The National Broadcasting Company and its affiliated stations present the Pacific Story. In the Mounting Fury of World Conflict, events in the Pacific are taking on ever greater importance. Here is the story of the Pacific and the millions of people who live around this greatest city. The drama of the people whose destiny is at stake in the Pacific War. Here, at another public service, is the tale of the war in the Pacific and its meaning to us and to the generations to come. The Yangtze. Dragging our anchor, old one. Pay out some more chains. We have only a few fathoms left, old one. And the way the river is rising, we will not be able to... Stop your babbling, too, and pay out the chains as much as we have of it. We must hang on here as long as we can. Oh, ha! Pay out the anchor chain! Pay out the anchor chain! The river was a color of red brass. The sky is the color of lead. Every timber of my junk strained against the terror of the current. In all my years on the river, never had I seen it so savvy. We were coming down the river, down from Chongqing with a cargo of tea and sesame oil, the cow bone. A thousand miles and more above Chongqing, the mountain snows had melted and the water came raging down to the Yangtze. We could see the river rising. The current swept us along like a leaf. We will soon be to Wushan Gorge, my mother. Yes, my darling. Can we get through the twenty-four miles of the gorge without using dash to pieces like an eggshell against the boulder? The river was tearing us down into the gorge. We will try to hold on long until the high water goes down. Yes, my mother. The current thundered against the sides of the junk as the anchor took hold. All of the anchor chain is paid out, old one. Now we must pray that the cane will not toss. The waters are rising. Is the cargo secure? The cargo is secure, but the crew is uneasy. Have the crew stand by. All night. All night. Yes, old one. As darkness fell, the river became a gleaming current. The junk strained against the rushing waters. I could feel the anchor dragging. In the half-darkness, witches' mountain hovered over the place where the river cut down through Wushan Gorge. The anchor, old one. Bring the junk around downstream. We're heading down into the gorge. Man that killer! Bring her right! Bring the tail! Jump to it! Bring that boob around! We floundered helplessly in the raging currents, slipping backwards, struggling to bring her around before we entered the winding gorge. As we headed between the towering walls, the blackness of the night closed in around us. When you're right! Hard right! All through that night, we fought to keep them being smashed against the boulders and against the walls of the Wushan Gorge. In my 50 years on the river, I had learned every turn in boulder, but my old eyes could not see them. We crashed and bumped our way through the 24 miles of the gorge. The river is still rising, old one. Yes, higher than I have ever seen it. I have never seen the water so high in the gorge. The low lands must be flooded. Yet on, rapids ahead. Yet on, rapids. Keep her close to the wind. Cut rocks on the left. Keep her misbrained. Here, where the young sea narrows, the raging waters were turning up almost over the rocks on the left. Turning up and boiling over these most dangerous rapids on the river. Cut rocks on the left! Keep her clear! When you're hard right! We were heavy with water. We moved like a water log dock. Bring her around there, too! Give me that killer. Now, bring her around! The swirling waters carried us toward the rocks, then caught us and swung us around and out, once more into the stream. The waters were rising. Each hang, the flood waters had risen 50 feet, and were still rising. Ten miles below each hang, we went through the last of the gorges. As we came out, we saw the water overflowing the riverbed. We sailed on through Shanxi and Yochiao to Hangau. The water was still rising. You brought your cargo safely through from Qiong-Qing, Qingli? Except the part damaged by water. There's no place to laugh. Unload it here, Tangkou. Not any place between here and Shanghai, I am told. That is right. The water is higher here than any man has ever seen it. You are fortunate. I have spent all my life on the river. Yes. Already it is reported 140,000 are dead. Nowhere is life so cheap this year. But think of the property loss. $300 million damage to crops. And besides, there is damage to all of the property. Where can I unload? There is no place to unload until the water goes down. This was my home. As much as any place had ever been my home, I was born on a riverboat. My father spoke of Hangau as home. We traveled up and down the river, but we always came back here. We had pigs and chickens and two cats aboard our boat. My father tied a pig bladder to each of my three brothers, so that if they fell overboard, they would float at least a little. They tied nothing around me, because I was a girl. One of my brothers drowned anyway. The other two died in the war. My father always talked about Hangau. 600 miles from here is the mouth of the river. Someday we will fail down there. I never saw the mouth of Yangtzee until I failed down there years later with my husband. Once long ago, Hangau was completely destroyed. I learned that was during the typing rebellion in 1857. Hangau is a good place. It's the most important place in the tea trade in this whole part of China. I used to wonder how big China was. All I knew was the Yangtzee. Yes, Hangau is a good place. Look at all the boats. I used to sit on our junk and look at all the boats lined up side by side as far as I could see. Babies were being born in the boats every day, just as I was born in a boat. Boys and girls were growing up on them and people were dying on them. This is the place to live. We carry sugar and cotton up the river from Hangau away up to Chongqing, even beyond up to Pingxian. We sail as we like. We see the country. We see many interesting people.  What could be better? I married Pai, one of us river people. We had just come back to Hangau in 1911 when the revolutionists came. This is Jinli. You hear that shooting? Yes, I hear it, Pai. I have heard it said they would come here to Hangau. Take the children below, we'll move up the river. Yes, Pai. I took the children below. Yes, Pai. What is it? He didn't answer. I ran upon deck and very well lying there. Jinli. They have... Blood was streaming from his calf. Bullet. He's been hit by a bullet from the shore. Oh, Pai. Pai. I failed the junk and brought up my children. The girl died. The older boy was killed in the war. The younger boy, Wan, grew up on the junk with me. Look at that, my mother. Farmers planting a crop down there in the river flat. That is the third crop this year, my son. What will happen if the river floods before they can harvest their crops and they will lose it? Wan said nothing. He'd always watched the farmers from the river. Watch those in the lowlands beside the river and watch those on the high cliffs above the river.  Yes, they're very hard workers. If they should fall off their land up on those cliffs, I don't see how they could live. Perhaps they could not, Wan. See the fruits and vegetables they grow up there? Yes. When the river is at high water, it comes right up to the edge of their farms. It must be very good to be a farmer. Wan talked to the men who know about farming. They told him many things. There is no land in all the world so fertile as this Yankee Valley. It has been worked for thousands of years, and still it is good land. As we have gone up and down the river, I have seen farmers all along the shore working in the earth. It is their light. It must be the life of millions. It is. The Yankee basin is immense. 