So, we will look at a demo, before I start the demo, we will try to figure out what is the actual problem that we are going to solve, right, so I think I may be suggested some boundary conditions and so on to you, but we will make it a little more explicit right now, so I have a program that I have written which has two different flavors of solvers, both of them require and I add second order and fourth order dissipation, so I am not doing any of the more modern techniques that add dissipation in a regulated fashion, you understand it because we have not covered that material in this class and I am not proposing to cover that material in this course, I have just given you enough I have brought you up just up to that point where you should be able to comfortably read the material that is out there, the literature that is out there, okay, and maybe in some other advanced class you are able to get that high resolution schemes and so on, so one of course is FTCS because we have been looking at FTCS right through, okay. The other is a four-step Range-Kutta method, as it turns out that the time step that I can take is much larger, I will start with that because the time step that I can take with it, much larger, things move a little faster, right, so the demo moves a little faster and just for completion maybe I will do FTCS, the things that you have to observe from this is we have looked at linear wave equation, we have seen certain behavior especially in the previous demos, we have seen certain behavior, the one-dimensional equation we have already seen is a combination of, right, it is a combination of these kinds of wave equations, so there are consequences, the fact that there are three propagation speeds, there are consequences, so I want you to pay attention to this, right, what are the propagation speeds, can you figure out what is moving, how is it moving, okay. So the actual problem, so it is one-dimensional flows, it is going to be just a pipe, right, it has a reservoir at one end and it is open to possibly the atmosphere or some other reservoir on the other side and we will decide on boundary conditions, the problem that I am going to run is going to be a relatively easy problem, I want to run the demo for a Mach number of 0.5, so the steady state solution will be 0.5 and you will understand as we do the demo as to why I pick 0.5, right and I will let you play around, once you get the code working, I will let you play around with various other possibilities that you can run, is that fine, okay. So let me start off, this code is written completely in Python, that is one of the reasons why I am running, because Python there is a penalty that you pay, but anyway and I am using grace plot like I did last time, the particular flavor that I am going to use for you today is called as a subscript p, it does not matter why, right, so I will create a solver, so I will create a, there should be an RK4, okay, so there is an RK, Ange Kutta 4 step flow manager, so I will create this flow manager and it is going to prompt me for various and sundry things, right, so how many grid points do we want to run, I want to choose something reasonably large, okay, so I am going to pick like 1000 and 1, very simply because most of the time I ask students to do some assignment and they run 5 grid points, 10 grid points, 12 grid points, you understand, right, so I have 1000 and 1 grid points, you could make it larger but then it will take too much time, 1000 and 1 grid points. So if I take the inlet total pressure to be atmospheric pressure for no particular reason and the inlet total temperature to be 300 Kelvin, simply in my mind I am thinking reservoir has been sitting there, it is in equilibrium with the right atmosphere outside, so 300 is really not the temperature in Chennai but anyway we will live with that, we will go with that. Outlet ambient pressure, now we have to be careful, now we are defining the problem here, so outlet ambient pressure I want it to be what, I want it to be so that I know the solution, right, just like we did for Laplace equation, it is nice to know the solution. So I have already pre-calculated it, if you sit down and think about it, it is around 84000 or something, 85000, 84000, so I am going to run for 84000, is that fine, right and this should give me a Mach number around 0.5, okay, I have not actually calculated the exact Mach number that the steady state solution should have and we are looking for a steady state solution, that is what we decided, we are looking for a steady state solution. I have told you before that ambient temperature is not a relevant parameter, why am I prompting for ambient temperature, ambient temperature changing the ambient temperature does not change the solution, right, but this is for the initial condition, this is not for a boundary condition, I am asking for the ambient temperature here, so that I can set the initial condition because as we have decided my valve is at the left reservoir, the P0 end, okay, so the inside of the pipe is completely at 84000 Pascals and 300 Kelvin, okay, so that is done, so this should start something off, yes it does, I will quickly just so that your eyes do not get zapped by that white, intense white, I will change it to a more pleasant colour, okay, so the other scales do not matter, it is a little difficult actually, this demo took me a little time to get right, simply because of the fonts and so on, so for the people in the video world do not worry about these now, I will read out the numbers, the class can most probably see them, I will read out the numbers as they are relevant, okay, fine, it is just not worth trying to make the letters so large that they are visible out there, okay, so what do we have, what I can do now is this solver which I called O for whatever reason has various things built into it, you can see the one that is actually of interest to us is this item called step and what step does, what step allows you to do, step takes the number of steps that you take and L, not lambda, it is L, is delta t by delta x, okay, is delta t by delta x, it is not sigma, okay, it is not the CFL, it is delta t by delta x, so I want you to remember this, in this case I am prescribing delta t by delta x, okay, so we need to have a discussion as to how come I am not prescribing the CFL, how did I decide to pick this delta t by delta x and I seem to have taken 005, delta t by delta x is 005, what is my delta t, if my pipe length happens to be 1 meter, I have taken 1000 intervals, each interval is 10 power – 3 meters which is 1 millimeter and this is basically 5 microseconds, okay, so I am going to be advancing my solution in 5 microsecond time steps, fine, is that okay, that is what we are planning to do, so what I will do is I will again remember this for loop just to remind you basically says that do this 100 times, what we want to do 100 times, I want to take steps and I will do 10 steps at a time, right because it is going to trudge along that 5 microseconds or whatever it is, I will take 10 steps at a time, we will see where this goes, okay and we will see what happens with this, is that fine, let me get my graph back up so that if the graph is clear and if I do an enter and one more enter, oh very noisy curve, I am not, this is not a sanitized simulation in the sense that I have not cleaned it up and all of that kind of stuff, am I making sense, so you have to figure out what is happening here, so question is what happened, actually I should have taken maybe 50 times steps since 50, 50, I have to loop to 50 maybe instead of 100 but it is okay, let me, maybe I will run that through again one more time, you have seen it once, second time you can actually observe, so I want you to observe certain features, what you saw, okay, we will run through that again and instead of doing 100 I will do 50, okay, I think I confused my FTCS part which I am going to do later with my younger good part which I did not know, so what we are basically, what you saw was some feature, travel left to right, seem to possibly reflect off, I do not know what is happening, something coming back and then there is this one solitary step here that is propagating left to right, okay, so we will try to do the following, we will try to estimate what speeds are these things propagating at and what are these, what do we expect, what is it that we expect, okay, what are we expecting here, so let me just, I will just kill this, I do not want to run that, so maybe I will just create another O1 equals 100 flow underscore t dot rk4, I will just quickly create another one, okay, there we go, set that up again, 100, that is fine, done, in this time I am going to be a little more sensible and instead of doing 100, I will do 50, oh, now I am getting conservative, yeah I will do about 20, that is fine, what happened, how did I disconnect the pipe, is this a problems of, at this point you can most probably hear me think, fine, there you go, let us try it one more time, okay, so I say 4i in range, maybe because I am taking sufficiently large time steps, I will do 100 and just do O dot step, I will change the, I will change that later, so I am taking 100 time steps, I am taking 100 time steps, 1, 2, there you go, it is taking one time step as a time as I indicated is a pretty painful thing, all those little sharp features that you see are the solution oscillating and we saw this in the demo for linear wave equation, so one of the problems is, it is possible for me to tune it so that I eliminate those sharp peaks, whatever, right with the control that we have on some parts, in fact I could have tuned the parameter, I could have hunted around look for a parameter to find that I will eliminate these, okay, right, but I actually want you to see, even at this crude, at this crude stage, I actually want you to see what is the, let me take 100 more time steps, because this step here has not travelled that far, this has travelled quite far, so in 100 time steps where has this come, can you give me an estimate about 185 or something of that sort, 180, 185, so if I take 100 more time steps, I expected to come to about 360 in this step and these 3 seem to be aligned, so that is some feature that is travelling forward, this is moving at a slower speed, okay, this is moving at a slower speed, so there goes again. Now as I said the value that is out here, I hope this flickering is not too uncomfortable, the value that is out there, the step, the magnitude of the step, get your ideas to what is happening, magnitude of the step, yeah it will stop now, right, so they are propagating at seemingly a constant speed, right, they are propagating at a constant speed, this lower part, the floor here is 84,000, that is the right hand boundary condition, that was our initial condition, this here is one atmosphere, 101325, so that 101325 from the left hand side is now propagating towards the right, it is basically what is happening, there is air at 101325 and that is propagating from left to right. And as that pressure, the question is what is propagating, as that pressure propagates, so along with this, so you have this feature that is propagating, that is the, that is sort of a pressure, sort of like an acoustic wave if you think about it, so I would expect that this is corresponds to U plus A, this corresponds to U plus A, so travelling in the right direction and there are 2 features travelling, left to right, 