Good evening from Spain and thanks for letting me be in here in this presentation I will talk about some requirements that public permission blockchain networks and I will explain what it is imposed to the underlying infrastructure most notably related to scalability and resiliency. So as we all know 12 years ago in the middle of the financial crisis and as a reaction to the centralized systems Bitcoin appears a peer-to-peer version of electronic cash providing the ability to transact among anonymous parties without requiring a central authority. As stated in the Bitcoin paper the objective was to implement non-reversible payments for non-reversible services because if there is a central entity with a known identity it is not possible to avoid mediating disputes and the corresponding need for trust. The problem is that in the real economy and the real society most transactions are not irreversible and this is not a technical limitation it's a core property embedded in the values of a modern society and despite some benefits one major drawback of public permissionless networks is that there is no records to any legal system when things go wrong and this is totally incompatible with consumer protection rules in advanced economies especially when business to consumer transactions are involved and this is even more apparent when we consider that businesses can never be anonymous in the real economy of a welfare state like for example the European Union. Later businesses willing to reap some benefits of the centralization but keeping normal citizens protected started using the blockchain technology in closed networks to be able to transact among reduced number of companies without requiring a central entity. Those networks are called private permission or more frequently private consortiums and they are typically banks with banks energy companies with energy companies or they are dedicated to a single use case like logistics or full trustability. By the way the theoretical decentralization aspects of public permissionless networks are lost over the years as has been already proven and they are in practice almost as centralized as private consortiums. The idea of a public permission network is to combine the best of both worlds to create a blockchain network which is permissioned but where the network is not controlled by any single company a cartel of companies or even a single government. The model resembles a common pool resource which is not controlled either by the state or by the hand of the market. In essence the blockchain technology and the associated governance model position this in the sweetest spot of the spectrum from fully centralized versus radical decentralization options. Now some notable examples of public pension networks are this. Alastria where I participate FC the European Blockchain Services Infrastructure which is promoted by the European Commission and Member States, LatinChain in Latin America and the Caribbean which is promoted by the Inter-American Development Bank and very recently FC the National Italian Blockchain Services Infrastructure and there are more national and regional networks appearing with this model. Now in order to explain the properties of this type of networks let me use this diagram because blockchain is a difficult technology to analyze because it is multi-faceted. If we look at the blockchain as an interconnection technology we would like some properties from the internet backbone most notably it is permissioned but in an inclusive and decentralized way. It is considered as a common good and in many cases as a fundamental right and everybody has the right to join and use the infrastructure according to the access rules which are fair, transparent and inclusive. It is even regulated and for example the European Union regulation says end users so have the right to access and distribute information and content use and provide applications and services and use terminal equipment of their choice irrespective of the end users or providers location or the location origin or destination of the information content application or service via their internet access service. So this is a multi-purpose infrastructure available everywhere to everybody. Blockchain has also some properties of the cloud which confuse many people for example many people especially in big companies expect the blockchain network to be managed and operated by a single company so they can sign a contract and service level agreement an SLA with one entity that they can make accountable for anything happening in the network. They fear or do not understand at all a blockchain network which is operated collaboratively by a group of entities and where none of them has really control of the network and this is clearly not compatible with the public permission model as an example in the decentralized governance model of FC the European blockchain service infrastructure it says consensus nodes orders in fabric should be evenly distributed among member states and no member state should be responsible for more than a given number of nodes. No technical provider should operate more than a given number of nodes especially consensus nodes and member states should coordinate to reduce the amount of share technical providers. Finally blockchain is much more difficult to scale than internet connectivity or cloud services do you need more internet bandwidth across continents put another submarine cable in parallel with the old ones existing applications and services are not affected and the companies using the internet may get even reduced latency if the cable goes near their destination like it's happening right now with the recent Ella Link subsea cable between Latin America and Europe however blockchain capacity essentially the throughput looks more like a scarce natural resource like irrigation water fisheries forest or even the whole earth where other exploitation of the resource brings complete disaster for the internet of value with pervasive networks multi-purpose open and inclusive that can be used for essential services in the real economy we need a proactive governance model which cannot be left to the invisible hand of the market to avoid extreme speculation coming from consensus algorithms being used in public permissionless networks and all of this can be summarized in the manifesto for public permission blockchain networks where I will not enter but you can see here the main points now what is required for this type of blockchain networks and I will address only two things of the many that are needed okay one is the consensus algorithm we need bison team fault tolerant consensus algorithm because CFT crash fault tolerance or raft for example as it is right now in fabric is not enough in such open and heterogeneous networks because in CFT one compromise note compromises the whole network and that means that normally one technical operator has to operate all consensus nodes and this is a typical approach but we need BFT consensus algorithms by something fault tolerant consensus are not just for technical reasons but also for government reasons and by the way this is one of the reasons why in FC the European blockchain network even though there are two technologies one which is Ethereum based with BFT and another which is fabric with raft the widely deployed one is going to be just the BFT based mechanics because with raft the European Commission is going to operate the nose and this does not fit with the decentralized governance model that the European Commission and the governments of the European Union want for the moment now in most implementations of BFT the criteria is to maximize resiliency for a given cost measure in number of nodes normally or the opposite minimize the cost for a given level of resiliency measure as a maximum number of by something node supported now that makes sense but in a private public permission network what we really need is to maximize participation for a given level of resiliency we would like to set F the maximum number of failures for example six by something nodes for any number of machines because we need to maximize participation for a given level of resilience as a set because the cost of consensus nodes the cost is not a limitation in public permission networks so we would like again that resiliency can be fixed it's a should be a parameter of the network and this should be independent of the actual number of nodes that can participate in the executing execution of consensus and one possible way to maximize participation is this basically let me put the laser pointer okay this is just one possible approach okay actually the one that we are trying to use right now in in our networks okay first there may be many machines willing to participate in consensus execution and I don't have time here to talk about incentives but it is not complex to achieve in the real economy okay the incentives to participate and this is what I call the basketball DFT consensus otherwise a generalization of Castro and Liskov's practical by something fault tolerance and proactive recovery basically there is a small team playing on the court at a given time to keep the right level of performance in consensus execution the players are rotated this is the green arrows are rotated proactively between the active and a standby sets eventually all players have a chance to participate okay so this is rotation the nodes are reboot safe refresh this is what it means okay they are reboot and refreshed in a safe way and if the rotation period is small enough the system supports an arbitrary number of bison team failures in the long term if a crash fault is detected for example a timeout of the leader or a given note not voting in several consecutive rounds then the node is taken out from the active set this is the yellow arrow okay so the note is taken out from the active set and put in suspicious state a manual diagnostic process and public declaration of conformity is needed to continue playing the game okay so like in a basketball when you are given a fault okay in a bison if a bison team fault is detected which is the red arrow okay but for example two blocks with the same block number the node is taken out from the active set and put in quarantine the red state the process to have this node again in the game is more involved than with crash faults because this is probably infected and it was controlled by a bad actor okay and very critical all the information related to the consensus execution all of these should be available to all participants in the network not just the consensus nodes in a way which is which cannot be censored by anybody and any participant should have transparent access to how well consensus nodes perform their roles so we also need a decentralized monitoring tool at least for the execution of the protocol by the consensus nodes to increase trust on the network from the regular or peer nodes we need radical transparency in the most important steps in the protocol normal BFT consensus implementations are designed to mask failures and continue working but we what we want is that those failures even if the network continues working those failures of the consensus nodes have to be visible to any participant in a network and to avoid possible censorship of that information probably some trace information will have to be piggybacked into the seals this allows the implementation by regular nodes of watchdogs monitoring bodies or failure detectors to collaborate in the resiliency and the neutrality of the network okay also something very important is that BFT assumes independent node failures and this assumption may not be true if all nodes run the same software configured in the same way public permission networks are permissioned but they are potentially much more vulnerable than private consortiums to common mode failures especially the ones that can be exploited by malicious