Hello, my name is Chris Dutra and I lead site reliability engineering efforts within the market's technology organization at JP Morgan Chase. Today's presentation is going to demonstrate how Istio Service Mesh, combined with observability to add-ons like Prometheus, Grafana, and Yeager, can provide SREs with advanced data to define, track, and manage the SLOs of their applications. As a refresher, let's understand what service level objectives are and why they are useful. SLOs provide engineering teams with a baseline customer expectation for the services that they offer. These are often referred to as a measure of the customer experience, which, if you think about it, makes sense. If an app on your phone continues to crash frequently, would you still try to use it or find an alternative? And consequently, if you were on the engineering team for that app, would you want to know if that experience was bad and could you correct it quickly enough to not have irreparable harm? There are many different kinds of SLOs, most involving things like availability, as we mentioned above, latency, and correctness. For example, a mobile app's ability to run cleanly without crashing can be thought of as an availability SLO. Consequently, a web page's ability to load, present content, or an API to return 200 status codes versus 500 is another way of thinking of availability SLOs. Latency refers to how fast or slow a service responds to a user. This one can vary a lot based on tolerances given to specific mediums. And SLOs are often constructed to meet these demands. Content loading on a mobile phone, for example, is often met with stricter tolerances for latency than a traditional web page. For a variety of reasons, there's a smaller form factor, so there's end user expectation of it loading quicker. Or maybe the mobile, you're trying to load something on your phone because you're on the go, you're trying to catch a train, you want to look at the train times. If that's slow, that latency is going to be much stricter tolerance than it would be for sitting at your desktop and waiting for a web page to load. Another SLO that's often defined is correctness. This one's a little bit harder to define and track because it involves whether you're giving the customer the right data.   Ultimately, all of that ties back to the customer experience. From not able to load the app or load the service or it's taking forever, or I'm getting bad data, it's a bad experience and customers will respond to that negatively. Let's think about SLOs in a real world example, like for example, going out to eat at a restaurant with your friends or family. You order a dish, but then something happens in the restaurant. Maybe your plate takes over an hour to come out because the kitchen was backed up and it's cold. Perhaps the server sent you dinner to another table and gave you the wrong dish. Or worse, it never came out at all. Regardless of the outcome, it was a bad experience as the customer and you would vow never to return or maybe leave a negative review on social media. At the end of the day, the customer is not going to care about what caused or why they had a bad experience. Their food wasn't delivered. It doesn't matter if it was the server who had made the mistake or the kitchen was just backed up. They will just remember it ultimately is bad. But as SREs, we should care. After all, restaurants are constructed very similar to how we look at our platforms today. It's an orchestration of services working together to provide a positive outcome. You know, having host staff, servers, kitchen staff, management work and concert, alongside technology solutions like point of sale systems, inventory management solutions, all of these need to work together and are often interlocked and interdependent on each other to make sure that patrons are able to get their food. Just like microservices do at a large scale, enterprise architecture. If one of the components is unreliable, you could put the entire experience at risk and certain transactions or flows may result in a negative financial reputation or other impact. So understanding that flow or user journey is often part of the SLO definition process and where we usually start. So we can detect dependent services and help define an accurate SLO. Traditionally, not an easy problem to conquer because when you think of large scale enterprises or very large platforms that are running, there's a lot of complexities that arise that make it more difficult to be able to accurately have enough data to create that SLO. Part of this is complexity. We have the benefit now of having increasingly polyglot services thanks to, you know, the container revolution that's been going on for about, you know, the past decade. And that's all great, but it also makes it a little bit more challenging for us to be able to observe interactions between services because they're not all the same language, they're not all the same tools. There has been work here in the open telemetry space when you think of distributed tracing, but that also requires all applications to opt into it. So that may require code changes and if you're looking at legacy applications or it may be difficult to actually pair all the traces and spans together, you end up with a lot of asynchronous traces and that causes a lot of engineering work to kind of tie those flows together. And sometimes you don't know who the customer is. You know, you may have multiple different transactions going through a system.  And you know, on the other side, you'll have a driver that will accept that request. You know, there's different services that may be used at the same time, but they're being used in different ways in different transactions, much like if you had a trading system and you were making a bond trade or an equities trade, they may be using some of the same pieces, but their flows or transactions are different. So it's, and oftentimes you have upstream and downstream consumers that are not humans. You may be part of a hundred or thousand piece flow where you're dependent on upstream data to make, you know, and in the entire flow is dependent on you to be able to, you know, provide the service, the level of service that's needed to make that transaction successful. So this is where it gets really tricky. Fortunately with Istio, we have a way of being able to provide those flows and user journeys to help define those SLOs without too much intrusion. And we're going to get into that now. So let's talk about how we can define SLOs using Istio and some of its observability add-ons and metrics that it exposes through the mesh. So there are different types of tooling that can be installed alongside Istio. For example, Prometheus, you can also have Grafana, you can have Jaeger, you can have Keali, and they all have different purposes, but they're all key cogs in the wheel of helping us have that data to be able to define those SLOs. For, to start, there's a lot of mesh driven metrics that you get. You get availability, latency, and saturation metrics that talk about mesh to mesh, you know, end points. So think of services and Kubernetes, you know, your product page calling a downstream service, we have service to service metrics that we can use that can help inform SLOs. Second, we have tracing. Tracing allows us to, you know, when we talked about the opt-in problem that we had before with traditional applications, now by enabling Jaeger, we can just have mesh to mesh traces. Traces and spans are generated on the communication between services in the service mesh. So that way you don't need to have any code changes to your application, you don't need to manually set up tracing, you don't need to do any sort of integration there. Istio will take care of that for you and provide data that is meaningful, especially from a dependency diagram perspective. Then you also have tools like Keali, which does a lot of the similar stuff, gives you kind of some real-time metrics and helps you understand what service is calling what. Also the Jaeger UI, we can see as we mentioned the dependency graphs and Grafana. Grafana takes all of this together and provides that information that you can help drive better SLO creation. And we're going to get into that now by using our favorite example app. So we're going to be looking at Book Info, which is, if you're not aware, is the example application that's provided in most of the Istio documentation. It's a good because it shows multiple services and multiple versions of those services that we can work with to, you know, we're going to construct an SLO for the product page, which is what the end user will see and how the details, ratings, and review services may help inform some of those SLOs and be able to craft SLOs for them to make sure that that transaction flow is successful. For technical purposes, I'm using Kubernetes 1.27. I am running this on EKS in AWS with the application load balancer controller. And as I mentioned before, we have the default profile for Istio CTL. So Istio was installed through that route with the following add-ons, Prometheus, Yeager, Grafana, and Kiali. So here's our Book Info application running, you know, at a externally facing website.  There's a login, you can kind of put some stuff in here, which is fine. You know, as you refresh this page, you should see reviews served by different deployments here. So you saw reviews v2, then v3, then v1. This is typically how the Book Info application works. What we've done for demonstration purposes is that I've had Locust running for a little bit now to have a bunch of requests hitting this. So we have some nice data. So we have a good baseline to construct these SLOs. So let's just dive in and start looking at some of the metrics that are here. So here is the default mesh dashboard that you get.  