2 travelling left to right, what does this other one correspond to, most probably corresponds to the characteristic U, this speed here is about 44, 45 meters per second, this reading if I stick it here you cannot make out, I can see on the scale there are numbers on the top that tell me, so this reading it could be anywhere but if I stick it in the middle, right, this is around 44, 45, so this distance that it has travelled, you have to look at the x coordinate, this distance that this has travelled, this distance that it has travelled, right, corresponds to that speed times how much, what is the time we are taking 5 microseconds into 200, right, which is 1 millisecond, am I making sense, so the numbers sort of work out, the numbers work out, so this is basically propagating this, this entity here is propagating at this speed, okay, so this is most probably the contact surface, am I making sense, is that fine, okay, that is most probably, so the pressure pulse, the pressure has gone and the fluid is coming along, right, the actual molecules that were, the actual molecules that were inside the stagnation chamber, right, inside the reservoir, the actual material that is inside the reservoir is now travelling through, but that is travelling only at 44 meters per second, it is travelling at a slower speed, is that fine, okay, so that is coming along, this is, this is material, actual material that was inside the reservoir that is travelling, okay, all of these are occurring because of the compression wave, because there was compression, fine, okay, so you have already seen this, what do you expect when this goes to the other end, when this pressure pulse reaches this end, you are going to come to this end and it is a, and there is a declaration that it should be a 101325, but it is not, it is an 84000, right, so the pipe is completely at 101325, the boundary condition there is 84000, that expansion wave is going to start propagating back, it is an expansion wave, okay, that is what we are looking for, so let me get back here, now we will run it maybe, what should, what do you say, if I run this 50 time steps, 10 at a time, because I do not want to pain you now, okay, now we already know where we are going, right, let me get back there, so we have our picture back, yeah, so 10 at a time it really moves fast, 50 time, 50 time steps, 10 at a time is 500 into 5 microseconds, now I want you to pay attention to, pay attention to this slope, what is happening to this slope as it propagates right to left, the slope it starts to tip, the curve starts to tip, right, because it is an expansion fan, am I making sense, it is an expansion fan, right, if you, it is an expansion fan, so that the slope starts to, right, does it make sense to you, and what is the speed you expected to be propagating at, well we will find out, okay, we will run it a little longer and we will find out, now remember it is very easy to look at this feature propagating right to left and think that things are happening right to left, no, the flow itself is still left to right, do not forget, this 44 whatever 45 meters per second is left to right, what I see here is 90 meters per second is left to right, right, it is 90 meters per second left to right, which is why this is propagating to the right faster than the bottom is propagating to the right which is why it starts to tip, okay, that is why it is starting to tip, it is an expansion fan, okay, I hit an extra enter last time, so just to make sure, let me get back, sorry about that, we are likely to cross the, this, it is not quite a step, right, this expansion fan is likely to cross, this should be a sharp step, it is not a sharp step, right, we are likely to cross this, do you think anything will happen when they cross each other, any predictions, do you think anything will happen when they cross each other, do you think this will get a, this will get destroyed, its magnitude will change, the step size will change, they correspond to different characteristics, remember, this definitely corresponds to a characteristic of its own, right, okay, let us see, do that, it is propagating some tiny oscillations here and there, so this is another 500 time steps, so we have so far run, 1200 time steps, there it goes and what happened, it is like the water level, you know the water level going up or coming down, that is it, that step did not go away because that is physically still the air that was, that is from the reservoir, that is travelling and it is travelling at its own speed but when the expansion fan came, something interesting happened now, now the speed at which it is going to be travelling is 90 meters per second, you expected to travel faster, U has increased, expected to travel faster, right, the expectation is that it will travel faster, okay and from this point onwards, it will get a little noisy, we cannot really track because of all these characteristics, see now what is going to happen is, imagine the expansion fan consists of lots of characteristics and each individual characteristic is going to go, hit the right hand boundary and bounce off it, if your pipe is long enough, they may again coil us into a shock or pipe is not long enough, okay, right, so it is not, we are not going to see, we are going to see some funny sloshing kind of motion, that is what we are going to see, right, but I want you to, the thing that at this point, what I want you to pay attention to is propagation speeds, how fast is something going left to right, how fast is it going right to left, okay, any feature, how fast is it going left to right, how fast is it going right to left, okay, the, I am constantly rescaling which is why, if you had it on a, because I wanted to squeeze 3 graphs in, my scales are changing, okay, that is why there is some peculiar behaviour, look at this, look how fast this thing fellow came back here, how come it came back so fast, it is travelling at U plus A and U is increasing, right, it is travelling at U plus A and U is increasing, left to right it is travelling at U plus A and U is increasing, the magnitude of U is increasing, it is travelling at something that is similar to U plus A, at least and U is increasing, okay, so what do you expect and look at this, right, this was something like pottering around, right, at a very slow speed and if you make a calculation, if you are keeping track, right, I would, if you want you can note down the times or whatever it is, the timestamps or you can run it yourself, right, this is at about 550 millimetres, 550 millimetres, okay, note the propagation time right to left now, there you go, one more interaction, that step sinks, this step identity is not lost, that is it, it did not even make it across to the end of the pipe, okay, because the return line is at U minus A and if you are going to be coming down, once you get down to 150, 100 and so on, see once you get closer and closer to the solution, as you get closer and closer to the solution, the expansion waves coming from the other side are going to take more and more time, okay and if you want the steady state, if you want the steady state, we already have an issue here, there is seemingly a problem, we have a potential problem here, right, what is the issue? So if I want the steady state, I want basically the right hand boundary condition and the left hand boundary condition to be in equilibrium and there you go, so now we should have a compression wave coming from the other side and watch how fast that travels, that compression wave of course will be, it is not a compression wave, it is a series of waves that are reflecting off, okay. So we took 2 of those 250, right, 2 500 time steps to go to one end, I will just do this one last time and then maybe we will either choose a larger time step or we will either choose a larger number of time steps before visualization or we will switch, okay. So the leading edge is already here, the leading edge of that compression wave is already here and it is already at the right boundary, right, it is already at the right boundary and there you go. So now the expansion fan is going again and here now I am using these terms loosely because you have actually a mess of characteristics, right, like characteristics going in 2 different directions. But just to give you an idea, the right hand end is about 165 meters per second, the left hand end is about 155 meters per second, okay. So it is traveling quite fast, please remember left to right, it is traveling quite fast left to right, this pressure here is about 88000, right, this is a static pressure, the total pressure here of course taken the 155 into account will be 101325, this pressure here is still at 84000, fine and the process that you have seen is what is going to happen is these waves are going to keep traveling back and forth but critically the 84000 is something is going to travel upstream causing speed up, causing the flow to speed up and it is going to keep happening, right now it looks like it is going to keep happening till left hand side and right hand side are both 84000. So we have a pipe that is communicating this 84000 upstream, right that is basically what is happening and the difficulty that we have with this is as you get closer and closer to the solution, as you get closer and closer to the solution this communication upstream becomes more and more difficult, it becomes slower and slower, okay. This communication actually gets, is that fine, okay. So this communication I look at this, I mean we are running the same 500 time steps, right and it is not even made it, I mean we are running the same 500 time steps, it is not even made it. So you can imagine I am running, now you understand why I ran the condition mark 0.5, right, so if I am running 0.9, right if I am running transonic speeds we have a problem, transonic speeds we have a problem, right u-a is almost 0, low subsonic speeds we have a problem because u is almost 0, okay, right. There are two situations, u-a is not a bother, u-a is never a bother, right. So we have two situations where the u-a characteristic can turn out to be a problem that is transonic flow and if you think about either from your experimental aerodynamics or any other course that you have had, transonic flow is difficult to compute, is difficult to handle, is difficult to perform experiments and so on, right, okay. The other extreme low subsonic flow is an issue here, okay. This class of schemes if you say I want to compute mark number 0.01, we need to do something special, fine, okay. So what I will do maybe just for the fun of it, I will make that 50. I do not know if anybody has been keeping track of the amount of time that we have spent on this but let me see. So of course I am spending 50 time units before I graph, right. So it seems to move relatively better but it is not running any faster really except that I am not wasting time graphing. The return as expected is a lot faster. In fact, it will just go through. So I just want to show you where this goes, okay, this is fine. Maybe what I will do is just for the fun of it, instead of doing this maybe what I will do is I will run a Corsair grid, right. Then we can run to, we can rush to steady state quickly instead of doing this. I will run a Corsair grid after this. I want you to, you have any feeling for how much the residue is going to drop or at least the delta Q? See, right now if you look at this, the