700,000 square miles. And as the Nile is the very life of 20 million Egyptians and Sudanese. So our Yankee is the life of 200 million Chinese. Nearly half the people of China. Yes, nearly half the people of China. When the waters went down after that great flood in 1931, Wan went ashore. He had been born on the river as I had and as my people had before me. He had been brought up on our junk as we sailed up the river from Hancao to Chongqing and Pingshan and back again to Hancao. Up the river and down year after year. I belong to the earth, my mother.  There was nothing for me on the river. Do you wish to go ashore? I do not know. He went ashore and helped in repairing the damage done by the river. You need not carry so much earth in your baskets, Wan. I must carry my parts. Yes, all of us must. For this is a task for millions of workers like us. What I carry is like a grain of sand on a seashore. It is the grains of sand one by one that rebuild our dikes and canals. Yes. From the junk, I could see the workers. Thousands of them around Hancao. Carrying baskets of earth hanged from poles across their shoulders. Men from other lands came up the river to see them and to see what the flood had done. They wrote what they saw. Literally millions of Chinese are working in the Yangtze Valley to repair the damage done by the flood. They have almost no tools. They carry the earth to patch the dikes and the canals and the same sort of baskets they spend from poles. They have been used in China for thousands of years. With the raking waters of the Yangtze, washed through the dikes, they are sitting in the great breeches, basketful by basketful. They must have built more than 4,000 miles of earthworks. They are swarming over the wrecked dikes. Wan worked a long months until the rebuilding in the patchwork were done. Then when the time came for us to move up the river again, he came aboard the junk to see me. I am going away, my mother. Do you want to get away from the river? No, my mother. I want to learn to do something to help those who live on the river and those who earn their living from the valley of the river.  I shall never forget that, my mother. I have seen what it can do and I have worked repairing the damage it has done. And that is what I want to do. Repair broken dikes and canals? No, my mother. Plan new ones and better ones. I do not understand, my son. One who can build dikes that will hold does more for his people than one who leads an army. Yes. He works for the farmers and he works for the river people. And you wish to do that, Wan? Yes. I wish to be an engineer. He went away down river to school. We went up river, up through the east bank, gorgeous to Chongqing with hardware and sugar. He brought back herbs and dried mushrooms and peppers and sesame oil. Each time we came back to Hangzhou, we saw how it was changing. Ah, you are back again, Qinli. Is your cargo safe? Always you think of your cargo first. A merchant takes care of his business and his business takes care of him. You need no one to take care of you. Competition is becoming greater here in Hangzhou. Yes. Of course, the weaving mills are expanding. More and more cotton and artificial silk and woolens are being made right here. So more and more people are coming up the river. And with them are coming more merchants. You are just learning what it means to struggle to live. At least you do not have the competition of the Japanese on the river. They are the ones behind the big new iron and steel plants here. And if it were known, they are the ones behind much of the other business here, too. It is all a merchant in Hangzhou can do these days. Yes. The river town of Hangzhou was changing. We could see it from our junk and we could see it when we went ashore. New and modern things were everywhere. The English and the Americans and the Germans and the French and the Russians came up the river. Look at those ships anchored there. Yes, too. There is one from the Jardin line. There is one from Butterfield and Swire. There is a dollar liner from America. Yes. And there is a Japanese boat. And what is that one? That is one of the Sino-French boats. Boats from everywhere. Here we are 900 miles up the river and there are almost as many boats here as in a big seaport. Yes, too. How can we, with our poor junk, do business against them? The big ships came and went. More and more of them. And when they came up the river, they brought ideas and information. What could China do if Japan sent a navy up the Yangtzee? Japan. The fought was sharp as a dagger. China has no navy to stop her. Was there danger that Japan might strike China? The Yangtzee divides China in two. The power that controls the Yangtzee controls all central China. The shadow of Japan was falling across China. Outside of Beijing. How do you know, children? The word just came across the boats from shore. The fighting has spread all over. Then they will come here to Han Kong. Shall we sail up River Kinley? We will keep working as if there is no war until the war comes here. We went on carrying cargoes up the river. Carrying cargoes down. Wan was down river, but no word came from him. Others coming up river told us what was happening below. They bombed Yankees from the air until nothing was left. Then their armies came. They burned a city, and they tortured and slaughtered us by the thousands. I am the only one left of our compound. We went down river. Down below Han Kong to help some of the refugees. We were heavy with the poor wretched. The Japanese are coming up the river. They are coming up the river with their warships. That meant that they would smash Han Kong as they had smashed the city below. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. You're playing. of all our machinery. We must save that machinery before the invaders reach it. Do they wish us to go down river and bring up the machinery, Tindley? Let the men talk. You river people with your junk know this river better than any other people on Earth. We will go down the river in your junk and we will load the machinery. We will bring it up here in part. We will bring every piece of machinery that can be saved. How soon can we be ready to sail, Chul? Before noon. Before noon we were headed down river with a strong current behind us and our sails creaking in the wind. Killer hard right! Killer hard! For days we headed downstream. The river dotted with junk. When we got to the river port where the machinery was, waiting on the waterfront, the junk were clustered around like ants. Everyone helped load the machinery onto the junk. Hurry! We must get every piece of all these junk before the Japanese come. The Japanese are closing in on the city. Already? The commander told us he could hold them off until we got this machinery loaded. We cannot hold them. The commander says the Japanese will be here before daylight. You must hold them.  