Suppose we have an expression. We can evaluate the expression by resolving all of the operations. This gives us something that should be the same as the original expression just in a different form. For example, let's say I want to evaluate 5 plus 7. The operation is addition, so we can add and we have 5 plus 7 is the same as 12. And remember, equals means replaceable, so we can write 5 plus 7 equals 12. How about evaluating 3x plus 5 when x equals 2? So remember, equals means replaceable. Now it's a good rule in math and in life that you can never write too much. So what we might do is start out with the blazingly obvious idea that 3x plus 5 is the same as 3x plus 5. Equals means replaceable, so this x equals 2 means that everywhere we see an x, we can replace it with 2. Since we'd like to be able to say what 3x plus 5 is, let's only replace the x on this side, so we'll replace this x with the 2. And we should throw it in a set of parentheses to make everything sensible. And now we have a bunch of arithmetic operations which we can then resolve. We could try to do this with more than one variable, so let's evaluate 3x plus 7y when x equals 2 and y equals negative 1. So equals means replaceable. Everywhere we see x, we'll replace it with 2. And everywhere we see y, we'll replace it with negative 1. And then we can evaluate the arithmetic operations to get our final answer.


Hey everyone, thank you for coming. Today I'm going to talk about batteryification for statistical zero-knowledge proofs. It is a joint work with Guy and Ron Rottenblum, Adam Silphon, and Prashan Vasudevan. So zero-knowledge proofs introduced by Golba Sir Mikhaili and Rakov are an amazing idea. And as you all probably know, it allows a prover to convince a verifier of the validity of some statement without revealing any additional information. In this talk, we focus on statistical zero-knowledge for which both the zero-knowledge and soundness are information theoretic. So our protocol is statistical zero-knowledge. If it has three properties, the standard completeness and soundness, know that the soundness is defined also against an unbounded prover. And the zero-knowledge requirement is that for every poly-time verifier we start, there exists a poly-time simulator such that the output of the simulator is really close to the distribution of the messages being sent between P and this P star on the input X. And when I mean very close, I mean that the statistical distance between those distributions is a negligible. So we also consider a real-care notion of statistical zero-knowledge, which is honest verifier statistical zero-knowledge for which the zero-knowledge requirement is only against the honest designated verifier. Okay, so so far we talked about verifying only one instance, but let's say that we want to check that k-different statements are all true, meaning it wants to accept if all instances are yes instances and to reject if at least one instance is a known instance. Okay, so the naive way to do that is just run the basic protocol for each input sequentially. However, communication is a key resource in modern networks and if verifying one instance take us, let's say m bits, then verifying k instances will take us m times k communication bits. So question being asked is, can we verify k instances with less than these m times k communication bits? Okay, so let me briefly mention some prior work on this topic. So using the IP equals piece per theorem, we can get batching for every problem in IP. However, with an inefficient prover, also this line of work of water, blue, water, blue and rain gold show batching for UP, which is a specific subclass of NP with communication of fully m low k, where m is the witness land. The special property about those protocol is that the prover is efficient. And there are more work showing batching with only computational soundness and also under crypto assumptions. And the special property about those protocols is that the communication complexity is only poorly log n, low k. So in this work, we focus on batterification for SDK. And our main question is, suppose that some problem is in SDK. So can we verify that k different instances are all yes instances in zero knowledge with non-trivial communication? Meaning can we do a batterification for SDK with non-trivial communication while maintaining the zero knowledge? So we think it is a natural problem and it also can be used for verifying signatures and public keys. And we give a partial positive answer, which will be stated in two slides. But first, let's recall the model of non-interactive statistical zero knowledge. In this model, both parties get the CRS, which is a shared uniform random string. Then the prover based on the input x and on the CRS generates a proof pi and sends it to the verifier. And the verifier based on the x, the CRS and this pi decides if to accept or reject. Okay, so we have here the standard commitments and soundness requirements. And the zero knowledge requirement is that there exists a poly time simulator such that for every x, which is the yes instance, the output of the simulator is close to the distribution of the CRS alongside this message pi. So now we're ready to state our results. So our main theorem is that for every pi, which is in NA SDK, every problem pi in NA SDK has the oldest verifier SDK batch replication protocol with a non-trivial communication of K plus poly N. And in this talk, we ignore poly log factors. So we show it in two steps. The first step, in the first step, we show a new NA SDK complete problem called approximate injectivity. And then we show honest verifier SDK batch replication protocol for this problem of approximate injectivity. So before we dive in and introduce this new problem of approximate injectivity, we start with a warm-up of batch verification for permutations. So the input for this problem is length preserving circuit. And we define the yes cases to be circuit that define a permutation and the no cases to be circuits that are far from defining a permutation in the sense of their injectivity. Meaning that for the no cases, every image has at least two pre-images. So now we want to construct a batch replication protocol for this problem. So the input is case circuits and we want to check that each and every one of them is a permutation. And the way we think of this circuit is as a composition. So now we construct an honest verifier SDK batching protocol which will go as follows. So first we sample samples X1 and sends YK to the prover. And this YK is the composition of the circuits on this X1. Then the prover finds some X1 prime such that the composition of the circuits on this X1 prime gives us the YK sent by the verifier. And it sends it to the verifier and then we check that indeed X1 equals to X1 prime and accept or rejects accordingly. So for showing this protocol is indeed honest verifier SDK, we need to show completeness and zero knowledge. So we start with completeness and zero knowledge for which all circuits are permutations. So for completeness, know that permutations are invertible and therefore the prover can just invert each circuit in each turn and eventually get the X1 from this YK. And for zero knowledge, we can construct the simulator that will just sample X1 and compute YK the same as the verifier. And just that X1 prime to be this X1. So we get here a perfect zero knowledge. For the soundness, for the no cases, we consider the first no instance. Okay, so even if the prover manages to guess correctly, this YI, meaning the YI, which is the composition of the first I circuits on this X1, and then still this YI has at least two pre-images. Now, we know that X1 is sampled uniformly and all the I-1 circuits, the first I-1 circuits are permutations and therefore XI is also uniform. And therefore the prover cannot guess with probability more than half, which is the correct XI. And each XI here will be translated to a different X1. So in total, we get the soundness of the half and we can also amplify it by repetition. So if the permutation problem was NISK complete, then we would essentially be done, but that doesn't seem to be the case. So instead, we will introduce a variant of the permutation problem that is NISK complete. And this variant is the approximate ejectivity problem. So this problem differs from the permutation problem by two significant ways. So the first difference is that the circuits are not length preserving anymore. The inputs here are circuits that map inputs of size N to outputs of size M, when we think of M as the poly of N. And the second difference is that the requirement of the injectivity or non-injectivity is not as absolute as in the permutation problem. So here for the yes cases, the majority of the inputs, one minus delta fraction of the inputs do map injectively, but for a delta fraction of the input, we let them to be mapped potentially non-injectively. So as far as we know, all the inputs here can be mapped also to the same outputs. For the no cases, the majority of the inputs, one minus delta fraction of the inputs are mapped in a way that every input has at least one other input that is mapped to the same output, but we do let a delta fraction of the inputs to be mapped injectively. So later we showed that this problem is NISK hard. And now we will show a batching protocol for this problem. So for simplicity of this talk, we focus on the case where delta equals zero. So although it is not known to be NISK hard, it still captures most of our main ideas. So our goal for today is to distinguish circuit that are injective from those in which every image has at least two pre-images. So for the permutation, we start every circuit input to be the previous circuit output. But now the output side is not the same as the input size. And therefore, we cannot directly compose. So an idea is to just use hashing and to hash each circuit output to the next circuit input. But while doing that, we still want that each Xi will be close to uniform for soundness. From the same reasons, we needed that for in the permutation protocol as we will see also later. So a natural idea is to use extractors. And since each circuit image size is two to the M and each circuit input is of size M, we need extractors that extract almost all entropy. Also, we cannot afford the C to be too long because it will be translated later to messages being sent. Luckily, Goswami, Umans, and Wadhan show the construction for extractors that indeed extract almost all entropy and has a seed length of only polylog M and that leads us to the protocol's first attempt. So in the protocol's first attempt, they verify samples X1 and K seed Z1 to ZK and computes for each circuit each output Yi and the next circuit input Xi plus one, which is the result of the extractor on Yi and the seed Zi. Then it sends YK and Z1 to ZK to the prover and the prover has to find a consistent X1 prime. And when I mean consistent, I mean such a X1 prime that if it performed the same computation as the verifier, it gets the same YK send by the verifier. So then it sends back this X1 prime to the verifier and the verifier that indeed the X1 is sampled and accept or rejects accordingly. But we have a problem with this first attempt and the problem is that even if this extractor given the Zi were a random function, then still a constant fraction of the XI plus one has more than one pre-images. And therefore peace chances to get the correct X1 are negligible and therefore we don't have completeness. So an idea to solve it is just to give P an additional information about this X1. But then we encounter a new problem and the problem is that the sufficient amount of information we need to give the honest prover so it can guess the correct X1 can also have the malicious prover. And therefore we don't have soundness. And the solution for that will be just to use interaction in the sense that the verifier will gradually reveal information about the YIs and now we see how it solves it. So that leads us to the second attempt. It starts the same the verifier samples X1 and Zi to ZK and compute YI and XI plus one for every circuit. But then for every I from K down to K, it first send the YI, then the prover find some XI prime such that YI equals to Zi of XI prime and send this XI prime back to the verifier and the verifier verifies that XI is equal to XI prime and reject if not, and if all the checks pass, checks pass, then it accepts. However, clearly we have here communication overhead for K times, the party sends YI and XI prime which are of size M and N. So this is the trivial communication complexity and we want better than that. So soon we will discuss how to solve this communication overhead, but first let's discuss why this protocol is indeed on its verifier statistical zero knowledge. So for completeness, each circuit is injective and therefore the prover can easily guess the correct XI. For soundness, let's consider again the first known incident circuit, the CI star. So we took care of that, that the input XI star is