You can see saturations. We see how many requests per second are happening. We see the median latency, the 90th percentile latency, the 99th percentile latency, and then the success rate, which is kind of an availability metric. Now, this is nice, but this doesn't really tell the whole story, because I could theoretically start making SLOs off of these metrics, but I don't fully understand the dependencies yet, because this is showing the product pages, you know, metrics in isolation, not understanding where those are coming from, likewise for ratings, details, and reviews, which are, you know, microservices that the product page calls. So we want to dig a little bit deeper. So how do we do that? We have a bunch of other tools at our disposal here. So let's jump over to Keali really quick. So Keali now is already starting to give me a little bit of insight here and saying, all right, my product page, which is, you know, a workload is coming from the Istio Ingress Gateway. So all the traffic that's hitting the product page right now is coming from the outside. There's no service inside the cluster that's making calls to the product page, that's perfectly fine, which makes sense considering Locust is hitting the external URL and making those requests. But what I see here is that the product page v1 deployment that is being surfaced from the service is actually making three different requests. So I see reviews, I see details, and I see ratings. So now I understand that these three services are now dependent on the product page. So any SLOs that I make for the product page, I will have to keep make sure that the SLOs for reviews, details, and ratings adhere to that so that this flow can be preserved and the customer experience can still be good. If I, for example, say I have an availability SLO of 99% for argument's sake, I can't have the reviews, details, and ratings be anything less than 99%. As a matter of fact, I probably want it to be a little higher. So I have buffer. So if, you know, if it's 99.1 or 99.2, that's fine. And then I have a little bit of wiggle room. If there starts to be some failures in that service that I can still maintain the customer expectation for this. So that's something to keep in mind there. But this does not still tell the whole picture, because when we start to look into Yeager, and we start to look at some of the traces that are happening, now we start to see that there's nested dependencies within this call, within this call graph. So the product, Istio Ingress calls the product page, product page, make some calls to the details API, and that details API goes back into the product page. And then the reviews go back into the you know, in parallel, the product page is making calls to reviews, and then reviews is making calls to ratings. So this is also evident by when we go look at the trace graph over here, and we can see that product page is making calls to details, and then product pages making reviews and then going to ratings. So now, when I look at Kiali, I don't get that kind of dependency here. But now I have a nested dependency. So not only do I need the ratings when I define the SLOs for the ratings, I need to keep in mind that I need to make sure I can respect the reviews upstream dependency on SLOs, and the product pages upstream dependency on SLOs. So as we start to have bigger and bigger microservices architectures, this becomes an interesting challenge. And a principle that I like to do is it's the least common denominator, essentially. So if this is 99, and this is 99.5 for SLO targets, then this has got to be at least 99.5 or higher, because I need to be able to adhere to both the reviews and the product pages upstream SLOs. So there's a chain that ends up happening with this, which is super important, because it helps with adhering to the customer expectations. So from there, we're going to take a deeper dive. And I've taken the liberty of going ahead and kind of simplifying some of the metrics so we can talk about them a bit. This is when we start to talk about the mesh metrics that are exposed and the granularity you get from them. So with this, what we have here is the product page workload. And on the left hand side is the incoming requests that are coming from the outbound, and the outgoing requests that it's making. So now I have an understanding of there's different calls that are being made to these services. And there are different upstream calls that are being made that are requesting the product page to serve content. Now, these mesh metrics are being sourced in Prometheus, and Grifrana is doing the heavy lifting of putting all of this together. Now I have some top level stuff, which looks very similar to what we had with the mesh dashboard. And we were looking at this service in isolation. But now I can break it down a bit. What I can see here is that most of all of the incoming requests are coming from the Istio Ingress Gateway. Perfect. That means that I know what to do here. I know that everything's coming from the outside. This is my starting point for an SLO. However, I can now see that there is differences in saturation between the reviews, details, and rating services here. And while I can see the response codes and everything that are coming back, which is great, it also tells me that I'm making many more calls to the reviews page, which means it may be more of a critical service, something I need to keep an eye on or maybe adjust some targets for. Next piece is going to be latency. So now the Istio Ingress Gateway is kind of acting as the customer here, because it's the outside traffic coming into the product page and having that served as we were here. So now we have a good understanding of that. But what's happening behind the scenes, as we saw with the Yeager dependency graph, is that there are a slew of different metrics and different calls that are happening to different services within Kubernetes. So the mesh to mesh, the intramesh traffic that's happening, I now have an understanding of the latencies that are happening there. So what I'm going to do here is filter these by the P90, because I think it's a good balance between something that's not too sensitive to user failure, but also gives you an understanding when things are starting to go bad, when 10% of our user base is having this type of an experience. If it's above a certain threshold, you want to be able to react to that before it's half. So I typically use 90th percentile for a lot of different histogram metrics or percentile quantile metrics. And it gives me a good understanding. So now I can see here the details, ratings and reviews, and I have an understanding of the request durations that are happening between those. And these are actually going to help inform some of the SLOs that I need to make sure that the product page is able to do is able to serve content and serve the customer. So if I look at this, and I'm going to take a peek at, you know, here's my 90th percentile coming in. So it's between five and seven seconds, give or take. So what we'll say here for argument's sake is 99% of requests that are coming in to the product page, content will be served within six and a half seconds. And that will be an SLO that I will define and track for the product page. That'll be the latency SLO. Now, knowing that I know that within here, there are certain SLOs that I need to create to adhere to that. For example, the details page has some spikes in it. So maybe what I want to say is in order to achieve the 99% target that I have on the product latency SLO, I need to make sure that 99.5% of the time that my details service calls that are coming from the product page are able to serve this in an appropriate manner. Now I can start to look at let's take the details 90th percentile latency. Now that's having some spikes that go between 30 and 50 milliseconds. Now, in some instances, I may need to be mindful that that doesn't spike to 100 because that's probably going to impact in on the P90 that's kind of sitting around five and a half seconds. So it could have a potential impact if something in the detail service starts to go wrong. So one way I can do this is to alter the workload here and look at details. So now I can see here, this is showing the details page and I can see all of the incoming requests that are happening. So if I look at this, I'm seeing the incoming that looked very similar to the outgoing on the product page. So now, as we're going through this thought process, so I'm thinking through my dependency graph, now I can start constructing SLOs on the details service and making sure that we adhere to them. This will be very interesting as well with the reviews. So if you look at reviews v2, you know, we can see the product page is making a lot of requests for the most part the 90th percentiles around four milliseconds. But when I jump to reviews v3, I see it being a little bit more spiky. So I would, you know, deem this as something that I probably need to understand the reviews v3, what changed? Is this tolerable change? Is it something that we expect latency to be on the product page to increase as a result because of the feature that's coming with it? Or is it something that we need to go and dig in and try to improve the reliability of that v3 service? So these are some of the questions that SREs will go through, but the data is all here. And that's thanks to the Istio Mesh partnered with Prometheus, Keali, and Yeager. So using all these all these tools in tandem allows us to have this rich canvas in which we can start to build SLOs and drive better outcomes for our platforms and for our end users. Now I will make a comment here and say that, you know, there is proprietary software here that can do a bunch of this. There's, you know, proprietary SaaS vendors that have integrations into Istio that can pull some of these metrics in. And as a matter of fact, have SLO layers on top. So if you're using those in your enterprise, I would check to see if you can get some of these metrics sourced in and be able to use this to help craft the SLOs. But I think here this is a way for SREs that are, you know, building with open source and are using open source to be able to still have that same experience and be able to craft those SLOs and have that reliability. So to summarize here, service level objectives are one of the best tools an SRE can use to help deliver that best customer experience possible. It gives better insight into the health of services and their interdependencies that we don't see with traditional APM or with other types of metrics. And Istio can help with a lot of the SLO definition and tracking because not only does it provide a lot of the golden signal metrics that we're usually seeking, but also it can have an understanding of a dependency graph, you know, within a transaction flow. And I think what's nice about this too is that, you know, microservices architectures evolve. And, you know, they may become more polyglot or less polyglot. But customer expectations also evolve as well. So as you're putting together SLOs, you know, six months from now, your tolerance for latency or speed may be shorter. And you may need to revisit those SLOs and go through this process again. But if you're armed with this data, the SLO creation and definitions is going to be orders of magnitude easier because you will have a broader insight into what's going on inside your cluster, thanks to the Istio mesh and the metrics and the visualizations from the add ons that are supported. I hope you enjoyed this talk. I want to make a quick shout out to Jason Kallner from Capital One. We work together and a lot of the restaurant metaphor was driven from that. That was how we used to teach SLOs and workshops. And it was very effective at getting the point across of helping understand, you know, what the customer experience should be and like how does that tie to microservice architectures. Also, I want to give a shout out to Adobe Firefly as some of the artwork that is here has been AI generated. If you have any questions, my GitHub handle is here as well as my LinkedIn profile. I look forward to talking with you about this. Look forward to connecting and take care.