Hurry, my people, hurry! The Japanese will be here before daylight. Hurry, hurry! Before the sun rose in the east we were on our way upstream. Our hold and our decks creaked with a heavy machinery. Pieces and parts piled over every inch of our decks. At daylight we could see the other junk all heavy with machinery making their way up river. The wind in their sails and their prowls fighting against the current. And day and night we watched the skies for Japanese planes and bombed and strained us. We sailed on our junk with the hundreds of others. At last we reached Hancau. You cannot unload here. The Japanese warships are coming up the river. As far up as Hancau here? Probably farther. They will try to open the way for their armies. Where will we take the machinery? Up to Ichang. You must leave at once. The Japanese warships may be here in a few hours. Get the crew together too. We will start at once. Yes, Kinley. Most before we were out into the stream the Japanese warships came. We swung over close to the shore. They have opened fire, Kinley. Yes, they're shooting into the city. No mercy in them, Kinley. No, true. Soon their soldiers will land. We will never see Hancau again as we knew it. We could hear the firing all that day as we made our way up the river. At last we could hear the firing no more. We knew that the city was dead. We went on with our heavy cargo up against the current. There is Ichang. Look. Look at all the machinery there on the waterfront. That must be the machinery brought up by the junks before us. Is it not, old one? Yes, it must. It is good that we are here or our timbers are bursting with our heavy cargo. We could not go farther. That is right, Kinley. Bring her on to the deck, too. And we will start unloading at once. Yes, old one. As we swung into the dock, a young man jumped aboard. I could not see his face, but I knew his steps. My mother. Oh, my mother. One who are my sons? Heavens be thanks, my mother, I have found you. I could say nothing.  We could not unload there. You cannot unload here, either. Not here? Look at all the machinery there on the waterfront. Yes, my mother. There are a hundred thousand tons here, but all of it must be loaded on boats again and move through the gorges to the upper river ports and to Chunqing. That's why I have come to help you. But our junk. Our junk is almost a part with its great burden. You cannot unload here, my mother. The Japanese are coming up the river. I will go with you. We started up river for Ichang. The raging currents through the gorges pounded against us. Then the wind turned against us. One and two and the others of the crew pulled on the great oars with all of the gin then. We moved inch by inch with our heavy machinery against the curve. The junk strained and grown reached the narrows of the gorges where the towering walls closed in on us. And the boiling waters sundered against our fouls. We, we can row no more, old one. Then lead out the tow rope. Yes, old one. I will help. Down here, Juan. Lead out the tow rope. We led out the bamboo rope with its harnesses. And Juan went ashore to be the lead man. Two stayed aboard to handle the junk with me. With their harnesses over their shoulders. Juan and our deckmen strained against the rope. They clung to the narrow pathway on the side of the gorge as they towed the junk against the thorns. Above is the winding curve, old one. Steady on the killer tool. I have it. The rapids of this curve are savage. Yes, old one. Juan, dig your toes into the pathway on this curve. Swinging us back. There goes Juan. The boat pulled him off the path. Oh Juan, Juan. He fell down on those rocks down there where the current is smashing over the rocks. Oh Juan. We're singing around against the boulder too. It's all Juan's washed lifelift down the gorge as we laid battering against the great boulder. We made our way up to Chöntain. There we unloaded our machinery. The other boats that got up that far unloaded their pieces of machinery too. The machinery was put together and put to work for China. We are still sailing the Yanxi here upriver. The Japanese have never got above the Yicheng. Someday we will be going downriver again, down to Yicheng and to Hancao. And even beyond that, down to the sea. For we know that the Yanxi is the life stream of China. Welcome to the Pacific Story, presented by the National Broadcasting Company and its affiliated independent stations as a public service to clarify events in the Pacific and to make understandable across currents of life in the Pacific Basin. For a reprint of this Pacific Story program, send 10 cents in stamps or coin to University of California Press, Berkeley, California, Donald Markwood. The original musical score was composed and conducted by Thomas Paluso. Your principal voice was that of Gran Delano. This program came to you from Hollywood. This is the National Broadcasting Company.


In my 26 years at Kaiser Permanente, my partnership with Jodi has been among the most meaningful in my career. Jodi is one of the most empathetic, brilliant, fierce women I know. She's so present and so genuine and just authentic in the work that she's trying to accomplish and she truly believes that good paying jobs are the gateway to improving health outcomes. Jodi Lesh has been a real inspiration to the LADC. She has such a clear vision of an inclusive economic development strategy focused on all the predeterminants of health, but she's also such a compassionate leader. Her deep caring for the people of our communities has really inspired our entire organization. The Cultivate program in Southern California and Jodi's leadership role in that movement is an amazing example of what can be accomplished when we leverage all of the assets of Kaiser Permanente. So it's not just about the community benefit dollars, it's about the way we hire, the way we build, it's about the way we invest and procure and all of this is so key to the way we think about community health. My position at the time was looking at where we place new facilities and I started looking at some data and to be perfectly honest with you, I stumbled upon a piece of data that really stunned me and it was one of those light bulb moments in your career. We were looking at where we were placing medical facilities in South Los Angeles, which is really the most disadvantaged part of Los Angeles and we were comparing that to another area of Southern California. We realized that we had a whole area of Los Angeles that was so underserved. Kaiser Permanente's work with Second Call and the development of the project over on the old Marlton Square property in the Crenshaw Baldwin Hills area created opportunities for people whose lives were changed. Jodi got to know those people individually. She tells their stories at our meetings and humanizes the work we do. She has opened up the doors for people to feel welcome to Kaiser Permanente. A lot of people come and they build in a community but they never empower the community members. They just take the money and take whatever the community has to offer. I think what Jodi has done is empower the community where they can feel at home at this Kaiser. This wasn't really at the end of the day a business initiative. This was really a very much a personal endeavor and the way it became personal is investing yourself in understanding the actual people that we were benefiting and understanding their stories. You don't hear vice presidents and senior vice presidents talking like this and you don't see that happen every day so when you do come across it it stands out because it's genuine. The other day it was interesting my son came to me and he asked me does it feel good to give. He asked me if it feels good for me to give and I said it does. It feels very good to give. I said why do you ask and he said because it felt really good for me to give. And I think that that's a big part too.  We have so much influence on the people we do business with. We have so much influence in our communities on our legislators. There's just I think this is so barely scratch the surface. There's so much more to do. You know there's this saying passion ignites vision and we're on fire at Kaiser Permanente. Congratulations Jody I marvel at how you balance your role as a parent your commitment to leading your organization and the time you give to organizations like ours that need your civic leadership.  Congratulations Jody on behalf of Second Call you deserve it and we're here behind you. Thank you for all that you do for the community.


