna nid yw'n gwybod i'n meddwl i'r rhan o'r rhan o'r ffrindio. Felly, mae'n meddwl i'r rhan o'r ffrindio mewn gweldio, mae deallwch genedig iawn yn cael bod wedi clywed yn dwi'n cael gwybod gyda genedig ei bod yn cael gwybod a'i gyda'n gwneud. Mae'n cael ei berthynas, ac mae hyn yn tynnu un o'ch gwath. Yn y pethwn i'n siarad o'i dod o'r Ffrasglam, i ddangos, a'u rhesymau yn deallwch i Gweithreidrion. Mae'r detall yn ymgyrch â'r ysgolion gyda'r meddwl yng Nghymru, ac yn ystafell yn teimlo fydd y ffordd gyda'r eithaf y byddai'r eithaf erbyn y cyfle gyda'r cyffredinol, yn ei ffodol yma arall, a'u ddwylo rwy'r rhaid i'ch gwirioneddau pa'u gwirioneddau, yn ymgyrch ar y pethau yma, i'ch gael i'r ffyrdd hwnnw i'ch gweithio ar y rhaid. Erdw i fod o'r bwrdd, rwy'n oed yn un o gyfaint, o'r gyfaint, o'r llehau proces i Fontaine Lasis, ond ac rydw i wedi beth yn ddisfu ddaifeth yng Nghymru. Rwy'n oed, mae'r bwrdd, yn rhoi bobl a'i gwybod yn rhan o gyfaint. Mae dechrau i'r gwasbeth ag i'n gwybod yn ddifusio agor â hyfer yn diolch o moslygiadau Ligol, I can just use the proxy for obesity and none of these things were visible in the previous culture, so the more urbanised we get, the more civilised we get, the more diseases we seem to occur. And these are the diseases we have based on the World Heritage, the World Health Organisation's website, a number of these are the top 10 killers in modern urbanised society from heart disease, stroke, to various cancers and type 2, death diabetes, etc. Now the amazing thing about that awful top 10 is that all, and I repeat this all, are rare and non-existent in non-urbanised societies. It's not me saying that, that comes from Stefan Lindbergh's original Western disease. Now the late great Stefan Lindbergh has spent many years working in Qatar at the beginning, looking at the unurbanised native population there from a general practitioner's point of view. And he made this great study and found that they did indeed not suffer from any of the top 10 killers in Western urbanised society. They suffered from other things, not the ones that are killing us today. And this table shows you the health profiles on the far side of the Qatar Non-urbanised Society, young civilised natives, and then the three other columns, all taken from the WHO data in about 2010, the same time Stefan Lindbergh was working in Abu Ghiddi. And if you look at those three columns, the brown, the yellow and the red, they represent a culture, a culture that is urbanised and global, urbanising, becoming urbanised and highly urbanised. In other words, that's the process of urbanisation. That each stage in urbanisation has a different profile, as you can see there. Now the unurbanised Kitaba people die of accident homicide, neonatal infections, unary infections, or a lot of problems due to childhood, etc. And you'll notice that in the highly urbanised society we've got rid of all those. They are not in the top 10 categories of things that are actually to get rid of. But each of those columns has a different health profile. And what is interesting is in the red column, the 10 most common causes of death haven't got rid of the problems of childbirth. Each one of those 10 is not apparent in Kitaba. So we have this very skewed concept. Highly urbanised societies can get rid of some of the diseases, but they've been incredibly replaced by a set of conditions which are not present in the unurbanised society. Which does beg the question, why should this be the case? Can we use our knowledge of non-urbanised societies to find out what their magic is and put that into highly urbanised societies to make it all in thousands of years longer? So in other words, it won't seem to be as well adapted to urbanisation as we might be. So how can we better adapt to urbanisation? Can we just need more pharmaceutical solutions, more medicines? Do we need to design better cities? Is that an architectural solution? Or should we be looking at cultural and behavioural change that better fits our biology? There are various ways of looking at this problem. One is through the social determinants of health with the cultural and behavioural change. And one is what we're trying to do through the humanitarian determinants of health. They're not either or. They can work together. But they're two rather different approaches. I'm sure you're familiar with the social determinants of health. This is the work by Professor Sir Michael Lamott, who's sort of invented the concept. Here we have two London networks. The same town in the same year, same population, same weather. Enrichment, life expectancy is dramatically higher than in the town of Hamlin's. One is in the extreme west of London, one is in the extreme east. So why should that be? Is it just because in Enrichment unemployment is only 4% whereas in Tower Hamlin it's 13%? Look at those figures. They're actually quite shocking that in the same town in the same year we're having a life expectancy of many women so different in two different London balance. Is that acceptable in a particular century? What are we doing wrong? What can we get right? So that is an argument for the social determinants of health. They're living in Tower