close to uniform and we did it by using extractors. And therefore, peace chances to get the correct XI star given the YI star is the utmost half. And for zero knowledge, consider the simulator that generates the Xs, the Zs and the Ys similarly to the verifier and then just set each XI prime as the XI. But we still have this communication overhead which we want to solve. And the way we will do that is by sending hints of YI and XI prime instead of YI and XI prime. So the verifier still sends YK and the prover still sends X1 prime. But for every other YK and X, but for every other YI and XI, the verifier instead sending YI will say send hints about YI and ZI. Then the prover will find XI prime such that YI equals to CI of XI prime. So now there can be a few YIs that will match the hint of YI and therefore multiple XI primes. But it also has to check that the extractor of YI and ZI equals to XI plus one. And that narrows down again the number of YIs and we are good with that. It's enough for us. And then in return, the prover sends instead of XI prime, we just sent a hint about XI prime. So the hints are generated by a pairwise in the benefit hash function, so pass to the variance. And I won't have time to go over the details of that, but please feel free to contact me if you have any questions. Okay, so this sums up the batch verification protocol and what we have left to discuss is why AI is NIHZK complete. So let's recall the entropy approximation problem introduced by Goldreich, Sahay and Padhan. So they introduced this problem and show it is a NIHZK complete. So for us, for showing that the approximate injectivity is NIHZK, we just show a reduction from approximate injectivity to entropy approximation and to show that approximate injectivity is NIHZK hard. We show a reduction from entropy approximation to approximate injectivity. So again, I won't have time to go over the details here too, but again, feel free to contact me if you have any questions. So let's summarize our results. We show that for every problem in NIHZK, it has an honest verify NIHZK batch verification protocol with the non-trivial communication of K plus 40 N. So two improvements for this theorem that are not longer open problems is a protocol, which is the statistical zero knowledge and also a protocol, which is the public one. And it was showing a recent joint work with Rottenbloom and Vasudevan. And more open problems are batch verification for SBK and not only to NIHZK. And communication complexity of only poorly N low K. Also a constant number of rounds and efficient prover in the sense that the prover can be implemented in polynomial time, given access to a suitable witness. So by that, I will end this talk. Thank you very much for coming and for listening. And if you have any questions, please feel free to contact me.


Hello, David Digger Hernandez here. I'm joined by my beautiful wife, Jessica, and we have a message for all of our friends and ministry supporters. We want to wish you a merry Christmas and a happy New Year. Very well said, my dear, and we love you. We're praying for you. Thank you for your support all throughout this year, and we're looking for greater things next year. Now, Stephen Maktuzuma is here with us. He's going to lead you in worship, and then we're going to come back, and I'm going to give you a quick encouragement. Here is Stephen Maktuzuma. I can search for all eternity, Lord, and find there is none, there is none, and no one else can touch my heart like you do. And I can search for all eternity, and find there is none, and I can search for all eternity, and find there is none, and I can search for all eternity, Lord, and find there is none like you. The birth of Jesus, when the Word became flesh, when the Creator stepped into the creation. We all know that Jesus, the Son of God, was a gift from the Father to humanity, but have you ever thought about this? The Son was also a gift from the Holy Spirit. In Luke chapter 1, beginning at verse number 30, the scripture says, Don't be afraid, Mary, the angel told her, for you have found favor with God. You will conceive and give birth to a son, and you will name him Jesus. He will be very great and will be called the Son of the Most High. The Lord God will give him the throne of his ancestor, David, and he will reign over Israel forever. His kingdom will never end. Mary asked the angel, but how can this happen? I am a virgin. Verse 35, the angel replied, The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. So the baby to be born will be holy, and he will be called the Son of God. You see, it was by the power of the Holy Spirit that Jesus was manifested as a human being. You see, the Holy Spirit presents Christ to us. He is the gift of the Father and the gift of the Holy Spirit. So be thankful in considering that Jesus came to this earth not only to cleanse you from unrighteousness, not only to die for your sins, but to give you life and life more abundantly. The Holy Spirit presents to us the Word. He presents to us the Son, and in the Son we find our peace, our joy, our strength, our love, our hope, and all things eternal. Thank God for the gift of Jesus. Thank the Holy Spirit for the gift of Jesus. There's a quick encouragement I just wanted to give to you. This video is being released on Christmas Day in 2017, but if you watch this video thereafter, I know that that will still be an encouraging word to you. I want to turn things over now to Stephen Maktizima, who has a special musical performance for you. I pray this blesses you remember to keep in mind the things of the Spirit, and keep in mind that Jesus is Lord, and that God sent his Son Jesus as a gift for all humanity. Here is Stephen Maktizima. Thank you for watching Encounter TV. Don't forget to subscribe. Also, help me win souls by spreading the gospel through events and media. Make a one-time donation or become a monthly supporter by clicking on the donate link now.


In this very short miniature lecture, I would like to discuss a particular kind of device called a solenoid. We've been looking at things like magnetic fields from wires straight or loops of wires, for instance, or a wire that's been bent into a circle. Without going into terribly much detail about exactly how you calculate the magnetic field from a solenoid, which I'll describe in a minute, I can motivate where the magnetic field for a solenoid comes from, why it looks the way that it does, and then how you can use it in other problems. A solenoid is nothing more than a single loop of wire placed next to other single loops of wire. So an ideal solenoid has a loop of wire carrying current. Next to it is another loop of wire carrying current with the planes of the loop oriented parallel to one another, and then another loop, and another loop, and another loop. So that's the ideal solenoid. How in practice do you make this? Well, to make a solenoid, all you have to do is take a long piece of wire and, for instance, start to curl it around a cylinder. So as you wind it around the cylinder, you make one turn of copper wire and then another turn of copper wire, and then a third turn of copper wire, and you keep going making as many turns of copper wire as you need in your solenoid, and you'll see in a minute why it is that you want to carefully choose the number of turns of copper wire in a solenoid. So a solenoid is nothing more than a coil of wire tightly wound. Now let's consider what happens when you run an electric current through a solenoid. For a moment, let's consider what happens when you have a current flowing through a single loop of conductor, a single loop of wire. As you can see here, the magnetic field looks just like the magnetic dipole field from a bar magnet. And in fact, as I mentioned earlier in the course, the simplest magnetic field configuration that we know about is the dipole configuration. And you can see why. If moving current is the primary source of magnetic field in the world, and the simplest form of moving current is simply current moving in a small loop or circle or something like that, the simplest magnetic field you can ever get is the one shown here. It's a dipole field, and this is why we don't see magnetic monopoles in nature, because at its heart, the origin of magnetic fields is the motion of electric current, and that motion requires the generation of something that looks like this, a complicated dipole field. Now imagine what would happen if we took a few of these loops and we placed them next to one another. So in this picture here, what we're looking at is we're looking at loops of wire. We're looking at it from the side now. We've sort of sliced through the loops of wire, and you can see the little iron filings in the picture illustrating where the magnetic field is pointing. The magnetic field is beginning to become very uniform in the space inside the loops, going from loop to loop to loop. Now outside, it still looks very complicated. It's looping and swirling, but inside of the area, inside the enclosed area of the loops, we see that the magnetic fields are adding up from one loop to the next to the next, and they're becoming very uniform. This is how you make a uniform magnetic field in practice. A solenoid is a great way to do that. You just take a wire. You make many windings of the wire around a form of some sort, a non-conducting form like plastic or glass or ceramic, and you wind up making many tightly spaced loops of wire. If you can run a current through the wire, you'll have current circulating like water through winding pipes going down the length of the solenoid. With every turn, the loops make magnetic fields, and in the center, they all add up. In an ideal solenoid where you ignore the edges of the solenoid, the first loop and the last loop, and you just concentrate on the magnetic field inside of the core of the length of the solenoidal cylinder, you get an extremely uniform magnetic field. This is the principle, for instance, of how one creates a very strong uniform magnetic field for use in a magnetic resonance imaging device. I showed you this already in class, but this is a computer map of the magnetic field inside of a MRI solenoid. Now, this is composed of many, many, many thousands of closely spaced windings of wire, and so you get a very precise and very uniform magnetic field of a very particular strength, especially at the central core, the central axis of the solenoid where the patient would be placed, and that's very important for the operation of the device. So what does the magnetic field then at the end look like inside of a solenoid? Well, it has a very simple form, and again, I'm not going to derive this for you. I'm just going to show it to you and explain each of the pieces, because we're going to need it for the next step, which is magnetic induction. The magnetic field inside of a solenoid, an ideal solenoid, simply is equal to mu naught, this constant that we already know about, the permeability of free space, times the number of turns of wire, that's the capital N, times the current that's being driven through the wire, so N times I gives you the total current flowing through every one of the loops sort of all added together, because those, each loop creates its own magnetic field, if you have N loops of wire each carrying current I, that adds up to the total magnetic field, and so this N times I essentially represents the active adding up all of the magnetic fields of the loops of wire, and then this whole thing is divided by L, the length of the solenoid. So big N is the number of turns of wire, I is the current, and L is the length of the solenoid. And you can see now how you can control the magnetic field by controlling the geometry of the solenoid. You could make a very tightly wound solenoid that's very short, and that would give you a very strong magnetic field inside of the solenoid. You could weaken the magnetic field by increasing its length, or you could reduce the number of turns of wire. Now when manufacturing a solenoid, it's very convenient to write this N over L as a new number, which we'll just write as a little N, and it's referred to as the number density, it's the number of turns per unit length. So for instance, if you buy a solenoid for some purpose, you don't buy it and ask for a solenoid that's exactly one meter long with so many turns. It's easier for the manufacturer to simply manufacture a certain density of turns per unit length, number of turns per unit length, and then sell you the solenoid, you can cut it down to whatever size you need in order to get the appropriate number of turns. So if you know the number density and you know the length that you want, you can simply cut it down to get the number of turns that you want and so forth. So this little N is a very convenient thing, it lets us then write the magnetic field as mu naught times little N times I. So this concludes the lecture on the solenoidal magnetic field. We'll now use the solenoid as an archetypal magnetic device in the conversation about magnetic induction.