some questions in. All right, lady, what did you want to show on top secret? Well, I thought, you know, this is a where pie follow. It's here. Okay, so the other things, we only have one. Yeah, one. So we're going to take photos of it. Yeah. We're also going to try to get Blinka working on it, but pretty cool stuff. You know, they did change the setup of how the Ethernet and USB jacks work. So the Ethernet's back down here, like it was for the pie three. The PoE port changed the camera and display interface ports are now smaller. They're 0.5 millimeters, not one millimeter pitch. So you'll need those. We'll ask you to pay zero adapter cables. You'll use those in order to connect displays and cameras. Very beautiful layout for this power management that creates all these voltages required. And on off switch, which is really neat. Press the button to turn on off. PCIe, we chatted about that on the desk lady at a last week. This chip with a nice built in heat sinking metal top. So it'll be really good for heat dissipation. The cool new RP1 looks like it's got like a high speed differential bridge to do the GPIO. It also handles, I think, either like the USB hub or maybe the Ethernet fi. I don't know. It does a bunch of stuff. Fan connector, UR connector, battery for the real time clock built into this dialogue chip. This is really like a very pro, not that the other Raspberry Pi is one pro, but they really, it's just like, they're really polishing it up, you know, like they're really making, they feel like they really hit their stride and like, okay, this is a really nice single board computer. So, you know, it does, it does change a couple of things like the PoE connector has changed. We're going to have to update our Blinket code to support this RP1 chip. But, you know, if it's at all like the RP2040, which spun out of it, it'll have, you know, PWM support, it's going to have multiple iSquared C and SPI and UART, NeoPixel, it'll be able to handle a lot of the stuff that's very challenging to do on a Raspberry Pi, like controlling motors and steppers, controlling fans, reading analog inputs, PWM and LEDs. So, hopefully that'll all be possible now with this RP1. So, very exciting, but a really beautiful design and clearly optimized for cost, but also tons of great new capability that I'm looking forward to. Okay, that's some secret. So, we're going to do some questions and then we'll get started.


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As-Salaam-Alaikum. Welcome to the virtual university's course on business and technical communication. I am Saima As-Khariaz and I will be taking it through this course. If you have any questions, feel free to email me. The main objective of this course is to equip students with skills that will enable them to communicate clearly and concisely in diverse business situations. The students will learn the importance of planning and organizing effective written messages. The course will emphasize on determining objectives and on developing a logical argument before presenting the message in an appropriate format. In this course, we will talk about different messages and we will see how students communicate their messages in a better way. The course is divided into two sections, written communication and oral communication. In one section, we will look at written communication. We will also look at oral communication in the other section. We will look at how students communicate their messages in a better way. We will also look at how students communicate in a better way. Written communication will cover planning, structure and stylistic issues. We will look at how we compose a message, think about it and plan it. What is its format and structure and how we can write it in a better way. And what kind of language and style we use in this course. Specifically, students will learn to write memos and letters, proposals, short and long reports and procedures and policy documents. We will look at all these things in the sections of written communication. Obviously, in business communication, you need to look at all these things, memos, letters, reports, whether they are long or short. The policies and procedures that are planned are all required in technical and business situations. Moreover, students will learn to simplify complex information through editing and revising. If there is any difficult information, it can be simplified and easily explained to the audience. We will teach you how to revise your message, take it once and then review it again. How to edit it and how to change it. This will then enhance your ability to create powerful documents to sell your ideas. Obviously, if you are writing any document in a business situation, then most of the time, whether it is a letter, report or policy document, your idea will reach your students. So, through this course, we will teach you techniques and strategies with which your documents will be better and your ideas will attract your students. The oral communication section will cover planning and execution of effective presentations. In any business situation, if you want to do any presentation, then how will you plan it and how will you deliver that presentation? Do you have to do any presentation to sell something or to show your ideas to your company, to show your colleagues or to show your bosses? We will do any presentation, we will plan it and deliver it in this course. We will also see how the group behavior affects your presentations or your oral communication, the people you work with, their behavior and how you should interact with a group. Planning and conducting effective meetings is also an important part of oral communication because in business situations, a lot of the time, you are involved in meetings and in many situations, you will be planning those meetings. In many situations, you will be conducting those meetings and in many situations, you will just be attending the meetings. But in either case, in either scenario, you will need to know how, what the rules of such meetings are and how to interact and communicate depending on your role. Your role in your organization or in a specific meeting, we will see how you communicate, what should be your tone, what should be your alphas and what are the rules of taking part in meetings. Now, the details of the course are such that there are 45 lectures. As far as assignments are concerned, each student will submit a report which will be 1,000 to 1,500 words and you will be assigned a topic. We will give you a topic and you will write a report of 1,000 or 1,500 words. Apart from that, each student will have to submit a technical research paper which will be up to 1,000 or 1,500 words. And that will also be on a specific topic. So that makes two main assignments, one which is a report on a topic and it's not a technical report but a general report based on obviously guidelines that we will be looking at in the course. And the second one is a technical research paper of again of 1,000 to 1,500 words on a given topic. The grading is as such that the report, the first one that we talked about will be 10% of your overall grade and so will the technical research paper. So your report will be 10% of your total marks and your technical research paper will also be of 10%. Apart from this, 15% will be of your quizzes and 15% will be of your written assignments which will be apart from the research paper. So now that makes 50% of your grade in terms of quizzes and assignments. The rest 3% of your grade is divided in exams. 