Hamlin, they're living in a bar which is the drive that has great unemployment of overcrowding and very little green space. Are there other factors involved? Way back in 1953 there was a what's called the London bus study which was nothing more to do with London buses. That was everything to do with the people who worked on the buses. I'm sure you all remember the good old days when a bus had two people in it. One was a bus driver and the other was a bus conductor. Now the driver and the conductor all came from the same social, at the same social status, often from the same street, at the same diet, the same weather, the same working hours and yet their health profiles were very different. One of them was very prone to heart attacks etc. and if they had a stroke they were more likely to die. The other one had far fewer heart attacks and if they did have a stroke they were more likely to recover. There's quite a large study with, I can't remember the exact number of providers and conductors that came to work out which was which. The driver was the most unfortunate person. He sits in his cab all day, isolated, sedentary with no social contact with all the stress of watching for little kids playing football in the street. A conductor, on the other hand, is active running up and down stairs all day whispering and interacting with the public. Two very different activity regimes which are directly reflected in the health profile of those two jobs. So it's not just your social class but your activity regime which can be quite crucial. We need to find out what it is about those activity regimes that have this dramatic effect on our health profiles. This is where the ignition of germs of health comes in. Even Professor Sir Michael Murmock who read the book on the social germs of health even he recognises that in spite of all this culture of change our underlying biology is essentially the same as it was in ancient Padua. But we were taken to task on that and not say ancient Padua but go back another three million years. And that we think is the problem.  What deeply subject to health have so identified is if you're right what we've called in shorthand the polyethic genome. That bundle of genetic attributes which we are born with and cannot change whether we like it or not. These include pathology, pathology, psychology, metabolism and a whole bunch of social issues as well as our bio-philiography. I need to engage with nature as you will see here. A bit of engaging with nature going on. But don't try that at hand. Now the biological legacy of this three, four, three million years six million years there it is are various things including our bipedal physiology. We stand up all this, I do. We don't have to. Our dentition, our lungs having breathed and engaging with nature, our immune system and various social interactions as well as how we communicate. All those are grounded into what we call a peri-thicc genome. Let's take some examples. Our dentition. We have a dentition of an omnivore at the top not a herbivore or carnivore. So that tells you what we're supposed to be eating.  It's the same with our digestive system which is different from carnivore or herbivore. Our digestive tract is different. They can cope with fresh fruit, vegetable, special meat and cannot cope with sugar and processed foods. They're just not designed to be best adapted for it yet. You haven't got many yet. Physiology is, as everybody knows, designed to walk or rather best adapted for walking and not for sitting around staring at computants which leads to various terrible conditions. And our lungs are designed a lot of best adapted for fresh air. We still can't get used to diesel particulates. We can't cope with it. Our body won't let us. We're still way back. We have a million-year-old body trying to cope with modern technology. Even our data with nature is still there. And it's very evident in literally poppins from 2008 after we were in the Lancet where they looked at a large sample of people of three different first-year people which say three different classes, rich, medium-rich and poor, as it were. And they looked at their chances of dying in relation to how closely they lived in green space, what their access to green space was. And they had the least access to green space. All three groups dropped data more quickly and the people who lived closer to green space on this side. And especially the list is that the poor of people run to the large purple line as far as necessary die when you're next to green space. So living next to green space is especially beneficial for the working class that says here. And that's statistically proved. So green space is good for you which raises the question why. Is it just a psychological uplift? This is all very well, but can you be ten for it? Well it probably isn't. It's probably far more your immune system. And this is the work of Professor Graham Rugh and his colleagues who've looked at the immune system as a microbiologist. And he's demonstrated that our immune system doesn't work on its own. And that's the way it goes. It needs to be kick-started or rebooted by a direct physical engagement with nature. In other