What's your name? Paul Paul, you don't want to check my hand, Paul? No, I don't want to...  I'm a little... I'm honestly disappointed Already answered your question Look how you look through this, people can do this way better than me Do you know how many calories are approximately in one cow? Yeah, I know that there's a lot This is what I had already Don't give into this How much does a cow weigh approximately? Do you know? There are about four human beings What's the average weight of a human being?  Ah, no, that's not his camera, people Don't stick the camera directly in my face, man I just said put it down Alright, dude, I appreciate your opinion Are you listening to me or not?


Hello everyone, this is Rados for PDGX speaking for the Massacari project. I'm going to show you some basic information about the Massacari project and also what has happened in the last release and what we are planning for the next release. For the starters, what does Massacari do? Massacari is delivering high availability for instances in an OpenStack cloud. It is implemented in terms of notifications and recovery workflows. Notifications are delivered by monitors, which may in turn rely on external sources of truth, like pacemaker. So now for a little background about the Massacari project. It was founded during the Rocky release of OpenStack. It was previously developed by Entity and OpenSource by them. We had 25 contributors in the Victoria Cycle and we hope to have more during the Wall Recycle. So, why Massacari in the first place? Cloud workloads are not always cloud native and resilience for legacy applications may need high availability solutions such as Massacari. This brings the OpenStack platform closer to solutions like Ovid or Proxmox where you get the HA functionality almost out of the box. Similarly, if you don't control what is running in your cloud and you want to meet your SLAs you might want to use Massacari to deliver high availability for your customers. Massacari is a simple project in terms of the OpenStack ecosystem. It has only two dependencies. Keystone for authentication and Nova for the virtual machines side. But it gets a little bit more convoluted when we look at the inside of Massacari. So from a very high level we can see core clients and monitors making up the Massacari project. In the core we can see API which is contacted by users and monitors equally. And API allows you to configure your segments and also to receive notifications usually from the monitors but users can also send notifications to it. And there is also the engine which is the actual workhorse of Massacari. It acts upon the notifications so it runs those recovery workflows I've been talking about. And the other part being clients. It's typical like in the other OpenStack projects. It's centered around the OpenStack client, the OpenStack SDK and also the standalone interface as well as a plugin for the dashboard so Horizon. And the last but not least, monitors. The interesting part for the detection of the actual failures. So there are four kinds of monitors at the moment. The first kind is instance monitor. It's compatible with Livered. It has been tested with QME and QME plus KVM. It can probably work with other backends of Livered but it hasn't been tested yet. There's also the host monitor. So it's integrated with pacemaker and it detects host failures. There's also the process monitor. It monitors Nova compute process. And the last one is the introspection of instances monitor which is compatible only with Livered with QME and KVM optionally. And it does look into the instances to check whether the health status is correct. We've finished the Victoria Cycle with only one feature which is a separation of host and instance level protection tagging. So basically before that feature Massacre retreated equally whether there was a host or an instance failure. You couldn't as a user differentiate between instances that are going to be protected against instance failure and those protected against host failure. Now it is possible. But for the wall ability release we've got a bunch of ideas about what to implement in Massacre. For summary of those please visit the link at the top of this slide. And I will now check through the three I guess most important ones from the summary. So the first one being the evaluation of pacemaker alternatives. Or perhaps the alternative is not the best word in general because pacemaker console and TCD are very different things. But Massacre uses pacemaker for the detection of host failures. And pacemaker actually has its limitations. Well the most basic limitation is that if you are running color sync and if you don't want to run pacemaker remote functionalities then you are limited to only 16 nodes. And that's usually too few for a typical cloud. With pacemaker it can be work around it by using remotes. But the problem with remotes is that they work differently to the basic color sync stack and they add additional complexity to the pacemaker cluster. So Massacre is looking forward to evaluating alternatives in the form of console and TCD which are also able to be used as host state tracking solutions. Another similar and also related topic to that is moving fencing and host status verification closer to Massacre. So for now Massacre is kind of blind. It completely relies on pacemaker to do its job correctly. And Massacre is unable to verify whether pacemaker is configured correctly and whether it acted correctly in that particular case. And if that isn't true, if fencing didn't happen there may be various issues in real operations like for example if the original host is actually still running connected to the storage array you might get broken volumes. And what we want to do is we want to evaluate how ironic could help Massacre here because basically we need functionalities related to controlling a bunch of bare metal hosts. And finally for an unrelated feature restoring the original state so the state before Massacre took its actions. And for now when Massacre runs its recovery workflows then it's done and it's not really possible for the user to revert what has happened. So all the evacuations that were done were done and that's it. But from time to time when you restore the hardware to its original glory you might want to restore the instances that were running there previously without having to rely on external projects like for example Watcher to rebalance your clustering. And Massacre needs your help. So join us on ISE on the OpenStack-Massacre channel at 3.0 I send our every two weeks meeting on ISE I try to not say bi-weekly because bi-weekly may mean twice a week propose and discuss features and enhancements report and thrashbacks on launchpad review changes, contribute a blueprint and RS pack contribute code, fix a feature welcome any kind of help. Make our Patreon slash logo slash hero slash sunburnout happy. And thank you very much for your attention if you have any questions I'm here to answer them.


Welcome to Toffy TV, it is the Everton News Daily. Format Brazilian winger Ravaldo has urged Alan to join Everton if he gets the opportunity. He said, I think Alan should take this chance of playing for what, for me, is the best league in the world. He is a good player who might be useful for Everton. The move would also give him more visibility ahead of the national teams, games in the Copper America in 2021 and the Whale Cup in 2022. Having the confidence of Anciolotti is something to be proud of and I'm sure Alan will take this chance of jumping to a more competitive league if the clubs can reach agreements. This responding into the rumours that continue to circulate around the Napoli midfielder. Obviously, there's an integral part of Anciolotti's Napoli team. Big rumours in January that Everton had made a bid for them and big rumours, again, ahead of whenever. The next transfer window is that Alan would leave Napoli and join Everton on Masyside. Rhingon endorsement there from Rivaldo, telling them to join Everton. Everton are very interested in bringing Caledw Cullabali to Gwldersen Park according to Calcio Mercato. In Italy, them and sports witness have put a story out today, citing his special relationship with Carlo Anciolotti as a selling point to bringing the big centre back into Gwldersen. They do also say that Liverpool are interested in them and they will probably have the upper hand given they're about to win the league and they've been the Champions League, but saying that Everton do maintain an interest in them. Again, the daily Napoli link for Everton. It's a tremendous defender, isn't he? 28 now, nearly 29, but still a very good defender. I personally think it would be too much money for us to invest in a player of that age, but he is a really, really top defender. And more stuff coming out of Rome today about Moise Keane. They are apparently very interested in taking him there and now they are citing a swap deal for Justin Clivate. Mentioned it yesterday, the other day before the Clivates and Ciengel under both in Rome and both tipped to leave, both linked with Everton and this is the story again from that. And another winger linked to Everton today is Jeremy Boga, the Saswalu, winger, 23-year-old plays for the Ivory Coast. He's scored eight times in 25 games this season for Saswalu. Sportwitness saying that Carlo Antolotti is a fan and has been impressed by Boga's, how much he's improved over the last year. He used to play for Chelsea. That long spell has beaming him in the past as well as a young player, but he's definitely improved this season. He's had a good season and the sports witness saying that Everton are very interested in him as well. The only issue with that one really is that he plays more off the left-hand side than the right-hand side. We know that Everton are looking for a right-hand side winger if they're going for a wide player. So yeah, one of them. Premier League clubs will not be voting on Monday for project restart according to sources. There is a Premier League meeting that was moved from Friday to Monday. It'll come the day after Boris Johnson, Prime Minister, gives his roadmap to easing lockdown. There will be lots of points discussed at the meeting of how they move this project restart ready for the June 12 return, which seems to be the date that they're all talking about. But there won't be a vote as such as to whether to go ahead with it. Obviously, there's been lots of things needed. I know we heard Christian Peir slow talking about not being in favour of relegation from the Premier League because, you know, Richard Viller has still got six home games and the two-thirds of their wins have come at home. So very big advantage for them. They have to give up neutral ground. So as a result of that, they don't want relegation, but we'll see. Finally, some good news. Former Everton manager Ronald Cumin has released a statement today saying that he is feeling as fit as a fiddle after his operation on to put a stent in his heart, in one of the arteries in his heart. He had chest pains resulting in a heart attack, I suppose it is, on Sunday was rushed to hospital and it was treated. He said he'd been thrilled with all the messages of support from football clubs, past football clubs and from strangers. He said it means a lot, but he's feeling great and can't wait to return to work the minute he's allowed to. So good news there, Ronald Cumin making a recovery. Make sure you give this video a thumbs up. Subscribe if you haven't and if you want more videos, join us on Patreon. See you later.


