So, this lecture today's class we will look at some of the fundamental building blocks of microprocessor or microcontroller ok. We will start off with combinatorial circuits or combinational design you know logic design and then we will move on to sequential and then you know memory blocks and things like that in the few further classes as to go. So, we will focus on combinational logic circuits in today's class ok. So, let me get these right ok. So, let us see if you talk of logic design ok. So, we will start with some of the fundamental basics I am presuming here you all are aware about you know basic logic gates and or not you know not that kind of gates ok. So, now with those gates we want to design some kind of a logic ok. So, you want to have a solution given to a given problem basically using some of the resources that are available with us ok that is typically a design process for any design ok. So, in the logic design specifically what we do is given a task ok we convert it into some kind of a you know mapping into 0s and 1s ok that is called encoding and there are several different ways possible say you say switch is light is on is one light is off is your 0 like that you can have many different mappings possible ok. Then you establish some kind of a mathematical relationship that is required based on the laws or logic that you like to kind of incorporate into system and then select the good design or good mathematical relationship ok depending upon what else what are the requirements ok that is typically the logic design process ok. So, let us see simple like you know logic that you have learnt again little bit revision here, but it is good to do so that we can kind of get some fundamental aspects of this you know logic or design of the logic touched upon ok. So, say for example, and logic you can simply implement by these two switches that you see here. So, A and B both switches are on then the light bulb lights and that lighting of the bulb is called as 1 then you can have R logic where your this circuit is put in this kind of a fashion when A is on A is switched on and R B switched on then also like know your light bulb close ok. So, so this is and an R logic implemented ok as you can see here ok A is 1 B is 1 your light is you know light is on that means that that is what I physically consider to be that physical mapping of physics into mathematics is 1 ok is is what I define as 1. So, switch on I define as 1 and then like you know light on I define as 1 then like you know I can kind of come up with this you know abstract mathematical problem into physical world problem ok. Now, the problem with this is now light is on, but now I cannot use that light on as 1 as an input to any other device ok. So, there that is where like know you have a you know problem like know we cannot scale then like know this logic ok. So, we switch is based kind of a thing we cannot scale and that is where like you see ok what is the element that can be used here to switch the next switch on ok or there when that is 1 like now I want the switch to be closed what is this element here and that is where people started kind of you know using this solenoids to do that job ok. And this is a way like know this whole area started developing into you know now you have multiple kind of solenoids which are kind of doing switching like this and then some some interesting things are happening in a circuit and then there are delays related to that there are mechanical motion inertia is a lot of lot of these problems are there ok, but these problems now you know that ok these problems have been taken care of by design of like you know this switching that is happen in that happens in the transistors. So, to say like you know the CMOS kind of a design ok, but let us look at what is this mapping typically is you know in from the physical world to the binary world you can have you know relay logic where your circuit is open and closed you can have different states defined CMOS logic you can have 0s and 1s 0 to 1 volt is considered as a 0 state and 2 to 3 volts is considered as state 1 ok. Transistor transistor logic 0 to 0.8 volts is considered as 0 and 2 to 5 volts is considered as 1 like that you can have multiple kind of you know definitions here for you know state 0 and state 1. These are the typically given definitions for different different kinds of you know elements or technologies that you want to say ok. So, now we want to design for example, a combinational logic for a calendar kind of a problem if this is a this is given how do you kind of come up with a circuit which is come consisting of this gates typically different and gate or gate or some other kind of gates and solve this problem. What is the problem statement here that given a month and number of. So, now given a month and a leap year flag as input ok. These are the two inputs and you need to find out you know number of days in a month as output ok. So, number of days in a month we want them as output here. So, this application can be different applications, but we are just looking at this as a problem statement from the design of logic perspective ok. So, given a month means how many months are possibility for each of the inputs. So, we will have 12 months ok. So, 12 possibilities for the input. Then a leap year flag ok how many inputs can be there there can be two inputs whether it is a leap year or it is not leap year like that. So, you need to kind of find out all the like all the possible inputs that that could be there for the system and then like you know you map them on to some kind of outputs and then you need to now define some abstract zeros and ones kind of a combination to define like you know these months like say there are 12 months. So, you need 12 different kind of a binary numbers to represent each month ok. So, so we can come up with many different kind of a possibilities, but typically like you know you you say ok I will have like you know 4 bits used as a binary input for a month thing. So, that like I will start 0 0 0 0 as defined as a January month like that I define like you know in terms of these 4 bits different different months ok. And then leap year flag can be 0 or 1 ok depending upon if it is a leap year it is it is 1 and if it is not a leap year it is 0. And then number of days output I can have could be possibility 28, 29, 30 and 31. 4 possibilities only exist for number of days ok. See look we are not representing number here that ok we want 30 as a number to be represented as binary no need ok because we we know that we are not like you know having any month which will have only 2 days or 5 days ok. So, we do not need to represent 0 to 31 as a entire like you know spectrum of numbers as a output ok. Are you getting my point here this is very important thing that to to see ok what are the distinct outputs that that we we are interested in ok. And then there are only 4 distinct outputs that are that we are interested in ok. So, like that one can think about and and now one can start writing a table ok table of inputs and outputs ok. So, how do you kind of develop that table you put all the inputs on one side and all outputs on the other side and start writing their values ok. So, input January month ok 0 0 0 0 ok like that you can start and then you you see that this is typically a chart that will come ok. So, month 0 0 0 0 and then you know you you you will have leap flag does not you do not care because whether it is a leap year or not leap year you always have you know fixed number of days in in January month. So, for example, here they have used the 0 0 0 1 as a January ok and and this is getting represented here ok. So, so you can have your own definition ok no nobody prevents you to say that ok my 0 0 0 0 should be January ok and then you will get this output here as 31 days as one output here ok. Like that you you can develop this kind of a table ok and once this table is developed then you can use you know the combinational logic circuit laws ok. You know that you know Carnot map or you have many different kind of a ways of you know getting these circuits for each of the output ok. So, for example, for this d d 28 output you can use you know some of the products kind of a thing or products of the some kind of a thing like you have lot of options possible here ok. So, so that is how one goes about getting like you know this combinational logic problem converted ok abstract problem given as a calendar problem converted into some kind of a mathematical problem of a digital logic design ok. So, this is what is a fundamental basis of all kind of a you know combinational logic design. So, here the important thing to note is that there is no notion of memory here ok given some kind of a combination of inputs you will have a combination of outputs ok. So, whatever conditions that we we are saying are not based on like you have to remember something that ok previously this was something and now it is something different you know nothing out like you know based on the previous thing that the output is changing you know there is no memory or notion of memory in entire of this discussion ok. So, given the this kind of a fixed values here for binary inputs you will have fixed binary outputs here ok. The combination of these like you know uniquely defines your combination of like you know outputs ok. So, that is a kind of a way one can design. So, see now here you can see that ok d d 28 d these are 4 kind of outputs I could have converted this problem into just 2 outputs as also because 2 binary numbers I can represent 4 different combination 0 0 0 1 1 0 and 1 1 ok. So, I can say my 0 0 if it is output then that is 28 months 28 days in a month ok