20% will be a mid-term exam and 30% will be a final exam. So basically if you are regular with your assignments and you do well in your assignments that means that you've got 50% of your grade taken care of and then you only have to think of the 50% for your exams. You will be using the Mayfield Handbook for technical writing as your main course book and you can also access the website that you see in front of you for information and material. The course is divided in 4 modules. Module 1 is the basics of effective and technical communication. Module 2 will talk about different forms of written communication which will include reports, proposals, letters, memos, applications, resumes, instructions and specification documents. So we will be looking at all these different types of business and technical communication in module 2. In module 3, we will look at research and writing. As you remember, you need to write a research paper and that is what you will be looking at in module 3. So we will look at all the different forms of research and how to construct and effectively write research papers. And the final module, module 4, we'll look at oral communication which will include the presentations and effective meetings, etc. that I just talked about. Now, as a person working in a business and technical environment and as a person who is communicating in such an environment, you will need to identify your two roles at work. One role is of you as a specialist where you will need to generate ideas which will hopefully be useful potentially in your organization. In your second role, you will need to share the results of your ideas with either your co-workers or your customers or colleagues, co-workers, colleagues. So when you are communicating, you are every person when he or she is communicating has two different roles. In every business situation, the people who are working in business organizations have two roles. The first role is to generate ideas in your mind and think about how to use these ideas in a better way and how to present them. And the second role is to communicate these ideas and the results of these ideas that you want to share with your colleagues and how to communicate these ideas. So these are both side-by-side roles for you because a person doesn't just generate ideas but doesn't share them. So when you share ideas, you have to generate them and when you generate them, you have to share them so that you can act on them. Now, let's take the example of Naila who is a newly hired dietician at a large hospital. She needs to communicate her ideas to her employers and to the people around her. Now, as a person who is new in the organization, obviously she needs to devise ways so that her message can be effectively understood and implemented upon. Let's suppose she's found a way to reorganize the hospital kitchen to save money, time, etc., to be more efficient. Her insights, her ideas will benefit not only the hospital but also the patients, not only the administration but also the patients, but only if they are communicated to someone who has the power to implement them, who has the power to actually implement the changes that she wants and that someone could be, for example, the kitchen director maybe. Now, unless she is successful in the way she writes and unless she communicates her ideas properly, she will not be heard. Her ideas will not be looked upon favorably and they will probably, if she writes an unimpressive report advocating these ideas, that report will probably just be put aside somewhere and nobody will really want to look at it. But obviously, if her report is such that it catches the attention of the kitchen director, then there is a chance that her ideas may be put in use, if not all of them and then at least some of them. Now, and that is why writing is critical to your success. The way you write will determine how successful you are in the purpose of your writing. As a college student or as a student of the virtual university, you will need to spend an average of 20% of your time at work writing. Whether it is for this course, business and technical communication or whether it is for other courses, as a student, 20% of your time will be engaged in writing. This is when you are not in the class. 20% of your time is in writing. And that approximately comes to one day, if you are working five days a week. Let us have a look at this graph. This was a study that was conducted for 896 students in American universities. And this graph plots for percentage of hours spent studying versus the number of people who responded to this survey. As you can see, 31% of the students who were involved in this survey spend about 11% to 20% of their time at written work. So besides the fact that you will be spending a lot of your time as a student doing writing, writing will also enable you in your job. And apart from these two, it will bring you a lot of personal benefits as well. If you are writing effectively, then there are a lot of personal benefits in it for you. And these benefits can be recognition in the form of praise. Obviously, if you have written well and you get praise for it, then that means that you have recognition. And recognition is a very important part of motivation. So writing well then raises your self-esteem. You can also be eligible for raises. If you are writing well in your work, then you are more likely to get a pay raise in your work. And also you are more likely to get promotions in your work if your writing is effective. In many organizations, oral communication with upper management is not feasible. In a lot of companies, your memos, reports and other writing may be the only evidence they have of your good work as either a specialist or as a communicator. There are a lot of times that if you have a lot of ideas in an organization and you communicate those ideas with your upper management, they are not yet registered until you write to them in some way or the other. Because there are a lot of times when your promotion comes, when your raise comes, what you have done by writing is seen and what you have done in your speech does not remain in people's minds. And especially because it does not have any evidence that you have spoken in your speech. So in comparison to other employees, it cannot be seen because at that time what you spoke, it ended. But what you have written stays until the end and it is an evidence that your work was really good. So it is very important that your memos, reports or whatever letters you have written in your company can be used as a proof that your work is so good. And also writing is an important responsibility of managers who have to communicate a wide variety of messages to those who are above them and those who are below them. And therefore, employers look for writing ability when they are considering people for advancement for promotions. Until a manager's writing ability is not good, it is difficult to promote because obviously a manager has written a lot of things to communicate with his upper management and also communicate with his lower management. In a study of 94% of the graduates from 7 departments that send students to technical writing classes, it was reported that the ability to write well is of some importance to them. Furthermore, 58% of these said that it is of great or critical importance to them. As we will see, in a survey conducted, 94% of the graduates from 7 different departments said that writing well or good writing is of some importance to them. So, this was about the students. Now, let us see how much technical writing is important. As we saw in a survey of people listed in the Enginers of Distinction, 89% of the people who were questioned said that the writing ability is considered when a person is considered for advancement. So, if 89% of the people who were interviewed in Enginers of Distinction if 89% of the people are saying that it is time for promotion, they see that how a person's writing ability is. So, it is obvious that writing is of great importance. In this graph, the respondents said that writing has some importance whereas 42% said that writing is of great importance. And in addition to bringing you recognition, writing, as we said, brings you personal satisfaction because it will enable you to make an important impact on the people who are reading your writing. So, because of that, your self-esteem will be raised but those who are reading your writing and your credibility will be established if your writing is good. And to succeed in any endeavors during your professional career you will need to influence people's opinions, actions and decisions mostly through writing. The language you can influence on people is very momentary. People are impressed at that time but it is not necessary that you have created your writing in the future. For this, the impression you create on your readers stays for a long time and it has a chance that people's opinions and your reactions can be influenced. So, it is important that if your writing is good then your impact will be positive and if your writing is not good then that impression will be that your readers stay for a long time. Writing at work also differs from writing at school. To write successfully at work you will need to develop new writing skills and even new ways of thinking about writing. What you are still writing in school, college, university if your writing is very good then to work in your