Although in the 2020 ranking, Nigeria scored a 24 out of 100 points, it fell from 150 out of 154 out of 180 countries assessed in the 2022 ranking. The latest ranking may indicate that President Buhari's fight against corruption has yet to yield enough results, with many considering Buhari's administration's pardon granted to two jailed former governors, Joshua Dariye of Plateau State and Jolene Yamey of Terrabbe State in 2022 as a significant setback in the country's anti-corruption efforts. Nigeria ranked 150 out of 180 countries compared to 154 on the 2021 Corruption Perception Index result. Nigeria maintained its previous score of 24, which is lowest score on the Corruption Perception Index since 2012. This suggests a slowdown in the steady decline observed in the previous three Corruption Perception Index results in Nigeria because of the corruption in the security sector, because of the fact that some people have compromised, people come with arms and ammunition into this country. How come? Where are the customs? Where are the officials that all these dangerous people that are killing Nigerians? Nigerians will demand explanation of the role they play. We would like to call on INEC to ensure that it plays its role in ensuring integrity in the conduct of political parties as envisioned in the 1999 Constitution and the Act. Hello. Hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Whoa three of them now, you know that's dangerous thinking what saying they've done three of them You guys know how this works. They do three and then they're like all right We're done now because that's how it works and then some guy was like for like my god Yeah, they started up. They did it and at this point.  I don't know what's gonna happen now. It's like you're gonna have to just get an idea from watching it Of where they're heading next wonderful ride What I will say is that this one's like 25 minutes shorter than the previous because they cut out a bunch of nice. Yeah We were not fond of saw three. That's what I discovered and that's on the saw grating kerf. Yeah I think they're racing is descending motor so far. Yes. All three is the worst so far. I think was was decided And that was the general content. Oh, yeah, we will saw for land who knows I Don't know if there's much of anything else to discuss ahead of time because there's just no one There's no should preamble. This was just sort of like I guess so was just a thing now It's just gonna keep doing so as a thing. Yeah, we will never go and make that money I think I know what this one's about. I've no I've seen it I just I'll have to get a bit of a brain jog. I saw the Lionsgate was like call of duty to Activision where it's just like We're gonna pump one of these out one a year every Halloween and we're gonna make a bajillion dollars every time I'm gonna splatter some blood everywhere. I'm gonna have some statements from Tobin Bell about darkness shadows and life and death What else are the tropes at this point traps mechanical things going? You have to learn to appreciate life Yeah, I'm surrounded by darkness You have to experience literally the worst things ever and that'll make you appreciate life more. That's the message So traumatize the rest of it everyone have soul for ready to grow or 20 Saw four. Yeah, this is a 2007 movie with we just blast into the years for a new hope Yeah, they're using. Yeah, they're not even using typical numbers reason Roman numerals. Whoa, it's very art artistical I'm ready My god, whoa, hold on to you, but trees Lionsgate did this one. I Would like to point out that there are very few Film franchises where they just say the number four in the title. This wears it as a badge of honor every other franchise would be like Fast and furious But also fast the final destination War are we gonna get it out previously on?   People who walked into this theater didn't you both go? So oh my gosh, it's a ha it's a saw in a wrench Darren Lynn be out with me. Oh, it's this guy again same director is two and three What was the name again? Dr. Linda Linda Lynn? Linda London We don't need that put a diaper on him stop That's not get him that you can't hit me with that right this moment. I hate it. What does that? Oh, why did you do that?  That's his winky people Dick saw How do you not see it? Oh my goodness.  Oh, he looks he looks rough. Yeah, I guess he died. Yeah It's like someone did a back alley brain operation on him and Cut his throat with a saw What's inside the skull of a serial killer?  Come on Now they really wanted to go further than the brain surgery part didn't they yeah, like you thought you were cool Back us out. Oh, Ricky. I'm so glad you took me to the theater on our first date to see stop Please never call me again Jesus can we get it over with please I'm just wanted to see a tape recorder in there somewhere. I just just needs to happen.   Get me out of here? That is the actor who made a deal with Walter white in season five breaking bad. Oh, yeah I Even though my lips are closed I could still talk so it's actually not that big of a deal You can't actually do that Someone who's having difficulty talking you're just throwing things with them. Oh, look at all you know Wow, they're so mad at it already. Okay. Yeah, you can probably understand this is Rip that's tied up At this point you just actually may want to just rip out those Stitches as in like stretch that mouth over if you really can't do anything else you were grabbing the pillar really Well, I feel like you can hear his pain muffled noises. He's probably not doing this to you on purpose So I've been captured and chained up. There's someone attached to the other side of my chains They're clearly the ones responsible for this Should be why are there candles lit behind him like next to the open they're moments by the way where his His mouth seems to open the windows that are kind of decent amount sometimes.  That's old man had a chance. Maybe they didn't even damn it now.  Oh There we go, that'll do it. Oh, you just we've just you're running out of time Also, that is gonna be grim when that finally pulls probably Now you do that now you do Why would you do that now that you're free?  He's like Jeremy Tom.  He wasn't the other one for like a minute. Oh, this place is looking pretty green I wonder what they're about to find a lot of things for green before Christmas. Oh my god. They're way better than the tech team Oh geez wait, yeah, we could have been doing this the whole time. This is actually Revolutionary for this film series. Yes, it is the police do this for these characters.  Oh Oh, he went through the door. Can we still save her ribs are kind of We could save those ribs Someone has to give this rat a home What? Hello No, the rats alive. Oh for her. Look the rats are making use of something here. I let somebody get the rats off I'm the racket up there. I just don't stand.  No, we can't You could destroy the crime scene if you say please Why do we save people Yeah, yeah, you're not cherishing your life if you save people maybe I don't know cherish your life We're supposed to cherish our lives. Oh, I didn't notice this when I sat down here Also, it's very clean. Yeah paintbrush That's that's that's very neat with a paintbrush. It showed him painting his puppet. He's a professional new characters Peter Strom Okay, this is very important to understand this movie Strahm and Hoffman are two different people Yes Strahm and Hoffman are two different.  We like wait a minute wait. No, oh, right It made this movie very confusing like the first 107 she couldn't get her up there alone John Kramer was that written cancer patient. Well, they have technology, right? Yeah, you could use technology. Yeah We have technology He just said riggs employees. He goes, oh, there was someone else like oh So we've we've just jumped to that now and you you can understand when you're making the next sore film It's like we need another killer.  Oh, no, which one you already That's Which was that rags, which one is on that tape right now that he's watching Which one is on that tape? What do you have a strong or half man? That's Listen, I need you. Oh, that's Walberg I I'm gonna be honest.  Yes thing. Okay What's his problem everyone around him keeps dying That's a quote from scary movie three That's the problem for our main character question mark is I'm still trying to save everybody I noticed that your wife told you that you have to save everyone But you think you will can you save yourself seriously though it really feels like when they construct a story They're like who we got left who can we turn into a main character now? Yeah, who did we show in the background? Can we call this one extra from like Yeah, he didn't saw eight now.   That's my job He's like no, you're obsessed. Donnie Wahlberg's character has been gone for six months by the way Yeah, look at that really big beard. He's grown over six months. Wait, who else was in this room? Did he say already? It's one of strong or Hoffman Hoffman He's like you are totally obsessed with me. You're like totally trying to stop me from killing me.  Yeah, this piggy been busy Geez this little piggy clearly went to the market. Yes How long was he passed out for it? How many people were responsible with decorating them like this like Did they make the noise did they make the pig noise? Yeah.   Oh, he's all right. We just need it to turn around three more times and I can Hang in there. I got one of them. If I take this. Oh, there you go. You check this twice.  He's like you don't look that bad Some hair trans they got wings they can they can cover that right up.  I'm sorry. This is how I say thank you in my culture I require your blood Yeah, man.  Is she just angry? Oh What are you doing?  That is one of the most soon transitions ever Gave him mr.  What is that like? Well, he's really he's really trying to get the detective to stop trying to catch him So you have to learn to not be the detective. I guess she's dead. How long would she be put away for like what prostitution? I guess like she's gonna get a death sentence In this universe they're very strict.  That's it's a fair trade Even if he does put you away for a little bit Look, uh poor donnie His character's journey is very amusing I'm not sure a character has suffered more than donnie's at this point In case you didn't remember So I think this the reason they're doing this is because they're like you thought we killed him That we did imply it but no you don't see anyone actually get murdered then they're still in the game That's like a really strong film rule. Oh, like it's visual media rule. Yeah, they'll show him dead. They ain't dead. You have to show the death unfortunately AJ Abrams was like, well They have seen palpatine die, but not really This is the sea like yummy yummy. So once again, is it necessary? He made a rat friend Is it necessary to To show all that or could we have just like that's probably what happened Well, he's befriended the rat if the rat's gonna come save him in the end six months jigsaw never kept anyone that long No one but a man that young She kind of is on board, you know Yeah Whoa, how'd you know to look up there? Also, he seems to be very confident about all this almost like he might be on it. Oh my god Looking for mrs. Saw That's the only reason I you'll I see you're going by your maiden name tuck and not your married named saw mr. And mrs. Saha Oh that guy's like in loads of stuff Yeah, I was about to say I recognize him for sure. Got this face of death. Basically.  