words, the more you get muddy or the more you indulge in plants and animals and the more microbiot you collect off your mother's skin, etc. the more your immune system gets used to these things and the more it is able to identify good from the bad. If you don't have all that education of your immune system you'll be allergic to everything you don't. So it's a very pioneering piece of work which means that we need pets, animals, mud, and all sorts of things. And then in terms of diets what is the ideal diet? Everyone is looking for the celebrity fat diet that will keep you going for years. But if you look at the ancestral diets from tribal, from ancestral communities that have survived into the modern era you'll see there's no such thing as it's not just hunter-gatherers which is the term we use for these people but some of them are fish hunters. Some are far more fish than they are. Or they are fish hunting gatherer. These names represent the proportions of food if you have as much fish as you gather as you hunt you're a push-hander gatherer and if you have more plants and leets then you're a gatherer hunter. So very different diets for different types of people. This is from 120 studies that Robert Kelly did in his life was hunter-gatherers and not one of them is a vegetarian. There's no such thing as a gatherer-gatherer. They all gather a handful of fish, a fish hunting gatherer. Part of the proportions can change and there's still some of them. So if you're looking for the ideal quote ancestral diet you can take your pig every fancy if either it contains no sugar or whatever.  So what we're looking at is a series of health behaviours based on a proxy ancestral culture. In other words we're looking for a personal health behaviour that mimics evolutionary recorded lifestyles as best we can in the 21st century. We're not suggesting we're all going off and living in a TPM we've got to go and we can if you like. We suggest you can live in a modern urban environment but you must be active and receive the right stuff and all that. You have your personal responsibility for what you do but there are also institutional responsibilities in the way in which offices are laid out buildings are built management approaches to its employers etc and there are also urban design guidelines to make the town again re-configured from an evolutionary perspective so three different versions at least three different versions and bring this together to save the world. There's the personal thing you choose what you'd like to eat but choose them from the delicatessen the green graser rather than the pre-packaged shells and then there's the activity ratios there's been a lot of work on activity ratios from North America for example in 2010 in a region of Aber which brought together a study of three different communities living in the same part of North America the old order Amish and the men and I are contemporary children a children from three different communities which represent in actual fact a 19th century culture before phones, cars and the rest of it a true war culture before mobile phones and the rest of it and modern day children with mobile phones computers, cars and the rest of it so three very different cultures still survival today and they have about the strength and robustness of the children in those three different communities and they came to the conclusion that children who are active as part of their daily life as opposed to doing a sports session after school lifestyle embedded activity is what keeps you healthy-est so you have this concept of lifestyle benefits in number 10 just given you don't have that and then go for a kid what you do is you have a healthy and active life not just passes out in other words if you walk to school or walk part of the way to work it's a lifestyle embedded activity it's not an adult it's actually part of your daily life it's part of your culture but to do that you need a decent streetscape because nobody wants to walk to work on a street that's full of token traffic and no trees and lots of moys and we must prefer a streetscape that is evolution we can call in this design which has a few trees and as you can see on that top image there we've got pedestrians on the pavement the cycle track next to them and then the cars and then another cycle track and then the pedestrians so you're trying to keep things separate designating roadways or pedestrian cyclists or cars and you have things like trees and it becomes a more liveable work environment that is the evolution of the streetcape and once you've got that people are more likely to walk to work and we also have a problem with our streets in there we have our you can't breathe in half of it now you may I don't know if any of you remember the dear old London smogs of 1952 between the 5th and the 9th of December which ultimately led to the Keanea Act of 1956 and some of you may realise the Keanea Act was a private members bill it was not actually a government manifesto community I'll just mention that in passing but that was a response to the deaths of 12,000 Londoners due to coal-fired heating 12,000 Londoners you may like to know that 467,000 Europeans