actors because the network is generally below and is wide area it would be ideal to have one technical specification and several implementation from different vendors in different programming languages and if this is not possible because it's difficult to achieve it would be good to have automatic diversity generation mechanisms as the community is incentivized to follow recommendations good for them and this the consensus algorithm is one of the critical things that up to now fabric is lacking in order to implement the type of networks that we would like to implement public permissioned blockchain networks now we know that this is coming but this is early late yet and now something a little bit more provocative I would say okay this is a simple taxonomy of blockchain applications certification is basically about the proof of existence in the past of an object external to the blockchain like a diploma or most of the credentials or certifications that are needed in real life the centralized workflow is in reality a generalization of centralization of sorry of certification in the sense that it registers what each entity says about something done outside of the blockchain and all such certifications are tied together in a wall in a flow for example traceability of food and exchange of digital value is the most difficult problem to solve by the blockchain and involves the change of ownership of a good a digital good where the good and register only exist in the blockchain and this is in reality the initial problem that Bitcoin tried to solve something which is not obvious at first sight is that if the object is real that is belongs to the real economy and has an existence outside of the blockchain it's change of ownership can typically in most of the cases be implemented as a decentralized workflow and we do not require the complexity of the exchange of digital value type actually if we look at the real economy or government services we see that most problems where blockchain can help are related to the types marked in green this is over helping the number of use cases that we find in the real economy for example the European Commission announced last week the future availability of the European digital identity wallet for all citizens together with regulation for electronic ledgers this is the the official name they gave as trusted services this is based on the European self-subsubbing identity framework and the FC blockchain network that I mentioned before okay so this is the end result of the world that we have been doing there because I have the pleasure to to participate there and this is a good example of the certification pattern taking dearly directly from the regulation literally an electronic ledger combines time stamping of data and their sequencing with certainty about the data originator similar to electronic signing with the additional benefit of enabling and more decentralized governance which is suitable for multi-party cooperation data integrity is very important for the pulling of data from decentralized sources for self-soring identity solutions for attributing ownership of digital assets for recording business processes to all the compliance with sustainability criteria and for various use cases in capital markets those two sentences are in the regulation so you see what the European Union is trying to achieve okay and if you haven't looked at this I recommend that you look at the regulation because this is a proposal and this is exactly what the European Union is doing and this is a huge advance in blockchain technology in the European Union now to summarize the main requirements for certification and decentralized workflows are data integrity or in blockchain parlance immutability even though immutability does not exist in the real world okay but hype is the king here the unsensorability which is the availability of the information with a possibility for censorship by anybody even the originator and here comes the contentious issue in reality for most use cases where we can see the blockchain trying to be applied we don't really need global total order and for example the diploma the diploma is a trivial CRDT the conflict free conflict free replicated data type okay so diplomas issued by different universities to different people commute which means that in Germany one university can issue a diploma and in Spain another university can issue a diploma and we don't need a total order for those two facts objects register in the blockchain are unique and read only once created like the diploma the right ones you read many times for all your life copies can be created without problem even in different networks which means that in general double-spending is not a problem because you don't sell your identity basically okay or a diploma but typical CRDT and eventual consistency because they are related okay and this is eventual consistency implementation are not by something tolerant so we don't have any solution right now for solving those problems so we end up killing flies with cannons and using total global order or a strong consistency solution like BFT for example or aft for something that does not really need it and this affects scalability so the question is do we need something in the blockchain like database isolation levels and different consistency models but we will need this in the same infrastructure in runtime because we would like something like the Internet of value a blockchain infrastructure like the Internet but we would like to be able to tune consensus and consistency depending on the use case because some use cases may need eventually consistent systems others strongly consistent systems or even be able to specify per concurrent object type which means for example for a smart contract we even may need a virtual machine with optional commutative of operations and associated the smart contract language or our domain specific language okay which in most cases in my personal experience we don't really need to incomplete but of course that doesn't mean that for some use cases we need to incomplete systems okay so in the ideal work normal programmers can choose simple model with a strong consistency because it is very easy to reason about those systems and applications but experienced ones can choose consistency model appropriate for use case so basically the same thing that happens with databases you can have relational databases with strong consistency or no SQL databases with eventual consistency and depending on the use case you choose because for example if we have eventually consistent systems and this is some properties of the credential flow with with this type of blockchain systems okay we have incredible scale scalability because the main credential flow does not require blockchain transactions incredible performance because it's independent from the network incredible resiliency because it doesn't depend on the blockchain once they have been issued because verification can be done in any note and incredible robustness and this is something that can be achieved for most of the use cases that we really need in the real economy so and this is the last one okay in conclusion public permission network this is a common good or should be a common good like the internet and it has to be permissioned with decentralized governance and both things permissioning and decentralized governance are very difficult to put together but we really need that like in the internet it should be non-discriminatory multipurpose so once you access the network like in the internet you can use the network for whatever you want without asking permission to anybody has to be multipurpose and focus on the real economy so that means no extreme speculation because it has to be an infrastructure it has to smell and behave like infrastructure and we need a regulatory environment because this with the size of the network and the heterogeneity of the network plus bft it means that we can implement efficient peer-to-peek among companies not just about people okay because the network is going to be built by companies we need peer-to-peer among companies which is impossible with the centralized technology but it requires some of homogeneity in the regulatory environment for example recognition of identities and dispute resolution and this is exactly what the european union has announced last week but we are going to have an interoperable system of identities across all of the european union states and it may be this type of networks may there may be restricted to regions they may not solve the global problems okay but it may be restricted to europe which is one third of the GDP of the world to trade corridors like for example europe and canada or combinations but of course there are many many challenges ahead right now there is no solution compliant with all the requirements and it has just scratched the surface and this is the end so i will finish the presentation and then we have i hope enough time for questions because probably this is contentious okay i i saw one question uh the slides yeah i will i will upload the the slides let me go to the question Q&A and the question i have only one question okay so you mentioned monitoring the network for bison team fairers do you have plans for implementing something like that for your networks well actually we are implementing that yeah uh but of course uh if it is a bison team failure by definition uh a bison team failure a bison team behavior uh is completely arbitrary so we can only detect some bison team failures like for example the one that i mentioned two blocks with the same block number is clearly not a technical error okay because you have had to sign digitally sign the two blocks so this is a bison team failure uh but yes not just bison team failures but anything which is also cross crash fault torrent and again not just monitoring for the technical resiliency but monitoring to provide trust to the all the participants so for example in one network we have 180 nodes okay uh all of the nodes whether they participate in consensus or not they can see what the validators or orders or the consensus nodes as i want to call them are doing uh however we still don't have a fully decentralized monitoring system okay this is a challenge uh what i mentioned okay is not in my presentation is not something that we already have it's something that we need okay and uh i really know that uh it's very difficult to achieve okay so i don't know if there is going to be any more questions okay i see uh the first question from benedict uh in the in the chat okay that mere bft is production ready soon i really hope i really hope because this is going to be a breakthrough for us okay because for example in in alastria and the european commission and then let me let me just use the time uh in the in the european blockchain service infrastructure where we have 28 governments plus european commission we have basically at this moment two technologies one i mentioned is well both are hyper ledger by the way one is hyper ledger besu and another one is hyper ledger fabric now with fabric we have a problem and the problem is that given that the consensus because otherwise it's fantastic technology okay but given that uh this is wrapped uh i already explained why uh we cannot implement a system where all the orders are let's say decentralized the operation of the orders ideally uh has to be fully decentralized and in such a way that nobody has control of anything of anything in the network okay once the network is set up uh of course if all the governments agree on something they can stop the network okay they can censor but uh if you give if you live in the european union such is life okay actually uh is going to be much more difficult for the governments to collude in the blockchain network than uh in the real life okay and another property one single government is not going to be able