What's up everybody Jason here for jazby's case race calm just sold out this six team giveaway filler for mosaic choice with his twenty one twenty two prism MBA sell a pack number 28 It was a bogo guys, but I wouldn't get one So still 30 spots guys We're just gonna double up the names and then I guess it will do the randomizer for the break Then at the end we'll randomize the customer names again And the top six get these teams in the mosaic choice and that order there from T was done in the magic So here we go dice roll it Six and a six twelve times. So again, we're gonna double up the names All right, you've got that and then we'll save that for later One two three four five six Jose don Jose two three four five Clippers down the Nets bones Gorta Lulu maxi love and Bulk times Alrighty guys. So there you go. There's a quick pack. Now. Let's do the randomizer for the team giveaway guys There you go. Here's a dice roll. There's a customer names. Good luck roll it three to six nine times one two three four five six seven eight and nine nine times three six nine Jose Jose Jose Ronnie Jose and Evan. There you go So there's a top names there and like I said only top six unfortunately All right, so Evan you have a T was there like a $300 team I believe Jose couple hundred dollars there for the horns as well Ronnie would a great team Actually, all of these teams here are really nice Jose Kings Nick's and magic. So there you go guys So I'll paste your guys the name in the break and again I believe some of these teams if not the majority of them actually are gonna get yourselves Five times the entries guys So Hornets T. Will's Kings Warriors Lakers and 76 or so for you guys some of them. Yes Yeah, five times the entry so even better guys So there you go coming up next is the break


Self-harm is painted as a particular portrait of sketched lines across arms and scars that don't heal. But there are other ways to self-harm that aren't as openly discussed. The Oxford Dictionary defines self-harm as the deliberate injury to one's self, typically as a manifestation of a psychological or psychiatric disorder. The key word there being deliberate. Everyone has unhealthy habits, but if the intention is to hurt yourself, then it becomes a type of self-harm. So how do we stop these dangerous habits? The first step to combating them is materializing them, changing the label from bad habits to things that damage. Here are five ways that you're self-harming.  With your support, we are able to produce high-quality content and reach our goal of making psychology more accessible to everyone. Before we get started, today's video is made possible by the Great Courses Plus. It's an on-demand video learning service where you can enjoy lectures on the go, taught by top award-winning professors from Ivy League universities and schools around the world. Now let's get started on today's video. 1. Sleep Deprivation A common symptom of depression can be oversleeping, but another sign can be woeful insomnia. When you stay awake because you don't believe you deserve rest or you feel a compulsion to keep yourself up, it becomes an act of self-harm. Lack of sleep can cause moodiness, poor concentration, poor memory, worsened symptoms of depression, hallucinations, and even death. 2. Excessive Exercise Self-harm can be used to force feeling when everything feels numb. In the wise words of Elle Woods from Legally Blonde, exercise gives you endorphins and endorphins make you happy. But when there is no other way to feel content in your life, endorphins can become addictions. Over-exercising can cause problems in the heart and blood vessels, bone problems, arrhythmia, and weaken the immune system. Doctors recommend that you limit exercise to an hour a day unless you are an athlete and have a regimen that specifies otherwise. 3. Over or Under-eating While over and under-eating are signs of eating disorders, they can go hand in hand with self-harm. Forcing yourself to eat when you don't want to or not eating enough is dangerous. Binge eating can cause stress, heart disease, pain in the back and joints, and worsen symptoms of depression. Under-eating can cause extreme weight loss, elevated liver enzymes, fatigue, dizziness, and even death. 4. Isolation Whether you're an introvert or an extrovert, everyone needs some form of human interaction. Forcing yourself to be alone and missing opportunities because you can't feel anything or you think you don't deserve to have fun is destructive. Studies have shown that prolonged isolation can raise blood pressure and make you more susceptible to diseases. It can cause headaches, dizziness, and sweat. In extreme cases, people who have undergone absurd amounts of solitary confinement were found to grow severely anxious and even hallucinate. In one study, the effects of isolation stayed present even after they were released. 5. Triggering Yourself Triggers are defined as things that re-trigger trauma in the form of flashbacks or overwhelming feelings of sadness, anxiety, or panic. It is best to avoid your triggers whenever possible. However, some people use their triggers as a form of self-harm, purposefully seeking out things that will affect them adversely. Everyone's triggers and their effects are different, but no one should seek them out. Forcing yourself to experience symptoms that will hurt you is never okay. If you are experiencing any of the above urges, please talk to a loved one, licensed professional, or helpline. No one deserves to be in pain, no matter what your self-harming impulses are telling you. We at Psych2Go urge you to seek help because it will get better. We know that phrase tends to sound like a broken record, but one day it will be your favorite song, and you should be around to hear it. We want to become a safe place for you, so feel free to share your story in the comments below. If you thought this video was helpful, please give us a like and be sure to subscribe for more psychology-related content. And as always, thanks for watching. As mentioned in the beginning, The Great Courses Plus is a series of online learning courses taught by top award-winning professors, with over 8,000 videos covering psychology, history, philosophy, self-improvement, and more. One of my favorite ones is The Psychology of Performance, How to Be Your Best in Life, by Eddie O'Connor, going through confidence, self-love, and positive thinking. Right now, The Great Courses Plus is offering Psych2Go fans a free trial using the link www.thegreatcoursesplus.com in the description. Supporting them means supporting us too. And as always, keep learning, keep growing, and keep fighting. Thanks again for watching this video, and please consider sharing it with someone who might enjoy it. More exposure for this video also means more people helped, and more sponsors for us to keep making more videos free of charge for the worldwide community.


Hello, welcome to SSUnitech. So, see this side. And this is continuation of SQL Server interview questions and answers. So today we gonna discuss about how we can get the comma separated values. And this is very important interview question. Generally interviewer ask this question to us. In real time you may have faced this scenario many times. So, let's start with our question. So, as you can see we have input table that contains six columns. First is ID, then the training name, classroom, start time duration and weekdays. And in our output we want five columns. First is training name, then classroom, start time duration and weekday. In our weekday as we can see we are getting the comma separated values. So, as we can see in our SQL Server. So, we have total four rows. So, our first four rows see we have Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday. So, we are getting four days. In our output these days are coming in a single column with comma separated values. And for MSBI as we can see our last three rows. Then all the values are same except ID and weekdays. But ID we don't want in our output. We just want only weekday in our output. So, we will get Monday, Thursday and Friday in our output by comma separated values. So, let's move to SQL Server Management Studio where we will write the query to get the output. So, as I am using SQL 2014 you may have another version of SQL Server but query would be same for all the versions. So, this is our query for creating the table. So, I am going to execute this query to create the table. Command completed successfully. So, table has been created. Now, I am going to insert record on it. So, we can insert records. So, as we can see seven rows affected. So, records have been inserted successfully. Then we need to check the record. So, as we can see we are getting seven rows as we have seen in our slide. So, before going forward let's discuss about stuff and for XML path. Basically, stuff is used for the masking. As we can see I want to create a scenario by which we will use stuff. So, this is our stuff. Then here we need to specify the expression by which we want to apply masking. So, I want to use ABC at the rate ABC. Then we need to specify the starting position. So, I want to start from one. Then how many characters? We want two characters. So, AB will be masked by. Here we need to specify the expression value by which we want to apply mask. So, I just want to use star. I want to execute or select a statement. Then we can see AB has been removed and we got the value as star. So, this is for the stuff. Next, I want to discuss about for XML path. So, what for XML path does? So, let's select this table. So, select star from our comma separated table. And we want to apply comma separated values for weekday. Then we want to add comma. Here we need to specify for XML path. So, I want to use for XML then path. Here we need to specify bracket. Then I want to execute our selected statement for XML path. So, here as we can see we are getting the value in XML. So, we are getting all the values by comma separated. But here we can see we are getting one extra comma. So, by using star function, we will replace this comma. Here I want to put in a drive table. So, this is our drive table and I want to put an alias with a. Then select. I want to use stuff. Then we need to start the bracket. So, this is the expression where we want to replace our first comma by blank. So, we need to specify comma. Then starting position should be one. Then again comma. Then how many characters we want? So, we want to replace only one character. Then here we need to specify the replaced value. So, that is blank. Now, I want to execute this selected statement. So, as we can see we are getting the comma separated values as we were expected. So, this is our for XML path. Now, I want to write the query to get out. So, select star form table name comma separated value. So, here as we can see we are getting all the columns. But in our output, we don't want all the column. We just want training. Then classroom. Then start time. Then duration. And then we want comma separated value for widgets. So, here I want to use this for XML path. So, I can copy and paste that value over here. So, here we need to specify our brackets. So, this is our subquery. So, this time once we will execute this, then we can see we are getting all the values by comma separated. But we just want to comma separated values where the training for our inner query would be equals to our outer query. Here we can use the alias with a for our outer query. I want to use alias with b. And here we can apply the condition where a dot training should be equals to b dot training. Now, I am going to execute our selected statement. So, as we can see we are getting the comma separated values. But the data is going to be repeated. So, we don't want to repeated data. So, we can use distinct. Now, I want to execute our selected statement which we have created. So, here we are getting the values. So, MSBI as equals. Then classroom. Start time. Duration. Then in our last column, we are getting the weekdays by comma separated values. So, thank you so much for watching this video. If you like this video, please subscribe our channel to get many more videos. If you need this script, it will be on my Facebook page. You can copy from there. Thank you so much for watching.