Do you disappear or double in size? I Didn't know that I didn't know that wings of redemption was His breakout role There is you know, all he kind of does revive me of him down Oh What is it that you have I can't eat this It's bacon. I love bacon. Oh, no It would be so funny if he just immediately started running away. He's like, ah We're still giving toben bell work By including him in many Jesus christ. He just immediately sits down like it. Well, that's done Yeah, he won't do anything in response. I'm just gonna sit down These people do not cherish their own laughs. We honor us about your hall of fame psychopath husband points to you as a possible accomplice. I am just curious as to why I didn't do why I don't know.  He could be framing me, of course He plays his little mind games It's you. He's a little gamey games. Love games. I've never shown a woman this before every halloween He goes around the world spreading his There we have designed the new shoe. It has nails in it Shoulder my murder workshop on our first date. I got a surprise for you. I'm pregnant They're having a baby I'm divorcing you That's for the baby. Obviously. Oh, yeah That's all I had for the baby. This is a German tradition of the divorcee puppet Victim's a little older than I was expecting from his casting Did you put them on a bed and you laid on top of them and crushed them to death? One step closer to truly understanding how to say how to save a love Where did I go wrong?  Yeah, he ties him up so that he can get closer to saving detectives Eric Matthews. Yes This is like so was like you're becoming just like me You're putting him in the tree out of you. Yes That just all happened, I guess. Yep. Well, is that a vice for his head? Well, well, this is this is better than the hair trap because at least you can understand why he wants to do it with this guy You know, because it's trying to save his Detective friend as you went victimized. Can you see the pain you have brought them as a lawyer? You've kept photos of those you have victimized. He's more of a rapist than a Yeah, then I was about to say Like label to give him as a voyeur. Can you stop? You have been handed the tools which can save your life Okay, good luck mad. Bye I'll give you some privacy Why are you doing one at a time?  Well, he's too late to pull him apart The way it did that was as if his torso was like just tied down to wherever. Well, there's no pulling That was so quick. That one feels like more.  All right. Anyway, let's get back up with the Don't tell them about the crimes Don't tell them We were going to birth the anti-crimes my I timed my ejaculations down into the second We were trying to create the next jigsaw, but I love my Look who it is One yeah, she fucked up by putting her hands in a thing about her at the end But we didn't actually even know she was a slut in the second one. Well, that's the thing It's such an older one such a pointless cabio Yeah, well she got arrested for something and It's Dave Matthews Put her in jail or something I thought if I jumped up and scared you You'd let me in Oh my jacket Thank you so much. That's my favorite jacket of all the jackets I have I gave you all the opiates Okay, fine, and at least now you have a jacket to put them all in Sorry, I'm a little stressed right now. Let's take our time. Let's calm down. Yeah Leave leave leave Leave leave leave leave The door should be open right?  That's plush. What are you up there? He's just like, you know, really this was your fault Yikes, I'm sorry. He just said you're gonna be okay. It's like what? Do you see how it's interesting so dies in the next film? He's like more in it than ever Yeah, yeah Yeah, we're finally developing his character We can't make another baby because it was playing perfectly with the zodiac The chinese zodiac we can't do another one. Well, maybe this is so perfectly planned This doesn't kill the baby. It just crawls out. It's like a demon Hmm well, no now that a baby is dead.  Ivan made his own choice.  There's no crime here. This is obviously a suicide.  What are you doing?  Just saying I've had a rough couple days. I'm just gonna be honest with you His foot looks swollen. This is the worst trade deal in the history of trade deals I guess he shattered it and never got metal Oh wait, the other one's in a cast Hey It's against the rules Even though that is him making a choice like any other thing They're just not gonna let him do it. This is the thing if you and him you'd be like I know about the jigsaw killings. You guys don't give me any kind of thing to do here.  Where are you pointing your gun noise? Yeah, why are you aiming at him? What? Big reveal. It's it's him. That guy I know who he is I'm sure they'll tell tell me Oh Looks like he's wearing a wig Oh turns out art blank. You know, I saw a lot of things in my career In one day someday he will He will come back to you. Wink wink. It'll lead to a little bit Retribution. Understand. So you covered up a few punches.  Would you say would you say about me? I I dare go over. I agree. I agree with him. I agree 100 So do not cross. He just he's just running around the whole city do whenever he wants with all these traps, huh?  No, no Riddle me this rigs What is a blue but also a triangle? Uh, is it a blue triangle? Yeah, that's right. Yeah, I'm really good at this Oh jeez You guys have looked better Did you get shot by Legolas? Whoo Well, no, but it wasn't it that the dad has been molesting the little girl Wasn't that what was implied and then he was like, yeah, the mum protected him. So these are both badmen I'm gonna be honest lady. I do not know The most brutal injury and yet repair itself miraculously it is pretty neat, but you know this all too well How many broken bones have you suffered at the hands of your husband? How many flesh wounds have you endured? Not this money.  Sorry for getting beaten by my husband, I guess Yeah, well because she didn't speak up now. She gets to be Um Didn't speak up get speared up That was a better way to put it. Yeah, his ones are in like arteries Here's another like arteries. Yeah, but he'd be dead already. She doesn't do it She'll bleed to death is what they just said If she's gonna pull him through that she can escape but if she does that it'll kill him The thing is he should be dead already. So there's no problem about it. Apparently those are through his arteries Wait, he could what if he's stronger than her? Yeah I mean he's dead either way because His can't be pulled out. It'll kill him.  This is very funny.   She's dead for blood loss. Yeah, that's a lot of a little holes Well, I've learned so far that I shouldn't be that seems the opposite, right? Yeah Lesson comes first and then you're tested on what you've learned Well, he didn't die first at least Yeah, I don't know so the error of her way. She's an abuse victim. Yeah, I'm confused What exactly is the you weren't strong enough to Stop him. You weren't strong enough to not be abused.  I'm just gonna go Yeah, how do I get down from here? Oh, so she's saved now I was about to say what the What? No, no ambulance stop it. Can you at least can you call the police? Please Listen, just hang on. Okay, buddy. Here's the jacket What? No, you could do that for me. I'm sorry. What? What? That's not good enough.   They're all just being really performative in case he's listening Oh, yeah, I don't think jigsaw's killed anybody. I think he's great actually I actually think he has got some pretty good ideas. You know what? I really love livid life. Just love it. Oh great Love it. Love it.  She had a tape earlier. I don't know If you if you blinked and looked away for one second you wouldn't have known that one of the cops was just killed by this weird spear throwing prop Of this Of bice room.    Uh-oh you getting close don't get too close. Don't do that Open the door All right. No, that wasn't a trench. Wow.  All right. Is this the key? Oh to sometimes those transitions legitimately confuse me. I'm like, oh, right, right, okay All right, they're not in the same room. Gotcha. Right. What's up? You need to sneeze? Are you saying that jigsaw wasn't behind the two-way mirror? Really?  Definitely. Wait, was he actually hanging off the ice there? I was in like Oh my god, what are you doing? Donny stop. Donny, no Why don't you explain more to these people? Yeah Well, you're gonna be like like like that.  Well There's a slow acting poison for his veins, obviously Yeah, or his whole family are kidnapped in a building with a grenade or whatever I just he just what load this revolver get the cell under right and shoot at it What you need to shoot in your current state, what if he drops it because he's being deprived of oxygen Who needs oxygen? The little girl at the end of star three needed oxygen. Yeah. Do we ever find out what happens to her? I think they just murdered a child. I don't know. Does that ever come up ever again because I don't think it does I don't I don't believe it does.  So if it looks like It's because she's actually a gauge. This is unconventional producer Mark Berg and that's how she never roll on ironically Do you see that one shot where he's pointing the gun at her? He's like about to take a pot shot.    I would say we're really upset because he knocked his puppet off the table. I think that was it. Yeah It's so hard being a serial killer going through a divorce John had a it was a it was a bad week. He really spiraled You got that to look forward to rags in the ninth installment sam l jackson shows up Oh my god.  He's doing editing for his voice They gave us the origin is that great In a crowd and they disappeared They they vanished somehow Hey, man, how you doing? Like you assume that he would have to carry away an unconscious body in the crowd, but we're just not gonna show that part Yeah, we're selected for this That is pretty gross actually all you have to do is not move All you have to do is not your old man wiggleton pregnant woman Stop moving They show they showed the flashback from four seconds ago What time is real that's real It's a clock I forgive you.  Oh my god commentary. Yeah. Oh man, we're getting political. I think jigsaw would have a youtube chat Theus his practice run pixels learning how to do traps And then he's like, what do you think of that by the way the whole making choice thing was that good? I think that was good I was thinking about next time just recording it and having a puppet sale. What would you think of that? Yeah, that would be too absurd or does it work like You can do it buddy I got all day It would be funny if he sat on one of those lawn chairs with a newspaper Starts peeling an orange Yeah, go back and forth a few times Nice and slippery to help you You know, if you move your head forward if you move forward and down and up I'd love the idea that jigsaw baby for a second here was like and now you could leave His arms are extended Oh Experiment number one successful Yeah, what do they call those Spanish dudes that run with the bowls in there? Something at doors, right? Matadors? Yeah.  