to censor anything or to modify anything or to do anything uh in the blockchain so the blockchain network being operated by the member states by the way the blockchain network fc is not going to be limited to the governments it's going to be open to any public administration initially and also to the private sector okay so this is going to be in my in my words the backbone of the blockchain networks in europe because uh there's not going to be a single network there's going to be the future it's going to be a network of networks and they have to be interoperable okay and this is going to happen in europe and in the rest of the world so i don't see any questions i don't know if i playing the whole thing very clearly or okay so for the question is well there's one question here which says from benedict which bft algorithms are you using for the ethereum blockchain network this is ibft 2.0 okay this is this is uh basically besu and we also have qualm and we hope that they are going to be joined together okay because we need as as i said the diversity but this is ibft this is a variant of bft okay but the the actual bft implementation uh i would say does not really matter the most important thing is that is bison team and of course that it has the properties of this bison team for tolerant which is uh uh finality and so on okay and and i will okay thanks for the presentation we'd love to see their slides yeah i will i will upload the the slides uh in any case as i mentioned before let me let me just serve the screen again because as we have we have more time right yeah let me serve the screen again and one of the of the criticisms for bft okay is that they are not scalable because you can only run the consensus algorithm with a limited number of of nodes actually we don't see this a problem if you implement this scheme okay what we call the the the the basketball uh basketball team bft consensus tower okay this is not the official name okay basketball why because in reality what all the nodes want is to participate and eventually they are going to participate it's like in basketball okay only five people can play at a given time but for winning the championship you need the collaboration of every other so everybody has to put their part and by the way we can do something better than in basketball because in basketball teams normally have uh uh something like the preferred team the first team here you don't have the preferred team so everybody you can have here hundreds no problem but assuming that you are limiting this to for example 22 nodes even even 50 we have tried and and and it works perfect okay but it's approaching the limit with the current with the current technology but imagine that you have here uh 21 here you can have hundreds doesn't matter eventually given the rotation you rotate one every time then they all participate they are all going to be useful for supporting the network and the network the resiliency is given not just by bft but also by the rotation as as is explained in the in the paper from castral anglicos okay as i as i explained proactive recovery proactive recovery if you do this rotation uh fast enough then the bad guys because you do the the save refresh you do reboot from from safe memory basically from this syndrome for example okay and cryptographically verified booting uh you are eliminating any possible contamination or infection that a bad actor put in one node so if the time or if the rotation period is much lower than the time required by the bad actor to control one third of the nodes actually you are achieving two things the bad actor will never able to control one third and you are uh free from Byzantine filters for the long term okay and then again these two paths taking out the uh nodes is something that is not embedded in for example i bft in visual okay for the moment so we have to do this manually using the apis we would like to see this implemented in the consensus order okay because this is not the typical implementation of bft as i said is just okay because we are bft then we are resilient against failures but this is also governance okay so we want bft again for two things technically resilient technical resilience and governance and transparency those two things are very important in this type of okay and i would say that uh okay if there are no more questions then and the moderator does not or is not against this i think we can finish the presentation and i hope that it was interesting i will upload the the the the slides okay okay so thank you let me upload this okay so this is going to be provided by the speaker which is me in this link okay okay so thank you very much


Not to mention that the relationship among these items is not always very clear. After watching this video, you will understand the differences among URLs, URINs, and URIs. If you navigate on the internet, you deal with URLs every day. URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. Maybe the expended name may sound a little bit weird to you, but you can think of it as an address, like your home address. Yes, it contains all of the information to find your home. Similarly, you can define a URL as a string that denotes the location of a given resource on the internet. It could be a web page, an image, a mailbox, and any other resource. These are examples of URLs. While the terms URL and link are commonly used interchangeably, like they mean the same thing, technically, they are not synonyms. A URL is a string that allows you to locate a resource. A link, short for hyperlink, on the other hand, is an HTML element that enables you to load the resource from a given URL in a browser. So a link relies on a URL and the URL can exist without a link. But without a URL, links makes no sense, at least not in its original meaning. If you think about what a URL is, the uniform part of the acronym tells us that every URL should follow a common structure of these locator strings. If you take a look at this image, it shows the extended structure for a given URL. In this case, a URL that represents the address of one of the samples we have at Auth0's Developer Hub. A URL consists of a few parts. The scheme in a URL, this is the protocol that should be used to access the resource. Beyond the well-known HTTP and HTTPS, you may use any other teams, if you like, like FTP, SMTP, and so on. The domain is the part that indicates the server hosting the resource. It can be a domain name or an IP address. The port is the protocol port which to send the request to to access that resource. Usually it is omitted, meaning that the full protocol port should be used. We have the path that is the path of the resource on the hosting server, and we have parameters. These are optional astra information provided to the hosting server. And finally, we have the anchor that represents a specific part inside of the resource. It is also called a fragment. It is worth mentioning that the group consisting of the domain name and the port, if it is present, is also known as the authority. The scheme and the authority are separated by a column for slash, for slash string. If, by any chance, the URL has no authority, the scheme and the rest of the URL are separated only by a column. A typical example of a URL without the authority port is that URL that represents an email address, such as mail to column your friend at somewhere.com. Speaking of Auth0, if you are going to configure your application to use Auth0, make sure you do not confuse two common concepts that are often mentioned by the documentation and the quick starts. And also the tutorials. The tenant domain or simply domain is a string in the form of your tenant.auth0.com. The your tenant name part is the name that you provided when you created your Auth0 account. It represents the service domain name that will handle all of the interactions between your application and Auth0. The issuer URL is the base URL of your tenant preceded by the scheme. It is the issuer of ID and access tokens and is going to be used to handle authentication and authorization in your applications. As you can see, while the issuer URL follows the URL format, the tenant domain is just the domain part of a URL. The URI acronym stands for Uniform Resource Identifier. Shortly, it is a string that identifies a resource. From a hypothetical point of view, a URI string mostly follows the same format as... Yes, you guessed it, a URL. And now you may be wondering, how is that possible? Are URLs and URIs the same thing? Well, not really. Both URLs and URIs follow the same specification. They are RFC 3986. However, while URIs allow you to locate a resource, a URI simply identifies a resource. This means that a URI is not necessarily intended as an address to get a resource. It is meant just as an identifier. Going back to the address example, if you say you live in the only yellow house in your town, you are not giving directions on how to get there. However, this information identifies your house among others in your town. On the other hand, a URL is a URI. Beyond the fact that it uses the same URI syntax, it also identifies a resource through an address. In other words, a URL is an identifier that allows you to identify your resource and, at the same time, gives you directions to access it. Your home address not only gives directions to find it, it also identifies it so that you can't confuse it with another one. In a nutshell, URLs are a subset of URIs. At this point, you are probably wondering, what is the point of a URI that is not an address of a resource? Well, a typical example of a URI that is not a URL is an XML namespace identifier. If you've ever worked with XML, you may have found some documents similar to this one. That the great chat.com languages recipe string is a URI that identifies the XML namespace. It is a set of names for the XML elements and attributes that allows you to define a cooking recipe. Oh, by the way, don't use the namespace. I totally invented it just for this video. Although the format of the URI is the same as the URL, it doesn't allow you to access any resource on the web. However, using the format lets you reduce name clashing for namespaces. In fact, the domain name of a given URI is not intended as the name of a server hosting that resource. The URI domain name leverages the existing registration process for a DNS to obtain a globally unique name without the need for another registry. In other words, if you are the owner of the great chat.com domain, there is no risk in creating URIs based on this domain. URIs have great relevance in the semantic web, since they are used to identify concepts through the resource description framework or RDF for short. As another example of a URI that is not a URL, consider the registration of an API without zero. When registering your API without zero, you need to provide an API identifier that is also known as an audience.  This image shows the example of an audience in the URI format. Our zero will not attempt to make any requests to that URI. It's just used to distinguish your API from others. Now, speaking of URIs, maybe the URI acronym is less popular than URL and URI. But it belongs to the same family and stands for Uniform Resource Name. And its scope is to identify resources in a permanent way, even after that resource no longer exists. Unlike a URL, a URI doesn't provide any information about locating the resource, but it simply identifies it just as a pure URI. In particular, a URI is a URI whose scheme is the URI type and has the following structure, as described by the IFC 2141. The namespace identifier placeholder stands for a string representing the resource category you want to identify. The namespace specific string is the resources specific identifier. And its format depends on the namespace identifier. These are examples of your ends. And they identify objects of different types. For example, the first one identifies the publication to the ISBN system. The second one identifies the publication through the ISSN system. And the last one is an RFC issued by IETF. You may think that this format differs a lot from the URL and the URI format that you've seen earlier. But actually, they have a common syntax definition. Although the difference has starkest reasons for existing. In the R0 context, you use URI ends to globally identify your SAML entity. Specifically, you use the URI in the form of URI column, R0 column, your tenant column, your connection name. Unlike the URI, URI ends are identifiers issued by a public standard organization and may involve anything needing a standard identifier in a human activity, not just computers and software. Now you have a clear picture of the relationship between URLs, URIs and URI ends. If you need a refresher at any time, you can come back to this video or to this great infographic that I have linked below for you to download. In the description of this video, you will also find the blog post written by my colleague Andrea Chiarelli and with all of the information that you saw today. I'm looking forward to your comments and questions in the comment sessions below and I hope I'll talk to you soon. Bye.