or 0 1 is output 29 days in a month like that I can say and then this output could have been reduced ok and that would have saved me some circuits ok like that one can kind of think about. So, we will not get into the details about how do we do the saving or how do we kind of like you know develop the circuits which are optimized you know we are not getting into all that here. Here our basic idea is to understand is fundamentals how these different different combination logics are developed ok and like that there are now one can you know use this you know this is some of products kind of a rule that I have used here to get for the output for d 28 and then it is in the combination of you know and and not kind of gates ok. So, like that you get all these things developed here and you finally, express everything as some kind of a you know logic expressions ok and in this logic expressions can be converted into a circuit ok. You can convert them into a circuit by before simplification after simplification is all like you know you are you have lot of leeway to play there you can use Carnot maps or De Morgan's law to simplify things and get to some kind of a desired output in the desired form actually ok. So, so these are like you know different you know circuits that are for different outputs here ok. So, now there are these kind of questions you can ponder over ok you can see these questions and ponder over them and think about like know what I what could be the answer for such a such a question ok. And then this is a say d 30 output circuit for d 30 output and think like that ok. So, like that you can start developing now these kind of a logic expressions and logic circuits for many many different kind of combination and logic elements ok. So, we will see some of them, but I am going to go little faster through that. So, that you know the idea is to you know you can pause at any point of time and then like know go through these examples solve them on pen and paper and then like know look at the solution that will help you you know internalize the concepts very well ok, but I am going to go little faster to kind of you know the because fundamentally there is nothing different there ok. All are like in this kind of a combination of like you know some kind of a solutions here that you know the once you know this process that you express each of the outputs ok in the form of these inputs by using the sum of the products kind of a rule or some some other kind of a rule depend upon what the problems gives a simplification to. Then one can kind of start developing this first expression and then use some kind of a digital circuit laws to simplify this in more details ok. So, that is what is I am leaving it for you to kind of learn yourself and develop that ok. By the way even if you do not know to how to simplify and how to kind of get some circuits is ok. There is a it is not a requirement for understanding microprocessors. See it is like when you start using computer you do not know what is inside how it is really processing everything, but you can still use computer and like know write your codes in say C language ok. So, C language you learn and like know you do not worry about how it really processes things of each of the C language command inside ok it is like that ok.  So, that is what is a most important kind of a understanding here. So, the way this calendar example is done now we will see say some addition application if you want to do. So, half adder and full adders are which are useful in arithmetic logic unit in the microprocessor. Then multiplexers you can develop ok. They are useful in developing you know multiple channel interfaces for analog to digital conversion. There is one of the interface for micro controller microprocessor. Then comparators again useful in arithmetic logic units. So, these are some few kind of examples only which we have taken, but you know there are many many different kinds of these circuits that can be possible. And one can do lot of operations say logical operations and you know this addition operations, comparison operations like that that those all operations can be done by using these combinational logic circuits ok. So, these are the at the heart of all these microprocessors particularly arithmetic logic unit in microprocessor. And you have the seven segment display one of the examples we have which is an output device where like this seven segments will give you some kind of a representation of a number to display to a user. So, if you are aware about like you know these devices already you do not need to kind of go through this part already ok. So, you just because this is just a same kind of application of our combinational logic fundamentals ok. So, we say for example, now this half adder ok. So, there are these two numbers a and b binary numbers when you want to add together and then like you know it should have a carry ok. So, how what is the expression for you know carry and sum ok. So, if a is 0 b is 0 and my carry is 0 and sum is 0 if a is. So, like that you fill out fill out this table ok. You pause here and fill out and then again see that it will be like this. And then for implementing these you can find out this Boolean expression and once you get this Boolean expression you can get corresponding circuit related to that ok. So, there is a XOR gate coming up here. Then like that you can have a full adder ok. So, you have a carry in also now ok. So, a b and carry in also is there. So, that you can now multiplex it and get more some more the more of these going ok. So, then you go ahead with the same process for for these you know now you have three inputs and now you see what are your outputs. So, again pause here and then proceed. You will get this as outputs and then you can find out corresponding expressions for that then those expressions can be converted into circuits by using AND gates and OR gates and AND NOT gates and thing like that ok or XOR gates and thing like that ok. So, like that this is a implementation one of the implementations of the adder. Then this is another kind of a expression where you you do not want to use XOR gate. So, you have to have some simplifications done to get to these points and thing like that ok. So, you have this circuit coming up exactly the same kind of a implementation carried out by this circuit also and previous circuit also, but now there are some kind of a other simplifications in particularly here there are no XOR gates in this case ok. So, like that you can have some conditions put and find out circuits satisfying those conditions. So, there is a levels of implementation that that will also be another kind of a constraint that can come in ok. So, so we will not get again into details of these, but one can go into these different different kinds of aspect. So, these are the third implementation of the full adder kind of circuit. So, there are some kind of fundamental thumb rules for implementation of the circuits coming up mainly from the circuit design perspective which we are not too much interested in getting there. Because we just that full adder works like this is sufficient for us to know. Then you have a multiplexer ok. So, multiplexer has this you know input 0 and input 1 ok. So, two data inputs are there I O I O and 1 and control input is A depending upon value of A the one of the inputs is selected here ok. So, so you can see that this condition like say for example, I O is 0 and I this one is also 0 and value of A is 0 or 1 depending upon that if A is 0 I will select I 0 as a Z and if A is 1 I will select I 1 as a Z ok. So, like that that circuit will come up here ok.  So, you will see this table something like this ok. So, even A is 0 it is selecting this input A is 1 it is selecting this input ok. So, so this inputs are like know these two cases could be possible where input is same I O and I O I 1 has some values which are same, but A is different ok. So, A is 0 it will select I think this is different is there. So, depending upon A is 0. So, A is 0 it should select I O or I 1 depending upon like know we will see what is getting selected here ok. So, here A is 0 it is selecting I 1 here and A is 1 it is selecting this here. So, here again same thing yeah. So, A is 0 it is selecting I 1 A is 1 it is selecting I 0 ok like that. So, so does not matter you can have your own way of having this also, but this is one particular kind of a definition like know depending upon A you are selecting the output and then you can directly write in terms of you know Z is I 0 or I 1. So, you can write it like this also directly. So, this implementation of this is again you can convert this into a circuit ok and you can have you know scaling of this multiplexers possible ok. So, 4 is to 1 multiplexer is here you have 4 inputs and 1 output is there ok. And out of these 4 you know 1 will be selected depending upon the select pins ok the select pins are inputs. So, now to have 4 inputs one of the 4 inputs selected you need to have 2 select pins and then you will have corresponding expression for Z ok. And so, this will not worry about this. So, think about this other problem this is a separate problem that you can use multiplexer instead of your AND or gates for implementation of some of the logic circuits or logic tables ok. So, this is a way the multiplexer can be implemented and you can give this I 0 I 1 I 2 at these are the inputs that are coming and then these are the select pins and depending upon the select pins you can have multiplexer implementation the Z output is coming ok. So, like that you can have many different other examples ok. So, maybe you can go through these selectors yourself this is go through this slides