They're just like You killed it.  You saw that I have video He ran into the barbed wires when I walked out of the way after I put him in a torture chair You know what they needed to do when he was hit the clock. It's like time. Is it real? I gotta wage war against all clocks I'm gonna tell them the world is flat. They'll see We haven't seen that well, we're done with that now. So what's next growing things? I'm so angry. This first building, right? Yes, where is it? Yes, our first son was named Remain Street. It's a lot of Where's Rachel? Where are the other jobs Rachel? Son was named after the building you owned Well, am I supposed to kill myself or what? Yeah, what am I actually supposed to do with this?   Where should I load it for and consider it how weak he is right now?  You know You know shooting the chain isn't exactly in a Okay, so they've been there for like an hour and a half and those nice blocks are like secured in there Yeah They'd be melting Yeah, they would not be secured anymore No, you're right. They wouldn't yeah, that's a great point.  Yeah, because they keep showing up in the jigsaw killings. This is this one old man who keeps buying them and everyone's like so, uh What do you do with them? so So strom is here because this is a building that he owns Haven't checked every building that he owns yet Yeah, how did he get from the station to here without taking anyone with him another good now?  It's like bro. You should bro someone with you Anybody with you? Yeah, he was just at the station. He forgot to tell people They can't even justify it Everybody else was like dude. I'm on lunch break right now. I can't be doing I can't believe they knew that he owned this building, but they haven't checked these buildings yet. What the frick? You got a time buddy Have you learned how to truly say Yeah, he likes to capitalize where it's like their youtube video He comes up in cripple screens loads for a bit My life sucks, dude Oh I was hiding my trap for some reason until I wanted to be wearing a jacket because I would be fine, right? Yeah, that's they showed him leaning forward Oh Still going Wait, so if the other one won the tape would have been just Irrelevant what if they work together? Yeah, like I don't It had to yeah, you know exactly how that was gonna go It totally needed to be the other way Oh my god, I was waiting for that guy. Oh, it's You need the flute version of it I feel like every single one of jigsaw's plans now relies on the people who survived the previous one. Yeah Yeah, so right now in the story jigsaw is alive Yeah, because that's uh or unless he's he's on the way to the room where he's in uh surgery, right? Is this before or after he's killed jigsaw then this is right before he gets to the gets to him I can't I don't know Maybe it is after maybe he's leaving the room. Yeah, fix me. Yeah. Yeah. Just before he's killed jigsaw Isn't it incredible?  Oh, okay They wrote a hydra. Oh, he's about to get Jesus christ.  Yeah, I don't right. Yeah, I'm right here.  That's so Yeah, all of that. That's how daughty story. Yeah All right Do not come through the door and I'm so ready for donnie to have a redemption on yeah, yeah, I thought he was going on like a rampage doesn't want something Seriously, just never go through a soul building unless you have many many people with you. Yeah Look at this. Oh Yeah, that's what happens when you do that. Yeah, you knew you were out of bullets Well, that's the end of that character now What's going on in here, bro, jigsaw holds up a dvd of jinn saw three like go nuts Ow Shot or dead waiting electric You know never to go to an unsecured door ever.   Oh He was getting a tape all the music. Oh, here comes the twist And I'm sure this will be a good one Now it all makes sense This ice is hard The time's not real or whatever Ah Well, no, he could have saved her he just left her Oh, it's just a rehash of pictures. I'm just waited and everything would have been fine.  He's failed because he actually managed to pull it off Wait a minute. That was his test. He was trying to save too many people and went through doors all the time How could jigsaw do this all alone? What oh my god He was the jig The jig is not Who's the one with the muskles because of course we had amanda But look Uh, he was also helping the entire time He wasn't inside another he was the one who did that Yeah, he was the one who did that Big hug I'm just that look is just so weird Doesn't have a gun you could totally shoot you. Bye.  Yeah Like a G Da na na na He was saw for the whole time No, don't you do it final chapter say it again How many people have had doors closed on them with this? It's with multiple corpses in there already. Good thing he was still in there A second one This labyrinth Yeah, see it was a flash forward We've done full movies, and it's only just begun. Oh my Oh That is the most fun out of the Darren Lindas What I really enjoyed about the soul which is the absurdity of it I'm assuming it would be accurate. Um, yeah, my friend, uh, who we we were both too young to see these films at the time We actually snuck in to saw three.  It's the most confusing shit ever and there's so many people that do that because this was Establishing itself as the halloween movie there They had ad that we're saying like if it's halloween it must be saw It's like, oh, I guess i'm seeing the saw movie on halloween the trailers.  No, this is the most complicated There's there's reveals to things that I do not understand. That's so awkward though, right? Like the creators they're like this was this and this was this then half the audience like yeah So many other horror franchises like nightmare on elm street, uh, you know fray of the 13th It doesn't matter what happened in the previous movie They don't attempt to do a lot of continuity because they can just you know It's a new cast of characters that we're just killing off and that's all that matters But because the original saw was all about part of the reason why it was so successful was because of the twist They're like, no, we have to keep the story going and there has to be new twists Because that is a saw film there has to be twists and so they keep trying to outdo themselves And they keep trying to make this chronology going despite Jigsaw being dead and it's so funny because yeah, this is the beginning of it, right?  They both died. Oh All right, we're done. Yeah, so for no this guy Who you can tell he introduced him.  And it's like, yeah, it turns out he was also in saw one two and three And it's like, what? Yeah, if if you panned the if you just moved the camera slightly to the left in saw one You would have seen amanda and hoffman just chilling like setting up all the traps Yeah, they were just slightly out of frame, but they totally planned for it the whole time and it wasn't just thrown in You know It was all a part of it, you know Intricate plan from the beginning.  It was really unfair. Yeah He did everything. Well, I was gonna say he did everything right in terms of that There's a couple of other decisions he made kind of weird But like up to that point it's like, of course, he would think he's but he thinks the challenge is I've got to get in there before the time it hit zero the jigsaw's like Yeah, it was actually got to get in there after the at that point that means how do you turned up 10 seconds late? He would have been like, oh man. I was too late and then jigsaw would be like, haha. Actually, no you win The lesson is So dumb he's being For saving people and going through doors Yeah, I think that's the problem made it so hilarious like that. He actually included like going through doors Oh, yeah in the flashbacks They have specific lines. You must never go through an unsecured door ever like they replay those lines as if that's like Some sort of significant as if someone's gonna watch that and be like, oh, they did say not to go through a door Whoa Set it up in acts one paired off an act three Check out It's all connected. And yeah, if you establish that you shouldn't go through unsecured doors in act one You have to go through them in act three It's a bad thing to do. You must not appreciate life by how many doors you're going through that are unsecured like what? So think about the chain events that happened Donnie Wolberg shot him as he ran through the door Yeah When he ran through and then the other guy started running towards him the cops shot him too Yeah, the fact the fact that uh art blank was shooting rig before he got through the door that implies That he's allowed to prevent rig from going through the door. He should have been shouting through the door Don't enter. You'll kill all your friends There's a couple ways you could have done that. You could have like barricaded the door Yes, if you want if you're allowed to prevent him from going through the door Might not might not be worth a try considering your life is on the line I don't know maybe what exactly was Hoffman's plan if those two guys didn't shoot each other Like what was his plan? Oh, just chill. I guess he's just yeah, he's like I guess I win I don't know. Why did Hoffman put himself in this whole system? I am in such a great mood This is where saw gets just it starts getting so much fun Like saw one appreciate it respect it You know, it's good for its time saw two and three boring saw four We're really getting into it. This is where it begins. They were not kidding. It's only just beginning There's so much more context this to understand more characters to come It'll be great because I wasn't aware. This is how it becomes. I thought it's just going to be Nobody would be yeah And now I'm looking at this like what is going on and they do all these things like oh, you just you just check that on the other one Yeah Plot than primer Yeah, the actor The main character from saw three who's told to come back. It's like, what do we do it?  That's the good thing I just I just love how these writers are like, okay Well, we need to have these twists But none of them stop for a second to think like What are the types of audiences going to see these films? It's a halloween gore movie. That's how we're advertising it Do we really want half of it to be just complicated nonsense? Like is that what we really want in these films and they said yes, and I'm very happy because of it This is exactly what I want. I love it. That was certainly more fun than three Though the most disappointing part is uh, donnie wallberg stuff.  Yeah Yeah, I was hoping he would have like a jesse pinkman ending where like he goes free but all like But he had to just run through that. I'll do a door. He just yeah Oh my god, it's so funny So yeah, when when people say why are we here just to suffer they were talking about donnie wallberg's character He literally existed just to suffer like in this entire film This rig is coming through and you can see his shadow like across his windows The art should have just been like office of rig Don't it's a trick jigsaw's trying to make you open the door.  