Okay folks I think we are back. Let me try once again sharing my screen and once again I'm going to live dangerously and show the whole thing. So when we were talking about ideas for talks and projects and things like that one of the things that I just happened to mention and somebody said well this seems like it'd be an interesting you know little challenge type of project to do and I'm going to talk to you about something called AIS point prediction. So here's the general idea and if I was better at drawing graphics I could draw you some graphics. So I'm going to try going out here to open CPN to see what kind of things we've got going out here. What I really need and I probably don't have well actually I probably do have but you see these vessels out here this vessel right here the Janus we know as a sailboat looks like it's about to come in punts inlet the Sea King I don't know anything about the Sea King it's also a type B that's too bad but that's okay. On AIS messages vessels that are by Code of Federal Regulations required to transmit class A type of vessels so the really big ones have a lot of passengers have a certain tonnage or horsepower that they're class A and a class A is going to be telling me all the information that's down here they'll be telling me a speed course heading and turn rate. They'll also be communicating relatively frequently. Class B vessels the smaller ones aren't required to transmit and in fact in a class B position report there's no way to even tell me about a turn rate so the reason I'm telling you that is so that I can tell you this. My question is and here's an example of Louisiana which was just offshore pretty recently a tanker offshore Daytona so if I know a ship's latitude longitude speed over ground course over ground and turn rate can I predict where they will be the next time they give me a position report and in some ways this sounds like a trivial exercise I fold around a little bit with it not a lot it's a really interesting exercise and the idea came to me some time ago the idea being you know I'm at a particular place and suppose a bad guy spooks their AIS latitude longitude of a vessel and they try to let's say knock Louisiana off the air and now they spoof being Louisiana well there suppose their next position report puts me five miles away well there's no way that I can move five miles in a minute so my AIS receiver could maybe flash red to say we just got something that just doesn't seem right now the other thing by the way that this that this AIS message will tell us this position message this and other things is you'll notice that this is also giving me the destination and ETA when I plan on getting there so this vessel which I saw the other day probably about four or five days ago is expected tomorrow morning at seven in the morning UTC to be in Texas so it must have well it must have been several days ago anyway so where I'm going with this is this again an AIS type one two or three message is a class A position report and the information that matters to me is it's going to give me a latitude for those of you that are not familiar with the relationship between latitude longitude and distance that is vaguely as follows one degree of latitude is 60 nautical miles one minute of latitude is one nautical mile longitude is about one degree of longitude is about 60 nautical miles at the equator which is zero degrees latitude of course but for every other any other latitude a degree of longitude the the linear distance is going to be some function of the latitude and think about a globe and of course as you get closer and closer to the north pole one degree of longitude gets to be almost nothing whereas one degree of longitude at the equator is 60 nautical miles anyway I mentioned that later on then we're gonna have the course in degrees zero degrees being true north and so an actual course will be somewhere between zero and 359 the speed and knots a knot of course is a nautical mile per hour which translates to about 1.15 miles per hour I'm gonna have a rate of turn which is generally expressed in the number of degrees per minute left or right and the time between transmission is going to be a function of what is your speed and what is your rate of turn and it turns out there's a standard for this and if only the standard match the reality life would be a good thing but here for is actually an example and and talks about some of the additional issues related to the problem so I only care about the class a transponder types although I'm showing you class B's as well so technically speaking if you're a class A vessel at your anchor you just need to transmit every three minutes now you may be saying but I'm an anchor I'm not moving well again AIS class A devices you might be talking about a vessel that is several hundred meters in length if it's anchored or moored the position of the bridge might be actually composing a circle that if that if that ship were to swing around its anchor in a 360 degree circle you might be talking about a radius of many hundreds of meters well a nautical mile is about 2,000 yards so I might like I said I might have a pretty big swing radius in any case if I'm sailing not sailing obviously but underway between zero and 14 knots I'm supposed to be transmitting every 10 seconds if I am sailing at a speed of zero to 14 knots and changing course I need to be transmitting every 3.33 seconds so that's how you read the chart in terms of transmission rate what I did is I then translated this and said well what's the maximum distance I can travel in that amount of time well if I'm going 14 knots and I'm transmitting every 10 seconds I'm only going to be traveling 77 yards that's not very far and you can sort of see as my as I progressed here what I was trying to give was an idea of exactly how far might I be going between transmissions now I mentioned I wish the reality were you know match the standard sometimes we will see vessels going by that are class A vessels and they're pretty big class A vessels and like the Louisiana the Louisiana was going at 15 knots well at 15 knots even in a straight line they should be transmitting every six seconds but we had like a minute that that slide that I showed so in any case you know so the distance or rather the rate between transmissions is something else we need to take into account so then I said we'll look at I've got I've got a ship here that's supposed to be a ship and is it some latitude and longitude which I'm calling lat zero and long zero I know my course overground I know my rate of turn and so the question is all right well I've got a triangle in here I've got some angle theta now this may or may not be the right approach to go by the way but I've got some angle theta and so at some tea time later on I've got my new latitude longitude lat one and long one and so I will observe that I can figure out the radius of this circle because it's going to be related to the speed overground and the rate of turn I can figure out the distance that I've traveled that that circular distance that the arc if you will that's going to be somehow related to the velocity times the time between the transmissions the actual time and then I've got this delta x and delta y well delta x is going to be a function of the angle of the circle the speed overground and the time which as will my delta y but then my actual change in latitude and longitude has got to be a function of the course plus theta meaning that if I was just going do north or do anything it'd be easy but as we start to change off of zero degrees we start to see you know some complications because again a degree of latitude is the same everywhere in terms of linear length but the linear length of a degree of longitude is not going to be the same so like I said we have you know that issue to deal with so again my my my targets that I'm going for is if there's no rotation of the ship and the ship is moving in a straight line well that's that's almost easy to do if the rate of turn is not zero my ship is turning and so then the other thing I was thinking of is not only can I how well can I predict my next point but you know we just had a tropical storm down here last week went up the East Coast and so we always look at the National Hurricane Center and they give us this cone of certainty before so that if my next point is in the box do I claim victory and am I looking for well a really small box or how big will I let my box be if I'm going in a straight line they really are sort of boxes if my rate of turn isn't zero then the boxes actually become a cone am I anywhere in the right range at all so like I said in terms of a problem I was just thinking that this sounds like an interesting problem to tinker with and and there's all sorts of places to look at historical information what you need to work on though if you get historical information and I could even provide you some is you need type one type two or type three position reports from the same vessel and and then the type one again because you need rate of turn now I mentioned something about the length of the degree of latitude and longitude so again the length of the degree of latitude in meters there's there's a formula that I know is used at a number of the government sites it was actually easy to find the formula because they have these pages where they have like a JavaScript and you can you know put in you know what what your latitude is it will tell you the length of a degree of latitude in meters well of course if you right-click and look at the page source you can see their formula but it's been used a lot and I've seen it documented in a few places in any case the length of the degree of longitude again you will also notice is a function of the latitude the length of the degree of latitude and longitude here's here's a table that I produced largely from those formulas and you will notice that a degree of latitude in terms of nautical miles it almost doesn't matter where you are it's about 60 miles 60 nautical miles to a degree if you look at a degree of longitude the number of nautical miles again at the equator it's about 60 and then as you go towards the poles it increasingly gets smaller and smaller and then rapidly gets smaller once you get above about you know 45 degrees either north or south and and that actually you know makes sense until of course you get to the pole and then a degree of longitude is zero nautical miles and again I'd give me some websites where they have more information about this and that more or less was the challenge and as I said I think it's sort of an interesting problem and for a few people I don't know where we start to go from there I like I said I talked to read out about this and I think he talked to a couple of other people interesting problem I think what we're looking for is maybe to have some intermediaries intermediate solutions at some point in the next year maybe revisit this at half to see 3.0 next year and anyway so that's where I am so questions comments let me go back up here I'm no longer at hack the sea village so I'll sit here for a couple minutes while we go into Q&A