across Europe die of nuclear emission detritus with the cars then we're going about very, very slowly putting better filters in and that will do and getting rid of old cars slowly and we're having this extra load of emissions so extra load of extra load of emissions so maybe charge people to drive in with their slender cars and use that money to help with the car scrapping scheme so if we're not scrapping the car if we're not getting rid of the cars we're doing it very slowly but about 467,000 people die across Europe I think some of you are talking about shocking really so we need to clean the area of the street so otherwise people aren't going to walk around in there now again this is not my thing this is transport for London with the soldiers figures that she claims that if town plans would actually engage and encourage human locomotion walking, cycling, skateboarding or whatever with green streets, with fresh air in London alone you could save all these cases of various conditions if you're relate to not being active not using a higher-fit genome to get an underground walk around that's not pharmaceuticals that's just walking to work which I think is a very statistic or set of statistics it's the same with your office buildings and take the stairs, not the lift so this is a design thing if you design it, the architect designs interesting staircases you're far more likely to walk up and down them and if the staircase is simply the fire exit behind Cairns Stores the first thing you see when you walk into the foyer is the lift you're not going to be encouraged to walk up and down the stairs so a good design of foyer is with a spectacular feather stair and ginger lodges staircases of the name of the game then you can always have standing des to get rid of this endless centre of grapes to life and you could have standing meetings these were developed in California where I was and you can see how happy these people are having a standing meeting with them a warmly welcome you could even have standing lectures and you can see two excellent lectures being presented guess what I'm going to say next you don't have to stand up and you don't want to just me so let's be less sandwiched basically so in other words cultural change thinking about how our body in all its attributes wants to be and how we're refusing to let it be because of modernisation here we had a paper published in 2016 under Harvard Medical School it was a study of 36,000 larygans which if they extended that to the entire US population they could slash all sorts of terrible things by 12 to 18% without pharmaceuticals just by getting people to do the polylithic a polylithic correct lifestyle and here we see another study a study from the University of Newcastle no pharmaceuticals and this looks at type 2 diabetes it's always claimed to be untreatable and here they come up with a concept of your personal blood pressure which is different to everybody so it's not a one size fits all but once you know what your personal blood pressure is it seems that your body a continuous diabetes if you go over your sort of fighting weight so if you return your body to normal once your polylithic fighting weight should be you can actually reverse diabetes or at least 70% of the people that's the people who could do that and once you've lost it if you're a non-dark exercise that you're going to see I can't even tell you that I don't make this out this is if it's in diabetes care 2016 as if you wish to do it in other words your body is telling you what you can and cannot do you first have to listen to it so based on that wonderful phrase getting back to your normal fighting weight what we have here is the definition of good health now the world health organisation defined health is not just the absence of disease but a state of complete physical mental and social wellbeing so you have good health on the one hand and ill health on the other two opposite conditions battling it out but what the English the English in terms of health is really a question of what is normal what your body expects to be doing as opposed to what's happenable doing things that your body doesn't expect and can't do so what we think this is normal health or normal health behaviours or happenable health behaviours by opposing that if you get rid of a car or if you get an infectious or contagious disease which is not your fault as it were then you will be ill and hopefully your immune system will take you to sure so we're looking at normal health behaviours in a bit and from that we can develop a concept for urban wellbeing living in the 21st century town or urban wellbeing which we were asked to find is the state of mind and body obtained by those adopting even the least important behaviours giving a paradigm of the correct life in the normal circumstances within an urban environment modified on the new issue or gets rid of these illusions from cars et cetera et cetera has parks now we will forget to that ideal utopia that do we need a state intervention or can we just do it by using our personal behaviours that I'm so familiar with state interventions when we came back in the 1940s we had something called rationing