This video will cover the following objective from the digestive system. List and describe the functions of the digestive system. List the organs of the elementary canal, also known as the gastrointestinal tract or GI tract. The major functions of the digestive system include ingestion of food, taking food in, which brings food into the mouth. And then after bringing food into the mouth, we can start the process of digestion, which is breaking down food into smaller molecules or smaller particles. The process of mechanical digestion is physically breaking large pieces into smaller pieces, such as mastication, where we chew up the food in the mouth, the teeth are chopping the food and grinding the food into smaller pieces. That's mechanical digestion. In contrast, chemical digestion is when there are chemical reactions breaking down the bonds between atoms within large molecules to produce smaller molecules. So the chemical nature of the molecules in food is changed during chemical digestion and this process involves digestive enzymes, which are proteins that can catalyze these chemical reactions. And so both the processes of mechanical and chemical digestion begin immediately after ingestion as the saliva contains some digestive enzymes and during mastication the food is mechanically digested as it's chewed up and then mixed with the saliva. Another major function of the digestive system is propulsion. And so swallowing, also known as deglutition, is the process where the food that's been chewed up in mastication and mixed with saliva to form a rounded mass known as a bolus, is then moved from the oral cavity down through the pharynx, into the esophagus, and then down through the esophagus into the stomach. And then propulsion will continue to move the contents from the stomach down through the small intestine and large intestine and the primary mechanism that will be responsible for propulsion through the intestines is known as peristalsis. Peristalsis is an involuntary wave of contraction and relaxation that will spread down the intestine in order to propel the contents through from the stomach down through the small intestine and large intestine. And as the contents are traveling through the small intestine there will be absorption of nutrients and water, water soluble nutrients like glucose and amino acids and minerals and many water soluble vitamins will all be taken up by the blood and carried into the small, the capillaries in the small intestine transported into the blood. But lipid soluble nutrients instead will be absorbed into the lacteals, which are lymphatic vessels, and then transported through the lymphatic vessels to drain into the thoracic duct into the left subclavian vein to return ultimately that lipid soluble nutrients will be drained into the blood with the lymph, but they don't enter into the blood at the capillaries within the small intestine because the lipid droplets are too large to pass into the blood at the capillaries and they first have to enter the lacteals and travel through the lymphatic pathway. And so after nutrient absorption the the remaining indigestible material known as the feces is removed in another process of propulsion so the feces are removed from the body in the process of defecation. Deglutition, commonly referred to as swallowing, is the process of moving a bolus from the oral cavity into the stomach. There's three phases of deglutition. It's started off with the voluntary phase of deglutition where the tongue pushes the bolus into the pharynx and then there's the pharyngeal phase of deglutition which is coordinated by the deglutition center in the medulla oblongata regulating the skeletal muscles of the pharynx in order to propel the bolus into the esophagus which will transition into the esophageal phase of deglutition where the muscularis will propel the bolus from the proximal end where there's skeletal muscle initially down into the smooth muscle that's found in the distal two-thirds of the esophagus. Eventually the bolus will then be propelled through the esophagus into the stomach. And so the smooth muscle in the walls of the esophagus will propel the bolus down through using the mechanism of peristalsis. Peristalsis is a wave of contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract or elementary canal. So peristalsis propels a bolus through the esophagus during deglutition. Then peristalsis will propel the contents through the stomach into the small intestine and down through the small intestine into the large intestine and then through the large intestine and out during defecation. The elementary canal is a tube from the proximal opening of the mouth, the oral cavity, all the way down through to the distal opening of the anus the contents inside of the elementary canal are outside of the body technically and the nutrients get absorbed into the blood to be distributed throughout the body. The elementary canal is also commonly referred to as the gastrointestinal tract or just the GI tract. So the GI tract extends all the way from the mouth to the anus and is divided into several regions while the the mouth is important for initiating the digestion process. When food is brought into the mouth, that's known as ingestion and then as you start to chew food up, that's known as mastication. As food is being chewed up in mastication, it's being mixed with saliva that's produced from the salivary glands. That saliva contains some digestive enzymes in particular an enzyme known as salivary amylase. That's important for initiating the chemical digestion of carbohydrates. So mechanical digestion is chopping up large pieces of food into smaller particles and the chemical digestion is breaking the chemical bonds in large molecules to release smaller nutrient molecules. Digestive enzymes catalyze the chemical reactions for chemical digestion. The mouth is also important for initiating the swallowing process. Swallowing is also known as deglutition and the voluntary phase of deglutition is initiated in the mouth as the tongue pushes the food back into the throat. As the food is mechanically digested during mastication and mixed with saliva, it forms into a rounded mass known as a bolus. And the tongue pushes the bolus into the back of the mouth and then into the throat. The throat is also known as the pharynx and the pharynx takes over swallowing with the pharyngeal phase of deglutition, which propels the bolus down into the esophagus and then the esophagus takes over with the esophageal phase of deglutition that propels the bolus down into the stomach. Within the stomach, the bolus mixes with gastric juice to form a semi-liquid substance known as chyne. Gastric juice has a very low pH, it's very acidic and this helps to protect against infection. It has an antimicrobial activity of helping to kill bacteria and protect against infection. The acid also helps to denature proteins as well as activate an enzyme known as pepsin. And pepsin is a protease that initiates the chemical digestion of proteins, breaking long polypeptides into shorter polypeptides. The stomach has a muscular wall that can contract in a mechanical pattern known as churning, and the churning activity of the stomach breaks down the bolus and mixes it with the gastric juices. Then when the contents are propelled out of the stomach, they enter into the small intestine. The small intestine is the location where the majority of chemical digestion occurs as well as most nutrient absorption. The first segment of the small intestine is known as the duodenum, and the duodenum is the location where the majority of chemical digestion occurs. The chyne that exits the stomach and enters into the duodenum mixes with secretions from the liver and the pancreas and the gallbladder. The pancreatic secretions contain digestive enzymes that are important for chemical digestion. Pancreatic secretions also include bicarbonate, which is a base that functions to neutralize the acidity of the gastric juice coming from the stomach. The liver secretes something known as bile, and bile is important for helping to emulsify lipids, helping to make lipids suspended in an aqueous solution in the watery solution where the digestive enzymes are suspended in order to help facilitate the chemical digestion of lipids and subsequently the absorption of those lipid soluble nutrients. The duodenum is the long middle segment of the small intestine, and it is the location where the majority of nutrient absorption occurs. The duodenum has a highly folded surface in order to increase its surface area. There are large folds called the pleica circularis, with smaller folds called the villi on top of the pleica, and then microscopic folds of the plasma membrane of the cells that are forming the inner lining are called microvilli. So this system of folds on top of folds on top of folds creates an extremely large surface area in the duodenum for nutrient absorption. Then the ileum is the longest and the most distal segment of the small intestine. It's responsible for the final steps of nutrient absorption, and it drains into the large intestine. The ileum contains numerous clusters of lymphoid tissue known as piers patches that are important for regulating the microbiology, regulating the bacterial communities that are living inside of the small intestine and helping to prevent bacteria from migrating from the large intestine to the small intestine. The large intestine functions to absorb most of the remaining water from the contents that it receives from the small intestine, and then the large intestine will absorb some nutrients, especially electrolytes like sodium and potassium, and it will form feces with the indigestible material. So then the feces are removed from the large intestine in the process of defecation. The accessory organs of the digestive system include the salivary glands, the liver, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. The salivary glands produce saliva, a watery secretion that helps to lubricate the oral cavity, lubricating the bolus during deglutition, and also contains enzymes. The major enzyme in saliva is salivary amylase that initiates the chemical digestion of carbohydrates. The pancreas also produces a large amount of digestive enzymes that are important for chemical digestion. The pancreas also produces bicarbonate that functions to neutralize the acidity of chym coming from the stomach. Pancreatic juice is secreted into the duodenum, and so the pancreatic juice will mix with chym coming from the stomach into the duodenum, neutralizing the acidity and enabling chemical digestion. The liver produces bile, and bile is important for emulsifying lipids, which facilitates the chemical digestion and absorption of lipid soluble nutrients. Bile enables emulsification, that is, it enables lipids to become suspended in small droplets, which are mixed throughout a watery solution. This enables the digestive enzymes to access lipid soluble nutrients. For example, the digestive enzyme lipase produced from the pancreas can catalyze hydrolysis of triglycerides releasing fatty acids that can then be absorbed across the wall of the jejunum into the lymphatic lacteals. The function of the gallbladder is to store and concentrate bile, so when the liver secretes bile into bile ducts, those bile ducts will carry the bile into the gallbladder, and the gallbladder will store the bile until it needs to be released. Then, when there's a large amount of food entering into the duodenum, the liver and gallbladder will secrete bile into the duodenum, where it can then enable the emulsification of lipid soluble nutrients, facilitating digestion and absorption of lipid soluble nutrients.