speeds, the speeds range between 174 and 173, right, 175. So a little over Mach 0.5, it is at about 175 and the pressures range from 84,000 to 84,400, 84,500. So you could say to do, if you are only looking for 2 decimal places it is converged to 2 decimal places. If you look at the residue, right, the residue may not be that bad. Is that fine? Maybe instead of trying to drive this to what I would call convergence, right, instead of driving this to what I would call convergence. So there is an issue that you have to remember. You have a code, you have an existing code, you have tested it, right, it has been tested. You are running it in the regime, flow regimes for which you have tested, it is well tested, it is a mature code. Then you can look at it and say for engineering analysis, if I have one part in 1000 it is okay. Am I making sense? But when you are developing the code, you are actually developing the code, you would like to know that if I give the code, you know, derive it in terms of floats, if I write it in terms of floats, that it will converge to whatever machine position that you have with floats. And if you give it doubles, it is going to converge to whatever that is the code converges, you understand. You would like to know while you are in the development process, when you are making production runs it is a different story. Once the code is tested, right, it has been verified, somebody has certified that this is the code that, right, it works, then it is a different story as to how you use it, right. But when you are doing the development, so just to emphasize that and not, you do not get the impression that this day is just talking. Let me just show you. And so that I do not take too much of your time, I am going to restart this because I do not trust right now. I import, ooh, I forgot one thing that I should have done, it does not matter. I should have plotted the convergence, I should have done the convergence plots, it is okay, I will do it for this, right. I mean having done all of that stuff, I have those, I have the convergence plot could have been plotted. I will use 101 grid points, okay, so it will be 10 times faster. I will run the same case, 300 Kelvin. I would suggest that different temperatures, they all have an effect. Temperature will affect the speed of sound, they all have an effect, right. So I would suggest that you look at that. Let me just quickly, okay, it is fine. So 101 times steps, 4i in range 100, 10 times steps at a time, we will just see what it does, that is 1000 times steps. Whether that is enough or not, I doubt if it is enough but this is going to move fast. Is it going to move? There you go, ooh. So it is definitely faster, maybe 10 was too fast. This is going to move fast but I want you to note, in this animation, I want you to note that the waves coming back are slower than the waves going, see that is it, it just goes slow, almost instantaneous, slow, almost instantaneous. You understand what I am saying? It is very clear that, it is very clear that left to right is okay, so that is the 1000 times steps. It is already at 84,000, the pressure is at 84,005, the speeds are at 177, all of these will soon see, this density in fact is to 5 digits, it is the same number, it is not changed. So it looks very noisy but remember the magnitude of that noise is of the order of 10 power – 7, 10 power – 6, is that fine, okay. So for those of you that cannot see this, all of these read 10275 on this scale because I am not going to add any, I can add more digits, I am not going to add any more digits, it just messes up the display. All of these read 177.47 meters and all of these read 84,000 Pascal. So you can say at this point, why do you persist in running this? But as I said, if you are in development mode, you want to make sure that it actually goes all the way. So let us push it, see what it does and you can still see there is this propagation back and forth, it gets noisy, some high frequencies seem to appear and disappear, right. It seems a lot worse than it actually is because I am dynamically rescaling the, I am dynamically rescaling the y-axis. So these Wiggles are not really as large, if you were to plot them on the actual scale, these Wiggles are not really as large. What do you think will happen now? Look at the top graph, now we are at quantization error, we are at the last bit, we have a single bit left. You can only discriminate one bit, am I making sense? Plus minus epsilon, we are there, we cannot calculate this, we cannot calculate it any more accurately, right. So if I run one last, just for the heck of it, if I just run one, that is it, is it nothing, is it going to sit there flashing, right, it may not show, is it going to just sit there flashing? We do not have sufficient bits, so now I feel good, yes, whether there are better schemes, I need not have added this dissipation, the way I have added it, whatever, right. But the code converge, and if I give it quad precision, the code will converge, okay, and if I test it over range of temperatures, range of pressures, range of Mach numbers, then I will turn around and say, hey, in this range, this code works, if you want to use 10 power minus 3, use 10 power minus 3, right, if you want, at 10 power minus 3 you have a reasonable solution. So let us just look at, let me import, let me just plot the, let me just plot that error, I will create another gray spot plotting and I will quickly excuse the color, I will quickly change that, I think I had something called demo, is it not, this time which will fix that, okay, so it is not relatively pleasant colors, G dot plot, and I have just for your, just to remind you, I have something called error, okay, I have something called error, I am going to plot that G dot plot O dot error, as usual, before you look at it, you should try to imagine what I will get, and maybe that is not what you expected, right, so remember the other thing that I told you, let me get this, let me get this so that you can see that scale there, the other thing that, remember that I told you is that the y axis you plot on log scale, so we will make this log, logarithmic, 1 e – 16, and I will plot every, only every 1000, I will show only every 1000, now that looks a lot better, okay, there are 100 grid points, actually if I had actually integrated, here I am not integrating, I am adding up the residues, right, but actually what I should do is I should integrate, which means that I multiply by 0.01, so this is at about 10 power – 12, 10 power – 13, that whole curve would have shifted down, you understand what I am saying, whole curve would have shifted down, so and if I run it longer, at this point it will just be flat, right, in fact I stopped it quite early, normally when I am developing code, I am developing code, I let it continue to run, am I making sense, I not only want to see that slope dropping, and look at this, I mean this is really neat, right, you can see, I would like it to be steeper, right, we will look at that, we will talk about that later, I would like it to be steeper, and as I said I really wish I had shown you that 1000 and 1, anyway it does not matter, so it is straight, and then after that I like to see the horizontal part extending out, maybe the same amount of, I want it extending out, right, because fluid mechanics is a very funny thing, right, I give you an example of a computation that we have done, we had a stone turbine was doing 1D flow premixed combustion of hydrogen and oxygen, and basically what happened was, so you have this flame front that is travelling through this mixture, right, and it is possible that, it is possible that, let me remember, let me get this right, yes, so it is possible that you do not have, the hydrogen uses up all the oxygen in its, depends on the mixture ratio, right, if it is stoichiometric it is a different story, but it is possible that the hydrogen is used up all the oxygen in the neighbourhood, so you run it, the reaction rates are all in picoseconds, nanoseconds, the fluid mechanics is running in milliseconds, right, so we take picosecond time steps and we march through and we say, oh, it is converged, then we say, okay, just for some more time why do not we run it for twice the amount of time and see what happens, and in twice the amount of time what was happening is the species were propagating down, right, and all of a sudden the hydrogen encounters oxygen again, and then again there is a rise, am I making sense, there is again, so you cannot just basically say, oh, it is all settled down, everything is fine, I have converged to a steady state solution, may not be a fact, so you should run it for a little more time to see what is happening, is that fine, okay, right, so that is as far, are there any questions, okay, so the things that we take from this right now are, the propagation speeds are important, we need to do something therefore for convergence, okay, we need to do something for convergence as far as these propagation speeds are concerned, the fact that the propagation speeds are disparate is a headache, one way travels very fast, the other way it is very slow, the faster it travels this way, the slower it is going to travel the other way, right, so we have to get some balance, ideally we would like the propagation speeds all to be identical, okay, and so in the next class I will derive an expression for that, why do not we just for the fun of it look at FTCS because that is likely where you will start your implementation, to see what happens, okay, and the reason why I am doing this is I want to, I want to give you confidence, okay, this is what I am getting, this is what he got, so at least I am on the right track, as I said this is not a fully, I have not sat down and tinkered with this code, but it is enough to, okay, so I will create a 1D flow and in this case I will use the flow manager, the generic flow manager which uses FTCS and surprisingly on, it is not particularly surprising, I use this, I have the same interface, should I do 1001, 1001, 325, 300, Kelvin, 84,300 is the temperature, quickly change that screen to O and ED, that is done for IN range, what do you want me to run, 100, okay, and how often do you want me to show that, every 10, maybe I will take 0 point and look at this, 00, that is what I had 005 last time, 04, okay, okay, let me go back there, see what it does, now in this case, maybe that 10 was in that grid, in this case for this demo, I deliberately added, the dissipation was, added was a little stronger, so you will notice that it does not, it oscillates, it is oscillating very close to that step, it is oscillating, but they die out very rapidly, okay, and you will also notice that this looks a lot smoother, right, we will run it for a little more time and you will see that I am not joking, and anyway this, at this rate it is going to take some time, so we will maybe instead of doing 10 time steps at a time, we will make it a little larger, right, okay, because we do not have that kind of time, how much larger shall I make this, 50 time steps at a time, well 50 may jump, but what they, we will try it out, let us try out 50 to see what it does, that is not too bad, so just like in our earlier wave equation thing, it is clear near the step where the high frequencies are, there is dispersion and there is a problem, but really look at that contact surface, it is not, I mean it is not, it is nowhere