Ang karunungan ay kapangyarihan. It's time once again to put that power to the test. This is Season 2 of K-Check. Hello everyone, I am Junz Gia. Ako naman po, si Etherny Gabby Concepcion and this is K-Check. Muli naman kayong iniimbitahan for another season of teaching and learning but this time with my new co-host from NCPAG. Yan po ang question natin today, mga contestants. NCPAG, the National College of Public Administration and Government. That's right, attorney. Thank you so much for having me here. Welcome. Patuloy pa rin ang pag-ahanap natin ng mga gustong sanayin at palawakein ang brain power nila through competition. Kayanin-kaya nila ang ating brain workout for this season. Kaya samahan nyo po kami until the final week of competition dahil may tatanghalin na naman tayong panibagong K-Check champion. Apat na contestants ang dadaan sa ating karunungan-check sa aro na ito. George is a UP Dileman student who one day hopes to be part of the local drag scene. He also loves traveling and exploring new destinations. Siray naman ay isang visual communication student ng UP Dileman College of Fine Arts whose joy comes from drawing, food and anything Pokemon. STI Kaloakan IT student Neb counts playing online games and playing guitar and bass as hobbies. And Charm is a fine art student in U.E. Kaloakan a gaming and doll enthusiast who listens to Taylor Swift and TWICE. These four will be competing under the watchful eyes of today's K-Check panel of experts. Nagbabalik Professor Glazia Tienza of the College of Arts and Letters, UP Dileman. Nagbabalik din Professor Neil Santillian former chairperson of the UP Dileman Department of History. And of course, let's welcome Assistant Professor Marla Andriga from the Department of Biology of UP Manila. At ngayon contestants, I wish you all good luck as we go into our first round of this new season. Get ready to buzz in, hopefully with correct answers which are worth 10 points each. Let's begin. What Central American country did Shami Spalashos represent when she won the Miss Universe Pagent in 2023? Juj. Nicaragua. K-Check. Mythology. Which Roman messenger of the gods is sometimes depicted holding a medical... NEM? Mercury. K-Check. Which movie, starting Margo Robbie, earned more than $1.4 billion in the box office worldwide in 2023? Barbie. K-Check. In Local Basketball. Which schools, nights and squares won the NCAA Men's and Junior's basketball titles respectively for the 2022-2023 season? Juj. Letran. Letran. K-Check. Question number five. Which superhero created in 1938 has kryptonite for his weakness? Charm. Superman. K-Check. Next, which Korean pop group is performing in the Faith World Tour that includes a stop in the Philippines? Walang K-Pop enthusiast. The answer is N-High Faith. We learned something new today on to the next question. In recent events, which former senator was freed on bail in November 2023? Juj. Senator Laila Delima. Senator Laila Delima is correct. K-Check. Next question. What long-running animated sitcom stars male characters Homer and Musanne Bard? Ray. The Simpsons is correct. K-Check. Question number nine. X is the new name of which famous social media service? Charm. Twitter. Twitter. K-Check. Question number ten. Melbourne is the second most popular city in what country? Charm. Australia. Australia. K-Check. What number is exactly between 12 and 20? Charm again. Sixteen. Sixteen for the win? K-Check. What single-digit number appears in the controversial protocol license placed issued to the members of the House of Representatives? Juj. Zero. Malik. Neb. One. Maliparin. Mauuubus na ang numbers natin. Malik. Fourth times the Charm? Fourth. Maliparin. The correct answer is A. And that's it for our first round. Thank you so much, Attorney Gabby. So after that round, we have Charm in the lead with 40 points followed by Jujs with 30. Neb with 20 and Ray at 10. Well, ikaw naman ang tatu nanko. Kamusta na? Diba dahil bago ka nga dito sa K-Check and what do you think of today's contestants? At nakikisagot ka rin ba? So, of course, watching our contestants sa kakatawa na main na suscore pa rin sila ka. So, kasi yung mga questions natin talagang ang range, ang scope nyan napakalawa. Simula pa lang yan ng competition natin. When we return, si Jules naman ang isasalag natin in round two here on K-Check. Tuloy pa rin ang ating karunungan check. Attorney, pika po na tayo naman scores natin. Ang umun na pa rin si Charm with 40 points. Anasin nundan naman ni Jules ng 30 points, si Neb with 20 points at si Ray with 10 points. Well, before we continue with round two, Professor Neil and Prof. Glesy.  Well, miss na-miss ko na ang mga mat-question dito na sasagot. At sana yung makasagot ako at least isang mat-question ka de-episode. Prof. Glesy. Hello, maraming salamat. Actually ako din. Ganon din. Excited ako kasi ang dami kong na tutunan dito kahit na hindi ma. Iba-iba. Kaya excited ako. Thank you. Well, it's nice to have you back, but hindi lang po si Jules ang gina-welcome natin dahil gusto rin natin i-welcome si Prof. Marla who is new to our panel of experts this season. Thank you, attorney. I'm so happy to be part of K-check. Yung questions ko, of course, merong challenging. Merong din naman kailang. Pwede pa lang kategori din yung kailang. Okay, so maraming-maraming salamat po sa warm welcome natin. And now, it's time for round two. Contestants get ready to buzz in, but make sure you strategize. Correct answers are worth 20 points each, but you know very well you will lose 10 points if you answer incorrectly. Sis, round two. Let's begin. Question number one. Jonathan Swift created which literary character who visited Lilliput and the Yahoos, among others? Charm? Mal, Poccahontas. Poccahontas, Malay. The correct answer is Lemuel Gallipol. In science, element 1-1-1 was named after which physicist who discovered x-rays? The answer is Wilhelm Rotgen. King Charles III of the UK-fated witch-Korean music group in Buckingham Palace last November. Great. Blackpink, Rosé. Can ka ng Blackpink? Nakampleto mo po yung poong mga member sila. The correct answer is Blackpink Poechek. Next question number four. Which great German composer became famous for his symphony number one in C major and his emperor concerto? Next. Beethoven. Beethoven? Is correct. Kecek, Ludwig van Beethoven. Los Del Rio became a famous one-hit wonder when their song topped the charts for 14 weeks. What is the title of their Spanish number one song? The answer is Macarena. Alam ni po ba yung steps ng Macarena? Sample mga re? Walang plus points. Sorry, pero thank you for doing that. Okay. Proceed tayo sa ating next question. Which congressman from the third district of Negros Oriental was expelled in 2023? Nobody got the correct answer. The answer is Arnolfo Teves. What olympic sport similar to baseball is played with a larger ball in the pitches underhand? Great. Round net? Round net is Malik. Great. Golf? Golf is Malik. At walang nakapuwa ng tamang sagot, the right answer is softball. No time to die is the 25th film in the movie series having which main character? Charles. James Bond. James Bond is correct. Kecek. In a TV series, Jen Ortega played the title role of which character whose name is also a day of the week. Wednesday. Wednesday? Wednesday is a correct answer. Kecek. Which Serbian tennis champion defeated Daniel Menvedev in the final to win the 2023 U.S. Open Men's title? Walang nakapuwa ng tamang sagot. The correct answer is Novak Djokovic. In basketball. What team nicknamed the Elasto Painters? First team. Neb. Rain or shine? The correct answer is Rain or shine? Kecek. Question number 12. The Ballad of Songbirds and Snakes is a prequel. Yes Ray? Hunger Games. The Ballad of Songbirds and Snakes is a prequel of which film franchise? The correct answer is The Hunger Games. Kecek. And that's it for round two. So after that round, we have Neb in the lead with 60 points. Charm with 50. Juj with 40. And Ray with 30 points. Congratulations. Talagang nagahabulan silang lahat. Pero ikangan nila, hindi patapos ang laban. Ultimate Pagalina na sa pagbabalik ng Kecek. All right. Welcome back to Kecek, ator ni Gaby. So ngayon ator ni Gaby, kamosayin natin ang ating mga contestant. Well, actually, ang gusto kong tanongin, first of all, itong si Juj at saka si Neb. Kasi medyo unusual ba ang mga pangalan nila? So gusto natin tanongin, ano ba ang pinagmulan ng mga pangalanin nyo nahin natin si Neb? So yung naingin ko na na-brown less. Yung na-brown nagsimula siya sa pangalan ng tatay ko na Norman, which is in upside down lang. Kasi yung Norman naman, yung history nun, galing yung sa lola-tolo ko na, yung lola ko na yung naman yung snorma, and yung lolo ko yung sube. Parang pinagmulan. Kasi yung lessoner naman, isa nana ko, kasi rinsin yung pangalan niya. Poma na ba at you, Juj? My name po, yung Juj is a combination of my two grandfather's first name. Yung sa father's side ko kasi, Gerard yung pangalan niya. Tapos yung sa mother's side ko naman, I, Juber. So dun lang, inuwa yung dalawang, jutsa ka yung Ger, kasi mga na. And I'm sure marami nagkakamali sa pronunciation. I'm not sure. Yung true pronunciation talagakunan ay Jujie. Pero nang bata po kasi ako, parang, yun paswar ka pala, ganun teacher. Jujie. Okay, very interesting. Pero siyempre, yung isa pa natin kasama dito na contest na dot or nisi, Charm. Diba kanina nabangit natin nang mongolek ta siya nang mga dals. So Charm, ano man dals to makinokolek mo at anong era yan? Ay, yung man dals na ikon nang kolekta ko is from the Barbie Cinematic Universe which is from the 2000s until 2010. Yan yung man ang movie sa guy ng Princess and the Popper, Diamond Castle, Dream Musketeers. Ang favorite ko na doll na kinolekta ko is the two from Diamond Castle which is Silliann at Alexa po. Pero may question ako para kay Ray, kasi medyo nabitin ako dun sa bayon niya.  