What prompted me to go to the Networking Breakfast was it's geared at underrepresented groups. I am LGBTQA and then also a Native American as well. Just seeing a whole event and networking opportunity for underrepresented groups was really powerful. Plus also a keynote to how everybody seemed to respond so well to organizations giving to underrepresented organizations like Girls Who Code and just like the huge response just from the audience. It's amazing. Truple Association's commitment to diversity and inclusion, it's been amazing so far.


And so, at the part of the Continent, now Samaris President Hassan Sheikh Mohammed has issued an urgent plea for international help for wounded victims of devastating car bonnet inside the weekend that claimed the lives of 100 people. The government put out an appeal for blood donations with dozens of people gathered outside hospitals in the capital of Mogadishu seeking news of family members. In Mogadishu on Saturday, two cars parked with explosives blew up. Minutes not about from on the other busy, sober intersection followed by gone far in an attack targeting Somalia's education ministry.


I didn't finish college.  I finally got my degree and then, but all that time, you know, I was reading and preparing some of those books. So even when I finished my bachelor's degree, I didn't stop trying to learn and grow and reading has been a vital part of that, of who I am. And then over the course of my career at some point, like mostly right after I finished my bachelor's degree, reading became more of the one, more important things to understand how I see the world and to look at it differently. What I mean by that is when I take a book that's not written by an Army person, it gives us a new way and new ways to think. As an example, the book called Mindset by Carol Dweck. It talks about two mindsets, it talks about a fixed and a growth mindset. Well, that's not something, you know, normally talked about in your professional military education and then having that different perspective is maybe that's a direction we need to grow, maybe with our NCO Corps. So reading and being a lifelong learner helps me get new ideas that not necessarily grounded in just in the professional military education books that we read, but it just gives you new ideas, new way of thinking and it's probably the most valuable thing that I can do so that, you know, we get fresh ideas through reading and that's how I do.


Welcome to the Snap. This is a segment where we answer frequently asked questions in a very rapid fire format. So let's get right into it. On today's episode of the Snap, we are going to be discussing single flame heating techniques. More advanced tips to help you get the best performance. I have a Hydrovong XLS with titanium spinning mouthpiece and a Javelin single torch to demonstrate. For those of you who are just getting into the VapCap, I recommend you checking out our triple torch heating tips video located here. That's going to give you some really great advice on how to get the best out of your triple torch for those new users. But once you are familiar and comfortable with your heating technique, it's time to graduate to the single torch and I'm going to show you how to best use it. There are two main methods to rotating your device, the infinite spin or the back and forth. I personally prefer the infinite spin when using a single torch. I just find it allows for more even heating. If I want to have a more extended session, I will take the torch and focus the heat right on the crimp on the cap. This is going to give me the most flavorful vapor I can from our device. You get to click in a few seconds, take your draw and I will typically do that one to two times. And I will work my way down the cap with subsequent heatings. So then I will heat up the middle, heat it till the click, do another draw and I will do that for two times. And then I will go all the way down to the very base of the cap to get those really dense vapor pulls. And this will allow me to have more of a session with the VapCap as opposed to pretty much do a couple pulls and you are done. Now if you don't have a whole lot of time or you are just that cloud chaser who wants to fully extract everything and the few amount of heating cycles as you possibly can, this tip is for you. Take your torch, start spinning, focus right at the base of the cap, right where that fee is on the lettering. And then right before you get to the click, pull away. Give it one to two seconds like I just did now, reintroduce heat. That is going to extend that heat up cycle, allow for a higher temperature inside the chamber. You will be able to fully extract all the compounds inside your tip and one to two heating cycles. It is very fast extraction, really dense vapor. It is not going to have all the flavor that you did with the other method. But if that is not what you are going for, this is the method for you. Now if you have other heating tips that you would like to see demonstrated on the Snap, please mention in the comments below and we will try to do those in the future. Thanks for watching the Snap. Be sure to check out all of our other videos on our channel. And be sure to comment, subscribe and ring the bell to be notified when we release more great content.


All right, good morning, everyone. Well, despite the snow of last year, so last year we had 10 inches of snow on this occasion. So we basically battled off the snow, and of course this year we were faced with the ice. But with a two hour delay, I'm just really thrilled to see everybody that's here today. So thank you all for taking the time to be here. CNO and Mrs. Greenert, Secretary Garcia, DOD leaders, flag and general officers, senior enlisted leaders, shipmates and friends, welcome. We are really thrilled to have you here to celebrate the centennial of the Navy Reserve, 100 years of service to our nation. So again, it's truly an honor to be able to open today's ceremony with the video from President Obama. However, I do hope that we'll be able to get that for you because we've got a couple videos for you that we're supposed to run, including the President's video and then a video of leaders, President Bush, President Clinton, as well as Department of Defense leaders. So I'm hopeful that we'll be able to show that to you today. Those videos, sound and all, were produced by one of our reserve PAOs from Atlanta. And her name is Lieutenant Cheryl Collins. Cheryl owns a video production company in Atlanta and has made four videos for us. So again, I'm hopeful you'll be able to see them because they are truly incredible and they really showcase the Navy Reserve and our sailors and the passion that they feel for service. So Cheryl, I'd like you to stand, please, because you did incredible work for us. And I promise you all, when you do see the videos, you're going to be very impressed. So we will have the videos upstairs streaming with sound after this ceremony. And we also have a number of reserve sailors who are up there from different capabilities like Seabees Coastal Riverine. The SEALs are up there. In fact, they left Virginia Beach this morning at about 0400 to get here. But they've got a capability set up there, equipment. The EOD folks are there, the aviators are there. So I really hope you'll stop by and talk to some of those reserve sailors and hear about the capabilities that they bring. So today marks the official kickoff of the Navy Reserve Centennial. So it's not just this event today. Instead, it's events across the country over the next few months in cities across America. And so we are very proud, all 59,000 sailors in the Navy Reserve are very proud to celebrate the history and the heritage of our service. And especially to highlight the millions who have served over the past century. So I do want to take a moment to recognize those people who have made this all possible. First, the executive steering group of Transition Flags and Force Master Chiefs who helped put this together. But then the very dedicated Centennial Planning Team, including the Navy Reserve secret weapon, Commander Cory Parker. As we began the initial development process about how we were going to highlight the Centennial, Cory Parker was like the Pied Piper. And she had people following her to say, can I help with the Centennial? So it really is an amazing team of talented sailors and civilians who have volunteered to put this all together. So I do want to thank all of them and salute them for their dedication and hard work to this point. To the color guard. There she is. There she is. There she is. And to the color guard and our Navy band, thank you all for being here.  And of course, Chaplain Kibman, thank you so much for doing the invocation for us today and for your leadership of the Chaplain Corps as well. We have a number of special guests in the audience that I'd like to recognize today. I'm especially honored to be able to welcome three of my predecessors, former Chiefs of Navy Reserve, whose strong leadership was really critical to building the force that we have today. And to meeting the challenges that the Navy Reserve faced after September 11th, 2001. And though they've taken off the uniform, they all continue to serve in so many ways supporting the Navy and our sailors. And so with over 100 years of service between the three of them, I'd like to recognize, would you please stand? Vice Admiral John Todeshek, Vice Admiral John Cotton, and Vice Admiral Burke ready. What incredible contributions that they made and what incredible mentors to me throughout the years. Thank you all so much for everything you do. So we all know that Chiefs are the backbone of the Navy. And so we know that Chiefs are laser focused on getting the mission done and taking care of sailors. And so we are very honored to have seven of our former Force Master Chiefs here with us today. And we had a great time, we had an event last night, we had dinner for all of them last night and the former Chiefs of Navy Reserve at the house last night and got to meet and talk with some of these just inspirational Master Chiefs who have come from long distances to be with us today. So I wanna recognize, would you please stand as I call your name? Force Dick Johnson, Force One, Joe Lally, Larry Sorenson, who was my Master Chief when I was a Lieutenant in the Navy Reserve. Chris Glennon, Dave Pennington, Ronnie Wright and representing Chris Wheeler is his son, Brandon Wheeler. Brandon, would you please stand? And I also wanna recognize my Force Master Chief, C.J. Mitchell, who is just absolutely incredible force. And finally, there's two special guests here today who really embody the service and sacrifice of Navy Reserves over the past century. And so please join me in welcoming two distinguished World War II veterans, Dr. Phil Lundberg and Lieutenant Commander Dan Siegel. Gentlemen, thank you so much for being with us. The history of the Navy Reserve is a proud legacy forged by dedicated men and women who when duty called were willing to leave their homes and families, their civilian jobs and communities and go in harm's way to serve our nation. Even before the Navy Reserve's founding in 1915, there were men and women who served in naval militias around the country. But by the beginning of World War I, a young Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Franklin D. Roosevelt, you may remember that name, saw a need to establish a Federal Maritime Reserve Force. And he urged Congress to enact legislation to establish that Navy Reserve. And so on March 3rd, 1915, the United States Naval Reserve was officially established. And by the end of World War I, over 250,000 reserve sailors were serving. So in a matter of about two years, 250,000 were serving. During World War II, the Navy Reserve was grown even larger. And of the 3.4 million sailors in the Navy who were serving, 84% were in the Navy Reserve, including five future U.S. presidents. Last month, we were honored to receive a letter from President George Herbert Walker Bush. And it was dated February 2nd, 2015. As you may remember, President Bush served in the Navy Reserve during World War II. He was a naval aviator in the Pacific, where he earned the Distinguished Flying Cross and numerous air medals. In 1944, after his aircraft was hit by enemy fire, Lieutenant J.G. Bush and his crew members were forced to bail out of their aircraft and ditch into the sea. As the only survivor, and after four hours, then Lieutenant J.G. Bush was rescued by the crew of the submarine USS Finback, hence his abiding appreciation for the submarine service. I'd like to read. I knew you'd like that scene. So I'd like to read a portion of President Bush's letter to you, and I quote, Dear Admiral Braun, I'm checking in to offer personal good wishes and congratulations to all my fellow Navy Reservists on the occasion of the Navy Reserve Centennial. What a marvelous milestone. When Pearl Harbor was attacked, I was a senior in high school. I knew then that I'd enlist in the Naval Reserve just as soon as I graduated. And I did just that on June 24th, 1942. And I count my experience in service among the most rewarding and inspiring of my life. And I cannot tell a lie. I also experienced some of the scariest moments of my life as well, end quote. President Bush also closes with, Barbara and I salute these patriots past and present, and we pay special tribute to those who made the ultimate sacrifice for freedom. The letter assigned G. Bush, number 41. So today we salute President Bush and all the millions of brave men and women who served in World War II and all of the conflicts and contingencies since then. From Korea to Vietnam, from the Gulf War to Iraq and Afghanistan, and in all the contingencies like Katrina, Haiti and Tomodachi, Navy Reserve sailors have been there, and they continue to be there. Today as about 2,000 of our Navy Reserves are deployed overseas, providing critical capabilities and support to the Navy and truly making a difference every day. So today as we salute Navy Reserve sailors past and present, we also take a moment to look to the future, knowing that the current generation of sailors are ready now to serve any time and anywhere the Navy needs them. So now it is my great honor to introduce our guest speaker, Admiral Jonathan Greenert, the 30th Chief of Naval Operations. A graduate of the United States Naval Academy, Admiral Greenert has successfully commanded at all levels, including the USS Honolulu, where he earned the Vice Admiral Stockdale Award for inspirational leadership, Commander Submarine Squadron 11, Commander Naval Forces Marianas, Commander US 7th Fleet, Commander US Fleet Forces Command. In his last tour, he served as the Vice Chief of Naval Operations. We're very privileged to have him with us today. Ladies and gentlemen, please give a warm welcome to Admiral Greenert. This is quite a dance partner, isn't it? We were talking here, I don't know if you've seen the agenda for your celebration, but it's extraordinary. It is astounding.  So enjoy it. I would, that letter that Robin read from President Bush, pretty heartfelt, isn't it? I really commend the book that, I'm not getting anything from this, but my son bought me the book by his son, George W. Bush. And it's really good. And it explains why George Herbert Walker Bush would write such a memo to Admiral Braun for something like this. So I give you that.  And they're over here and Totor Shack is mouthing, cotton serve 90, I serve, I serve five. And Debak said, no, I only got three, give two to Braun. And is that like they're a team? They always stick together. It's just like them. So I'm always amazed at the talent that we have in the Navy. The Navy reserve actually in there. I mean, we have Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Juan Garcia here, who is also, and in his own words, the best bass guitarist that this country has ever known. He taught, he says he taught Paul McCartney. I don't know if that's, no, that's not true. Of course it's not true. Of course it's not true.  Give yourselves a hand. You got it, Brad. I want to take just a few minutes to talk about where I see the Navy reserve in my Navy today and a little bit about what they do values-wise, where they kind of fit in. The, as Robin said, and it's true, growing up through the Cold War, serving through the Cold War, I should say, I've seen the Navy reserve kind of go through a group of, one day we may need them. Let's hold on to them. That's our strategic reserve. So when the Soviets go across the fuller gap, we're gonna need a call on them to keep things going. So hang on to them to, well, they're all right. They come in every now and again to the unit to okay, just don't clobber with them, keep them separate. So I guess we would call that tolerance for lack of a better term. To integration, to addiction, and Desert Shield, Desert Storm. What are we gonna do without these people to really, frankly, total integration today? They're here, they're all over the place. I just kind of casually mentioned the different skill set. As I mentioned, even a musician, no kidding. He is a good bass guitarist, but it is the bass guitar, isn't it? Play it all. All right. Hey, go with me, huh? To the skills that are out and about in the community as our world, as our requirements evolve in the Navy and the armed services today, you know, to be able to reach out and pull that in quickly is incredibly valuable. And I think you all know what I'm talking about. The reserve sailors, as they say, they punch way above their weight. 12% of our force, 6% of our budget. That's a pretty good deal. And any kind of corporation out there, if you could do that and they get that kind of output, you're doing well. Since 9-11, I think Robin alluded to that, 73,000 mobilizations. So you go back to the early days and we say, yeah, one day we may need these folks when the big one comes up. Well, the big one's been up all around and we've needed the Navy Reserve left and right all the time. So you're there. The sacrifices, I've never really understood the sacrifices that you all go through, but it is extraordinary. As I've grown up and learned to kind of get to know you all and serve with you, what you give up, careers on hold, short notice deployments, and you say you're ready to go. And then of course something happens overseas today and they say, guess what? We don't need this billet, this individual augmentee, you're out.  And to me, I find that extraordinary that you're willing to do that for not a lot of money and I think it's obviously just for what you enjoy and your service out there. And I thank you for that. No guarantees. Citizen sailors and you're in every domain. I go around the world today, Darlene and I travel, go into a theater ASW center and it's populated a good percentage by reserve officers and enlisted there, taking care of business. It's on the surface, it's in the air, it's in space and it's in cyber, big time, big time. We would be in big trouble where not for what we get out of the reserve forces and our cyber sailors. It's a float and it's a shore and that's a good thing as you're able to go back and forth. And the innovation that you provide that you feed our Navy again in a rapidly moving and cycling situation that we're in today. Out and around the world is amazing. It's a diversity, it's the concept of diversity. What you feed us professionally, geographically, mentally out there is astounding and we thank you. Just look at the agenda for this celebration. I mean, I'm trying to imagine me getting the board of directors and say, okay, we're gonna have a celebration and get that kind of, well, innovation. Those kind of different ideas going on. Bottom line is I couldn't get on Jimmy Fallon. I can't get on the Today Show. Look at that. So I don't get it, but I'll ride it. You wear my uniform, that's good for me.  The skill sets and the capabilities that become more mature as time goes on and there's nothing like it in any other corporation out there. And we have leveraged you to the nth degree and will continue to do so. I have, since I've taken the watch a long time now, I had six words that I thought really were important for us as we move forward in our challenges. Number, the first two words are war fighting is first and the Reserve Force has done a wonderful job in that regard. In fact, embraced it. Today out in the Arabian Gulf, we have the good ship Ponce.  As we say, getting it wet. A lot of reserves on there, a lot of folks. In fact, it's been predominantly the support of the reserves and individual augmentees that has made that happen because we thought of it. John Harvey and I thought of this like shortly after I took the watch we've had tremendous payback. We have a riverine out there getting it done, protecting our ships coming in and out. Suez Canal, you name it.  And I mentioned Cyber Force. Today, they're up there at Fort Meade. They're out there at NIOX from San Antonio to Georgia around the world. And our networks are being attacked and they're paring the blows, if you will, and finding out who's doing that and turn this thing around. We're fighting first. You get it. You get it a lot. Operate forward, as I just mentioned, the Ponce out there. You have an expeditionary electronic attack squadron on deployment, high value escort, which is really making sure SSBNs get to see and back on time and lots of other transits through the Arabian Gulf, the Strait of Hormuz, the Suez Canal, all that that I mentioned out there operating forward, not to mention logistics. Our logistics are almost solely dependent upon our Navy reserve. And our logistics are darn timely and we get it done right. And lastly, be ready. In this turbulent world, again, as things happen so quickly, the Ukraine situation, the Iraq situation, Syria, where do we turn quickly when we need to help the joint force? We turn to the reserve force for individual augmentees. We say we need planners. We need logisticians. We need medical planners and we, where do we get that? We can't just pull it. The active force can't respond that quickly. You do it. You did it through entire 13 years of war in the Middle East during this last period. You are ready and you have been ready. I missed the Ebola outbreak. Reserve force, major part of that as we completed that successful operation. So while the future operational demands are unknown, I'm sure glad we have you in our force, in our Navy taking care of us and making sure we can respond. I congratulate you, embrace this period of time. It only happens once every 100 years, right? So embrace it and think about the great heritage and the great legacy you have.