near a sharp jump, right, it is really smoothing out, that is because I have added so much artificial dissipation that I have just smeared out the solution, so the key, the key to getting a high resolution solution is determine where to add that dissipation and how much to add the dissipation, right, there has to be a mechanism by which you can do it, the earlier one I told you had an underscore p, right, one way by people do it is you detect the pressure, there is a pressure switch, there is a switch, you detect the pressure and you say, hey the gradient to the pressure, the pressure is varying very rapidly here, I am most probably in the vicinity of a shock, you had large dissipation there, I am most probably in the way, right, you understand, you add second order, not large dissipation, you add the appropriate dissipation there, I have added just arbitrarily as I told you, right, but you add the appropriate dissipation there and you can actually get a reasonably sharp shock, is that fine, but you will notice that here it is smoother, there are some fine wiggles, right, but those artifacts are also because the line thickness is very large, so when you cannot, right, even my curves, even my graphics cannot catch, so the graphics basically here will show, so these artifacts are not real, the wiggles that you see there are not real, okay, the compression wave is going to reflect off, expansion, expansion seems reasonably sharp, you can see it rotating now, it is going through the rotation process, this is smooth, right, this is like, there are really no wiggles, as I said on the ramp, these wiggles are because it is drawing, made up of horizontal lines which have a certain thickness, that is the only reason why it is there, this is really smooth, you want me to take larger time steps still, maybe we have time, I will do 1 in 100, 1 in 100 may be large, that way that is going to take 10,000 time steps, you guys should not just let me, there goes and it is like the ocean level rises and falls, so just the step just comes down, the steps are wise, the step is smearing because of dissipation, the extra viscosity that I have added is my fault and then the reflected fan, the reflected fan they do get steeper but it is not long enough for the, for it to coalesce, reflects off the wall, is that supposed to be 10,000 time steps, right, because remember the individual time steps are extremely small, okay, it turns out the reason why I took Range Kutta is, Range Kutta will allow me to take CFL that is close to 2.8, right, allows me to go to a CFL that is quite large and that is the reason why I do not remember if I did an up arrow, yeah, I do not, all I want you to see is that yes, FTCS behaves the same way, so it did not have to do with the scheme, the return wave is slower than, right, the forward wave, the contact surface travels at the speed at which the fluid is moving, if you add too much dissipation the contact surface is not going to be a contact surface, it is going to be a contact something region, right, it is not contact, if you think about it very often you think of contact, you think of something that sharp, so it is sort of a smeared overlap region kind of a thing, so you have to be a bit careful, right, so even if you use what you detect, where you detect, right, so there have to be, there are as I said, please remember, there are a whole host of schemes, I will stop this here, is that okay, okay, then we will just talk after this, there are whole host of schemes that are high resolution schemes, let me, if you want let me just show you the convergence plot for this and see if it looks different, FTCS, okay, so from grace plot, I import grace plot again, G, I create the plot, I will get rid of that glare from your eyes, there is something that I started doing in my, sequence that I started doing in my sleep now, so then you have code dot error plot, oops, cannot auto scale, no sets, no active sets what happened, I am not accumulating error here, okay, fine, my mistake, I did not keep track of the error, I did not update the error here, anyway you can try it out, the behavior is essentially the same, right, I do not think we have enough time for us, for me to run the 1001 for the other one to, the behavior is essentially the same, the thing is that I want you to take away from this, for this course, right, that we need to do something about disparate speeds, propagation speeds are different and that is the problem, especially at transonic speeds and low subsonic speeds, okay, so we are going to, I will suggest on Monday something to do so that convergence is faster, right, low subsonic speeds you can even get wrong answers, you can even get wrong answers because your problem is expected to be ill conditioned, right, such problems where you have very disparate rates, you may have seen in your differential equations course, they are called stiff problems, very ill conditioned, right, so if you take a system in which what everybody is now hollering about, if you take a system in which it takes a million years for trees to collapse, they are crushed and form coal or form oil and it takes you a few days to take that oil out and burn it, then this differential equation is very stiff if you are trying to do an energy balance, one is in the time, time scale is in million years and the other is in time scale of days, right, and if you do it in days that million years will take forever, and if you try to capture the million years, the days you do not capture at all, so there is a problem, these are stiff problems, okay, so we will look at some way by which we can fix the stiff problem. The other thing is here I have taken, here I have taken delta T by delta x fixed, I want you to think about that, one day I will tell you that which means that at each point the CFL was different, because the propagation speeds are different, delta T by delta C, right, so what does it mean to keep CFL fixed, fine, so in the next class we will look at these issues, is that fine, okay, thank you.


Somebody came up with a poster for the new Joker film, it's called Ha Ha Land, because a lot, okay Hey, welcome back to our studio I'm Rick, you can follow us on Instagram, Twitter, or more juicy content Thanks and Patreon, follow us, subscribe to our channel. Today, we're doing a Ronnie McCurgy evolution video. Oh Did you hear that? You better go pee, go quick my heart. You know all the songs anyway But that's why she wants to hear them and I gotta tell you I just I'm just I just back on the Joker thing the thing that at least makes me feel Halfway good about it is is Joaquin Phoenix is so well known for his singing voice Oh, he's also known picking good scripts and He would he wouldn't have attached himself if you didn't Daniel Day Lewis did nine nine wasn't bad It was just below average for for Daniel Day Lewis, correct It was below average. He shouldn't have been in the movie. It should have been somebody else and nine wasn't bad No, but Daniel Day Lewis shouldn't have played that role. Well, no one else is playing the Joker. No, I know but Like Could you imagine? You know what it's like to me the director It's like having the Godfather come out and then the sequels Godfather to the musical It's different it is. Well, yeah, because why the joke the Joker has sung in in comics and in animation stuff before so It's not like I said, it's not totally like without precedent You just don't know because you're because the Joker has sung Yeah in in in the canon. Yeah, so he has done song You just don't know because you're gross Today we're gonna Let me guess let me guess let me guess. It's a Ronnie McCurgy Evolution video. Wow I'm a time traveler Corbin. Oh, wow. Yep. Here we go. I've seen the past. I'm sure and Johnny will know these regardless Those are those aren't and I don't have a hope not there's a lot of little I think it's dinks I think it's just the next time edits to the next song. Yeah, it's gotta be Anyways, all right. Here we go. Just started Well, that was quick look at the hair She looks different a lot of these they look like the exact same. Wow, that's so loud Looks gorgeous This is the memento one is this okay, that's the memento one. I believe Well, she worked with Amir Khan a couple times. I need that to be in our intro now We Squeeze me just srk saying squeeze me Color of the day. How many films is she done with? Amir's con a lot. Hello, Ukraine. Oh, yeah, the mix on this is a little Was that someone con it was Salman? Oh, yeah Oh, is that someone con again? No, I thought it was Zaddy straw for a second.   Haha. Watch out. There's a group of men coming towards you. Yeah, yeah That looks like a fun song It's the bye There he is again. They've worked together a couple times too. Yep Unless it's from like the same film baby Abhishek. Is that a nil? Yes Was that a Hindi remake? It said Nayuk the hero Anil Kapoor and Ronnie McCurgy Nayuk the hero Is that a remake of hey? This is not the track from hey Somebody got a copy right? Hey Yeah, that's not that is not from K3g No, I know we're showing the visual. I sympathize. I sympathize That govinda, yeah, a little fabric is back. Yeah. Well, that's pretty Why do I recognize that? Have we reacted to that? Yes, I recognize it too. I'm not mistaken. I thought it sounded like sting She done with govinda We're only on 2002. I remember that jacket. That's LA It is Chow chow I've gone chow-dee-chow-dee This car don't know you're hooking up with him like that as I remember this track from Calhona Somebody got a copy right? Yep That Abhishek again. I think so is on the screen baby sartaj Reminded of the meme with the mask on and the mask off safe. Holy Con unsafe. Holy Con Oh Yeah, I love that movie black. Oh black Love that movie to probably the first thing we saw her in I if not I've got one or two the first thing we saw her in. Yes one or two at minimum love that movie She looks so different in that movie Pantheon bubbly. Oh, yeah, and Johnny's going Philipsic mode from what it from what I recall. Yeah, she's doing the cartography The sequel did not do well Hey, I want a pool lounge like that with little b.  Yep. Whoa SRK stash was looking like that was SRK. Yeah Looking like Jackie Shroff. Oh, yeah, was you right? Is this a shock? Where's dollar Mendy when you need him? Wow nice pink It's a great color on her. She's they use pink a lot on her. Oh really? What's a bad color on Ronnie McCurgy Rick? None. There is none the answer. Maybe teal blue Rainbow puke. Oh Somebody got a copyright Nice lighting in that room Babool Babool Not to be confused with the bull bull Babadook Red is a great color on her Vomit is a good color on her.  