yourself you know this is same kind of a process we are repeating over and over again ok. So, then in a similar way you can have definition of comparator ok. So, you want to compare 2 numbers which are represented by one number is AB and other number is CD ok. So, AB are like you know 2 binary kind of bits of one number AB and bits of the other number are C and D ok. And then you need to kind of give the output if it is less and if it is more like you know you can have some kind of outputs that are possible. So, you can think of you know this implemented the truth table for this will come up something like that ok. So, AB and CD they are equal then this will be 1 if they are less if they are more that will be 1 like that it will have these 3 inputs coming out coming out a 3 outputs coming out of this circuit ok. Given based on these 2 or 4 inputs in terms of bits and then you will get this entire table represented and then you can find out further like you know how its circuit could be. Now, there are these other kind of output elements called 7 segment display ok. This is very important for mechatronics people ok. Because lot of these displays can be programmed with this understanding of the 7 segment display. This is nothing in this just a combinational kind of logic here ok. And you want to display say one here you need to see ok what are the these elements of this display to be you know these are basically ADDs they should be lightened up ok to display 1 or 0 or whatever value you want to display here. Depending upon that you will have multiple outputs and then you can have additional thing problem saying that ok look my binary number needs to be getting represented here ok. 8 binary numbers or 10 binary numbers from 0 to 9 should get displayed here starting from 0 0 0 0 to 1 0 0 1 ok. They need to get displayed here and appropriate kind of a fashion then like you know how do I kind of program this circuit which can do that ok. So, this is like you know BCD to 7 segment control decoder kind of circuit that we can design by considering this logic table now. We can fill up this logic table and again the same process is to be carried out and one can get like a big circuits to kind of implement this logic ok. And then so, these are so, these are these are different kinds of circuits that are possible and they are like you know done in the in the as a basic kind of circuits for these different elements. And then these elements now can be further put together to create your entire microprocessor ok. So, so, this is for example, you want to display 2 you want this LED and this LED this LED this LED and this LED to glow. So, that is what is given here ok. So, 2 is 1 0 representation in binary you know ABCD 4 numbers are represented like that and then you are corresponding you know this 7 segment display LEDs are glowing they are said as 1 and then you can get this number coming up there ok. So, to so, like that you can fill up entire table in the similar kind of a fashion and once this table is filled up then you can look at one output here and in terms of 4 inputs like know what combinational circuit will come up is what you can consider. So, so, one can do that I mean this very what you say simple, but tedious kind of a job when we go for like know this kind of a big circuits multiple such elements ok. So, these are these are the big expressions that are coming up here for example ok. So, now like know we will stop here for now and we will take up in the next class these sequential circuits ok.


Hi everyone, Joe for jessbyscasebrakes.com coming at you with a one-box break of 2019 upper deck Marvel Avengers Endgame Nice, it's a random pack break as well Marvel Avengers Endgame there we go and Captain Marvel Big thanks to these folks for getting into it. So what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna open up the box right here Number the box or number the packs the nine packs that are in there And then we'll randomize your names randomize the pack numbers and attach you with Attach you with a pack and we'll see what you end up with so Looking for that stuff right here Could be some real nice stuff in here. I don't know if this dark blue pen is gonna If I run Iron Man's head That's one two three four six seven eight and Ninth and final time Ninth and final pack All right, let's go back to this screen right here. Let's roll it and randomize each list five and a six eleven times for each list Matt, do you think any chance flawless number one could break tonight? No zero chance Joel down to Andy Zero chance Because it doesn't come out until next Friday That's why five into six eleven times four The numbers two three four And eleven the final time Four down to seven all right Joel with four sks with nine yens with five Joe with eight and one Kenton with two and three yens with six and Andy with seven. All right. I think one of the easiest way to do this Let's sort by column B by number I think we're gonna go by number that might be a little bit easier We might have a secret stash mat We might but then we'd get in trouble with me Like hey, what are you guys doing? Did we not put the date in the title? Is that is that why? Nope says four eight in the title Matt Right at the beginning of the title No one's trading numbers, right? I highly doubt it. No one's trading numbers All right, TWC trade window closed. All right, Joe, I guess we'll start with Yeah, Joe, we'll start with I think you got a couple more packs, but we'll get there So vendors end game one box RP random pack number one Joe with Pac one. There's that moment I don't know that happened. I Just watched this recent like two weeks ago and then we've got some credits right here, too All right, so nothing numbered or anything like that Joe, but We'll ship all that stuff can you have packed to and three No, we do not Tyler fat fat Thor was pretty pretty funny in the movie It's on Disney plus now. I think Captain Marvel and Avenged we're avenging the fallen can Pack three right here for you Hey, transfer. Yeah, happy Friday to you, too Doing well keeping busy Nice alright, so there's your group of cards Kenton Nothing numbered no no hits or anything like that, but some nice looking cards. Oh Now the dual case is officially gone. Excellent. All right. Oh, and I think Nick went through orders. So I Think SPX It's gonna happen soon. I'll drop the link in the chat. Just a second. Give me just two seconds here All right, there you go schedules in the chat folks Joel pack for What are we looking for in here? I want to see some hits search for after autographs Original art sketch and premium insert cards. That's what we're looking for. We haven't seen it yet in the first few packs All right, Jens pack five and six. Oh I felt something cool against my hand against my finger might be a plate in there Jens, I like the design of these cards right here And we have a plate Look at that Josh Rowland as Thanos, that's pretty cool not numbered but a Pretty cool design. I think nice. There you go Jens Derek Jones juniors is cruising against Kevin Durant ladies and gentlemen Derek Jones junior 78 Kevin Durant 62 15 seconds left in the fourth quarter Nick wants a Thanos hand for the store I've seen I've seen a cool like Thanos like coffee mug where like the handle is like all the all the stones All right seven eight and nine Andy Joe SKS Seven for Andy. Sure. Yeah After I do this break that was that's that was a pretty funny gag. All right There you go Andy Joe you have pack eight.  Let's see what we got in there. All right an SKS last spot mojo with the last pack And it looks like that is that I guess that special metal insert was was one of the special things among others It might be worth looking up all these cards that you get ladies and gentlemen because there could be some extra value Maybe one of these cards are short printed and I just didn't realize it from the get But check it out folks Joe for jasmiescasebreaks.com got more Marvel in the store We'll see you next time for the next one. Bye. Bye You


I remind members that social distancing measures are in place in the chamber and around the Holyrood campus. I ask that members take care to observe those measures, including when entering and exiting the chamber. Please only use the aisles and walkways to access your seat and when moving around the chamber. The next item of business is an urgent question, and I invite Gillian Mackay to ask the urgent question. I thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer, to ask the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body for what reason it applied for designated status for the Scottish Parliament under the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 and whether it will publish the background paper upon which this decision was based. On behalf of the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body, I welcomed the opportunity to correct some of the significant misunderstandings and inaccuracies regarding our decision to seek designated status for the parliamentary state that has been reported and commented upon. The SPCB takes its responsibility to provide a safe and welcoming parliamentary state very seriously. As you all know, the Parliament welcomes and facilitates thousands of protests all year round as an essential part of the expression of democracy in Scotland, and I categorically assure Parliament and the public that this will not change. Corporate Body members considered a paper and received a comprehensive briefing from Police Scotland and had an opportunity for full discussion. The decision to seek designated status was unanimous and no member requested that the decision be put to a vote. Applying for designated status, we are