May, na ito tulong ba ang Pokemon sa journey na ito? Well, of course yes, kasi part of my childhood is nag-revolved around a lot of cartoon characters. Well, may nickname nga is Mickey. Kaya di ko may Mickey Mouse. So, malatoy ang impact na ito sa aking journey because lahat tayo we have a chance to really leave our childhood through this means which is Pokémon or other cartoons. Ayyan, so I guess babalikan ko na rin ang Pokemon ko para, babalikan na rin natin ang inner child natin. So anyway, marami salamat sa ating mga contestant. Sana inabawasan ang inyong mga nerves pero, recap na tayo sa ating scores in the lead parin, si Neb with 60 points, na sinundan ni Charm with 50, si Jude's with 40 at si Ray naman na may 30. Okay, so, sa imprem, may chance pa rin iba na makahabol dahil dito na tayo sa ating next round, ang ultimate pagalingan round. Dito, correct answers are worth 30 points each at may 50 point deduction for wrong answers. And to shake things up a bit sa ating panel of experts mga galing ang ating mga katanungan. So, this is it guys. Good luck. Let's begin. Question number one will come from Professor Glesy. Hello. In the field of cultural studies, this 12-volume reference material has the most extensive information on Philippine art and culture. What is the name of this collection? A. The CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art. B. Vocabulario de la lengua tagala. C. Tuklas Cening. And D. Filipino Almanac. Charm. Letter C, Tuklas Cening. The answer is wrong. The answer is letter A, CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art. The answer is correct. The CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art has the most extensive information on Philippine art and culture. It has two versions that the most recent one has been updated and it was done by the team lead by Dr. Nika Nortyongso. Thank you so much, Professor Glesy. Up next, Professor Neil. What city serves as the Regional Center of Sock Surgeon or Region 12? A. General Santos. B. Kidapawan. C. Coronadal. B. Takurong. The answer is wrong. Jude. C. Coronadal. Ito yang kabisera ng provincia ng South Kotabato. Majoriya na mga naminirahan sa lumsood na ito ay nagsasalta ng Wicang Kiligaynon. Isang traditional atawag sa lugar na ito ay Marbelle. Ang tamang sagot ay C. Coronadal. Kcheck. Thank you, Professor Neil. Up next, Professor Marla. Which of the following is the smallest unit of matter? A. Atom. B. Molecule. C. Electron. D. Cell. A. Atom. From the Greek word it means Indivisible. Atomos. The answer is A. Atom. Kcheck. Question number four back to Professor Glesy. It has been recently referred to as the Tiger City of Metro Manila. What is the name of this city? A. Mandaluyong City. D. City of Manila. C. Tayuman City. D. Nueve de Pebrero. Next. I think the answer is aturby Manila. Wrong. Jude. The answer is A. Mandaluyong. The answer is Mandaluyong City. Kcheck. Kcheck. Okay. Next question, Professor Neil. Who was the quintessential Bicolano hero during World War II? A. Simeon Ola. B. Jose Maria Pangaliban. C. Jose Ignacio Pawa. D. Wenceslaw Vinson. Charm. Letter B. Jose Maria Pangaliban. The answer is Wrong. Neb. I think the answer is letter A. Simeon Ola. The answer is Wrong. Ray. The correct answer is letter C. Jose Ignacio Pawa. The answer is Wrong. Jude. The answer is the Wenceslaw Vinson. Bailala ang bayaneng ito bilang pina-katanyag na leader-activista sa univerasidad ng Pilipinas bagong ikalawang bimangang pandoy. Nagsilbi siyang leader na UP Student Council at editor ng Philippine Collegian. Ipinangalan sa kanya ang gusaling para sa mga gawain pag mag-aaral sa UPiDiliman. Pumahanaw siya sa kamay na mga hapon ng World War II. Ang tamang sagot ay letter D. Wenceslaw Vinson. Kcheck. Thanks, Professor Neal. Up next, Professor Marla. What does the acronym URL stand for in the context of web browsing? A. Uniform Resource Locator. B. Universal Reference Link. C. Unified Resource Locator. D. Universal Research Link. Charm. Universal Reference Link. The answer is wrong. I think the answer is letter A. Uniform Resource Locator. This is the string of words, letters and numbers that you can see at the top of any web page. URL stands for A. Uniform Resource Locator. Kcheck. Thank you Professor Marla. Up next, Professor Leslie. Buhayin natin yung inner child na yan. Usapang pagkain. Okay. This sweet confection is prepared with flour, sugar, sesame seeds and vanilla. What do you call this Filipino delicacy or candy from Bulacan? Letter A. Pelikoy. Letter B. Tiratira. Letter C. Biscuit sa ja. And letter D. Pistek. Letter A. Letter A. Letter A. Belikoy. The answer is Belikoy. Kcheck. Basel, Bern, Lozan and Zurich are cities of what country in Europe? A. Austria. B. Czech Republic. C. Germany. B. Switzerland. Juj. C. Germany. The answer is wrong. Yeah, the answer is letter A. Austria. The answer is wrong. I think the answer is letter B. Czech Republic. The answer is wrong. The answer is letter B. Switzerland. Ang bansa nito ay nagsilbing katuang ng Pilipinas sa Beast process sa Mindanao. Nestle at Novartis ay ilan sa mga kumpanya na nagmula sa bansa nito. Ang tamang sagot ay letter D. Switzerland. What is the term used to describe microscopic algae and photosynthetic bacteria found in marine environments? A. Phytoplankton. B. Zuoplankton. C. Necton. D. Benton. Niyan. I think the answer is letter A. Phytoplankton. These organisms role as primary producers is important for water-based ecosystems because they provide a main source of food for primary consumers such as clams and crustaceans. They are the A. Phytoplankton. K. Czech Republic. Thank you. Next from Leslie. Oh, comedy naman na cakakantahan. She played Sebia in many comic movies starring Mangnano and Bentot. Who was this famous queen of kundiman? Letter A. Silvia Latore. Letter B. Eugene Latore. Letter C. Silvia Garde. And letter D. Sara Heronimo. Ray, I believe the answer is letter A. Silvia Latore. The answer is A. Silvia Latore. K. Czech Republic. Who was the Philippine president that facilitated the proclamation of our niece as national sport and martial arts? The choices are as follows. A. Corazonakino. B. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. C. Ferdinand Marcos. D. Fidel Ramos. Necton. I think the answer is letter D. Fidel Ramos. The answer is wrong. Jude. I think the answer is D. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. Syay naging pangulo, bunsood ng Ed Sa Dos. Syay naging controversial dahil sa Hello, Garcy Scandal. Munit pinalakas niyang ekonomia ng bansa matapos ng Ed Sa Dos. Ang tamang sagot ay letter B. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. K. Czech Republic. What is the function of transfer RNA or tRNA in protein synthesis? A. Provides energy for protein synthesis. B. Caries amino acids to ribosomes. C. Transcribes DNA into RNA. D. Catalyzes protein formation. Nan. I think the answer is letter B. Caries amino acids to ribosomes. Their functions have expanded to include roles in the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, the replication of viruses and even the control of animal behavior. However, tRNAs are mainly known to B. Carry amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis. K. Czech. As we can see, with a final score of 150 points. Congratulations to Neb. Congratulations Neb. So, we'll see him again this Friday when they compete with the other winners for a spot for our semifinals. Thanks again to Juj, Ray and Charm for joining us and to the members, of course, of our panel of experts, Professor Lessie, Professor Neal and Professor Marla. This is the Tony Gaby Conception and I'm Jules Guion. Join us again tomorrow for another episode of K. Czech.


Theoretical Domain's framework has a strengthened empirical base and provides a method for theoretically assessing implementation problems, as well as professional and other health-related behaviors as a basis for intervention development. There was good support for a refinement of the framework comprising 14 domains of theoretical constructs, average silhouette value 0.29. This article was authored by Cain James, the Conor Denise, and Mitchie Susan.


Let's go into the Q&A and then we'll do the drawing during the Q&A. All right, so let's see Beardy makes the great stockings ever. That's true. It does Jarky says Wi-Fi I'm over the cryptos when you can take your coins out of the blockchain so nobody could hack it That'd be nice Is the bottom in no the bottom's not in I mean, I don't think so like Everybody said the bottom was in June. I was like, I don't think it's in June and and the reasons that I thought it wasn't the bottom wasn't in was because of the macro environment and Just the history of the crypto assets over the last four-year cycles and that's what I thought and I was wrong We the reason why the bottom wasn't in was because our industry is so delicate And we have so much fraud that is rampant and there is so much Over leverage that that's why we collapse. So I was right in The assumption that the bottom wasn't in but I was wrong for how we got there So again, there's so many unknowns out there the things that I don't know scare me which is tremendous amount of stuff So, I mean if you know everything that's cool and you can say the bottom is in Great. I just there's just so many unknowns right now that I would say that the bottom is not in so Who knows Genesis could I mean, let's be honest. Let's say the worst-case scenario.  You'd be like, wow I just hope I things don't go like way way below where I thought they were, you know Sub 10k Bitcoin that type of thing Lefty says I missed the beginning. What's the estimated bottom? There is no estimated bottom How long to accumulate discounts at least two years? Yeah, at least two years, but I could be wrong on that too again, this the video that I Talk about for why I'm selling. I don't put a specific Time frame on it I just take a look at data and especially and we take a look at Pi-cycle tops and mvrvz scores and pull multiple and we take a look at when the when the market gets overheated next So it's very simple. I mean like right now. We're in like bargain territory So at some point we're gonna hit some super overheated prices and all these indicators will show you is that the top? Probably not but if I get between 1680% near the top and I sell I'm pretty happy and that's all I gotta do. I don't gotta be perfect I'm not perfect. I don't really care. I just gotta do these things. So I think that's That's how much time you have again time could time is irrelevant for accumulation That's right, nobody can time the bottom but God From your kids. I got kids. I got grandkids Sub 10k Bitcoin I think I think that's right Bargain territory with that before yeah, George, you're right. So let me let me preface it with this This is a pretty I'm glad George said that Just because some of them is a bargain doesn't mean that bargain doesn't go down even more So is would it be who of you to buy to back of the truck and buy everything right now? I don't think so. I think you're I For me, I can't tell you what to do about your dad But I can't tell you That this is the right time and then you should do these things I can just tell you that I don't know the bottom is in I still continue to micro DCA because I'm not for sure But I don't put heavy amounts into it as the prices go down then I start to increase my DCA and Go from there, but I mean How much do you really need you know in life so for me, I'm just kind of just sitting around going well, you know Did okay last time sold Good amount of crypto not as much as I should have but whatever they were to put into some pretty nice assets real estate mostly and Things are great. The thing is is that? You know Is this is gonna happen this again not for sure Arthur says I don't think the bottom is only the man Hector says we're still going down down down. Hey, I wonder you know, we never check I used to always check the prices every day and the live streams. I never do anymore because I don't really Just don't Where are we at? Yeah, we're not doing too bad actually. Let me show you 16 Does anybody look at the price?  Who knows just kidding They'll be more like coin up 12% 33% for the week sweet Mary and Joseph. That's pretty big Okay, B Solan is up 13% for the day Go figure 10% for Leo Cosmos So yeah, pretty nice It's actually looking pretty good for all the negativity So what'd there be a lesson right for the stuff all the negative stuff that I talk about Behind the scenes will never know we'll you'll never know the deals that are being cut The things that are being said especially for the higher ups Especially when you get these big like black rocks and fidelities and who knows what other things people behind the scenes You'll never you'll never know so how can you time those things you can't? So yeah Hector says dead cat bounce it could be that's why it all cost out. I don't like to play that game Just not good at it Still bullish on polygon. Yes. Yes, I am I'm bullish on a lot of stuff. I just don't only like one. I know people will say we should get some like one I'm not chasing Don't ever chase I never if you believe in the tech and the people behind it then and you've held up for a while Congratulations. I'm just not you Viking says Solana's last cycle was an overhyped SBF propped up project. I'll be lucky every every just all time I again. Maybe Only time will tell. Oh Shoot, let's do the drawing. Huh? It's been way way way more time than I thought and Then I'll go. I'll talk to top five bullish coins. That's a good That's a good thumbnail and title for a click baity stuff So let's see here. Let's Let me bring this up. Let's rush do some drawings. Okay, so here was the tweet I'm gonna take that and I'm gonna go over here.  