She's working. It'll be a lot. I Think she's worked with everybody a lot. Oh look, it's a white guy Why'd she just touch him? Yeah What is this? Oh, it was Ranbir. Yeah, this is I think Sanjay's one of his first films I think we've seen some is a good color on her White's a good color on her. Why do I feel like I'm soaring over, California? Hey, everybody's safe now How old is she now? I think he's maybe late 40s I'm guessing 48 Right, babe my Veteran wanted to see sultry sensual Ronnie copyright That's what there's a reason all these are less than 10 seconds. Just funny enough. How long we last some bed? That's on me again shave that stash off But yeah, but I'm sorry women get women get better looking when they get older This is one a lot of people tell us to watch as well Really want to see that people that one in no Jessica as well really want to see that one. I remember loving that trailer I guess that was made a couple of years ago. Yeah Because she's come out with more. Hey, sweetie. Is is Ronnie probably 47 48? Ish, you don't think she's that old yet? She's been around as long as you said you always like SRK and Ronnie together more than SRK cajole, right? Ronnie has a special place in her heart 44 she's 44 right now. I Wasn't too far off You were very far off. That was three years off so far No, she's oh and Ronnie's always talked to me because whenever we do a reaction of a Ronnie thing I was talked about how much we loved it and how great she is and particularly whenever we watch her act I'm always impressed at what good of an actor. She is and and Ronnie says it's always been one of the reasons among many She loves her is because she's a very very good actress. Yes. She is Yeah, those two the hitch Hitchkey, that's the one where she has I think she has two rats. Is that correct? Yeah, yeah, yeah, no no the character she portrays. Yeah, yeah, and no one killed Jessica as well Yeah, two for the herd like acting wise No, we've seen black. I was like our first thing of hers All the yes, well, yeah, your Zara a bunch of ones where she's the other woman and he he's with Kajol and Ronnie We want to see her and Cheryl Khan just going at it hard. Yep Every movie is that every movie we've seen with her and Kajol and SRK Ronnie is the one who doesn't get the love and we want that reverse. We want to see a first care It's reverse cowgirl a secret one Do tell Ronnie film. Oh can't can't go on the channel Do a reaction to that one. That'll be OSR 3.0 The point dark web boy, no, no, no, it'll be on the dark web our erect reaction Anyways Juicy, it's so juicy Yeah, I love Ronnie where the content is so juicy. We had to change our pants Wow Bunty all the bubbly We love Ronnie McCreary. Yes, we do what should be her next film and there was some songs in there that I don't recognize Yeah, so if there's songs we should react to that aren't like YRF or you know T-Series or stuff like that Let me know it because there's one that I think I was like oh that looks interesting And I think and Ronnie dancer, but she danced like a thousand of them so over half of them I don't remember. I don't remember which yeah, you think she's Indian. This is not what I'm sorry about But this is what you were talking about. Yeah, it's called Nayak the real hero 2001 That's not a remake of Saatchi to rise Okay, it's just an odd coincidence that it's almost identical in name Anyways, let us know what the next Ronnie McCurgy film that we should watch and what we can talk to her Yeah, oh, yeah, I would love for her to be our dose. What oh, isn't she in Kank Why don't you bring her on the channel? Yeah, you really should She was in kank and the sequel. Hi kankle That's true. She doesn't have those. That would be SRK. Yep. He put it on the way just for the role Look at them kankles Anyways, let us know what the next Ronnie films are made down below


Hey everyone, welcome back to my channel. If you're new here, my name is Megan and this is another episode of Wrapped Up where I have wrapped up some of my books. At one point this was all of my books, but now it's a small percentage of my books. I unwrap one and I read it in a reading vlog in this video. Out of kindness to myself and my 2020-run reading slump, what I've been doing in the last couple episodes of this is that I have been unwrapping two and letting myself choose between them. So that's what we're gonna do again today because the reading slump hasn't ended. Don't get me started. Hmm, this I think for, oh, well, there she goes. This is like a hardback but a small hardback. So let's see. Oh, okay. This is Fable by Adrian Young. Now this is short. So like it's only 330 pages but it's like a very small book. This is a Little Mermaid retelling. I got this from a Fairy Loot box. I still haven't read any Fairy Loot books so this could be a really good, do I just go for this? I think I'm gonna unwrap another one just to be sure but part of me might just go for this because it seems like a really easy read but I don't know if I've heard very good things about it as well. I feel like it's had really mixed reviews. So let's unwrap another one. Another one. Another one. Should I go for this one? I'm gonna go for whatever this is. Let's unwrap a white one. Usually I try and make myself not unwrap the white ones at the moment. Oh, this is The Memory Wood by Sam Lloyd. This is a thriller about this guy who's lived in this wood for as long as he can remember and a girl there is being held by someone else but he doesn't want to tell the police that she's being held there because it's his like only friend that he's ever had come into the woods. Like obviously he's like not quite with it but yeah this was sent to me by the publisher so do I go for that? I think this would be easier for me to pick. I think in terms of rating I'd probably be more likely to rate this higher. I think you should go with The Memory Wood because I think when you get them to sort of what was this throw on you said? Yeah, it's like a thriller. Yeah, you like them. Usually probably these are page 10s. Okay, I think I'm gonna go with The Memory Wood because I think I'll probably be more likely to rate this high so we're gonna go for this. One week later. So it has been a week since I last spoke to you. I have not read a lot in that time. Oh no. This has now gone downhill.   I actually changed my mind. I started Fable because I'm also currently still reading having started this at the start of March, House of Leaves for the Literary Dead Book Club run by Books and Lala, which I'm co-hosting. This was March's book. I am 105 pages in. Now the thing is after like page 150-ish, 130, it does get a lot easier to read. There's a lot of like blank pages after that and I have read 50 pages at the end. I felt like The Memory Wood was similar in terms of its anxiety inducingness which is how this is making me feel. I'm already very anxious with uni and I find it hard to read it for a long period of time because it just like increases my anxiety. I am enjoying it but that's why I haven't got very far. So I chose to read Fable instead because I felt like The Memory Wood was too similar to House of Leaves and I needed something a bit lighter now. I'm 100 pages in. It's very boring. It's boring. You're joking. Not another one. Oh for God's sake. I can't honestly. I can't stand this. I literally don't care. Like I could DNF it but we're not going to because I don't I because it's such an easy book to read. Like I'm just like let's just do it. Let's just do it. Let's just read it. I don't think this is a little mermaid retelling. I think I was bullshitting on that front where I think I just saw water and red hair and assumed it was a little mermaid retelling. If it is, I don't see how. Like I don't see how. So basically Fable is our main character and she was abandoned by her father on this kind of island many years ago and has survived by herself and now she has gotten off the island on a ship of this mysterious young captain. Very convenient. Can you stop insinuating things please? She's on his ship and he's taking her to the Narrows so that she can basically confront her father. He doesn't know that but that's why she's there. How have we been through a third of this book and literally nothing has happened? I don't understand. I genuinely, this book ain't it. It's like a 2.5 I would say now it's just boring. I'm struggling to read it sometimes. Like I don't know my focus right now is just bad like we can just accept that but I'm having to read sentences over and over and over again to understand. I feel like the word flow isn't great between the words. Yeah I just feel like it's very like Stoppian Starty. The characterization of characters isn't great. It just feels like bland. It feels like if I was to equate this to a food I was going to say white bread but even white bread is more interesting. I thought to make ourselves a bit happier we would just quickly unbox the March Fairy Loot. I did start opening it days ago and then I thought hang on no we're gonna save this for a vlog so I haven't actually looked at anything. The theme this month is frozen fables which I'm very excited for as I think we're gonna get some Bear and the Nightingale things. So let's just grab the first thing we see. Oh there's a lot of things. This is gonna be a mug I'm guessing. Oh my god it's a Bear and the Nightingale.  If you don't know the Bear and the Nightingale is one of my favorite. It's probably my favorite fantasy series. Oh my god this is about to be my mug. This is about to be the mug I use every day of my life. Oh my god I love you. It's Vassia. Oh my god. Oh let me put a nightbook. It's got like a rose on the front and it's like gradient pattern. That's very cute. It's by by Winter Song by S.J. Jones. Haven't read that. If you have let me know if I'd like it. Then we've got a headband.  Then we've got oh we got some sockies inspired by Even the Darkest Sea. Cute right? Oh we've got a phone ring holder inspired by is this Winterwood? All of these books are books that I have considered reading. So let me know if you've read Winterwood. That was one that I wanted for a long time. Really excited if it's gonna be like a wintery book like The Bear and the Nightingale. Oh oh youth. Okay so the book is The Bright and the Pale by Jessica Rubinowski. I hope I haven't butchered that. Tasman from T-Books and Tasman sent me a picture of this like a couple months ago now. I was like have you heard about this book? It sounds so interesting. It's kind of like The Bear and the Nightingale inspired and I was like oh my god I'm so excited. So I've been really excited for this. She found out about it because she works at Fairy Loot. You sneaky sneaky girl. I see you. So I think this is like a Russian inspired by Russian folklore. Wintery backdrop filled with fables, romance, tragedy, magic and monster. It's such a beautiful cover. We have got gorgeous sprayed edges which are glittery and then on the backdrop of this we have got an art print which is so pretty. Oh my god okay I'm really really excited to read this. Maybe it'll be when I pick up soon. I think actually I have a video idea which I had the other two books for so I think this will be the third book in that video.   I've got like 200 reading vlog ideas. So thank you Fairy Loot for sending me this. They do send it to me for free in order to show you guys and thank you so much. I love this. I'm super excited to read it. Now I'm gonna go continue with Fable and I'll let you know what I think when I read like another 100 pages. This jump of the last time I spoke to you. I have no idea. It's been a long time again. That's quite dramatic. I am now two thirds of the way in to this book to Fable.   There's no plot other than we're at sea. We're at sea everyone.  There's been a lot of discussions I feel like recently around like reviewers versus author spaces. I know a lot of effort went into this. Like someone this was someone's life for a period and this isn't me. I am listen. We know in all my videos I'm slightly dramatic. Slightly slightly. It isn't to offend. This is for entertainment purposes and it's a review. You know what I mean? So we can we can talk about why I don't like. So I could forgive the no plot if there were two things. Number one if the characters were good but there's no characterization. There's okay how many characters we have our main character and we have the characters on the ship. There's West, there's Willa and then there's three other guys. One of them has a bit more of like a characterization to him. These two. These two.  