Do you have an elderly person in your life? There's this fraud going around that we call the grandparent scam. Tens of thousands of dollars are being scammed out of elderly people by organized crime groups. The elderly victim is going to get a phone call. I need money for bail and if I don't get bailed out they're going to keep me in here. The scammer is going to tell the elderly victim that their loved one's been arrested and they need to give them money for bail. They're going to direct the elderly victim to go to the bank. I'll have to go to the bank right away. Withdraw a large sum of cash. Hi there, how can I help you? I would like to take some money out of my account please. Put it in an envelope and tell them a courier is going to come to their home. A courier will actually show up. You're supposed to have some bail money for me. Okay. And collect the money. Talk to elderly people in your life to warn them about this scam.


Hi everyone! In this tutorial, I'm gonna show you how to execute a command prompt command from Python language. In order to do that, first I'm gonna import OS module, then I'm gonna use system command from OS module and then I'm gonna provide a command. There are few ways how we can provide a command. Inside single quotes, we're gonna type cmd command, then we can choose slash c, which means that our command is going to be terminated after execution or we can use slash k. That means that this function is gonna wait for the execution of this command. And finally, we're going to put our command inside quotes. For example, we can put dir command or we can put some other command. For example, ping google.com and press enter. Let's try with, for example, some other command dir or something else. That's all in this tutorial. Don't forget to subscribe to our channel. See you in the next tutorial. Bye!


Good morning, everybody. It's another new day. We're in Deer River Minnesota. This is where we went to sleep last night So we woke up in the exact same spot. It's great We're gonna go across the street where I can get a coffee I'll get this day started. I want to get down to Brainerd unload and then figure out what's next It's gonna be a good day a storm warning or a winter storm winter snowfall warning Doesn't seem like it's gonna be that bad Looking at what they're expecting. They're expecting two to four inches of snow So it's probably just gonna come down real heavy for like a short while and that's why they're warning us It's two to four inches isn't really like the end of the world, but if it all comes at once. Yeah, that's quite a bit So that's supposed to be a little ways down here toward Brainerd. I how it is in town here It's usually worse outside of town, right? It's probably gonna get worse before it gets better.  It's easy as that And I don't know what's next yet. I haven't heard anything. So stay tuned Nobody coming nobody coming. Nah, yo, let's find that funny Anyways eating for us on the ground. It's doing no good on the ground I need to put it on my trailer and tie it down bring it back to Winnipeg Somebody up there needs wood Isn't it it is interesting though someone pointed this out in my comments more than one person is pointing this out Isn't it interesting how I load up lumber in Canada? I take it down to Minnesota And then I load up lumber in Minnesota and take it up to Canada not complaining It gives me something to do. All right, but sometimes you're just scratching your head like there's There seems to be a shorter route to this But don't tell anybody because I like to work Okay, I don't I like it.  No, no, I like it this way. I Find it funny. I do whatever The lumber is different. Okay, that's there's a bigger story to it It's not just simple as that the lumber I bring down here is like finished lumber very special lumber That's why it gets a special tarp. The lumber I'm picking up in Bemidji. I don't think we'll need a tarp It's probably just you know two by four lumber, which is interesting because we have an abundance of lumber in Canada But this lumber is obviously very special Everybody makes it in just a little bit of a different way and sometimes it is easier To get lumber from Minnesota up into Winnipeg than it is all the way from Edmonton To Winnipeg, right? It's just shorter. Maybe cheaper There is a reason why it happens. It doesn't have to make sense. It makes sense to someone. That's all that matters There's a car coming. I'll wait. I'll have a green light right away. I think man on old blue from the receiver here Those guys are great guys. I was able to sit there and have a little bit of coffee with them. They Give me a coffee. They're very kind guys Sit there and chit chat for about five minutes. They didn't have anything I guess they were on break right then and they had nobody waiting behind me So I said hey, yeah, take five minutes chat with them a bit. Good guys and it's hey, it's free coffee Who turns down free coffee? Crazy people. That's who do I look crazy?  How'd you keep it so clean? I don't know. I washed it at PBX Like last weekend and then I drove all the way to canora and all the way down here and it stayed clean in this I Don't know what PBX used on it, but whatever it is Thumbs up from me, but if you want to pass me you can come on pass me. I don't mind only wants to turn Okay, but he was just Sitting beside me there I've said it before When you're passing a truck The best practice and the best etiquette when passing a semi truck is to get past them as fat Well, not as fast as you can but you know, don't loiter beside the truck. You want to pass us get past If you don't really want to go faster than us. Just stay back. That's my advice Driving a big truck like this. You never know like I'm scanning the whole road in front of me here, right? I'm watching for you know skid steers coming out that are clearing snow I'm watching for kids that are you know running ahead of their parents and maybe trip over the snowbank fall into the road I'm watching for other drivers on the road that might you know lose control or start slipping around If at all possible I like to have the lane beside me clear just in case if like a kid jumps out from behind that sign and falls in front of me I Have an extra lane just sort of move to the side, right and on the highway It's more so of deer jump out in front of me or wildlife or whatever I like to have the lane beside me clear if possible like this. I understand it's not always possible, but Especially on the highway If you want to pass the truck pass the truck If you aren't sure just stay behind You drivers out there know exactly what I'm talking about, right? When you have a car who's obviously got the cruise control on you know They can go faster, but they just leave it on cruise control and literally take 12 miles to pass you Just creepin past Whoa every trucker knows exactly what I'm talking about. They're all nodding their heads right now You want to pass pass? Right in town. It's a little different. I know It's not all black and white They got a lot of snow here and there's more on the way like look at this place You know careful people are gonna start thinking it's cold outside And there's Paul Bunyan I think right over here is the town called Baxter, right? And their claim to fame is it's the start of the Paul Bunyan trail. I think I think it's right over here on this side of the river There's a big sign. They're all proud of it Good for you. You should be proud of it Paul Bunyan a Minnesota hero, I guess right Must have been one of the trailblazers you know one of the first First to make it out here. Maybe I got a read up on it. I know Paul Bunyan I know the name everybody knows Paul Bunyan the name But I don't know what his actual story is, but he's definitely connected to northern Minnesota here or central Minnesota or wherever we are All these American flags America me Sam Na na na na na That's not a Nissan deal. That's a Dodge dealership. Why'd they have a Nissan sign? Is it Nissan or is it Nissan? Nissan Nissan Nissan Nissan Nissan. I don't know Baxter see right here. It says welcome to Baxter start of the Paul Bunyan trail, huh? I Knew I wasn't lying to you. I was pretty sure anyways like 80% sure I wasn't lying to you They're gonna fuel up in pillager up ahead here or maybe in Bemidji. I gotta figure that out yet I'm gonna grab some fuel down here in the States And we're gonna try to outrun the storm This is a truck stop Is this truck stop? Can I get in there with a truck? I don't think so Nope Nope not a truck stop Definitely not a truck stop Looking for a truck stop. I see another one coming up ahead here Maybe that's a truck stop You got to be careful you don't want to get yourself in a pickle do you pull into a lot that's not designed for big trucks and Suddenly it gets really busy there Good luck getting out You might even end up on YouTube Not on my channel. I don't do those kind of videos, but you know the videos I'm talking about Every time a trucker does something dumb they end up on YouTube somewhere The whole goal of the day is not to end up on that part of YouTube We're heading north up. What is this Minnesota 200? I? Think this might be a truck stop up here past all this stuff. There's a speedway or something a Big sign usually if it's a really big sign That means that it's a truck stop because they want all the truckers to see it come spend your money here. Come on down See right there speedway I'm pretty sure that's a truck stop I'm pretty sure of it Definitely