not seeking to curb or limit protests. The reason for applying for designated status is to give the Parliament the means to address protest by individuals where they try to prevent Parliament from meeting to carry out its essential role, who seek to interfere with the rights of others to engage at Holyrood or whether actions make it unsafe for others. Unfortunately, Parliament has experienced this kind of disruption impacting on its democratic role. In taking the decision to apply for designated status, the SPCB has listened closely to police advice. We have considered the experience of other parliaments such as Westminster and Wales where the same measure is available. After very careful consideration, we were assured that this measure offers additional support, which will only be used in a small number of the most exceptional circumstances, which cannot be resolved by the usual means via our on-site security and Police Scotland. In practice, we are assured that the corporate body will be consulted and engaged on any circumstances where the designation will be used. As the chamber knows, the corporate body does not publish papers that include security advice. Colleagues will recognise a significant concern around the changing status of the Scottish Parliament estate from 1 October, which will criminalise some forms of peaceful protest, as we have seen elsewhere, such as reading out the names of dead soldiers. Unfortunately, statements from the SPCB have failed to recognise that. I know many MSPs have joined protests outside this Parliament, as I have, for a whole range of issues. Protest is a fundamental part of our democracy, and the Scottish Parliament should be open, accessible and welcoming of peaceful protest. Can I urge the SPCB to reconsider that decision, which I do not believe can be justified? I will make it very clear that this measure will not criminalise protesters who come to put their case outside Parliament. I myself have been on marches and demonstrations all my life, and I would not support measures to curtail them. They are a vital part of our democracy, and I fully support people's right to protest at this Parliament. That is about protecting the functions of the Parliament, our ability to conduct business, the health and safety of all who come there here, including our Parliament's security staff, and being cognisant of the impact on the public purse of the current limited options that are available to us. I also have concerns about how the process has been conducted. The minutes of the SPCB's meeting on 24 June note that the SPCB discussed the matter and highlighted the concerns that were raised by Maggie Chapman MSP. The minutes make no mention of consulting MSPs nor the public, and in fact MSPs were not even informed of the change until legislation had already been laid in the Commons. Does the member not accept that the controversy around this matter could have been avoided if the SPCB had adopted a more transparent approach, in line with the Scottish Parliament's key principles of accountability and open participation? Thank you. The member will know that members of the corporate body have a responsibility to make decisions on behalf of Parliament in certain circumstances. That is often where it includes the security of the Parliament and the security device that we receive from Police Scotland. We had a very thorough debate at the corporate body. There was no member who proposed that we have a vote. We listened very carefully to the arguments that were made. We expressed some of the concerns that have been raised by members, and we were satisfied with the answers that we received that this was the correct course of action to take. I thank the member for her clarification on the matter. I was dismayed to see that she was a member of the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body that was guilty of passing on the kind of misinformation that we have seen in the media and elsewhere. Does the member agree with me that, as parliamentarians, we have a duty and a responsibility to ensure that the public is not misled? I am pleased to be able to give clarity to some of the reports that happened over the weekend to make it clear that it is not about criminalising protests that take place at Parliament. Members should avoid making misleading comments in public. We have a responsibility to ensure that the information that we provide is clear and accurate. MSPs received an email from the Presiding Officer on Thursday explaining the decision of the corporate body. Again, I echo Mr Cus' conclusions that it is a good opportunity to clarify the situation that arose over the weekend and possibly a situation where a better communication at the start might have avoided that. I know that that is challenging because much of the evidence that you receive from the police is confidential and rightly so and you make those decisions. However, could you possibly give an example of the sort of situation where that would apply rather than to people who want to gather outside to have their views known to us in here? I thank the member for the question. It is difficult to provide an example that links directly in the chamber this afternoon, but if members reflect on instances that the Parliament had to deal with in recent years where sometimes there has been a protracted solution to situations and it has often been a costly solution, that this designation would help in those situations. I am going to pause proceedings for the front benches to change when we move on to the next item of business.


Why narcissists have to control everything? Narcissists can be very controlling. They want to have influence and authority over you and they are unable to be changed or adapted. They are not adaptable in outlook belief or response. They have an obsession with order. Everything has to be arranged or dispositioned according to a particular sequence, pattern or method. Everything must be in its correct or appropriate place. They have to eat at a specific time. The temperature always has to be perfect for them. And if it's not, they will give you an authoritative instruction to make the necessary adjustments. They create the rules and regulations and they expect you to follow them. Everything has to be done their way. If it's not, they will bully and intimidate you. They will keep you in subjection and hardship by their unjust exercise of authority. They will burden you with cruel or unjust impositions or restraints. Without any regard for the distress or anxiety that it may cause for you. They will try to gain control over your finances so that everything can be done their way. They have this my way or the highway mentality. If you don't follow their demands or agree with their opinion, then you will have to leave. You're not allowed to have your own ideas or opinions. You're not allowed to have your own separate way of life. They expect you to conform to their way of doing things. Because in their minds, there is only one correct way. And that is the way that they do it. They have a superiority complex. They have exaggerated opinions of themselves. They believe that their abilities and achievements surpass yours or other people's. So they believe that they are superior to you. They believe that they should be in control. They should make all the decisions for you. Narcissists cannot adapt their outlook, belief or response. Because they are affected by an old consuming obsession. And they expect you to conform to these ideas and thoughts that continually preoccupy and intrude on their minds. They can be very attentive to and concerned about accuracy and detail. They are like everything to be very neat, accurate and in good order. They can be excessively particular, critical and demanding. They could be hard to please. They could be very cruel. They will willfully cause pain and suffering to you while feeling no concern about it. They are self-righteous. They have an unfounded certainty that they are totally correct or morally superior. They believe that their beliefs, actions or affiliations are of greater virtue than those of the average person. They can be smugly, moralistic and intolerant of the opinions and behaviour of other people. They are narrow-minded. They are not willing to listen to or tolerate other people's views. They are not willing to accept ideas or ways of behaving that are different from their own. They have a limited outlook. They are unwilling to consider alternative ideas, perspective or thoughts. Everything has to be done their way. If they see someone with different ideas or ways of behaving, they cannot tolerate it. They will display their self-righteous and smugly moralistic attitude towards you. They will show and feel active opposition and hostility towards you. They cannot tolerate diversity. And while there may be things that we don't approve of, whether it's smoking, alcohol or drugs, we can respond to it in an appropriate way without having to embarrass or shame the person. Without having to make them feel dishonourable or unworthy. But the narcissist will get very angry. They will degrade the person. They will make them feel like what they're doing is foolish or unwise. They lack empathy so they can be very cruel. Some narcissists can be very controlling over everything in their home. It may even seem like they're suffering from OCD. They can be very precise and careful about details. They can be obsessed with cleanliness. They cannot be happy unless everything is perfect. But nothing is ever perfect. Because they always find something wrong. They always find something wrong because it's not that outer reality that is the issue. The narcissist's obsessive need for control. It's a