I don't know the difference between them. They have no characterization and even the ones who I could like name. There's not much there. Like there's there's not I think coming from reading Six of Crows and Cookie Kingdom where like what that does so well is character. Like the characters are so amazing. I'm like well this is just they're not they're not even characters. Do you know what I mean? Like there's not even any characters and secondly if the writing was like something I enjoyed but it's not. I am reading right sometimes and we end up I can't envisage this.  Oh imagine we're on a street right?  Like I can't follow this book. It's beyond even not being able to envisage it.  Like I it's generally not very readable to me.  I agree. I've had it and I'm sorry. You know what I've had? It. It. I'm reading it and the words just aren't flowing. Like this is something I can't explain but I've spoken about this before. I have a very particular thing about the words flowing right and like my brain is just I very rarely have this with books. I have this like maybe one in 30 books I have ever had this problem with where the words aren't in the right order for my brain to like compute those. I'm like what do you ever have this? Am I going insane? This is a problem I have sometimes with books because I'm very particular about like how the words like feel. This is okay. I'm like reading this. I'm like I actually have no idea what's happening. I actually have no idea what's happening. There were two pages just now that I was like wow we're really this is the best we've been yet because I could read it. Like I can actually understand what was happening, why it was happening, the dialogue was pretty good. That's all we've had. It's genuinely like it's a two star definitely. I'm like is this a one star? Is it a one star? But we all know 2021 hasn't been my year for reading and content. I know I've been letting you down a bit.  We're gonna go hard.  As soon as uni is over oh my god when I tell you I have the rest of the year planned out. I have so many video ideas that I just can't do because I don't have the time or energy right now but I think I've only got like five weeks left of uni. So once that happens I'm gonna be a better person but but I think we can all recognize like I haven't loved books. I haven't loved that many books. I've given a few five stars out but not many. I have been reading that much so I think we can all understand. I'm not talking very well. It's kind of like who knows? Who knows what she's up to? No I'm not up to anything. I just had pasta.  What I'm saying is some of it may be me but I really don't think it is. I'm just like generally don't think I would like it whenever I read it. But I am putting a disclaimer out there that some of it may be me. I'm gonna finish it but it's not good. I generally don't understand a single thing that's happening. So yeah I'm gonna go get in bed and read because I have to finish this the next couple days. I also need to finish House of Leagues the next couple days.  So I'm gonna give it one star. No that sounds bad guys and forgive me for saying it but that's how I feel. It was not good but I've already said all that. I don't want to keep harping on about how I didn't like this book because it just feels a bit negative. Like I feel like we've had two on the trot bad wrapped up episodes. We've had a two star and a one star now. So I'm just not I'm just very unhappy. So I don't want to keep being negative. Like I feel like you don't come here for negativity. I don't want to keep going on about how I hate everything but regardless one star. So this may be if you care this may I may say some like slightly very very mild spoilers because it's a bit difficult to talk about it because like there's nothing to talk about. So if you care thanks for watching this far. Nice to see you. I'll see you in a couple days anyway. So there's like a romance which develops in the final third of this. We all knew it was gonna happen. This is why I say it's mild spoilers because like you go into this book knowing that's gonna happen but it came from nowhere. These characters had maybe said like five sentences to each other so far the entire book. You could genuinely fit I think onto two pages all of their dialogue throughout the whole rest of the book until you know it happens. Like they didn't think there was no chemistry. There was no chemistry. They didn't know each other. They hadn't like and suddenly uh no I'm sorry but no it's not realistic. It's just not realistic. It's not realistic. It's just not realistic. No ending to this like it didn't go anywhere you know how in a traditional book and here's the thing like books don't have to always adhere to the traditional format but it wasn't like we were rising towards some like denouement and then you know calming down like nothing happened like there wasn't like there was no there was nothing we were aiming towards there was no ending there was nothing like there was nothing nothing happened at the end like you know what I mean there wasn't that big ending or any ending or any kind of like resolution do I wish I had read the memory word yeah probably I reckon I probably would like this more but at the same time House of Leaves was heavy and so I don't feel like mentally I would have thanked myself for that either so wrapped up was just unkind to us for another month like what why have we had two terrible months in a row when like when I first did this I got so many five stars like my December that first run of it was so good and now we're out here getting two and one stars it just shows you the luck of the draw so yeah I hope you've enjoyed this video uh sorry it was sad again and I didn't like the book if you've gone to the end comment any kind of like sea emojis like a fishy or sea plants or anything like that and let me know if you have read this because I'll be interested on your thoughts I know it was like a kind of popular book in the past year or so or how long has been out six months something like that um yeah let me know if you've read this and I'll see you very soon in another video bye


What really got you started doing it? Before I started the company, I was doing personal training and nutrition coaching for four years at Snap Fitness in Boulder City.  So during that time, I was still training a few clients out the park or at home and I needed to figure out a way to make more income. So I started feeding my clientele. And it was really just a plan to hold me over through the time that I couldn't work in the gym. And I started training them and they got very passionate into their res...


I'm waddling, waddling. I'll drink it, this bucket. Oh, shit, I'll drink it as well. I'm dead, I'm dead. Oh, the chains is huge, actually. And I gauge me. Watch the fear, Amos. I don't have it.  Gustan, Gustan. Kept them in combat. You can push now.  Double, double, double. Kill Rogue. Kill Rogue.  You were fine. I was fine. Oh, I looked who it is. Go, go, go, go, go, go, go, go, go, go, go. I'm sad, mate. I'm sad. I have to get sad. I faced the way. Got gudged. So do you see my pet in the starting zone, by the way? Yes, yes. Did you have to, did you have to release something? You can grip now, maybe? I'm pretty, that's good. Yeah, yeah, send the priest. I'll pop feet on him, maybe. P.S. though, I still was trying. Trying to, trying to get my pet, if you get it, it's huge. Blind on me. Just keep, keep pumping the priest. He's gonna restyle from me here. He has darts in 18. I still have stone from D.P. I only use P.S. Yeah, priest doesn't have fear. Gudged. Cheap shot, mate. You're very in trouble, mate. Kidney meat. I'm trying to sit. Stone from D.P. Got the feel, a double fit. Double trinket. That's what we like. I'm waddling, waddling. I trinket this bucket.  Get around that pillar, mate. Next dance is bad, okay? It's up.  He doesn't have any CDs left to get to me, so you should be able to keep him away. He's slowing me through pillar. I need chains, I need chains. I'm dead, I'm dead. The chains is huge, actually. Keep going, bro. Keep going, bro. In mate. Now you've got to edge me. Watch the fear, Amos. You don't have it.  Gustan, Gustan. You don't have it, mate. I don't have it. I might live, actually. Double priest away. Double, double, double. Kill Rogue. Kill Rogue.  That was a Zay syndrome right there. Handi B, bro. Yeah, that's a good damage. I'm burning priest, I'm burning priest. He's got no mana. Keep going.   I'm going, come on, come on, come on. Come to me, mate. He's got no dance, I've got PS back as well. Go, go, go, send it. Keep the priest in combat, he's going to go drink, OK?  Keep them in combat, you can push now. I'm going to go drink, OK? They have dance, they have dance. Watch yourself. What do you have? Ice band, lich, AMS. You have plenty. You can lich if you want. Nah, you don't need to, you don't need to. I'm doing it. OK, OK, OK. Just send priest, priest wants to drink. Look at, look at priest, look at priest. I'm going to go to him. I'm going to talk, I can't get him. I bugged Manish. I'll keep priest.  Keep pumping, make this priest seal. Popping. Priest is down bottom as well, this is good. The dancing you, it's fine. Yeah. All fine, all fine. I'm just, I'm going to disrespect drink during the dance. I won't give him step, OK? Yes. Oh, the gargle just sent an MVP shot across the world to, to hit the priest. You can't drink. I'll get this next one. Drinking, drinking. Keeps you on me. Yeah. Gage on me. That's the step. That's going to the priest. Yeah. Like, under full. It's fine. Got the shield. Rogue wants to rewash it. Priest has field. I can, I can get it, I can get it. Yeah, priest drink it, priest drink it.  That's fine, I put it to middle. I'm going to just turn up here and priest is going to be like, what? Send, send, send, send, send. We've got no cloak, no cloak, no cloak. He used dance. Keep sending. Keeps you on me. Oh, man, I killed here actually. I should have. You can kill priests, remember, as well.  Rogue's got no cloak right now. He's scared. I'm going to burn priest, stun him for me. Step cheap on me. Beamed on me. No dance. Stay on priest, I'm fine. Yeah, I'm going to field Rogue.  I love it. Get him seeds. Ouch. Yeah, just keep pushing priest man. He's got, he's got a dance. Nice to watch out. Yeah, what have you got, what have you got?  I've got everything. Get AMZ. Okay. I didn't use anything he feared. He didn't be in the AMZ. Oh, that's MVP. Getting burned. Nice, nice, nice, nice. I'm going to fiend Rogue here. Send it. Sack on me. I have fiend.  No blind, no blind. Yeah, I spent the last one. She didn't even know it worked like this. That was sick actually. Priest is so oom. Rose got no cloak, right? Fiend me. I could have fielded this actually. Nah, it's fine actually, this is nothing. I'm going to save my shield for next one. Yeah. But you need to chase him. I'm chasing, I'm chasing. Keep him rogue. You can hit rogue, hit rogue. He has no cloak. Just keep pumping. Priest has no mana. I'm drinking. Kidney me running. Keep ghoul on priest. All game, keep ghoul on priest, okay?  