So winner not one but two Must follow Add news asset Let's see the profile must have a picture or description I don't care location or banner. I care less Twitter account. We'll say any the account age Yeah, one month latest tweet past month. Let's do that continue. Wow 95 entries Slick let's do the drawing Begin the drawing Thunderdome That was fast so Petty purple and nerdy. That's funny and then origin X that NFC So what I will do is I will follow Petty purple and I will follow Origin X So now ladies and gentlemen, you can contact me via DM and Since I follow you they'll go right to my inbox. Great.  So that's why I did the thing. Well that and everybody else is complaining. So makes sense crown Crown has it rigged congrats to the winner That's see. That's how it goes. Congrats. Good job Sorry JT I'll just buy one. I guess it's pretty big pretty big deal like it's right now They just started at 30% site-wide, but then what the discount code you get another 20% off from from me Yeah Then on Twitter crown came in to win the drawing Tyler don't worry. We can't all be winners. I Should start passing out participation awards Tom crown is around I'm up hype hyped and ready to be here Ben gamine Hey meme I'm out on soul. Yeah, I still own some Yeah, JG's got a good point because people always talk about Bitcoin going to a zero and he says one to think about if you take everybody that's died Who owned Bitcoin? Well, hopefully they pass it off for their family members, but the family members probably didn't believe it believe about it then anyhow And then of course all the different Wallets that are I mean how many wallets have you lost access to I've lost access to a couple myself from screw-ups So if we do that, I think there's been like an estimation of like 4.5 million Bitcoin are lost because people have access to their original wallets Pretty how to go to zero There'll always be floating out there J2 day next giveaway Probably Friday probably give away a ledger begin tomorrow. Well tomorrow's Thanksgiving. We'll see what happens Chris says question Rob with FTX Celsius Voyager 3 you see in the leverage that was propping up prices. I'll now gone I think it'll be not be very difficult to make all-time highs in the next bull run my question is this is is Is this I I can see that point, but then with all the shenanigans that's That's was being done by FTX not just propping up but destroying companies behind the scenes I wonder if we didn't have a blow off top correctly because of Whatever FTX was doing behind the scenes. I know people will say well was leveraging it was propped up I'm like, I'm not a hundred percent sure on that So I still think look You know the market cap of gold is roughly between 10 and 12 trillion dollars 10 and 12 trillion, you know the market cap Well, do you know the market cap for? For Amazon is over one trillion Also, Facebook's was over that at one point and then of course the global real estate market is over 320 trillion dollars Derivatives is one quadrillion dollars So if we have an asset class that is sitting at a roughly 834 billion dollars How could we not at least hit three trillion again? If not six eight or ten as Time goes on. I just I just don't see it. It's a it's a low-cap market. Ah Thank you Point your request that I remember my three thousand fifty cents my platform. That's That's it What else did I miss oh Tom what we will be gave away it was a It was a Bitcoin one complete Bitcoin So everybody's asking if you could do that on your channel if you could give away one Bitcoin And I said of course Tom would do that. Yeah, just kidding. It was a stonebook. It's one of these books that we use to To hold all our mnemonic phrases It's waterproof or water resistant and terror resistant and you can write things in blue ink and or blood black light And it's pretty cool. I got like four Just keeps everything organized so having pieces of paper where you lose your mnemonic phrase and lose twenty thousand cardano Oh, that didn't happen to you either. Yeah, have it in me My channel is for sale it's YouTube Let's see DCA still fight. No, we're gonna skip DCA. Everybody's got family in so Maybe a couple weeks. We'll see we will see Yeah, Tom I gave away a free dinner Whoever one gets a gets a free dinner at with Tom crown but he has to pay at the at the nice place Not like Denny's or anything like that They've already says soul is going soul is going up. I think it's up 12% Nate LePainis is Tom. I've been trying to find out if you're the Tom that BitBoy's been yelling at I think it is I think Tom is a big believer in litecoin Rob will you go to London and visit guy? Yes I did it last time but I didn't I went there for his uh for coin bureau's um Uh Expose a or the the crypto commerce that they did we did it in April. I think it was so yeah, I'll go back We just talked last week as a matter of fact and uh, he's gonna do one in Dubai So he's asked if I wanted to come to Dubai and and talk over there And I took a look at the flights and I was like nope not going over there. It's like 18 hour flights Super expensive. I mean that's okay. I'll catch up with you in London Besides, I like the pubs over there. So Oh, that's why so Tom is a big litecoin fan. I was I was uh, yeah, I was the emcee at the litecoin some of this year. There is your answer All right, perfect Litecoin whale Yeah, guy moved to Dubai I see I gotta tell you I see guy in uh, Dubai on his on his pictures He just looks miserable some days because it's so god-awful hot. He's from London you know, I mean I mean if If you're from London, you came to El Paso, Texas, you would die If you move go from London to Dubai, which is another level of heat It's like just constant pain, but uh, I mean he seems to like it there Him emcee so sure I wouldn't That's uh, I feel sorry for him some days Uh, he's just then he says muy bien la comida Or los servicios. The service is good. I don't know what the food Oh, yeah, that's right taxes. I forget about that All right, buddy. So I think that's it. I think it was um in the next 30 or 40 minutes the fed meeting notes are gonna come out so we're gonna see uh, what's gonna happen, but Does anybody not think that we're gonna get a basis points of between 50 and 75? The rate hike in december i think it's december 2nd correct me if i'm wrong But if that's the if that's the point or if that's the point of the meeting Sure, I mean I just see 50 75 points. That's it Let's see jaylen chas says do you believe in the four-year cycle? When the bitcoin rainbow charts off its trajectory, there's still many things off the trajectory right now There is no way dcg Can raise 1.7 billion to genesis to rent bankruptcy. That's probably true If that's how much they need bitcoin at 7ak looks imminent put limo order in if you want to do limit orders Tom's the guy to talk to you about that and it's all about your risk I appreciate what tom does mr. Crown.  I just don't um It's a weird thing. I think uh I still believe in the in the four-year cycles per se But what I mostly believe in more so are these types of things. There's a website called look into bitcoin I I talk I don't talk about as much as I used to but it's a great site. It has nothing but a bunch of free Uh charts that you can take a look at mostly for bitcoin and The things I'm looking at and again, we talked about this in this video at length Is the years could be wrong. I could be wrong in the years. I'm okay But if I just follow some basic stuff Well, I mean 200 remover is good enough, but like the pie cycle indicator which retrospectively took a look at the at the tops of bitcoin I mean when things start to overheat, that's a great indicator to sell again 60 80 percent Here's the rainbow price chart indicator And yeah, look at this It's even below that That's how bad it is So that's what you're talking about. Could it be sure but I will say this As long as we're in this range and we start to hit these orange orange levels I'll sell at that point. Well, the other one is uh The well multiple again, we talked about this yesterday for bitcoin miners Again, you can find all these charts And it gives you a description of what this thing does and sometimes there's a video on it, but it's very simple It's very simple because i'm a simple 10. I like colors Look simple. So like when it's in the red, that's a good time to think about selling when it's in the green That's a good time to consider uh accumulating and again, if you would accumulated in this area here What's the price here $4,000 for bitcoin the very 29 2019 or maybe Maybe you messed that up and you you buy it at oh a whopping What? $4,000 Oh, no You know that was in 2018 All they had to do is wait. Let me do some math here 19 20 20 three years To hit 55,000 or even 40,000 you go to 10x Try doing that in s and p 500 again. Well multiple. There's another one. I like to see is the mvrvz score Market cap versus realized versus realized value again the same thing. I like colors So like uh in the red part. This is when things get overheated You know so oh look at that one December 2017 probably a good time to sell Right and then of course down here Or whatever the bitcoin price was on 2015. I'm sure it was like pretty cheap Here here here. It's it's just that's just a way to do it It's I mean a way to do it for me. You can do what you want to not I'm not a financial advisor. That's it Hope that made sense Ooh, jarchy put limit orders a thousand two thousand three thousand four thousand, you know tom in our discussion He talked about he got his limit order filled like four grand for bitcoin. So just saying Yeah, a bunch of free stuff everybody likes free stuff There is no rainbow v2 out and kombucha Come neck of down Set of right Do you agree the following statement crypto will bottom sometime between now and q1 2023? Then when us enters recession that will create another opportunity with a wick in 2020 I can't say I could agree with that one thing that does concern me and that is And um Stanley drunken miller talked about this He believed that we're going to be in a 10 year long dip bear market With equities just like how it was in late 1960s to late 1970s And he said he goes he lived through that so he remembers that that time And I'm not for sure if that's how it's going to be but even if we do during that time there's always there's always a Uh a bear market rally in a bear market So for me, I'm just like I don't know if it can it's gonna bottom per se I just know that if I just stick around and just kind of hang out good things usually happen Just got to take the time to do it. That's all But I mean, but it sounds Honestly, it makes sense. It sounds legitimate. But for me to say yes, that it's it's going to be in 2023 I'm not for sure It could extend in 2024 or hell. Everything could be extended out even even more so Pumpkin all right. So that's it everybody. So thanks so much for stopping by if you like today's video Give it a uh thumbs up. I'll consider subscribing. What a great question to stop with And that is all again if you're looking for the uh stone book links in the description 50 off Congratulations you and that's all. All right, everybody. I'll see you on the next one Maybe tomorrow, maybe not happy Thanksgiving