defensive correction of the internal sense of chaos and unworthiness. They feel unclean. They are experiencing complete disorder and confusion. And they feel undeserving of respect and attention. They try to compensate for this by trying to control everything around them. They are battling with their own feelings of not being enough. Which they then take out on everyone around them. Everything has to be ordered and arranged their way. If it isn't, they will get very angry. They will use their obsessions to control you. They have no empathy or compassion. If their perfect world is interrupted, they will attack you. They see it as though if you're going to be a part of their lives, you have to follow their rules and regulations. You have to obey their commands. If you live with a narcissist, your life has to revolve around them. Everything has to be done on their terms. You cannot live a separate life outside of them. Everything has to be obsessively ordered to manage their insecurity. But they don't realise that this is what they're doing. They control their environment. To manage their internal sense of not being enough. It helps them to cope. It makes them feel in control. But if you question that obsession with the control, or choose not to live in the way that they want to live, they will get very angry. They're not going to look themselves and think that maybe their obsession with control is the problem. Narcissists have to control everything. They have an obsession with order. And this can result in them failing to make the best use of their time or resources. Because they get lost in details. And they need everything to be perfect. So they don't get much done. It affects their productivity. But they will only ever see things their way. It leaves you walking on eggshells. You become extremely cautious about your words and actions. Because you have to be very careful not to offend or upset them. Any little thing could set them off. Because they're very sensitive to criticism. They're very insecure. They're easily offended. It's like dealing with a child. They have so many needs. So many things that they need you to do for them. And everything has to be done at a certain time. Everything has to be done when they want it. This is a pattern of behaviour that is never going to change. And while everything may be ordered perfectly for the narcissist, you will find yourself experiencing nothing but disorder. Nothing but chaos and confusion. You will find yourself experiencing significant difficulties and distress in your daily life. Because you're just burning yourself out. By trying to cater to their need for order. The narcissist often won't even notice the damage they're doing to you.  In the situation where they do notice your difficulties or distress. They will just see it as though you're weak and good enough. They're not going to look themselves and see that they're doing this to you. You're just an object of the narcissist. You're just a convenience. You're just something that's supposed to make their lives easier. As long as they get what they want from you, they don't care about what you're going through. In their minds, your purpose and reason for existing is to serve them. Any inconvenience you bring to them is a problem. If you have been involved in a divorce with a narcissist or maybe they knew someone that passed away, rather than having any care or interest in the other person, the narcissist is obsessed with what they believe is owed to them. All they care about is what they're going to get out of it. What they believe is just or fair to them. They will spend a lot of money on attorneys. They will do whatever it takes to compensate for their internal sense of deep insecurity. But you're never going to change the narcissist. They're always going to operate in this way. They're always going to demand and expect that people do things their way. But you need to go within yourself and question if that's something you want to be a part of. As humans, we were meant to be free. We were not designed to be controlled by anyone. And that is why when you are under a narcissist control, you will only experience difficulties and distress. It's not good for you. The narcissist has to control everything. They are contrary to the ordinary course of nature because they know that things wouldn't naturally pan out in their favor. They know that everything is destined to go against what they want and their way of doing things unless they box it in and keep it under their control. And if they didn't believe that, there would be no reason to control anything in the first place. Thank you for watching. I hope this video resonated with you. Please like, comment, share and subscribe. If you would like to donate, my pay about link is in the video description. Coaching Inquiries. You can email me at coachingatnarksurvivor.co.uk Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon.


All right, let's get started. Welcome, everyone. My name is Joanna Lee. I'm an attorney, mediator, and consultant. And I work with open source foundations and projects and communities. And one of the many things I do to help support projects and communities is help develop code of conduct processes and assist with code of conduct incident response. So some of the things we'll talk about today, we'll talk about the role of code of conduct responders and why this work is so important. How codes of conduct have been evolving and how they continue to evolve. We'll also talk about some of the risks associated with code of conduct incident response, in particular legal risks. So some of you may be aware that there is a pending lawsuit against the organizers of DEF CON arising from a code of conduct incident. So we'll talk about that a bit today as well. We'll also talk about fairness and best practices throughout the code of conduct incident response process. We'll talk about restorative justice and transformative justice frameworks and how those can apply in code of conduct incident response, the role of mediation in code of conduct response, and some tips for managing communications throughout the process. How many people in this room are code of conduct responders? Great. How many of you are thinking about volunteering to help with code of conduct response? Awesome. For those of you who are thinking about this work or who have done this work or are doing this work, thank you so much. This is really, really hard work. And it's also very important. So it's emotionally taxing. With any incident, however you resolve it, you almost certainly can't make everybody happy. It can be stressful, it's time consuming. You're often dealing with stressful situations and conflict and sometimes emotionally distraught people. So it's very important work. Part of the role of code of conduct responders is to help safeguard the health and safety of communities and ensure that they are welcoming safe spaces for everybody. Incident response can impact both the reality and perception of whether a community is a safe space. And the decisions that you make as incident responders can also impact people's careers. The decision, the ability to ban somebody from an event or from a community, either in temporary or long-term basis, should not be taken lightly. So code of conduct incident responders can't make everybody happy. This is an inherently controversial line of volunteer work. Whatever decision you make about how to resolve an incident, there's almost always going to be somebody who's very unhappy with the result. And some violations can be very public in nature and very divisive within a community. And any failure to follow best practice and implement due process will be scrutinized and criticized by the community and can increase both legal and community health risks. So actual fairness is really essential and the optics really matter as well. Let's talk about how codes of conduct have evolved and continue to evolve. So roughly 10 years ago, codes of conduct were a relatively novel concept in open source. It could be an uphill battle just to get a community to adopt a code of conduct. And the reason here is codes of conduct have become quite pervasive. Most communities and projects have codes of conduct. It's becoming increasingly recognized that just having a code of conduct isn't enough. How you enforce it, who enforces it, how you go about resolving incidents, how clear your documentation is, transparency, all of these factors matter as well. Most communities, well, many communities with mature government instructors tend to have a code of conduct committee that oversees incident response, along with published documentation that details the procedures from beginning receiving a report to the end when it's resolved and the results are communicated to the accused person and to those reported. And code of conduct incident resolution is continuing to evolve and it will continue to evolve in response to social, political, and philosophical movements such as theories of justice, transformative justice, and restorative justice. Also, it will continue and is evolving in response to developments in social science and psychology, including thinking and best practices and trauma-informed care. There are risks associated with code of conduct incident resolution, including legal risks and lawsuits, also community health risks. If a code of conduct incident is not handled in a way that is seen to be fair and transparent, it can become very heated and politically divisive within a community. In a community, you can lose confidence in leadership or the governance processes and the code of conduct may just be perceived as something that's not that meaningful or even something that's used