job and to write in your job you will need to use new skills which you may have never done in your school or college career. And this is basically because on the job writing that you are doing on the job is very different from writing that you are doing for school because the purpose is different. The purpose of writing as a student may be to write a term paper or an exam paper or to write a written test and as an employee what you are doing will not be your educational purpose but an instrumental purpose. You need to bring a change from your writing. Whereas one purpose that you may be involved in right now is an educational purpose. For example the assignments that you will do for this course or other courses at virtual university they will be for educational purposes. Whereas the writing that you will do on your job your work environment will be for instrumental purposes. They will act as those pieces of writing will act as instruments to bring about some kind of change. So because the purposes are different the ways of writing will be different the rules will differ as well and most of your communication in your work environment will be designed to help your employer achieve some kind of practical business objectives. Whereas as a student you are not designing your writing to help your teacher achieve any kind of objectives as such. It's only for assessment or improvement of some form or the other. Now for example at school where your aim is to show how much you know one of your major writing strategies is to write as much as you can about your subject. We see that many times students think that as much as we write we will get marks. Now the other thing is that in some subjects writing is more beneficial in some subjects or in some situations it is not. But for now we will not talk about it. But let's look at in contrast to educational situations what happens in business or technical situations. At work you will not need to write too much. However you will need to write as much as you feel your employer needs. So in a study situation you will write more so that your examiner will know that you have so much control over your subject. In a business situation you will write very little but only that information which your employer wants to read because he is not taking your exam he doesn't have enough time to read such a long report. And also extra information will only clog your reader's path. It will only confuse your reader in a business situation. And as a result of that they will become less efficient they will be decreased efficiency and also there will be increased frustration because your reader might feel where is the message it might confuse them it might make it difficult for them to understand what your real message is. So because of that confusion the efficiency will decrease and also their frustration will increase because they are busy people and they will not have the time to read too much. Also as far as your audience is concerned this was purpose and as far as your audience is concerned at school or college or university your audience is only one person and that is your instructor. Whereas at work your audience will be many different people you will often create communications that will address a wide variety of people with different backgrounds. The audience at work might include people who differ in familiarity with your subject Some of you may be familiar with your work environment or may be familiar with your subject or may be familiar with your work environment and may be there are many people who are not so familiar with it but their familiarity level will be different. Other than this the way they use your information will also be different. A manager might use your information for a different purpose and a shift supervisor might use your information for a different purpose or in a different way at least and also each person that reads your communication will have a different kind of professional and personal concern but they will bring with them when they are reading your presentation or your report. So each one has a different background and because of that their personal and professional concerns will also be different. Let's have a look at chart which clarifies this further. As you see in the classroom it's just the instructor and you and all the communication is upwards where you are communicating with the instructor all your writing is upwards. Obviously there is downward communication when the instructor is communicating with you but there is hardly any parallel communication and you are not communicating downwards. In contrast to this in an organization or in the job as you see you are in the middle you are the hub when you are communicating when it's your communication that is of concern and you may be communicating upwards to your manager to your company executives also upwards to other people in upper management but they might be in different departments in different divisions. You are also communicating downwards to people who are working under you to your subordinates you are also working sideways to people who are at the same level as you but in another department etc. So as we can see in a job situation in different directions it will be received and many different types of people will read it whereas in an education environment only your instructor will read it. Now if you remember earlier in this lecture we talked about Naila the dietician who works in a hospital and who needs to who is newly employed in fact in a hospital and she wants to recommend some changes in the hospital kitchen. Now in the report that she will write she will present her recommendations to a lot of different people they might be read by her supervisor Mr. Nadeem who will want to know what measures he will have to take in order to follow her recommendations her report may also be read by the vice president of finance Mr. Altaaf who will want to verify the cost estimates that Naila includes Obviously whatever the changes that will happen to their supervisor the cost will also be involved so the finance department will also have to read it the vice president so that whatever the changes will be spent on they will be able to see whether they are feasible or not the director of purchasing Mr. Chauhan will read the report because he will need to know what equipment he will need to order for whatever changes he will need to know what equipment he will need the head of personnel Ms. Sara will want to learn whether or not she needs to create any new jobs or any new job descriptions whether there will need to be more people who will be hired as a result of these changes so then personnel or human resource people will need to read the report as well and lastly the kitchen staff will need to read the report to assure them that the new work assignment will treat them fairly that it will bring benefits to them so as we see it will be read at different levels and it will be read by different departments and different types of people now each of these different people will be bringing different perspectives to the writing and will be looking at the writing in a different light with their own purposes in mind obviously when the finance department will be looking at the purchasing department they will see what we need to order and the cost will be approved by the finance department so each of them will have their own purpose and their own way and that is why writing for such a large and diverse audience where personnel, staff and vice president are also there for all these people if you have to do one piece of writing then you will need very different skills so the skills that you will need will be very diverse because they will be catering to a diverse audience it is not just your instructor now that you are writing for but it is for a different variety of audience that you are writing for now just like there are different types of people that communication at work is catering for there are different types of communication as well you are catering for or college you are catering for one instructor and writing just term papers and exams or assignments for work environment you will be writing memos business letters, instructions project proposals, progress reports etc. each on the job communication has its own conventions to write successfully at work you will need to learn how to construct these different types of communications to write a memo there will be some different rules if you have to write a letter