Priest is completely oom, no fiend, okay? You good? I'm dancing. Not really. Okay, coming. B traps. Heming you. He's drinking pets, run the long way around. Kept the drink. Remember, you can go priest. Just change him, he can't get away. Landed a burn. Third rogue out for you. He's drinking an insta. Yeah, doing damage to rogue. Got the pom. Trang them, blind my fiend. Two resists on shield. Burning priest. Well, you're out here drinking mate. He's dead. Dancing. Could be trouble. Short kidney, actually. Keep the rogue. Yeah, but pom is bouncy. If he jumps down, I'm gonna hem. Wait, I'll buy spams. Heming now. Rogue has cloak. Banish, sat me. He should be fine. You got a renew as well. That MS, that MS. This is last Spanish. Just spam damage, bro. You're fine, I promise you're fine. Getting the shield. Yeah, he wants to sat me. Heard him. Turning the ear of the fine gargoyle.  Double fear coming.    Kill, kill, kill. Stay on priest. Seed. I think I need to get rogue. One little low mate. Priest is feared. Rogue has cloak. Burning priest.  Step on me. Fiend on me. Dance on me. AMZ if you can. I'm gonna stone form DP here. He wants to fear here. Yeah, yeah, just keep pumping. Stop burns if you can. I pierced. I fiend now. I'm fine, just do damage. I'll shrink it the fear, I think. Got you. He stepped and didn't get slow, I'm fine. Dead here. Grip, grip, grip. And slow him. He's got nothing to get back to me. Yeah, blinds me. They're all in me here, okay? He's got dance again. Building.  Big kick. Do damage. I got grip. Burning priest. Yeah, do it, do it, do it. Stop the burns, stop the burns. It's fine, the grip's fine.  Spam those chains. I'll walk away. Okay, priest is in. Do damage. Got the priest in a fear.  Go priest. Grip him. Yeah, he's gonna fear watching it. Gouged, I think.  We're in this mess because we didn't go priest enough in the first place, I think. I'm going back, I need to get mana. I'm literally going to the other side of the map. He has to either come and stop me or peel his priest. Good luck, I'm drinking. They're going you, he has dance. Yo, you got anything for it? Got a stun. Yeah, that's plenty, I'm drinking to four. Stun for the end of gouge. I'll keep the priest. All good. Priest is kept. Stay on rogue now. He's got nothing for you. Burning priest. I burnt him in. I don't want to give him step. Nice, you guys got his cloak really good. Rogue trinketed. Sent everything on him. Burning priest. I did four. Mate, you got to stop trinketing things that aren't blind. I swear. Like three times now we got blinded on the kill. I'm going to drink. Drinking, he didn't see me. Still drinking. Still drinking, all good. Priest's not drinking. It's been two minutes. Crossing now, you're fine. I'll drink it, I'll drink it, give me. Holy, fair priest. Burning priest. Miss kick, gouge me. Restelf cheap shot. Keep, stay on priest, stay on priest. Don't dot the rogue. I'm pushing. Should be fine. Keep pushing. Keep going mate, keep going. Don't drink it for this, deep bead. Gauge me. Next time you have straying, I'm going to try an MC rogue. I'm going to do it now actually. Can you stun priest right now? Go rogue here. Yeah, it's a collection. Try and save your trinket for blind, okay? Can you stun priest? Okay, okay, I'm drinking. It's fine, he won't get a drink, but he has fiend, okay? It's fine. I thought you couldn't buff. Yeah, did it. Oh no, he's going to have to find a yellow fiend on me. Yeah, MCing rogue. Got it. Gonna put a wound. Got it, got it, got it. Kill, kill, kill, kill, kill. Yeah, that's banter.


Okay, we're back here, live at EMC World. This is SiliconANGLE's exclusive coverage of EMC World 2013. This is theCUBE, our flagship program. We go out to the events, extract the signal from the noise. All the news here has been all about software-defined storage, software-defined data center, flash, fast data, big data, abstracting away the complexities and business value or transformation. I'm John Furrier, the founder of SiliconANGLE.com, and I'm joined with my co-host. Hi, everybody, I'm Dave Vellante at Wikibon.org. Praveen Akharaju is here. He's the CEO of VCE, two-time, at least, cube guest. We had you on Praveen at VMworld last year. Thanks for coming back on. Yeah, absolutely a pleasure to be here. Yeah, good to see you. So it's almost a year in for you. So tell me, what did you learn, surprises, the good, the bad? How have you applied what you learned? Give us your take. You know, I think it's been an amazing ride. When I kind of came into this, we were looking at this as primarily a solution for us to help accelerate deployment of Cisco and EMC technologies. But what I found was, given the tremendous amount of change that we have going on, I mean, these announcements this week, at OpenStack, every week you have something new going on in the technology space, huge amount of disruption. A lot of our customers are dealing with tremendous amount of complexity. And the real value proposition that VCE was able to bring to the table was a fundamental simplification of a core piece of the data center infrastructure, right? And we've been able to do that now systematically over 600 customers. And that value proposition is something that resonated tremendously. The biggest surprise for me was the level of customer loyalty we had. You know, I've worked with customers in the enterprise and commercial service part of space. I got to tell you, this set of customers that VCE has are absolutely the most loyal. And it's a testimony to the team's tremendous, you know, performance and focus on customer experience, right? We've been following VCE for a while. One thing we have noticed is the customer loyalty, but they're big names. So it's not like small little proof of concepts. You have big customers in complicated production environments, right? So let's roll back the clock a couple of years. Tell us what's going on now vis-a-vis what was going on just two years ago. I mean, you know, obviously virtualizing SAP is one element of it. It always scales into other use cases. What is the current state of these customer deployments? What's growing? What kind is not growing? What have you guys learned? What are you doubling down on? You know, the initial stages, most of the VCE, you know, we blocked deployments were around, you know, specific sort of use cases, specific applications that a business unit might have within a company, right? They said, all right, you know, we need to get this thing up and running quickly, find, prove yourself that you can actually do this in the time you're saying in 30 to 45 days, and we'll give you a go, right? So a lot of the deployments we initially had was a specific application use case. What we're seeing now is a fundamental change in the use case. And we've broadened our customer set. We started off primarily with large enterprises, Fortune 500. But now we're getting a lot of traction with service providers, systems integrators, as well as, you know, going down the chain into the medium and the small businesses as well with the launch of new products, which I'll talk about in a little bit. But from a use case perspective, we've gone from focusing, delivering specific applications to being a core part of data center consolidation projects, you know, application replatforming, right? You know, cloud deployments, if you look at it from a service provider perspective. So, you know, we're now accepted as a fundamental way to develop the next generation data center. Go ahead, sorry. Now I was going to say, so in support of that basic inflection we saw in February, we basically had our biggest type of product launch, where we basically expanded double the size of our product portfolio. You know, at the high end, we doubled the performance and introduced two new Vblock systems, the 100 and the 200, which allowed us to go after emerging markets, small and medium businesses, as well as, you know, expanding the footprint for large enterprises. We've created unique intellectual property in terms of software. And the notion there was, you take this notion of simplicity of the infrastructure to the operational level. So that was vision intelligent operations. And then we introduced our first specialized system, where we're now talking about how do you accelerate the deployment of applications in the data center. SAP HANA being the first instance of that. Well, that IP move is big for you guys. Absolutely. Culturally, you sort of become more than just a sort of reseller of others' equipment, right? Yeah, we think of ourselves as a solutions company, right? And we're in the business of basically facilitating that journey towards that next generation data center cloud. Proving, you know, you guys have an interesting product. It's at the high end. It's an executive cell. It's a C-level kind of cell. And we've talked to a lot of CIOs over the past six months. Dave and I are trying to understand the hyperscale, sort of a defined data center, and all those kind of nuances. And one thing we've noticed is that they're really attracted to this shiny new toy.  So they get all excited and intoxicated by this new trend, so big data, among other things. And they're legitimate trends. But when it comes down to it's like, oh, they go back to the ranch and they're like, okay, how do we deploy this? So, you got a dynamic of a market that's pretty active in terms of new capabilities, transformations, we're seeing the marketing here. But one thing that comes back down to is all the CIOs is the ones that are doing the best projects are about time to value. Can you share with the perspective of how fast you can get to showing the customers the value? Like is it weeks, is it days, is it months? I mean, what are some of the recent data points you can share on that? Yeah, no, it's a great question. And I think at the end of the day, rubber hits the road, there's an ROI, and there's an investment case that the CIO needs to make. So, we think of this in kinds of a couple of buckets. The first, obviously, is what we call time to business, which is the amount of time it takes for the customer to stand up the new infrastructure. And this is material in a lot of ways. Now, if you take a look at something like a visa, they wanted to get the mobile applications into production rapidly. It was a competitive imperative for them. And we were able to get that thing up and running in a couple of months as opposed to the six months plus timeframe that they had originally planned for. So, their plan was what, six months? Six months plus, right? I mean, six to nine months, basically, depending on the current, their infrastructure they had. So, we were able to compress that whole cycle into basically under two months. So, that was material because it allowed them to get into the competitive market space rapidly, right? That's one example where this real definitive business value to the 30 to 45 day process that we drive. The second key area is in terms of cost savings. I mean, I have at least three examples of Purdue Pharma as a good one, where the CTO there is essentially committed to the CFO a schedule of budget cuts that he would basically sign up for and he used the V-block as a way to get him to that point. And the way we were able to do that is basically we provided virtualization. We simplified his operational costs because as a pre-engineered system, we provide upgrade