as a weapon. So, particularly because there is a pending code of conduct lawsuit that some of you may have heard about, we'll talk a little bit more about that, the DEF CON lawsuit. I'm going to focus a little bit more on legal risks today than I have historically when I've given the same presentation. So for minor types of code of conduct violations such as just rudeness, the legal risks are typically very, very low. But when we're dealing with more severe types of violations such as physical assault or sexual harassment or identity-based discrimination, the risk to the community, the hosting foundation, code of conduct responders, and the risk of legal liability and lawsuits increases. So lawsuits can be brought by the accused person for defamation, libel and slander, also tortuous interference for contractual or economic relations, if the results of the code of conduct investigation somehow damage their relationships with customers, vendors, others in their economic sphere. Also intentional infliction of emotional distress. Lawsuits can also be brought by a party who was injured as a result of the incident. And if an employee or multiple employees of the hosting foundation are victims of harassment, a code of conduct incident can also create risks of hostile work environment claims and other employment related claims. So these are some of the factors that increase legal risk. So if somebody suffered physical harm, the person accused of a violation as a community leader or an employee or contractor of the hosting foundation, if the remedy could meaningfully impact somebody's career, also if there are public statements made about an individual that could harm their reputation. So there is a, some of you may have, may already be aware that there is a pending lawsuit against the organizers of DEF CON, which is an annual hacker conference. And there's still so much that's not known about the incident, the underlying incident that was investigated and the lawsuit itself. So I'm not gonna comment on the merits of the lawsuit or the incident or how it was handled, but I do want to talk about the basics of a lawsuit, what is publicly known just as to provide an example of the type of lawsuit that can come up from incident response and how it's handled. So earlier this year, the organizers of DEF CON informed Chris Hadnaghi, who's a DEF CON village host, that he wouldn't be allowed to tend, contribute to or participate in the event moving forward due to alleged violations of the DEF CON's code of conduct. And so that's both the event that took place this year and then future conferences in perpetuity. And additionally, they made a public statement on their website in a transparency report saying that they received multiple code of conduct violations about a DEF CON village leader, and they named the accused person in this public transparency report on their website. And they haven't described the nature of the violation of the code of conduct, but they have said that these are severe enough that it warrants a permanent ban. So in August of this year, Chris Hadnaghi, the accused person in that code of conduct incident, and a company that he is a founder and CEO of, social engineer LLC, filed a lawsuit against both DEF CON, Communications Inc, the organizer of the conference, and its president, Jeff Moss. And the claims brought by Chris Hadnaghi include defamation, intentional and tortuous interference with contractual relations, invasion of privacy in false light, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. So in addition to denying that he violated the code of conduct, Chris Hadnaghi's complaint further alleges that the transparency report, the public transparency report in DEF CON's website, created a firestorm of social media and Twitter commentary that damaged his reputation, that because of the vague statements that were made on the website, many in the community have assumed the very worst about what the nature of the violation was, and have assumed that there must have been some type of sexual harassment or sexual assault leading to the ban. And that the statements damaged his reputation, had an harmful impact on his business dealings, caused some of his customers to terminate their relationship with his company. And furthermore, the complaint alleged that Chris Hadnaghi had requested numerous times information about what the actions were that he allegedly took that resulted in this finding of a code of conduct violation, and that the organizers of DEF CON had never provided that information. And in defense, DEF CON communications has asserted that the public statements made about Chris Hadnaghi's behavior are absolutely true, and that an ex-employee of Chris Hadnaghi's company was the one who came forward and complained about harassment from Chris to that ex-employee that was precipitated by that ex-employee trying to leave the company. And DEF CON communications further alleged that they had talked with at least half a dozen other members of the hacking community who described similar inappropriate behavior. So where the case is now is that the organizers of DEF CON plan to file a motion to dismiss in October, and they're going to be challenging personal jurisdiction as well as a legal sufficiency of Chris Hadnaghi's claims. And if the motion is denied, the parties will proceed with discovery. Something to keep in mind when this proceeds with discovery, so there's generally, when in code of conduct incident response, there's almost always a promise that we make both explicitly and implicitly to reporters in the community of confidentiality because we want to protect community members from retaliation. We want to create a safe environment in which people can report alleged violations. When there's litigation, that is sometimes impossible because during discovery, with rare exceptions where there might be attorney client privilege involved in communications with counsel or if counsel performed, external counsel performed the investigation, some of those investigative materials and reports may be privileged. But in general, in most situations where you have community, volunteer community members performing an investigation, it's very difficult to withhold those investigative documents in the course of a lawsuit. So this is one of those exceptions to confidentiality and code of conduct response. And partly why lawsuits are, they're stressful, they're time consuming, they're expensive, but the other adverse consequence is that it's very hard to protect reporters and victims' confidentiality when there is a lawsuit. So if this lawsuit proceeds and it's not dismissed, there will be discovery and every aspect of the investigation is going to be very, very carefully scrutinized. The plaintiff is going to attack any potential, any issue in due process and fairness, they're going to be scrutinized in credibility of witnesses and reporters, as well as motivations and potential conflicts of interest of the people who were involved in the investigation and the ultimate decision to ban Chris Tadnegie. And again, there's still a lot we don't know about the code of conduct violation itself, the investigation, the lawsuit, it's possible more information will come out later. In, at the member summit, the Linux Foundation member summit in Lake Tahoe in November, I will be doing a much deeper dive into both this lawsuit and a focused presentation on how to avoid litigation and manage legal risks in code of conduct enforcement. Let's talk about fairness and due process throughout code of conduct incident response. So this is what fairness and due process looks like from beginning to end. So everyone needs to have notice of the rules of acceptable behavior. And that's usually expressed in the code of conduct itself. And of course, it's important that the code of conduct be published readily available to everybody who participates in the community. The process for enforcement should be clear and transparent. The investigation and evaluation needs to be thorough. All relevant and available evidence should be considered. And if consequences beyond a warning or in some cases, a temporary suspension or under consideration, in a vast majority of cases, it's really important that the cues be given an opportunity to be heard and present their own evidence. There are some exceptions where that might create a community health or safety risk or an undue risk of retaliation. But in general, giving the accused person opportunity to present their own evidence is a critical component of fairness and due process. It is important the triers of fact be impartial and that conflicts of interest be dealt with appropriately. It's also important that a code of conduct be applied consistently. So you're not gonna treat one person who engaged in a particular type of behavior one way and somebody else who engaged in the same behavior a different way because one of them is more popular or has a different identity. If a violation is found, it's important that the determination be communicated in a way that allows the accused person to understand why their behavior was not acceptable and what the impact was on the community. There are some rare exceptions, but those are exceptions rather than the rule. And any consequences should be appropriate given the severity of the behavior and the impact to the community. So it would be pretty extreme to ban somebody permanently because of one or two rude remarks, but if there's a pattern of consistent behavior or the severity is such that it creates community health and safety issue, perhaps a permanent ban is appropriate. So here are some things that your code of conduct documentation should address if it doesn't