similarly for a project proposal there will be different guidelines different strategies will be used and for a progress report there will be some other rules so in this course we will see all these things what are the rules what are the strategies what are the audience what is the purpose another important issue is that of ownership ownership of a writer's work is very important while at school your communication only belongs to you at work however your communication will belong only partly to you obviously what you have done in school or college as a student whatever you have written it is your name and it is your work you will get good marks less marks, more marks it is your achievement or non-achievement whatever that may be but it is your work and your responsibility in a work environment however although it is your responsibility whatever you have written it will not always be recognized as your work that is why it is important because your responsibility whatever you have done it is your responsibility but it is not necessary that all the people know that you have written that is why it should be better but it is not necessary that you will get recognition of your work because whatever your work will belong to your employer it will not always belong to you for example if you are writing a letter on behalf of your company although you are writing it it is your responsibility it has been written on behalf of your company therefore it becomes a property of your company and you have been you are projecting your company so basically what you are writing represents not only you but your department and your employer as well so there is a larger responsibility because you are taking more people with you if you for example if you are writing to a customer the customer does not know you but they know the company so then you are representing your company with a specific image of your company if you write a proposal your employer may get a contract based on that proposal or lose the contract so it is not only your writing or the impression that people have of you that is at stake it is also something much larger if your proposal is not good then when your employer is using that proposal for this contract then it is your company's responsibility or your company's loss so it is very important that what you are writing not only your personal benefit but also your company and think about making your writing more effective two other situations are fairly common at work employers often work on committees write reports, proposals and other documents collaboratively in collaboration with other people or with committees and that is why the final version cannot be accredited to one individual even though you as an individual have done a lot of work on it it might have been work that has been done as part of a committee so then you as an individual will not get credit for it it is not necessary that your name can also come on it it can also be that the committee has done it so it will not happen every time that you will get a personal recognition also people often write communications that are sent under someone else's name it will happen many times that you will write but someone else's name will come on it your employer or your boss's name will reach that person it is very common for departmental reports for example to be signed by the head of the department even though they are written so if you are a manager then many times it can be that you have written the report but your MD should sign it and in the name of that report the board of governors should present it so therefore to succeed on the job you will need to write under circumstances in which your employer claims ownership of your communications so then you have to think that the communication you are doing is going through whose name it is going through if it is going through your name then you have to write it that you are a manager and you are writing for the board of governors but if you know that you have written this communication but you have to send it to your MD then you have to write it according to the level of it that it is a report written by MD the audience is the board of governors it is absolutely essential to always think about your readers and to keep your readers and your audience in mind think about what they want from you and why whatever communication you want to read letter, memo, report proposal etc why they want to read it what they want to get from it you need to know this and it is very important for you because on the basis of this you can communicate better you will also want to think about ways you want to affect them what are you trying to do with your communication it is very important for you to know what you have written will be read by somebody as we said you will want to consider how it will affect them what they want from it what are the different ways in which you want it to affect them do you want them to take action on it do you want them to consider it keep it in mind and give you a promotion based on your work do you want maybe not a promotion you just want some kind of bonus for what you have done whatever what is the way in which you want the person who reads your communication what is the way you want them to react what effect do you want to have on that person by writing what you have written also how will they react to what you are saying how will they react positively or negatively will they like what you have written or will they dislike what you have written will it impress them or will it not all these things are also important and that is obviously you want to create a good impression a lot of the times well not maybe not a lot of the times but many times you will want to you will need to write something that you know will not have a good impact on your reader in the sense that it will not be very pleasant for your reader to read you have to write it for example it might be a report proposing job cuts in your company you might be giving reasons why you need to fire some people in your company now that kind of report a proposal is not always very pleasant for the people who are reading it but you have to do it so you also need to consider the reaction of the people who read your communication and then you need to word and your communication in a way that the impact is as pleasant as possible obviously the message that is in the communication or the underlying message makes the actual pleasantness or unpleasantness obvious but especially if it is an unpleasant message then you need to word it in such a way that it becomes less unpleasant for your reader also you need to think about your reader as if they were right there in front of you and you were talking to each other so you need to be very direct you need to keep in mind that the communication that you have written should read as being very personal or it should be less impersonal the reader should feel that they are actually talking to you obviously there will be written there will be norms that you will keep in mind which are for written communication as opposed to oral communication but within those norms we will look at these norms later on in this course but within those norms how can you make your reader feel comfortable with you so that they feel that they are not looking at a piece of paper but they can actually hear the words that they are reading so it is very important that the reader should not feel that it is just a paper that I am looking at they should feel that this is written this is really a person behind these words and accordingly they can correlate with you and it is only this quality of being able to communicate with your reader effectively so that they feel that they are actually communicating with you personally that will actually have an effect on people all your communication must affect in specific ways the people that you are addressing obviously a lot of the times the ways will be determined by you how you want the communication to affect them and a lot of the times you will not have control over the effect that your communication has on your reader now for example coming back to our dietician Naila if her proposal of modifying the hospital kitchen explains the problem created by the present organization in a way that her readers find compelling if it addresses the kinds of objections that her readers will raise to her recommendations if it reduces the reader's sense of being threatened by having a new employee suggest improvements