to ensure a fair share of food for the whole population under the stress of war food was rationed for meat, sugar, milk and cheese that's carefully rationed sugar especially and petrol is rationed to open a ward in other words it has been described that each part is a virtual and present diet that is disparaging from it in fact it is an evolution that we call it that everyone was forced to eat fresh food, grain on their organs et cetera et cetera we walked to and from there or worked on the alosments but in other words there is an extraordinary pace from 14 years of people being obliged by a state intervention to lead broadly the evolution that we call with life as a result of that the health of the nation is actually better in health for the whole nation especially in 1950 than it was in 1930 and the cystics demonstrate the infant mortality time that lasted longer in the Carey spell in the BC spell and the kids were healthy and was dated to demonstrate that so that was a major health state intervention which would be allowed to do anything like that today if we order people to be healthy well we can actually and we need to have there is a global obesity epidemic of obesity and disease but it is a curse to many things many terrible things including diabetes, heart disease and the alosments now it has been the thing is not my figures or by 2035 not so long 72% of the UK adult population if we continue on our current trend will be a beast of a cruel weight I think that's a somewhat more linguistic and I will bring with them these extra cases of diabetes, heart disease, cancer etc that's a phenomenal cost an additional cost to the NHS of 2.5 billion it's unacceptable well it should be actually trying to do something about it well the only way you can go any about that and get it right is to start off with child obesity and did you know that 10% of children start on primary school are overweight or obese today and did you know that 20% of children on primary school are overweight and obese and to death just take that trajectory forward and you have big problems so however, the good news is of course that all those children are already subject to a state of intervention called the national curriculum we can actually modify the national curriculum to give the kids better food and also of course more activities we can, whether we will or not it's another matter but every child has to work and the teachers have to work within the national curriculum so the only way you can hit every single child in the country is through the national curriculum so it can be done and we're going to have a report from this this is just a summary of it and so if the peace stage is right on fire to them we will have to increase the daily perspective to five at least two hours a day at the moment it's about three hours a week which is well below the level of organisation suggestions promote water school, cruise school and so on so some schools will settle because they don't and do more work get the school to more green and measure the body mass index this is just a part of the programme that's been suggested but it can be done each one of these things is already in the government guidelines but the government always has aspirations rather than implementations so we're just trying to move that forward a bit now if we were to do that we have to go back to this diagram here using our knowledge of our panathic genome and the first column over here we have the tower the un-urbanised people with urbanising towns urbanised settlements highly-urbanised settlements and up here we have the evenish we call the city if we were to design the city in such a way that people would like to walk around if we had all parks and all green space and not only could the evenish we call the city but it's high technology they're rid of nearly every infection as to where it is et cetera et cetera but it could also take the lessons from antiquity from our palette of genome and certainly the culture of a modern-day city and get it with the top ten current conditions affecting globally the urbanised population it's as simple as that ladies and gentlemen so there we have there we are but we believe it is possible to mimic, simulate evolution called lifestyle and indeed redesign towns to make the more evolution we call more acceptable to our panathic genome et cetera et cetera and then when we do little bits of this we have our concept of eye-of-liquid cities which are particularly green cities and also we already have the concept of population zones and we will bring space and a public transport to the current human and commercial et cetera all these things are possible and half of them will be there if we bring them all together we could actually make living in towns acceptable not just in terms of the culture and the opportunities but also in terms of our basic panathic health so that's a view of anesthetised rural and robust panathic genome and if we understood it better and this is the role that archaeologists have we have to persuade people this is what we should be and if we better understand our deep archaeological part we can save the world honest, go for it thank you very much