not a truck stop They tricked me Not very nice We'll find one yet Found ourself something Hopefully this is the truck stop. I mean they got diesel pumps. So there's got to be space for trucks in there, right? What is the Senex? No, I think I'm gonna pull in here Karen. Oh, yeah, look at the lots of room Nice park back here Nice out of the way Inside real quick What is rattling? Man I'll give old blue a few minutes to rest here. I'm gonna go in there and see what they uh, what they got inside there What is on the menu today trucker Josh you ask? Chester's three-piece chicken meal. Oh Whoa, man All of them still good. Oh, I can hardly contain myself. Oh Yeah, the macaroni and cheese Mmm Got my motor lumber headed north behind me now I was hoping to be cleared so that I could cross but looks like we're gonna be spending the night here in Pembina, North Dakota Right by the border Hopefully we can find ourselves a parking spot here See some parking spots in the back there already right um It's kind of worried you would be full. I don't have any time to go anywhere else I got six minutes told me six minutes left on my clock six minutes to park Now one park straight ahead there, I don't know this guy's gonna take that spot or not back in beside this Empty trailer of lumber. I mean loaded trailer of lumber. I can't even get my word straight apparently a lot of drop trailers here I'm taking up a lot of space for drivers that need it my window here and lean out make sure that I Don't got to move over more. I think I left enough space here. Yeah, I left enough space for another guy There we go don't really want a neighbor, but I Didn't want to take up both spots. I mean I could have Could have just taken up both spots. I wouldn't have had any neighbors on this side. I've got a snowbank But I just can't bring myself to be that driver. I only need to take up one spot It's fun It's fun. It's gonna be cold tonight. Anyway, so it might be an idling kind of night. It's supposed to go down to minus 31 Celsius Minus 31 Celsius. Do you really want to know? I mean, I don't know if you want to know What is minus 31 Celsius in Fahrenheit? Minus 31 degrees Celsius is equal to minus 23.8 degrees Fahrenheit That's how cold it's gonna get tonight. I Think old blue would be fine if I if I turn the engine heater on two hours before I started I Think it would turn over just fine in the morning But I'm more worried about my fuel at that temperature the fuel starts to crystallize if you're not careful You might not do it in the tanks But in the fuel lines between the tank and the fuel filter for sure because that's just an exposed little little hose, right? And it'll gel up in there and then you'll start it up in the morning It'll run just fine for like five minutes and then all that gel to fuel from the fuel line It goes sucked right into the fuel filter plug everything up and then I got problems If I leave the truck running then The fuel goes keeps moving through those fuel lines, right? It's through the fuel filter some of it goes into the inner gets burnt Some of it goes back into the fuel tanks and then my fuel is always moving and my fuel stays warm You got to make those tough decisions because it's not cheap to idle your trucks through the night You burn about a gallon per hour a US gallon per hour And I have to stop for 10 hours now. I'm not running it right now. So I'm not gonna run at the whole time But yeah, yeah gallon here right now what I just paid at the loves in Drayton, North Dakota was $4.38 per gallon I saw it in Fargo was $4.09 cents per gallon But I didn't go through Fargo. It was a little bit too far around to go there didn't make sense I would have saved $30 it's feeling up there, but I would have spent that money going around to get there so Yeah, 439 that's US is about $5.25 per US gallon And I said just over $5 an hour to have old blue sit here and per all night in 10 hours 60 It's a lot of money. It's over 50 bucks the extra quarter in there throwing me off right now I'm too tired to do math. So I'm gonna cheat 525 times 10 52 dollars and 50 cents 50 bucks That'll through the night So that $30. No, I didn't say 30 dollars. I did fuel in the US. So I saved about How should I save with 30 cents a liter I bought 518 liters I saved $155 Canadian fueling in the US today, then if I would have fueled in Canada tomorrow So you subtract, you know 52 50 off of that. I still came out ahead with 102 dollars and 90 cents Did I do that right but 103 dollars anyways ahead just for fueling in the US So the cheaper fuel prices in the US paid For having to idol it if I have to I don't like doing that. It's very hard on the diesel engine It's waste fuel and For every hour that the engine idols it just wears and tears at the engine, right? It doesn't like it, but You don't have any choice either that or you're stranded here, and then you're paying for a tow to tow you to a shop Just so that it can thaw out Change the fuel filters and get back on the road and do it all over again Driving up in the cold climates is a little different than driving like in the milder climates all the way down to minus 25 I'll shut the truck off for night. That's minus 25 Celsius. I keep forgetting that you guys use Fahrenheit It's such a strange system of measurement to me. I don't mean any offense by that It's just I grew up with Celsius and Fahrenheit makes no sense Like in Celsius you guys know this the freezing point of water is zero degrees Celsius the boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius In Fahrenheit freezing water is 32 Fahrenheit. I don't even know what the boiling point of water is in Fahrenheit It doesn't make sense. There's all odd numbers 32 Fahrenheit what? So to me it's just a little strange so Minus 25 Celsius in Fahrenheit Minus 25 degrees Celsius is minus 13 degrees Fahrenheit. Okay, so my point was that all the way down to minus 13 degrees Fahrenheit I'll shut the truck off for night. I have a nice engine heater that'll warm up the block from the morning I'm not worried about my fuel gelling at that point though. That's borderline. I Could put anti-gel into my fuel as well if I really want to Sometimes it doesn't work Most times it does But I know each situation is different each tank of fuel is different You know each refinery Seems to make fuel a little bit different for in different regions. You never really know better to just play it safe and then sorry but Yeah You'll see it's gonna be a cold night. I'll be warm and there's a 24-hour building here So if my truck does Shut off for whatever reason I have a warm building where I can go inside and keep warm So I'm not worried in the morning. I'll wake up I'll call into the load gods and just confirm that my load has actually cleared We'll get going probably around 7 7 30 in the morning We'll run into Winnipeg. We'll deliver this freight and We'll see if they have anything for me to do Because we've had appointments the last few days. It's sort of shortened my week for me It's very hard for me to get a full weekend when I have to Know, you know take time for the appointments not that I'm complaining I want to be there at these appointments, but it cuts into the work week, right? So we're already pretty much at the end of the work week And I was just home and I'm probably going back home tomorrow And then I'll probably get another week or two of full work in What we do well next next week mostly full and after that about two more weeks And then I'm off on my paternal leave to assist Britt as she will be very pregnant at that point She'll need help with the dogs taking them out cleaning up after them feeding them You know vacuuming cleaning around because she can't she's a little person and there's a big baby in her Well normal size bad. She's a little person and She'll need a little bit of assistance towards the end and also after the C-section she can't do any lifting or anything I have to lift up the baby for her and then put it in her arms so that she can feed it So for at least six weeks after surgery it's gonna she's gonna be in recovery now I'm gonna be off for I'm hoping about a week or two before the delivery day And about four weeks after to help to help with her and then from there on we have some family members that have offered to come in and Help out if she needs it depending on how Now the healing process goes. Ah, so much to learn so much is coming and I'll take it one day at a time This guy's parking over here with his high beams in my face this guy Parked over here right by the scale goes high beams on So we're gonna end the vlog here like this as a friendly neighborhood trekker Josh reminder Turn your high beams off Okay, don't drive down the highway with those things on don't pull into parking lots with those things on the only time You should be using those things is when you're alone on the highway the rule is When traffic is coming towards you if you can see two separate headlights You're too close to use your high beams and for traffic That's traveling in the same direction as you in front of you if you can see two separate tail lights on the vehicle You're too close to turn on your high beams. That's the rule. I don't make the rules I just follow them and I tell them on YouTube. I don't know. Maybe I did make up that rule But I think it's a good rule. It's a good rule, right? Make sense. Thanks for watching today. Everybody hit the like button if you did like the video Hit that subscribe button and we'll see you tomorrow