to a system that they have set up previously then it might succeed if Naila's proposal if the readers will be attracted they will be compelled if the questions will arise in their eyes they will be able to answer Naila's proposal and along with that the people who have to act on this proposal and the people who had made the last kitchen plan they were already functioning if they are not threatened if they do not feel that this is a new dietician who wants to replace all our previous work and bring a new work then Naila's plan is successful but if Naila is opposition to any of these then Naila's writing will not be very successful also if her writing leaves the readers confused and if it fails to persuade them if it leaves questions in their mind then it may also make Naila look like a pushy person and it will feel that this new employee is entering our work and it might also seem that she has overstepped her role more than her own or she is leaving her own and even in a work environment you cannot afford to do that you cannot afford to look pushy and you cannot afford for your colleagues and your employers to feel that you are overstepping your role either so it is very important to keep in mind your own role and how your audience will perceive what you have written in keeping with that role as you write in a professional environment you need to remember three things the first that readers create meaning secondly readers responses are sharpened by situations and thirdly that readers react on a moment by moment basis now what do we mean when we say readers create meaning instead of receiving a message only people interact with the message to create meaning there will be a lot of things that if you will read then maybe someone else will get the meaning and if I will read then I will get some other meaning and this difference in creating our meaning is our own perception and our own situations and our own background and also because while reading we look at sentences for example and then we take out the meaning of the entire paragraph in that paragraph or the entire report means we take out the meaning of the entire report and many times the words that we are reading they mean it is not necessary that the one who is writing wants to explain we take out that meaning many times we create it ourselves one word or one sentence can be looked at read in many different ways so therefore readers might create different meanings from the same piece of writing also the responses of readers are sharpened or are there shaped by different situations such as the purpose of reading the readers' perceptions or the writer's aims if I perceive that the one who is writing the aim is to make a decision or change then I will read according to that if I feel that my colleague thinks that the one who is writing will get a promotion then they will judge according to that they will make a change in our company that is why the perceptions of the writer's aims are important what do I as a reader think of the aim of the writer also the personal interest and stake in the subject that is being discussed is important so whatever every reader as we said before has a personal interest in the subject and they also based on what they read they can also be changes that will affect them like we saw Naila who was a hospital dietician if she has given a plan because of that the staff working in the kitchen will get some benefits or may be some damage then she has a stake in that report some people want the report to be approved because she is getting a promotion some people want the report not to be approved sometimes the stake is also important and also they have a past relationship with the writer for example again in Naila's case a lot of the people have no past relationship with Naila she is a new employee and therefore they will be making all the perceptions about her they will be making them as they read the report they might even have heard about her for the first time there is a new girl or a new dietician who has come to our hospital therefore some people will think yes this is a new dietician some people will think this is a new dietician so Naila then has to keep both things in mind whereas on the other hand if she had been working in the hospital earlier then people would have had a relationship with her they would have positive or negative perceptions based on what kind of relationship they had with her thirdly people as I said react on a moment to moment basis on the job people react to each part of the memo letter or report as they read it so as they are reading they will be having a reaction to what they are reading just like as you are listening to this lecture you are having a reaction to what I am saying at this point so the whole reaction will be when the lecture finishes and you have absorbed what has been said and then you think afterwards as well but there is a moment to moment reaction two things as you receive them now I am going to leave you today with three tasks that I would like you to do before the next lecture in task one I would like you to imagine a situation in fact imagine two situations in which you are writing on the job for equation explain what purpose you will have for writing and what purpose your readers will have for reading your communication you may write in one situation as an intern in another situation as a regular employee or a part time employee or a manager it is up to you to create the role that you are writing in but you have to choose two roles and talk about your purpose and your reader's purpose in task two you need to find a communication written by someone who has the kind of job you want explain the purpose along with the various points of view of both the writer and the reader also describe some of the writing strategies that you feel the writer has used to achieve these purposes so if you have any communication which you can analyze any letter whether it is memo, report proposal etc which is written by a person like you if you want to be an MD of any company you can analyze with any communication in terms of the writer and the reader who wrote the report what is the point of view for the audience what is the point of view also describe the writing strategies that the writer has used the one who wrote the report what strategies have you used and you can take any communication just think that the communication is written in some work environment and if you are such a person or in this kind of job you want to take it I would like you to find a piece of writing that you believe to be ineffective if you take any writing that you think it is not a good writing this is not the way you would want to write you might look for an unclear set of instructions or an unpersuasive advertisement of some business or technical product etc if you have read anything or you feel it is better you can read it now once you identify such a piece of writing please write a brief analysis of just three or four reading moments you have read it three or four of your first impressions about that piece of communication write a brief analysis just to explain how your interaction with the text inhibited the author's thoughts for example if there is an advertisement that is not effective if you look at its two or three moments what is its impact and how do you feel that the person who has given you this purpose is not meeting their purpose was to buy this product but I will never buy this product or I will buy it so why what is the effective piece of writing this time write about three or four reading moments in which you interact with the text in a way that helps the author bring about that result what is it about the text on first impact in brief three or four reading moments that you feel the author has been able to bring about the desired effect that whatever the author's purpose was has been met how do you feel it has been a successful piece of writing we come to the end of this lecture the first introductory lecture of business and technical communication as the course progresses we will be looking at various forms of writing various forms of oral communication there will be more assignments there will be more interaction between you and the instructor and if you have any problems feel free to email me and with these three tasks at the end of this first introductory lecture on business and technical communication I look forward to seeing you during the next 44 lectures and I hope that you enjoy this course Allah Hafiz