Skyrim wasn't built in a day. While Bethesda's high fantasy role-playing game continues to grow in popularity years after its initial release, this game didn't spring from nowhere. The road to creating one of the best-loved pieces of fiction in recent history was challenging and full of setbacks and delays. No video game of this size and scope is the work of just one person. Developers, programmers, artists, and other creators all work together to produce interactive artwork, and there are a million stories to be told about the creation of Skyrim. This is one such story. The journey of a man who'd dreamed of working with his heroes and who ended up becoming a gaming icon in his own right. This is the story of how Todd Howard first fell in love with Bethesda's Elder Scrolls series, and of how he ultimately brought it to a far wider audience of fans. This is the tale of the journey that paved the way for Skyrim, and it begins with a humble little boy who, above all, loved magic and storytelling. As a child, Todd Howard was, it was safe to say, a bit of a nerd. He loved math and science and computers and technology at a time when it wasn't particularly cool or fashionable to embrace education. He also loved role-playing and magic and fantasy, embracing all the weird and wonderful stories that were set in faraway lands of wizards, goblins, princesses, and monsters. These two great loves converged when Todd explored the incredible world of computer gaming. When he was young, Todd begged and begged his parents to get him an Apple II computer, claiming that its computational power would help him in his studies. In reality, this desktop computer was a gateway into a world of high fantasy adventure, as Todd fell in love with games like Wizardry and Ultima 3. These games felt like huge, immersive worlds, and Todd got lost in them for hours as his imagination ran wild. In truth, though, Todd also had another reason for desiring a computer. He didn't just want to play computer games, he wanted to design his own. The Apple II gave him the equipment he needed to try his hand at programming, and he worked hard to build games of his own creation that emulated the experiences he had playing fantasy titles from professional studios. Todd's desire to create games continued throughout his young life, but he wasn't entirely sure how he might find a career in this hobby of his. He was smart and driven, and as such, got the chance to study at the College of William and Mary in Virginia. He ended up focusing on studying finance, not because he was particularly interested in the field, but because it seemed like this was the quickest, easiest, simplest way to get through college. Todd had an affinity for numbers, and the math required for finance courses came naturally to him. This meant that he had plenty of time for what he really wanted to do with his time, play computer games. Whenever he wasn't in lectures, Todd could be found in the university's computer lab. He wasn't working on assignments, instead he'd start the day by installing Wing Commander onto one of the computers and then would play for as long as he could. Tearing himself away from the game was always disappointing, and the moment he could, he'd return to play again. He always hoped that someone else wouldn't be inconveniently trying to write an essay on the computer he'd been using. If so, he'd have to install Wing Commander on a different computer, and as that took a lot of time, it would eat into his precious gaming window. Todd adored role-playing games more than any other genre, but he didn't limit himself to only playing these games. Role-playing scene was fairly small at the time, and there existed a huge variety of other kinds of games that Todd also played as much as he could. Todd played sports games and racing games with enthusiasm, as long as it was a digital gaming experience, he could find joy from it. This willingness to try anything led him to Wayne Gretzky Hockey, a game that didn't seem like a big deal, but that would end up changing Todd's life. The game was a bit outdated by the time Todd was in college, but he loved it nonetheless, and was intrigued by the studio that made it, a tiny company by the name of Bethesda Softworks. Bethesda wasn't exactly a huge developer, the studio had made a bunch of tiny yet noteworthy games that kept it afloat, but it was hardly one of the big names in the industry. It was known simply as a studio that made sports titles for EA, but otherwise it was fairly invisible. Nevertheless, Todd felt a strange affinity for Bethesda, as he poured over the game's box art, he noticed the company's address. It turned out that Bethesda was located in Maryland, which was conveniently located along Todd's route home from college. Cox and Todd's head began to turn. Rumour had it that Bethesda was working on a fantasy role-playing game, and Todd couldn't help but imagine how much fun it would be to get to work on such a project. The studio was geographically convenient, had made a game that he loved, and was supposedly working on something that he'd wanted to make his entire life. The solution seemed obvious, the next time he was either going to or from college, he needed to stop in and ask for a job. So that's exactly what Todd did, he turned up outside the company's building one day, knocked on the door, and invited himself in. Seeing the studio in all its glory was like walking into Todd's personal idea of paradise, albeit a very dark, claustrophobic one. Bethesda's developers worked out of the basement of their building, and the lights were perpetually turned down low, with rows of computer monitors bathing the surroundings in an eerie glow. It was almost like a cave from a fantasy game, with invaluable treasure dotted around the room in the form of artwork, production notes, and game demos. Thrilled with his discovery, Todd made the case for why the company should hire him. He was geographically convenient, he was studying at college, and he loved games so much that it hurt. Unsurprisingly, this line of argument was unsuccessful. Todd was told that perhaps he ought to try again once he'd graduated, but that, for the moment, he ought to focus on his schooling. Undeterred, Todd went back to school, finished up his education, got his degree, and returned to Bethesda. He'd fulfilled their requirements and was ready for full-time employment. Surely they would hire him now. Again, he was sent away. The small company didn't need him right now, especially considering his lack of experience. Being rejected a second time stung, all Todd wanted to do was create games for Bethesda. This intense desire only grew as the studio finally released their long-awaited role-playing game, The Elder Scrolls Arena, and it turned out to be everything that Todd hoped it would be. Unable to work for his heroes, Todd instead found another, even smaller studio in Virginia, and got a job there instead. Compared with this studio, even Bethesda was a big deal, but Todd was happy. He was making games for a living, and that was what he wanted. That said, he wasn't giving up on his Bethesda dreams just yet. He would go to conventions and gaming expos, and would always gravitate towards the Bethesda booth. There, he would spend his time admiring their games, talking with company employees that were present, and desperately trying to convince them to hire him. Eventually, Todd's persistence paid off, and he finally achieved his goal, joining the team at Bethesda to work on a game based on the Terminator movie franchise. After that, to Todd's immense pleasure, he was assigned to work on Daggerfall, the second game in the Elder Scrolls series. While Todd had finally landed his dream job, there was a lot of work ahead of him. The future of the franchise was far from certain, and looming clouds on the horizon were about to dramatically change Bethesda forever, as they threatened to swallow the tiny studio whole. Todd's role in Daggerfall was fairly minor, but with a company this small, he had plenty of opportunities to experience, or at least witness, all aspects of the video game creation process. Daggerfall was designed to build upon what had been achieved in Arena, but with a more complex skill system that let each player craft a more unique character that developed new abilities based on their own personal playstyle. The game's release proved a success, albeit an imperfect one. Plenty of players found Daggerfall to be difficult to play, as its code didn't run all that well on a lot of different kinds of computer hardware. Todd's hard work was rewarded, as he was given the opportunity to handle the reigns of Red Guard, an expansion pack for Daggerfall. Eagley, Todd did everything he could to make the expansion a success, but enthusiasm alone wasn't enough to guarantee a best seller. Bethesda's small studio had been struggling with finances for a while. Unlike many games companies, it was funded privately, meaning that there wasn't much room for error, and even though the first two Elder Scrolls games had found a niche audience, they didn't have enough widespread appeal to save the company. Eventually, Bethesda was forced to file for bankruptcy, and while the company was able to be restructured so that it could continue work, it didn't look like things would be able to continue forever. For his part, Todd got stuck in, doing everything he could to make the next few Elder Scrolls games the best they could be. Morrowind built on what had been achieved with Daggerfall, creating a large open world that, Todd hoped, felt more alive and believable than anything that had come before. Todd searched internet forums daily, hoping to gain a better understanding of what fans were looking for. He would read every opinion he could get his hands on in order to see what the community wanted from each new installment of the series. This led to the creation of Oblivion, the fourth Elder Scrolls game, with its huge, sprawling world, greater gameplay choices, and complex artificial intelligence that attempted to simulate the lives of countless computer characters. The game was far from perfect, but it was the biggest, most complex thing that Todd and his team had created up to that point. Todd expected this new title to go out to the same small audience that had loved his other games. As such, he went online to perform his regular checks at the state of the fanbase, only to be completely blown away by all the discussion that was going on. Oblivion had exploded in popularity, seemingly overnight. Something had clicked within the public consciousness, and suddenly this niche game series was a big deal in a way that Todd had never seen before. Perhaps it was connected to the growing popularity of fantasy adventure following the release of the Lord of the Rings films, or maybe Todd had underestimated the advantage of releasing Oblivion so soon after the launch of the Xbox 360. For whatever reason though, the Elder Scrolls series was finally getting a lot more attention. A huge audience was showing the games the kind of love that Todd had always felt towards fantasy role-playing adventures. Even as Bethesda began to gear up for their next release, a revival of the beloved Fallout series, Todd was already thinking up ideas for the next Elder Scrolls title. This game would need to be even bigger and grander than Oblivion. It would need to take all the lessons that Todd and his team had learned thus far, and build something wonderful from the framework that already existed. And so, Todd steeled himself, as he took a deep breath and prepared to lead Bethesda in the creation of Skyrim. The moral of Todd's story is that persistence pays off. It's not always easy to keep trying in the face of rejection and failure. When you hit a roadblock that stops you from reaching your dreams, it can feel like you may never actually get where you're trying to go. If Todd had thrown in the towel when he was first rejected by Bethesda, he'd never have achieved his dream of working for the company. Similarly, it was necessary for him to enjoy years of obscurity before his games gained the popularity that they now enjoy. When you face trials or challenges, don't let them stand in the way of you getting what you want out of life. Keep pushing forward, and eventually you'll be satisfied with your progress. Sometimes it takes years of work, but that only makes it all the more fulfilling when you finally achieve your dreams.