Don't do it, buddy. Just don't Simple as that. Yeah, remember the lesson The door is trapped. Remember how you always open doors This door is not secure. I repeat it is not secure Remember your basic training Please remember your basic training. He had a chair if he just wedged it against the handle That would have got them those extra seconds You know what you could have broken the glass Yep, and looked through it a bit like hey, buddy. How you doing? My name's art Oh coming here. How are you doing? If he shot donnie wallberg shot the glass beforehand it might have shattered to reveal that and so it's much clearer Just from the outside or is the idea that Hoffman is is there to be like Are you guys all cheated, huh? Okay, I'll just make sure I kill you later I don't understand how well we'd have it over. That's cheated cheated or something But it is way more entertaining. Like this one was way more entertaining than the last two They got on to create like really lame the detectives the editing the we had loads of traps those transitions as well Yeah, the transitions were uh That's that's the only reason that these films were made you just had someone who really wanted to do transitions in movies Well, that's so full It was so for for for real All for been sore. I'm gonna show those one. Oh, wait. Yeah, how does it rank? Yeah, I don't think Well, how are we ranking them? It's exactly, right?  I think are the people don't solve their traps as well as they can Yeah Um, I'm trying to think like they're retconning all over the place Yeah, which is funny If we're going by the laugh the laughometer, I would say the Well, the enjoyment factor. This is number one at this point for me. Oh, yeah I really don't like the natural moral lesson for rigs is that you need to stop That's dumb Especially if they're on the other side of a door Yeah As much as I hated the guy in the previous movie with the whole revenge for your son's death at least There was some more moral weight to that whole point with that one was stop trying to get vengeance It leads to bad. Yeah, that's that's a really common one for storytelling. So This one was like you need to stop trying to be such a good detective. Please. Please don't try and catch me anymore I don't know what your problem is you are too good I'm trying to get away with not murder here So we got an answer on that then it's above three and two But is it above one? um Numerically for my rating system, I would say it's not above one I can still enjoy something a lot while being like, yeah, it's kind of bad at the same time. Yeah So Well, yeah, I think one is still the best one, but in terms of enjoyment factor I did really enjoy Currently looking at one four two three Up the bottom. I think that's wrong. That's how I feel Hmm. Yeah, maybe maybe I'm not sure about I don't know what I don't know which one I think is worse Yeah, too. It was pretty bad Yeah Well, all righty then Thank you all so much for watching.


It's quite a successful picture of the small-scale mechanization. And now labor use. This is the historical current of the labor using in the wet season. The vertical axis measures Monday's use of rice cultivation in wet season. This is rice season. Traditional farming, when they were doing traditional farming in 1967, about 70 Mondays were used. And about half come from family labor. About half come from higher labor. Introduction of modern variety. Modern variety is very labor demanding technology. Because you have to do reading. You have to apply party writer. Because of that, Monday's increase at maximum in 1975 close to, almost close to 100 days. But after that in 80s, mechanization proceeds and also direct seeding was introduced in the wet season for one year or more. Introduction of short duration modern variety also proceeded in 80s. Therefore, Monday's for the rice cultivation has continuously declined. And now, in the latest round, Monday required for rice harvesting rice farming is about 50 to 60 days. Another thing I want to point out is the replacement of family labor. Here, look at the last bar. Only 10 to 15 days farming family use family labor. And less of the work you work is done by higher labor. Because as we will see later, family labor becomes more expensive. They are more educated. They are going out for a non-agriculture world. So, farmer is now trying to hire cheaper agricultural labor from outside. Related to the higher labor, I'd like to point out this recent teaching. A new home of hired labor has been emerging recently. That is called the proscien to have in parallel. That means a percentage. Then proscien to have labor. Oh, it's okay. Takes care of all rice farming activity from transplanting to harvesting under the instruction of a farmer. So this is a kind of permanent labor arrangement, but it's not like attached labor in the past. They come to the farmer and do a bit of work for them. I think many of you can easily understand, because in your sub-housing, you have made room with a bed, but nowadays nobody lives together in your house. They commute, right? The household. Same thing happened in the labor arrangement. They don't live together in the house. They commute and take care of it. And the proscien to have labor. They see usually 10% of gross harvest at the end of the season. So this is actually the outsourcing of farm care taking. And this is a very ideal arrangement for the aged farmer's point of view. They are already very old, so they don't want to go to the field under the sun, or get a seat on the chair, and give instruction to the proscien to have labor, do this and do that by this, and apply material and care at this point. And such and such. So this is very convenient for the aged farmer, but it is also getting more difficult to find a skillful and experienced proscien to have labor. Because proscien to have labor, also will be into the non-agriculture sector. So more or less every three to five years, the farmer has to find a replacement. That is now the headache of... Okay, changes in profitability and distribution. Here, Baccarata is measured in tesso in the real-time. And blue bar shows the gross revenue, which is calculated like the definition is bison. And orange bar shows the total cost, which is the paid-out cost plus imputed cost. Imputed cost is sort of the hypothetical cost paid to family labor, old tractor, payment to the old tractor. So the gap between gross revenue and total cost this portion in this year is appropriate. The striking fact in wet season is that profit is disappearing, has been disappearing in wet season. In 2000, profit is almost there. On the other hand, dry season, somehow they maintain profit. What are the underlying factors for this difference? First, as we have already seen, dry season... Okay, as we will see, a party market price has been going down. But here, it continues to increase in dry season. So this effect is larger than this, so revenue increases in dry season. On the other hand, it stagnates in wet season. Therefore, revenue decline in dry season. That was the reason in the previous video. Total cost, going back to this paragraph, more or less total costs are staining, both in dry season and wet season. But you should not misunderstand this feature. This is not because farmers did not change their input view. But rather, this is a result of the cost minimization effort by substituting inexpensive input for the expensive income. So farmers are seriously managing their farmer, and somehow with this effort, they maintain this level of cost. Now, the factor share. The factor share shows... Okay, out of the return, what proportion of that return goes to each individual factor? For example, in this period, this portion, maybe 15% of the revenue goes to material need, such as fertilizer, seed, and change. And this portion, maybe 20%, went to higher rate. Now, let's look at this paragraph from the top. This portion, the brown portion, is a profit obtained by the farm. And this one, share to the old land. This one, share to the old capital. This one, share to the family level. Therefore, from here to here, this small portion is the share to the farm hotel. And this orange part, this is the share to the landland. Therefore, this is the share to the landland. So from this figure, we can say that first, landland, the orange part, the share declined so quickly, and nowadays it's so small. This is one of the benefits of the land reform. Land reform puts the cap of the land. So also, owner credit data is increased by the land reform. So the payment to the land road has sharply declined. So this contributed to the equity between land road and land. Another feature is that in 2000, here this portion orange, that orange is the share to the higher labor. And some from top to this portion is the share of farm. This means, I didn't show that figures, but this portion is larger than this portion in the labor. This means that the share of higher labor is larger than share of farm. So this became the poverty alleviation. So recent change in the share change contributed to the poverty alleviation among poor agricultural labor. Similar in dry season, but as we have seen, dry season is still maintained properly. So it becomes a little bit less obvious than we're going to see. Okay, macro-laboring, but just one slide. This one, I think all of you are familiar with. And similar has happened in the central zone. Because of the green revolution of production increase, the real price of rice has declined, except this 2008 by CFOs. So the beneficiary of the green revolution is we can say the net rice volume, who are much not far on who have to buy rice, or urban people. Okay, rice farmers' characteristics. Because farm income increase, farmer increase the investment of education to their children. So initially, only few college graduates also just moderate number of high school graduates. Most of them are elementary school graduates. But nowadays, there are significant number of college graduates who are high school graduates. And there are some elementary school graduates. This level still exists, but they are actually the parent generation. So most of the young belong to this group. And once they get education, actually they lose the interest in the farming. They move out for the non-agriculture. And now they are facing the lack of accession in farming. To take into this, this is the change of the income sources over time. Rice is a blue area. It was a dominant source. So farming really means farming. Farmer really means farmer. But young went out and only the old age parent continue farming. And now only around 20% of income comes from rice farming. The major source is either lenientance or farm employment. So there, I don't know whether we can still call them farmers. Aging in rural area from 1979 to 2001. In 1979, we can find a lot of young people in the village. This is a population pyramid. And other ideas of the farm operators for this new age. But gradually young exit for the cities and moving out from the rural villages. Now the shape is not like the pyramid anymore. And this shape is actually