already. So obviously what behavior is acceptable and what's not? What's the process for reporting violations? There are still so many communities and projects they come across with codes of conduct, but there's no clear process for who do I report to, how do I report? Who is responsible for responding to and resolving code of conduct incidents? This is, again, an important part of transparency. It's not a safe space for reporting if it's not, it can't be known to the reporter who's gonna receive that report because what if it's somebody on the code of conduct committee that's an accused person or an involved person? Also a policy for dealing with conflicts of interest. So what is a conflict of interest? What's the process for recusal, et cetera. Also, what are your policies related to protecting the anonymity of reporters and victims and targets of the alleged wrongdoing? Your code of conduct documentation should also address whether the code of conduct can be enforced with respect to actions that take place outside of community spaces if those actions are likely to impact community health. I can think of numerous of instances of where there is harassment taking place in social media. It could be on Facebook or Twitter or in a Slack channel. Although a Slack channel, of course, is a community space but there may be other spaces or there could be harassment taking place at an offsite sponsored event that's co-located with a conference or an association of the conference but is not technically a community space. And if it has an impact on community it can be helpful for the code of conduct to clarify that its jurisdiction is broad enough to reach those spaces. If you do have an appeal process make sure that's well documented. And also document your code of conduct committee's ability to delegate or escalate investigation or incident resolution. For example, if everybody in the code of conduct committee has a conflict of interest, this does occasionally arise. How are you going to deal with that? How are you going to pull an alternates or escalate or perhaps hire an outside investigator? Also this is something that I think is very, very rarely documented even in communities with very mature governance structures. How does your code of conduct enforcement team fit within the larger governance structure of your project? What's the scope of its jurisdiction and authority relative to the technical leadership bodies and the governing board, for example? A few tips on navigating conflicts of interest and impartiality. So the following are examples of people who would have conflicts of interest and should not participate in the code of conduct incident response team investigation. Other than as a witness. So obviously the accused person, anyone who is a direct victim or target of the incident, anyone who has a close personal or professional relationship with either a victim or the accused person. I'd also encourage you to consider distinguishing between hard conflicts and soft conflicts. For example, some communities have this idea that anything on this list would be hard conflict and that person could not even participate in discussions about the incident. So they would have to be completely recused from all discussions. And sometimes there are soft conflicts where maybe there's a friendship but it's not a very close friendship. Maybe there's some type of professional relationship but there's not a direct supervisory relationship. They work in completely different divisions of the company and rarely interact. And those people it can be helpful to have them in the room to talk about the incident but they shouldn't be allowed to vote because even the perception of bias in voting could contain perceptions of whether this is truly a fair decision-making process. It's important to have options for escalation and delegation. As I mentioned before, in some cases, there are no members of the code of conduct committee who don't have conflicts of interest. And then in some situations, there's such heightened legal risk that it may be really important to involve foundation staff or an external professional investigator or mediator in incident resolution. We talked about the DEF CON lawsuit and the fact that there are going to be a lot of investigative materials. They proceed with discovery that are going to be discoverable. Part, one of the many advantages of having an external law firm or investigator perform an investigation is that there will be attorney-client privilege that covers many of the communications between the responders and that investigative firm or council. And also, if it is a high-risk incident that could result in litigation, having legal counsel involved every step of the way is really, really important because they can always be looking at a lens, from a lens of, okay, if we go about it this way, how is that going to look if there's a lawsuit? And having that advice is something that's I think really, really critical when the legal risks are higher. We talked a little bit about consistency earlier. So treat similar violations similarly. And whenever you are making a decision about what consequence to apply when a violation is found, keep in mind that you're setting precedent. You are setting precedent for how future behavior of a similar nature is going to be treated. It's important to balance transparency and privacy. Now, in open source, there's so much, we value transparency and openness so much. But here, there are other interests as well. It's in order to create a safe space for reporting, it's so important that victims and reporters and witnesses, identities and anonymity is protected. If it's not, community members may be unwilling to submit reports. So it's helpful to design an anonymous reporting mechanism as an option for people who are uncomfortable, who are uncomfortable having their identity known to the entire Code of Conduct Committee. And the report investigation notes and all deliberations of the Code of Conduct Committee also need to be kept confidential. We'll talk about communications later. In some situations, your Code of Conduct Committee might decide to make a public announcement at the conclusion of an investigation, but if that's the case, that needs to be a group decision-making process, not something that committee members decide on unilaterally while an investigation is suspending. So this is sort of a map of the Code of Conduct Process. First, you receive a report, or you learn that there is a potential incident, then there's an investigation. Sometimes there's a mediation that helps resolve the dispute. If it's more of the nature of an interpersonal conflict and we'll talk more about that later, evaluating and terminating what the consequences or remedies are, if a violation was found and then communicating the results to the reporters and to the accused person and in some cases to the broader community. When performing the investigation, it will sometimes be necessary to interview the accused person and the victim or target and all known witnesses. Again, part of fairness is considering all available evidence. So, and that means interviewing all people who might have important information who are willing to be interviewed. In some cases, there will be people who are unwilling to speak with the Code of Conduct Committee, but if they are willing and they might have relevant information, it's important to give them an opportunity to be heard. Care should be taken in deciding who's going to perform the interviews and whether to have one person or multiple people conduct the interviews where there is a higher risk of the accused person being rude or abusive, consider having more than one person present so that there's an additional person both for support and as a witness and also be thoughtful about how to frame the request for a meeting and how much information to volunteer in advance because in some cases, notifying an accused person that they're under investigation can create a risk of either retaliation or tampering with evidence or destruction of evidence and tampering with other witnesses. Make sure to take careful notes and keep documents. And of course, ask all involved parties for any supporting documentation or evidence that they have for you to review. When conducting an interview, find a safe, quiet space. If the incident just occurred and you're speaking with somebody who's in emotional distress, it's important to be kind and empathetic but also keep things focused. It's really important not to engage in any questioning that could make somebody feel like there is a victim blaming going on. Remind the person that, let the person know that they can take breaks, they can end the conversation at any time and that they can care for their own needs. When an investigation is pending, don't communicate conclusive determinations. It can be tempting to in the moment when you're empathizing with somebody who's telling you about something that was very upsetting to them. It can be very tempting to say, oh, what happened to you was terrible. That's clearly a code of conduct violation. We need to ban this person. You can empathize and show compassion for somebody's experience without agreeing with the final outcome because that needs to go through a process before any decisions can be made. Once an investigation is concluded, the Code of Conduct Committee will generally meet and evaluate all the evidence and discuss and determine whether a violation occurred. And during that process, it's important to refer to the text of the code of conduct to determine what provisions of the code of conduct may have been violated. There are situations where a binary outcome of violation or no violation