and support capability afterward. So, he was able to dramatically reduce the cost of operations as well as the cost of his infrastructure and meet his commitments to a CTO. And we have him in a quarter, in fact, one of the videos in the launch, he articulated that, right? And the third bucket we look at is performance, right? And this is something that obviously is at the heart of what an engineering team, for example, looks at. The way the applications run our infrastructure, we do a lot of engineering back-end work which essentially allows us to provide very specific guidance in terms of tuning of performance parameters. And that enables, in case of a bank in Australia, they basically told us, look, we recovered the cost of the V-block within six months because of the performance gains and optimizations that they saw which allowed them to decrease the amount of software licenses they had to procure, right? So that's another example of how we provide value. So when you kind of look at it. So let me dig in on that, because one of the things that's come up, we were just on day one here at EMC World, we interviewed the CEO of a company called Service Mesh. And he made, and I know they're kind of in this orchestration layer, but they're in the same kind of area that you guys are playing in. He said, we saved a customer over a hundred million dollars. And I'm like, okay, come on, he was firm. No, we have proof points. Can you give any color to order of magnitude kind of cost savings you guys are seeing with VC? Absolutely. So depending on the customer use case, we've seen anywhere from two to three X cost savings. So this is basically comparing a V-block based deployment versus a traditional deployment or a competitor's deployment, right? And the cost savings there is inclusive of the operational costs, the efficiency costs in terms of time to value, right? As well as we, from a pricing perspective, right? Where the way we configure things we're more optimized, right? Virtualization is a huge game changer for us. UCS by far is the highest performance and the best architecture from a service perspective which gives us huge amount of advantages in that area. So I would say two to three X is kind of what we've seen as an average. Of those three variables, time savings, cost savings and performance, which ones do you say that you can slam dunk, no problem, you know of any issues in terms of people understanding them and which ones do you see are the ones that you think people don't really understand or need to understand about?  You know, one of the things we, obviously when you talk about cost savings, I mean, as you said, right? There's always a question mark out, really. I mean, can you actually do two to three X cost savings? So, you know, we've talked about it. There's skeptics in that area. I mean, even if it's a legit cost savings, I mean, what are you, it's a number game and show me real numbers. Yeah, fairly so. And I cut my teeth, you know, in the service part of space, right? I sold a lot of telcos and trust me, I mean, you talk about cost savings. I mean, they really have a very rigorous process. They have explicit negotiators. So what we do basically is we have a TCO tool, right? So we provide the TCO tool to the customer for them to input their parameters and then we're able to, in their own use case, we're able to demonstrate the kind of savings and then we back that up when we actually deliver it. So a lot of times I think the cost savings aspect of it is, you know, it could be a, you know, just a marketing number I could throw out two to three X. It really is, there's a method behind the madness in how we deliver it. I mean, we've now ironed out the time to value, time to business, 30 to 45 days. We've done that consistently over 600 customers. You know, we have customers like Skyscape, for example, who bet their business on the fact that we can deliver in 30 to 45 days, right? They're a startup. They provide cloud services to the UK government, right? And the chairman was there, I was meeting with him yesterday, he said, Praveen, I'm depending on you guys to deliver this thing in 30 to 45 days, right? My whole business plan depends on me executing that fast. They're fundamentally changing the agility of services that they're able to provide. So I think, you know, a lot of times this is the reason why we have the loyalty, right? You know, it's a complex sale because converged infrastructure is about bringing things together. Well, can I put it together myself? You know, somebody else has a similar value proposition, but once the customer comes on board, we are able to back up our claims and that's why we have that 65% loyalty, right? Praveen, I feel like we're entering the third phase here of this whole converged infrastructure. So 2009, 2010 was kind of early adopters, you have to prove it to me. 2010, early 11 or 12 even was, okay, we're gathering proof points, we're gaining validation. And now we're entering sort of the third phase, which I don't know what you call it, maybe it's the exploitation phase. So what are the things that, first of all, do you buy that sort of phases? And what are the things that you all need to do to take advantage of that next phase? So you're absolutely right.  You know, we're having lesser conversations about, you know, we can do it ourselves better, it's cheaper, et cetera, right? Most CIOs even down into the ranks are now understand the value of converged infrastructure. So the next step here really is about, you know, what our customer is talking to us about is to say, great, you know, I'm building a brand new data center, I'm in sourcing, bringing it back, consolidating data centers. We're doing it on the wee block, right? Now what else can you guys do for us in terms of taking this notion of simplification, right? Can you train my folks to operate in a converged infrastructure environment? Because one of the things we don't talk about is, you know, the talent needs to evolve, right? To be able to deal with all this capabilities. And in a lot of IT shops, I mean, you don't have uniform availability of talent that understands everything that's going on, right? So we need to do a better job of trying to give our customers the support system to then start getting the maximum benefit out of the converged infrastructure. And then as we say, and we're doing that by both enabling training, right? Having on-site residents who really help train the customer's engineers, but also trying to bring in a lot of the application infrastructure into the factory. So the thing that we see does the best is, we do things that normally other customers or our partners or, you know, competitors would do in the customer's floor, in the factory, right? So more we can bring into the factory, more we can deliver the simplification. So I think that's where we're headed. You know, simplifying operations, simplifying the application onboarding onto the convergent infrastructure. And as part of that application onboarding, how much of that is bringing sort of knowledge about those applications into the system at the factory?  I mean, we will not be the SAP experts or the Oracle experts. But I think what we can be is to essentially make sure that the infrastructure is optimized for a HANA system. Infrastructure is optimized for an ERP system, right? It's optimized for a SharePoint or an Exchange. So those are the things that we focus on. We can build in the application performance management tools. So the customer can then, you know, once they get the VBlog, they can use those tools to better optimize their performance and deliver them. So we're in the business of delivering the infrastructure that supports and facilitates easy application onboarding. You know, our goal is not to try and be the application experts. All right, Praveen, we got in the hook. Well, give me the last word, any final thoughts that you want to share with us? No, for us, you know, 2013 is an exciting year. You know, there's a lot going on in the market space. We feel like we have a lead in the market. You know, we're fortunate to have EMC and Cisco and VMware supporting us. And I think our customers are our best advocates. So really excited about where we're headed and, you know, look forward to catching up with you guys next time. Excellent, well, Praveen, thanks very much for coming on theCUBE and really appreciate your time. Keep it right there, everybody. This is theCUBE, Silicon Angles Production from EMC World, we're live in Las Vegas. Day three, we'll be right back with our next guest right after this.


The Minister of Humanitarian Affairs and Poverty Alleviation, Dr. Betah Adu, has sounded an alarm over the inadequacy of the 2024 budget allocated to her ministry, emphasizing that it falls short in effectively combating poverty in Nigeria. This revelation came during the defence of her ministry's budget before the joint National Assembly Committee on Humanitarian Affairs and Poverty Alleviation chaired by Senator Idiat Adeboli. Dr. Adu highlighted that the allocated budget of 532.5 billion era, while representing 28% increase from the 2023 budget, did not align with the current inflation rate of 27.33%. There's much left to be desired. The budgetary releases were not adequate, and we hope that there would be a tremendous improvement in 2024.


about this upcoming 2020 season you know preseason has been going really well girls are working hard they came back for the most part in great shape skill wise not only do I think that we're gonna really take off this year I think that we can be something exceptional based on where we ended last year and that core group of sophomores that have just gotten even better starting in January of 2020 so I can't wait to see where we're gonna be come April May of this season with how hard they're working and and how well they're working together which is so important you can't replace a Carlebos period so having this be her last year I want nothing more for her than to be have the team be the most successful it's ever been she's been a great leader all the way through she embodies hard work and dedication and is exactly the kind of spirited athlete that every coach dreams about so not only do I want to see personal accolades for her and and a few of the other I mean all of the other girls would be great but I want to see the team do well because that is the most important thing to Carlebos Sarah already in the backfield and the defensive side you know she this will be her fourth year starting she will bring great knowledge that position she will really aid in the development of a few of our younger defenders you know losing Gabby to Jell-O last year we have a hold of Phil and I really think that Sarah has stepped up in her leadership role back there you know I do think that we have the strongest goalie in the conference I'd like to see her really step up a game one more notch to try and try to propel us into the postseason she's ready for she I've never seen her more mentally focused more emotionally balanced and with her eye on the prize in 2020 there are no weak links we we are fast we're aggressive we are we great lacrosse IQ I just feel like this is the season from all the way back from the goal goalkeeping position all the way up to our lowest attacker I really feel like we just need to dot the eyes and cross the T's in order to get a Mac championship and even propelled past that point