quite close to the shape of population pyramid in the developed countries reflecting the aging of the society. So these are the picture from the fields. This is our root subject. You can see how aging proceeded in the root subject area. Most of them are very old. This old lady is almost same year as Landi, I think. But she is managing farm using approximately 100. But please do not... This is the aging of rural area, not entire Philippines. In entire Philippines, there are still a lot of young people. And because of the death of the husband or fans are working in non-agent farm sectors, female-headed farm has been gradually reduced. Now 90% of the household is female-headed. So let me summarize the transformation of the Central Houston Farming. First, traditional rice farming has been transformed into the modern farming. I mean, green revolution through variation development and continuous adoption of modern varieties that contributed to the reduction of the real-life price. At the same time, this one increased farm income together with land reform. Land reform increased farm income because tenants become landowners. Owners don't have to pay land prices anymore. So then those who get higher income use that increase for the stream of their children. Then, ironically, those who get education thanks to the farm green revolution are not interested in farming anymore. They move out to non-farm sector. And green revolution also increased the labor income of agricultural labor, as we have seen in the past, as shared figures. And most of them are landowners, so it contributed to poverty reduction, and they also increased the screwing investment. But the increase of the income is not as large as the farmer, so it's moderate. There was still significant number of agricultural labor in this week. Going back to farm management, also, because of this feature, aging and lack of labor is the program they are right now facing. Then the strategy for the future, or the strategy they are right now struggling, is the further mechanization, for example, the adoption of combined houses to reduce the labor decline. Or outsourcing of farms, relying on agricultural labor, which are still 200% available. Given this kind of change, now I have only a few more slides. This is just a visualization of what I told. Here, one example, I visited this lady last week, an old lady farmer. It's very difficult to see. The one of the lady farmers, she managed a farm. And just this year, she got this new house, but not from her farm, but this house construction is financed by Adoro in Manila who is managing the logistics farm. Another example is this one. One farmer bought combined houses. Actually, they bought, but this is not available. And they started using this machine, this machine from last season. What are the implications for the future? First, as you have seen, there is an increasing demand for further mechanization. But there are some obstacles, possible obstacles. Land reform achieved great success to increase the farmers' income. And maybe some of you know, but that land reform is still too long. It's still valid, that reason. Therefore, under such situations, farmers are reluctant to lease out their land because there is a fear of the confiscation by the land reform companies. So the land rental market is very inactive. That is the, you know, the obstacle for the consolidation of the land. So to enjoy the scale economy of the mechanization, pretty crazy is the land consolidation, but probably that is not so easy in the country. And it could be resulted in the decline in projectivity. That is exactly the sufferer. The Japanese-Americans suffer that right now. And probably Korea and Taiwan too. Philippines might follow that direction if this problem is very serious. Also, land improvement is incomplete. You know, rolling the landscape and soft soil under that condition is very difficult to operate combined harvest. So the diffusion of the combined harvest may be very location-specific. Okay, another issue is outsourcing of farming under prospective arranging. This may increase in conditions. As I already mentioned, you know, because of the supply, lack of the labor, there's been replacement of pressure approaching to hand labor. Every three or five years, they have to finally replace it. But new one may not so familiar with your plot, because they are new to the plot. And they may not know exactly very plot-specific, agro-ecological future. Actually, Hayami and Otsuka 1993 find that inefficient production by such a caretaker, such profanity, and labor. Therefore, this inefficiency could be the future problem under this. Another issue is plot in the wet season. This is an emerging concern. It's a man-made disaster. Plot spots are very itchy and seriousness varied by location. So I actually forgot to... I'm not quite sure what is the best strategy here. What is the best? Maybe they're all coming from new varieties, a biotic stress fit to this kind of, you know, condition. Or maybe agn-arranging approach is maybe more approachable. And the last one I'd like to point out is this. We need further effort to maintain low insecticide rates. So far, the Philippines used the lowest amount of insecticide than other Asian countries like high, Vietnam, and China. It's the biggest positive side of the Philippines, I suppose. But new varieties released since 1997 have much less resistant to pest and disease. Therefore, the current of insecticide rates may occur in the future. So should resistance rate be added again in the future or in the future varieties or are there alternatives of approach to avoid insects? So that could be important. We can attend the presentation. Well, this is the summary of the book. We have published recently. Then for more detail, please look at the detail. The first author is Haimoya, and myself, Landis, and Mohanty, and Teh, Gaston, and Rose. And you can download this one for free. You don't have to memorize this web solution, just Google it. And you can also download the data, load data of the root server. Additional one more advertising. Using the root server data, the simulation game program is developed. This is for the game of rice. This one is simulation as if you grow rice as a farmer. Then you can learn how farmers are struggling with many kinds of issues. And please visit this website. But acknowledgement, I like... I don't think I have enough information on the name, but I would like to at least say that above all, our deepest gratitude goes to the farmers Thank you very much. Thank you for the great presentation. Realize it, time for questions. The insecticide used in 70s and then dropping it fast. And you seem to have concluded that maybe because the varieties which were released later on, they had more insecticide resistance. Now there was another view about this that a lot of private companies are pushing insecticide use. And so there was a heavy use of, I would say, unbiased use of insecticide. So what is really causing the effect of the relationship? Is it really because the insecticide resistance has gone up? That's why farmers don't have to apply insecticide? Or is what it was not necessary in any way? And other question, K-sun, is it possible from your data the productivity increases at least in dry season? Could you separate out the effect of varieties and management? Okay. First question. Our understanding is that some major causes of this decline is here in the educational campaign and IPN. And I didn't mention the introduction of test and disease resistance variety, but probably that's also part of it. Yeah, that's a good point. And so if anybody, Hamida, is that aspect, maybe you can... I'm not... Second point, yeah, the separation is possible through by using, I think, a regression analysis and what are the underlying factors. We can do statistical analysis. I didn't find what are the underlying factors with the yield improvement. One, maybe some portion from the yield, some portion from an original process. That's possible. Maybe with the microphone? Yeah. The insecticide question is quite interesting because early on, early promoted insecticide groups and they had many cats that were fertilizers, insecticides and so forth. They hadn't read the silent spring on the racial policy. And I had plots out there that if I didn't put insecticide on the insect from the next patty would come, I put my stuff out of the station here down the clown because there was so much insecticide used. Then, gradually, the farmers started using less and less, they went to about five applications down to about two applications. Now, Yuri actually came later and many of you know K. L. Hong. K. L. Hong is a great advocate of overuse of insecticide. And K. L. Hong told me that finally, Klaus Lantbe called a meeting here at Erie to say, do something about the overuse of insecticide at the Erie station. And he said, and K. L. Hong wrote the directions. And he said that he had a terrible time arguing with some of the scientists like Dredolf Kursch and S. K. Goddard, because they were in bed with the insecticide companies. And so finally, and by this time, K. L. Hong and some of the people at the college were writing about not only the bad insect damage on the crop, but the bad insect damage to humans and to people. And now, the question of what happened in the Philippines, this statement is a hypothesis, not a complete agreement in terms of the education campaign, yes. But I can tell you that there's been brown plant-offer attacks in Thailand and Indonesia within the last year or so. So my feeling is that Erie needs to take a stronger stance working with outlets like the Philippine Pesticide and Fertilizer Association to convince the governments to ban the use of insecticide because the Chinese are dumping all kinds of cheaper insecticides as well as the private sector. That's my speech. Thank you for this educational presentation. I was wondering what are the driving factor for farmers to continue rice farming in batches and since last one decade because the data is indicating that there is almost no profit. The second thing is I was wondering whether you have considered mechanism, contribution of mechanism on imputed cost. Looks like I was wondering about whether that factor has been considered because mechanism has been picked in last one decade. First, about the wet season. Well, personally, maybe all farmer doesn't have to continue with this.


The National Institutes of Health require data safety monitoring boards, DSMBs, for all phase 3 clinical trials, as well as the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute for certain trials. This has led to the formation of DSMBs for many implementation trials, but without much thought given to whether they are appropriate or if there should be any modifications made to them. We discuss the unique features of implementation trials and consider how these may affect the use of DSMBs. We also look at some of the key questions related to the justification of DSMBs and their potential roles and monitoring targets within implementation trials. This article was authored by Kevin Fisela, Michelle Sanders, Tamair Holder, and others.