is not necessarily essential. And sometimes it's very subjective. Sometimes there is behavior that's really kind of borderline in that it's impacted a lot of people negatively but it's not such a clear case of whether or not this violated the code of conduct. So in those situations, it may still be helpful whether there is a finding of violation or not to have a conversation with the accused person and help them understand what the impact of their behavior was on others in the community. On deciding what the consequences and remedies should be, this is both my personal view and I think the view of held by many, many community, many open source community folks, which is that the goal of Code of Conduct Enforcement is not to punish anybody. It really is to safeguard the health and safety of the community. And so in a couple of slides later, we will talk about retributive versus transformative and restorative justice and what that means. So when a violation has occurred, consider the following factors when deciding upon what the consequences should be. So severity of the behavior itself, the risks and impact, the community of the behavior, as well as the remedies that are under consideration. Also, whether the violators are willing and able to learn from their mistakes. I do think that if somebody shows genuine remorse and willingness to take responsibility for their actions, lighter consequences, perhaps a warning is sufficient. Whereas if somebody really digs their heels in and is unwilling to accept responsibility, in that case, more meaningful consequences to help them reflect maybe warranted. Also, consider whether the problematic behavior is a single isolated incident or if it's a recurring pattern of behavior. In general, any permanent remedies should only be imposed after the investigation and valuation is completed. But in some cases, if the alleged violation poses such an imminent significant threat to a community, it might be necessary to impose interim protective measures immediately. So for example, I recently assisted with a Code of Conduct investigation where there was a real possible threat to community health and safety and the decision was made to immediately impose a temporary ban on this person from participating in the community until the investigation was concluded at which time it would be decided whether or not to lift that ban or make it permanent. So there's a lot of talk in Code of Conduct communities about restorative and transformative justice. And I find this one of the most exciting innovative areas of Code of Conduct enforcement. So here are a few common theories of justice. There are more theories than this, but these are some of the most commonly cited ones today. So retributive justice is focus on punishment. Corrective justice is focused on making the injured party whole. Restorative justice is about restitution and healing harm with input from victims and offenders. And transformative justice is focused on restitution of larger societal injustices and systemic problems and equities. Restorative justice is a theory and framework that was developed in the 1970s. And in a traditional restorative justice process, the victim and the accused have a meeting and they talk about what happened. And the thinking behind why that's restorative is, it gives the accused person an opportunity to show remorse, to fully understand and internalize and appreciate the impact that their behavior had on the victim. And it also gives a victim an opportunity to speak their truth, to witness the accused person giving an apology. So the idea is that it facilitates learning and healing between the victim and accused person. But for that conversation to take place in a traditional restorative justice framework, the accused person has to take full responsibility for their actions and the impact. And in an ideal world that would always happen, but that doesn't always happen. And I would say it rarely does. It's challenging to apply this in code of conduct resolution because of that prerequisite. I mean, sometimes it will happen. But also any conversation that takes place has to be voluntary. You cannot force people to speak to each other. And particularly for somebody who's a victim more been harmed, that could be re-traumatizing to them. Not all of them want to speak to the person that they see as a wrongdoer. Transformative justice is a framework that evolved in the 90s in response to what were received as, thank you, the perceived failings and limitations of restorative justice. And transformative justice goes beyond just the accused person and the victim. And it asks, what are the more systemic societal and community issues that may have resulted in the problematic behavior? And how do we cure that? So I'll give an example for a crime of theft in a transformative justice framework. We would be asking, are there social inequities that contributed to that theft? Were there a lack of opportunities for gainful employment? Were there other situations, duress, influence from family members or peers? What were all the contributing factors? In a community, questions that you might ask are, are there ways in which this community is maybe implicitly encouraging or rewarding this bad behavior? Are project leaders modeling bad behavior? Are we failing to educate community members about acceptable norms of how we treat each other? So even though the traditional restorative justice framework that involves a conversation between accused and victim doesn't always work, I think that the general thinking about how do we create healing? How do we address harms is a helpful question to ask during Code of Conduct Enforcement? And how do we support the wrongdoer and other community members in learning and improving? And then the transformative justice questions that I encourage all Code of Conduct responders to also ask is, how do we create resolution and healing in the broader community? And are there systemic issues in this community that have contributed to this issue? And how do we as a community address those? So the traditional consequences in Code of Conduct Enforcement are generally warning, a ban, whether it's temporary or permanent, sometimes a revocation of a leadership role or certain privileges, again, either on a temporary or permanent basis. More restorative or transformative remedies might be public or private apology, providing the accused person with training, coaching or mentoring to improve their behavior, asking the accused person to engage in some type of community service that helps, that helps in some ways address the harm that's related to their behavior and addressing other systemic issues. We are running out of time. So I'm giving a talk tomorrow about mediation, particularly transformative mediation, which is a newer approach to mediation as a tool for resolving incidents. So I'm not going to do a deep dive into that right now. At the end of an investigation, it's standard to notify both the accused and the reporters of the results of the investigation and for the accused, letting them know what the behavior is that was at issue, why the behavior violated the Code of Conduct, how it impacts others in the community, what the remedies are and what the appeal rights are if any. A few notes on managing communications. One is that any message you send to an accused person or a reporter, you could be made public. If they're unhappy for any reason, they could post it publicly. So just keep in mind that those are not private communications and if there are going to be any public statements, it's important to go through an approval process for that. And if there's a risk of litigation or legal liability, have those run by a legal counsel first. After an investigation, consider the extent to which you want to make a public statement. Many Code of Conduct committees have transparency reports. Most of those do not publicly identify or name the accused person or the victims or witnesses. They're just general generic. Some of them are just statistical statistics about, we received X number of reports this year and found a Y number of violations. Some actually include summaries of the nature of the reported violation and whether a violation was actually found as well as a brief description of the consequences. Are there any questions? We only have a couple minutes. Yes. You have a project, it went to the default Code of Conduct that so many young projects reach for. It goes into a non-profit that might have its own Code of Conduct and a violation happens at a conference run by the non-profit. How do you layer those? Okay, good question. So Steven's question is about layered Code of Conduct incidents where there might be a violation at a conference and it might be related to something that happened in an online community space. And it might be a violation of both the project level and the foundation level. And how do you deal with that? Yeah. So that's challenging, of course. I can say within the LF, we're in the process of developing really clear documentation around jurisdiction and escalation. So what incidents are resolved at the project level, what incidents are resolved at Linux Foundation, when there's going to be joint jurisdiction of a foundation, Code of Conduct, Enforcement Team and a project level, Code of Conduct Enforcement Team. So I guess the answer is that it's gonna depend on the community and the project and what the agreements are. And I would say that there are probably many projects who have not even thought through how to deal with that and therefore don't have clear guidelines. We're out of time but I will be in the hallway after this and happy to chat one-on-one with any of you. Thank you.